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Test 3 - Tieng Anh - Ban Dich
Test 3 - Tieng Anh - Ban Dich
dng chc nng Track Changes ca Word bin tp li bn dch sau y sao cho c chnh
xc v hay hn.
TNG 1
TNG 2
HNH NH TIM N
Nhip nh mt thao tc
TNG 3
Nhn thy hnh nh c mu sc sng ng ri chiu trong bung ti, nh pht minh
ngi Php Joseph Nicephore Nipce t u th k 19 chn t giy trng thuc
cm quang vo chic my nh camera obscura c nh ca ng v c ghi nhn li di
sc sng ti m h. Hc hi t cc th nghim khc, ng chn mt tm hp kim
thic v bi ln cht bitumen Judea, mt cht ging nh hc n s cng li khi phi
ra ngoi nh sng. Tm kim loi bi ho cht ny c cho vo my camera
obscura t trn mt ca s tng gc nh ng. Sau khong tm gi, phn bitumen
phi sng nhiu nht cng li. Nipce ra sch phn ho cht t phi sng cn
mm ri phi tm kim loi trong hi it tng tng phn sng ti. Kt thc quy
trnh ny, ng c trong tay mt nh dng bn trc tip m gi y tr thnh bc nh
lu i nht th gii cn lu gi c.
Hnh nh ca Nipce l bn c nht: n khng c m bn t lm ra cc
bn sao. Cui cng, cng phu ca ng tr thnh nn tng cho k thut nh
daguerreotype, mt k thut to hnh nh chi tit, r nt hn.
Mt nh pht minh nhip nh khc sng to ra k thut gi l quang ho,
tc l mt hnh nh c bn c to ra qua trung gian ca nh sng m khng cn
my nh. T gia nhng nm 1830, W.H.F. Talbot lm cho giy nhy sng bng
cc hn hp bc, khin t giy en li di nh nng. Sau ng t nhng vt th
nh nh l cy trn loi giy ny v phi c hai ngoi nng. nhng ch nh sng
khng xuyn qua c, mt hnh bng en ca vt th hin ra. Sau khi chm dt
tc dng ca nh sng bng mt dung dch do ng ch to ra, Talbot c c mt nh
dng bn trc tip, chng bao lu sau ng nhn ra hnh nh ny c th s dng nh
mt m bn ti to hnh nh vi cc sc o ngc li. Trong th k 20, k thut
ny c i tn thnh nh photogram v ti nay vn cn sc hp dn.
Bt k vic s dng trn ngp m bn to ra nhiu bn in, tng nh
dng bn trc tip vn khng tn li. K thut nh ambrotype, mt phng php t
tn km thay cho k thut daguerreotype, cn phi c mt knh nh m bn hi
thiu sng v mt tm lt mu en, tm lt ny s bin i m bn thnh dng bn.
Mt phng php dng bn trc tip khc l tintype, loi nh trn tm st ty trng
lng nh ph bin, cng p dng tng o ngc sc nh vy.
Trc thi i k thut s, s pht trin sau Th Chin II ca phng php tn
l nh Polaroid gn nh t c c m nhip nh tc th ch bng mt thao
tc. Loi my nh Polaroid ny bn km loi giy nh dng bn v phim m bn kp
gia mt lp ho cht hin hnh v nh hnh.
Hippolyte Bayard pht trin mt k thut in nh dng bn trc tip ring ca ng.
T lm ngi mu, ng ch nho tng cho rng nhip nh khng th di tr bng
cch to dng nh mt ngi cht trong tc phm Chn dung t chp nh ngi
cht ui (1840).
Lgc o ngc
SO SNH T L
m bn thnh nn tng ca nhip nh cho n thi i k thut s.
C s ca m bn l s o ngc cc sc sng ti.
TNG 4
M BN/DNG BN
Tm gng c k c
TNG 5
NH DAGUERREOTYPE
Edgar Allan Poe, trong nh l chn dung daguerreotype nm 1849 khng r ngi
chp, rt tch cc qung b nhng li ch ca phng php nhip nh Daguerre.
To bo ln ng
TNG 6
THM HIM
TRN: L ngi nghin cu kin trc Cn ng, kho c hc, v m thut Hi gio,
de Prangey chp nhiu cng trnh c i Hy Lp, Ai Cp, Th Nh K, Lebanon
v Palestine. Bc nh ny, n th Vm thing v Bc tng Than khc, c
chp Jerusalem khong 1850.
T duy theo bi s
TRI: Phng php in nh thun tin ca Talbot cho thy vic cng nghip ho
nhip nh bt u din ra nh th no.
Y` TNG 7
NH CALOTYPE
c t tn theo ting Hy lp c ngha l p v n tng, phng
php nhip nh xa gi l calotype khng ch to ra bc nh n tng
mnh m cn to c nhiu n bn, m rng phm vi nhip nh bng
kh nng to ra rt nhiu bn sao ging nhau.
W.H.F. Talbot, ngi ban u tham gia vo vic pht minh ra k thut nhip nh
khng dng my nh sau ny gi l photogram, nhanh chng nhn ra rng c th
dng nhng hnh nh m bn nh vy to ra cc bn in dng bn. Nm 1841, ng
khng ch ng k bng sng ch phng php calotype m cn gip thit lp mt c
s chp v in nh, ni ng c th sn xut hnh nh cho mnh v ngi khc. Thc t,
Talbot bit trc v tham gia vo cuc cng nghip ho nhip nh.
Phng php calotype cn phi c loi giy cng cp c th nhng t
trong ho cht v nc. Ban u, loi giy vit c s dng, mi nh nhip nh phi
t trng thuc ln giy. nh khng c kch thc tiu chun, ch c kch thc quy
c cho my nh m thi. Talbot cng nhiu nh nhip nh thi u phi t ct giy
v ch tc loi khung kp gi chc t giy cm quang trong my nh.
Gia thp nin 1840, Talbot xut bn mt trong nhng cun sch nh xa
nht, vi nhng bc nh tht nh vo tc l bn gc nh c dn vo trang sch.
Hai mi bn bc nh calotype, km theo bn vn, l ti liu v cc ng dng a
dng ca phng tin nhip nh, bao gm kh nng ghi chp li cc b su tp m
ngh v s, cng nh ti hin li cc bc tranh phc tho v chp hnh kin trc.
S ti tnh ca Talbot cng l r trong vic ng nhn thc c tim nng to ra nh
theo trnh t ca phng tin ny. Ging nh ho s Php Claude Monet thng lm
nhiu thp nin sau, Talbot nghin cu hiu ng ca nh sng trn cc hnh dng
k h trong c mi trng t nhin ln to dng.
Vic to nh calotype hp dn cc gii chp nh nghip d, nhng ngi
thng bt chp bn quyn sng ch ca Talbot v sau ny thc p ng cho h quyn
ngoi l. Cu lc b nhip nh u tin, Edinburgh Calotype Club, c thnh lp t
u nhng nm 1840, rt sm sau khi k thut calotype c pht minh (xem Hi
on nhip nh). Cng ging nh nh daguerreotype, thi gian l sng ca nh
calotype ngy cng nhanh dn khi cng c nhiu ngi cng th nghim.
Nt nh du dng v nhng mng sng ti do k thut calotype to ra, cng vi
th giy hin hin trn bc nh in, li c sc thu ht nhiu ngh s, nhng ngi cm
thy ng nt sc bn tng chi tit ca nh daguerreotype l khng tao nh v khng
thm m. So snh nh calotype vi nh daguerreotype, ho s kim nh nhip nh thi
u ngi Scotland l David Octavius Hill tuyn b rng nh calotype trng ging
mt tc phm cha hon thin ca con ngi hn v khng ging mt tc phm
hon ho thu nh ca Thng . D k thut calotype v sau c thay th bng
cc cch sn xut nhip nh cng nghip, chng hn cc phng php in nh dng
lng trng trng, nh calotype vn l phng tin yu thch ca cc ngh s thuc tro
lu Ly Khai cui th k 19 u th k 20, nh k thut ny to ra cm gic hoi nim
d vng (xem trang 120).
TRN: Ma v cc ng tc t l ca c th tr thnh nhng ti ca nhip nh.
Arnold Genthe, ngi chp bc nh nghin cu kho thn ny vo mt thi im
sau 1906, xut bn hai cun sch nh v ma, trong c mt bc chp ngh s
ma danh ting Isadora Duncan.
TNG 8
NH KHO THN
TNG 9
NG KNH
TNG 10
MN TRP
Chp nh l sng to
TNG 11
M HC
Trong bc nh din t Bui sng (1906) ca Clarence White, bnh minh c biu
th bng vng sng mnh xuyn qua mn sng m.
To nhng sc xanh
TNG 12
NH CYANOTYPE
K thut cyanotype do John Herschel pht minh nm 1842, khng lu sau khi nhip
nh c cng b vi th gii. Ging nh nh quang ho photogram ca W.H.F.
Talbot, nh lam bn cyanotype thng c thc hin khng cn dng my nh. Mt
vt th hay bn v c t trn mt tm giy cm quang ri phi ra nh sng. Sau
khi l sng, tm giy ny c ra trong nc v ng nt ca vt th kia hin ra
thnh mu trng trn mt giy mu xanh.
Trong nhng nm 1870, loi giy nh cyanotype do hng Marion & Company
sn xut, y l mt trong nhng cng ty nhip nh phc v cho ngnh bn l Anh.
Trc , ngi dng phi lm theo nhng hng dn n gin to cht cm
quang cho giy nhng c cnh bo trc v nguy c hai bn tay c th b nhum
mu xanh trong qu trnh thc hin.
L bn ca c Talbot v Herschel, b Anna Atkins tr thnh nh khoa hc nh
c ngi cha dy d t nh. Ging nh nhng ngi t m v pht minh nhip
nh, b cng c mt chic my nh. Nhng cng hin di lu ca b cho khoa hc v
nhip nh li l nhng hnh nh photogram khng dng my nh. ghi nhn chi tit
tinh t ca cc tiu bn rong to m kh nng v ca b khng sc th hin, Atkins
t cc tiu bn ny trc tip ln tm giy nh cyanotype. Vic to hnh nh trc
tip t tiu bn dng nh ti hin c mt bn sao y ht. Theo li t duy ny, hnh
nh ca nhip nh cn hn l mt cch m t n cha ng bn cht ca vt th
c ghi hnh. Cun sch in hn ch ca Atkins, Hnh nh cc loi to Anh quc: n
bn Cyanotype, c xut bn ln u nm 1843. Ngy nay n phm ny c bit
ch tn ti c 20 bn.
Kh nng ca giy nh cyanotype c th ghi nhn trc tip hay sao chp cc
ghi ch bng ch vit, cng vi kh nng in li d dng cc tiu bn khoa hc, khin
phng php ny c s dng tuy hn ch nhng lin tc sut th k 19 v u 20.
Tng t, nhiu ngi chp nh dng phng php t tn km ny in kim tra
cc m bn trc khi tin hnh in hnh nh tht s. Ngay t u, mt s ngi chp
nh khai thc nhng tnh cht biu cm ca nh cyanotype, nhng nhiu ngi
khc cng ta thn v mu xanh c hu ca loi nh ny. i vi h, cyanotype l mt
phng php nhip nh lt t ch th ca hnh nh.
Tuy nhin phng php ny dng nh tm c s ng h tn tu k t
khi cc phng tin s ho thay th phn ln cch in lam bn thc dng ca ho
k thut. nh cyanotype li tr thnh mt phng php thay th mt hnh thc
nhip nh khng cn chi phi hay hu dng trong xu th chung, nhng li hp dn v
cch biu hin th gic hay thch thc k thut. Vi tr em, v vi nhng ngi chp
nh ch bit nhip nh s, k thut cyanotype tng i nhanh v r ny li truyn ti
c phn no s k diu ca nhng bc nh u tin. Ta c th thc hin nh
cyanotype ngoi tri, di nng, v c th dng bt k cht liu b mt no hp thu v
duy tr c ho cht, nh vi, g, hay da, lm lp lt cm quang.