ffirt Appendice" frEF{t4tfrft Chronology of Chinese History 2653

+t tr IfrI+,21,7t t
Chronology of Chinese History

1. */i('I#,tfffi,atJ 194e ++1F/\R+f[8firt" This chronology runs from

the period of the'Five August Emperors' up to the {ounding of the People's Republic
o{ China in 1949.
z. ,T-fr,Utr,H^trfrEjr+ z^mffi 84r +)Uffi,4* 2000 +iAfrfr\(H_ffiH+#>rlET
!4S. The period {rom the end of the'Five August Emperors'to the lst year of the
Gonghe reign of the Western Zhou Dynasty (841 B. C. ) has been adjusted according to
the Chronology of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties published in 2000.
S. &drEtI#!g ia'E'.'+8,.'F-,+ZKttJt. Small regimes are not listed, such
as the Sixteen States Periods, the Ten States Periods, and the Western Xia Dynasty.
4. &+Ef{t4I#,,i+t\frTEE ('tr'4'',D}4'ffit H H#hW),++,7+trr+
f,ffi )r,q,+, t))ft xf fl . ( + + E Htt + vt ttl lfr H +ffi., + + & n Bf 7t f itr H ry + E fi & n P!
^
Af.)The rulers o{ every period or dynasty are listed, including their temple titles or
posthumous titles whichever is the better known, reign titles, the name of the 1st year
of a reign according to the traditional Chinese calendar, and the corresponding year ac-
cording to the Gregorian calendar. (The number in parentheses on the right of the reign
title is the number of years the reign lasted. If a reign title was changed in the middle of
a year, the month in which it was changed is given after the name of the year in tradi
tional Chinese calendar. )

+E)tJ+t
Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches
(Translator's Note: The 10 Heavenly Stems are: F jia, L yi, fi bing,
-f ding, fiwu, d ji, R seng, S iln, T ren, and$ gui. The 12 Earthly
Branches arer A zit fl chou, fi yin, 9F mao, E chen, 3 si, I uu, f,< wei,
f; shen, E yo", , zu, and/ hai, Traditional Chinese calendar calculated the
passage of years, months, days and hours by combining one Heavenly Stem and
one Earthly Branch to form 60 unique pair in a complete cycle. In the lunar cal-
endar in use today' only years and days are marked by such cyclic pairings. In
this chronology, they indicate years, )
1. FA jia-zi 2. /fl yi chou 3.6H bing-yin 4.T9F ding-mao
5.ll,R. wrchen 6. t 3 jtsi 7.ffiff gengwu 8. $fi. zirwei
try
9. reftsnen 10.4tr guiyou IL F fr. jia-ru rz, Lz Jrnat
13. fi+ bing zi 14. TA ding chou 15. fiF turyin 76. eqp ji-mQ.o
17. RR geng-chen I. + tr Jlt?.sl 79. ++ ren-rau 20. X* guiv:ei
21.ryfi jia-shen ll. /,@ yi-you 23.Wrt, bing-ru 24.J2 ding-hai
25.,4 wrzi 26.e,8- jichou zt. ,xH geng jtn 28. +tt zirrmao
29. +R rerrchen 30. *2 Suisi 31.FT jict-wu 32. L*. yi-wei
33. tr F bingshen J4. I El dtng Jou 35.1L. zpu-tu 36.t4 jihai
37. R+ geng-zi J. +11 rtrcnou J9.t F rerr'ytn +0. Xrlt gui-mao
41. FE jia-chen 42. LZ yi.si 43.6+ bing-zttu 44.T* ding:wei
45. A + zarshen 46.d,8 ji.you 47. R gengru 48. +4 rithai
49. t3 rerrzi 50. {fl. guichou 51. ryE jia-yin 52. Lqp yimao
53. FfE bing-chen 54. T E dingsi JJ.lx.r WtWU 56. t )F. ji:wei
5/. gengsnen 5. + El rtrJou 59. :E . ren-ru 60. *^ gui.hai
'8ry
2654 ffirt Appendices +tElE.ftrti* Chronology of Chinese History
fff * Appendices fitrE,ft4dfrt Chronology o{ Chinese History 2655

E'# Five August Emperors

H Shang Dynasty
( L4Jfrr
( c. 30th century
30 l.tnin-ffi 2r t flilJ ) ( tt 1600
-Ef 1046 ) ( 1600 B. c. -1046 B. c. )
B. C.
- c, 2lst century B. C. )

6HfrH (Bfr 1600 1300) Early Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C. B.C.
fiffi Yellow Emperor -Bfr -1300 )

ffi4 tzhuonxl Emperor fi1 King Tang

Zhuanxu aT King Taiding
ffig tkl Emperor Ku fl'DT Kins Waibing
trA King Zhongren
* ty6ol Emperor Yao
rtF King Taijia

ffi tshnl Emperor Shun

ftT King Woding
tF King Taigeng
uJrfl King Xiaojia

(ffi 2070
E Xia Dynasty #B King Yongji
-Hfr 1600 )
(2070 B. C. B. C. )
-1600 A& King Taiwu
trT King Zhongding
6 tyl King Yu
4.;| King Wairen
E Kine Qi iaJE tdnlry
King Hedan Jia
ftft King Taikang
ML King Ztyi
{fR Kine Zhongkang
tH* King Zuxin
ffl King Xiang
F King Wojia
4.R King Shaokang iET King Zuding
I King Yu HR r\lng r\angeng
FEF King Yangjia
ffi King Huai
R (EtBt) King Pangeng
t ^lng vrang (be{ore the Shang capital
was moved to Yin)
l King Xie

4F King Bujiang HEH (B' 1300 1046 ) Later Shang Dynasty (1300 B. C. B. C.
-fr -1046 )

H ttingl Kins Jions *R (itFttr)" King Pan-

geng (after the Shang cap-
B tjinl King Jin ital was moved to Yin)
llfl King Kongjia zlrg King Xiaoxin m 1300

* [goo] King Gao z]rZ King Xiaoyi

fr King Fa frT King Wuding Efr 1250

, [sui] (4 iji6l)
F King Ztgeng
F King Zujia
King Gui (also King Jie)
Eq+ Llnxrn
^,1n9
2656 ffift Appendices *,8n|\fr,m# Chronology o{ Chinese History ffirt Appendices frEE,ftrBfr Chronoloey of Chinese History 2657

ftf King Kangding FI (Bfi 77o

-ffi 2s6) Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 B. C.
-2s6 B. C. )
itZ King Wuyi (35) fff; jia-yin ffi 1147
Y4. King Ping (51) IttLuet ffi 770
IT Kine Wending (11) f,fl ji-chou Bfr 1112 (IEHE Ji Yijiu) +7ts.

ffZ King Diyi (26) ft! geng-zi H|J I1U1 Et r\lng nuan
<23) t, rerrtu Efr 7ie
1-ffi Ji Lin)
ff*{A}l King Dixin (30) fifi bing-yin Ef 1075
King Zhou) E-E' King Zhu.ang ls)
t (-ft [tu6] Ji Tuo) ( /,@ ytyou Erl byb
*ftHtrF+Ettr,ffi{offiW. Shang was also called Yin, after King Pangeng moved
the Shang capital to Yin. i t[xi]T' King Xi (5) ftJ geng-zi bI
(-]1 Ji Huqi) EU

E Zhou Dynasty HT. King Hui

(-lE |dngl Ji Lane) (2s) LJ yisi EU b/b
(Bfr 1046 2s6) (1046 B.C. B.C. )
-gfr -2s6
*[xing]I King Xiang Rt geng'uru
EIEI (Hfr 1046-Hil 771) Western Zhou Dynasty (f046 B. C.-77rB.C.l (-X[ Ji Zhens) \JJ/ Bfr 6s1

tL King Wu !frI King Qing (6)

(4) L4. yt-v)et f 1046 (-+E J1 r(encnen) Slp guLmao Er.l b1
(iE [tt] Ji Fa>

fi I King Cheng ( - im Ji EI King Kuang (6) tE jtyou

Song)
(22) a/ jihai ffi 7042 1-S Ji Ban) Er 612

,F - King Kang (- 4{ tL King Ding (21) LVF li-mao EU bub

Izho] Ji Zhao)
(25) $@ tirryou tt 1020 <-ffi [y] Ji Yu)
sEr King Zhao (-ffilxi6f ffiI' King Jian ( 6t bing zi
Ji Xia)
(1e) fifi, bing-tu F|J 995 (-F Ji Yi) 14) Er.l b5

(55)+I4+rr.7o i.T' King Ling (27) fifi geng:yin Ef 57r

(-fl,t Ji Xiexin)
I King Mu ( Ji King Gong chang-
LE yisi
Man) ed the reign title fr s76 RI King Jing (25) T3 ding si
in the same year (-F Ji GuD F|] 544

HlE King Dao

J+ [Sns]r King Gong (- (23) !,/ j;hai ffi ezz (-ffi Ji Meng) (1) + rlrrst EU 5ZU
HtyrlE Ji Yihu)
L King Jing
ffi tyilr King Yi(-ffi (8) {fi. retru E|l 9Y 1-fi[gdi] Ji Gai)
(44) t.r rerT'1uu E|l 51v
Ijin] Ji Jian)
zulE King Yuan (7)
(6) (-{: Ji Ren) frR bins-yin EU +/J
Pi{ang) ffif geng-wu E|l 9I
FtI' King Zhending (28) \@
F{. King Yi (-H [xi] Ji (8) fif bing-zi E{ b 1-l| Ji Jie)
guLyou Ef 468
Xie)
(37)+ffl 1+er.m Et. Alng Al
<-*R Ji Quji)
(1) ,xt geng-zt Et 441
In the beginning
trL King Li ( .-ffi Ji Hu) of the Gonghe ry ry Jta-snen ffi 877 .E,E King Si (1)
reign the reign ti- 1-fr Ji Shu) ft| geng-zi Efr 441
tle was changed.
.E King Kao
(14) (-H [w6i] JiWei)
(15) $fl n chou ffi 440
{-f,! Gonghe reign ffif; geng-shen Bfr 841
df,,tlE King weilie (24)
El King Xuan(-# Ji 1-f Ji Wu) fiffi bing chen ff 42s
Jing;
(46) fl fi. jia-zu dfr 827
fr.E King An (26) RR. geng-chen Ef 401
4 King You(-H ( 11) ffifi geng-shen Ell /-r
1-gJf Ji Jiao)
Isheng] Ji Gongsheng) f,{I' King Lie (7) frts bing-wu J/5
(-. Ji xi)
Er.l
2658 ffirt Appendices frEF{trEfrft Chronology of Chinese History Fff ,* Appendice" ftEEit9d,fr# Chronology o{ Chinese History 2659

-EI King Xian (48) *A gutchou E[ 368 ;6'ffi Empress Gao ( E*E L (8) fff; jia'yin I/
1-ft Ji Bian) zhi)
EU

il tiinSl E King Shen- (6) *fl" zitchou df { ffi Emperor \4ren ( ltj tE tu
jing (-E Ji Ding; 320
Liu Heng
( 16) !fi, ren Bfr 17e

ffilnn]E' King Nan (ffi76 Houyuan)(7) 1fifr wryin ElJ 1bJ

(-E Ji Yan> T)F. ding-zaei Efr 314
F lF' r-mperor Jlng ( - ,E (7) /-@ yi-you E|l r5b
Liu Qi)
F Qin Dynasty (Fzn Zhongyuan)(6) tR. retrchen Bf 14e
t5F#E (fil 22r
-ffi l22r B.C. -206
206) Qin Empire B. C. )l (fi76 Houyuan)(3) S!,fi, wrtu Efr 143

Effi- sg (ffi 256),*XH" H &+ (*ffi*A 52 +tr+,Bfr

+LE frff Emperor Wu (-1fl 6p76 Jianyuan(6) +fl rzfrcnou Bfr 140
255)f{& +d9p (tt 222),9.*tU*+.n+" *+..26 +FE (8f
25 Liu Che)
751f, Yuanguang(6) T *. dinq aDei Ef 134
zzl)ft,ffi,Lk-,ffiffi#" In 256 B.C., or the Seth year of the reign of
King Nan, the Eastern Zhou was overthrown by the State of Qin. His- 75fi1 Yuanshuo(6) *fl" guichou Efr 128
torians chronicle the events taking place during the period from 255
B. C. , or the 52nd year of the reign of King Zhaoxiang of. Qin, to ZZZ 76ff Yuanshou(6) d* JtLuet atJ Lzz
B. C. , or the 25th year of the reign of King Ying Zheng of Qin, along
the lineage of the kings of Qin. Ying Zheng accomplished the uni{ica- zu# Yuanding(6) /-fl yichou Etl r_rb
tion of China in 227 B, C. or the 26th year o{ his reign, and proclaimed
76lJ Yuanfeng(6) +76. Itrwet Ef, 110
himself the First Emperor.
j1|x Taichu(a) J fl Aznr(nou frfr 104
B*I King Zhaoxiang ft/! Tianhan(4) +Y x2?rs2 EII IUU
(fifl, n Sffi Yirlg Ze, (56) LEF yimao EU JUb
tI
also named Ji) J({ Taishi(4) /,P ytyou E Yb

ffffi Zhenghe(4) flfl jichou dfr e2

I- King Xiaowen (r) *4 rithai if ffi75 Houyuan(2) *E guisi
(^'fi Ying Zhu) 250 HU

ffiff Emperor Zhao (-frW {- Shiyuan(7) /,fi. yiuei H|l b

El*.E' King Zhuangxiang (3) !] ren-zi ffi Liu Fuling)
(-+#. Ying Zichu) 24e
75fi Yuan{eng(6) $ fllyXltttnOus HU U

iffi First Emperor /E+ Iuanprng(I) J /< Atnrv-teI ffi74

(37) LIF yi-rnao ffi
(-4 Ying Zhens) 246
f,ffi Emperor Xuan(-iJ 4ffi Benshi(4) Sfr,S wrshen EII /J
-$tr Second Emperor
Liu Xun)
(-ffi^ Ying Huhai)
(3) !ft retchen Er 2oe 1fifi Dijie(a) ta ren-zi Eu bv

76ff Yuankang(5) F.R. bing-chen HU 00

, Han Dynasty Sg Shenjue(4) IX+ = gengsnen3 EU bI

Gt (206 B. c.
206
-^fr,2201 -a. D.220) fiJi! Wu{eng(4) flJ jia-zi E|l b/

ffffi Ganlu(a) I}.R. wu chen EtJ bJ

Eiil. (H'I 206
-^7E2s) Western Han Dynasty (206 B. C.
-A. D. 25)
@,ffiA# (^it s-23> ffllEi# (23 25)" Wang Mans (e-23) and
frfi Huanglong(1) try reftsnen BfJ 4e

Emperor Gengshi (23-25) included. (Translator's Note: Starting with jlffi Emperor Yuan (-ft1 Dlzu Chuyuan(5) fifr guiyou H 4
the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Chinese monarchs are all called [shi] Liu Shi)
emperors. ;ft)f, Yongguang(s) fi,fi wryin Ef 43
fi ffi Emperor Gao ( lrJ 4 L* yiv.tei Et 206 fE[E Jianzhao(5) **. gui-tpei EU J
Liu Bang)
Hff Emperor Hui (-. T Jingning(l) IX* wtt-zi EU JJ

Liu Ying) T * ding-v:ei Hf 1e4 (-

fiffi Emperor Cheng 6g{fi Jianshi(4) -.4 tt anou ffi32
[o] Liu Ao)
2660 ffirt Appendices &EE.itrefr Chronology o{ Chinese History ffirt Appendices frtrE,ft4dfrfi Chronology of Chinese History Z66t
ffg Heping(a) \fl,- gui-si3 tt 28
zj<? Yongning(2) ftfi s geng-skena r20
BflfJl Yangshuo(4) !@ ding-you ffi24 )h Jianguang(z) $fiatityouT 127
f$;fl Hongjia(a) + lI rlrcnou ffi20 !E)f, Yanguang(4) f fi,= ren tu3 722
7j(i Yongshi(4) LE yi si EU Ib
Jtfiffi Emperor Shun(,-{* 7jq@ Yongjian(7) frF bing-yin 726
75@ Yuanyan(4) t E ji-you HtJ 1z
Liu Bao)
BpS Yangjia(a) try- rersnen3 1.32
f fg Suihe(2) *fl" guLchou EU
iqfg Yonghe(6) N:T bing-zi 136
fF Lmperor 1lJfi Liu qpf Jianping(a) /lp yi-mao EUb
Xin) i!f Han'an(3) t.f retrwu 142
7E6 Iuansnou(Z) t)7. JrTuel atJ z
R Jiankang(1) ff ry u9 J ta-snen 4 r44
:Pffi Emperor Ping(-f n{ff Yuanshi(s) $ffi rin you lr 1

Ikdn] Liu Kan) $ffi Emperor Chong (-tlE' zlcH Ixi]Yongxi

(H Jia)(1) ZE yi-you 145
ffif4 Ruzi Ying ({#F& ffiffi Jushe(3) fif, bing yin 6
LOlngl Lru brng)
with Wang Mang as re-
gent) il{ Chushi(1) 19,R.1-urchen, 8 fiffi Emperor Zhi(-W {}X Benchu(1) F.. bing ru 146
Izun] Liu Zuan)
lffXin(New) Dynasty]f t El Shijianeuo a,fl jisi 9
,@ffi Emperor Huan t --
f Wang Mang (5) fi q$fs Jianhe(3) J t4 drnrnat r47
Lft Zhi)
XFl Tian{eng(6) fifi. jic-ru 14 fsS Heping(1) ffift geng-yin 150

tr Dihuang(4) RR. geng chen 20 ;rE J* r uanj la( J ) +yl .rtn mao 151

F i fr Emperor pffi Gengshi(s) \l<1{urwet2 LJ zl<){ Yongxing(2) *?"x gui sis i53
(*tJZ Liu Xuan)
7if Yongshou(4) Lx. yrwet 155
1+#&,ffi+ryEFijry,ffi+iHE " tlh s +&.+,#nh)rl,Et +W 9.
Translator's
l4R [xi]Yanxi(10) 1\l).7 wlt-Iu 158
Note, Ruzi Ying is the literary nameof Liu Ying, who was two years o1d when Wang 6

Mang installed him as the crown prince in the 5th year of the Yuanshi reign. iicfF Yongkang(1) !fi.;ding-wei6 767

F. Eastern Han Dynasty 125-2201

fl ffi Emperor 4pf Jianning(s) lxFi wrsnen 168
Liu Hong)
)E Et r uuangwu it Jianwu(32) 1,@; yi-you6 R txr]* Xipine(7) f$ 6rerrzi5 172
(itl* Liu
tg E[ F
7E Jlanwu
;f,fg Guanghe(7) )Xf,wb1au3 1?8

Zhongyuan(2) fiftsbing-chena 56
fg Zhongping(6) W'f y;.jia zip 184
ffiffi Emperor Ming(-E ilcY Yongping(18) )xt wLrTLu 58
Liu Zhuang) ffi ff Emperor Xian ( - tY Chuping(a) INLI gengwu 190
Liu Xie)
fiffi Emperor Zhang (-*E 4Sf4 Jianchu(9) fr3 bing-zi 76 )(g Xingping(2) fl fi. jirru 194
[d] Liu Da)
76fi Yuanhe(4) fff;ryjitshen2 8+
@{ Jian'an(25) frT bing-zi 196

f Zhanghe(2) J 4LatnfnAlT 87 lgliF IanKang(l) ffi!- geng zi3 220

fgffi Emperor He(- 7l<75 Yongyuan(17) Afr" ji chou 89

[zhdo] Liu Zhao)
zn){ Yuanxing(1) LZps Yi sia 105
= E Three Kingdoms e2o-2sol
% [shong] ffi Emperor GY Yanping(1) lN.r otngTau 106
Shang (-E Liu Long)
L fF r,mperor An ( - l 7lc{n Yongchu(7) J 4. Orngwet 107 4E Kingdom of Wei (220-26s)
Ih] Liu Hu)
wen(6 !{fi Huangchu(7) trT+cengzils
75|n Yuanchu(7) WF jia yin | "fft,lam:r | |
2662 ffirt Appendices frElE,ftgE jf,ft Chronology o{ Chinese History
ffirt Appendices frEF.ft9fl'frft Chronology of Chinese History 2663
!ffft Emperor Ming(-fl ftfi Taihe(z) f rt. ding-wei
Irui] Cao Rui) # Baoding(4) fifi,,ybing-tug 266

Jt Qinglone(5) *8- gui chout 233 4p@ Jianheng(3) d?,"+ ji-choun 269

ft|n Jingchu(3) !fl= ding-si3 237

FlH, lenghuang(3) tR rerrchen 272

f,ffi Tiance(2) a^. Jrwet 275

lr I l\tng # Cao 6ffi Zhengshi{10) ffifi geng shen 240
Fang) f,{ Tianxi(1) fifi abing-shen7 276

;[g Jiaping(6) 1,fls jisia 249 x9a Tianji(4) I E dtngJou 277

Hfr9^ Township Duke fr.zu Zhengyuan(3) F Fl4 jic-tu* tqt

Gaogui (- [m6o] Cao
Mao) Ef Jin Dynasty e6s-4201
ffffi Ganlu(5) fi!;bing zi6 zco
frffi Emperor Yuan (-4 fi76 Jingyuan(5) RR; geng chen6 260
[hudn] Cao Huan) ( &F &
+ also called King Chen E[Ei Western Jin Dynasty (26s-3r7)
frft Xianxi(2) fi fi a jia-shen5 264
ftff Emperor Wu(al 94' *16 Taishi(10) ZW+- yt-youn 265
Sima Yan)
. Kingdom of Shuhan (22r-2631
fif Xianning(6) L* yr 1.uet 27s

BE*]ffi Emperor Zhaolie (itj fiaft Zhangwu(3) *fl"srirchoua 221

ftft Taikang(10) ffilsa geng zia 280

S Liu Bei) AR Taixi(1) ffifi, geng-tu 290

E Larer Master(-ilf @)( Jianxing(1s) $.lP6 guLmao5 223
S ffi Emperor Hui ( 7l(R Yongxi(1)
Ishn] Liu Shan) - ffiffis! geng-zua 290
Sima Zhong)
ffft Yanxi(2o) )xt wu-'teu 238
7j<:p Yongping(1) * dthai 29r
5A 76ffi Yuankang(9) !tr7^=.TIn nQl3 291
fr# Jingyao(6) lxE @rJtn 258
zjcEF Yongkang(2) ffifi geng-shen 300
ft)( Yanxing(1) **.tr gui-weia 263
j<f Yongning(2) $@pnrirtyoua 301

E Kingdom of Wt (222-2501 ft{ Tai'an(2) if.1lrerzup 302

t# Great Emperor(lirfl f;s\ 7.icf Yong'an(1) F:f jia-zi 304

Huangwu(8) !filrerrying 222
Sun Quan) @p\ Jianwu(1) FT+ jia-zit 304
j(fi Huanglong(3) f,@6 ji-youa 229
ij<$ Yong'an(1) fi!1- jia zill 304
*s14 Jrane( /) {! retzi 232
zJ<)( Yongxing(3) fi!1- jia zip 304
fig Chiwu(1a) rylt ,L I,uLrzLU s 238 :hR Guangxi(r) fift;bing-yin6 306

ft76 Taiyuan(2) -+ }aT .ItlrWel 5 257 ffffi Emperor Huai (,-lR ft;f, Yongjia(7) !lp ding-mao 307

i4Fl Shenfeng(1) tF =rerrshenz 252

[chi] Sima Chi)
ru(l minl ff Emperor Min ex Jlanxrng(5) fffis guiyoua 313
TH t King Guiji r -- 4 X Jianxing(2) f fr 6re?rsnn a 252 <-S tyl Sima Ye)
Sun Liang)
tr Fl Wu{eng(3) fi fi, jia-ru t<1

ftg Taiping(3) frTl bing-zi1o 256

f;Ei Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420)
Fff Emperor Jrng(-*ffi 7!t Yong'an(7) fi.fr1uju.yin\n 258 frff Emperor Yuan (-p] g ($fr Jianwu(2) ! fl= ding-chou3 377
Sun Xiu) [rui] Sima Rui)
/q)< Daxing(4) 1\.fi= wryin3 318
9E& Marquis Wucheng 76){ Yuanxing(2) EF tF 4 Jta-Snen7 264
(-f [hdo] Sun Hao) 7l<fl Yongchang(2) t.f rerT-wu 322

ffffi Ganlu(2) L@s ytyoua 265

fi ffi Emperor Ming( - % TlcP Yongchang ljp1-re7rvil6o11 322
Sima Shao)
2664 FfJ* Appendices +tEE,fttdfrft Chronology of Chinese History ffirt Appendices +ttrE'{tCE,frft Chronology of Chinese History 2665

lr* Teininoal\ $)B- guiwei3 323 ffiffi Emperor Ming(-4 i*{ Taishi(z) Lf 11yt-stp 465

Emperor Cheng (-f + J -I'^:-:-^ [y] Liu Yu)

5fiffi /\ I 4r111116 /fi6,y yi-you1.^og 325
[yn] Sima Yan) fffi Taiyu(1) lJ ren zi 472
fifi Xianhe(e) fifi,- bing-tu2 326
IE )E .ft Laler lJetnroned 75ffi Yuanhui(5) *A gutchou 473
ffjp Xiankang(8) (,^ ))t-uet 335 Emperor 1-g ;y1 Lru
Yu) (ffiiE also called
Eftffi h-mperor Kang r =ff E7L Jlanyuan(z) )$l gui-mao 343 King Cangwu)
Sima Yue) itffiff Emperor Shun(-S fl!fl Shengming(3) TElding siT
Mu(-ffi Liu Zhun)
Eff Emperor /<fi Yonghe(12) L?' yi-si a/ q

[don] Sima Dan)

frf Shengping(s) !fl ding-si 357
f Qi Dynasty (479-so2l
fiffi Emperor Ai (-6 [pl @fg Longhe(2) tBr ret.ru 362
(ffi16fi
Sima Pi)
ffiffi Emperor Gao S75 Jianyuan(4) Cj W J r'@et a
479
Xiao Daocheng) ^.
)(f Xingning(3) **- guihaiz 363
fiffi Emperor Wu(-ffi zlcBE Yonemine(11) ,at4 gurhat 483
E tr Duke Haixi (
- 4 Jqf[ Taihe(6) fifr bing-yin 366 lz6f Xiao Ze)
[yi]^\Sima Yi) Mtt King Yulin (-ffirll. @S Longchang(l) F , jia-ru 494
tEl X fF r-mperor Jlanwen .;frf Xian'an(2) + 7tr.+- .Itrru)et l 371 Xiao Zhaoye)
(-g tyl Sima Yu)
l6F- King Hailine (-EE iEX Yanxing(1) fi fi,a jia-ru7 494
t ft tr Emperor Xiaowu fft Ningkang(3) SP gui-you 373 I Xiao Zhaowen)
(-B [yo] Sima Yao)
BEffi King Ming (-4 Xiao EIf Jlanwu(5) fi fi4 jia-ru6 494
ft76 Taiyuan(21) frA bing-zi 376 Luan)
3fff An (- 7](F Iongtal(I) fi,ffis\utryina 498
Emperor
Qi-. T)-.^--r
@f Long'an (5) J E dtngyou 397
v\L'Ls urzvLr6t
Marquis Donghun 7j<76 Yongyuan(3) 1,lp ji:mao 499
zn)( Yuanxing(3) !fi reryin 402
(-
^eR Xiao Baojuan)
J1ff Yixi(la) LE yi-si 405
f,flffi Emperor He(-M f)( Zhongxing(2) +E-Jlr?-sr3 501
Xiao Baorong)
ftffi Emperor Gong 76ffi Yuanxi(2) 7F. J rrueL 419
Sima Dewen)
ft Liang Dynasty (s02-ss7)
HJb# fiffi Emperor Wu(ffifi1 {ffi Tianjian(1s) t.r E retTJJu 4 502
Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-ss9) [yon] Xiao Yan)
$jS Putong(8) ffiJ geng-zi 520

ffi!il Southern Dynasties 5F Song Dynasty (420-479) tiB Datong(3) f ft=-ding-wei3 s27

f\ ff Emperor Wu ( ltl iA 7jqfi Yongchu(3) RF x geng-shen6 + t iE Mid Da-

Liu Yu) tong( 6)
fl@1ji-youy 529

1l.ff Emperor Shao (--X.fr ftg Jingping(2) **. suihai 423 Jqffi Datong(i2) LVF yi-mao 535
Liu Yi{u)
(-)L@
+ j1 H Mid-Da- fifisbing yina
!ffi Emperor Wen zcffi Yuanjia(30) 4:fr jia zie 424 tong( 2)
546
Liu Yilong)
ftffi Taiqing(3). f SPyg ding-mao a 5+7
4 N, ffi Lmperor f@ Xiaojian(3) EF t J |A-WU 454
ffiI# Emperor Jianwen Jlf Dabao(z) - .
(- tjnl ^laowu
Liu Jun) (-4 Xiao Gang) ffiff geng-wu 550

JtBE Daming(8) f@ ding-you 457 frffi Emperor Yuan(-4 A. Chengsheng(4) try+_ren-Snen)1 552
HfrE# Former Dethroned z]<)h Yongguang(1) LE ytsi 465 Iyi] Xiao Yi)
Emperor(- T .1ll. Liu ffiff Emperor Jing (- ,H# Shaotai(2) /,/1 ythaip 555
Ziye) Xiao Fangzhi)
fifn Jinghe(1) /- !, 1y yi- si s 465
2666 Fff * Appendices +tElt{trCfrt Chronology of Chinese History ffirt Appendice" &trjtr,ft4,frt Chronology o{ Chinese History 2667

I tY Taipinc(2) | w+nbtnr";n I
a.:F Zhengping(2) +yp^-l:t|rmao6 451

ffit King Nan'an (fffi (A):fYong tTr-=rerchent 452

"PlfbtrH 64" The reign title lasted for six years in some regions. ft Tuoba Yu)
zl<
(Cheng) Ping(1)
"" F!!XH 3 4. The reign title lasted for three years in some regions.
FF Chen Dynasty (ss7-ss9) Ifrffi Emperor Wencheng )(f Xing'an(3) tE l rerrchens 452
(-6tjnl Tuoba Jun)
f\ffi Emperor Wu (ffiffi jE 7|ft Yongding(3) J lI+dtng-choun 557 )()f, Xingguang(2) ry'f LIto wuT 45+
Chen Baxian) / qq
{ffi Emperor Wen(-ffi x? ral an(5) L^i Jrwet6
)trFtr Lranlrat t) RR geng-chen 560
[qidn] Chen Qian)
fsg Heping (6) RX geng-zi 460
Xlft r lanKang(.1 ) fifi,- bing-ru2 566
ffiIffi Emperor Xianwen x< rran an(z) fif bing-wu 466
,& fF uetnroned Lmperor ;f,Jq Guangda(2) J iA Alnghat 567 (-5 Tuoba Hong)
(-{H* Chen Bozong) (rffi $)( Huangxing(s) I fi-1yatn{1Detg 467
Its L also called lng
Linhai) &Yfr Emperor Xiaowen @){ Yanxing(6) f/lyILtTnAtg 471
(76fi Yuan Hong)
fiff Emperor Xuan(-4 ftqg Taijian(1a) JT," jichou 569
Chen Xu) fr.!ff Chengming(1) F'R.xbing-chene 476
[x]
Ei Later Master (-frt) gi:ffi Zhide (a) $$11 gui-mao 583 tfs Taihe(23) T?, ding-si 477
Chen Shubao
lf EII Zhenmine (3) J dtng-mo 587 H Et tr Emperor Xuanwu fi!! Jingming(a) RE geng-chen 500
^ (-,8 tkl Yuan Ke)
rEl Zhensshi(s) frf; jia shen 504
Jb# Northern Dynasties
Jb*E Northern Wei Dynasty ttffiF ,tret;roR founded by the Tuoba family, which later zl<jF Yongpine(5) Il,Ttrwn-zis 508
changed its {amily name to Yuanl(:86 534)
Jt^[ E TtrA +) f , Atfi ,ft Fl, IEJ + Eq E k&E + h ffi , 43e
(386 @f Yanchang(4) I:R.ssrerchena 572
+ra/;Lts,fr,-)Ll" The Northern Wei Dynasty was known as the
State of Dai when it was established in the first month of the year bing- EE # Emperor Xiaoming Sg Xiping(3) fifi bing shen 516
.zz (386). The dynasty was renamed Wei in the 4th month of the same (-iU [x] Yuan Xu)
year. In 439 the Wei Dynasty uni{ied northern China after it overthrew |$ft, Shengui(3) I!,,=v.;tt ruz 518

the Northern Liane State.

il)b Zhengguang(6) Rtr. genfzlT 520

iErtff Emperor Daowu tffi SSI Dengguo(11) fifi bing-ru 386 {f, Xiaochang(3) Lflv Ylisi6 525
fr$tgurl Tuoba Gui) ;[f Wutai(1) IR# wrshen 528
gi Huangshi(3) fi$ abing-shen7 396
+ftffi Emperor Xiao- GE! Jianyi(1) Ik#uswrshen+ 528
{)( Tianxing(7) ly!fX+-wt.Iu tz 398 zhuang (-+& iyuj
Yuan Ziyou)
{ffi Tianci(6) F R.1 jia chen* +04 7i{ Yong'an(3) IN# )LwLrshens 528

4lzcff Emperor Mingyuan zJ<)( Yongxing(5) !'@1ji.you1s 409

KfI' {ing Changguang 4f![ Jianming(2) ffifi4 geng-zup 530

(-ft tsil Tuoba Si) <-PF tyl Yuan Ye)

|9ffi Shenrui(s) fifi jia-yin 47+ jf H Imin]# Emperor Jie- gf Putai(2) f1 .I||rhaI2 531
min (-* Yuan Gong)
H Taichang(8) frRugbing-chena 41.6
{frf' King Anding (-Fn f )( Zhongxing(2) + 2+ Iltnatn 531

INfF r-mperor Ialwu ( -- ffi;f, Shiguang(5) FX jia zi +2+ Yuan Lang)

# [to] Tuoba Tao) + fF r-mperor {p Taichang(1) 532
i$Hgtjil Shenjia(4) I*,8=wrchenz +28 (-,ffr Yuan Xiu) ^laowu
14fg Yanhe(3) t4 retsnen 432 j1)( Yongxing(1) t:A 1=rerzi 12 532
f@ Taiyan(6) L ythai 435 j1ft Yongxi(3) tt+- rertzie 532
Jt+E Taiping RTF'x geng-chen6 440
Zhenjun( 12)
 I

2668 ffirt Appendices +f.Bm 4\E m#. Chronology of Chinese History fff * Appendices ftEIDT'ft?dfr Chronoloey of Chinese History 2669

Jiande(7) tE=rerchenz 572

!f;*t Eastern Wei Dynasty (s34-550) & Xuanzheng(1) 1fr,fi,=wrru3 578

##fr Emperor Xiaojing /cl4 I lanplng(4) FH+ jia-yinn f,ffi Emperor Xuan(-fr J(fr Dacheng(1) ?,4 j;hai 579
OE#n Yuan Shanjian) Iyn] Yuwen Yun)
zc Yuanxiang(2) 19,ts wu'wu 538 ffiff Emperor Jine(-FJ J!fl Daxiang(3) fl /1J rnat2 579
[chn] Yuwen Chan)
)(fs Xinghe(a) d*+- jtweit s39

;[ft Wuding(8)
fft Dading(1) $fl-zin-chou1
*2 gui.hai 54s

J|* Northern Qi Dynasty (ss0-577) F Sui Dynasty (s8r-6rs)

IE# Emperor'Wenxuan XtR r lanDao( -10) ftffagengwu5 550
(Hi# Gao Yang)
E ff Dethroned Emperor ffi!fi Qianming(l) RR geng-chen 560
HET 5S1 +,589 +X.W,ftffi,h-" The Sui Dynasty was estab-
(-Ft Gao Yin) lished in 581 and reunited China in 589 after it overthrew the Chen Dy-
nastv.
*Wfr Emperor Xiaozhao Huangjian(2) RE/\ geng-chenB 560
Emperor Wen (ffi E fE *A-
(-& Gao Yan) ! ff Kaihuang(20) rirchouz 51.

Yang Jian)
ftfi# Emperor Wucheng ff Taining(Z) * E1- tirrsi 11 56i
(-E Gao Zhan) fif Renshou(4) $p z.in you 601

i4H Heqing(4) t.r E reltTuu 4 562

jljl Daye(la) /-fl ytchou 605
Vtlydnfr Emperor Yang
.6.l Later Emperor (
- S f,fr Tiantong(5) /,fr s yi:youa 565 (-J' Yang Guang)
Gao Wei)
fi:F Wuping(7) RF geng-yin 570 ftffi Emperor Gong(-ft' J1i Yining(2) !fl-1-ding-choul 617
[yu] Yang You)
@,fN Longhua(1) fifi 1- bing-shenp 576

&lt Young Emperor(-'fi A.)t Chengrguang(l) J E dzng-you 577

f;f Tang Dynasty (618-eo7)
Gao Heng)

Eft Western Wei Dynasty (s3s-556) ffi1fl Emperor Gaozu (4W ;\ffi Wude(e) Sfi.f,auu.yin5 618
Li Yuan)
!ff Emperor Wen (frRrtr f,fi, Datorg(17) ZfiF yi-rnao 535
Yuan Baoju) ft ft Emperor Taizong ( - AX[ Zhenguan(23) T ding-hai 627

E # Dethroned Emperor R Li Shimin)

(-fi Yuan Qin) (3) try retsnen 552 ffif; Emperor Gaozong(- zj<ffi Yonghui(6) ffifr, geng-cu ocu
t Lizhi)
ftffi Emperor Gong(-H (3) jia'tut EF Xianqine(6) frE bing-chen oJo
Yuan Kuo) F B,- 554

fif;Jl Longshuo(3) $@- rirryous- 661

lbEJ Northern Zhou Dynasty (ss7-ssr) ffiffi Linde(2) FT jia-zi 664

+E Lminl# Emperor Xiao- Tfl- ffigj Qianfeng(3) fifi bing-yin 666

min (?I Yuwen Jue) - \r/ ding-chou J)I
,H. Zongzhang(:) ft,ffi= wt^rchen3 668
![ff Emperor-Ming(-ffi (3) J l7)Laxngcnous 557
[y] Yuwen Yu) - EF Xianheng(s) ftff- geng-wu3 670

;ftfi Wucheng(2) d4F,t jimaos 559 tzr Shangyuan(3) fifi,n jia-tus 674

fr# Emperor Wu(-El frft Baoding(5) + x) rzrtst 561 .{!fi, Yifeng(a) fi!1-bing-zin o/o
[yng] Yuwen Yong)
ffiffi Tiaolu(2) f,$P; ji-mao 5 679
7(
'ru
r lanne( /.) tr., bing-ru
2670 ffift Appendices fr,F{n+\A)*. Chronology of Chinese History ffift Appendices #,EIrl\nn*. Chronology of Chinese History 26?L
j1@ Yonglong(2) ffiffi,y geng-chens 680 ffif; Emperor Suzong (-g 4!ffi Zhide(e) fif; abing-shen7
fffi Kaiyao(2) *31tirsis 681 Li Heng)
Tjqg Yongchun(2) t f - ret'zuu2 682
ffi76 Qianyuan(3) ..=wrruz 758
!1fr Hongdao(1) **1- gui-ueip 683
g fr Emperor Zhongzong ft4 Sisheng(t) fifi jia shen 684 t- Shangyuan(z) Ha6s gmg:ziLon 760
(-&yZE Li Xian, also
named Li Zhe) (1) *. *fl"ncitchous
- 761
[rui]R Emperor Ruizong I4l Wenming(l) fffi jia shen2 684 fft ft Emperor Daizong ( - R Baoying(2) !fisreryina
(-F Li Dan) fr Li Yu)
762

[\ fi Empress Wu ( Et E ;f,{ Guangzhai(t) fi f; n jia-shens 684 ;-ffi Guangde(2) ftSpa, guimaoT 763
[zhoo] Wu Zhao) 71# Yongtai(2) Z?' Yi.si
trftfi Chuigong(4) 1,@ yi-you 685 / oc

jcE Yongchang(1) dE- jLchou 689 tF Dali(ttl fi11-bing-wu11 766

ffi51 Z,aichu.- (t) ftfta geng-yin1 690 ffif; Emperor Dezong (-i6 f Jianzhong(4) ftfi geng-shen 780
fttrffiff,&E-hE" Em- {fi Tianshou(3) ftfilgeng yins 690 [ku] Li Kuo)
press Wu ascended the ){75 Xingyuan(1) flj jia-zi 784
throne and changed the
name of the dynasty to fr.fr, Zhenyuan(2l) 1,fl yi-chou 785
Zhot- {sfi Ruyi (1) * R.s rerrchen 692
a
.ftfi R Emperor Shunzong iicf Yongzhen(1) LE tr ylloua 805
ff Changshou(3) tRnrerchent 692 t^.iffi Li Sone)
@fi Yanzai(1) frffa jia-wu5 694 fift Emperor Xianzong (- Nfin Yuanhe(15) fifi. bing-zu 806

iE Zhengsheng(l)
f{ Li Chun)
a7F. yr1Der 695

*.ffih p Tiance l,fr.nyi weis 695

Sf; Emperor Muzong (- ftft Changqing(a) 4A rirchou 821
Wansui(2)
fti Li Heng)

Tb&gJ Wansui 6# 6bing-shenp 696

ffift Emperor Jingzong (- E Baoli(3) ZE, y'-si 82s
Dengfeng( )
S Li Zhan)
{f; Emperor Wenzong (-
1

hbt6{ Wansui fifi tF LI Ang)

*F Baoli fif 1- bing-wup 826
= bing-shen3 696
Tongtian(2)
t(Jt)fi DalTaihe !rt.- ding-wei2 827
|Srj Shengong(1) -fp' lding-yous 697
(9 )

E Shengli(a) ,rL tnt-tu 698 ffr Kaicheng(s) frR. bing:chen 836

Jiushi(1) ffiJa geng-zi5 700 fift Emperor Wuzong (- f fi Huichang (6) $@ zitryou 841
^d0 { Li Yan)
ft,f, Dazu(1) $fl rin chou 701

Kt Chang'an(+) *L1 tirrchou* 70I ft f; Emperor Xuanzong ftf Dazhong(14) T 9F ding-mao 8+7

+x (+flyg),FEt fifi Shenlong (3)

t-'ffi [ch6n] Li Chen)
/-fl yi-si 705
g" Emperor Zhongzong ffi tyilft Emperor Yizong tf Dazhong f, lp ,y j i-rnao 859
(Li Xian, also named Li (-#[cui] Li Cuit 6

Zhe) changed the name of fifi Jinglong(a) ! fi.ndingweis 707

diE Xiantong(1s) HR1- geng-cheny 860
the dynasty back to Tng.
[ rui] ft Emperor Rui- Fa Jingyun(2) ffifi4gengzu7 7lo 1S txll Emperor Xizong A:E Xiantong *Et gui-sit 873
zong(-E Li Dan) <-ffi [xun]Li Xuan)
ftfi( Taiji t1) !! ren zi 772 ffiffi Qianfu(6) fr11_ jio.uuy 874
Ef Yanhe(1) !! arerrzi5 712
)-BE Guangming(z) RA geng-zi 880
R Emperor Xuanzong ft* Xiantian(2) !! lyren:zig 712
(-EE Li Longji)
fx Kaiyuan(29) *At- gui-choutz 713 +ffl Zhonghe(5) #1,+ tirtchout 881

]t:E Tianbao(15) tt ren-vJu 742

)tE Guangqi{+l /,fl= y|si3 88s
2672 ffirt Appendices *ElE{t9djlft Chronology of Chinese History ffirt Appendices fi$|tr'{trei* Chronology of Chinese History 2673

!ffi Wende(1) It,F =wt*-shenz 888

EnF Later Tang Dynasty (923-e36)
EEI R Emperor Zhaozong fifi, LongJt(7) f,fi jiyou 889
(-4 [y] Li Ye) ftft Emperor Zhuargzong fil;f, Tongguang(a) **.w gutwei+ 923
fffi Dashun(z) ffi;\, geng-ru 890 (+4d! [x] Li Cunxu)
frffi Jing{u(z) tA rerzi EE f; Emperor Mingzong {fr Tiancheng(5) fifi,sbing-:rua 926
892 (-[dn] Li Dan)
ffif Qianning(S) frfi jia-yin 894
()( Changxing(a) ffifi- geng yin2 930
)f,{l Guanghua(4) IhtIxw-wus 898

XE Ilantu(4) $fistirryoua
H [min] ft Emperor Min DIIF Yingshun(1) ry.r lza-@u 934
901 (-,.F Li Conghou)
ftffi Tianyou(4) 4*6s jiczil-on 904
;F.ffi Last Emperor (-rf'FJ C Qinstai(3) ff js jia-vLua 934
fiff Emperor Ai(-fi, tfi Tianyou--"' WA,r jia.zie 904 tkel Li Congke)
[ch] Li Chu)
* +Ei=8frFfretrt,-tF+tr=EUtsW&lr" The reign title was changed on the EEf Later Jin Dynasty 1936-e471
1st day o{ the 3rd month of the year ziryou, but another theory datesit to the last day
of the 2nd month of that year. ffifl Emperor Gaozt (Effi {ffi Tianfu(s) 6F +-bing-shent 936
** ,$ ttdngl Shi Jingtang)
iHEE, tuE++ - F h #n)E+ iE A, U + F h ffi F, F-E A h F
D[ 7K .
-+itrFtF
++ A F.HA_X.,UE F h + - F,ffi E h + A, - A hE F= " 4AeHFJ ^MN (-EF
=
ffJ er.1n A It # E H E, & + E fr+J M. H + ry.,ft& R E E At it$ $}. During this year Empress
fiffi Emperor Chu x lE I lanru I:F x rerr yin e
942
^ Shi Chonggui)
Wu adopted the Zhou calendar, according to which she instituted the 11th lunar month
of the lst year o{ the Yongchang reign (which used the Xia calendar) as rhe lst month ]f[ Kaiyun(4) W Et jia-chenz 944
of the 1st year of her Zaichu reign, the 12th lunar month as the last month of the year,
and the 1st lunar month of the Xia calendar as the lst month of the year. In the 10th " SffiEp{*&fr. Emperor Chu did not change the reign title when he ascended
month o{ the 1st year of the Jiushi reign, she restored the Xia calendar, altering the 1st the throne.
month of the Zhou calendar as the llth month, and the last month of the Zhou calendar
as the 12th month. In this table, the month in which a reign title was changed during ffiil, Later Han Dynasty (94?-950)
this period, as indicated behind the year rendered in Heavenly Stems and Earthly
Branches pairings, is calculated according to the Zhou calendar, so are the years a reign ffi lH Emperor Gaozu ( itj E tffi Tianfu" !fi.- ding-wei2 947
lasted. (Translator's Note, In ancient times the traditional Chinese calendar iell into Sol,A *[ iE Liu Gao,
three categories: the Xia calendar, which regards the 1st lunar month as the beginning
originally named Li
Zhiyran) N,F
of the year and is the same as the lunar calendar; the Shang calendar, with the 12th lul ffiffi Qianyou(3) v:u-shen 948
nar month as the beginning o{ the year; and the Zhou calendar, with the 11th lunar
month as the beginning of the year. ) ffiffi Emperor Yin(-4ffi ffiffi Qianyou-' IkH - wrshenz 948

*"* Jft+liuBUtr*+E,lLffi)r+" Liu Chengyou)

The reign title was abolished in the 9th month
of this year, which was incorporated as the lst year of the Baoying reign. *trI(HEBp{,t]HtrEH+,frfi-?6-+-$" Emperor Gaozt of the Later Han
"**"FdEp{*.71." Emperor Ai did not change the reign title when he ascended Dynasty adopted the same reign title of Emperor Gaozu of the Later Jin Dynasty, nam-
the throne. ing the 1st year of his own reign the 72th year of Tianfu.
"" HffBII{*&jfr" Emperor Yin did not change the reign title when he ascended
the throne.
5ft Five Dynasties (eoz-e6o)
.EE Later Zhou Dynasty (95r-960)
E* Later Liang Dynasty (907-s23}
ft |fl Emperor Taizu ( S d ,-IF Guangshun(3) + t4 xlrna2 951
ffi -Emperor Taizu (ftR, ff Kaiping(5) J YPwdtng-mao4 907 Guo Wei)
Xffi. Zhu Huang, 5!fr Xiande(7) 4F, jia-yint 954
also named Wen or
Quanzhong) ftf; Emperor Shizong (* .8ffi Xiande- FH, jia.yint 954

ffi,fN Qianhua(5) $fi.atitrwei5 911 ft Chai Rong)

t# Last Emperorl-41 ffi41, Qianhua *E- gui-you2 913 ftff Emperor Gong (-t .flffi Xiande d*.x jiweie 959

[zhn] Zhu Zhen) iJll Chai Zongxrn)

9! ffi Zhenming(7) L*+, yihain 915 . ttfi.*#fl*tli" Both Emperor Shizong and Emperor Gong retained the reign
fiffi Longde(3) gflarirsi5 921 title of their respective predecessors.
2674 ffirt Appendices *,F{[frl\mnfr Chronology of Chinese History ffirt Appendices fiFlE'ft9d,frft Chronology of Chinese History 2675

e+HE Jianzhong + 17 -7:7/rS2 1101

iF Song Dynasty (s6o-r27sl Jingguo (1)

lbift Northern Song Dynasty (g6o-rt27l

f;f Chongning(s) {J rerv.tu ttoz

kiH Emperor Taizu (tr @@ Jianlong(a) fX[ Daguan(4) J 2^ Azng-nal 1 107

ffifi geng^shen 960
/1, tyinl Zhao Kuangyin) 4[fg Zhenghe(8) +yp rttmao 1 111
ffiffi Qiande(6) ft/1- guihaiy 963
Eiil Chonghe(2) IX,+-Ien-rult 11 l8
ff Kaibao(g) 19.F1-wu-chen1 968
f f; Emperor Taizong ( - t+*Sl Taiping fi!1- bing-2i12 976 f,fg Xuanhe(7) X,- jthaiz 1119

nljinst,+trF_y,y& Xingguo(9) fftft Emperor Qinzong(- ffift Jingkang(2) fif bing-wu TT26
Jt X Zhao Jiong, origi- E Ihun] Zhao Huan)
nally named Zhao 4,W Yongxi(4) fi f; 1- jia-sheny 984
Kuangyi, also named ffif* Duangong(2)
Zhao Guangyi) fi,! ztttrzi 988
TFIF Southern Song Dynasty (1127-12791
f${N, Chunhua(5) ffifr geng-yin 990
ffift Emperor Gaozong( 1ptr Jianyan(a) !ft6ding-wei5 t127
iH Zhidao(e) ar+ yrwet 995 ffi Zhao Gou)
H R Emperor Zhenzong )il* Xianping(o) )xDt" wb.ru 998 9EX Shaoxing(32) 1131
(-{E Zhao Heng)
F Jingde(+) fift jic-chen 1004 gf; Emperor Xiaozong (- p[)( Longxing(2) \ft. guluei 1163
[shn] Zhao Shen)
t+#tr Dazhong 1fr'fi wtt-shen 1008 ffijp Qiandao(9) ZE ytyou 1165
Xiangfu(9)
iS,R Chunxi(16) Fts jia.wu L17 4
Xlg [xi] Tianxi(s) J tr) atng-st r0t7
fi f; Emperor Guangzong R Shaoxi(s) ffifi, geng-zu 1190
fr{ Qianxing(t) !fi, ren ru 7022 (-f+tdnl Zhao Dun)
{. t Emperor Renzong ( - * Tiansheng(l0) S/ guthai to23 f ft Emperor Ningzong ftfr Qingyuan(6) 1;Sp yimao 1 195
ffi Zhao Zhen) (-*t Zhao Kuo)
ffiip Mingdao(2) !S 1-rersheny 7032 H# Jiatai(+> $ffi rin-you t201

fiffi Jingyou(5) fi fi, jic-tu 1034 fffr Kaixi(3) LII ytcnou 1205
tzu Baoyuan(t) 1fifi1-utt-yin1 1038 gft Jiading(17) ILF- ztntchen 1208

ffift Kangding(2) R.R- geng-chen2 1040

!flft Emperor Lizong (-EE Rft Baoqins(3) 1,fi yi-you t225
FE'Qinsli(s) + El+_ -rrtrsz 1041 [yn] Zhao Yun)
frft
11
Shaoding(6) I9.T zrtt-zi r2,28
Effi Huangyou(6) f,x," jtchou 1049

fi Zhihe(3) ffff= jirwu3 1054

ffisp Duanping(3) 4T jia-u.tu' 1234

;ff|fi Jiayou(8) fif; lbing-shens 105 6

**l+s Jlaxl(4) t@ ding-you t237

j[f; Emperor Yingzong (- l* Zhiping(+) flft jia-chen 1 064 $ffi Chunyou(i2) *A zirchou 1.247

E Zhao Shu) ;f,|fi Baoyou(6) *L guichou I 253

il t Emperor Shenzong ,R'? Xining(10) ft,fi zttrshen 1068 #F Kaiqing(r) t *. jLwei 125 9
(-4 [x] Zhao Xu)
zc# Yuanfeng(8) fi,ft wrzau r0 78 fift Jingding(5) ftS geng-shen 1260

ff ft Emperor Duzong il ( ffif$ Xianchun(10) ZE- yi.chou 7265

f; Emperor Zhezong(- 75ffi Yuanyou(9) fifi bing-yin 1 086 [qi] Zhao Qi)
m txl Zhao Xu)
4 Shaosheng(s) ff fi,s jia-tua 1094 ft 4B Emperor Gong ( - R ffiffi Deyou(2) Z* yihai 7275
Zhao Xian)
[xin]
zrfif Yuanfu(s) fifrswu-yin6 1 098 ffii F Emperor Duanzong fi{ Jingyan(3) fi!abing-zig 127 6
(-E[shi] Zhao Shi)
2676 ffift.Appendices ttBffit\,4JEt Chronology o{ Chinese Historv ffirt Appendices {tElD,ft4dfrft Chronology o{ Chinese History 2677

e 1278 FE (E) ZA ythai

Il*T,jlg,l":J,l,- |lnau**tin" ||
lr+xXiangxing(2) shou-
Lotngl Zhao tJrng) | I
i chang/Shoulong
(7)

i3 Liao Dynasty x ?f tzul ffi Emperor $fr Qiantong(10)

Tianzuo (-l4E [xi]
t4eR Yel Familyl (soi-rr2s\ Yel Yanxi)
{ft Tianqing(10) +YIJ.7:trmao 11 11

etrT s07 +,EE+-fr.,e16 +ffie+E, e38 + (_iX, s47 +)E\trE {1ft Baoda(s) + lI rtrchou r1.27
,gas +F;-flf#-fr,1066 +fi1fln:. The Liao Dynasty *as known as Emperor Taizong did not change the reign title when he ascend-
the Qidan (or Khitan) Kingdom when it was first esiabiished in goz. "aEF{*fr"
The dynasty began to use a reign title in g16, and renamed itself Liao in ed the throne.
938 (or 947 according to another theory), but it resumed the name o{
Qidan in 983, before changing it back to Liao in 1066. Jin Dynasty
j1}fl Emperor Taizs (WE tFEe Wanyan Familyl (rrrs-r2341
fq{*dl Yeli-i Abaoji, or
( 10)
lfp ding-mao 907

Yel A-pao-chi) ft}fl Emperor Taiz;.t (ft,ffi rl{@ Shouguo(Z) a^ yr@et

i4ffi Shence(7) fr41- bing-zip 916 EImin],+trFIff
Wanyan Min, originally
rtff Tianzan(5) t lr re,ru)u2 922 named Wanyan Akutta)
XE Tianxian(1:) fifi,- bing-tu2 xqf, r lanru( /) !fi ding you
926
ft ff Emperor Taizong ( - x Tianhui(1s) $fp l gui-maos
ftfr Emperor Taizong (- f,.fl Tianxian" J z+- dtnf nar rr 927 R Ishng] Wanyan
ffi)h Yelt Deguang) Sheng)
lFl Huitong(10) tX fl!+-.U)t.TU rl 938 ffif; Emperor Xizong (-H X Tianhui. 1,gp- yLmaol
[dn] Wanyan Dan)
tlFl Datong(1) !fi- ding-wei2 947 f,ff Tianjuan(3) )x-1- Lultwu
frf; Emperor Shizong (- {}f, Tianlu(5) ! fi.1ding-weis 947
$fr
D [run] Yelri Ruan)
Huangtong(9) $@ rin you
@ft Emperor Muzong (- 6[,tr Yingli(19) + 4rLlttnats 951
i6ffit King Hailine(-H f,ffi Tiande(5) f,7,+- jisitz 1149
Etjinsl Yei Jins) Wanyan Liang)
fils, Zhenyran(4) ftp.= guiyou3 1153
fif; Emperor Jingzong 1- it? Baoning(11) t E- ji-siz 969
fr Yel Xian) [@ Zhenglong(6) frA- bing-zi2 1156
HF Qianheng(s) j,tp1- j i-maol Shizong (
979 flffi Emperor /tE Dading(29) *ll rirtsig
! fi Emperor Shengzong ffiff Wanyan Yong)
(-W9& Ycl Longxu)
HF Qianheng t f ,L rerrwu e 982
fif; Emperor Zhanq(-E fip Mingchang(7) RFl, geng tu
ff Tonghe(30) )fi.; guiwei6 [jing] Wanyan Jing)

tf* 4.j( Lneng an( 5 ) 6R1-bing clrcnl

^.altar(10)
t71-rertziy
fi Taihe(s) $@ rirryou l20r
JiT Taiping(11) *81-rityouy I!fl.f. King Weishao (-zl< /qjf Da'an(3) 7,|, ji-si t209
)(f; Emperor Xingzong (- fi]fi Jingfu(2) gft; rirrwei6 S Wanyan Yongji)
f;;{ Yelti Zongzhen) *F Chongqing(z) t ry rebsnen
EF.Q Chongxi{za; A F +- rerrshenyl I032 gT znrnrng( t ) )@a gui-you5
r;ii t mperor uaozong ( -- E? Qingnins(10) 1,fi,yytweig 'Ei. ."r f,mperor fi|fi Zhenyou(5)
105 5 XE n gui-yous
i* Yel Hongji) (.' ffi [xn]^uanZOng
Wanyan
fifi Xianyong(i0) LE yi-si 106 5 Xun) X Xingding(6) J fiJLAtngcnou s r2L7
jt (t)H Dakang/ 1'$P yi:mao
Taikang( 10) frfr Yuanguang(Z) tt /\ retfTDU8 1222

tt Da'an(10) Lfl" yi-chou

fifi Emperor Ai(-+% [t Zhengda(9) FF jia-shen 7224
Wanyan Shouxu)
2678 ffifl Appendices e.Efril\E)E*. Chronology of Chinese History ffift Appendices frtrE'ft?E,i* Chronology of Chinese History 2679

ffX Kaixing(1) tF-retchenr L232 trItF# Emperor Tianshun f,ffi Tianshun(1) IkRlwu-chenn r328
(-F[Efrr\ Borzigin
f,)( Tianxing(3) f ffisren-chena 7232 Asazibao)
xRffiFIJ{*ft76. Emperor Xi did not change the reign title when he ascended the IX Emperor Wenzong (- x)n Ltanlt\3) Il,Rnwu-chenn 13 28
. El[ffifi Borzigin Tubte-
tnrone.
mur)
!fi f; Emperor Mingzong ( - c)d Jt-s, 7329
fr, Yuan Dynasty il tx i ll Borzigin Hu-
t+/LRF R Borzigin Familyl ( r206-r36s) sle) -
4l{fi Zhishun(a) ftffagengwu5 I 330

fft Emperor Ningzong(- ,|fi Zhishun +4+retshenn I 332

*.fr+)LF.fl#.*HT tzo6 +eE" n7r +k,'/.vJlft.E+h),12?s + tr tyil*tlinl ffi.fit Borzi-
XffiX" Borzigin Temuzin, a Mongol general, founded a kingdom in ein Irincinbala)
1206. Kublai Khan renamed the kingdom Yuan in 1271, and overthrew Itlfift Emperor Shunt -*{E llF Zhishun ft@; gui-you6 ]JJ
the Southern Song Dynasty in 7229. [A ffi , Borzigin
Togugantemur)
aLzD \V )L
f,fr*.^H Borzigin 'Ie- i Yuantong(3) *El guiYoun 1 333
(22) fifi bing-yin 206
muzin)(frH.8,ff Genghis 1
\E Later) ?fE
Khan) Zhiyuan(6)
/,11- yihaiy 1 335

ffi Toloi (ffigl regent) (r) fi,i wtt zi lz28 rE Zhizheng(2s) + xtfts, 1341

f fi Emperor Taizong ( - ( 13) t fl jichou 7229 * qERTdB (132e)EE Bp{,UIe* + " /\ A EA R tm, Xf^n_m. Emperor
llEl Borzigin Ugedei)
Mingzong ascended the throne in the 1st month of the year ji-si (I32D and made Wen
ll 9Rtr Empress Naima- (5) !fr ren yin 7242 zong the crown prince. Emperor Mingzong died a sudden death in the 8th month of that
zin ( flI ffrJ claiming the year, upon which Wenzong resumed the throne.
throne)
ftf; Emperor Dingzong(- (3) fiJabing uruT 7246
FA Borzigin Guyug) HE lVting Dynasty (r36s-1644)
E#^E Empress Haimig (s) fl@= jiyou3 1249
( ffi ffl[ claiming the
throne) A Emperor Taizu (tim Sf\ Hongwu(31) 1fr,fi utshen 1368
fifi Empress Xianzong(- g Zhu Yuanzhang)
(9) + 2A lthnat6 1.257
#S Borzigin Monghe) Sff F-mperor Hui ( -- lC,fI @;[ Jianwen(4) " l,$F ji:mao 1399
[w6n] Zhu Yunwen)
ff|fl Emperor Shizu (- E, F Zhongtong(S) R.# t geng shen5 1260
lZ'f,,tl Borzigin Kublai) fifr Emperor Chengzu(- ftft Yongle(22) **. guiwei 1403
gfr Zhiyuan(31) fil,yjia.zig & tdil Zhu Dil
ft ft Emperor Chengzong 75fi Yuanzhen(3) /,ft yitaei ff; Emperor Renzong(- |ftffi Hongxitr) ZE ytsi r425
(- ffi.& g Borzigin Te- H tchil Zhu Gaochi)
mur) * Emperor Xuanzong f,ffi Xuande(10) frts bing-wu 7426
fffi Dade(11) J H=Atng-youz 7297 (-ffitzhon)&Zht
g!ft Zhanji)
a\ ft Emperor Wuzong ( - Zhida(a) )x4 TLLrSnen 1 308
Sf; Emperor Yingzong (- ftfi, Zhengtong(L4) fiffi. bing-chen 143 6
Et! Borzigin Haisan) 49ffi Zhu Qizhen)
{.ft Emperor Renzong(- gft Huangqing(2) *A ren zi 1312 .f{ f; Emperor Daizong (
fif fiff
*. &.h z\ -ib Borzigin - Jingtai(8) geng-wu 1450

Ayurbalbad) i6 tyl Zhu Qiyu) (R

1ffi Yanyou(Z) fffi jia-yin 1314
ff also called Emperor
Jins)
, H Emperor Yingzong l Zhizhi(3) $g tiryou {ft Emperor Yingzong (- f,/tffi Tianshun(8) ) fl"-atn$cnou1
r457
(-fi [shu]r\*rj Borz- 4ffi Zhu Qizhen)
igin Sidibala) fif; Emperor Xianzong (- I['fN, Chenghua(23) /-@ yiyou 1 465
E W Zhu Jianshen)
4 ;E fF Dmperor r ardlng
(- t tJ' *.^ )L Borzigin #E
Taiding(s) FA jia-zi 1324 {fi Emperor Xiaozong (- 9Al Hongzhi(la> 1l4 wu-shen 1 488
[chng] Zhu You-
Yisuntemur) cheng)
3[fg Zhihetl) 1fiffi1wulhen2 1328
 2680 ffift #.trnftnruf- Chronology of Chinese Historv
Appendices
ffirt Appendices fitrjtr',ft2dfrft Chronology of Chinese History 2681
fiff Emperor Wuzong (- Effi Zhengde(16) t 94 olng))tn J 1 506 {f; Emperor Wenzong (- fi# Xianfeng(11) + 2A .Ilrnat l8 51
E,W. Zhu Houzhao)
frf; Emperor Shizong 1- Hffi Jiajingla5; 4 tyil i: [zh]Aisin-
lf rerrwu 7522 Gioro Yizhu)
Houcong) @ft Emperor Muzong (- lEi Tonszhi (i3) trx retru 1 862
f!ff EmpFror Muzong{ - F Aisin-Gioro Zai-
@ft Longqing(6) ! lp ding-mao 1567 chun)
#ei [hu] Zhu Zalho,:t ffif; Emperor Dezong (- )f,S Guangxu(34) /,/ yihai 187 5

fift Emperor Shenzong (- Tffi Wanli(+e) ft@ gu*you 15 73 ilfi [ tin ] Aisin Gioro
ra tyil 6 Zhu Yun) Zaitian)
)f,f; Emperor Guangzong f S Taichang(1) ftg geng-shens 16 20
iS t p I {L Aisin-Gioro
- Puyi fr Xuantong(3) LE yiyou
(-Hl& Zhu Changluo) 11

R t xll t Emperor Xizong ft;fi Tianqi(Z) $ffi zityou r627

(-H& Zhu Youjiao)
tfi+RE Republic of China Osr2-rs4sl
,S.ft Emperor Sizong(- fi;ifi Chongzhen(l7) Il,R wu-chen I628
ft Zhu Youjian)

" r + +fffiaHEhr+B'&t#rt:s 4. In the 4th year of the +{FRERepublicof Chinats8r I Trerzi I

Emperor chengzu abolished the reign titll o{'Jianwen and iestored Jia'wen rergn, 1| 1912

Hongwu, counting that year as the sth y"u. oi the Hongwu ,;rg;. - -- "
the reign title of

+qp^R*fnE 1e4e + 10 E 1 HFI

j*ft Founding of the People's Republic of China on October l,1949
r tr F E
"E?"or{"T,iji,,u, u-,,,,,
^. iFeET 1616 +, Jffitr+,r6s6 +ffie1-Eii6,16aa SJ. The
Qing Dynasty was known as Later Jin when li *u. fi.rt ..trfi"i_,"J i"
the name Qing was not adopred until 1636. Th. ai;t;;-;
l91u;il.d
tougtrt rts way across Shanhai pass in 1644, thereby extending it.
.,_,1
south of the Great Wall.
ft}flEmperor Taizu (F#ffi
ry* fi Aisin-Gioro * Tianming(11) ll tF otngchen 1616
Nurhachi;
ft ft Emperor Taizong - X$H, Tiancong(10)
g rt + Aisin-Gioro 1
f fp ding-mao r627
Huangtaiji)
f;ffi Chongde(8) fi!sbing-zia 1636
l[ ]fl Emperor Shizu ( iF
- JtFi Shunzhi(rs) flfi jia-shen 7644
tlfi Aisin-Gioro Fulin)

{ffi Emperor Shengzul- RR Kangxi{et) !fi reryin r662

Z W lydl Aisin-Gioro
Xuanye)
fff; Emperor Shizone (-- ,Elt Yongzheng(13) )$p gui mao
y)n , iH L zhenl isin-
JL L
Gioro Yinzhen)
ffif; Emperor Gaozong(- ffi@ Qianlong(60) NR. bing'chen
9LF Aisin-Gioro Hongli)
{:R Emperor Renzong(- HR Jiaqing(2s) frR. bing-chen
ffitynSl4 [yn] Aisin-
Gioro Yongyan)
f, ff Emperor Xuanzong iE)h Daoguang(eo) :tr El Jl,rsz
(-9[min]? Aisin-Gio-
ro Minning)