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    Ahern Clark Inner Functions With Bp Derivative 1976 MichMJ

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    13 views12 pages

    Ahern Clark Inner Functions With BP Derivative 1976 MichMJ

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    Ahern Clark Inner Functions With Bp Derivative 1976 MichMJ

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    ON INNER FUNCTIONS WITH BP DERIVATIVE P. R. Ahern and D.N. Clark As the title suggests, fis paper contains results similar to those in [2], with the spaces H? replaced by BP. The basic problem we consider is that of determining the BP classes (p> 0) to which the derivative $' of an inner function @ in the unit disk belongs. Recall that the space BP is by definition the class of functions f(z) analytic in the unit disk U and satisfying 1 2m tll, = J, j, |f(ret®)| (1 - )1/P-2 doar < @, (Here and in what follows, d@ denotes normalized Lebesgue measure on the unit circle.) M. R. Cullen [8] first considered the problem of determining the BP classes of 9", for $ a singular inner function, and he conjectured that ¢' ¢ B!/2 for such a function. Cullen’s idea was to use this to prove a conjecture of J. G. Caughran and A. L. Shields [6] to the effect that ¢' ¢ H!/2. H. A. Allen and C. L. Belna [3] dis- proved Cullen’s conjecture by giving examples of singular inner functions $ with 6" € BP for all p< 2/3. The conjecture that ¢' ¢ B2/3 for inner functions with singular factors then seemed reasonable (see, for instance, Caughran and Shields (7]). Finally, D. Protas [11] gave a sufficient condition for $' € BP (p > 1/2) for a Blaschke product. (For p < 1/2, we have $' € BP for any inner function [9, Theo- rem 5].) In this paper we prove that if @ has a singular factor, then $' ¢ B2/3. To do this we develop (in Section 1) an integrated analogue of the angular derivative, the lat- ter having been used in [2] to prove, among other things, the H!/2 conjecture of Caughran and Shields. The methods of Section 1 are also applied to give a sufficient condition for the relation ¢' € BP for ¢ a singular inner function (Section 3), to give a partial converse to Protas’ condition for Blaschke products (Section 4), and to show that both Protas’ condition and the partial converse are “best possible” (Sec- tions 4 and 5). The original H!/2 conjecture of Caughran and Shields in [6] arose in connection with problems on exceptional sets, and the solution of the B2/3 conjecture has ap- plications to exceptional sets, as did our solution of the H!/2 conjecture in [2]. These applications are discussed in Section 2. ‘Throughout this paper, the similarity of our results with those in [2] is apparent; however, it seems unlikely that the results of the present paper can be obtained directly from those in [2]. One reason for this ri our example (Lemma 2) of a Blaschke product B with B' ¢ B2/3 but B' ¢ H!/2, Received September 15, 1975. This research was supported by NSF Grants. Michigan Math. J. 23 (1976). 107 108 P. R, AHERN and D. N. CLARK PART I. INNER FUNCTIONS 1. Preliminaries. In [2], it was seen that the classical angular derivative of an inner function @ was a useful tool in determining necessary conditions for the rela- tion $' € H?. We introduce here an integrated analogue of the angular derivative which bears a similar relationship to the class BP. Let 6 be an inner function and 1/2

    |¢(z)| for all |z| <1, and hence that IY, 9) < Ip, 9). The result now follows from Theorem 1. Next we use Theorem 1 to give a “geometric” criterion which is necessary in order that the derivative of an inner function belong to B?. The criterion involves the R(5, y, ¢) regions of G. T. Cargo [5]. If 6>0, y>1 and |&| = 1, we have, by definition, R(6, y, &) = {az 1- |z] > 6 Jarg(e - 2)|7}. ‘THEOREM 2. Suppose that $ is inner and that |o(z)| is bounded away from 1 in R(6, y, ©), for some 6, ¥, and &, with 0>0, y>1and |t|=1. Then 2 : JP C- [pleo'®) yao > ec - 2h O for some &>0. In particular ot ¢ BY!(2y-1)_ H. Somadasa [12] has studied conditions sufficient for |¢| to tend to 0 uni- formly in a region R(6, y, ¢); we shall refer to some of his results later in the con- struction of examples. Proof. Let 2 = {02 [0 - Go| < [C1 - r)/o}/7} and suppose that |$(z)|

    0 and |t| =1, then there is an & > 0 such that 2m i J" a= foxtrot) [) a0 > et - 1/2, 0 In particular, if $ is any inner function having 4 as a divisor, then 9! ¢ B2/>. Proof. It is enough to show that |¢)| is bounded from 1 in R(é, 2, ¢), for some 6>0. Now |,(2)| = exp[-a(1 - |2|?)/|¢ - z/#], and 110 P.R. AHERN and D.N. CLARK {az (1- |z|2)/|8 - 2|? > 1/2} is a disk inside U and tangent to aU at ¢. It is not hard to see that, for suitable 5, R(6, 2, ¢) lies inside this disk. 2. Inner functions, In this section, we prove a slightly strengthened version of the B2/3 conjecture. We begin with a simple inequality for the Poisson integral of a measure. LEMMA 1. If o is a positive measure and 1/2 (- yhl2 for all € supp o, then Proof. We have the inequalities J" a) Jo 0 & ~ rei |-2aa(x) = f" (1 - 22) - 2) +r ei? - ei [2] aoa) 0 2 < J" 0-22 /14- 9? +20- Jao) , 2a < art I do(a) . 0 THEOREM 3. If ¢ is an inner function that is not a Blaschke product, then, for some & > 0, f" (1 = |o(re’®)|) ao > elt - r)/2. 0 In particular ¢' ¢ B2/>. Proof. By Corollary 2, we may assume @ has no divisor of the form on(z) = exp[-r(t + 2)/(E - z)]. Suppose, therefore, that ¢ has a divisor of the form an v2) = of = J" (+202 - 2) aon 0 where o is a singular measure with no atoms. By the proof of Theorem 1.1 of [1] (specifically, by the second and ninth lines following (1.4) on p. 194 of [1]), we may write = Lore!) PF _ ie Taco ao 6 1-32 To = reid [2 ON INNER FUNCTIONS WITH BP DERIVATIVE ui where (2) = exp [ - fret +2)/(e - 2) do(t) | 6 Without loss of generality, we may suppose the measure o to carry some mass ‘on the interval (0, 7). We have 23 i 20 . JP joeet pao > J" 1 weet )ao > 21 (1 [tre a0 , lo o 1 c2m c2m a2 : ee = py (ret) |2 (1 - x2) Jel - ret 6 do (a) 2S, J [ea I | | act : >F5 |vy (re!) |2 (1 - x2) Jel - rei® |-2 ae doa), 2, 5.0 * where a(n) = {6: (1 ~ r)!/2 < |ei® - eX] < 2(1 - r)!/2}. By Lemma 1, there exists ¢ > 0 such that |y(re'®)|2 > «, if @ € a,(A), and we arrive at the relations $7 a lotro! Dao > G/2) J" J (= 1) [oP - rel? |-2 40 ao) 0 0 Ja.) =I F/G = nF +r Jol? - A Jaa GeO) 0 a(n) > te/ar) f" Ja )| aor) > eg(t - x)? 0 7 if r > 1/2, since |a,(a)| > c(t - r)!/2 for some constant ¢, and § doa) > 0. This completes the proof. ° ‘As stated in the introduction, one point of interest in the B2/3 conjecture is its relationship to exceptional sets. We now give an application of Theorem 3 in this direction. Recall that, for an inner function ¢, we define the exceptional set E($) as E(¢) = {us |u| <1 and (@ - y)/(1 - jig) is not a Blaschke product} . See [2] for a brief discussion of E($). COROLLARY 3. If 6 is inner and satisfies $' € B!3, then E($) = ¢. Proof. Let $y = (¢ - w)/(1 - hd). Then lout = G1 - [a l?) lo" [a - Be]? < elo", so that ¢’ ¢ B2/3 implies $1, ¢ B2/3. Theorem 3 now tells us that $,, must be a Blaschke product. 112 P. R, AHERN and D. N. CLARK COROLLARY 4. If B is a Blaschke product with zeros {an} and if E(1- fag|)1/2 <, then E(B) = ¢. Proof. The condition 2(1- |a,|)!/2 << implies B' « B2/3, by a theorem of Protas [11] (to which we shall return in Section 4). In [2, Theorem 6], we proved that if ¢ is an inner function satisfying g' « H!/2, then E($) = @. Combining this with another theorem of Protas ([11, Theorem 2]) we see that [2, Theorem 6] implies a result very close to Corollary 4: if B isa Blaschke product with (1 - |a,|)P <~ for some p <1/2, then E(B) = g. We as- sert that Corollary 4 above is actually stronger than [2, Theorem 6]. Indeed, there exist Blaschke products B with 2(1- |a,|)!/2 <= (hence with B' « B2/3) but with B'¢ H!/2, The existence of such B is obtained from the following lemma. LEMMA 2. Suppose a sequence {dy} is given, with 1>dy>0, Zal/* 2. Proof, Assume for convenience that 2 d}/2 < 7/2, and define 8, & at’? and ken By Lemma 1 of (2], we need only show that D a, /[ae + (6 - 0,)2] ¢ L1/2. nel £() Now, in the interval (6,;), 6,), we have £0) > da/[aZ+(0 - 6,7], so that an 12cm 2 2y-1/2 J" wo Pae > Dayl?l ” fake (6 - 0) 1/7 a0 0 n Ott all2 = D a’ f (ae +02)! /2 at n 0 1 p3) ay!?[ 4 108(3/4,) + log(1 + +a) | ~ 3, Singular inner functions. In this section, we show how Theorem 1 may be used to obtain a sufficient condition for the relation $' € BP, when ¢ is a singular inner function. Our theorem contains as a special case the result of Allen and Belna [3] that if the singular measure associated with $ consists of a finite number of point masses, then ¢' € BP for all p <2/3. It also enables us to give examples of singular inner functions ¢ having purely nonatomic singular measures and satisfying g' € BP, for all p< 2/3. ON INNER FUNCTIONS WITH BP DERIVATIVE 113 We say a compact subset E of [0, 27] is of tybe B (0

    0). Let be the corresponding singular inner function, Then there is a con- stant ¢ such that an , J" = fotre!®) pao < eft - 28 0 for all q > 8/2. In particular, ¢' € BP for all p <2/(4 - B). Proof. Let & denote the Poisson integral of o: 2 are!) = J" (1 ~ 22) Jol® - rel? |-2ac). 0 There is a constant c such that G(rel®) < (1 - x) a(a)-?, where d(6) is the distance from 6 to E. Now lo(re®)| = exp[-t(rei®)], and since 1 - e-* 0, we have the inequality 1- |p(ret®)| < min {1, 6(ret®)}. Now fix q < 8/2, and define a sequence yp, 7), ***, by: yo = 4/6 and, if Yo» Y%e-1 ave defined, y, = ¥9 +B-! (27.1 - 1). Notice that yo < 1/2 and hence that €9 = -6-1(2yo - 1) > 0. We assert that (2) Me So keg (k= 0, 1, +). For k = 0, this is clear. Proceeding by induction, suppose that (2) holds for a given value of k. Then Neer = Yo +B rH 1 - YS ¥ +B! (Alo ~ keg) - 1) Yo ~ 80 ~ Beg Bk"! < yo - (k+1)E0, since 2/8 >1. This proves (2), which we use to infer that eventually we have Ye <0. Corresponding to the yx, define a sequence of sets 114 P. R, AHERN and D. N. CLARK ay = {0: d(0) < (1- x)”9} {oz (1- r)"e-1 < aa) < (1- r)"k} (k= 1, 2, -"). 1” oH Since eventually y;, <0, a finite number of the a; will cover [0, 27], the number required being independent of r. Now we have J = lotro!) pao < Jao] < 1-298 = a -sy0, Jag § = Jotret®)pae < eft - 291-2)? fay | aK < eft = x) 27-1 < ga - x), and hence an J" = fore!) a0 < oft - 2). 0 The proof is complete. COROLLARY 5. If supp o is of type B for every B <1, then ¢' € BP, for all p<2/3. If supp o is a finite set, then Corollary 5 yields the above mentioned result of Allen and Belna. We now show how to construct a set E which is of type 6 for every 6 <1 and which supports a continuous measure. Take a sequence {6,,} with 69 = 27 and 6, 10 and construct a Cantor set in the usual way: Ep consists of 2° intervals each of length 2-"6,, and E,,, is obtained from E,, by deleting an open interval from the center of each of the intervals in E,, so that E,,; consists of 2°*! inter- vals, each of length 2-16... Let B= M2, B,. If €>0 is given, choose n ‘so that ame. ce <2. Thus leg] < 36, = 36, /6,4,) 2772-5, 1) < 3-26, /O de. Now pick p € (0, 1) and 6,, = 2"p"”. We have 2 2. fee] < 3-20" 2 pn@/(amtl pint ?y]6 = 3(2%/p2™"N)e = 3p"l(2/p%)e. Since « 0, It follows easily that for every # <1, there is a constant C such that ON INNER FUNCTIONS WITH BP DERIVATIVE 115 [Be] < ce®. ‘Thus E is of type B and the Cantor function on E induces the required type of measure o. PART Il, BLASCHKE PRODUCTS 4, Arbitrary Blaschke products. In this section, we consider a Blaschke product B(z) with zeros {a,}; 1- |a,| will be denoted by d,,. As in [2, Section 3], we deal with two theorems giving a sufficient condition for B' € BP and a partial converse. Both theorems are shown to be the best possible of their type. The first theorem is due to Protas [11], and we include only the statement, as the use of Theorem 1 does not appear to simplify Protas’ proof. THEOREM 5. Suppose Zd% <«, for some a <1, Then Bi ¢ Bi/(ta), THEOREM 6. Suppose B'€ BP, for some p> 2/3. Then £a% <@ for all @ > (1- p)/(2p - 1). Before beginning the proof, we prove a lemma. LEMMA 3. If p> 1, if 0 (p/2)(1 - x). Proof. We have the relations 1 1-xP =p § tP-Ldt > p(l - x)xP-1 > p(t - x) xP > (p/2)(1- x) x if xP > 1/2, that is, if plog(1/x) > log 2. Proof of Theorem6. Let a = inf {a: 2a& <}, and suppose that a> (1- p)/(2p - 1). Choose a > ao (so Ed@ <) and let p,=d2-!. Then II Ja,|°" converges, since af [og |a,|)/d,)- In order to estimate the partial products of B from below, we want to find the least number rj such that Jog [an]? = py tog [a, for all |z| > Now if we assume, as we may, that the |a;| form an increasing sequence it follows easily that the numbers rj form an increasing sequence also. So, if nel B,(z) = Ij; (2 - a)/(1 - 52), then, 116 P. R. AHERN and D.N. CLARK 1°) > TT |aj|P = e9 > 0 it [2/2 ena. Next we observe that, for every n, B(re9) |2 [eeee)| ' ar the last equality being easily proved by induction. If we let n go to infinity we obtain the inequality [B(re!9)|2 1- r2 (Equality actually holds, as can be proved by the methods of [1]; we do not use this fact however.) Now multiply both sides by (1 - r)!/P-2 and integrate to get an J I,(B, 0)d0 > 0 10) (4 = fa |2)(1 - x) /P-2 yf"2 [By(ret®) |2 (1 - fan |?) - x)t/P: arao 2, Da, s (1 - r)!/P-2/[d, + (1 - rar IV n (1-rp)/dy =e, 0 ale f (1/P-2)/(1 +t) at a 0 (L-rq)/dy 22% ayer t tl/p-2at = ep DU (a-r,_)t/Pt, n 0 5 Computing 1- r, gives = dy(d = faglP™/(1 + fan] "*?8) > (1/4) da Pn dn (by Lemma 3) so that 1- r, > (1/4) d)'@. it follows that Baltes) < w, ON INNER FUNCTIONS WITH BP DERIVATIVE 117 for any a > ap. But if ag > (1 - p)/(2p - 1), then (1+ a@9)(1/p - 1) 41, 6 >1 and (6 - 1)/8 <1/y. Somadasa has shown [12] that there exists a Blaschke product B such that d,,=n® and B(z) tends uniformly to 0, as z—1, 2€ R(, y, 1), for any 5>0. By Theorem 2, this implies B' ¢ BY/(27-1) | If we let (a + 1)-! = y/(2y ~ 1), we see that there is a Blaschke product B with d,,=n-8 and B' ¢ BI/(F@), as long as af <1. So our goal is achieved if we pick B so that a8 <1 but agB> 1. ‘Theorem 6 will be shown to be best possible in the next section. 5. Blaschke products with argay ina set of type B. In this section, we obtain a sufficient condition for B' to belong to BP, in case the arguments of the zeros lie in a set of type 6 (as defined in Section 3). In the case of a set of type 6 for all B <1, this condition yields the same degree of convergence of Dd as our general neces- sary condition (Theorem 6), and so in the case of real zeros, parallelism with the problem of B' € HP [2, Section 4] is again to be noted. THEOREM 7. Suppose B is a Blaschke product with zeros {ay} having arga, € E for some set E of type B (0 1/2 (even with a,~ 1). An example can be got from Somadasa’s Example 2 [12, p. 299], to- gether with Theorem 2. Added in proof. Since submission of this paper, we learned that Corollary 2 had been obtained previously by C. L. Belna, in his paper The derivative of the atomic function is in BP iff 0

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