Date of issue: April 2005 Affected Publication: API Recommended Practice 13C, Recommended Practice on Drilling Fluids Processing Systems Evaluation, Third Edition, December 2004 ERRATA *... opening at lower end...” 3,117 Change: “hydration, grinding, or velocity...” » *,, hydration, grinding, heating, or velocity...” 3.1.20 Change: “particles less than 2 pum that do not settle in water.” 0 “ particles less then 2 jum” 3.4.27 Change: *... commonly refered to as “drilling fluid weight”...” o -- commonly referred to as “drilling fluid weight" or “mud weight” 3.1.70 Change: “Fann” to “concentric cylinder viscometer” 4.3 Change second sentence: “The screen identification tag describes the separetioa potential, the conductance, and the non-blenked area of the sereen.” » “The screen identification tag deseribes the equivalent seroon aperture openings, the conductance, and the snon-bianked area of the screen.” 6.3 Change: “Stearns” “Streams” 1.3.5.2 Change the first sentence to: “The minimum sucface area of compartsneats in square feet shall be equal to the flow rate in gpm divided. by 40; or the minimum surface area of compartments in square moters shall be equel tothe flow raisin? ‘an divided by 1.63."1.3.8 Change 10: “Proper flow direction between compartments is imperative for proper operation.” 7.3.9.2 2 sentence: “tis? shold be s" 73.10 Change to: “Fluid is routed through process equipment downstream into the next compartment.” Eliminate T3.10.3 and move the text of 3.10.10 to 73-103, 13.104 Should read: “Desenders shall draw suction ffom the compartment immodiatoly downstream from the degasser ‘compartment. Desilter and mud cleaners shail draw suction from the next compartment, and centrifuges from the next compartment.” ‘7.4.4 The last word of the first line change: with” to “within” 1.8.12 Should read: “Observe the manufacturer's recommendations on screen installation and tensioning as well 2s the ‘manufacturer's recommendation for routine genoral maintenance.” 1.74 Should read: ~ Degassers shall be operated with receiving “bottoms up” after trips. Crews should be familiar with start up procedures and provide regular checks io confirm thet the equipment is working properly.” 8.1 Change: and an non-blanked area, to *... and @ nom-blanked area...” 8.2.6 Replace the second sentence with the following: “Thorofore, the velocity should be maintained less than a range of about 2 cm/sec to 3 cmvs (ground | inis).” 8.83 Change (om2.s4in)° 10 @,%4cm/in)* tn the first equation, which changes the denominator in the second equation. cae eg ay8.83 Should read: BLRL3 Determina tha nencasna diffaantial annnes tha conan fam tha danaite af tha ail dsrins the toate NOTE: Darcy's Law requires this pressure differcatia be expressed in atmospheres of pressure. If the head was measured in inches, the pressure differential in atmospheres may be calculated by making the appropriate unit changes. P= (0a ip ot ein, gem X18458 9, S4emin sen 14.7—s)) o ap [beet odes Son3in- et 89 Dus othe error in 88.3, change 8.9 to the following 8.9 Calculation example Testing parameters (iiviecaniy [100 | Oil density, Ibygal_|7,50 | sed, in 2125 Screen is mounted in a 5,75 in PVC pipe Flow is stabilised after a five minute period. Test results ~ 13.5 kg of oil flowed through the sample screen. Calculate oil density in g/cm’. 78 2 3g = SP ao For the 2,125 in hoad, the prossuro difforential (AP) is calculated as: (head, in oil density, g/cm") AP= = i: 40138 > 0,00469 atm Flow rato = 13g: =50,San7/s (0,899 gicm* (5 min 60 simin) Area=7R? = (5,752) (2,54emvinf =167,5em" (100 6PYS0 crn/s) ‘W7.Sem™ (0.00469 stm) Conductance =0,64 kilodarey/mm Conductance: ~ (6364 daroy/cm{kilodarey/1000 darey\10-mmn/era)Table 2, replace table 2 with the following: Table 2—U.S. Test sieve designations oe Daageaton | varason | perings | Inde | ten ston soos | microns [Tso [= 1 =r 250 © ‘2 a0 2a 70 ‘e ze [Tie = 3 Zar [H ‘0 3 4 125 1 7 “a? 18 10 3 "ze 20 70 3 728 75 200 = a S Ea z = 3s 0 <_[® * as z e 9.4.6 Change: ~...t0 nest with a regular 8 in (JS, test sieve” to “to nest in a regular eight inch US test sieve.” 9.6.3 Change to: 9.6.3 Confirm that the fest media contains solids coarser than the fest sereen and finer than the test 9.1 5* Paragraph, change: S13" » “1347 11.2.2 I" sentence change: ae 0 ste"Annex A, Page 51, Calculation 10 change: ‘Sw is then mass, 0 “ws is the mass... Bibliography, Page 52, (4) change: **..wvovea wore cloth ..." to woven wire cloth...”Recommended Practice on Drilling Fluids Processing Systems Evaluation API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13C THIRD EDITION, DECEMBER 2004 /p American troleum InstituteAPI Foreword ‘This edition of API RP 43C contains updated information formerly provided in AP| RP 1E, Third Edition, May 1, 1993, Recommended Practice for Shale Shaker Screen Cloth Designation. API RP 13& is witndrawn. ‘AP| publications may be used by anyone destring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assura the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Instiule makes no representation, warranty, of guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibly for loos or damage resuking from its use or for the vioiation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may confict. ‘Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to API, Standards department, 1220 L Seat, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@ari.org.Base fiuld adaitions to the drilling fuld .. Base fluid fraction. Dilied solids traction . Dilution factor (k).. Drilled solids removal systom performance (r), expressed as % Example .. Rigste evaluation of riled solids management equipment. Principle — ‘Sampling of stoa ‘onalysio Procedure for determining welght percent solids. Calculation of captior Procedure for characterising removed solids Calculation of low gravity solids percentage.. Particle size of removed solids. eto e101 - 640.2 Weighted drilling fluids : 7 Practical operational guidelines. 2 74 Prineiple 121 72 Apparatus 21 7.3. Procedure for design and operation. 22 7-4 Procedure for design of shale shakers. 25 7.8 Procedure for operation of shale shakers. 25 7.8 Procedure for design of degasserS mewn 26 71 Procedure for operation of degassers 28 7.8 Procodure for design of desanders and desilters.. 2 7. Procedure for design of mud cleaners. 28 7.40 Procedure for design of centrifuges.. 28 7.11 Procedure for aaaition sections. 29 7.42 Procedure for drilling fluid mixing and blending equipment . 23 7.43 Procedure for suction section 29 TA4 Procedure for diecharge sectior 23Principle of conductances 30 Apparatus for measurement of conductance me Procedure for calibrating fluid... 32 Procedure for flow test. Procedure for pressure drop Procedure for conductance test. Calculation of conductance. Celculstion oxemple ‘Shale shaker screen designation Principle Apparatus . Procedure for prepar Procedure for preparation of test screen... Procedure for test measurements... Calculation of D100 for test screen cloth wnwnwenne Example calculation of API Screen Number . Non-blanked area of shale shaker screen panel . Principle Apparatus Procedure for pretensioned or perforated panel type screens. Calculation for protensioned or perforated panel type screens Procedure for open hook strip panels. Calculation for open hook strip panels - Example calculation of total non-blanked area for @ penel mount screen Example calculation of total non-blanked area for an open hook strip seraen Shale shaker sereen labelling...‘Special Notes API publications necessarily address problems of 2 general nature. 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Siree!, N\W., Washington, D.C. 20005, (Copyright © 2004 Amorcan Petroleum InsitutePetroleum and Natural Gas Industries—Dril Processing Systems Evaluation 1 Scope ‘This Standard covers the standard procedure for assessing and modifying the performanos of solids control equipment system in the fiald. it is not intended as 2 procedure for the comparison of similar typee of individual pieces of equipment 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are Indispensable for the epplicaton of this document. For cated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (inclusing any amendments) applies. 1SO 3310-1, Test sioves — Technical requirements and testing — Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cot 1S0. 10.4144, Petrofeum and natural gas industries — Field testing of driling fluids — Part 1: Water-based ‘uids (or API Recommended Practice 138-1) ISO 1014-2. Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field tasting of driling fuids ~ Part 2: Oi-based fuids (or API Recommended Practice 138-2) ASTM E11, Standard Specification for Wire Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes 3. Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes ofthis Intemational Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1. Terms and definitions 3441 2ddition section ‘compertmemt{s) in the surface driling fluid system between the removal section and the suction section which provides @ woll.agtated compartment(s) for the addition of commercial materials, such as chemicals, necessary solids, and liquids 342 agitator mechanically driven mixer that stirs the cling fuk’ by turning an impeller near the bottom of @ mud compartment to blend adiitives, suspend soiiée, and mainiain a uniform consistency of the driling fuic 443 Alo abbreviation for aluminium oxide (AlO.) and having # spocifc gravity of 2,5 to 3.0 pipes ‘APL Recommenven Practice 190 344 aperture (Screen cloth) opening between the wires in a screen cloth 34S aperture (Screen surface) opening in a screen surface 346 apex ‘open at lower end of a hydrocyclone 2A7 ‘Api sand (physical desoription) particles in a driling fluid thal are too large 16 pass through a 74 jim sieve (API 200 Screen), expressed 2s a volume percent of driling Mic, NOTE Panicle size sa desorptve lei; the particles may be shale, Imestone, wood, gold, or any other mata 31.8 backing plate Support plate attached to the back of screen cloth(s) 31.9 baffios pales or obstructions buill into 2 compartment to chango th direction of fuid low 3.4.10 barito, barytes natural barium sulphate (B@SO4) used for increasing the weight of ailing fuids NOTE 1S standards requie @ minimum of 4,20 specie gravity, but does not specify thal the material must be baru sulphate. Commercial ISO 13500 bante may be produced from a single ore or a blend or ores and may be @ Stsightmined product or prosested by fcteion methods. It may contain accessory minerals other than the barra Sulphiie (BaS0,) mineral. Because of mineral mpuriiee, commercial berila may vary in eotour from of-rhite to groy to red or brown, Corman accassory rinarals are sitcatos such as quarz and chert, carbonate compounds suchas siderite ‘ane dotomite, and metalic oxide and sulphide compounds. ding reduction of open ares in a screening surface caused by coating or plugging a4.42 bonding material material used lo secure seroon cloth to a backing plate or support screen 34.43 ‘centrifugal pump machine for moving fluid by spinning il using a rotating impeier in a casing with a.central inlet and a tangential outlet NOTE The pant the fuid& an increasing spiral from tho fetal the contre tothe oullol, tangent io the impeller annuus, Inthe annular space between the impelle: vane tps and the casing wal, bie fuid velocity is roughly the samo as that of the Impolor vano tips. Useful work Is praduced by the pump when some of the spinning fuid fows out of tho casing, tangortial outa nto tie pipe system. Power from the roi fa used lo aocoorala the fui entering tho inet up fo the ‘Sood of the fluid in fhe annulvs. Some of the motor power expendedass (ictlon of the Mud in the casing ond impolior.PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS NoUSTRIES—DRLLiNS FLUDs—PROCESSNG SyoTEMS EVAWUATION atid centrifuge Gerice, roloted by an extemal force, for the purpose of separaling materials of various masses (depending pon specific gravity and partice sizes) from a slurry to which the rotation is imparted primarly by the rotating containing walls NOTE Ine woighted diling Mid, » cntifuge is usualy used te eliminala catia sods BAAS check/suction section leat activo section In the surface system which provides a location for ig pump and mud hopper suction, and should be large enough to check and adjust driling fluid properties bofore the driling fluid is pumped downhole a4.16 clay (physical description) sclid particles of less than two micrometre equivatent spherical diameter a4a7 clay (chemical description) soft variously coloured earth, commonly hydrous silicate of alumina NOTE Clay minerals are essontiaty insoluble in waler but disperse under tytraton, grinding, oF velociy efects. Oley particle sizoo wary ror ub-micron particlos to particles larger than 100 jm 3448 ‘coating (see related term: blinding) {Gubstance] material adhering o a surface to changa the properties ofthe surfac. 34.49 ‘coating (see related term: blinding) (physical property) condition where material forms a fim that covers the apertures of the screening surface, 3.4.20 colloidal sotics particles loss than 2 ym that do not settle in water NOTE This tovrirology is commonly used as a smonym for cay. 34.24 ‘conductance permeability par unit thickness of static (nol in motion) shale shaker screen, measured in units of Hilodarciessmilimetre 34.22 cone see hydrocyclone 3.4.23 cuttings. formation pieces dislodged by the bit and brought to the surface in the driting fd NOTE Field practice Is to cal all soids rerroved by tha shaker screen “cuttings,” although some can te siovgyied material31.28 eystone see hydrocycione 3.1.25 D100 particle size (microns) determined by plotiing the percantage of aluminium oxide sample separated by the test ‘sereen on the plot of Cumulative Weight Percent Retainad versus US. Sieve Opening (microns ) for the sieve : analysis of the aluminium oxide test sample. NOTE One hundred perwont ofthe particles larger than the D100 Seperation are retained by tho tes! soroen. : 3.1.26 decanting centrifuge Centifage which removes solids from a feed slurry by rotaing the liquid in oyindrical bowl at high speed and flscharges the larger parties as a damp undertow NOTE Colloidal solids ee dischargad with the quid overiow, or ight slur. The decanting contigs hasan iniesnel ! ‘ougor thet moves ealds, that have baen satied to the bowl walls. out of a pool ofliqud and to tre underfow. 2437 enstty mass por unit volume expressed n klograms por cubie meter, (kof?) pounds per gallon (big oF pounds | per oud feat (bi) NOTE Dring Fuld density commonly refed to.0s diling Muid wo'ght™ . 3.4.28 desander hydrocyclone with an inside diemeter 182 mm (6 in) or largor that removes a high proportion of the 74 ym size end larger partices from a driling fluid 3.4.29 desilter ydrocyctone with an inside diemeter ess than 152 mm (6 in) 3.4.30 decreasing the driled solids content of a siurry by addiion of a miaterialfs) other than diilled s ‘dean ding fluid 34.34 : dilution factor rafio of the actual volume of clean drilling Muid required to maintain a targeted drilled solids concentration to the volurre of driling fuid required to mainlain the same dilled solids fraction over the same specifiod interval of footage with no diilled solids removal system ; drilled sollds forrration solids which enter the driling fluid system vihether produced by a uril.bit or flom the side of the: borehole 3.4.93 drilled solids fraction ‘average volume fraction of dilled solide maintained in the driling fuid over a specifiad interval of footagePerot con aNo NATURAL GAS NOUSTRIES—DRLLING FLUIDS —PROCESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION 31.34 drilled solide removal systom Sil equipment and processes Used while dling a well that remove the solids generated from the hele end ‘oarriad by the driling fuid, 'e,, setlling, screening, desanding, desiting, centrifuging and dumping 81.35 drilled solids removal systeni performance measure of the removal of drilled solids by surface solids contro! equipment NOTE Te calclation is based on @ comparison ofthe dulion required to maintain thal which would have been required ifrona of tie drilled eclids were rermoved. ested dried solids content, with 3.4.96 rilling fluid ‘shy liguid or alurry pumped down the dril sing and up tha annulus of a hole during the driling operaton 34.37 eductor (uid stream) device utlizing a Mud stream discharging under high pressure from a jet through an annular Space to create a low pressure region NOTE When propesy aranged, i can evacuate degassed dling fluid from a vacuum-type degasser or pull solids through a hopper. 3.4.38 eductor {prescu'e jot) dovice using a high velocity at to create a low pressure region (Bemoulli Principe) which draves Iquid or ory materia to be blended with the citing fd 3.1.39 effluent discharge of quid generally used to desaribe @ stream of liquid sfter some attempt at separation or purification has bean made: ‘equalizer ‘opening for flow between compartments in a surface fuld holding system which allows all compertments to maintain the same fluid level 3AM flow capacity rate at which equipment, such as a shaker, can process diling fuid and solids NOTE [tba fanction of mary variables including shaicer configuration, dasign and motion, drilling fd rheoleay, solids loading, ana bindag by near-size particles. 3.4.42 flow line piping oF tough which directs driling fluid from the rolnry nippla lo the surface ceiling fluid system 3.1.43 flovr rate, ‘volume of liquid or slurry moved through @ pipe in one unit of time, ie, cubic metres per minule, gallons per minute, barrels per minute, etc.API Recommennen Practice 190 34.44 foam {phase system foam is a two-phase system, similar loan omulsion, where the dispersed phase is air or gas 3.4.45 |, wibich are usuelly ait-cut driling fio but an be formation gasses 34.48 funnel viscosity se@ Marsh funnel viscosity 3aar gumbo Cuttings that agglomerate and form a sticky mass 2s they are circulated up the wellbore 3.1.48 oad height a fluid column would stand in an open-ended pipe if the pipe wes altached to tho point of intorost NOTE The nead at the botiom of a 300 m (7.000 f) well would be 300 m (1 000 i), but the prossure would be dependent ‘upon tha density ofthe dling fuidin the we 3.4.49 high specific gravity solids Solids added to.a driling luld specifically o increase dilling fuid density NOTE Bante (4,2 spactte gravy) and heralite (605 specific gamity) ae the rmost sermon, 3.1.50 hhook strips hooks on the edges of a screen section of shale shaker which, accept the tension member for screen mounting 34.54 hopper largo funnel- or conad.shapad device inio which dry components are poured to uniformly rix Uie components, with iquids or sluries that are fowing through the lower part of the cone 3.41.52 hydrocyclone. liquic-solids seperation device utlizing contrifugal force for setting NOTE Fluid ontors langontially and! spins iasido the cone. The heavier solids sotte to the walls of the cone and move ‘Goward untl they are discharged al tie cone apex The spinning fd travels part way down the cone and back up to ‘ort cut the top ofthe cone through a vortax finder. 3.1.53 impollor ‘spinning disc in a centritugal pump with protruding vanes used to accelerate the fluid in tho pump casing 31.54 ‘manifold length of pipe with multiple connections for collecting or distributing driling fuidPemo.cum ako NATURA. Gas luoueTRIES— Dai. Fluins —Procesene SysTEMS Eva uarion 34.55 Marsh funnet instrument used to monitor driling fuid viscosity NOTE A Marsh funnel is a tapered container wity a fied onlice a fe bottom so that when filled with 1 500.on® of fresh waler, 046 cm (one quart) wil rain in 26 o0e. Ile ued for comparicon veluse only and not to dagnose diling uid problems. (602 ISO 10 414-1 (API RP 195-1) and ISO 10 414-2 (APLRP 138-2), 3.1.58 mechanical stirrer 8¢0 agitetor 34.57 mesh beolote term that refers to the number of openings (and ‘rection theroo! por linear inch in a soroon, counted in both drections trom tho centre of a wire 34.58 mosh count obsolete term usually used to describe a square or rectangular mesh soreen cloth. NOTE A mosh count such as 30 x20 oF ofan 30 mesh indicates @ squaTe Mesh, while @ designation such as 70x 30 mash indiestes rectangular mosh 3.1.59 micron SSI unit of linear measure, denoted as um, and equal to 10° m NOTE —_A&o, 1 000:microns or micrometres equals 1 int; 25.400 microns: 3.1.60 mud slury of insoluble and soluble solids in either a water, synthetic or oll continuous-phase fuid NOTE —_Ditling Auidis the preferred term (see dting ld) 3.1.01 mud balanco beartype balance used in determining driling fis weight (see 180 10 414-1 and ISO 10 414-2 } 3.1.62 mud cleaner generic term used for a combination of hydrocyclones and screens in series with the underflow of the hhydrocyciones. NOTE Tha hydracycione evertiow retums to the citing fluid, whie the underiow of the nydrocyetonss is procasssd {hough a vibrating screen. The screen is usually an API 150 or finer. Tha sorean solids discharga is discarded while the quid ard Solis passing tough the screon arw rokuned to le ering Mu. 3.1.63 mud compartment ‘subdivision of the removal, addition or chocl/eustion sections of a surface systom 3.4.64 mud gun submerged nozzle used to afr driling fluid with a high-volocity streamAPL Recounencen Practice 190 3.4.65 mud hopper see hopper 3.4.68 oil-based drilling fluid dling fluid whare the continuous phase is not miscible with water, and water or brine ie the dispersed phase NOTE Oi-based dling uid are usually ofared to as nonaqueous diling fd or NAF 3.4.67 overflow discharge stream from a centrifugal separation that contains a higher percentage of liquids than does the feed 3.1.68 particle discrete unit of solid materal that may consist ofa single grain or of any number of grains stuck together 3.1.69 particle size distribution ‘weight, of net volume, classification of solid paiticles into each of the various size ranges as a percentage of tho total solids of all cizae in a fluid samplo 3.4.70 plastic viscosity ‘moasuro of tho high-choar-rato viscosity which depends upon the numbor, chapo, and size of solide and the viscosity of the liquid phase NOTE Plastic viscosity Is calouleted by subvacting the $09 sin Fann reading ran the 609 Wmnin Fann reading (see 180 10.414-4 and 180 10.4142 plugging . ‘wedging or jamming of openings in a screening surface by near-size partices, preventing passage of tundorsize particles and leading to the blinding of the screen (soe blinding) 34.72 possum belly compartment, or bask tank, on'2 shale shaker into which the flow ling discharges, and from which ering Fuld is efher fed & the screens or is bypassed, ifnecessary 34.73 removal section first section in the surface drilling Muid system consisting of a series of compartments lo remove gas and undesirable solids 34.74 retort Instrument used to dist ol, water and other volatile material in a driling mid NOTE The amount cf volalils fuid is used to determine oil, water, and total sallds contents in volume-percen! (see ISO 10 414-4 or 60 10.4142 34.75 ‘sand trap first compartment and the only unstirred or unagitated compariment in a surface system and intended as a seitling compartment31.76 screen cloth type of screening surtace, woven in square, reciangular, or slotted openings 3ag7 sereoning mechanical process resuiting in a division of parlicies on the besis of size by their accoptance or rejection by a scrooning surface 34.78 ‘shale shaker mechanical device that removes cultings and large sofds from a driling fluid using vibrating screens, rotating cylindrical screens, etc. 3A79 siove see; testing sieve 3.1.80 slove analysis: mass classification of solid perticles pacing thorough or retained on a saquenca of scraans with decreasing ‘aperture sizes, which may be done by wet or dry methods 3.1.81 ‘slug tank ‘Small compartment (nomally adjacent to the suction compartment) used to mix special fuids to pup downhole NOTE The most common ues ie to prepare a smal volume of waighled ding fuid before e tip. 3.4.82 suction compartment (goneral) any compartment trom which 2 pump removes fuid 3.4.83 suction compartment (epocific) area of tha Check/Suotion Section that supplies diling fluid to the suction of the driting fluid pumps, 21.84 ‘sump (epocifi) pan or lower compartment below the lowest shale shaker screen 34.85 tensioning Stretching to the proper tension of 2 screening surface of a shale shaker while positioning it within tho vibrating frame 3.1.06 total dilution Volume of driling fuid that would be built to maintain a specified fraction of criled solids over a specified Interval of footage if there were no solids removal systemAPI RecoMenngD PRAcCe 13C 3487 tolal nomblanked area ‘net unblockes area, in m# or f@, that will permit the passage of fiuid through @ screen NOTE Some soreen designs can elinate as mach as 40 % of the gross sorean panel area from fluid flow due to backing plate end boncing meteral blockage. 2.4.88 trip tank (gauged and calbrated vessal used to account for fil and displacement volumes as pipe is pullad from and run into the hole NOTE Close observation allows early delecion of formation fd eniering @ wellbore and of dling fui loss to = formation. 3.1.89 underfiow (Cenvitugal separators) discharge stream from csntifugal separators thet contains 2 higher percentage of ‘solids than doos the feed 3.4.90 underflow (Screen separators) discharge stream from a screen separator thet contains a lower percentage cf solids than does the feed stot lunoccluded unobstucied area of @ screen opening 3.1.92 ‘unweighted drilling fluid iiling fuid that dose not contain commerciel euepended solide added for the purpose of increasing the Gensiy of the driting fuid 3.1.93 viscosity ‘ratio of shear stress to shear rate NOTE Ifthe shear rate is measured in dynes per cr? and the sheer rate is measured in reciprocal seconds, he rato Is the viscosity in poise, P 3.1.94 volume of solide drilled Volume of solids drilled over @ specified interval 3.4.99 vortex (air) cylindrical or conical shaped core of alr or vapour lying along the central axis of the rotating slurry inside a hydrocyclone 3.1.96 water-based drilling uid chiling fluid where water is the suspending medium for solids and ie the continuous phase, whether oll ie resent or notPETROLEUMANO NATURAL Gis INDUSTRIES DRILLING FLUIOS PROCESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION ihe dang tu Til hid DWAEh gh speci gravy skis have been ated ote ena sige weighting material high specific gravity solids used to increase the density of drilling fluids NOTE Thales como ete rena nin spi eto my ne 3.2 Symbols and abbreviation terms AGS. Anetcan Grea! Scosty Ab xmetcan Petoeum nse ASTM Arescan Sol fr Tsing an Meteras AWwin. Amescan Water Wonks Associaton &—canductance asian at, Din gal U.S. customary unk of volume, gation © tosary \bifn* U.S. customary unit of pressure, pounds per square inch ain factor smassotenpyyconne,a > mespotoontaneroussenpe. 8 moss otatearbtea cone. vy, ‘volume of total drilling fluid system. expressed in m® (gal) Kw ‘volume of base fluld adced to drilling fluid system, expressed in m* (gal) ye Volume of driling fluid built. expressed in m’ (f’) va ‘volume per time, expressed as m*i, calm mass acon + ese Macon ef suspended solds emoved, exrested 2 perce * Mass fraction of suspended solids in the feed to a pieve of separator equipment sess recon svperdb ois inte oertow tom apse of sept savomet we ‘Mass fraction of suspended solids in the underflow from a piece of separator equipment mass fraction of weighting material erptncian Neteeiin "[API Reconuenoe0 PRICTICE 13C. ws low gravity solids, expressed as percent 1 efficiency, driled solids removal system performance @ base fluid fraction of total criling fluid system (. ) determined by retort and salinity measurement, expressed as pervent & — diilled solids fraction of total driling fuid sysiem (V,) determined by retort, salinity and bentonite ‘Measurement, expressed as percent p density, ko/ m?, Ib/gal, Ib 4 Requirements 41 This International Standard is organized such that 2 mathod of assessing the performance of an ‘equipment set is presented first. A procedure for assessing the performance of individual equipment pieces is nen presented. A colecton of proven operating guidelines for the equipment and the overall sysiem is then given. The principles shell be used to design 2 new system or modify the operation of the equipment and Femoval system on an exssting dling ng, and comply with this standard. 42 _ Use of this practice wil allow direct comparison of the results achieved by modifications made to the system at the dill sito. Improved removal performance can be recognized trough lower trouble costs and improved dating performance. 4.3 Shale shaker sereen designations and labeling are included 2s @ method for manufacturers to mark ‘screens in a consistent manner. Tho soroon identification tag describes the ceparation poientidl, the ‘conductance, and the non-bianked area of the screen. Screen manufacturers shall use this designaton to comply with this standard. 5 Drilled solids removal — system performance 5.4 Principle 5.1.1 This procedure gives a method to determine the diliad solids removal efictency by set of criling uid processing equipment. 5.1.2 The diilled solids removal efficiency refers to the traction of drilled rock discarded compared with the volume of cilled solids generated. 5.1.3. Dumping driling Muid removes 100 % of the driled solids but would not be a desirable method because of the amount of driling fuid lost. The sclids removal officeney refore to the ability of the equipment to reduce the concentration of drilled solids in the system. Dumping dilling fud does not reduce the concentration of drilled solide in the system. 5.4.4 The Dilution Factor (K) is a term created to daseribe the drilled solids removal system performance. ‘The diled solids removal system is defined as al provesses used that remove wellbore sollcs generated while dniling 2 wel, indudng lost circulation and. dumping diiling fluid. Driled solids removal system Performance is defined as all processes used while driling a well that removes wellbore solids generated by from the active fluid. These processes consist of dumping of whole driling fluid (including lost circulation), sotting, screening, desanding, desiting and centrifuging. The dition factor is calculated by monitoring the ‘amount of base ‘luc (ol or water) added to the system andlor the volume of clean driling fuid added fo the system to ditute the remaining driled solids after processing the diiling fuid through the solids control equipment.PeTROLEUW AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES DRILLING FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEUS EVALUATION 5.2 Apparatus 5.2.4 Meters, water meters shal comply with American Water Work Association Stendard C705 as referenced in ANSVAWWA C700-77 and hes been approved by American National Standards Institute, Inc. ‘on January 19, 1978. Metering of oils shall be done In accordance with the AP! Manual of Peoleum Measurement Standards, Chapter &. Turbine motor oporation ic contained in Section 3. 5.22 _ Drilling fluid Weight (donsity) determination spparatus.: any instrument of suficient accuracy to permit measurement within + 0,01 g/om? (or 0,1 Io/gal, 0,5 lb/ft”, 10 ka’m*) may be used. The mud balance is the instrument generally used for driling fuid weight determinations. The mud belance and procedures are desonbad in ISO 14 014-1 or ISO 10 414-2. 5.2.3 Water, ol and solids determination apparatus Refer to ISO 10.414-2. a) Retort instrument b) Liquid receiver ¢) Fine sieel wool. q) High temperature slicone areas e) Pipecieaners 1) Putty knife or spatula 9) Defoaming agent 5.2.4 Chloride (salinity) determination apparatus Refer to ISO 10 414-1 or ISO 10 414-2 as appropriate for water-based oF oil-based fuids. a) Silver nitrate solution, as appropriate. (CAS number 7761-88-8) ») Potassium chromate indicator solution, 5 g/100 om*. (GAS number 1778-50-9) ©) Sufuric or _nitic acid solution, standarcizes 0,02N (NI50). (GAS number 7665-939 or CAS umber 7897-37-2) 4) Phonciphthalonindcatorsokaton, 1 /{00 om of 50 % alcohol in water solution. (CAS number 77-09-3) «@) Cekcum carbonate, proiptiatod, chemically pure grade. (CAS number 471-241) f) Distilled water. 3) Serological (graduated) pipottes, ono 1-cm* and one 10-cm*. 5) Tieatng veoce, 100 enf-150 em’, preferably wit. 1) Stering rod, Sereeenrannene, 3API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 130. 5.3.4 Remove @ one litre (one quar’) sample of driling fuid from tho euction pit following all processing by solids contro! equipment 5.3.2 Clear the sample of any foreign objects, such as leaves or twigs. 8.3.3 Record the well depth or interval at which the measurements being made. 5.4 Procedure 8.4.1 Suction pit driling fluid weight, chloride content, and solids by retort ‘Messure and record the driling fluid weicht, chlorde content and solids by retort by procedures outlined in ISO 1044-1 for water-based driling fluids 0° ISO 1014-2 for oilbased dling fds. 5.4.2 Base fluid additions to the driling fluid 5421 Metering devices can provide the actual volume of base fluid used within the acouracy of the squipment. The mst commonly used meters for measuring bese fluid consumption are the mechanical turbine propeller, and compound types. 5422 Magnet and Doppler motors are more dependent on suspended solids in fluid streams to provide volume measurements. 5423 The sizing of the meter is critcal for accuracy, Tables of acceptable line sizes per volume throughput ere included in the AWWA C700 series standards. The test for all motors should be volumetric or by weight, if accurate scales are avaliable. 5424 Use strainers upstream of the meter and check frequently for clogging. 5425 Record the volume of base fluid added to the diling fuid system, 2s 75, The recoded value shall be within 0,25 % (volume) of the actual volume. 5.43. Base fluld fraction 5.431 The base Mud fraction is the average value for the interval in question. The averaging method is Critical. It is important fo use the sama method ta enable interval and well comparisons, 5.432 Using different averaging methods can rasuit in inacourate comparisons. The base fuid fraction can be calculated fom solids analysis methods using retort and salinity measurements. 5433 Record the base fuid fraction as ¢=. 5.4.4. Drilled solids traction 5.441 The driled solids fraction can be calculated by several methods from simple solids anslys's which correct for selinity and bentonite concentrations to complex material balance methods which correct for ‘adcitional components Such 2s commercial additives. 8442 The criling solids fraction 's averaged for the interval, therefore. the averaging method is ertical. Sensitivity studies of the effect of the driled solids fraction on the final dilution factor show that a significant variance 1s possibe when using different methods of averaging. Comparisons are valid only when using identical averaging methods.PETROLEUM AND NATURAL Gas INoUSTRGs—DreLLING FiulDe—Proceseine SySTEMG ENALUATIN $443 Select the desired method of determining the dling uid componenis, and perform tho analyses. 5444 — Caloulete the drilled solids fraction, and record as @y. 5.4.5 Volume of driling fluid built ‘The volume of driling fluid bull is determinad from the base fluid fraction with the assumption that the drilled solide concentration and the pit levals remain the same valve before and afer driling an internal, % oa 1) where ols the volume of base tid added to ota system isthe base fic fraction ‘isthe volume of citing fuid butt 546 Excevated volume of solids dried 5.461 This value can be calculated from the dimensions of the wellbore, that is length and diameter. If calliper logs are run, the calculated volume irom the logs could be used for the excavated volume. S462 The excevated volume of drilled solids is the volume of the hole created multiplied by one minus the fractional porosity. 5.463 Calculate the excavated volume of solids driled and record as Va- 5.47 Total dilution 5.471 The total diution isthe volume of criling fuid that would be buitf there were no solids removal asim, 5.472 __ inthis casa, al arled sols would De incorporated into the dling fuid system with dition being the onty form of solids contra. 5.47.3 The driling fuid quality and diiling performance would remain equal whether using dilution exclusively or a drilled sollds removal system. peat 2 * where eis the volume of total dilution ais the volume of solids drilled ‘oS the drilled solids fraction nt Na 8API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 130 5.4.8 Dilution factor (k) 3.4.8.4 The dilution factoris the ralio of the volume of dilling fluid bull to the total dilution. 5482 Its the rabo of diling Muid used to actually dill an interval using @ solids removal system 2s ‘compared to only using dilution. 54.83 In both cases, the leval of drilled solids in the dtiling uid remains constant and appsars in both calculations. 5.4.8.4 This expression also makes the assumpiion that the dilution volume reduces the remaining riled soli¢s in the system to the targat concentration. The lower the factor, the mere efficient the eystom. @) Zs the dilution fector ¥, is the total dilution ‘is the volume of driling fluid built 54.9 Drilled solids removal system performance (n), expressed as %. 7=100(1-%) 4) where 71s the drilled colide romoval eyetem performance (aficiency) ‘kis the dilution factor 5.5 Example $5.1 _ Obtain data trom driling fluid and drilers' reports. A typical example is shown in Table 1, and is used for this example calculation. ‘Table 1 — Drilling fluid roport data Base Rud odded (i) n™ 2000 ‘Average base fuid trae (es 3 intial de 5.000 Final depth, 6714 ‘Average hols diameter, m O12 (12251) Volume of sods arted (Fa). m* | 260 Average driled solids traction (@) | 0,05 §.5.2 Calculate the volume of driling fuid buit (7), using the equation from 5.45. Fy _ 2000 Yo e080 500 m?PETROLEUW AND NATURAL Gs NCUSTRIES—DRLLNG FLUIDS —PROCESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION 5.53 Calculate the total dliution (V2), using the equation from 547. 55.5 Calculate the drilled solids removal performance (7) using the equation in 5.4.8. 1=100(1-)=100(1-051)=49% 6 Rigsite evaluation of drilled solids management equipment 64 Principle 6.1.1. This section presents a rigsite method of determining the effectiveness of individual pieces of solids control equipment when using a water-based criling Fuld. When mechanical separation equipment is used to remove suspended solids from liquid, one metic that can be used to measure separator performance is "Capture.” Capture is defined as the fraction of incoming suspended solids that report to the reject stream. 64.2 _ Capture analysis has not Deen widely used in the dling fluids solids control industry for at least two 9) The requirement for “representative samoles” precludes successful use of capture to eveluate shale shaker performance ) Solids concentration in driling fuids have tradtionally been reported volumetrically rather than ‘gravimetricaly. 6.1.3. Annax A has the derivation of the Cepture equation. 62 Apparatus 6.21 Capture is usually expressed as 2 percentage of the system suspended solids, and can be easiy calculated if the concenttion (weight percent) of suspended solids Is known for the process steams reporting to and from a separator. 6.22 _ If samples of he tnree process steams are collected and assumed to be representative of steady state operation of the separator, then calculated Capture is @ good measure of tho offectiveness of the separator. 623 Capture enalysis &§ @ useful tool and should be considered when the nead anses to evaluate equipment performance on driling fluid systems, The data generated applice only te the moment in time at which the sempies are coliectod. 6.24 Capture data can be extrapcleted to predict the solids removed by the separator over longer time periods if the folowing conditions apply: 8) The separators working under steady state concition with consistent and homogeneous feed: Speer 7‘API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 130. b) Sificient data is collected to establish average performance for the time period studied, €2.5 Application of this analysis will be limited fo evaluation of centrifuges and hydrecyciones. The procedure cannot be applied to shale shakers due to the difficulty in obtaining rapresertative samples of the three process streams and the inherent inconsistency of shale shaker feed conditions. 62.6 The process sireem terminology and abbreviations are defined in Figure 1 end 3.2. tS 2 es Key 1 Feed stury, with mass of solids, 2 Overtow slury, with mase of solide, 12 3 —_Underfiow siurry, with mass of solids, 3 Figure 1 — Process stream terminology for centrifugal separators 63 Sampling of steams for capture analysis €.3.1__A sample set of each of the three process streams shail be obtained, sealed, and labelled for Identifcaton. 6.3.2 Each sample should be 50 cm’ to 100 cm*. 63.3 For cach set the sompiing among streams should be done ae quickly as possible. 6.4 Procedure for determining weight percent solids 64.1 For watet-based driling fluids, a moisture determination is done. Oil-hased diriling Fuids require the Use of a ratort to vapourise the oil continuous-phase fii. 6.4.2 Weigh the empty evaporation container end record as rs. 6.4.3 Weigh into the container, approximately 10 g of the process stream slury. Weigh the container plus sample, and record as m 64.4 Dry a water-based sample in a drying oven sel fo 105 °C (220 °F) for at least one hour. When testing an oil-based samplo, run the retort analysis, 6.4.5 Cool each sample container, and reweigh. Record the weight as mg,PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES ~DRLLING FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION 8.4.6 — Cakulate the mass fraction of suspended solids by © 1s the mass fraction sis the mass of empty container, ¢ mais the macs of container plus sample, 9 mais the mass of dred/reterted container, 9 647 Correction factors should be determined ard epplied in cases in which the base liquid contains more thaa 10 000 mg! salt, oremutsified oil. 6.4.8 _ Unweighted driling fics are those not containing barite or another high specific gravity weighting ‘agent. The procedure autlinad in 6.4.4 through 6.47 is sufficient fo determine the mass fraction of suspended ‘solids in each process stream. 649 The quantitative determination of the effects ofthe solids removal process are then obtained using the Capture calculation described in 8.5 and mutipying fhe volume fraction of the sods in the discharge steam by the rate at which solids enter in the feed stream 6.4.10 ‘The mass fiow rate of soli in the reject stream can be expressed in dry weight per hour. 6.5 Calculation of caption ‘The capture equation can be expressed as: sea <100 "20% 2) wi [W3 — 82) ©) where ais the mass fraction of suspended sollds removed, exproesod as porcant. ‘eis the mass fraction of suspended solids in the feed to 2 pleco of saparator equipment ‘eis the mass fraction of suspended solide in tho overfiow from a place ef separator equipment ‘ais the mass fraction of suspended solide in tho undorfiow from a piooe of separator equipment 6.6 Interpretation of results 6.6.1 With centiituges and hydrocyciones, the reject steam can be either heavy phase discharge (underflow) or fight phase discharge (overfiow), 6.82 _ If the underfiow stream contains tho reject solide, the underfiow is discarded. When used in combination with the feed rate, the Capture equation permits the calculation of the rate at which solids are being ramaved epee tn °APL RECOMMENCED PRACTICE 130, 6.6.3 _ ifthe overflow stream contains the reject solids (ight phase discharge), then the percent Capture ‘can be calculated by subtracting the Capture calculated using the equation in 65 6.6.4 If the overflow stream is being discarded, the Capture calculation with the feed rata is used to 6.7 Procedure for characterising removed solids 8.1.1 Segregated solids are characterised by their spacific oravity and particle siza, G.1.2 Solids ina driling fluid are a mixture of weighting material (high specific gravity), and clay and dled solids (low specific gravity). Thie mbure of clay and driled solids is referred to as low gravity solids, and the ‘emount is important for diling fluid mantenance, rate of diling progress, and potential for intarering events 6.7.3 _Aciied and welgned sample of the separated solids is added to a measured volume of wate, and the average speciic gravity of the solids determined by the increase in volume and weight. Record this 23 p 6.7.4 Determine the percentages of weighting material end low gravily solids. Low gravity sofds ere ‘assumed to have an average spacific gravity of 2.5. 6.8 Calculation of low gravity solids percentage where «is the mass fraction of weighting material fs the average specic gravty of al solids in sample ‘271s the spectic gravity of weighting material used in driling uid We = 100 (14 -w4) e) where ‘wes tho mass fraction of weighting material vs i the masse frecton of suspended solids in feed vey Is the mass fraction of low gravity solide, expressed as a percent 69 Particle size of removed solids 69.1 The primary function of centntugal processing of weighted dling fluids is the removal of collcidal particles. 69.2 Removal of these particles limits the need for dilution. 69.3 Given the influence of average particle size on dling Tuid quailty, it Is recommended that ‘occasional partice size analyses be used to monitor the concentration of ealloids and near-colloids to ensure that their concentration doos net become excessive. =,PETROLEUWAND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES —DRLLING FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTENS EVALUATION 6.10 Economics 8.10.1 Unweighted drilling fluids 6.10.41 The economics of discarding the underiow of contrifugas used for solids reduction with unweighted ariling fulds can be evaluated by comparing the cost of the solids removal with the cost of the dilution required by the Incorporation, rather than removal, of the separated solids, and the differences in waste disposal costs. $.10.1.2 The effect of centrifuging upon the driling Auld cost can be determined by calculating the ‘velumé of dilution that would have been required to compensate for the incorporation of the separated solids, and multiplying the unit cost of the fuid. 6.10.1.3 All dlution adds directly to waste volume, the cost of disposing of the dilution volume must be ‘added to the cost of preparing it 6.10.2 Weighted drilling fluids 6.10.21 Traditionally, centrifuging is used with weighied fulds to reduce dilution requirements. by eliminating the very srral driled solids and barite (colloidal partcies) 6.10.22 Comparison of the cost of the centrifuging with the value of the barite recovered from the: discarded fuid 9 @ frequently used measure of its economic effectiveness. However, the purpose of cofde: remove equipment is to eliminate undesrabie dniled solids. 6.10.23 There is a direct effect of centrifuging on waste volume. Dilution volume of the centrifuge feed ‘and the disposal of the liquid in the overfiow increase waste volumes significantly. 6.40.24 Less obvious, but of greater importance, is the fact that the disposal of the colloids and nesr- colloids discarded wrth the iquid provides a better cniling fluid, reduces dilution requirements ang therefore, the volume of waste genorated. 7 Practical operational guidelines TA Principle TAA This clause Is Intended as a guideline for he design and operation of surface driling uid handing sysions. 74.2 _ Following these practices maximises the performance of the surface systems and improves dling {uid qualty. Deviating ftom these precioes diminishes system performance, and increases dilution requirements, by alowing soparable solids fo re-circulata in the dilng fuid system. 72 Apparatus T2A The surface driling Mid system consists of the flow ling, active tanks, reserve tanks, trip tank(s), agitators, pumps, motors, solids and gas removal devices, mixing and shearing devices, and associated piping. The surface drilling fuid system Is composed of the following six sections 7.22 _ Removel section, the tanks and equipment used for the separation of dilled solids and gas from the driling fui 723 Addition section, the equipment and tanks utilised in the addition and blending of driling fuid odcitives Semper treet, a[API Recomenoe0 PRACTIE 19 7.24 — Suction section, the tank(s) from which the rig pumps teks suction, and any associated pumps or mixing equipment. 7.2.5 Reserve section, the tank(s) or pit(e) and associated equipment used to isolate driling fui from the active system. 7.26 _ Discharge section, the tank(s) or pit(s) and equipment located at the well site used to store end ‘proosee driling fuid and cuttings for disposal 7.2.7 _ Trip tank section, tho tank(s) and associated equioment used to isolate driling fuid from the active ‘systems for gauging pipe displacement during tipping operations. 7.3. Procedure for design and operation 7.2.4 Ding fluid exits tho wolbore via ¢ flow line and progresses through the solids handling equipment Unt IE Is Gleaned 2nd taken Into the wellbore via the sucton tank. The equipment is arranged In menner to remove eucceseively smaller particles during its processing, 7.3.2. Flow line is the exit port from the wellbore 7.3.24 The flow line diameter shall be sufficient to handle the maximum anticipated circulation rate at the maximum anticipated dilling Mudd viscosity. The flow line shell have 2 minimum slope of six degrees downhill (1:10 ratio of drop par horizontal run) 7.3.22 If the flow line distributes diiling fuid fo two shakers, a "Y" connection or other distribution system, shall be used to divide the flow equally, minimise solids setting, and avoid different retes of solids ‘separation in the manifold. 7.2.3 Tank(s) receive the flow line discharge and shall be of capacity to contain the active surface driling fuid system. 7.3.34 The mirimum tank{s) volume shall be the sum of the volume and displacement of the dail string at maximum total depth, plus the volume at the botiom of the tanks that cannot be circulated, plus about 42 m® (100 barrels) safeguard. 7.3.32 When driling a fast, large diameter hole with high circulation rates, the surface volume as determined in 7.3.3 1 reduces the surface time available for driling fluid processing and treatment below the acceptable minimum. In this case, additonel tank volume should be provided and the provision of an active reserve section may be desirable. 7.3.4 Equipment process rates constrain the dling fuid retention time in the surface system. 7.3.41 Solids removal equipment processing capacity requirements are a function of the circulation rate {and the rate at which cuttings are generated. Minimum requirements ere besed on maximum circulation rates ‘the equipment s properly assembled, 73.42 Each piece of equipment shall process more fuid than enters its suction compartment. This ‘eneures the abilty to process all fuid at each stop before it proceeds to the next compartment. 7.243 The capscity of dogessers, desandere, desiliors and mud cleaners should be 10% to 25% higher than the flow rate entering the suction compartment of the equipment. This wil al80 De 10 % to 25 Ye higher than the maximum anticipated circulation rato only in cach piooo of equipment is property assomblod. 1.344 This does not, however, ensure that the capacity is adequate to permit removal of driled solids ‘as quickly as they are generated during periods of fast criling. Nor does it ensure adequate capacity tail uid is not processed through the removal equipment.PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES —DRLLING FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION 7.3.45 Since maximum penetraton rates are difcull to forecast, provide for temporary installation of ‘oddtional equipment that is required during periods in which cuttings are generated more rapidly than can ba handled by the permanently installed equipment. 7.3.5 Design guidelines for diiling fluid surface tanks requires knowledge of the equipment capebility end ‘the anticipated driling program. 7.2.54 Tank depth shall be approximately equal to the tank width or diameter. Significantly deeper tanks can present problems with achieving adequate mixing. Shaliow tanks can lead to formation of vortices and air entrainment. 7.252 The minimum surface area of compartments shall be aqual to the maximum circulation rate divided by 40. This faciltates the release of entrained ges. 7.353 Piping between tanks and tank bottom equalizers should be 25,4 om, 30,5 om or 35,5 om (10 in, 12 in, oF 14 in) in clameter. These are adequate for circulation rates as high as 3,54 m’Im, 5,11 m'/m, and 6,33 m’/m (835 galim, 1360 galim, and 1830 gam) respectively. 7.354 Baffles around each mechanical stirrer prevent air vortices and settling. A typical baffle is 2.0m 16 om thick by 30 cm wide (1 in thick by 12 in wide) and extends from the tank botiom to 18 em (6 in) above the top agitator blade. Four baflles are usually installed around each agitator. These four baffles are instaled 15cm (6 in) past the tps of the agitator blades along lines connecting the cente of the agitator blaces win the four comers of a square pit or compartment. For a long rectangular pit, with two or more agitators the tank is divided into imaginary square compartments and ¢ baffles is pointed toward each comer. 73.6 Sand taps are designed to remove particles graater than 200 jum by settling. 73.64 The sides of the sand trap shall siope at 45° or more from the horizontal to an area immediately infront of the discharge valve. Figure 2 llustrates the sand trep design. | Sand trap. Degasser chamber ‘Sand trap floor Overflow cut out into degasser chamber Key 1 Dump gate 2 3 4 5 Figure 2— Sand trap designAPI Recomuennep PRecTIog 130 7362 The discharge valves (dump gate valves) on tanks shell be large, non-plugging, with the ‘capability of quick opening and closing. The valve shall be operable from the lavel of the tanks and flow from the valve shall be visible from the posilion fiom which the valve is operated. 7363 Fluid shall enter the send trap at its upstream end, and flow from it over a high, tankewicth weir _alis downetroar end. The recommended weir height is 15 cm (6 in) below the top of the tank. 73.64 The sand trap shall receive the screen underfiow from the shakers and should be designed to allow for bypassing when necessaly. 7.3.65 Most of the setied solids may be dumped with the loss of minimal amount of driling fuid. The valve is opened, the discharge observed, and the valve closed when dilling fluid begins to flow from the sand wap. 7.3.7 Removal section of driling fuids hancling equipment normally consisis of ve compartments. 7.3.7.1 Removal section usually hes the sand tp, the degasser compartment, and the compartments from which the desander, desiter, and centifuge(s) process fu. If @ centrifuge is not used, only four ‘compartments are required. 7.312 The solids removal equipment shall be installed in a manner that pemmits the removal of progressively finer solid particles as the fluid moves through the systern. 7.3.8 Flow between compartments is imperative for proper operation. 7.384 —_ Drilling fuid shall overflow from the sand trap into the degasser suction compartment, which is the next compariment downstream, 7.382 Tank bottom equalisation shall be provided between all removal section compartments cownstraam of the dagasser suction compartment 7383 An adjustable riser shall be installed on the downstream side of the equaiser between the removal and addition sections to permit conti of the Nui level in the removal section. 7.3.8 _ Drilling fuid tank agitation is necessary to prevent solids accumulation in the tank. 7.3.91 With the sole exception of the sand trap, all compariments shall be mecharically agitated. 7.3.9.2 If, mud guns are chosen instead of mechanical agitators for some compartments, the mud guns ‘should take suction from the same compartment into which thay discharge. A centrifugal pump may sti tis ‘suction tank and shall never pump fluid from one compartment to another. 7.393 Use the manufacturer's guidelines for specific information on biade size and geomety, and power requirements. 7.3.10 Fluid routng through the system is one, designated direction. 7.3.10.1___The centnfugal pump used to power the jet on vacuum degassers shall take suction fo the ‘same compartment into which the vacuum degasser discherges, 7.3102 The fluid shall be degassed before it reaches the pumps feeding downstream equipment. 7.3403 The pump used fo provide the motive force fluid to the jet nozale on vacuum degassers shall ‘ake suction ftom the same compartment into which the vacuum degasser discharges.PETROLEUMANONATURAL Gas INDUSTRIES —DRLLING FLUIDS —PROCESSING SYSTENS EVALUATION 73404 — Desanders shall draw suction from the compartment immediately downstream from tho degasser compartment. Desillets end mud cleaners shall draw from the next compartment, and centnfuges from the next compariment 7340.5 Different types of equioment shall never take suction from the same compariment 7.3406 Like types of equipment shall always take suction from the same compartment. 7.3.10.7 Tha desitter portion of 2 combination mud cleaner shail be plumbed following the desiter guidelines, and the desander portion following these for desanders, 73.408 All solids removal equipment shal dscharge processed ‘uid to the next downstream compartment. 7.3.10.9 _Driling fuid from other compartments shall never be pumped info a removal compartment from pointe downstream through mud guns, mixers, or the eductor of a vacuum degasser. 7.3.10.10 Suction end discharge line diometer requirements are dependent upon the volumes of Fuid to be crculated. Lines shall be sized in accordance witn the manufacturer's recommendations. See 7.8 and 7.9 ‘or specifics. 7.4 Procedure for design of shale shakers 7.4.4 Shale shakers skids shall be level. 7.42 Shakers shall be ngged with adequate space, walkways and handrails to permit easy and safe servicing. 7.4.3 If tho shakor is oquipped with e rear tank (possum belly), the flow line shall enter the reer tank as near the bottom as possible. 7.4.4 _ If the flow line should enter the rear tank via an “elbow” over is top, the elbow shall extend to with ‘one flow kine diameter of the bottom ofthe tank. 7.45 _ A means of diverting fluid from the flow lino is recommended to permit the disposal of cement, spotting fluids, contaminated fluids., etc., before these flulds reach the shale shaker. This procedure shall not bbe used to dump the rear tank into the sand trap before tips. 7.5 Procedure for operation of shale shakers 7.8.1 The soreens shell bs inspected avery time circulation is interrupted. 7.8.2 The shale shaker(s) shal never be bypassed while circulating or on trips imo the nole. This inciudes ‘cumping the rear tank into the active systom, 7.8.3 _All fluid, including that shipped to the rig trom elsewhere, shall be screened before entering the clive eystom tanke. 7.8.4 Spray bare should be used only when required for the handling of gumbo or slicky clays. The orifices cr jets on the bar shall be small enough to deliver water in a mist, rather than in a spray, 7.8.5 Use the shaker screens with the smallest openings that do not cause excessive driling fuid loss. 7.8.6 Under normal operating conditions and when using 2 singladeck shaker with multiple sereens, all ‘screens shall have the same API designation. . 28‘ADI Recomvennen Practice 130 7.5.7 __ On couble-deck shakers with flow in series through the two decks, the top screen shall aways be coarser than tho sereon in the lower position. A difforence of two API designation sizes is gonerally offecive. 758 Tom or damaged screens shall be replaced or repaired promplly. 7.5.8 Do not roufinoly operate adjustable dock shakers in the maximum upwards position. This practice will cause degradation of cuttings, and on some shakers permit fui to spill over the back of the screen bed. 7.5.10 Some weighting material loss is inevitable when screening weighted diiling fluids. Dried solias retain driling fluid 2s they leave the shaker screens. ‘7.5.41 Scrosn selection with weighted diiling fuids involves a compromise to accommodate the need to ‘maximise cuttings removal while not separating excessive quanttes of welghting material. Usually an ‘API 200 is the limit of the finest shaker screen that dose not romove oxecstiva quanttios of weighting material (Le, Date. 7.5.12 Observe the manufacturer's recommendations on screen installation and tensioning, as well 2 on general maintenance. ‘75.43 _When using shaker scraens that need tensioning, tension shall be checked 15 min to 30 min aftor installation and tourly thereafter. 7.6 Procedure for design of degassers 7.6.4 The dagasser shall draw suction from the compartment immediately downstroam from the sand tap. 7.62 When the sand trap isin use, flow to the degasser compariment shall ke over a long, high wor. 763 While the dagasser is in use, there shall be no tank bottom equalisation between the degaccer compertinent and those adjacent to It 7.64 Fluid shall be degassed before il reaches the pumps feeding the downstream equipment. 7.6.5 _The pump used to power the jel on vacuum dagessers shall take suclon trom the seme ‘compartment into which the vacuum degasser discharges. 7.6.6 The degasser suction shall be positioned 30 cm (12 in) above the tank batiom. 7.6.7 The degasser compartment shal be well agitated. 7.88 _ The centrifugal pump feeding the educior jet of vacuum degassers shall provide the feed head recommended by the manufacturer. A pressure gauge shall be installed to permit the heed to be verified. 7.6.9 The degesser capacity shall be ai least equal to the plenned circulation rate in all of the hole Intervais in which Gas intrusion is considered to be a harard 7.7 Procedure for operation of degessers 7.74 __ Degassers shell be operated when receiving “bottoms up" after trips. This Instructs the crews with the start. up procedure and provides regular checks fo confirm that the equipment is working properly 7.7.2 _ The volume percent gas or air in a driling fluid is calculated by dividing the difference in pressurise Gilling fuid weight and the unpressurised driling fluid weight by the pressurised driling fluid weight, and ‘muttiplying this fraction by 100.PETROLEUM AND NATURAL Gas INDUSTRIES—DRat LING FLUIDS—PROOESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION 7.8 Procedure for design of desanders and desilters 7.81 Desanders shall draw suction ffom the compartment immsdiately downstream from the degasser compartment Desiliers end mud cleaners shal draw from the next compariment, and centrifuges from the ext compartment. 7.8.1.1 For example, ff the sand trap iS designated compertment #1 and the folowing downstream compartments are numbered eoquontially, tho dogaseer chell draw suction fluid from compartmant #2 and discharge ftud to compartment #3. 7.8.1.2 The desanders then process the fluid from compartment #3 and d'scharge It to comparment #4, 7.6.1.3 The desilter or mud cleaners(s) then process the fluid from compartment #4 and discharge It 10 compartment #5, 7.8.44 If. centrifuge or centituges are used on the active system, the contrifuges process fluid from ‘compartment #5 and discharge it io compartment #5. 7.8.2 _ Eacn hycrocyclone (desander or desilter) feed manifold requires its own pump and motor (dectoated pumps). 7.8.3 "Roping" hydrocyclone discharge indicates solids overloading and the nood to oither add additional ‘equipment, reduce penetration rate, or accept the contamination of the driling fluid with recirculated dried sols. 1, “The piping between the pump and the input manifold for thie equipment shall be ae short and straight 5 possible. Thete should be no ells, reducers, or swages within three pipe diameters of the flange ‘connecting the piping to the manifold 7.85 Suction piping shall be designed for linear low raie of 1.22 ms to 2.44 ms (4 ts to 8 fs), 15 om (Gin) for planned flow rates from 1,33 min to 2.65 m'/m (350 gavin to 700 gavin), and 20,3 cn (Bin) to 4,54 m*lm (1200 gallm). See Pump Tables (not included) for volumetric rales beyond these ranges. 7.8.6 _ Discharge lines shall be 15 om (6 In) for volumetric rates from 1,33 mim to 3,41 mlm (350 galim to $00 galimn) and 20,3 em (8 in) to 5,68 m°/m (1500 gall). 7.8.7 Pressure gauges shall be insialled on the input manifolds to permil the head al the manifold to be monitored. 7.8.74 Many oiffield hydrocyclones are designed to operate at 23 m (75 #) of head. Verity this by using the equation to calculate the head corresponding to the measured pressure. ® ‘aise nead, t isthe pressure, tan? is the driling fuid weight, ib/gal 7.8.12 In US customary units, a 75ft head requires a pressure 3.9 times the driling Auid weight in ‘pounds per gallon. re teeta, aAPI RecoMENDeD PRACTICE 13C 7.8.8 Proper installation requires that the hydrocyclone unit be Insialled at an elevation that will prevent siphoning of fuid from the driling fluid tank when the unit is not in oparation. The manifolds shall be higher than the maximum fd lewal in tha comaarimnents to which thev are connected, 7.89 If the vertical dstance between the discharge manifold and the end of the pipe camying the discharged fluid fo the next comperimont is more than 1.8m (6 f), 2 vent shall be provided in the discharge ‘manifold near the hydrocyciones to prevent siphoning 7.8.10 The discharge line to the tenk receiving the discharged fluid shall end above the maximum flu level in the tank. 7.8.41 For proper operation of thls equipment, sufficient spaco, walkways, ladders and hand rails shall be provided to permit easy and safe service. 7.9 Procedure for design of mud cloanors 7.9.4 _ As noted in previous clauese, mud cleaner hydronycions installation follows the rulos for dacandors and desiliers, as appropriate, 7.9.2 MudGeaners shall be used when commercial weighting agents are added to the driling fiuid. 7.9.3 Mud cleaners remove additional dried solids even after the fluid has been processed by API 200 ‘soroons on tho main shale shakers. 7.9.4 Plugged desiter cones indicate driling fuid bypassing shale shaker screens. 7.9.5 Scroan throughput from mud cleaners shall be returned to 2 well-agitated location in the drilling Auid tanks, 7.9.6 Screen throughput from mud cleaners has very litle carrying capacity and wil not transport solids wal 7.40 Procedure for design of centrifuges 7.10.1 Normally, the underflow (cake, heavy stury) is discharged while centrituging unweighted fuids. The overfiow (centrale, effluent, Ight slurry) containing most of the viscosity-bulding colloidal particles, fs discharged from weighted fluids. Accordingly, centrifuges shall be installed in 2 manner that pects ether stream io be discharged, and elther to be retumed to the active drilling fluid system. 7.10.2 The centrifuge feed shall be taken from 2 wellagitated area of the compartment immediately upstream from the discharge compartment. 7.10.3 If the centrifuge underflow (heavy slurry) is retumes to the drilling fuid system, it shall be discharged to a wellagitated area of the receiving compartment. 7.10.4 The receiving compartment shall be on the upstream side of the adjustable riser, 7.10.5 When processing unweighted drilling fuids, the centrfuge(s) shall be usad for driled solids removal [Processing as much fiuid a8 possible and discarding the underfiow (cake, heavy slurry) 7.40.6 With weighted driling fluids, centrifuges are used fo control low-shear rate viscosity and driling uid ualty by removing colloidal and near-colloidal parties in the overfiow. They shall be operated as long and ‘98 often as necessary to control low-shear rate viscosity. as well es plastic viscosity. 7.10.7 While processing weighted fluids, the feed fuid shall be diluted, as needed, to control the overfiow viscosty atno mote than 35 sil (37 s/at) for water-based fluids, and under 38 s/! (40 s/at) for oil-based fluids.PETROLEUM AND NATURA. GAS INDUSTRIES—DRILLING FLUIDS—PROCESSING SYSTENS EVALUATION 1.11 Procedure for addition sections 7.41.1. Any fluid introduoad into the driling ‘ic tank systam shall pass through the shale shaker screons, Including dilling fluid from other eouroes anc driling fuid dumped from tip tanks. 7.44.2 Al commercial material additions shall enter the yatem in the addition section which can be one, oF several, comparment, 7.11.3 _ In order to facilitate complete blending before crculation, material additions shail take place es fer as possible from the compartment(s) from which tho fluid is pumped downholo. 7.44.4 A promix tank is recommended. Bentonite shall be prohydrated before it ic added to the active sysiam. 7.2 Procedure for drilling fluid mixing and blending equipment 7.424 Diiling uid mixing hoppers shal include 2 jot nozzle and a venturi for proper mixing 7.42.2 _In ordor to avoid soration of the cicuisted fluid, hopper discharge lines shell not extend below the ‘maximum ftuid level in the tank. 7.42.3 (order to avold aeration of the crouiated flule, the hopper shall be tumed off when not in use. 7.124 Shearing devices are recommenced for accelerating the hydration of polymers and Bentonite. ‘Solids-laden fiuide shall not bo circulated Fough shoaring dovices. The shoar acceleraics solids sizo degradation thereby diminishing fluid quality. 7.13 Procedure for suction section 7.43.4 The suction section shall be the largest volume in the eurface eyetem. 7.43.2. The suction section shall be well acitatod to provide uniform criling fuid properties. 7.42.3 The suction section shell include ¢ emell elugging tank with submerged mud gune for stirring end suspension. The suction for the pump feeding these guns shail come from the slug tenk. 7.14 Procedure for discharge section 7.444 The space, equipment and personne! utlised in the discharge section shall be adequate for handing the amount of waste to be generated. 7.14.2 The volume of drilled solids Is expected to be at jeast three limes the gauge-hole volume. With pocr solids removal performance the volume of discarded fluid may be significantly larger. 7443 Volume of excess driling uid generated while driling is highly variable and can vary from three to four to ten or fifteen times the dilled vourne. 7.444 The equipment solids removal efficiency determines the volume of dilling fluid waste, 7.44.5 The higher volumes are expected when driling softer formations with water-based ailing fuld.API Recoumenoes Prarie 15 8 Shale shaker screens conductance 84. Principle ‘This clause describes methods of identifying shale shaker screens. Sheker screens are no longer simple weaves that are easily described. Sorsene shall be described by @ conductance, an equivalent aperture ‘opening se. and an non-bianked area. 82 Principle of conductance 82.1 Screen conductance is a meceure of tho ability of a Newtonian fluid to pass through the screen, Conductance has the units of permeablity per unit length, for example, kiodarcy per milimetre. 822 A shaker screen conductance is measured by determining the flow rale of @ fluid through = measured scroen area for meesured prossurs drop across the soreen. 822 Conductance ie a mothod of comparing various screens that have diflerent appearances and Gfferent API numbers. 824 Darcy Law provides the method of calculating the permeatilty of a porous medium. A shele sheker ‘gereen could be considered a porous medium. The permeability divided by the thickness or length of flow is called the conductance. 2241 Darcy's Law states thet the flow rate (Q) through 2 porous medium is proportional fo the ifforentel proceure (AP) and tho cross-sectional area of the porous medium (A), and is inversely proportional to the fluid viscosity (y) and the lenath of the porous medium (L). 824.2 The constant of proportionality (K) Is called the permeability. f the flow rate is measured in ‘cms, the orces-sectional area in om*, the fluid viscosity in oP, the pressure differential in atmospheres, and the length in cm, the permeabiity will have the units of Darcy. £243 Darcy's Law can be stated as: K(aP +A) wel 2 Sclving Darcy's Law for the ratio of permeability per unit length, or conductance: kp 2 Conducta ag La A 8.25 The shaker screen conductance is desonibed using @ Newtonian fluid. 8.2.6 The flow rate through the screen must be laminar to provide a reproducible number. Therefore, he ‘velocity ehelll bo maintsined in the range of 2 cms to 3 omis (1 ini), 8.2.7 _Conductanes of a chalo shaker corcon is datorminad by moacuring the flow rate of a Newtonian fuid, ‘wath @ known viscosity, flowing through a shaker screen, with 2 measure area perpendicular to the flow, with @ known pressure drop. 8.2.8 For a partioular fuid (known viscosity) and the same proseuro differential across the screen, the conductance is proportional 10 the velocity of low through the soreen (9/4).PeTRCLEUW AND NATURAL Gs INOUSTRIES—DRALING FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTENS EVALUATION 8.3 Apparatus for measurement of conductance 2.3.4 Fluid reservoir, a large fluid reservoir is required to provide the necassary volume of fluid needed for these test. The suggested sizo of the fluid reservoir is about 0,2 mr (60 gal). 3.2 Fluid flow line from reservoir, the discharge from the fluid rosorvoir shall havo a valve to adjust the ‘Tow rate trom the reservoir and deftection plate at me end of tne discharge piping to prevent the reservoir Mid from cirectly impacting tho eerocn. 2.2 Seren mounting, oeroene shell be mounted as thoy aro ueed on chale shakers. 8.3.31 Continuous dloth shaker soreens ehell bo mounted so that thoy ara in tension. Panel sereens may be mounted as they are. 8.3.3.2 Screen cloth shall be mounted on ether a shaker or a tensioning device before 2 semple is prepared. After tension is applied, tho ecreon is gluod botwean two short pisces of Schedule 80 PVC pips ‘with epoxy. Each section of pipe should be 1650m (6,5in) outside damreter, 14,6 on (6,75 in) inside diameter, ond cithor Som, 5cm or Bem (1 in, 2in, oF 3 in) long. Care is taken to make certain thai the Intersection between the PVC pipe and the screen Is completely sealed so that Nuid cannot escape from the ‘sides of the ring. 2.3.3.3 The screens are place between the PVC pipe in euch a way as to minimise the blanked area fromm the soreen mounting plate. When successfully mounted, the screen will appear to have mirror images of ‘self both perpendicularly and horizontally. 3.334 Failure to properly tension the screen before mounting results in erroneous information in the Conductance Test and in determining the API number as descibed in clause 6&4. Screens mounted as described in 8 3.2.3 may also be used to measure the API number for the screen. 8.3.4 _ Conduetance sereen holder, the ssreen, mounted between the two section of PVC pipe is placed below the reservoir discherge pipe. The lop of the PVC pipe is levelled with a bubble level. The fuid Fowing ‘rough the screen is caplured in a container mounted on an electonic balance. A seal is required 12 separate the overfiow excess fluid from the fuid fowing through the screen. The fuid that overflows the ‘Screen is captured in a saparate container. Suffcient overfiow dranage shell be suppied so thal the test Muid en easily overfow the top of the PVC secion ofthe screen mounting. 8.3.5 _ Capture reservoir, the capture reservoir which recsives the fluid flowing through the screen shell be ‘mounted on en electronic balance capable of measuring 0.01 kg. A data collection system with automatic clectronic measurement of the change in woight 26 a function of time is recommended. The woight measurements are used to determine the flow rate through the screens. 3.3.6 Excess fluid reservoir, the excess fd reservoir receives the excess fluid that overfiows the test 8.3.7 Pump, 2 pump may bo usod to transfor the fuid from tho capture resorvoir and the excess ftuid reservoir to the uid reservoir for adcitional tests. 8.3.8 Temperature device, the temperature of the Muld In the capture reservoir shall be measured to 2 procision of 0.08 °C (001 °F). ee aiAPI RevoMwenoep PRscTics 136 84 Procedure for calibrating fluld 241 _ Using a viscometer capable of measuring viscosity to an accuracy of 0,2 oP, such as a Ubbelchde ‘Tube Viscomste"), determine the viscosity of the test fuid over the range of temperatures of the conductance testing, £42 Determine the density ofthe test fluid as @ function of temperature over the range of temperatures of the conduciance test. 8.5 Procedure for flow test 8.5.4 The flow rate through the screen shall be measured. The screen neads to be mounted in an apparatus that will alow flow onto the screen end maintain 2 constant height of liquid above the screan surface. The height of the fluid from tha screen to the free surface of the liquid shall be accurately measured end will be used to determine the pressure difference across the screen to calculate conductance. 8.5.2 A viscous liquid is needed to maintain @ low flow rate through the screen and keep a constant liquid level above the screen. Flowing oil (¢.¢., 10/40 weight motor ail) onto the screen provides an appropriate liquid. 8.5.3 A motor of is preferred to 2 mineral cil because it will provide an oil welting of the screens ac tho flow is agusted. A water-wel screen wil have a much lower conductance or permeabilty to oll than an olbwet 8.5.4 ifthe flow rate onto the screon is adjusted so that a small amount overflows the top of the PVC pipe, ‘De appiled heac can be kept constant. 8.5.5 _ The excess flow onto the screen Is captured In a trough surrounding the screen sample and flows: ino a storage container. Flow rates through tho seraen are moacurod by providing # containar beneath te soreen mat on an elecronic balance. 8.5.8 When the flow rate reaches a steacy state, the increase in weight of the catch container shall be ‘measured 6 2 function of time. For screen with a iow AP! number, some of the area of flow may be blocked to decrease the quanity of ol required to reach an equilibrium flow rate. 8.5.7 _ Oil changes viscosity and density with a temperature change. Calibration charts shall be prepared {for the viscosity and density of the oll measured as a function of temperature. 8.5.8 The tempersture of the flow test should remain constant 8.5.9 By measuring the temperature of the fluid that flows through the screen, the values for density and viscosity ofthe oil are determined from the calibration charts. 8.8 Procedure for pressure drop 2.6.4 The pressure causing the motor oil fo flaw through the screen is provided by the head or height of the free liquid surface. 2.52 The seen mounted betneen the FV pipes shell be mounted 20 thatthe top ofthe PC pipe horizontal. me 1) Usbotonde Tube Viscomsteris an exemple of@ sulable product avaliable commercially. This infomation i given for the convenience of users ofthis Intemational Stancard anc does not cansftue an eadorsement by ISO of this productPETROLEUMANDNATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES —DAILING FLUIDS —PROGESSNG SYSTEMS EVALUATION 4.6.3. The flow from the fluld reservoir shall be diverted al the end of the input piping so that a minimum 2 580,003 0750 APT 32 180.0 to 2580.0 APE, >1 890,012 1609) APLIO 31550,0 i 18500) APL. 31 790,010 15500 APLPETROLEUM ANd NATURAL Ga INDUSTRIES — DRG F.LUDS—PROGESSING SYSTEMS EVALUATION, 310900101 2000 APIS 925,00 1 090.0 APLI8 | “s7e.910950 | aPiz0 655,010 7800, API25 3550,0 10 655.0, 2PL30 3390,0 10452.5 APIA 2327 5 10380,0 APLAS. 32759103215 APLEO >231,010276,0, ‘APLEO 3195010231.0 APLIO 7165.0 to 196, APL 80. 137.510 165.0, APLIOG 1165101975 APL 120 308.0 1185 APL140 782510 98). ‘APLI70 269.0108, ‘API200 $58.01008,0 ‘AELZ30 Sa 010580 aeiz70 | 341510490 API S25 335010415 ‘APL A00. | >25st0 350 APLA50 222510 785) ‘APL ED0 >18510 22; APIESS 3.7 Example calculation of API Screen Number About 5 9 to 6g of aluminium oxides sized between 63 um and 125 um Is placed on a stack of sieves with an unknown size tast sereon (XXX) below the 106 ym (API 140) sieve, Siove Analysis ‘Table 6 — Experimental results ‘APL | Oporingsize | Retained AO | Cumulative we Min | "weg | saa oo __ @ 9 700. wo | 0 0 [0 126 | 507 507 140 a ae pod 3a 1340 170 a 261 1601 200 [502 21.08 220 | 438, 2601 [zt After 10 min of shaking on the RoTap, the sieves were weighed and the weight of aluminium oxide on each screen calculated from the difference in weight of the empty sieve and the sieve after shaking, congue nen “4Figure 3— Sieve analysis with unknown sieve The welght caplured on the unknown screen (13,4 g) indicates that the 0100 of the unknown sereen is between 90 ym and 406 ym (API 170 and API 140). With tho data points of 9,99 g on the 108 jim (API 140) sieve and tho 16,01 g on the 90 pm (API 170) sieve, ‘an equation can be derived to describe a straight line botwoan these two date points. sett f LES a. i 24 Ss k cs is 0 100 a0 10 46) eonngn ales Figure 4— Unknown sieve size analysis ‘This equation indicates that the cumulative vrelaht retained Is equal to -0,3762 times the opening size in um plus 48,672, The cumulative weight coptured on tho unknown serean was 13,4 g. Solving the equation for the k when y=13,3, the opening size 1s 96,9 jm.Petnoceum Avo NATURAL Ge InoueTRIES—DniLLNe Fung PRoceesNe SYSTEMS EVALUATION a dn i ew é 6 2 8 wm om mi Sekai Figure 5 Unknown sieve marking decision Referring to 9.6.4. API Number designation for the D100 Separation is greater than 82,5 pm and smatler than 98,0 um. Tho new sereon designation would be API 170 (97 um), 10 Non-blanked area of shale shaker screen panel 10.1 Principle ‘This procedure is @ method for determining the total non-blanked area of a shale shake screen panel using direct measurement and calculation techniques 10.2 Apparatus 10.2.1 Calliper, a dial or digital graduated in milimetres to measure smaller perforated panel or pretensicned panel openings. 10.2.2 Ruler, marked in millimetres, to meaouro tho largor open hook ebip type panels. 10.3 Procedure for pretensioned or perforated panel type screens 10.3.4 Obiain data from and make all calculations with information gathered from “ordinary or regular” prodvoticn run screen panels. Do not use "show," "test," or “epoca” panels, 10.3.2 Rancomiy choose two panels from a production run of atleast twenty-five screened panels. 10.3.9 Markall pane! openings for measurement, end number ths openings consecutively. 10.3.4 Measure the necessary dimensions of each panel opening to the noarsst milimetie, Thess measuremants are critcal to obtain accurate and repeatable results. Do not include the space occupied by adhesive or bonding matoricls. Measure only tho unoccluded panel opening space located betwacn the panal webs, 10.4 Calculation for protonsionad or porforated panel type scroons 10.4.4 Goloulate the area of each panel opening, in mm?..APL Recouvetinsn Prancnice 136 40.42 Sum the ungodudad areas of all panel openings to obtain the total non-blanked area of that particular panel in mm’. 10.43 Convert the tolal nor-blanked area from mn? to fF by dividing by 92 903. 40.4.4 Caloulate the total nomblenked panel area by summing the individual panel total non-blanked area and dividing by 2. 10.5 Procedure for open hook strip panels. 10.5.1 Obtain data floin and make all calculations with information gathered from “ordinary or regular* production run screen panels. Do not use “shaw,” "test" or "special’ panols. 40.6.2 Randomly choose two panols from a production run of at least twenty-five seraened panel. 10.6.3 Measure the width of each screen panel from the inner edge-of the hoop strips on either side, to the nearest millet. 10.5.4 Measure the length of each screen pane! from the inside of the top of the non-blanked wie cloth arog to the inside of the bottom of the non-blanked cloth area, to the nearest milimetre. 10.6 Calculation for open hook sirip panels 10.6.1 Calculate the total non-blanked area of each pane, In mm’. 10.6.2 Convert he total non-bianked area from mmto 1 by dividing by 92 £03. 10.6.3 Calculate the total non-blanked panel area by summing the individual pane! total non-blanked area ‘end dividing by 2. 40.7 Example calculation of total non-blanked area for a panel mount screen 10.7.1 Measure the length and widtn of a panel opening with a dial or cigital caliper fo the nearest mm, If for cxamplo, itroacuros 24 mm wido by 25 mm long, is area is 2s follows: 24 mm x 25 mm = 800 mam? 40.7.2. Perform a similar calculation for ail panel openings on both screen used in the analysis. Sum the individual results to obtain the total non-bianked area of each panel mount screen in mrr’. In one set oF caleulations, the resultanis sums are: 626 400 mm? and 618 734 mm?, oF 0,626 mand 0,648 m* 10.7.3 Conver the total non-bianked area to f by using the conversion factor. 626 400 mmr? / 92 903 = 6,74 ft? 818 734 mm’ / 92.003 = 6,65 RY 40.7.4 Average the two non-blanked area results to obtain the final answer for total non-blanked area of 2 panel. [(0,625 m?) + (0,618 m/2= 0,622 m? ((6,74 W) + (6,66 17) /2= 6,701PETROLEUMAMD NATURAL Gas NOUSTES~DAtLLING FUBIOS PROCESSING SYSTtORS EVALUATION 10.8 Example calculation of total non-blanked area for an open hook strip screen panel 10.8.1 Measure the width of each screen panet from the Inner edge of the hook stips on either side. 10.8.2 Measure the length of the non-blanked area of each soreen panel, starting from inside edge of the {0p cloth fold and extending to the inside edge of the bottom cloth fold 10.8.3 Coloulate the total non-blanked aroa in mm? of each scroen parc. Screen Panel #4 4480 mm x 1.520 mm = 1 763200 mm? = 1,763 mi? Screen Panel #2 4.486 mm x 4 622 rom = 4 760-432 mm? = 1,759 mi 10.8.4 Convert the totel non-blenked erea of each sereen panel from mm to ft” by perforrring the following calculation, Screen Panel #4 1 763 200 mm" / 92 903 = 18,98 At Soreen Panel #2 1759 432 mm? / 92 903 = 18,98 1 10.8.5 Average the two non-blanked panel area results to obtsin the final answer for the total non-blanked ‘ares of one open hook stip pene (4,69 m?+ 4,759 m’)/2=4,764 me (10.90 8+ 16,944°)/2 = 10,98 44 Shale shaker screen tabolling 11.1 API screen designation 14.4.4 In order 10 describe commen characterisics different screens, a permanent fag shall be affixed to the screen in a position thet wil be both visible and legible eftar the screen s installed on the sorsen frame. A simiar tag is recommendad for the packaging containing naw serecns. 41.4.2 The comporeats of this screen designation sysiem shall provide a description of the screen's identification and perfomance paremoters. Tho dosigration eystom will consiat of no fewor that tho following ‘minimum elements: API Soren Designation Equivalent Aporture in microns: ‘Conductance (Kilocarcies/mm) Non-blankod aroa () Manutacturers Designation / Part Nuriber Optional but recommended information ‘Manufacturers name Couriry of manufacture or assembly ‘Sit 45APL Recoumnsn Pracnice 136 14.4.3. API soren designalion-separation potential “The API sereen designation is empirically determined by the fest procedures described in Clause 9. This describes the separation potenlial of 2 given screen compared to the separation potential of an equivalent ASTI fest sieve ising aluminium oxide test media on a Tyler "RoTap." The use of the term, "Seperation Petential™ allows for periormence yeriatons due to diverse fectors including solids loading, fluid visoosity, shaker dynamics, diiled sold consistency ard shape. Separation Potential is @ function of sorean composition and construction only. The actual aluminium oxide size seperation, in microns, is listed with the ‘API screen dasignation 11.1.4 Manufacturer's screen desionation ‘The manutacturar's designation is the combination of letlers and numbers used by the manufacturer to Identify the screen, The compostion of the manufacturers designation and part number remains te prerogative of the manufacturer. 11.1.8 Screen conductanea 11.1.5.4 Conductance, measured in units of kilodarcies/mm, defines the ability with which @ Newtonian fluid will flow through a unit aroa of ecroon in a laminar flow rogimo, all othor variablos boing oqual. Tho procedure is described in Clause 8. Conductance is only one variable among many that determines the actual "low capacity” of a given sareen in field use. 41.4.6.2 Flow capacity of a shaker sorcen is the rate at which a serecn con process driling fluid and riled solids. Its a function of many variables inctuding: a) shale shaker configuration; bb). shale shaker desion; ©) shale shaker motion; 4). diiling fluid rheotogy: ) solids toading 1) particle size distrioution; ©). sereen opening size; fh) screen construction, 11.1.6 Non-blanked area ‘The non-blanked area of a screen describes the net unblocked area in m” or ff’ available to pemmit the passage of fluid. Generally, more area is better. 41.4.7 Manufacturer's name —country of manufacture Supplementary information as determined appropriate by the manufacturer, such as manufacturer's nome, ‘ale and location of manufacture should also be displayed on the screen tag, label or box, provided that the font style and point size is identical 1o the manufacturers screen designation,Permoueuutano NaTueA. Gas NDUStHHES ORL. mG FLUIS—PROCESSING SYSTERS EVALUATION 14.2 Label and tag format 44.2.1 The manufacturer may ues two soreon tags on the sorean panal in ordar to include supplemental Information deemed necessary provices that 1). the siyte of font remains identical on all soreen tags; b)__the API Screen Designation is displayed on the same tag as the manufacturer's screen designation; ©) the sizo of the API Screen Designation is atleast twoe tha size of the manufacturer's soreen designation; 4) all information contained with the screen designaton system may be of @ single, legbie font style of manufacturer's choosing. 44.2.2 The size of the AP! Seren Designation shall bo no lees than twice he size of the manufacturer's screen designation and shall be placed immediately acjacent to the manufacturer's screen designation, whore fever displayed. This includes the sereen tag, gereen box, and label, All othe: informational components f the Screen designation system shall be of the same font and point size as the manufacturer's screen designation and displayed at 2 minimum, on the soreen fag, 11.2.3 Compliance with this Inlemational Standard chal not be consirued fo permit the use cf the API Monogram lago on the sereen tag, screen box, or box label. 11.3 Sereen tag examples {1.34 The label is shown with a variely of font sizes, the only requirement is that the API number shall b= at least twice as large as any other font on the label. 44.3.2 Typical SI Units screen labels API Designation Manufacturers Name , (micron opening size) Non-blanked Area: xx m’ act Conductance: yy kD/mm Manufacturer's Designation fal aecenbient oir Country of Manufacture API 170 DRILLING FLUID IS MY LIFE, INC. NON-BLANKED AREA: 0,67 m? (82 microns) ‘ Payor P28 son Tae Made in U.S.A. entenne aese API RE: {COMMENDED PRACTICE 130 APrBe SCREEN DESIGNATION Non-blanked Area We-R-Shake: API 170 0,67 square metros 311 Fanteey Lane (92 microns) Conductance Utopla, Fexas ©0000 1,4 kDimm Catalogue Number XX- 13 41.33 Typical US. Customary Units screen labols API Designation Manufacturer's Name (micron opening size) Ne tnen ae xf Manufacturer's Designation ondluctance: yy len Country of Manufacture Conforms t0:APT 136 API 170 DRILLING FLUID IS MY LIFE, INC. (92 microns) NON-BLANKED AREA: 7,23 f° CONDUCTANCE: 4,4 kD/mm Polygon Plus 123 Made inUSA. Conforms to API 13C ane SCREEN DESIGNATION Non-blanked Area ‘We-R-Shake 7.23 square feet AP i 7 0 341 Fantosy cone Conductance (92 microns) Utopia, Texes 00000 9,0 kDimm Catal logue Number XX- 13Peveed uM ANONATURAL Gas INDUSTRIES DRILLING FLUIDS-—PROCESSIG SYSTEMS EVALUATION 11.4 Label and tag format “Tho manufacturor may use two screen tags on the screen panel in order fo include Supplemental information doomed necessary provided that: {all information contained within the screen designation system chall be of a cinglo, logibte font stylo of tho manufacturer's ch b) the font style remains identical on al screen tags: ©) the point size of the API Screen Designation s at least twice the size of the manufacturer's screen designation; 4d) the API Sereen Designation is d'splayed on the same tag as the manufacturer's soroon designation; 2) the API Screen Designation shall be placed immedistoly adjacont to the manufacturers screen designation, wherever displayed, whether on screen box, label or screen tag; f)_ all cther information companents of the screan designation system shall be of the same font and point size as the manufacturer's screen designation and displayed, st a minimum, on the screen tag; 4) compliance with API Recommended Practice 13¢ shall not be construed ‘0 permit the use of the API Monogram Logo on the screen fag, screen box or box label, 49APL RecowMeNvieD PRACTICE 130 Annex A \intormativeyPETROL ANO NATURAL Gas INDUSTIES—DRILLING FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEMS EVALUNTICN _ cams? gf enin=m)) et ans ner | eeeierereremonenes eae), Sipe ued ote ecerrebins tere ie i rere a Gio 8 we viens now rt sis thn mase acon of susponced sols food vf he ress tectn of macended ons h overtone w is the mass fraction of suspended solids in underflow fe Tac ES gc i, wo we 51Derivation of Capture Equation AAA. Coloulation of *Copture” fe based on gravimetric analyses of the three process streams common to ‘Soldiqud separators (.e., food, underlow and ovortiow). The procedure yiclds good results when Thomogoncus and roprosentative samples of the process streams ere colectod. AA.2_ This provodure is most often used with hydrocycione unis end centrifuges. AA.3. The Capture equation dafived below Is based on & material belence of solids, By analysing email ‘samples of the thro process streams for suspendad solids, the folowing information can be obtained. 9} Percont Capture, b) Mass flow rate of suspondled solids reporting to discard. This Is reported as dry mass solkis per hour remaved, kilograms per hour (tons por hour). A2 Procedure of derivation “Tho Capture equation Is derived as fellows: ‘Caleutation 4 10922 Dotiniton of Capture expressed as a percentage ee a Caleuaton2 yay tae Conservaton of total mass in ad out Catcutation 3 wea = vasa wee ‘Concorvaton of suspondd salds Calculation 4 avggy = Woe 1t28 Multiply caloulaton 2 by mass fraction out Coloutstion 5 wege = Wee —vata Rearfange cacutaton 4 Calotation® = wage = waa — mat ‘Soive ealeulaton 3 for overflow mass flow rate tines mass percent suspended olds in the overiow Cotulation 7 oy —¥ees-4 Mens wrr Add calculation 5 and calculation & Calculation gy _ (wy) Rearrange and simply calculation 7 ai (ws 2) Gotcuation® aaa _ va Mutipiy catoulation 8 by rato of macs fraction of ea undertow to mass traction of fad[API Recowenen Pracnce 190, Bibliography [11180 31 (ellpars}, Quantities and units [21180 565:1000, Tost siovee - Mola! wire oloth, porforsted mola! plato and olectraformed sheet — Nominal ‘798 of openmngs. [3]!80 2398, Test sfeves and lost loving — Vocabulary [x]IS0 2691-4, Teo! sieving - Mothods using fost sioves of woven wore cloth and perforating matat plete [5]1S0.4789-1, Industrie! wire sereans and woven wie cosh ~ Guid to the choice of aperture size and wire ‘lerneter combinations ~ Part 1: Generatues [5]180.4783.2, Inductrial wiro sereans and woven wito cloth — Guid to the choice of aperture sire and wiro ‘Glametor combinations ~ Part 2: Proferred cortinations for woven wire cloth [71180 904, industria! woven wire cloth — Technical reqeremants and testing [e11S0 10244, Torms ond abbroviations [91180 13.500, Potrataum and natural gas industries — Speciation for driting Suc material [10] ANSUAWWA Standard C705, Standards for Water Meters: [17] ANSI B74.12, Specifications for the Szo of Abrasive Grain Grinding Whools, Polishing end General Industriel Uses [12] API Manval of Petrolbum Measurement Standards [19] ASTM E177, Stanara Precics for Use of the Terms Precision end Bias in ASTM Tost Mothods