j )s'j',

f /,Ttao "-i\J{feU/,*''J
.F+''\\
Re*r;"a C*pa-t7 o+d "F {o"a/o/-o,s -
:

-/i p"tfu- gahsL'\"'J 5\o//"-t [:u'\2/d4'bbt nat

ha.rzc f -r ,+1?r'r1 C-Lrra-te.ri sh'. r t -
-
:' /r"- I";^rt^ 31"-,.,Q be soft a-xa'>5/ sLo
1;/,,-. in the J'atl +t^J suVltorls. ;l'
2- fL ,f" 5 h.''1/ h'l aay'e-t 2'e et6e <t;?e
"^-r'a*)"-
5e h/ez.t c*,/ "

u<'/h'c"4 pvt.tsutt o4
-ot/e,/ lun/-, Ft/e.tu'te '.' fL t^t"-xl*
us>oifr Ca.ur.a oJ1 b1 4l"t Jco6Sic'-(
iePos;lt obor" il, E-/ n f ;n-<'fu'zlt3 +l*' u'['["et
-f L' /.*-"^ Lz2J'
l)(+;r,,J. B.-"u;,gGf*b (L,Jr):- f). *oT
''
-Ca^**.uf pre-sswu brfu."n tht !o..-J.'hz". aoJ tl''e- soi'
)hzt^ -ftt pvolrzce 3l..en'r F-';lt'r" c"ti'lt^';n !1"'-soiL
-/ || fi e--"*j Al*lS (t at) \- , f)''' h''a)< it'-u*'
o-t"zL1"
o-/(oanl/.,'"-+ UJ infen-s;4J on *L soiL a-({o...ri3
En bo*l', s )12.'r t-"d 't't?/'ae"-! ' o^/ iI;r s;'-f \SaW;
Y\
d'h*^t" b<2,,'t49 Cz'Pa4;+-J c/i'i/'"/ Lj a F--<'hr'/S
fy?o of glan f-t/,,"
t-
lrrr- f,-,'/rr-" b"aa-!A a In,''n/dz'o ^ ocr'u-t s ')Vtc'q
S
++e m-*s s af r;L d,'--/'y' iti-" 5 epata-te btocks ar
Von.s , ,.,//-'o /- n44 vet bz' e"/'a 'r/y ""s;lL eozL 'lrh..,t

(qt)
 ..---,.s. -
,fltrr" pih4'p4 -'/.t -/ il."'- t*il** r3 b.
o/4La."/' ;o SoiL :-
t- Gcapro4 S heo- E;I-r., : _
ah;t ;t occt.4 "'/r-. L-,'lr.-t s u,../-o." Jr-volp ,
o)^ on< o-v botl^ sidro .S 14n Lohy, c-t+e-^d;yt
Ft"r--{h dg. 4 L"h-,a an a c t-de t 4L 3-"^z/
su,ry'a-ce-:"
lL "?A7. tr+ a-cca,*y:o;""./ bJ s e-,zeo
*rl*^j /e--Z-r-1 6 aE',../ C/L-ps t on" a-/..
7"tn

2- L"c*( sh"o. L:/tne ,-

.In -lfu't A4" trL fu:/*.2 stn/..- sl"4t .,f ?A- er'te
d t* lry , bu* ct^/ o.ri4l^i,n 4he soiL h^a-.s s - ;agl.-J --f
tn ccAzy ?he Su-y'-. e , iL a- c cor*1)zt-r'h <z{ b2 u"r1 4-*/<-
+';lhlg. l4t

5d,

s - P*"L-n-q Sl*- E;/-"r. -

It " c..- y'-.nJ bS ucr.h-zo-/ t.o,'-"tn"-a bc-fi. -,2g
no/tceazb/e /.zrhp m.{ u/ sh.-- p L-a". a c.u.r.g

5.*
 )zJ. '
f). F;/*r" 6,,o/, /aper,y's z'-a;n/9 a" /4" 6mJtl'ssiA/i
4 -fL soils - trn Et.h|n '/ so:L a'''/ -!,-*'.t1'.'l
2";;-;*p,-ts,'b;l;ly gene-'4 sh"un to;lo'r' . {A<
,J,tt-LJtJ ou,u. i" I^^eL\5 c*PR55;t21" t-lneo-'
,,1t, , 2)/1r,,1 sh"-- k/'.v is t-t'asl h*! 'uL;clais
a.,[so o b r"ri.d ;n ,/oos t ge*-d a'^/ il o c1-v4't *<
'
2 ;*"/4 -/ lL G,-P''t'n n/ -n ^/njtl ,

s"-/]-f t";. Jv nard/y G'4D/'t/olJ '-{4'; *he

dr'."'^c: Ga-dikznt *i in//"o'ze lk n'/'4i r*'/"'r'

Oulur.;n z1-0, o/ f)- /tlr,* G*,9Cf."3:

of So;L
'7-er+"lh 's),,a1
i be''vt^i Gf*t '/'Le'J) t-
-
p, sr/afc/ tL"l y'at a aht;L'u's.o' sl-;P F 't'"3
rL ,Q;njri ,uz/aa' in soiL "t' u/'h'"'''fe ;'or n^-'7 b<
asla-m e4 16 bc sir^;lo.r '//''/ sL''" i^ \ V"-G o l-

l1
' n9l2"s _-7/
...<- h9l <z.f
8-- t o, //
( L ]",L
JI _{ -J
5----- "L
Yr-a
J

\
E. ,r/":
qs-9-
.//
frf'z
2"4rt sA..-
;v s 4/p\ =-'{ h|*,
t/ lL ,4c lr.a,/L {L '5tL 4'.Q - "/
sur.y'*za *"V1""
FAD ,Dca t/a--a /p' a<'A, .^/ a'g/e l2z=
'L "-+
 (hh) L

' ( h/.',og (zV-.1.14t.a5 ) l6,]1t- ^n7- a 12 wo

J,-hf s .\dJ-?t (\y'-A-> 6,t-- g tr18- tr, ' h ' ,.r.
ztn-y ,
6+y J" (bf,t?!p )") /t7tr- 2s-ea1 'g
1:as >/./,4 4G." /!'n =,tr
')raz+a/ -,ae.wp"r.J ,9.6..r:S (ldtl ' 2
-"ay7*""7 ttl t,aq 7(.os r ua_ltacl?
6i."-"J2 F"2aq a{v,4!1/n = U"2
-; ataT/n
*
ry-fa-fdt ) *t, A,t s' " 6 i z. o - / ) 9r" 2 V I ( * r' o *1, a72
4 =

(F-a"1 *"yot,21 4fn g/ e.o + W2 r "ay') t'/' lfz

(R^g".1 atonLe) tfr g,t n.a +9V g +,7V2t./ . TJ

(F,t"1 d:qs gno.".'1",2; 2o.S X

g(y' *,n/) ='fA
""* Z
-; -m3tqqmla ,.,/oVs no1/
' "-ue a// 14! 7!ot 3
_4e1":,f* ,z*or'(fl !O) f* (aio )',uq/ '/.,/"
l.Vs .,(./
.oY f"drf*f t'-tt-4s
r,ez (q Lls fdltt*.t L*az?l d!.rf
s:'Vt'EgI u*Z * g'-,--'z'2ds-y /z-la?/ b -z
f,.,-'u >lt ryy (I) >qn.. \) 7nr1 -r
, Z ,f+ A ft ? o",7ez1ddo 7g
./.?,-4/ ro.'_/T*,7 f f"*l/ /O1' g
gtcPrns -
.>
?l:r. V-,."7 -'T{y'a"1 et"qo 1,."5 ,f+ "ld.7 -A
"/ ).*ttt ft.1 >^a1o Tras 7o 'Tltn1 -taz7S .f4 /-/6rl/ -
S
*_,/
"a 7 224ft rs Ll bn'1/ -7
(-,,+"j-./fls) gSA -t
': s uo.Va/<t te S
/
 ,:./, J . )

Mol;fpl Boa,j C-'1"';a1 E6"'.-

f)r. u,/1":^-y'. br.-y Q4tut, V ES y'ertu2L c/"nt"-//ro
Jl/.-,"-,r:L.fc / L"ry *-'/ Il: t!*iry rests{,o"zc ,L
+1",' f.;/-7c sur/*.. ;i ,-'/ LacaH o b"it
(L Lo/fon 'S
Fu^oroo"-. ra a//thz" /L L'/ o, /L. Lu./-'h; --2
bc izc/t e/ f a orc/cr 4 ta'L e "/1 /Ls' in t -s''4r"t
+1. /l/..;t A,-.d e7uafi; /"e'
/e-z1r'ty G'7az'25
le. s LS
'rl7"l'- F
^2io/./
/41 =c4 E. J. ;, *'(, lS 9z /r i6 1 ".r/B \rdt i

5. "
sB, 57= s/^.7" 2$,
"y'. ,
/8, 4r= a/Vl/- E4rs
/. , r'6, tn, /.>J-,n Lo/-'s
//., /i. /t,
0
B G?".;t f S.-.fv t (+6/bl. (-'1)
"-ry
y'._. t^./6- t) cl q
,J6, {or 4o^' (v; ,47r;
,/tr, C ,t/gt) *aa (('/ 4) .

Gen-J B enn'^3 G+"-u:tr :

/'/o"atan (1470) ?op"r4 7e.n"l bet*'"1 Ce1e<"t7 r6'

L.zL;LL i nJu/,1' .ti+L a-/* A'o ^ +; g LV, L-L' t '
chlll /'Lh'
a^/;ar/;nh,^ &jurr I rb,/'r'/ Iachr s '-'t/ b a*' laAr! '

./{
trr*=C/d. 9.J,;,j.1. nt/6 2r'e,i qbS p.st6t/t r+ itrb,
fo" 9to
\Jt" c"t/. ( t+ 5!*/,'=/.'-bi-g:) "6
lt '/. = 3-rnc oo 4.1.1-1 .

,.ty , t-c( /g_r) +are

5Lp. kct ts.. - (y- L, l/ors.n , V- A, r',4. ) .

5).".2g'/i hr4:o
sl&.' r*
+ 4, ?, *,,,=,. + e... t.,/-rst;1

tfr; ,*
$ sm+ , tt,,,= ,, !,*,4
tr;,,- or!). z7'e , tn,,,, t-o'/ E 7a.6
DeplL factors ,

/- Ey D/B S / ( I [--'/1,"a L.^ lJ'...s) '

.. t-rtt D
"/ a
46. ,+ 7,6aet t- sinai f,
tr, I E,, */( 4
d/ -- ..,/ O/6 F." &. o
2. E, o/a 7!
J, " / +o.Y +.;' (%i)
./5
 Zt A r\
,?;-zrJ.'
'
dr,, a z t*n 4 (t';;na)W*;' ( +))
lr= 4

t| l)"
-L -t lL
tait F- 4=o
d"' = o.+
/a/"' 7L f-"A, {an't ( Drfu) it irr raJ'o-'
Inrl,'*'A.-- hc*rt '. ,$, l/ansca
/. : o'5 - /.- H /Ar C-Q tr-' 4=o

t?. - ( t -/6 )/, /t/6 --0

t6, o,5 2

trr/, Ce G+e )

t*/...., ( H (f+-.t3 *G,4s')

h"ri z"vlz? htc
'|'"tJ vot hc"? E* ce '
2F, Ff/.Jle l-.+;'3 a't'ez C B'
7\ . |-Lc, , B'-- B'ze.-

o-7 H xm*^ol | = "

ir= ( t- ) '-'- AY bor) 2'r''lo-4
tr+ Ap G Gae

. t (o-l-r"/cto)H15
? ," sl"Pit^1 ?t"u^/'
vt 4r C 6tQ'

<,(;
-/ o"r\.
 220 FouNDArroN DESTGN
^NALysrs ^ND

The Terzaghi Bearing-Capacity EquatioD

One of tbe early sets of badng-capacily equations was proposed by Terzaghi (t943) as
shown in Table +1. These equations are sindlar b q.
(&) dedved in lhe previous section,
but Terzaghi used shape factors mled when the limitatio[s of lhe quation \rere discussed.
Terzaghi's equations were produced ftom a slightly modified badngtapacity theory devel-

TASLE /Ll
Bcaiirg.capgcity equations by the seyeral authors indicated
Tnaglti (1943). S Tabl! 42 for typical valEr lnd for rE valB.
Sd = cI"r. + ?r{e + 0.5?sN,, N" =
;R&iW,
- a=
'$1'-'Dh'
n =(n,-l)cold
. l."_4 r. _,\
N,=
' - 2 /\@'1 c /
For sk'p ound squ*
r. = 1.0 1.3 1.3
r' = l0 05 0.8

Mey.dDf {1963).. Se Table 43 for slEpe, deptl, 6d in linatior flctors.

Vcnical load: sd = .N.sd. +?N.sr.\ + isfB'Ntsr.ll
Itcli!.d foad: se - cN".l"i, + 4N'dcic + As'lB'N14il

rv" =..-.r",'fts+
\
9)
2l
x.=(rq_Dcorc
t, = (rv, - I)tan 0.4C)

lla.s.n (1970).' S.c T.bl 4-5 for sb.F, depth, and o$er f&to^.
Clleralt q :.N.sd,i,B,b,
+ 4Nas/ti$,b. +a.5r8'N:Jtdli'&b,
ehcn .t = o
ar - tlar.(l +r: +d:- i: - b'" B:,, +4
N, = erDe a6 M.yqhof abov.
N.=s{msMcyerhofabov.
1v, - 1.5(& - l)rarC
Vsi6 (1973, 1975).* S Table 4-5 for ih.p., de n, and othe. fetos.
Use Hanstrb cquations above.
1f' = saft a MeYeftol abov
N. = sam a! Mcyshof abov
N,=2(4+r)rand
rTlEe eth.& r4on. 0 rial P,w$ ro obuin dcsign b6c diDensioG 3ic wid|l! A ud
ldetn , e r@d.d b cmpue shap, d.prh, and innscc f&!o6,
lse S4. 46 *hd < l
';
 '(LBLE +2 TABLE 43
Bearing-cspacity factots for the Shape, depth, and hclination factors for
Terzaghi equations the Meyerhof bearing-capacity equations
Valucs of N" for 0 of 0, 34. ad 18 are origioal of Table 4-1
. Trzaghi valu.s and us.d to back-computc I(r7

O, deg tr
Shap: s, = | + 0.2Kpt
0. 5:t. 1.0 0.o 10.8
5 7-3 0.5 t2.2 r.=r,-l+olK,: A 0>10.
l0 9.6 2:t t2 14.1
l5 t2.9 4,4 2.5 18.6 O-o
20 t7.1 '1.4 5.0 25.O
25 25.1 tz.1 9:t 35.0
Depth: a, = t + 0.2 JK,i
30 3t.2 n.5 t9:7 52.O di=dr=l+O.lJKp; d>t0
34 52.6 36.0
35 5t.8 4ta 42.4 82.O d=o
40 95.? 100.4 141.0
/. 0"f
45
48
tr2.3
258.3
t13.3
28t.9
291.5
780.1
298.O Inclinalion:
'.=,"=[-evi
50
./'Y',
347.5

= L5r +
415.1 rr53.2

|. {Se T.@thi ( l94l). p. | 27.1

800.0
. ,'=('-frI ir-0ford>0
d>0
0=o
wige r, = bn':({s + C2) as in FiB. 4-2
, = ln8le of r.tultanr lR maurd tmn ve.dcat widoul
asiSi;ild = oallii = 10.
a,LD = pevioGlydefincd

TABLE 4-4
Bearhg-capacity factors for the Meyerhof' Hansen' and Vesi6 bearing-
capacity equitions
Notc tlrt lV. and /v, de the sse for all $re. mlhodsi subscripts identify aulho. fo. Nz

N,t"t Nxn Nrl1{" 2.and,(l - sin4)'l

0 5.14* 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 , 0.195 0.000

5 6.49 1.6 0.1 0.1 o.4 o.242 o.146
l0 8.34 2.5 0.4 .0.4 1.2 o296 o.241
l5 10.9? ; .3.9 1.2 Lt 25 0.359 o.294
z0 14.63 6.4 2.9 2.9 5.4 0.431 0.3t5
25 20;tl 10.7 6.8 6.8 I0.9 0.514 o.311
26 2225 I1.8 '7.9 8.0 12.5 0.533 0.108
28 25_19 14.7 10.9 l.2 16.7 0.5?0 o.299
30 .30.11 18.4 l5.l 15.7 22.4 0.6t0 0.289
12 35.41 13.2 20.8 22.O 30.2 0.653 o.216
34 42.t4 29.4 28.7 3l.l 4l.0 0.698 o.262
36 50.55 31;t 40.0 44.4 56.2 0.746 0.241
38 6t.3t 48.9 56.1 64.0 71.9
' 0;l9l 0_231
40 '15.75 64.I 794 93.6 t09.3 0.852 o.2t4
45 113;13 t34.7 200.5 262.3 271.3 |.007 0.172
50 26r.50 318_5 561.4 81t.7 1.195 0.13 t

| = r+ 2'slnnehc.0- 0P

Stitht diff@c.r in .bovc labl. can bc obhin d usinS P.osnm BEARING.EXE on distcrc dep.diry on com'
pucr uscd and wbrri.. or iot it ha n@dns point-
TAELE 452 TABLE +5}
Shape snd depth factors for use in ither the Ha$en Tabl of lndinatloD, groun4 end base factors for th
(190) or Vesid (1973, 1q75r) bearlng.cspacity equrtions Hansen (1970) equ.tlons. Se Thble 4-5c for equlvalent
of Table +1. Use x:, d: l'hen O = 0 oaly for Hansen Vestt e$rsdor$.
equatiotrs. Subscrlpts al, V for Hs$e& Vesl6, Espectively. Groolrd lictor' Ole or .lop.)

d', = o.4k (C = {f)

rH
r;=05-Jt-7/.'- .a'
8.-ilF
,',", = o.2B; (6 - cr\

*",=r.o*f; 4 k=D/8fotDlB3l
8.-r.0-#
,"-*.f; k = tsin-t(DlB) lot DlB > | '.=h-,,1fi
. l. o.sh T'
',=t'-wqcornl 84 - 8, - (l -o5onBf

dr=l+21!bC(l-sidC)'z*
',('D-r.o+;sinc
B.* f.cloE (dt!.tl t $.)
",,,=r.o*f-6
',. l.l' a1&
v+Ar"cot6)
4'
147.
(+-o)
,*t=t.o- oeBU 4 = 1.oo for dl O

-Oll
.' l. ta? - 4"/4'.v)mf1 b"=r-frf (4>o)
",,",
= r'O t v+
^rc,cot9
)

br = .xp<-zhraf)
l. Neuot".fiativ. b6o ditsi@ t'.,'by Edsd bol no.tt v6ia.
2. v.lu.. .bovc & 6sisr.nt {itn cithcr . wnic.l loid or ! rqijcal locd aconp&
Tbc
oi.dby!hda d load tl,,
3. Mtn r kni..l lo.d .n<t . Io.d t'r (3!d .ith.r tt, = 0 o. IJ, > 0) you my ndvt to l. U& Itr $.ihc tr d ti,6 both if |'r > 0-
complENo * ofshaF,r.!d r'r 4 r|', 14! ddAr,, d,],, Rr Lsrbsipt ofEq t!.
l4-2r, pt.$tcdln s6.4-6,w @io L'IB'd UL'.
r-,
2. Itqs (1970) did !o. 9w d ," 10.6 > o \Ele &.w tu ion E.!M (1961)
.rd sl$ \.dby V.sid.
3, wi.blc.a - be dn rior\ d tle od4 010.6 !o 1.0 x be cdaid.
4 R.rs !o sla.n for ldldnccioo of ilglq rr $d t, f@dng d.flh D, hlot of
i lop of b& !L!; uudtt.ls pDd@! @Eicilr). &pei.Ut el!
(p.nlt l aid 'll
V - fo@ er,,i r. b.* dd ! @t lhc qulbtlAod obhili4 Vrnd t/.
 Nos:,+4 90' (Both p 6d tl b.v? signs (+) showt )
po TABLE t|.s.
Tsble of inclinatto& ground, and bas facaors for
the Vst6 (1973' 1975b) besring'caPaclty equatlons.
See notes below and refer to sketch for ldentlfcatioB
of terDs.
cro'rnd fscldrs (D$e on slope)

1- 1---:::j-* (d-0) d=t P h Fdians

' At..Nl
t- fticrion egl.
ba$ ald ton (.5t <
b.l@
d < 0)
i:t"-ffi (d>0) &=n-# c>o
uB>2reh.- t.5Ot-r1' i!, and n dcnncd b.lov i{ &fin.d wio i.

.4 z bsse

t,=lt.o-n;ffi61r
ldn sion (0.6 to 1.0.)

s,=s,=(1.0-idP),
B

I Be foclorc (6lted DN)

- E', (C - 0)
b',

--u ' L v+Arca@t9J

2+Bh
. fu,. .ii'n
29
a " ,- tla6'A
t. fu
bt = b, - (l.O- qtaa4f
/'Fl
|lt
\ l" F-t
n - tuI=
2+ uB
ilAE

,"+ t. wldC - o(.tdp r0rux' - -2ri(:p)inN' tdo

2 c.npurlt - urtho& - Itr(npqnl'llo')udr't.wht!tr -

x 0tps'rr.rt a). ydnd.b.rn a""oao.*^ - '|fl',1.x"

F@tibs t v
\ ,//, 'r
\\---,--,2 I
!e of t .Id t @1 A'. l'.
D a Refd lo Tabl. sklah ud T.bla 4t4, rd rem id..dncado!
d Tcm lv.. llr,.trd lit & id.tlificd b T.bL + l.
ClDp ll 5. V.sia !tEy! @ d. b.sings!6ciry .qu.tioD gi@ in Tablc +l (us a
ir thc Xr r.m .vd whcn |lr - Itr)
6. & rn < r,0fordnpurinsir,i (dw.yt
G*t^/ ktjtrs ( ba, ''
sn gLaP.l

3o-- 3t= ( t- o-5 ta- p" )t

a,v-- l'
Jc --:-
r.ff
q'
= e / t71 't-Jr Q--o
t/ h.r;it*.? g^' / 7i = ' lk bru '-/
(!) : t/o/e ,'/ +Ae nJu--? TnuJ a tc'/ lrar.
E"hin'
$ ,o. f-."?-, ' Lh / tc"/ ld* ) '
/r. 7"/t'r/" fuv &=o
trr A-ri4,*t-? gn,'^/ b" J a.O.
b"= l'r"/tvt
b7, by. ex.P (- Za +ar4 A )
i = ,o/;on' t-" b6 '

s-/' b*';y cc?aa'ty. ' tA< re k'',*al u"'&<

t-" obt.', lL , , s'l+/ ''L5t4/m:
k, tr,tt /a14,t be,a'l.i/r/ bJ o krfu "'/
t*"?)7:2.Yn-.-- 4 J*,( ;n6,o/'n rt'r
lv E*^J"z,-,' Ga, be iryl-J/i ''/ e/cplL f#f:
'2 ", if !
yr+t o
A7"2"'17.
1Y,l-'ff ,{ q'
1.
d r.J ti lLe 4 ?rost u"'/t''< y' u ;ffi,*
Cwss (hW) Ptusrv'trc '-
fL"'t inJu/'t Presst'1/c'
- E*J"ht^',I':-*'
@tl<i*' .tt*^.-{ L-oot-t9 (4 lL,u't/t
<-

,q).22",- i1 t"g oJ ik 4l /)'t";z "l

444 va
 ;J,;t,>
- zt/.2 frcssu're '- i s lL in/r-'.si/7 "/"*lun'y'
L,/ J th< baa< d L"hy (exel'/;Y Yl".J*J
,.'u3U ./ fL oboue SoiL).

./oy'", fL l*y, aVa-'a1y 7t (f*l ''re bo+J

on gtDtt SuiL Pre'sst'te "">L;"1 is e"-"t 4'Uy a'.bo ua
//,. n",Z-*-^- /.'u'4 ' Sc-/ /eza a'''/s a'7g Catae/ o t'\'(/
by nal 7nr,.r4,aa 5 rn SoiL Pre ssu'lY 44e (L e'as44
6 ,rur buno/., Pre tsu+e .

,q
lb '7
nd),,/t=rulro,, rd, -fA-/ = (>'//' 1'' 106 z/5-f06;o'sf
, z,/a . {Dg (.1/5-r).r o-s fB//r.
Fa"t'or of S-FIY :

f)t fo.frr "T 5aFf7 G.S: + sh'nf.'/"-

,,u;+L rc4Pc<-+
/a taras ./L * 8 .. (fi,)"rt
is J"7L2.
^r "'l n
".1*i*.1e
r7 r'&
t g='! "t! 3:'a!!:--
t7
\ On,,r ) aJl
/
\ 1-
v,1.,r, ),e -tDc
/1
rJ!'a!
oY (F ot/
.17r,,,)'l* -YD' +YDr= +dL
9n,, )
Fs
tF //. e-xt<'<za-6.a^- ;s s'tbrTtc-ul/Z b"46/J {4
o rnS*^z/ua ?re-sdk-r.e (f'Dr) s )v"'/.l b,
a-7a';'7 t-? 4
"//./
(6,D",u
:"7fl. /eq*tle/ E.-h" 4 s*/zl /'4ads on
' -
,- +f1"6 S lruzlarye ( Pe<,n e"-ae'l o- 1n4 otuA ) '
?- 9e-^a' f;.i/y -f Sn-"1"...
3- e-*4"---f 4 E,;L eP [o ra-'t''orr
"d,y ar'+;d"t d a d
q- t^o*-u- 4 G a ss tt+-1p$an v^Je ir

{L d-4ra' qq
5-.-</c"/ 4 f"./zy G,,A-( dur;g 6nstrc^.hbr.
t- lr;s r-aan..o[."]^al.-,,1 L-LJ-, 4 t4oT sL"L.{
L;c- b"j-".,n f,-z - "rl
fffr.l o{ al*t,-rfo,b/c an B.c.
fl- zrbou" cqs. ./ B. c.
/1, osr,*,plio, lf-
baa..y' on
lhc auler tdl/c is l.c-"/"/ r.tt// be'Io-: ?Ac f."^.4t;
Hou,te,,<.r tf '/L cJ.lI cLrc 4 //"4 h".r'"hr-,not-tg
r-1,['r..-X.^-- .6 lL b*;y,a7."''/7 t'-,;l/ lc
/?e^/,g on y'), /oro-t:.,- oF lAz p.-lnn t'b/e.
aul ^'r.e.L
-&e! :

.l /L r"-lrr. f
tF G.u.i'
Qt-t- u
2n../ /,",*z 6 A"/-. 4 -
fL r.,.ntl /*- 4 8.r. 'f-r. C-atc ! _v_
a-,ill b6. Q,J -a-
$ = f,t*6, Ds ( [ub=Yt.t-Y.).
"*-/ n* Y -6 rL+L\'4 +.,-...r:$ bc (.b.-4-
- Ce-1. L ,
tl f,.Lt.T obo* .fk b*u4 /'.*J'h"^ L--1 ^1 /q*tL Q,
, h-l- ,f {L fez.^/ fc-rc t.t\tl te '
b ,D, * (r".b D.
Y,
a^t/ +L La-efi. f 4 .4.- l\t"ot +u,* ".r.\\ !" Ks*!.

-G'*c,
rF G.o.Tebo* J fL b*4 tr'-d.Ji."- \./c1t.6F-41--
iulc b- vt2.c
a / lL f".fry r-/ ./L /1.;r/ f'-t"-..>itl be Ys"b .
 .t"-' ''

-Gte(:
tf G.ud o cJr/ bJ^r ll,.bot. "/ L".l"d-^ / Jcp]/^ /er
t

lba B (d(B). fLn 6 E -tt"- ^:;t/ b b 'Ytor b

B"/ 'r'L H--L.y- t' t, /lu ykr/ *e.t',^ w.uzl bc r4laa-/
/ozf'. T
Y= {s-b+ a
( 4 -Y",a)
-Qc{: ,,t ,
/f 6Q.T "./ ^ /"p/A b".L- { }u b Al<. r', u-d4-tJ-r^ tt-.t .
L-o tt

+L.., Bq dZB) . f1* tJ".tc*J ill t'-o-e t'. o/r/ '-l' "'
be..r;,y c-Pzt aY e? b--t;-*- '

Fx, ,4 51u-4' fr"/4t'- oF l't)t)'5 'n in pbnc a-s

5ho-o in 53 ' beA.o oilh soiL Topul;es ' Dof cr n;n e 1l
a//oo-b/e qross L a'o/ on /hc E" vJ"z;-- ''ril l" Fs -i (c)'
-
Asruro, 4- /e?t/, r/ /1" LuJ.-t-* Df lo be t'on'
I
t-- ---=-------'*
1.1,ot.3..t/. +a.J6 ro.v tr B/r l;=,,^ l"li:Eiit,
8"" e=2; ,."2.-t17, y'5.7.v,-Jr'r
u*,.= 1.3*t5.2,
? t7./ + (t x t?'8 )(7''/) +o'V (/7'8)(t'5) (6)
= 3
r/?.'' t /3 t./z t 53.1/ = 537-87 = t35 /" az/''z
q
ba.// -
Z* - /t2r + f,D. = 535 -t7.&tr.. 17.8r l.o. tz/7.1 4
z-1 e
(J = b.r/ 'n
,l
- tqv./ " l'5- =33 1 l4'1J '

5t
f X, t4 s7a-.rc L"^/.A*- is r.lunrJ t- ?agoa,u
t--"/ -/ i(o kl uill, a Foc6, uf 9ofly-fitsl
fA, So;l prape.ttic-s a-re sL-..:n ii b. bel.: ' tT +/he
-aviji""-(- l,"t< .
e xca.udfr'r- ,Jtl b. bazl( E-lte"t 6 iLs
De4.rm)ae a su.'l-b/e s,'le Er fA. l-r,'4"X;^.

t.5n'

--l'

Itnu),tr. 1.3
-e
/ + lD p ( /6-r) + o'y {s"4 B .l/y

f-rp.z3" .dB-- z-o ,

't/y' 17

6*t ' D y t(f ttr( /?-t) +o lv (r?.t-ro)B ttl

L/7o.7, f 57.70
= tar
^
f, '- \Lt'"tt )utr A4o.6 ?57'78 = ti4.s y9.zB
-11
t:. s
) 50
= 154.9 r11.?-B
Rr 3
S{o = ts6.3 Bza n.z B

FX' 4Q"lry 2t- 9luaqa is Lc.4"/ ^'t ^J"p+A --f,

l.?.it ia S:/t7 so'^/, tAe s 5h21L V hecT e'r*t-<'{._
b.j ( = 3oLPo.4--3s' -T)-*el^q*e- '1L.-t/-l-',*.-de
b"Ly a-p'.c;+7 4 "\ *3..l'.(S B'-'{r. rf /. rBr<'u/i
sJ,
' t* q =3t" , ,En^ a.4t. c-/ 2.-- vr-t , zt/5. st.t, y'g=2l't
5.. t+o.L f +-n'(vr232-, t8*) = t.738
5tr.9, = /+ o-t f ton"(qt*TDL*\ -- t'36s
,17 = t + fue $ = r+o-, t/""'1q5, i)t!)
".t = t'24
5z
 41J ''
Ja=/n= /+o,,Er2 : /io'! f +o,'(vs*!J)][fff=t'ta
7"1r, t.u.1. /. . Z r'6 sr d6 r o'5 tr g /1/t srdy
- 3a (/tt)(/- 73', ( r- zq) + /'1t (/8) ( 3 3't) ( /' 3(c) (/'/2)
+ 0.5 (/3) ( 2) ( 37.t) ( t'r/?) (/'t2)
- 2r3a'5 , r//8'8 + /ozz-7 ; SlSj'zl''u/i
Qo/"t f, 7A3vl--( Egs tT d=--o
56 =SY =1
cl
6 . d-y : I
t4e -- +a4'( vs n|l ) .

fx' /aoL- tL 6t+ ex ' dst^J G' B' c ' E6

(*'i +'vL)"/-!)
'

&'- t.r &v"; - ,.1 (tt) : 78's

G, Q'ts" y'z =q6'l ztz6=17' j z'zY ' Zt't
4./o' /z . 7 5.t /E- //.) /r = trq's
f-" 4 , lg- s + tls;y 'lra"7 Jrl'zpoLh'n' "y't =. // ' f y
..t/6_s/."3
ltr=65'/a
5o. y'y /6 R , ta!:2a 3- =r.J:.t
y'L a d('slr 1
5r= t* B 6^4 --t.ta'+^L38's) L3-) --t'??t
br= ) -o Y E -- t- o'7 )- =a-4
0' L

a/c. I to.rJZ zl+o-/ /'2s =l't;

d6' ,+ zt-- 38't a/- s;h 3g.l)' -!E = l-tvt
clf. t.
e// ,f.+l:,. i, 9.L : 4 5';,6 v6a /,'a-( I'rce ' oy'2"'..^i-
53
lvbt*// /JorihZ.-2 o-/ bcq. -/r..-./,'1 )rne"ilc"E/.
7* . t3o) ( d/. 14( /.31t ) ( /.1t)( t)LL) ( t) + Lte (r.9)
(5/-tt ) ( t-77t) ( /./qt) (r)(t)(1) +oSCt8) (z)
( /s.r3 ) ("'6) (t)(t)(t)(t) =
. /tt3.3? LStl'L? f fu1 -7Y
-- 7?7?. v6 l"z/t-1. 7 L zvov.
-l
5 k.- Pt rj't fJe'";g 4.o-LZ l-, (&.")
t- f,ru-1ru=f l+o-z B
L J[-.JsLa?
rtl
2- f,,, a/.p'rl
.6
,\

L .!/.
D
/*o-zfrJtP.Jr*A*.
t- f- a.pn 2- z 'z'T

[,2-t.. 1o : /.;C,4Jse..,-
lC,

q ,lplqnc/lde
vo'h.1 Ly
a
i *iro polnhin

,/"
6

? tl ,
t 23
D/8
5k.'..pkui _rl a-l
.ValUtLt /4./< kl 2-t Qu= o
 2.J ''
{cce^}ria,//y Loo/4 f,.^/"n;u
/n r"uu"-/ A4q, huJJ;s qrt {k'hc.l"/ b-Lo. /" t-'ome4)
in "//r'L,'" t" 4c vert;a'( L.Z ' es sL.''^ i'^ EJ 'Tn
5raL g4a , .rh" lstr'i,-a-n A"*/"n'"
o'/ Trecs'+<- b5 +Tt
on lh" SoiL ; s n-4 Urn lnr^ ,
.*/ c.'^Le 2;u-t" Yi "-
qO+
b rtx --
2n;^
6wt + 1t4
'=': - .a
6L 13 V83
(z=*t*)
L,rL"-., Q--A+,-( r/erA'L--/ (\12c, L""L
M - M ov-a'4 a^tLq V"-J"rt--
rt p-14 \|
() / t+ (e, + 6er -q'/
--
e )
6^.:= aLr'- a
-

ri\ ra
il CJ

tsa ls+
ezB/t 4)i r:JL -*
7 r ;;.-;1;u. My

)
3L(B-ze y
f" /efer-)oe tlru Jt;^"{e L'J tl's ll''c soiL c<a be 9u.//o/ teA
h L^&'y A e1etl"'f i Pro'cctu4\ <,* be aA. yle/
su-L +,J/n"'l ,
, lht a're< -/ lk l'' +:a is su;tqbtl rr"lv<eJ' o
S
In /L', m r-lL"/
tLJ tL /oo/, be'a- "o GncenlrJ'J '77' ofrt');ua Lo h9 cl,'ncasi
R'= B-2ej., L'- l-2cr 2 4t= B'L'
2t
 9E
'(zt't ) (rtz.t) (r'tt) (rt )O/ )s'o +
'z/'t)(tbz-/ ) (t.tt )(8r21t.-12 + (11./)(6sr)(/-2,r )Pt) "4
a
z/-t = ort J1r= I
7h/ r
tz / '- -.2 o+7 = (-dI - t/-
s t-/ l(-lltts)y/'t !1 z'o+ | ' 2tl
tl, z'l a
2'l tr**rtlz-+7t'oot -'frdT t.o1 / -- "t,lS
Ls./.+vtrj7* "--/J z.o+/ = * ,, z.o+/ .'>5
-.1)
' ,11u.o 7nr*aV'l-t t- t
)fts ]rr,,rJ s'o t- 9, St t/. 3 * 'f ^a/44 "l-19/fl
'5 ',.7") '
-'( -- (q.o)z -Z = ')Z - 7 = -,,
n2'l ' (L'o)1.'z = 422 ^ ,l . .fl
{//4/ B,.A
?ooh
tll"t . z VB \ z'e ' -fi=a
rt1.e
.( -oog
- 14 |
,r-'toog
"y! at l'. 4. ft-ey nn,
. E=9y p,a- tl.7w4 oo$
=y.1 f24c"4 1l
-ilr
:a.V aoOh =P -Poq -..g27-.'-,71 ',4" p1 tl 1./
-1--ns 41,y' 7./ p l,-/a7"o
'9r1 >y ,lor" , x-7

'Y//7/'B 2'WO : al:r?y' 14

-t , t

"e"'"fZ'".y' ..t f-.(* f-r-l "ft7a /z?.f 1J

' ,g 7/:- a
a>Vdat op -.7---7
{4 |/eLF'''4!14 taf/P
1/op ^aJ/
,a+f*t uo.?:'\ tl-r t pf-"y-yne '*1 *?-f-.,-,(Ap-11 10
2z?ld ! p> F"t "q a1 az-o-t1 ( ,g )y+rr.' *,gn//'
.,
7--1 31
'v1E-'1 ,+y.n/h ' stlza' pl.-7s ./- t o,.{/'or f..ta ry}
t / l/. '-/
l,k ua(,g)'ln
F*e ...'.Ly-o-t, L, .t.g v! r.,@* FJ|TI :

D
' -fi=4, .--.i-.r--.t
"vv a
 ZJ..
= zlz /. 7 r /ott.7 + 7trT - B = L/583.2 Lp,
f sgB-? - l.tr(B) * t.zs(13) -- t S Yf .r lo/t
17 rn,,) ., ' ?

iL o./u-i &;l I
OtttJu4. aw S,"L
r-A -
oauf /Lfo L/e \ lrqr.vtt
77, (/.6)(L)

f/t Z tqkery n ;s l'8xl'8 n t":iL q o'q1o'/'4

fo-*.2[a-h-,
97 ua.,,;e cJuz-a ' l+-is LoJ/ otitL' a'^ a<""4 L'^/ --6
)8oo k/ *^-/ Mt-4eokln,, My=s(o h/'''' Un'/ro' t'J /n'a";o
tqLs 2'v, 4.s/' e^e/c=a toP^.1L ,L'/''V /"'p/4 Or= )'8m' .
n/ 4t r" l'o^ gn^fi*o
/ . t1.o,,-/n3 ,'rL "s-fq l-b'le is of o/ElL s't'3'o
uA..-,f is lL q//o"lo)/c soi! < ?r-srt!'r
usiS l+aa s<r
.il '
ba'ri,3 q4+ 7. -ilL B/. Ll '
YIt

cx-- ll- ' 3/o - o-a n <9'// T lu'

e
A lfot
Yli- . ?io , *
1,8, :r ''r'
--t Io.lt
J
/0x
x
ey --
a
o.ze < B// tL B'
t go"-

I3', B-ze, = l-,9 -z (o.2;) --t.3 r

ha o"9

L'= l-2q. ).9 - z(o'z) = t'L/,4 M7"3/a kN'*"

t A /c
hbd +./b/. v-v )f q='o-
-

/r/,. Sr , zr'5t=g , ,<zr= le Dl.tsn .l3ot9s

/g /'tt. " a.7tt LLa44 l/'5;h4)=o'zrl
9, - t + ( /e/,<t" )( R rt:) = 1 o.1 Yt (rt/t.v)
1

-- l./7 &u=36o C=2elzPa

4, = l+o.vP/B -- lt o.v (l'9/l-8) = t''/ (t={=t8 At'r/n3
S6- tt (B//L')sinQ z l+ (t"3/t.'4) s;hil"' t'st
dg' t * 2 *a,'4.( t-1;n 4)z O/B.tf o'zt/? (t'o).'= t'yi
5r= t+o-/ I- = t- o'v /'7 -- o.6z ,/ dt .t'o
''' ./,, i; . 3n- = L- , l-o .
57
 7,*. cl,/- s. /, +E /t * J7 + o-s y B'4 + /r
_- 2a(st)( t. (s) (t-.-t)
a1.g (tB"o)(39) (t.st) (t-?t) +
o.S ( t8.o) ( t-l) L'/o)Lo-(2) ( t.o) -

pS + L?o __ Sa t.? hpa

= zet? + Z3
k f.s = t , 7,t/-- sa?g/t -- /6?a k't//t-?
D* *"1--l bit prectvvt qo.-f= +: . g:" = ?pey'.,,/,,'
B\ L, /.3,r1.q

" /oo/;+1t -/ tt 64t-/tzt/ Loa4J

L<2ti h -L --

ln,l'"./ -vu ptu /ut./ ",rh.n

r')u L.hy ;s L"./.r' co;+L bo+l
a.VetAz4( l,r) a*d a h.ori aordo/ 6mVoneal ( H; I ,./ L^2,'O.f7t;
L""/'y is Qmr+an y'* r^-S i\dluArir-l Ptvr-rs f'o!-'3 " oh"re h--v'' l.*'
ui^/ LaJt a,n. ;n Qmbn^*in "ei/A lra-;ly Loy's.
)h ge4,e*--/ Q4. -y' it'./r7.ot L "d7y ilv,ft ;( a h-r;2"44
omTtna+^t Fa,ra //4 q ezL box" /;n.^ao, o/.-/-zd o+
"
, -- /o f..rz.t/*/ a'/. 0 a/,'mc^61,
L/=Ht /' , r L i, ,

Ar oH6 , ?,,8 , r-6.gti;.0 atz a'/r/ = V' u

E- Ht -- a Q.t , it.t , ir, * a'r'/ -- /-o

Us;y ;nc/'t"..7i-,- L./2" t t 4ry"fc, He*rrea sL.V, Qar*t

4vQ=o
s!.0 .o.zB;-.a / L ,5:., =o-2L;".r/6
3,.8 = ' ,.U- .Sfu
|'ai-&- L'
, 5.., -- /-o,'t/z
4/. - L-14
B'

5r.n = l.o, lthQ.B;;7-n,/L' 3?.r. , 1s;ttQ'f ,r.ty'n'

S[.rl = I - o.y';r.n - o''/ [ )r.r/B
/L',r." Sr, ", ir.o
L; n; la,zJL" 6fi 7t o-6 ( tr lcst +l-a o-6 lle< 0-6 ).
 2-,J.)
/2."-r. u+.y';n4.e f,/'-tg t"'a/r.{'u'h>n' oF/L H"'t'u
baz';g eP"-Ly V.
/
e - -4* +o.5(8'/< t' ')
6uk=(.4s..o4 /".a o. o.6 ,
r / 6 p.6"/ri v -r.u t.u
/l
\
Eu1r.czz. s..,/, r..,+ E /6 tf-y'B i, + o 5 tr B Pr Sr., i r.' l

LQ. 4u s,,.. t/.n ,Jo. 4 [u, e^P& L1 +tl''a 4$t

4rrrrc F-'r41 ?r"sru,e t^/ 8*'nYaqa"-/Y '

ullA Lod G-pono f a bo* nat / Lt s'l'"tb /e o7o;nn

/.ati a./^-/
borl s-/,/,ly -a/ lea,ny aP*'L/ '.5' :'/'-/s'{}'' 2"n"r-1
u,

ce41 be L./y;*c t x-g t -.72,r s,./-tS

y'-'""+"t sf' I s'f z i@4/4ll/E5''1

H -l/+"n5*c'B'Lt ,L
,,Bo,L____ZVl__ ,sr.
/2p = tTfop +7eD{6
Fl, Gron A 2tz14 squa< 'y'acA'g aa 5L*51'^!5 t'-l-'"'r '
A.. (L&,ty f'-rnt:,,t a/aqu./e /-'lL a'vou Loo/ tf
Fs--t. Ltx //anr.n ' !/c't;z ,AZr4 6 /-.rz-7)'; 7) t '
P= t,oo k J

Qr =o's-
3--:y r= t 7-5 Ar.,r,,t
4..s"
C -_ zr hp..

\5q )
- L/aog.orr1n"/L/: -
z4tsuo-phort, 6= e Q--C D= o.Jra t s *t// ue./,,-) -

Al- BXI -- >rL=E,/42.

7',1 t.
hrt+ 4trroO r {;c/, ^j talty / a.*-c{ ng/eay' pa-cstuz prvsdu,ty fp L, D.".

f*^. -- /t 6 * Ub.cl
x zi-7 6oo.ja.-t L;- -r?a. B k.11
1. ty'
/lf ,tdr17G4./,ry3/z,b;tt) = Fp,ax/a -_ jh.8/ ,. 4.? 7t.; o.k.
F^n to,LL t/-"/ ,fiy e--.y;-
.1. = ?o.7 , nufr = ro.7 , 4y -- 6.3 , 22/,tt . o.fr.
z-*a.acp ( tr s;nQ;2
= o.t, , D/a-o1Q/" o)v,=o.3/z -- <>.t
5J *pl| &*4,s a/ ,
c/tr=lo
alc = t+o.f D/g. = t +o./(a.3./zJ ,l.ot
c(6= t+ 2 bn <Q { t- s;ap17 (D/B)=tia.3y b.t6) j.ovl-t t-o:
=
.f ;^.d ;qcl-t --hon F--e-.|-or s i ,.

Vt.,4, C4 GtQ -- /oo .a- (zxt)7 xr) e+a{ , /oo + zt/..7=gtq

,-zc,..,ill u+< 4poneq* s Z /." i/ al V ;, ,..s l-.1. .-/ G
) .

o'S/n -r3 - ,
'la =l '-
I/+/rQGj+J--
',rg
[t t - to't
=
-7/vi)Ho l' . I -{ o.r-,o/qsoltz""t/ary.ut =
vr+At ectet _ t_ o.d3t24o)/Etr.vl=olrtt
ir.r, l.o ( ttn,, lr.o.o).
/'C-n --r'-'?
' ,b -, o.6zt-( t-o.675)/( /o.v-t) = o-/.//
-o-,
/,J SA-/" ,Q'bm :

56.6 =t- + + =,/ + a,5tt/f -,/.jL? 2(o.6"/)f/2

5
a.o = / 7 sit (+) - / + s;hL5' f2(o.61q) /2.of . t.?a5
"
6o
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- o'r ft 2v a'/t/)f(2x t)f --o' 3's7 o'L
8B
t - o.v ( ?t-
Lir-t l- t

);"J bazu Io'ohc b :

F* l=/ao = o'/7't to*'t"s
-- /- 2" / tv7" = I' /o/ tlJ =
o'?3
I
eip (-z +*- 4 ) 4pf,-.2(ol?;.).(1a47q))= o'3/c
O?^
Iv'') = , =
xr4s'-6'4t6
tr.R = .np i- z.i 2 +"-at: s-7'1 -- o.8oz

LJc C)- ,,-o s,zL,s 41/-/- z7t fl- He'<-'t eV' tza/zU /1''4 '^:;/L
a iori ton-C-/ Zn-^/ s *,4^2, *// fri = 'l (t''t o'o) '

fur,t'r. .,.u do6 f.o b..a + ts Ai l.sdt.ait.u o*.{r"ffi,

|,Jr-- zE tz-.lX t.321)( r'o{ ) (o'6'/t)1o'?3) + o 3( t7 t ) ( /o'7 )Lt '28t)( t'f,syo'tc5)b'S
+ o. 5 ( t 7- q ) ( 2' o )L 6'3 ) ( o'3o'.)\t' a) @r(8 ) ( a'8 az)'t

= ?3?.tt"3-?rs7-/ = 5tr-r /'Pq'

tt-t;i1 Es / s.".
?,r= f.,t/s = 5/;'t/3 =t7t'7'= r7a bP"'
P.^--r,. = 4V x f = (ts xL) 74 ' (L*z'ttko)= /8o !oPn'7 / oo o

Voz;. mrlA./,
b.? , .t/2-- /a.7 ..'r'y : lo-? , /"/'v. -- o'3r?
/1/. =
t4o+.4 ( t-s;a4:;z - a.3t/
sL..o" Lo/r- t o-rc ,
S. - /n lL -.'.,
. O) = t+ a.sty1zlJ = /-sttr.
u"
-
)t . ,, u-A , / r (L/z) +--,4 z;. l-lrt
+
66,/-o'/ 4 = t- o'/(r'.) -- o' 6'

\6 {l
 d"Vl l E. . y'l
t e o-v s*z,c c e,a He.t toot
"1,
a/"= t.o6 /b_-).,>S , c{y=t..
It./;^.*l>, [-2,L, s '
P' Zt B"/t' - 3 t-
) 1-B7L' /* L/z

trzr/rGGl 4 = B r/. L/ /<^,.: L.t /.

t-,
'/'' = I ,- (t -u"/8/4/ ) : o. /sr
t4.47c-G*4
l. S+l
t_ = I /_ H (, -'L./ ev.u) = o. V?y
Ltr y'r
vt ----:i''
Q6*a
Q6*aJ
=

t'. - iz- /-iz = o./<r-t-a'6rt o,6ti

' (-t to.1-l =
/a* .F.*-c-h.s j :

b.=t-2O t.o ( s;nr. (3=o 3>--*45Lp").

s.t "/ I 4e
=
b t= b", ( t -, +-.d - ( 4^ o.t7i +.rrcj - o}q3
5k4sit4e. i'^ t')c4;c e-7,.
7*p = cr4 9. /, ,. b. + fr2, sr4, t, br+ t trts ln so4r ;r 4
c t/
b* -- 2; (2o. / ) ( /. s/r) ( /. 06 ) d + o-3 ( 1 ) (
( a. 6 te) ( t. 5 t o. 1 ) (r ) ( l' os) b'6 6'
( o.3r3) -r o.s (r7.i) (2.o) ( to.q) (o.d) C r.o)4oq7,/) b.8/i
= 5/4.t r/7.2 t q7.7 > 6o?-s LP.
3"1 , tntn/ z5 -- 6o/.s / s - 'za3.z
=- 1-a a L?q.
rt ..t /
_ Ztzt Tcrlol mcJ44 '
"/z
o/e 2?+A.r/ 4.'
'
I -.c aY-
^JD,/a'= "-'y' J;, "v l; /-/ ba-t b [4t
L, 4 =?i' 7/d' .'h. o-s /2'o = o-tf
,fA = lz"z Lq;'*4J"5 = |-a 546" = t-S / ; 1"2 = 2-?/ 7
| 6zt
 i4 tt! 't
(BoqtL P z'd'>
5.e /tl7r.r)"/ Vs h 4) 4-t d lzobrt in fub)c 4-z
q6t/) (2/?) --)'7t
. =.1.o > 56'6n',/t-o'l A += | +ot (2'
c/,. ta" ; /6 Q = I + o.1 ( t'57)(o /5) -- /'o5
46= d, = t + u.'t 1,/Vl ' 2 t'o2
=1,co't(/'57)(o't5)=

/9L ./ rwi**-t e ^ (zz,afteo) = t8'{"

e - r'a4.,-, t H /f) = /o.--/

i.- .i2'
'tr. t ^' -'a ( r- /8'//?a' ) = o' 6 3r
r -e/r;)i=
t t - "/+\ = ( t- t{'y /'L6)' =o'06? ': o'6'7
.' 7",/r-- c-,u"5./, t <" ,tl/EEtdrbl'o'f f,B t/r3r4( rr
=4(4'?) ( I )tl'os)(o'6?!) +o'3 C t7 'i) (to 7) ct'1t) l-02)(o'6
+ o's (/ /';-) ( 2'o) ( {'>)( ('s) (t' oz) La'o1)
= 3?q.a t- q5.?+ 10'/ = i11'1 bPl
's = 3 -- / 33'3 * 13 o lz'Pe '
' 7&/
7.1 3cs-1 ,/

- a--Z1k 7aJ>" . Fa Q'-t; ( ln* &lc /-z B-Jqh"z )

./L/. : ?-S ' I , ..1/D -- /2-7 ' 4r'a-7
S. = t.S , 3{ro.3 ( t 7,tac 6aa,)

?nlr- t.3 c'r'" +1,/g 7o'q {B/Y

(t2'?) +o'/ ((? s) (z'o){a-7)
= t.3t /t5)(2s.,) t o'3( 17.)
'

= 915.2 + 66.7 + l3S. B = lol 3. 3 : 1o 1p k'Pa '

VqZ' tn/t/fr. /otP/ 3 =33? - 3lo @o'
V- fY< a-/+'
J u,,-2'.n2
/J-nf.- t fu /4a.
y'c5a-c 7-'1, lc pq
t3o kp"
^ana
f-rz<L' 3Vo kpo

/3
 ,A
Tuqrir, ;s. c-/A4 fr u* l-,. V"t 4 7ts' 4a,a,n,
l/.t'< , A-l .rr.rryc Se.-r2r n'zar/ Proa;st ta -*.y' ; '
zvlyrer
7,-, ou. -- ( /7., +22;t/3o),/3 = ll; tzpo. ".zLizl;s
rY- a,mm.-,-?/./ 8.c- aZ-r;t. )r/,^*". 'fk //-,.t"^ 6 t/-t"-. u.'L'.,
1-e" 7=zt; *J
.zny"rLF .7u-.lz*, a-n nny' *Vpnpn'olc,
f,c- rrc /A2
".t*tz
.L-J.p4 E, hnr; t +l-( bez.1 v.r l,- cl/y L-"4r4 .

B*,g C,p";17 E, F""hy' an/oy+./ Sai/s :-

./t r? f2a 7tc1" <sa,rj X //or. ku6y, on slal;/-t/ /?.s;/t

/h""" fL l/u'okn.ss 4 fL *p s/ral.'z- Frv., lL l<. r/Zl"E.*g
/r ), /rss 4-* tL // /;sL.zz" dnTo/</*s )r 61 b..to./n*ks
Aa, fL r r'pl"* Z'onc di// e-x bJ in t, /L /a..t.n Le'/ or s /e7e,Ji"1 .'
?Aay lh'.Lo.n, ,o/ r?onry' *, -n/; ['."A'", t/-/r, .fL"- *re
Lhrte genc-r./ atn 4 /A" &"/"y an o l-a7.ar7 s.iLar l-tr.,e,i

Gte !.: f.,,oh,g on lay4 cQs ta=.)

a- f"p blez uta/..1 ?L4 kor )<a(tr<c"1
b-6p t"1., slnyar /ln /o,o"r l?q (t,Zc;
C,adc 2 , F,"l'y "" la o,.,t c-4 s";tg
Qre 3 ly-d s"r'^J'j \V"' C r, 4l
'A"hyr-
SollS
a- 9a.^/ov..t/:;y 4 H--o.sB lon (?r+9)
b- C? o,wly;,, s.7-/.
S:" , 4r G* tzl/. /.-22,, sL..(/ Je 6,.^/ ,.titL r,+ ?ee.4 +"
,^"'l*y /o7r-t -6
"47, ^'4,""c ftu r*?fu-r. a-ne <*)e^J .

zU.2"nLF suaj.il./ 7L-* .y'. J"p"Js on slrea2ll ftJrr'l1e

Cp. C z,/C1
tt" 6u .s I

6y
 <l'-f ''
,t/, =
l-sd, + 5.ry Cp S s .t? F67 glrip *.dr"^"j
,rnp
/t 3.o dtf, q 6. o5 CB x< 6.o5 E, nro/ box
,o,r^/ = 'f)
t>

Nole : t)hca Crz 7 o.7 reclqte/ tl.e -bwe tU. b'7 td1

F"' cBzt
7y/t, s = c.ryt9t?
o'^l s*;p

4,s =
v.rv r lf t_

N,, r 5.u5 + oJlL I

=
at I fo"+4
Mt,r= 5.o5 t r+? I

fl o*o7, t1/. = *2
N' + JVr
F,, Gn" 2 t E" 6-4t .so;Ls 4 4*d itis
Eoils
sgel/el f/'-J 6 bla.L, ,-'.4-I'"/ Q'-d o C uo'h.1 -
,tp//o.ss t
/'
/-- Qm/uf rl
" e fhe 4spl4 H =o.5 B *e.,+(ur+9) n;gLytogt
2- /f t/'7d, Gnp*te l),e nd,A'd u"Jz.e 4 4 //7.8"11
d' e/, 4, + (Y-/,) 4z
clc, + [/t- e/,) cz

E f Ga" 3 : ( 5a,4 oue,tyt^1 c.&',1 o,

"Q or*lry s"J2 '
/F l/ 7 d, Q.r'.t .1h':J. fur u Eott"'r5
' bot,y' uv' t"V Ln1 e-' Soi I Paca'r-'<-te+;
1

- U;t/ 7.7o
l
2- E;b.r' falf f-7 b,or.r L*i"n ? e-'*l'u{"a s '
3-
56
r- n^"/ f* = |in P
.4r
,_T
Prkrt*o . pe/, c
s7*
7..1t = B.t. E, /ourn b3u \
'l " to? perin oy'o, fo" fu"q/- h1 ( z(B +L)arl- /7D)
f2 fo lo( u.rh-c,4 prc.cs *re Tr',i E oh,1 botc t."x,
so;L G,*?'LJ
^t ({'hyUr) igd,)
o

k s. Lo.fr-"^/ e44/A Ptusswre G.fu;c,'c'l ra^1c ute'^

= la-t(u5t+) orr,t L.= r-sr^,4
Pdt c = C A.+'- an Per i n<-Ie* a't a f-rc< .

47-- a.re4 4 fi"nt'

c1 - Qapa.ry t"b + t!+ a-,/ute /Ac S-.e//.- y*kz.
Fx. F"" ./L /-"/,U a",4 t ;L pn'/'t, sL"o ;"63 LJ.
u,/^.f ;s (k uln4e 8... d g"iF F-s--z-
--T.r 9a,'/ 4 s '/-, dy.
t/= o.sB h. &r+$1 9.-J O=l.f-
Y' lTaC lJxu= 212,,
= o.5 )t z loa 6 z = l- 58r.7"/t
d1: o.6m
'
9o, (k r"Vfu"e 7.r, a4{cJ & ./A. ,/-Jt2j,+. klq
t- Fi^y' ?"lt k. s"^/y 11..
E Q --lf " 6-,- L4/< q-t{ /6 : z1'? t,/S=78'7
5t. / */-a-q t/" = /-a/ atr= o'6
46. t t 0.262 (/';s. ) = l.z dr-- |
6utrstilu. inh /y'-oea '-7.
- l.s(r7.zs) (a4)" ( 1.67) ( t'2) 1 o's(t7'?t)(7)114y6'6)(t)
?,U
= /|ott/ - /3oo lclq
D. "(." a/. = S. t,/ ( )--Ll, t/-,{) .

66
 2z'f''
"' . o L (E ) = o'z(f,)-"., 6 =/5=1

c/"' = o.{ r-' ? = o.L/ +;t (+ ) = c:'s, (4 r')

' = Atf (7fl 117o.Lto.32)+
1u,/, z.t Ll?-zt)(t)l = (zz lzP< '

ob*o.z 'q
7i,
Pr= 1J, * |o YL lA 14'u/*)
o-6
4. rTte ^ /
2t'\ ,
t-r(t7't;1to-6),
e

+3 l'-- t86 k'v/t' '

-.t{f
k; = L- , t- 5i/7 4 --g,v1 |-'ih3'/ = e'/{
?= L (2+2) '-
q' PYv Ls *e4
- ^ rtto
z,/-
I'blt = X"tr * + Z,:.
41 ' 4r
q/ g ( /8.6 t (o.qq +a'1 3/ "
Lt.!l' 6tz
'L* 2 = 13s Lla 1Xt*6 tc".
fle y'^ny Prett.'re ir
,.*<-x. Gnf roll.4 \+Ac <-42 (gu'
2'' viy ?-11 . 6 t? /.Pe.
'f2. -//"--bt< B.c )r '
6* = 6!s
3 = z4t LP<.

fx, 4lo "hy 6B=3xL--6m)s t be p/az<J on a b-. /a,

.t"I/
oe,-
/
r/./oStr 4 /a t7j' 2a<..-)

1J - o.s 0'b- (,/; "1) <t -_ 77Lt

= o.5(3)t."./s ! I' S./, 4-- o
cn.?.,1?--ti7/.o Y=r1.tttl)A-.'

9-=J:jL:"-f
B
\ 6tr)
 24.r,5.3? . .t/,r=4.e?
zt/. _- 6.o5

5. = o'"b
t\6 --a.z (l) = '.t
d: = e:_y.p : o.r (/.si )= o.r,,
B'3
56"/5=r
5a \7r'7-q )ay'u //a-ata, '7'

6o, " ,4 f t+ !/+/./) + 6.,/7 tr /t

. =71 (6o5) (/1o-!(a.zv).ri.83 (/7-zt) (t)(t")
-- 62q2"t/.i -_ 69. / /zPe

Se-*'r'-^1 Gf*Ly "t f,o"hy 6h sL"Pe{ '.

fp. u' 4 7n l/r- 7L-* n--g he enas+ferey' occns,;an-//)t i s /.1<

"/ o E"h2 Lc-f./ an av a$ occat 7o o- t/ope ol;n 11 boLu-
a|-* -fL 77 U a- Lt se.n ?LJ -4c 1a"4 "/ so;l aul\e s/"Pc
s;ch zF 1/te f./"'g <.t;// /eJ X r./rre lL s/-L/;/y4ileEohj.
,-,b I
,J
EP
IP

{*:1_:Y', -----.J---.->
t'---.-{L--2 o
e

,)

68
 TABLE +7
6 N:,Ni for footlngs on or adactnt t'o slope
Beadng cap.city
nu* o ie. ir r-".iou i&itifc.tion. Ba,c varu.N
'
(i=-01m!. v us''d \llhT
Y 1:18.:l
or !'!l n'ios >I o' snen 6y'4 > r'5

DIA-O blB=O aR=0.7s blB=o Dl9 = I'so Ua = o

fJ C=0 r0 20 30
20

5.14 8.35 1483 3014 8.25 14.E3 30.14 75.31

c =
./q 5.14 E.35 14.83 3014 ?5.31
t!3 2A7 6N $.$
75.31 5.11
2.{t 6A0 l8,N 64fi
lq= to3 2.47 6.q r8.& 64,2t) 64.m r'03

5.t4 &35 1483 3014 ?5.31 5.14 8,35 14.83 30.t4 ?5.31
4.89 ?.80 13.37 26.80 64.42
14.13 zl0,8l
t.o3 2-47 6.& 14.40 &.m o.92 1.95 4.43 11.16 3394 1.03 4.47 5.85

8.35 14.83 30.14 ?5.31

4.63 t2.39 23.18 5501 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 66.61 5.1,t
1.03 2.{l 6.40 18.,!0 64.20 0.94 1.90 4.ll 9.E4 282r t.03 2A7 5.65 12.93 35.14

Ei5 14.83 28.76 6218 1433 ?0J4 73.57

4.51 '7.92 \.a2 2234 50.80 5.14 5.14 8.35
12.04 31.80
t,03 2,47 6.110 18.:10 &.m 032 t.82 3.85 9.00 25.09 1.03 5.39

5.t1 8.35 14.a3 n.v 3014 6E.64

4.38 631 tl.a 2r.o5 46.6E 57.76 5.14 E.35 14.83
r0.9 283
1.03 247 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.88 1.71 3.54 8.08 21.91 1.03 5.04

60 (34 2A.56 4.?0 6.83 lU55 17.85 3484 5.14 8.34 12:16 2t.31 41.12
3.62
1.03 247
8.33
6.40 1&4 64.7 o.37 0.63 l.l7 2.36 5,52 o.a lO4 1.83 3.52 ?.80
 DIB=O blB -0.75 DIB = 0.75 blB - 0,75 DtB = 1.50 btB - u75
p.l o l0 20 30 40 0 l0 n 30 40 0 t0 30 {l
t0. 5.14 EJ3 t434 24.02 6.@ 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.t4 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
t.o3 2.47 6.41 t8.40 64.20 LO3 2.34 5.34 t3.47 4083 t.o3 2.47 640 15.79 45A5

20' 5.r4 8.31 13.90 26.t9 59.31 5.t4 8.35 t4.83 30.14 7l. 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
t.o3 241 6.40 t8,40 64.20 r.03 2.4? 6.04 t4.39 40.88 t.o3 247 6,q t6.3t 43.96

25. 5.14 8.29 t3.69 25.36 56.11 5.r4 8.35 14.83 30.14 67.49 5.t4 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
t.o3 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 LO3 2.47 6.27 t4.56 40.6 LO3 247 6.4A $.20 42.35

3Cr. 5.14 8.27 t1A9 24.57 53.16 5.14 6.35 14.83 30.14 64.04 5.14 8.35 14.E3 30.14 ?4.92
t.o3 2.47 6.q 1EAO 4.20 LO3 2.47 6.40 14.52 3E.72 t.o3 2.47 6.q 15.85 44.23

6e s.M 7.94 t2.t1 Z0A3 39.44 5.14 a,35 t4,38 2394 45.72 5.14 8.35 14.83 2?.46 52_00
t.o3 2.47 6.40 \8.44 64.m t.03 2.47 5.t4 tO.Os 22.56 t.o3 2.{t 4.97 9.4t 20.33
DIB=O blB =1.50 UA ' 0.75 UB = |.fl DtD = t.50 btB - |.il

rtr 5_r4 6.35 t4.43 29.24 54.18 5.14 8-35 14.83 30.14 ?5.3t 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
l.o3 2.47 6.40 tE.4A 64.20 tp3 2.47 6.0t 15,39 41.@ LO3 2!7 6.8 t7.26 49.77

2(P 5.r4 8.35 14.83 28.59 63.60 5,14 8.35 14.83 30.t4 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
to3 2.41 6.44 t8A0 64.20 t.o3 2.4't 6.40 18.4 53.21 1.03 247 6.44 B.q 52.s8

25' 5.14 8.35 t4.83 28.33 6t.4t 5.14 8.35 t4.83 30.14 72.80 5.14 8.35 t4.83 30.14 75.31
LO3 2.47 6.44 t8.40 &.20 t.03 2.4? 6.40 18.40 55.20 t.03 2,47 6.40 t8.40 52_97

3Cf 5.t4 E.35 14.83 28_09 59.44 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 7032 5.14 8.35 14.E3 30.14 75.31
t.03 2.47 6.44 18.40 U-20 1.03 2.47 6.1|(1 18.40 56.41 t.o3 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.63

6{f 5.14 E.35 t4.83 26.52 50j2 5.14 6.35 14.E3 30.03 5C60 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 62.E8
1.03 2.4? 6.t10 l8..l0 64.m 1.03 2,47 6.40 1E.40 46.1E L.O3 247 6.& 16:12 36.t7
 uzln aYat t^7L =.ur '9
r En'/ e *;L Foi"cf f,
- E
e'<;1
L" = ADt
t1/"
rey'u </ boa.y' an [*/nrt "'y''zt s
2- G -1o,./e Lt = q elF
in .|,/te s/*/ar/ c^c a*.2/ h;/"' /ukc
A/<' . ./. i ( ov t/+< 'loblc V-7 Bo-sJ s P' zc')
Lo

t ,"/rud /6 ,
( rv u*ul' q'z Po'n)t ?at") '
C^puy'e
/a'= /t, 2rl.
F'v ,4 r (A"
-t'= 4
Y* j*
4- .A' 7, A'
t/- z1/o ' C-wez fiou it .1/ 3, dr ir
5- ty'te 7*. c/.' s.i.+-glg tt F'+8 Y r
zX' EJ Q."//tob/. Ptl I
Q_3'
r/
E^o/ ,'y'.' t--/,/-'t' /t.l/e tf-z )
l). /..L. 4.t/-'rf z9' /4oJ'" l-, tlo |cF
4= 33"
o/B ' b/t:" o"-/ d ;/ P
%,+=o.?i,+"+ Fs 's

k4< y'-, /Yt'

B 4 =3a 4rr.
/a l3. t{? 4a.8t /6
/q. 37 ?o. 8a
-
?a

'/ Z;u"--", ;t/.rPtlo2i-,-

Bv /Lr A'3J' . ,
i.'.itt- ts.qs -'qo'gss' ./o-53"ttr' o tzr/ '= zz
46 '7o
CZ.-a-f- zr:: 3''tz.c c.o Ao---.-;] 4*, C./c"-Z^l*
/o fL Soo'* t'\azt/'2<',\
4Vp/9 G"^.,-'z . B''' "t'
fSr., r,.4'1, /. + E i6 r o'5 {0 zt/Y 96' JY ir-
t6
-6'
5)4re C =o , tLa4L., a necl k d.4/" Ot' 4?4F'.
6q
 S3= tn2-+.-e, /.r- ++*-33 = /-(i &"J"-
2t= l-9.yJ!- -_ 1-6.174 a.6
=
/[. / ,4// z',o
/t f-. 4 --3o" /6-,s.r
_ s7.?-
- e= ts ltr" _ss.?-/r
3?_?* 3r_3;=,r_
ts._r

r;
./6 = zs. ss
-- 7o/c-- a +( (o.il) (z?) (t.6t)<rl +1G-tr)(!) cz6.:,s)
(t)(a.{) "; tS.?6, t.ip,/ga,
(4*,** = (trnr,)u*-fi = ts'e'6 -ct)'a'tr) = 15'1 i p;//fi'
([,.+)q.rt tt't3
= 'l =s.o/ L4o/17"
-(Qa)-, - (7".q )oo * (l"o)= Sol (t/)1q)- 8o-7 4(

7o
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73
Beati|gCapotiry

I
a

Width ol rooling: a (ml

Fis.8.10 Relalionship belween \tandard penelralioD re'i\lance and allowdble
tei.ine oressure. {Rep;oduced rrom K Ter/aghr and R B Peck (1967) Soil
Meciro-hi;s rh Ehoin??'iho Prdr.?.by permission of lohn wilev and Sons.Inc)

,.-#(ry, )('-""3)
for:03D3, and, > 1-2m

f8ure 47 Allosabl. banng .apacny for $rf.ce-loded foolirS$

sirh *ttlcre limirod 10 approximicly 25 mm. Equation lsed is showa