13 Foot Modeling and Footwear Development IB.L Introduction connor 1B 13.2, The Human FOOt wos 13.2 13.3. Foot Variations nes 133 134. Shoe Manufactre voeeon ABS 13.5 History of Shoe Making ... 13-6 136 Shoe Lasts. ' B7 13.7 Systems of Last Design 13-9 13.8 Shoe Sizing 13-11 “The English Size System » The American Size System + The Continental Size System + The Chinese Size System + The Mondopoiat or Metrie System 13.9 Grading Systems oon 13-14 13.10 Process of Shoe Making ... 13-14 13.11 Mass-Customized Shoes . 13-15 13.12 Foot Modeling erro 13-15 Anthropometry + Foot Shape « 13.13 Gonehusions .. 13-19 Ameersing Luximon and Acknowledgments ... _ 13-19 Ravindra S. Goonetilleke References ... sins pi 13-20 13.1 Introduction In the early years, foot coverings made of animal skin were used to protect human feet against harsh weather and rough terrain. Astime went by, foot coverings became more elaborate, complex,and special. ized, The design and construction of footwear, which were customized to each person, were indicat iv ofthe wearer's wealth and status, After the industrial revolution, footwear production was mechanized, thereby becoming an affordable commodity. With the emergence of mass-produced footwear, the focus shifted to lowering costs, and, as.a result, a lot of footwear did not meet the basic criteria of fit and comfort, Recent technological innovations in digital modeling and the attraction of mass customization are enabling companies to focus on comfort and fit, while maintaining near mass-production efficiency, But, both the human foot and footwear design must be clearly understood to improve fit and comfort, This chapter discusses the human foot, traditional footwear production, mass customization of footwear, and recent advances in foot modeling to enable improvements in footwear design and development. 13-1