Foot Modeling and Footwear Development 13-3 > Dorsiflexian Plantarflexion Supination Pronation Inversion FIGURE 13.2 ‘The foot movements. ‘The ankle joint, subtalar joint, midtarsal joint, metatarsal-phalangeal joints, and phalangeal- phalangeal joints are the main joints in the foot. The ankle joint is between the tibia, fibula, and talus bones and actually provides movement in only the vertical plane (hinge type of joint) and enables dor- siflexion and plantar flexion (fig. 13.2), Injuries to the ankle joint are very common among athletes (Wenler, 1998), The subtalar jaint (talocalcaneal joint) is between the talus and calcaneus, and it allows inversion and eversion of the foot. Inversion is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane (center of foot), while eversion is the movement of the sole toward the median plane (fig, 13.2). The metatarsal-phalangeal and the phalangeal-phalangeal joints act mainly as hinge joints and enable toe grasping The adductor hallucis and the abductor hallucis muscles enable adduction and abduction of the foot. Abduction is the motion of the foot away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the motion toward the midline of the body. There tends to be pronation and supination of the foot during On walking, Pronation is a combination of the three motions of eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexi the other hand, supination isa combination of inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion. Supinatio a rolling motion to the outside edge or lateral side of the foot, while pronation is the rolling motion to the medial side of the foot. The bones, muscles, ligaments, and other tissues of the foot aee enclosed in a protective layer, the skin. This complex structure allows the foot to perform its functions of locomotion and support, Due to the many structures in the foot, any changes to them while in static and dynamic situations result in differences in the internal and external shape af the foot, 13.3 Foot Variations Foot size and shape changes depend on the load the foot bears, and these changes are primarily related to the static or dynamic state of a person, ‘The static state includes standing on one foot or both feet, OF particular interest is standing on one foot (full weight-bearing), standing on both fect (semi-weight- bearing), sitting while the foot is resting (partial weight-bearing), and no weight bearing where the foot is not touching the ground. In 80% of any population, the changes in the two feet differ with weight bearing (Rossi, 1983). For example, Rossi (1983) reported that, in 85% of women, the length of one foot increased by 4 mm (1/2 a shoe size in the US. sizing system), while the length of the ather increased