Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

0XOWLSOH3URFHVV3DUDPHWHU2SWLPL]DWLRQRI:('0RQ$,6,
8VLQJ 8WLOLW\$SSURDFK
%LMR0DWKHZD%HQNLP%$D-%DEXD
D
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ6W-RVHSK&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQRORJ\&KRRQDGDFKHUU\3DODL.HUDOD,QGLD

$EVWUDFW

:LUH ('0 LV DQ H[FHSWLRQDOO\ SUHFLVH HIILFLHQW DQG HFRQRPLFDO PDQXIDFWXULQJ URXWH LQ PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV DOORZLQJ
FXVWRPHUV WR GHVLJQ SDUWV IRU RSWLPXP IXQFWLRQ ZLWKRXW WKH PDQ\ UHVWULFWLRQV RI RWKHU PHWDO ZRUNLQJ SURFHVV 7KLV SDSHU
GHVFULEHVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIPXOWLFKDUDFWHULVWLFRSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHXVLQJ8WLOLW\FRQFHSWWRSUHGLFWDQGVHOHFWWKHRSWLPDO
VHWWLQJ RI PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV RI :LUH ('0 RQ $,6, PDWHULDO 0XOWL FKDUDFWHULVWLF RSWLPL]DWLRQ ZDV SHUIRUPHG IRU
05565 DQG '' E\ XVLQJ XWLOLW\ FRQFHSW WR ILQG RXW WKH RSWLPDO SURFHVV SDUDPHWHU VHWWLQJ 7KH OHYHO RI VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH
PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV IRU WKHLU HIIHFW RQ WKH RXWSXW UHVSRQVH ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ XVLQJ DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH$129$ 7KH
H[SHULPHQWKDVEHHQGRQHXVLQJ7DJXFKLRUWKRJRQDODUUD\/(DFKH[SHULPHQW ZDV FDUULHG RXW ZLWKGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQVRILQSXW
SDUDPHWHUV7KHLQSXWSDUDPHWHUVXVHGIRURSWLPL]DWLRQ DUHSXOVHRQWLPHSXOVHRIIWLPHVHUYRYROWDJHZLUHIHHGZLUHWHQVLRQ
DQGGLHOHFWULF SUHVVXUH7KHUHVSRQVHWDEOHDQG $129$ IRU RYHUDOOXWLOLW\YDOXH ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHGDQGWKHEHVWFRPELQDWLRQRI
SDUDPHWHUV ZDV REWDLQHG 7KH UHVXOWV UHYHDOHG WKDW RSWLPXP FRPELQDWLRQ RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV IRU PXOWL SURFHVV SDUDPHWHU
RSWLPL]DWLRQE\XVLQJ XWLOLW\ DSSURDFKZDV RISXOVHRQWLPHOHYHO SXOVHRIIWLPHOHYHOVHUYR YROWDJHOHYHOZDWHUSUHVVXUH
OHYHOZLUHIHHGOHYHO DQGZLUHWHQVLRQOHYHO

2014
Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WGunder the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV7DJXFKLV/ RUWKRJRQDODUUD\:('00DWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWH6XUIDFHILQLVK 'LPHQVLRQDOGHYLDWLRQ8WLOLW\DSSURDFK

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
:LWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJGHPDQGVRIKLJKVXUIDFHILQLVKDQGPDFKLQLQJRIFRPSOH[VKDSHJHRPHWULHVFRQYHQWLRQDO
PDFKLQLQJ SURFHVV DUH QRZ EHLQJ UHSODFHG E\ QRQWUDGLWLRQDO PDFKLQLQJ SURFHVV :LUH ('0 SURYLGHV WKH EHVW

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVV MVQHEDQNQL#\DKRRFRLQ

2211-8128 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.494
1864 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872

DOWHUQDWLYH RI FRQYHQWLRQDO PDFKLQLQJ RSHUDWLRQV $OVR LW LV D IDFW WKDW EHFDXVH RI WKH PDQ\ YDULDEOHV DQG WKH
FRPSOH[ QDWXUH RI WKH SURFHVV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI YDULDEOHV LV QHHGHG WR DFKLHYH RSWLPDO SHUIRUPDQFH 6HYHUDO
UHVHDUFKHUVDWWHPSWHGWRSUHGLFWWKHRSWLPDOSDUDPHWHUVWRDFKLHYHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHDWRSWLPDOOHYHO3XULHW
DO HPSOR\HG7DJXFKLPHWKRGRORJ\LQYROYLQJWKLUWHHQFRQWUROIDFWRUVZLWKWKUHHOHYHOV IRUDQRUWKRJRQDODUUD\
/ WRILQGRXWWKHPDLQSDUDPHWHUVWKDWDIIHFWWKHGLIIHUHQWPDFKLQLQJFULWHULDVXFKDVDYHUDJHFXWWLQJVSHHG
VXUIDFHURXJKQHVVYDOXHVDQGWKHJHRPHWULFDOLQDFFXUDF\FDXVHGGXHWRZLUHODJ

1RPHQFODWXUH
$,6, $PHULFDQ,URQDQG6WHHO,QVWLWXWH
$129$$QDO\VLVRI9DULDQFH
7RQ 3XOVH2QWLPH
7RII3XOVH2IIWLPH
696HUYRYROWDJH
:3:DWHU3UHVVXUH
:7:LUH7HQVLRQ
0550DWHULDO5HPRYDO5DWH
656XUIDFH5RXJKQHVV
'''LPHQVLRQDO'HYLDWLRQ

/LDR HWDO XVHGVSHFLILFGLVFKDUJHHQHUJ\6'(FRQFHSWLQ:('0([SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVUHYHDOHGWKDWWKH

UHODWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSRI6'(EHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOVLVLQYDULDQWDVORQJDVDOOPDWHULDOVDUHPDFKLQHGXQGHUWKH
VDPHPDFKLQLQJFRQGLWLRQV <DQ HWDO FRQGXFWHGWKHLUZRUNRQ$O2$OFRPSRVLWHVLQWKHH[SHULPHQW
0DFKLQLQJSDUDPHWHUVRISXOVHRQWLPHZHUHFKDQJHGWRH[SORUHWKHLUHIIHFWVRQPDFKLQLQJSHUIRUPDQFHLQFOXGLQJ
WKHFXWWLQJVSHHGWKHZLGWKRIVOLWDQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV,WLVUHYHDOHGWKDWDYHU\ORZZLUHWHQVLRQDKLJKIOXVKLQJ
UDWH DQG D KLJK ZLUH VSHHG DUH UHTXLUHG WR SUHYHQW ZLUH EUHDNDJH +HZLG\ HWDO  GHYHORSHG PDWKHPDWLFDO
PRGHOVIRUFRUUHODWLQJWKHLQWHUUHODWLRQVKLSVRIYDULRXV:('0PDFKLQLQJSDUDPHWHUVRI,QFRQHOPDWHULDOVXFK
DVSHDNFXUUHQWGXW\IDFWRUZLUHWHQVLRQDQGZDWHUSUHVVXUHRQWKH055ZHDUUDWLRDQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV7KLV
ZRUN ZDV EDVHGRQUHVSRQVHVXUIDFHPHWKRGRORJ\7KH\IRXQGRXWDOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLSRISHDNFXUUHQWZLWKZHDU
UDWLR
0LOOHU HWDO LQYHVWLJDWHGHIIHFWVRIVSDUNF\FOHDQGSXOVHRQWLPHRQZLUH('0PLFURIHDWXUHV7HVWVZHUH
FRQGXFWHGRQYDULRXVPDWHULDOVYL]1G)H%PDJQHWLFPDWHULDOFDUERQELSRODUSODWHDQG WLWDQLXPIRUZLUH('0
FXWWLQJ RI PLQLPXP FURVV VHFWLRQ WKLFNQHVV $ K\SRWKHVLV ZDV SURSRVHG EDVHG RQ WKH FRPELQHG WKHUPDO DQG
HOHFWURVWDWLFIRUFHWRFDXVHWKHIUDFWXUHRIWKLQVHFWLRQGXULQJZLUH('07KLVZDVVXSSRUWHGE\ILQGLQJVIURP6(0
PLFURJUDSKV RI ('0 VXUIDFH VXEVXUIDFH DQG GHEULV 6DUNDU HWDO SHUIRUPHG H[SHULPHQWV XVLQJ WLWDQLXP
DOXPLQLGH DOOR\ DV ZRUN PDWHULDO DQG WKHQ IRUPXODWHG PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOV WR SUHGLFW WKH FXWWLQJ VSHHG VXUIDFH
ILQLVK DQG GLPHQVLRQDO GHYLDWLRQ DV WKH IXQFWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW FRQWURO SDUDPHWHUV 7KH\ GHWHUPLQHG WKH RSWLPDO
SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV E\ DSSO\LQJ FRQVWUDLQHG RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXH LQ ZKLFK RQH SHUIRUPDQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLF ZDV
RSWLPL]HG FRQVLGHULQJ RWKHUV DV FRQVWUDLQWV $PLQROODK HW DO  XVHG F\OLQGULFDO IRUPV RI KDUG WR PDFKLQH
PDWHULDOV IRU WKHLU H[SHULPHQW $W ILUVW WKH\ GHVLJQHG D SUHFLVH IOH[LEOH DQG FRUURVLRQ UHVLVWDQW URWDU\ VSLQGOH WR
URWDWHWKHZRUNSLHFHWRJHQHUDWHIUHHIRUPF\OLQGULFDOJHRPHWULHV,W ZDVIRXQG WKDW SRZHUYROWDJHDQGVHUYR ZHUH
WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW SDUDPHWHUV DPRQJ WKHLU VHOHFWHG RQHV 5DPDNULVKQDQ HW DO  GHYHORSHG DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO
QHWZRUN$11PRGHOVDQGPXOWLUHVSRQVHRSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHWRSUHGLFWDQGVHOHFWWKHEHVWFXWWLQJSDUDPHWHUV
RI ZLUH HOHFWURGLVFKDUJH PDFKLQLQJ :('0 SURFHVV  7KH HIILFLHQF\ RI ZLUH HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH PDFKLQLQJ RI
KDUG WRPDFKLQH PDWHULDOV ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHG H[SHULPHQWDOO\ E\ 'DUULXV3RURV HWDO,Q KLV H[SHULPHQW
WLWDQLXPDOOR\VDQGFHPHQWHGFDUELGHZHUHPDFKLQHG9LQRG .XPDU HWDO LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHHIIHFWVRI:('0
SDUDPHWHUV RQ PDFKLQDELOLW\ RI QLPRQLF%DVHG RQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ :('0 SDUDPHWHUV QDPHO\ GLVFKDUJH
FXUUHQWSXOVHRQWLPHDQGSXOVHRIIWLPHSURGXFHG KLJKO\QRWLFHDEOHHIIHFWVRQFXWWLQJVSHHG %KDVNDUD 5HGG\ HWDO
 FRQGXFWHG H[SHULPHQWV RQ ZLUH ('0 FRQVLGHULQJ WZR GLIIHUHQW PDWHULDOV IRU VDPH SDUDPHWULF YDOXHV DQG
FRPSDUHGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQWHUPVRI055DQG6XUIDFHURXJKQHVV3DUDPHWHUVVHOHFWHG ZHUH SXOVH
RQWLPHSXOVHRIIWLPH EHGVSHHGDQGFXUUHQWDQGIRXQGWKDW PDMRULQIOXHQFLQJ IDFWRU ZDVFXUUHQW%DVHGRQWKH
UHVXOWV LW ZDV UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW WKH (1  PDWHULDO VXLWDEOH IRU EHWWHU 055 7KHQ WKH 66  PDWHULDO ZDV
UHFRPPHQGHG WR REWDLQ EHWWHU VXUIDFH %DVLO HW DO  FRQGXFWHG H[SHULPHQWV LQ O (OHFWURQLF XOWUDFXW 6
 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872 1865

PDFKLQHXVLQJPPEUDVVZLUHDVHOHFWURGH3XOVHRQWLPHSXOVHRIIWLPHYROWDJHDQGZDWHUSUHVVXUH ZHUHWKH
IRXUSDUDPHWHUVVHOHFWHGIRULQYHVWLJDWLRQ7KHSXOVHRQWLPHDQGGLHOHFWULFZDWHUSUHVVXUH ZHUHIRXQG WREHWKH PRVW
VLJQLILFDQWIDFWRUVRQWKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVYDOXH

<03XUL HWDO GHVFULEHGWKHPXOWLREMHFWLYHRSWLPL]DWLRQRIWKH:('0SURFHVVXVLQJSDUDPHWULFGHVLJQ

RI7DJXFKLPHWKRGRORJ\5DM\DODNVKPL HWDO FRQGXFWHGH[SHULPHQWVZLWKHLJKWSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVSXOVHRQ
WLPHSXOVHRIIWLPHFRUQHUVHUYRYROWDJHZLUHIHHGZLUHWHQVLRQGLHOHFWULFIORZUDWHVSDUNJDSYROWDJHDQGVHUYR
IHHGWREHYDULHGLQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV*UH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLV ZDV FDUULHGRXWDQGIRXQG SXOVHRQWLPH ZDV WKH
PDMRULQIOXHQFLQJIDFWRUIRU055VXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDQGVSDUNJDS5RKLW *DUJ HWDO FRQGXFWHGH[SHULPHQW
RQ+KRWGLHVWHHOSODWHDQGIRXQGRXWWKHLQIOXHQFLQJSDUDPHWHUVIRUUHVSRQVHVE\XVLQJXWLOLW\FRQFHSW5HVXOWV
UHYHDOHG WKDW SXOVH RQ WLPH SXOVH RII WLPH DQG SHDN FXUUHQW ZHUH WKH VLJQLILFDQW SDUDPHWHUV .DQVDO HWDO 
LQYHVWLJDWHGLQIOXHQFHRI('0SDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIVLOLFRQSRZGHULQGLHOHFWULFIOXLGSHDNFXUUHQW
SXOVH GXUDWLRQ DQG GXW\ F\FOH XVLQJ 6.+ WRRO VWHHO DV ZRUN SLHFH 7KH\ XVHG XWLOLW\ DSSURDFK WR ILQG RXW WKH
LQIOXHQFHRISDUDPHWHUVRQPDFKLQLQJUDWHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDQGWRROZHDUUDWLR7KHREWDLQHGH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV
LQGLFDWH WKDW SHDN FXUUHQW DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VLOLFRQ SRZGHU LQ GLHOHFWULF IOXLG DUH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW
IDFWRUV&KDOLVJDRQNDU HWDO  SHUIRUPHG PXOWL UHVSRQVH RSWLPL]DWLRQ XVLQJ XWLOLW\ DSSURDFK IRU ERWK FXWWLQJ
VSHHGDQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV WRILQGRXW WKHRSWLPDOSURFHVVSDUDPHWHU VHWWLQJ XVLQJ SXUHWLWDQLXPDVZRUNPDWHULDO
,WLVIRXQGIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUH YHU\IHZDXWKRUVFRQGXFWHGRSWLPLVDWLRQLQPDFKLQLQJRI$,6,6WDLQOHVVVWHHOZLWK
PXOWLREMHFWLYHIXQFWLRQXVLQJXWLOLW\DSSURDFK7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVRSWLPL]DWLRQRI:('0RI$,6,XVLQJXWLOLW\
FRQFHSW

 0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRGV

 0DWHULDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXS

:LUHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHPDFKLQLQJ:('0LVDVSHFLDOL]HGWKHUPDOPDFKLQLQJSURFHVVFDSDEOHRIDFFXUDWHO\

PDFKLQLQJ SDUWV RI KDUG PDWHULDOV ZLWK FRPSOH[ VKDSHV 3DUWV KDYLQJ VKDUS HGJHV WKDW SRVH GLIILFXOWLHV WR EH
PDFKLQHGE\WKHPDLQVWUHDPPDFKLQLQJSURFHVVFDQEHHDVLO\PDFKLQHGE\:('0SURFHVV7KH$,6,PDWHULDO
RIPP[PP[PPVL]HKDVEHHQXVHGDVDZRUNSLHFHPDWHULDOIRUWKHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWV7KH VHOHFWLRQ
RI WKH $,6,  VWDLQOHVV VWHHO ZDV PDGH WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW LWV XVH LQ DOPRVW DOO LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU
DSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKHZRUOGVVWDLQOHVVVWHHOSURGXFWLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQ,WKDVZLGHUDQJHRIDSSOLFDWLRQVLQ
WKH DUHD RI ZLUH ('0 ,W KDV YDULHG SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI FRPSRQHQWV XVHG LQ FU\RJHQLF
YHVVHOVHYDSRUDWRUVKRVSLWDO VXUJLFDOHTXLSPHQW PDULQHHTXLSPHQWIDVWHQHUVQXFOHDUYHVVHOV IHHG ZDWHUWXELQJ
YDOYHVUHIULJHUDWLRQHTXLSPHQW HWF7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKLVPDWHULDO$,6,LVJLYHQLQ7DEOH7KH
:('0 H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG LQ (OHFWURQLFD XOWUD FXW 6 PDFKLQH RI (OHFWURQLFD 0DFKLQH 7RROV /WG
LQVWDOOHGDW.HOWURQ7RROURRP 5HVHDUFKDQG 7UDLQLQJFHQWUH$URRU.HUDODXVLQJPPEUDVV ZLUHDVWKHWRRO
HOHFWURGHDQGGHLRQL]HGZDWHUDVGLHOHFWULFIOXLG3XOVHRQWLPHSXOVHRIIWLPH6HUYRYROWDJHGLHOHFWULFSUHVVXUH
ZLUH IHHG DQG ZLUH WHQVLRQ ZHUH WKH VL[ :('0 SDUDPHWHUV VHOHFWHG IRU LQYHVWLJDWLRQV $OO RWKHU PDFKLQH
SDUDPHWHUVZHUHNHSWFRQVWDQWGXULQJWKHWLPHRIH[SHULPHQW &XWWLQJ UDWH ZDV GLJLWDOO\GLVSOD\HGRQWKHVFUHHQRI
WKHPDFKLQHDQGLVJLYHQTXDQWLWDWLYHO\LQPPPLQXWH WKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVZDVPHDVXUHGE\0LWXWR\R 6XUIWHVW6-
37KH VSHFLPHQ FURVVVHFWLRQ LV PHDVXUHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI D 0LWXWR\RV GLJLWDO PLFURPHWHU KDYLQJ WKH OHDVW
FRXQWRIPPDQGWKHGHYLDWLRQRIWKHPHDVXUHGGLPHQVLRQ ZDV FDOFXODWHGLQSHUFHQWDJHXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJ
H[SUHVVLRQ
'LPHQVLRQDOGHYLDWLRQ >2EVHUYHGYDOXH $FWXDOYDOXH$FWXDOYDOXH@
0DWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWH ZDV FDOFXODWHGE\XVLQJWKHIROORZLQJH[SUHVVLRQ
055 FXWWLQJUDWHNHUIZLGWKKHLJKW

7DEOH &KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI$,6,

(OHPHQW &DUERQ &KURPLXP 0DQJDQHVH 1LFNHO 3KRVSKRURXV 6XOSKXU 6LOLFRQ )HUURXV

& &U 0Q 1L 3 6 6L )H
&RQWHQW        %DODQFH
1866 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872

 3DUDPHWHUVDQG 'HVLJQRIH[SHULPHQWV

7DJXFKLPHWKRG ZDV DSSOLHGWRSODQWKHH[SHULPHQWV*DGDNK96 )RUWKHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWDOZRUNWKH

VL[ SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVHDFKDWWKUHHOHYHOVKDYHEHHQGHFLGHG,WLVGHVLUDEOHWRKDYHWKUHHPLQLPXPOHYHOVRI
SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVWRUHIOHFWWKHWUXHEHKDYLRXURIRXWSXWSDUDPHWHUVRIVWXG\7KH SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKHOHYHOV
VHOHFWHGIRUWKLVLVOLVWHGLQ WDEOH 7KHH[SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQZDVDFFRUGLQJWRDQ/ DUUD\EDVHGRQ7DJXFKLPHWKRG
7DEOH0LQLWDEVRIWZDUHZDVXVHGIRU7DJXFKLDQDO\VLV

7DEOH,QSXW3DUDPHWHUVDQG/HYHOV
3DUDPHWHU 6\PERO /HYHO /HYHO /HYHO
0DFKLQHXQLW $FWXDOYDOXH 0DFKLQHXQLW $FWXDOYDOXH 0DFKLQHXQLW $FWXDOYDOXH
3XOVHRQ7LPH V $      
3XOVHRIIWLPH V %      
6HUYRYROWDJH9 &      
3UHVVXUH.JFP '      
:LUHIHHGPPLQ (      
:LUHWHQVLRQ1 )      

7DEOH([SHULPHQWDO'HVLJQ7DJXFKL/

([SHULPHQW1R 7RQ 7RII 69 :3 :) :7

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872 1867

 7DJXFKLRSWLPL]DWLRQPHWKRG

7DJXFKLV PHWKRG ZDV DSSOLHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH RSWLPXP OHYHOV RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV IRU HDFK SHUIRUPDQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLF LQGLYLGXDOO\ 7KH RSWLPXP FRQGLWLRQ LV LGHQWLILHG E\ VWXG\LQJ WKH PDLQ HIIHFWV RI HDFK RI WKH
SDUDPHWHUV7KHPDLQHIIHFWVLQGLFDWHWKHJHQHUDOWUHQGVRILQIOXHQFHRIHDFKSDUDPHWHU7KHDQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFHLV
WKHVWDWLVWLFDOWUHDWPHQWPRVWFRPPRQO\DSSOLHGWRWKHUHVXOWVRIH[SHULPHQWVLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIHDFK
SDUDPHWHU ,Q WKH7DJXFKLPHWKRG61UDWLRLVWKHPHDVXUHRITXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGGHYLDWLRQIURPWKHGHVLUHG
YDOXH 61UDWLRV ZHUHGHWHUPLQHG IRUPDWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWH ODUJHU LV WKH EHWWHUFULWHULRQ E\XVLQJ HTXDWLRQ IRU
VXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDQGGLPHQVLRQDOGHYLDWLRQWKH VPDOOHU LV WKH EHWWHUFULWHULRQ E\XVLQJ HTXDWLRQ
 

 

 7KH8WLOLW\FRQFHSW

$ FXVWRPHU HYDOXDWHV D SURGXFW RQ D QXPEHU RI GLYHUVH TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7R EH DEOH WR PDNH D UDWLRQDO
FKRLFH WKHVH HYDOXDWLRQV RQ GLIIHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VKRXOG EH FRPELQHG WR JLYH D FRPSRVLWH LQGH[ 6XFK D
FRPSRVLWHLQGH[UHSUHVHQWVWKHXWLOLW\ RID SURGXFW 7KH RYHUDOOXWLOLW\RIDSURGXFWLVWKHVXPRIXWLOLWLHVRIHDFKRI
WKHTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7KXVLI [L LV WKHPHDVXUHRIHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHDWWULEXWHFKDUDFWHULVWLF L DQGWKHUHDUH Q DWWULEXWHVHYDOXDWLQJWKH

RXWFRPHVSDFHWKHQWKHMRLQWXWLOLW\IXQFWLRQFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV

 
,QOLQHDUFDVHWKHIXQFWLRQEHFRPHV
 

:KHUH :LLVWKHZHLJKWDJHDVVLJQHGWRWKHDWWULEXWH L DQGWKHVXPRIWKHZHLJKWDJHVIRUDOODWWULEXWHVLVHTXDOWR

,IWKHFRPSRVLWHPHDVXUHWKHRYHUDOOXWLOLW\LV WREH PD[LPL]HGWKHTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVFRQVLGHUHGIRUHYDOXDWLRQ
RIXWLOLW\ZLOODXWRPDWLFDOO\EHRSWLPL]HGPD[LPL]HGRUPLQLPL]HGZKDWVRHYHUWKHFDVHPD\EH

$W ILUVW SUHIHUHQFH VFDOHIRUHDFKTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFLVFRQVWUXFWHG7RGHWHUPLQHWKHXWLOLW\YDOXHIRUDQXPEHU

RI TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ODWHU WKHVH VFDOHV DUH ZHLJKWHG WR REWDLQ D FRPSRVLWH QXPEHU RYHUDOO XWLOLW\ 7KH
SUHIHUHQFHVFDOHVKRXOGEHDORJDULWKPLFRQH7KHPLQLPXPDFFHSWDEOHTXDOLW\OHYHOIRUHDFKTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFLV
VHWRXWDWSUHIHUHQFHQXPEHUDQGWKHEHVWDYDLODEOH TXDOLW\LVDVVLJQHGDSUHIHUHQFHQXPEHU RI,IDORJVFDOHLV
FKRVHQWKHSUHIHUHQFHQXPEHU3LLVJLYHQE\ HTXDWLRQ



:KHUH [L DQ\YDOXHRITXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLF
;L PLQLPXPDFFHSWDEOHYDOXHRI TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF
$ DFRQVWDQW

$WRSWLPXPYDOXH[L RIDWWULEXWH L3L 

6R


7KHYDOXHRI $ FDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHDERYH HTXDWLRQ7KLV YDOXHRI$FDQEHXVHGWRFRQVWUXFWSUHIHUHQFH
VFDOHE\XVLQJHTXDWLRQ
1868 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872

7KH QH[W VWHS LV WR DVVLJQ ZHLJKWV RU UHODWLYH LPSRUWDQFH WR WKH TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7KLV DVVLJQPHQW LV
VXEMHFWLYH DQG EDVHG RQ H[SHULHQFH 0RUHRYHU LW GHSHQGVRQ WKH HQG XVH RI WKH SURGXFW RU LW PD\ GHSHQG RQ WKH
FXVWRPHUVUHTXLUHPHQWV7KHZHLJKWDJHVKRXOGEHDVVLJQHGVXFKWKDWWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQLVVDWLVILHG



7KHRYHUDOOXWLOLW\FDQEHFDOFXODWHGDV
8M L3L

:KHUH M SURGXFWLQGH[

 5HVXOWV DQGGLVFXVVLRQV

7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVDQG61UDWLRV IRUPDWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDQGGLPHQVLRQDOGHYLDWLRQ
DUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH H[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG WR SUHSDUHVTXDUHSXQFKHVRIVL]HPPVKRZQLQ )LJ
,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\DOOWKHGHVLJQVSORWVDQGDQDO\VLVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWXVLQJ0LQLWDEVWDWLVWLFDOVRIWZDUH

7DEOH (H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV DQG61UDWLRV

055 61 65 ^E '' 61

([SHULPHQW1R PPPLQ 055 P ^Z PP ''

      

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872 1869

)LJ6TXDUHSXQFKHV RI PP

2SWLPDOUHVXOWVIRULQGLYLGXDOFKDUDFWHULVWLF

8VLQJ7DJXFKLVDQDO\VLVDQG$129$WKHRSWLPDOVHWWLQJVIRU05565DQG''ZHUHGHWHUPLQHGVHSDUDWHO\
ZKLFK DUH JLYHQ LQ WDEOH 2SWLPXP YDOXHV RI 055 65 DQG '' DUH SUHGLFWHG DV PPPLQ  P DQG
UHVSHFWLYHO\

7DEOH2SWLPXPFRQGLWLRQVXVLQJ7DJXFKL2SWLPL]DWLRQPHWKRG
6O1R 3URFHVVSDUDPHWHU 0DWHULDO5HPRYDO5DWH
PPPLQ
%HVWOHYHO 9DOXH
 3XOVHRQ7LPH V  
6XUIDFH5RXJKQHVV 'LPHQVLRQDO GHYLDWLRQ
P 
%HVWOHYHO 9DOXH %HVWOHYHO 9DOXH
   

 3XOVHRIIWLPH V      

 6HUYRYROWDJH9      

 'LHOHFWULFSUHVVXUH.JFP      

 :LUHIHHGPPLQ      

 :LUHWHQVLRQ1      

 $QDO\VLVRIPXOWLSOHUHVSRQVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVE\XVLQJ 8WLOLW\ )XQFWLRQ

7KHSUHIHUHQFHVFDOH DQG XWLOLW\ YDOXHRIHDFKH[SHULPHQWLV FDOFXODWHG E\XVLQJWKHHTXDWLRQVPHQWLRQHGLQVHFWLRQ

;LLV VHOHFWHG DV   DQG  IRU 055 65 DQG '' UHVSHFWLYHO\ )RU WDNLQJ WKHVH YDOXHV LW LV DVVXPHG WKDW DOO
REVHUYHGYDOXHVRI055DUHJUHDWHUWKDQPPPLQ OHVVWKDQ P IRU65 DQGOHVVWKDQ  IRU'' 7KH FXVWRPHU
UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGSULRULWLHVZHUHWDNHQ LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKLOHGHFLGLQJWKHZHLJKWVRISHUIRUPDQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
+HUH WKUHHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQW

LH :055 :65 :'' 

6LQFH XWLOLW\ LV D KLJKHUWKHEHWWHU +% W\SH RI TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF 61 KDV EHHQ XVHG 7KH SUHIHUHQFH VFDOH
XWLOLW\ YDOXHVDQGWKH61UDWLRVDUHJLYHQLQ 7DEOH7KHGDWDIURP7DEOHLVSORWWHGLQILJXUH,WLVFOHDUIURPWKH
ILJXUHWKDWILUVWOHYHORISXOVHRQWLPH$VHFRQGOHYHORISXOVHRIIWLPH%ILUVWOHYHO RIVHUYRYROWDJH&
WKLUGOHYHORIZDWHUSUHVVXUH'WKLUGOHYHORIZLUHIHHG(DQGWKLUGOHYHORIZLUHWHQVLRQ)ZRXOG\LHOGEHVW
SHUIRUPDQFHLQWHUPVRIXWLOLW\YDOXHZLWKLQWKHVHOHFWHGUDQJHRISDUDPHWHUV7KH$129$IRUUDZGDWDXWLOLW\DQG
61GDWDDUH JLYHQLQ7DEOHV,WLVVHHQ WKDWSXOVHRQWLPH$SXOVHRIIWLPH%VHUYRYROWDJH&DQG ZDWHU
SUHVVXUH ' VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW ERWK PHDQ RI XWLOLW\ YDOXHV DQG 61 UDWLRV VLQFH DOO WKHVH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV DUH
VLJQLILFDQW DWFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOLQERWKWKH$129$V)URP7DEOHDQGLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWSXOVHRQWLPH
LV WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW SDUDPHWHU LQ DIIHFWLQJ XWLOLW\ IXQFWLRQ IRU 055 65 DQG '' 7KLV LV IROORZHG E\ ZDWHU
SUHVVXUHSXOVHRIIWLPHVHUYRYROWDJHZLUHWHQVLRQDQGZLUHIHHGLQWKDWRUGHU
1870 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872

7DEOH3UHIHUHQFH VFDOH8WLOLW\YDOXHDQG61UDWLR RI 8WLOLW\YDOXH

([SHULPHQWDO 3UHIHUHQFH6FDOH3L 8WLOLW\YDOXH 61UDWLRIRU
QXPEHU 8WLOLW\YDOXH
055 65 ''
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

)LJ (IIHFWVRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVRQXWLOLW\YDOXH

7DEOH5HVSRQVHWDEOHIRUUDZGDWDDQG61UDWLRV
/HYHO 7 RQ 7 RII 69 :3 :) :7
)RUUDZGDWD
      
      
      
'HOWD      
5DQN      
)RU61UDWLRV
      
      
      
'HOWD      
5DQN      
 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872 1871

7DEOH$QDO\VLVRIYDULDQFHIRUUDZGDWDDQG61UDWLRV
6RXUFH ') 6HT66 $GM66 $GM06 ) 3
)RUUDZGDWD
    
7 RQ 
    
7 RII 
    
69 
   
:3 
    
:) 
    
:7 
  
7RQ 7 RII 
    
7 RQ 69 
    
7 RII 69 
  
5HVLGXDOHUURU 
7RWDO  
)RU61UDWLRV
    
7 RQ 
    
7 RII 
    
69 
    
:3 
    
:) 
    
:7 
    
7RQ 7 RII 
    
7 RQ 69 
    
7 RII 69 
  
5HVLGXDOHUURU 
7RWDO  

7KH$129$IRUUDZGDWDLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVSXOVHRQ WLPHSXOVH RII WLPHVHUYR

YROWDJHDQGZDWHUSUHVVXUHDUHVLJQLILFDQWDWFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDO
6RSUHGLFWHGXWLOLW\YDOXHZLOOEH
XWLOLW\ $%&'7 ; 
7LVWKHDYHUDJHRI XWLOLW\YDOXHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDOOWKHUHDGLQJV
&RQILUPDWLRQH[SHULPHQW ZDV FRQGXFWHGDWWKHRSWLPXPVHWWLQJVRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV7KHRXWSXWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDW
WKLV FRPELQDWLRQ RI LQSXW SDUDPHWHUV DUH 055 LV  PPPLQ 65 LV P DQG '' LV%\ XVLQJ WKH
SURFHGXUH RI 8WLOLW\ FRQFHSW IRU WKH YDOXHV PHQWLRQHG DERYH WKH 8WLOLW\ YDOXH REWDLQHG LV 7KH RSWLPXP
FRQGLWLRQVE\XVLQJ 8WLOLW\DSSURDFKLVWDEXODWHGLQ WDEOH

7DEOH2SWLPXPFRQGLWLRQVXVLQJ 8WLOLW\DSSURDFK
6O1R 3URFHVV3DUDPHWHU %HVWOHYHO 9DOXH
 3XOVHRQ7LPH  
 3XOVHRIIWLPH  
 6HUYRYROWDJH9  
 'LHOHFWULFSUHVVXUH.JFP  
 :LUHIHHGPPLQ  
 :LUHWHQVLRQ1  
1872 Bijo Mathew et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1863 1872

 &RQFOXVLRQV

7KLVSDSHUKDVSUHVHQWHGH[SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHVRQPXOWLREMHFWLYHRSWLPLVDWLRQRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVRQ:('0
RI$,6,6WDLQOHVVVWHHOXVLQJ7DJXFKL 8WLOLW\ DSSURDFK7KH FRQFOXVLRQVRIWKLVSUHVHQWVWXG\DUH

x 7KH RSWLPXPSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVZKLFK SURYLGH PD[LPXPYDOXHRI055 DUH WKLUGOHYHORISXOVHRQ

WLPH$ILUVWOHYHORISXOVHRIIWLPH%VHFRQGOHYHO RIVHUYR YROWDJH&WKLUGOHYHORI ZDWHU
SUHVVXUH'WKLUGOHYHORIZLUHIHHG(DQGWKLUGOHYHORIZLUHWHQVLRQ)
x 7KHRSWLPXPSURFHVV SDUDPHWHUVZKLFK SURYLGH PLQLPXPYDOXHRIVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV DUH ILUVWOHYHORI
SXOVHRQWLPH$WKLUGOHYHORISXOVHRIIWLPH%WKLUGOHYHORIVHUYRYROWDJH&WKLUGOHYHORI
ZDWHUSUHVVXUH'ILUVWOHYHORIZLUHIHHG(DQGILUVWOHYHORI ZLUHWHQVLRQ)
x 7KH RSWLPXP SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK SURYLGH PLQLPXP YDOXH RI GLPHQVLRQDO GHYLDWLRQ DUH ILUVW
OHYHORISXOVHRQWLPH$WKLUGOHYHORISXOVHRIIWLPH%ILUVWOHYHORIVHUYRYROWDJH&WKLUG
OHYHORIZDWHUSUHVVXUH'ILUVWOHYHORIZLUHIHHG(DQGWKLUGOHYHORIZLUHWHQVLRQ)
x 2SWLPXP FRPELQDWLRQ RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV IRU PXOWLSOH SHUIRUPDQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV XVLQJ 8WLOLW\
DSSURDFK LV ZLWK SXOVHRQWLPH OHYHO$SXOVHRIIWLPHOHYHO%VHUYRYROWDJH OHYHO& ZDWHU
SUHVVXUH OHYHO'ZLUHIHHG OHYHO( DQGZLUHWHQVLRQOHYHO)
x )URP WKH $129$ DQDO\VLV LW LV IRXQG WKDW DOO SDUDPHWHUV H[FHSW ZLUH IHHG DQG ZLUH WHQVLRQ
VLJQLILFDQWO\DIIHFWVWKH XWLOLW\IXQFWLRQIRU05565DQG'' $PRQJWKH VLJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHUVSXOVH
RQWLPHSRVHVPD[LPXPLPSDFWRQXWLOLW\IXQFWLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV

$PLQROODK 0RKDPPDGL DQG $OLUH]D )DGDHL 7HKUDQL 6WDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV RI ZLUH HOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJH WXUQLQJ RQPDWHULDO UHPRYDO UDWH
-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOV 3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\
%DVLO .XULDFKHQ -RVHSKNXQMX 3DXO -RVH 0DWKHZ 0RGHOLQJ RI :LUH (OHFWULFDO 'LVFKDUJH 0DFKLQLQJ 3DUDPHWHUV 8VLQJ 7LWDQLXP $OOR\
7L$/9,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(PHUJLQJ7HFKQRORJ\DQG$GYDQFHG(QJLQHHULQJ 
%KDVNDU5HGG\&'LYDNDU5HGG\9(VZDU5HGG\& ([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRQ055DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVRI(1 66VWHHOV
LQZLUH('0XVLQJ7DJXFKLPHWKRG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\
&KDOLVJDRQNDU.XPDU2SWLPL]DWLRQRI:('0SURFHVVRISXUHWLWDQLXPZLWKPXOWLSOHSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVXVLQJ7DJXFKLV'2(
DSSURDFKDQGXWLOLW\FRQFHSW
'DULXV]3RURV6WDQLVODZ =DERUVNL  6HPL HPSLULFDO PRGHO RI HIILFLHQF\ RI ZLUH HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH PDFKLQLQJ RI KDUG WR PDFKLQH
PDWHULDOV -RXUQDORI0DWHULDOV3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\
*DGDN963DUDPHWULFRSWLPL]DWLRQRI:LUH(OHFWULFDO'LVFKDUJH0DFKLQLQJXVLQJ7RSVLV0HWKRG$GYDQFHVLQ3URGXFWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ
DQG0DQDJHPHQW
+HZLG\067DZHHO7$(/DQG6DIW\0)(O0RGHOOLQJWKHPDFKLQHSDUDPHWHUVRIZLUHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHPDFKLQLQJRI,QFRQHO
XVLQJ560-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOV3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ 
/LDR<6 <X <3 6WXG\ RI VSHFLILF GLVFKDUJH HQHUJ\ LQ :('0 DQG LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DFKLQH 7RROV
0DQXIDFWXUH 
0LOOHU 6 ) 6KLK $ - 4X -  ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH VSDUN F\FOH RQ PDWHULDO   UHPRYDO UDWH LQ ZLUH HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH PDFKLQLQJ RI
DGYDQFHGPDWHULDOV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DFKLQH7RROV 0DQXIDFWXUH
3XUL$% %KDWWDFKDU\\D %  $Q DQDO\VLV DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH JHRPHWULFDO LQDFFXUDF\ GXH WR ZLUH ODJ SKHQRPHQRQ LQ
:('0,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI0DFKLQH7RROV 0DQXIDFWXUH
3XUL <0'HVKSDQGH 19  6LPXOWDQHRXV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI PXOWLSOH TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI :('0 EDVHG RQ IX]]\ ORJLF DQG 7DJXFKL
WHFKQLTXH 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHILIWK$VLDSDFLILFLQGXVWULDOHQJLQHHULQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPVFRQIHUHQFH
5DM\DODNVKPL* 9HQNDWD5DPDLDK3 0XOWLSURFHVVSDUDPHWHURSWLPL]DWLRQRIZLUHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHPDFKLQLQJRQ,QFRQHOXVLQJ
7DJXFKLJUH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLV,QWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDORI$GYDQFHG0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\
5DPDNULVKQDQ5 DQG .DUXQDPRRUWK\/ 0RGHOLQJ DQG PXOWLUHVSRQVH 2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI ,QFRQHO  RQ PDFKLQLQJ RI &1& :('0
SURFHVV -RXUQDORI0DWHULDOV3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\
5RKLW*DUJ(IIHFWRISURFHVV SDUDPHWHUVRQSHUIRUPDQFHPHDVXUHVRIZLUHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHPDFKLQLQJ3K'WKHVLV
6DUNDU 6 0LWUD 6 %KDWWDFKDU\\D %  3DUDPHWULF DQDO\VLV DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI ZLUH HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH PDFKLQLQJ RI WLWDQLXP
DOXPLQLGHDOOR\ -RXUQDORI 0DWHULDOV3URFHVVLQJWHFKQRORJ\
9LQRG.XPDU.DPDO-DJUD9LNDV.XPDU(IIHFWRI:('0SDUDPHWHUVRQPDFKLQDELOLW\RI1,021,& 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH1DWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ7UHQGVDQG$GYDQFHVLQ0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ<0&$8QLYHUVLW\ RI6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\)DULGDEDG+DU\DQD2FW

<DQ % + 7VDL + & +XDQJ ) < /XRQJ / &KRUQJ ([DPLQDWLRQ RI ZLUH HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH PDFKLQLQJ RI $O2S$O
FRPSRVLWHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DFKLQH7RROV 0DQXIDFWXUH