| | Prablens hal wet Given: Common substeantes Tar | sand “Siing Putty" | ello Modeling cig = Motnpaste wax Shaving eream Some of tnese Substances exhibit hasracteshes of Solis and fhiids under different condos. Find: Explain and git examples. Soltion: Tar, wax,and Jello bthave asSolids ar room tempera ture or below at ordinary pressures, At high pressuses or over long Peri ols, they exhibit Flurd Characteristics. At higher teawpera teres, A three Nigtiehy ane become viscores #lutds . Modeling cloy and silty petry show Plaid behavior when sheared Slowly, However, they Fractere under seectden lg applid stress, which Is acharacrerishe vf solids, Potnpaste behaves AS a Solel when at rest 1 the tebe. When the tube + squeezed hard, toothpaste “fous " out the spout, showing Flnid behavior, Shawag Cram behaves similarty. Sand act solid when 19 repose (a. sand \pile"). However, it “flows * frm a Speut or down a steep wnehiaeProblem 1.2 es CE. Given: Tank t contain 10 kg of 02 at /4¢mMPa, 35%, Find: Tank voheme aad diameter sf spherical. Solution: Assume ideal gas behavior, Basic equahens: p=PRT (p absolute pressure) 2 ene Subsh puting, we obtain p= MRT, so y= MRT From Table A.b, R= 29.2 Num/kg +k, $0 ye = 1089, 259.8 Nim 93 £899 a, * gk Te x10" + 101105) NI + = 0.0567 m> For a Sphere, ¥* t7R? = LDF, 50 o=(4t]° = [ea nasen mi ~ 0.977 m Te| Vedder 3 | wt Gren: Ghadercal Sank | p= Som Le soe, comlans ALroqen al gressuse -9= 20K Rresgheres (Ras Finds Be moss K atcogen Re Sank Solhion. seen adh ss Neda ice ae Gee Suskuchs qeunuse) a & RTOS SRA we dian #+ “Bs Rae SS a we UE Basie eqpairons + i 7 Sau Xe 5 Ra wits aa we SSL WSN Frown Vode Ae) BH Ah son (hae Wecusneg T = tes ew \ Sen Cowtarcor, eX, & 2oG Wraere 2G was Cor DD Sa rand 5 = Ride me sev dg BaProblem 1+ vatel Given: Five basic conservation laws stated in Section 1-4, Write: A word statement of cach, as they apply to asystem. Assume that laws are to be writen fer & system. Soletion: (&) Conservation of mass — ThE mass of a System Is constant by detiniten, ) Newton's second law of motion - The net force acting ‘ . On & system Is directly proportional! to the prduct of the system mass times its acceseration, ©) First law of thermodynamics - The change in stored energy) Of @ system Eguals the net energy Added to the system as heat and work. @) Second law of thermodynamics — The entropy of ang Isolated system Cannot decrease during any process betueen Gpuitbriium States. () Pincipte of angular memeatimn — The net Prrque achng pn a system 15 equal tothe AR OF change tf angucler momentum of the system,__ Problem 1.5 AAT Open-Ended Problem Statement: Consider the physics of “skipping” a stone across the water surface of a lake. Compare these mechanisms with a stone as it bounces after being thrown along a roadway Discussion: Observation and experience suggest two behaviors when a stone is thrown along a water surface: (1) Ifthe angle between the path of the stone and the water surface is steep the stone may penetrate the water surface. Some momentum of the stone will be converted to momentum of the water in the resulting splash. After penetrating the water surface, the high drag’ of the water will slow the stone quickly. ‘Then, because the stone is heavier than water it will sink. (2) Ifthe angle between the path of the stone and the water surface is shallow the stone may not penetrate the water surface. The splash will be smaller than if the stone penetrated the water surface. This will transfer less momentum to the water, causing less reduction in speed of the stone, The only drag force on the stone will be from friction on the water surface. The drag will be momentary, causing the stone to lose only a portion of its kinetic energy. Instead of sinking, the stone may skip off the surface and become airborne again. ‘When the stone is thrown with speed and angle just right, it may skip several times across the water surface. With each skip the stone loses some forward speed. After several skips the stone loses enough forward speed to penetrate the surface and sink into the water. Observation suggests that the shape of the stone significantly affects skipping. Essentially spherical stones may be made to skip with considerable effort and skill from the thrower. Flatter, more dise-shaped stones are more likely to skip, provided they are thrown with the flat surface(s) essentially parallel to the water surface; spin may be used to stabilize the stone in flight. By contrast, no stone can ever penetrate the pavement of a roadway. Each collision between stone and roadway will be inelastic; friction between the road surface and stone will affect the motion of the stone only slightly. Regardless of the initial angle between the path of the stone and the surface of the roadway, the stone may bounce several times, then finally it will roll to a stop. ‘The shape of the stone is unlikely to affect trajectory of bouncing from a roadway significantly. 5 * Compared to the negligible aerodynamic drag in air.Problem 1.6 ATS) ‘Open-Ended Problem Statement: The barrel of a bicycle tire pump becomes quite warm during use. Explain the mechanisms responsible for the temperature increase. Discussion: Two phenomena are responsible for the temperature increase: (1) friction between the pump piston and barrel and (2) temperature rise of the air as it is compressed in the pump barrel. Friction between the pump piston and barrel converts mechanical energy (force on the piston moving through a distance) into thermal energy as a result of friction. Lubricating the piston helps to provide a good seal with the pump barrel and reduces friction (and therefore force) between the piston and barrel, ‘Temperature of the trapped air rises as it is compressed. The compression is not adiabatic because it occurs during a finite time interval. Heat is transferred from the warm compressed air in the pump barrel to the cooler surroundings. This raises the temperature of the barrel, making its outside surface warm (or even hot!) to the touch.Pecdken 1 | Age F | Gaus We A Nondord conditions - 2s WLaty, Tr seF | Urata Be POV HAQ, AT ESO SE Woda KAT 20.8 6 oes No WY ge F&C ar dans ASS A LRate . BH eke uneasy Au aie SAA ron, . gz we Sa5 WR P= a= ee BSA * det Re ee 8 obs Yale ‘ We Tee 6 daretg, % gs es Noy \ Ro TS me “URS SS (QR § R 2 tON ore - S-. "ME Ske row = a RN —. . RR CR ess Tren ie otal. Bere ©. |. SN ae Los al wy aL Coasd soot} \ (a eatngt teal?)| Redden Ve | Ree F 2 | Gren. Be Sk pressure . (Pe AGATE Sy ond Aengrdiuse ST = = tot ost de FAL WA mn Ha, cemrengomds No Ver Bo Ends ocr dant da edd ags K Ads eS BARAREAS PROTA Se Scidson: 2 | had es Loe > et ee _ em zee * ea SS Xai Whe unctiastig of danst Ss, ase Sy ue UCR Bp CR) RBH LL vee Ser teow ~ a 4 Los 5 Ree &\- ares QE SS = souws'l Tren ‘ ‘ ee Coy aG ole Load «(- owds| * w & Bee Pomel (2 sar tal)Probie 19 i a etz\ q) Given: Mass Flow rate of water determmned by Collecting discharge over a timed ineruas & 0.3 kgls. Seales can be read t nearest 05 kg Stopriatch can be read * nearest 0.2 5. Find: Estimate precision of Fou rate caltulanon tor time intervals of 105, and (4) 1 en. Solution: Apply metiodology of euncertarnty analyst, Appendix F: Computing equarens: r= Sie Ww ‘At den win «#] (3 Manel 3" = at() =) and 28. Alen gm] --1 The tencertainhe’s are expected to bet half the least counts of the measeering Instrements, Tabusahng reaults! Tire Error Uncertamty Water — Errer Uncertainty Uncertamty Taterval, in dt wn bt Coliected, bm aam in me atls) “ Qpereent) Am lig) leg) loercent) (percent) fo £010 tro 3.0 toors 10.883 t130 bo £9.10 tone? Ro to,ors tot = t0.20 A time interval of about IS seconds should be chosen te Pedcice the uncertanty in results % t! percent.| Problem 110 Ree FR]! H = lo2¢ Imm (20 to!) D= 7341) mm Got!) m= 397%) 9 (fo to1) Find: Magartude and estimated uncertainty of pet Food density, Given: Pet food can Soleetion: Density 1s po £ “Gite e #4, or ¢xe Om, BH) Frm uncertainty analysis ; ‘i 2 2 2 eat Hp (B26, ol + (2H uo) UF soe)'] Evatuanng, M26 2 M4 1 Ls 4m o wilae aj 6 am” pi DH @ roy ~ 1) 4m ~ 597 ~ * 0782 % Bae. 2 624m - ea . i eee 7H Cog ga nts den Hl tae HE 2H Ey 4m bs 4 + 28H eo) Toeget COE Bete anny tin = Zt 2 £0,980 % Substituting % Up = t flaroases]*s [Cayly 37)) ‘+ [-nto.osa]'} Up = 4 2.92 percent | —<—<— : poten = Haar niet on? tm v= Zot = ze 3) mm’, lez mm, aM. 3478 ss 3 Pe Sareea" aoog * 1° Kam Tras p= 904 212 kg for (20 1) JoProblen: tI | Beek (21 Given: Standard American golf bail: m= 1.6% t0.0/ 93 (20 t1) D= I.6840.01 in, Goto!) Find: (a) Density and speerhe gravity ) Estimate uncertajnres in calculated yalucs. Solution: Density & mass Per Unit Volame, $0 p= Mag Som 6 Sa tre? © ar (hy? F DE we By Hbt ong —— a PR, sy 3 Pur oT ees ns “loox (0.0254) m2 180 g/m and See f 2 30ks 78 ino on" [oa0 eg ~ The uncertainty 10 censtty 18 gwen by 2 apie “ -4[(F ¥,, um) (PR He) ( mee som fem” p = 11 to.ve wt Ol oe wt i amet he 0.617 percent 2% = e(-* a (6-3 3B) e-eiUp=tasag percent Tus ups #[Cum)* + C5u0)']” 2) = 4{@.0ny+[-3Co.svc)]"} lp = + 1.99 percent (4 21.4 bg /m*) Use = Uy = £189 percent C b0214) Finally, P= 1130 # 21.4 Ig /m> (20 to 1) \P ( $6 = 1.13 t 0.0214 Go ths) au" Te| | | Peoldhen we | : Wee FWA | Gren. Standard Betis ab ball Ma ASQ 2 0.3q Gea te S De WA To den (eae S Find 5 DensXiy ond sqecrtie ast ww SAwrcke of Seneakiotes Am cadeadaded waboek Sddson. Denstu ce moss _ oluene, So > “ A eA Ase Se ays «3 3c e ¥: oc ky, Sa a = vo Wit ond ga — vise Ay, oo St” de Whe Grcesour§ sn dansiy seme, Bee “(QS Son es % aye 3 SB 3 She Xs 5 et + Var sols L VRAIS Woe ‘a aia Bee slay + cous st $ CosesdS stealer gee meATk Cx een Rae eee Ogee sraea|. Cs o.esy) Summrasaids eo Veo © 29 Aalst (ete sae ie 0.0284 Go No s[Redden 098 \ 4 ee FR Geren: Godo can WwiK edicrcled dorensions Js kk.ot o Sm i WE MO EOSeH, Soda os SQ= 1.085 2 1 Find 2 ey swe of goto. wn Be, can | ond ty Eafe soctage SS Go CAS He cone Che | ord Ke uncednry, re ed Word on measured | Sian Measceneds ay a can of eclle gue No = BteS £ OS0q. y Wer Sto-Sog Une tc Be Love memes HAE "Ac ona\> (e¥ s aol" Sat oe = Lo. cory see “ cede et {\ A. cons} = ge. als} = SO.00%\ 4 - "IN! moss Br Rote unt wchane ae SG = Rha << XQ L We es wack a os caky aie Banos & aa Noe Smee SG So oiepenggtnn, tori os ape gel oe Uses £ Oooh . \ at oie BAT ee fl (sett evo + { Whecedt! XT TEN} = crest & one wo 4s Su « ue - Sess ae tower ‘ oe HERS LG SY 1a. go shyt uyt SERA ~ o-oo mM. > a f-t\ < & Hogs S222 Ue £{[e-cadl} [Aeailf*= ooss = veal Wadia.) grids Be coded os 355eh. Ks ASO PRES ONG ES eS ready Bones REE ‘que sean Geren of Re can tots 3 soba 2,Redden SA Xee¥ Sl Gisen; Nominal rose los cdg of uodtes dMermmed boy cdheding | dostrarge Ga a Nectar) oer peed kegs Dr arco | PORES Wo cagacka oF Vg SR NEN CN ENE | + Awes ‘nos \ Stax i Nee + Centers aX dune of (0 Sco Lome ase cele | = ose Moss OK taco rh lacller © Sea, | Find Edindke © Ne, oc Naruse ast ® creates» g Seer, oe cata Gaon wart, ad see. Sdubion: “Te ektwrde tine errds assuaze Neder lo Wea ORNS AWE A Coke KK AOS or Scom, Nveckers Re matey dhoade was ob uate (Som A come C&R loam WL becker. 7 IN we fen we SM ma the He HS Teeding, sents, 1 we NS Ss Ss | Hedy, Be mehodcleays x uneatontiy, ands , Dende & Conpring, eqpstivcn: ago 2 NH .(83 4 mH BBN aa The cncdgetnes are exgadied Ao be t Wa Re lea torts of RecsurAa, wstrunentis Sen = FOS §& = 0.08 8. BD S5 x way _ iH ))\_ m2 PD - a+ om LS- Shal> . = we EL Cn) + (-o6 8% Whbdvag, casts, Wdas Exror Urostady Joe Error deed yw BL Be Sh ten (Q Gar Soaooks VS ts sco \so@ 2 OSO taSo Vo t0.08 Sco goo TOS FOND 6S FOS \ooo Seo tose toc So tO.08 | Smee Be sebas rose ao cogasty of Sa, ont Re Nose wrons LR ooged Laker 1 Soo GO Bare no oddvarkene weiey os < aS» ws anger ate CoN r, SSS el es oe 5¥ L Probiem 11s | BeeF Cah | jw Gnen: Lateral acceleraton, a ~ 0.83 g, meastered tn loo-tt | chameter Sk tcl Pad | | Path deviaton: £2 % . measkremtat uacertainty Vehiéle spted: +t 0.5 mph Find: (@) Eshmate uncertamty in latecal aceelerathen, &) How could experimental pradure be improved? Solution: Lateral! acceleration is gwen by a> VIR. “hy From Apptndix Fy Ug = #(G@uy)* + Cer’) ” From the given cata, ' vis an; Velae = [282245228 » 100 #4] “2 E18 1s Thea mi Sst, HC + vane Tir* 51.54 m“3Loos aad = £ 0.0200 % 20 \ uy = +H@ x0.0/42)2 + 6.0200)'] * #0,0347 Ug, = 3.47 percent Experimental procedure could be improved by lusing 4 larger For D= Yoo tt, R= 200 ft p & v= far ~ [82258 tt ~ 2004] = 12.8A/s = 49.6 mph é at 0Smph _ op et 2H e ay 4.6 moh 40.0101 5 4R =~ xoo% + 0.0100 Ua = +(@x 0.010;)*+ oov0)') * to.0wS Or £2, Bpercent Cire, Assuming the absolute errors 19 rkasurment Ae constann. s ee_5 Poni Beet Cal Given: Dimensient of Sda Can: + D=bb mm H ' Het + = 0 mm tok Find; Masurement preasien nieded t atiow volume to be eShmakd witn an unnrtainty of £05 percent or SS. Solution: Use the methods of Appendix F! Computing equatons: 4 = meth 1 /D & cay = [2% sag)? #(& BE 40) ] Since y= TOM then 2% ~ TD” and 2 = TDH \ Gq? oH % 2D 2 ue Let up =t & Gnd ty = t B, substring, £ L £ ~+)/_¢H md Sx)*, (42 MDH Sxy* Pl fe 2, (2S Uy +(e, eB) By z &)] GH) Sy] Solving, L tasty wate (ye (Bo = 60) Ueber) .t 6.005 ly &x = ta 1 £0158 mm ie +8)* Check: Uy * & ELSE MO ot Lue xto-? ug et Het 2ib om st 2a0s 0 66mm + t ty = tlluad + Guo] = [0.001493 + 6.00478)'] = f 0.00444 ve Tf Sx represents half the least Count, a minima e5olten OF about 28x %0.32 mm K nteded, oy [Game * ered] ——fa ion ni Ree FOAL | Given: American golf ball, m = 1.62 40.01 03, D = 1.68 i. Find: Preeisi0a -b whith D must be mtasured » eshmate | density within Uncertainty of +! percent. | Soletaa! Apply uncertainty concepts Definihéa : Density, 0 = =e v= gre ~ ap? by lompuhng equatin: tg =4 [CEE ex) ve] Frm the definites, p= 4, ~ 2M = elm,d) TO. ~ ps7 CO os, | and FX = 3B,% | We =+[G um) +(3u.)]" | Thus ug = Ue +95 t 7 L(t pe Solving, Up= th fag -ud] From tre data given, Uy * 4 6.0;00 Uy, = £201 2 49.0007 162 03 up =+# se 100)" -£0.006'] = £0,00262 07 + b26r"e Sinte, Ug = 82 enen §D= t Dug = + 1b8 1M, 6.00262 = 4 6.00447 In. i ; _—— The ball dhameter mutt bl miasured bh a preceson of | £00007 17. Cha. mm) or beter t estimate deasitg witha £1 perenk, A micomtier or Caliper could be Users a| Problem |.18 | Yee (5) | Gea: Height of buileing meas cred ee t by line of Sight: 2 H L=10040.5 fe, Bx 3040.2 deg aN | Fire: (G2) Eshimateot H a.nd ris uncertainty. }_— Lo (b) Angie and & 0 rraimige uncertainty in H. @) Evaluation and plt of ip hmum & as a Function of H. Solution: Appiig uncerto.inty concepts From ees F. : . % Computing equation: H*#(L,8) 5 Uy = sex Mua)? + (2 Busy] Fram trigonometry, tare =H js H«L tand& # stand , 4B =L(i+tarts) ot reo ‘yt Uy Wnts, ane UW.) Bana ttit*a0'8) 6) =t[ue + (gig (tarts) wd]? wD Bratuahag win &*Mn radians, Uy * 0.949 pecceat Un Therefore H = 57.74 0.548 ft a Equaten | ti difticett ophmige, cnalyhealig. For any & i meg be tvoluoted aad the minimum Ky dererruned by Varying B. Plotiig tht results! 40 - L=t008 & ¥ 30 z # 20 z $ 10 5 oo ° 30 © Fy Plot Angle, 0 (deg), —— From the pht, the beir mease remerit angle for H = [00 ft is B= 45", but wth a broad minimum, s 30°68 <0 art nearly ophmun Sap Plots for omer values of Lace similar, Thus LH gives minimum mncertainty 19 building height. rsFrobléen 1,19 L Q tsi biven: Piston -eylinder device tp have ¥= lam® Motded Plashe parts with dimensional uncertacmmées, § =# p.cor sr. Find: G)Eshmate of. wnee rtanty Wy dispensed valeme that fests Fram tt dimensional Uncertainnes, (b) Determine tae Poche of Stroke Itagth 7 bore diameter that minimizes Up; plot of the rests. (0 Ts tae resi infiacnced by the Mg nitude of 5? Solution: Apply uncertamty concepts trom Appendix F: aie Tote. et ff 2 Compuetiig equation: = TRH jay = (GRE us)" HBR ‘} Fro Law. - =2/ u2+ up) mt GM «1, and BAY v2.50 Uy [ue + euo)'}* The ehenensienal Uncertainty 1s § = £0.000 ig 2S4 men = £ 0.0508 mm 7 Aséieme, Dx Imm, Then L~ BE, = Symes, = Lamm 1 "mm t uy ~ t[lcos*+ (e¢5.08)}] Uy = + 10.9 percent To minimize Uap, Substbte iA terms “ >: lye = t[Gayt +@eep)'] + {Se ~+ (cae 62° +@sy]* This will 6€ minimum Wwhtr D is Suth that all pp x0, 07 2B) x (EE) 4p + CSF C2 ba) +05 DF a(t)" 5 o> celery? Thus 4, = 2/4, Imm?) o ape (4s 9) 9 =, 1,22 291 The borresponding L té & lam, BES mM Spr a r* 7 mmm” 9 The optiinum Sfroke-to-bore ratio 1 “pligy ~ LESS m0? Te = 0.701 (see fable and plot o1 next page) ™m eo Note that § darps sut of Pat opptinigahon equates, This bphmtn pI US independent of the magnrrick of &. However, the magnitude of the ophinun Uy increases as § increases, 19| Problem 1.19 (cont'd.) | Uncertainty in volume of cylinder: 8e ve D (mm) 05 08 or 08 09 10 1A 12 1.22 13 14 18 16 47 18 19 20 24 22 23 24 25 0.002 in. 0.0508 mm. 1 mm? L(mm) LD(—-) uo (%) a (%) (MH) 5.09 40.2 102 1.00 203 3.54 589 847 1.44 17.0 2.60 amt 728 1.98 148 1.99 2.49 636 2.55 13.0 1.87 178 564 323 7 127 127 5.08 3.99 109 1.05 (0.957 462 4.83 104 ges = 0.737 423 575 102 0.885 0.701 418 5.94 102 0.753 0.680 391 674 103 0650 0.484 3.63 782 107 0668 0.377 3.39 8.98 112 0497 0311 3.18 102 120 0441 = 0.259 299 15 130 0393 (0218 2.82 129 144 0.353 (0.186 267 144 18.4 0318 0.189 264 160 167 0289 (0.437 242 176 182 0263 0.120 231 193 19.9 0241 0.105 221 24 218 0.221 0.092 212 230 234 0.204 0.081 203 249 25.3 25 Uncertainty vs. Diameter 8 Uncertainty In Volume, ry (%) 00 0s, 10 15 20 ‘Cylinder Diameter, D (mm)Froblem 1.20 \-sat)\ Given: Smal! particle accelerating trom rest ia @ fluid. Met weight 1s W, resisting force M™kV, where V 1s Soced. Find: Time required to reath 9S percent of terminal speed, Ve Solution: Consicer the particie to 6 a System. Pow ky Apply Newton's second lac, Gasic equation; EF, = may Rarticle T Assumptions! ) Ww 7s net weight . w ¢ @) Resisting force acts opposite 70 V Then wer ay = W-kV =may am ZG = PR or av =e g- g0-Gv) Separating variables, av =gdt ev Integrating, rating that velocity 1 Zero nihaity, VN LLw wT’ rt Le, 7 - Bow d- B]= [gee = 9t t 8] kgt jeBy wie" Oe sve BY e Vv Age v - 4g¢ =—=al-e w vs _ kgt When ¥ 20,98, then € e 005 and mt =3. Thus t = 3w/gk = 21Yeckden S21 Given t sf petide acederdun IN We A, reeingl sQud wv Saison: Gonsidas tye pastiche. See a syden Begg Nestor s sscomd Low Bose equdon sD Es a ee a Resurgaas HD We ak wish gD Reading Sori Bde opgosieto Ww wa & Wen . = = 3A * TR y MAS we or now % By eo Oh e ReAamnd saad Saye oot ME Eke ve % “hs Segeseting, sosolthes a Aw aS = ass TAR capt nd ee wedood » Bgre wrt SOS a a - ons, - TES aly o0d)- es a ~ Xt Loas s bxo.cs\ = nos, : ww 2:98 AT = aos SY 8 22 cea wo God SSeny Tye Rages Ve | Find » yeonee cans No ready 8S Gra KH Seomned ya bd + w OS\ | | i _ | Reckder W222 | vsalal |‘ Geen: Say dwser dh tne 15 ba one Fhe A, heorsss| Faas Moamon apd 4 Gee Soh Ws Spad reached wn fa fH con PCL: NS Spend AEE) ons by AND Sddvon: ret Be day dieser ae a gators omy Rackaks trae Basi equations DEy= may Kesuangiions: Be kd Tasks opgostte bes Wa TRA candice Mec AKO od Xeo Stoo as We Ina na SERS ge Be ne Re AeeAnd 51 aye mah) - ak 2 ark 4 fas i ee eote SB Sxl y'le, Ns on a Ne th deta, he aan A wg OMENS + aso “& ase Ne 363 “As el 2BReddew } 4 nen] Speed Raila, VIV =) Fron Sqr swe can @? stays (ee or i anced ahs eye A AA ALY aad bee le ; ed No ddan an engetsrcs Ge Ve un ore Zeyr wa bt sro = a Segercivaa sorvettes! and hegre ee ¢ 3 ws] aa SS ‘o “Ne SS “Ra SA = WEA \ Ys . Keg \ WS = sl \ Wen Ru lBsh Reh Re, N a 2G 5 ood 3. CNRE-D Ly &)----- So GERETR = eh OH, ° Say ea ond B ose Eq. 2a: Speed Ratio vs. Distance dea lekoo Eq. 3: Speed Ratio vs. Time 08 os oo 0 100 200300 Distance, ¥ (m) 400 Time, ¢ (8) ze| | Redden 28 val ma 2aaaae seeeeed \ Gusen: Leng Near oh cange (Rx Loo, Worms tnegh & arrow 6 N= aw. Negled ace cesidtamce Fad. Edict. eee seed ods) angle , Corton ESN WL @ eheose agus « ane WS aggle as aGrdienc bh So\ion: Ga Qe ates Woccsetasaed) Tk 8. & thee a ae ~*~ ST TFG vse AL, A ~ ee weve gh, ond Kee Wig Bela, “hk — Mee, wo Wa wa, was e-aty 5 OE nah a leg y Zs e MB wo | te WE aT ord Be = by Fen GQ wts & ee = sca xs. a BG we = 7 & fn we = eB motets ow aoe bah \.7 Tuangven a ats, Goad * sl ve saawls_ Ab From Sqn Ton Tdh= Gane | ones Seb bean \@s OE won suk ous Be SS K ALO (Ey Sh and B= OW (Eg Sh ae gresestied wo Eq. 4: Initial Speed vs. Max. Height Tn Eq. §: Initial Angle vs. Max. Height i: i. aNd $n i* i, o 5 © 68 0 2% w o 5 0 1% @ 2% Maximum Height & (m) Maximum Holght, hr (m)| lo . Rebun en | wea ime Ha, Keoaal WL doom . we oe Ase sped Gaen. ae Asser Wi n= daha Gs wag Gora ws Tye Rey & enkeh sqned Se oF eu aver b> Vedviad See Xo peaty Neo. ash > Vasttiedd Adonctre ceo sone epad Feo TW GV Sgad YEN | ond.) 2A sion: Spek Comdrdar dey dover as ass arpahy, ude Unrd\ao BSE aa T Basie egudlin. LHe nts or She easy Find. ® Resumgucner TAtrd conden Leo ad eo (sro Bx BL okts oggostte No Ran LE, mA R= Wo BL Nesended 5: qed Gro ona Nady Rue ~ar A so and xe @& UR Bh EEN coal &) Vo shut Sor 8 A Sense | we ned an ergresroy sdoing, XN Sk Se Fron “Ay, “a Rr = wi "SL 2 AN Vat os = Sm Sagereista Vostdes ard We Beg ws “sas in ads vee at sR (SS) ox For AS oasiy | Gen gs - be Man Sa SL &(- oe ¥, arts WEA ~4} Fer Gree GW GRod ar seenNonee ae or ws Yat we aston & = S of ‘SS 8, ans Sz ey we| [Redden 8 coat] val ele ein & Te Shain oh engeeetion Ge MAD Ge Lathe ZFe= wa- = w® Segarebidig sos voles ond wh sag hivig, woe base ES € C oe 2 ae RBC =e “ke Lae Wen: = ius Wea = MQ We w\ ond AN ee Xe AN A EA Se SS gg. SRS GR cS ‘Speed Ratio, VIV(—) Rrclustong ) we ddhion s=% < Losses a ae 7 BN Bc, Was ace textharee Srgeeticesy Succ CN Gane neaded Fron a we con verte S=AG os Eqs Nord S ore Qedted Whoo Eq. 4; Speed Ratio vs. Distance 10 os os o4 smergmses veo SS a gyecn sped Eq. 5: Speed Ratio vs. Time 100 200 300400 Distance, ¥ (m) 500 27 10 “Time, ¢ (9)Proiten) 1.28 vet Given! Basic dimensions M,L,t and T. Find: Dimensional representation ef quantities below ,and typica units in ST and Englit systems. Solution ) Power = EOY _ Force x distance Tine Time From Mewsten’ second law, Force = Mass x Acceleration : L a R = Mass x Ace.x Dist, [MEL] foe] , Kem® Slug. 4 user on [Me a) 5 SEE on Time ©) Pressure = REE 2 “7; 2 shes Area. &]) EA, Filia tt Be ©) Modulus of clastiety =), one pe C) Angular vetocii _ hada . ©) Ang velocity = Kadlec =[4] 3 gh or ©) Energy = Force x Distance =[% 4] = =[48] 5 5 @) Momentus = Mass x Velocity =[M & e]-[%]; kam gp Slugsft = 3 aaa ma Slug ie] smn Fes G) Shear stress = Force . fireo, ) Specie. heat = EGY 2 Mass x Temperabinre, Gi) Thermals expansion Cocttivent = change tn length [Length | “fi +h Temperature zgProbtem 1,26 | AO) Given; Basie dimensions FL, t andT. Find; Dimensional represtataticn of quantities belew,and typiea! units in SL and English systems. Solution: (2) Power = EPEBY _ Force x Distance -[#]: Nim op bf ft Tine Time ed's s @) Pressure = Me fA 7; Mw Bt Area LG] § mor HA ©) Modules of etasticrty = foree [FE]. o, (rea etl? ms @) Angular velocity = Kastans =[4] gb or Time el? s * @ Energy = force x Distance = [FL] 3 Nim or Met -fe @) Moment of a force = Force x Distance = [FL]; Mim or weft G) Momentum = Mass x Veiweiry =("S] From Newton’ second law, F=ma,so m> & ‘ & Momentum = Force xVeloerty _[ F =] a[ Fe]; Ms 67 MF Acceleration L dh) Shear stress = LO = Area a Gi) Strain = Sage ta lengtn length| Problem 1.27 \ LO) Given: Unit conversions Find! Convert (a) 1 Pa to Ib la* (pressure (&) | gation te Itees Coleme) Ce) 1 esi ® to tts Her? (isos thy) Solution: Use basic definihens 30 @ | Paw IN WIM, Hef ..0184)0* 4 145 x0" bt hia.® \@) me Mm ——" re Bye @ 1 gas = 1 gal, 23) a2 00089) m3 , lek = 3.79 L 5) gad wn mm . © J Meslme~ 1 Ms BE Gc04%)m® 9 2.09107" os © ™m* YBN Fr Fe <_—_—_—Froblem 1.28 Ad Given: Unit conversions Pind: Coaveck (a) | Nim? to let ha.” (pressure) &) lhe to Nem/s (power) ©) 1 Btullem to wimleg (speeifie G49) Solution: Use basic definrhens @) | Pa2 IN bE _y (orseytm® 2 1,45%10"* ibe meee 0 a ae ® I hp = 55 tlbf, b30%8m YEN. = TH, Am < # kA ee @ ce) ——————— (3 1 Bt WGC ERIE, 0.2048 10 448 M. lon a) # « leon bf 0/9536 kg 1 Bhs _ 2330 Neat ( 2330 z) bn kg ig 2) $< — — — —————_— 31| Problean 1.29 Le | Given: Oeasity of mercury 18 f= 26.3 Slug |#r3, Acceleration of grauity on moon iS Gm = S47 te /st Find: (a) Specifre gravity of mercury. (e) Specitre Volume of mercury, in m>/kg. ©) Specie weight on Earth. @) specific weight on moan. Solution: Apply definitions: = 6302, 562 ef a m0 Thus S6 = 20-3 slug, #2 _ Pra" 194 siag = 136 36 = TF G.32048)2m3 , 5 Lm “5nd U™ 3 slag WS SMD Eg V87KI0 meg | {4% 1 i On Earth, 2 Ye = 23 shag , 32.2, tetsu per /te3 é eS, 50 EE, AE = 847 Lot | On the moon, Up = 26-3 $09, 5.47 fe, leh te 5 ” FeO Sasa Se wee /¢¢ ¥% Nete that the mass baseo quantities (SG and 1) are independent of \ gravity. BzYecdelern 30 | otek Grrsen, Guorities of Mdted dou. Find. Comersion Gdtors, Scltiron' Nadune Qo vote le = Cle VY. de. Bae - ee HL @ Br Aduone Qos we usher 2h adlnn >» >. \ ees < nd & 7 ass wees WA qdlmin ds ) Adone Qos che fwdiers addlhe = ule dS vad & Cate be 2 & ‘Se Bt Ania” & * Boos Ste N \ < = Vos wre uls. & i © WD Nolume Cow caie of abe + \ ScF We Vecenn VE SEMA scew > lhe ZO y Cal) SE ca Leewe= ino vt the @WProbler: 31 Ate) Gen! In Eurmpean usage, / kgf 18 the force exerted on Lkg mass ta standard gravity , Find: Convert 82 psi to units of bgt km? lution: Apply Newton's second faw, Basic equator: F= ma The force txerted 09 149 in standard gravity 1s F= 1g 981m , Aes? Se uaa kin StHiAg up a Conversian trom psi to kgf lem* = 9,81 = kgf VE 2! bt 44nen 14" _ , KIF _ gorys kot in ae Tet (2.S9*om* 9.81 N ro or ie 0.0703 kgf Jem? Px Thus B32 psi = Bz psi, 0.0703 kgf fem* Pst Bt psc = 2.25 kgf fem? SeScion: ssclel | Yedbheny \ae | &, Saar of uss Wend on darensicns of force hs Goan: BE 2 unk K Gece « bode = 203, Und AH Neng = Berar packes = 20 unt & ime = dd dod = 4S 5 Finds esac & Xo SE unis So ARRAS ake ef Mate 6 Seto qaflens to) Whe comersion faders ose \ Weodkdlsal = vootedibal » 2 . ea Neo” We \ Rew potter =) Rew godtr « 2& i aaa Rea -gatas x \ &dkeK = NS &) Fron, Wadtens arcont law is we) woe _ Yedloatl «tnd ded AER Re ei rley $ ? 5, % i 6 Ve comsede oss No SE SE Agyrt \eBso0 Na sness CSE Unt 2 ENE LAOMEN SSAA odie GSdch} - saan (@Stit Grepads Yan * Codie “GALES "son EE mass (Wess. oe = so sos. 35_ Yeadon \38 oes Garen Ben of unis ‘ead en basic dunenscons “os | i A Nena | co, ve SK and Vern ent & of Gory = Wasdsall 2 SA o: = 3 K x oe mas Poe, g canesecschs Codore Ne St st wn den fo unts S seit Ore Oe TE Ze She conwer sich Ghose ose \raselbod = teu Sto, . WE. £0 2 Qs \ < ‘ ey Sey ~e NY Le \nomeran = 8 suns MSH L(CAdken = Wn onecon ee —_ \ Gales = 1 Galea ont woe = Staak cagen = weal Nar Kodhedt” Sesos we ein BS LG Coase donensions of FULL | Ren toed and mos, are secendoru dunensicns ac y% Sma = DO Be Le FT t Ties Vedios sea hes Fee « so > Oe ee o we ‘x . FOL cr ard Be GAL rose 6 Ac aslo Snoneruny (Chedtsat* Ls Vo conved ross unt No SE we Rated honeren Leh ry Goals “pasted “\nonecon w- onos ka < aLRak: ol \ j \ | | Reokhery 38 | wATEL ras A ose GC VAS Raq other CXed GSN Ledtaxs ol ASE Binds w Weight of Voces wn Re codlosnes ) Cofhes Udine 6 Shivon: Boas eqpdivans Fano | MaRS Re Geer of grostyyon otedy, eng) Ren Aw ag take Mane FAL aSSE = Qe Xo® N08 dag see ‘Se nate sale hor Gwen: Engty colanes Sen aso WC Uenemdy, We sdiorre SS aes, axe Mee Wea 2 We BRK Fron Vobde BA, gehes dug ler AT+ act » x Sag s ~ Ms seer aa maak’ PRS = ota aa 37PReaden 2. | aaa by Given 1 Whectty Geld Veted toes. Co oral are condense) Yerernine: @ Yrensions of cach wdouty Gada dy Whetiner Re fas © Sh ot undeady Soliton: The aanensions of each scotty Fdd wit be daarnined relatos he an Nyy ceotdndts shen REY PWENSLONS SER or LASTERDY ? GAG eles w Ae att sa} oneg Sengionsh Dea @ X= Lote eng aceon “Seay WAV = oni -byi Auge = ganensional dents RMD RD Us GoasOd-bG f Sete cage de, WW att shy} tye7 serge Seeay De aad W BNR eat drat, Xe Rfoyst 4 Apreg- os oat eat argtaGiven: Viscous Nigquid sheared btrueen parallel dikes, Upper ask rotates, lower trxed. e Velocity held 's V=& rlu3/h. i, Fund: (a) Dimensions oF veloc try few. lb) satisty physical boundary tonedrheas. Solution: To tid dimensions compare to V~Vlsy.3) frm. The giden held is V= Vile 3). Tuo space coordinates are intleeded, $0 Adi 13 2-0 Flow must satisty tre ro-ship tondihon: At lower deile, 7 ¥0, since stahonary. 370,40 Yrég rwl)/n =o * satisfied (2) At Upper disk, V > tp rw, since It rotates a5 A sold boy. ach, 40. V =énaln)/y = aro satisfied Problem 2% aaa C2) |Reablen 2.3 aaet) Given Neloety Fld yds ont -wah Caale Ne) Finds Equation Gr he flow dlreaniines | and sts Regresettione dreamhines Gr Leo and Wo Sesion: We dope of Re Areanlnes in he ty glane © ahs ne ~ x a For Qe ad ty | Ben Ge an | oe fy. Merce ae Zeb ana a? To schoe Re AM ferenbiol equation \ srpatcle sor cbles ond eget Caan 2 (bas Ao aw Bas -2 QA K+ conden Bye We awe where conhlais bye Ban 3 Am ORO or ahead a= @) > (i For @ ques Sehodty Geld the conlorls 0 and be ore Seed Vitter Brean\inds are ctlaned boy astignng, Aiffererh volves Xo the candle of integrons .¢ TSerecovety eLssc hen lle = 1, ond We Dreambaes ose geen by Ne equclion ‘ we cx Goer te é aye fer WR ond seo for ah Q Re equdicn ye Se Be eqpudon of ages Na. v Cosses are heun Cor aCe wolves of ¢ ye| Peddten 2s Garen: Flee ga coger man lor modded GAA We = ant + boq QR whe: 3 astbe oh a meee | Fads an equrstion Gor Be Bao Anca TARR. Be Reaaeines oh Re Cat quadror Boat gk OAS eS | Sddicn The Sage of Be Arearhines in the Sy dane & gues Loge Re rain a9 ad by . aT eo Sor We - oni shyly Shen Oe on ond veley. Nene we. rll by a OS Tak or a ob at arta RES Wis con on Nggecnt Xo hos te ge BEAK = canbe s be TRS con ke Ew Ged No a For asks | Sen Ayre VY Gareh Ax x aed av QE Sete ce She Se certs Fer he Segoe : Be gost GN Be Exuieresa mcafee *& ets For cro, gro Gr oR and tro Gr ok gy. he on ye cle ages Sapte Swice Qu ~ ont seal, , Re Las Ao Re corer Xe Gory oQt Yo lef. ats - e 4) | a-z.2cteFedde 25 | ezete\ Gren: Flas Sha Le Gadd s CRY, hen Be Lo Gls Se RE PMs, corkindees 0, de a Ges Areainlhes nduding Be one RA gosses | Boorse Be gor Gd Sdioem Sma VHA GY ond wre Moo & HK sane omy Sy Qoke . by 6 Breeorlores ose yorabd\ No Be whoa to Bern” e <&\ » S we * aw “ B+ ane SAeagd 8 Bigs aR\stae oe Ge MN = (Weodys wt Lire Brough ade Ga lente = ce “SSA piesa fered GN ey EAS GK| ProWen Ub | aa2lel Grae, Whoitn Gdd, Le atts uy) as tAS oe wc) | coordinetias G ndiers Finds @ Prremnions of ao Gadd. stent? By Welocky congeners fh Gaga) 2, ho) SD Eqypstion Gr Arearbine Prova Re gk TWaL: sererad Areaedines, oh Gell qyadrark wnduding he one rot GS Schiiiron: @ Yw Ronse ddarmmed La We Sus mj |‘ Yrensege on bh Be Se Re SE, Ge] Ae AGS Ve FAK SD Cand | ww Guyd = Ghd weat=s 2, Wee dale Ss’ ave Yas = Bye tee dye Bale 5 sob CD) Swe VET ond were Goo & Re some wang Aa @one. Reread one garald Yoh ss Douce MERE ow ES eartiva, , \n we SWRA ES BD tar sbre os = cnt =e eK ws mw eat ahs , ex tys at ge ae Ks FCAT Ubere C= ane @Q GV Bread, us CK, ore Gelied hoo 100 ym) 50[Prodan 2 | ral Grsen, Velocity GAA, VEBAQL BLS BEES, BEOS REY cordinddes in wdusg nds Eqprsiron for ans Canaries Ad, senered Lrenmdrrves 1G ugger ln done Scion: BSivecsrwnes are Yongerk vo Be wdo city redior, so ay) = Te BL _-osas dl 8 Ot \avecakinn UO > BL Wel Xo KR OR ? oe “Treads woe cdac ox dna stag’= tre ete adee Caqpdircr Ge Kreavadd Weng. Flow direction “10 “Ss oO s lo ss xa. l > Soluchinn: The velocity Held 1s Vauttus, © urZ +A i Problem 2.8 az2Ced | Gwen: Steady, incompressible flow in ty plane with % AY a . Ve at+ BS where Ax emtle And CoordiAves are in meters. Find: (a) Equation fry Streamhae though (gi 0,3). &) Time reguired fur a fled partiile to move x=/m x= 3m, E ‘ 1 UT ype tt G mputing equathons: &), ne 2 54 ~% Subst ut ¥ =A! ¥ oe _ hating, at z- wo He ¥ Latkegrahrg, Por pont (%1g) =(4,3), 22 = Thus x= g 18 équaten (a) =A For & partic, up = 4 Integrantng, mde at oxt z t= 4(@'m- rm, 3 S228 : @) 4s| Pedder 2.4 sertoud. Se EES w Shag Aen Keine Gr gatde | a G2) A~o Find) Shoo BAL gods wasn & de Schon eS! 6 OF ve Se Be TOK or ato w,* Bed x 3 ISN Qoeiadhe, rot We wdoddu Ghd Ws at “yy voh fe we e222 Gann Sdodday GA Y= oto, dhere actos Vet Bey ye Needed. 2) Compare getleNine Wi Arecrine ous tare york KR and (‘s = (oat 8 o > aed ona (2-he aa Seteggdung, Sys SD oa we ddan & Rava seee, of Be e® one reece! Baye Matic, or Bee ona we ce a is Vo alan Be QR Mine we dorinds. L Gon ae Sal toh x + yt n= Qe® L Wee eo te ang a" j<* Ww Be ast or te KH Eqpaing ergresmors for Lue deat giete hb 8 -B hy Bebe, Mea wo, See GPR a BL Leo He\ec, Qaypeece . Sree ants San Be bre of He adie TH tee: Pau he Anton Nne w Se cy Qa tne dege Be Ss 8 Rue aS Be EAE co ORK conte Aarhid So hen trys Bian - sedtedin Bae SwevGurg, we San Sele Loe eo, eq potion’ Kcearwnre RGD CR Soe | Ye| Problem 2,10 | a-wete) Giien: Velocity Held, V =-axt+ bot , where arh- 25) and the coordinaks Arte Mtasnrtd 1) Meters Find: (a) Paramttric equatons tre parhtle Moton. ©) Pathine eguaten tr partic at Guy) = (2,1) Att 0. (2) Compare with streaming through same poiar. Solution: Velocity fed iS Veut+S, % Ur-ax, r= by Computing equates: Up =% , po ¥ ly, =2 & streamline ~ & =%.- - R= -at Up = ax so hi s-adt and Mw F, Ths %= %e~% Moe Bey Yo tee ar ha, = Ht thas y~we = ye Parametric Solving try e%, etn 2 ® 2 ty* %% fr particle at (%,%) = (2) XY = 2my/m = 2m? Pathhiae The streamline 1s ~~ 2 wa IO KR be ax “au és Separating variables and wmegranng, # Se. For point buy) ~ l2,1) the streambine WS Om tmylm = 2% or how thug =C¥e bee or xy=c xy= 2m Streamtine (a) &) (c) Nok: ASexpected, patnhnt and Streamline Cornetde for } this steady flow. 47| roblem 2.11 aeelel Given: Venere, held UV ~(axt-ayS)(2+ cost) where 2-35! and w=TS"; ~andy measured in Mm Find: (a) Algebraic tquahen for streamhneat ¢ =0 @) Bot streamine through point (ey) ~ (2,4) at 670 © bi the stramliae Change Witn hme? Explain @) Show Vebert, vector at Sane point, han. Tangent? Explain Solution: Fora streamline, dy = du. Fam the given held, at t~0, yx ° untax andr -2ay,% 4%. de Tr zay~ u ~ Zax or oe lag x oo Integrating, bux they -huoe 0 xync Streamline Ce*) For point (ty) (2,4), ey =(20e) =e 29, or *9 ~F vn a yam) thie streamline Point (2, 4) 4 x oF 7 > xlm) Sream bine patem will tot change wth here, sce 4 4 #@), IT At point (@,¢)at t»0, L*Zax = QB s-Nem) - 2 mis Ver tay» -GY3 5) (ym) => 24 ls The ve bcity vector IS tangent to the Stramlac. Tangyat_ | Redden aoe | areata | Garen: doin Geld Ve AL ELL here Betrls, Be OD wile | ond coordinates are in mders, Finds ed gostison Gndiions, Sox poche \ocaled ob he sys Sa ew =o . be adgalocine etgretsion Kor gare of gate Mears Be RAR GN comgere WMA direaanbne rota Re sare gat of Leo. tts. Sduiiion: For a porkice owe SS ond wre “A Rey ae we me Asc, Geeat and ee sret 0d ‘ wre ce “Mae | Cau (peat ond Us bp sat © Sdested AQ, Veobenas fox Se Ao ond 2, Ren we Veet ond ye Ve ons tt Tey by No, bhererine, Re patil) Gr Be partic | OP RGMAAE SE Goces Re Geers wapecvcne 08 eat Fron Eq ia, te Gada. Sorthutdg “he EqQes , ROAD zt & Sul RuSeg nore Gk Schou : “Se Vacs C4 gone Be Reema Cond la Quien Gon tla» 3 ‘S\ =u. a8 2 Brinn SK nye x wae 25 Trronat pent GY ce SSRs roast Ss Ve Onst Qn _ SKiweomre Brough ' @ tso . yey ‘° Kale, We sons WY “ tte, Gero “eae Mok Goce Rat gelhlae ond deena do odl Condes Sor odd ua| Redden TAs | areal Garren: Wott Gds Wenn Gee vou HAT OSE, Be ces rreasnred Wh wmellecs | Wek: Re gai&lne of Be Aide SA gassed Brora Sok Wad Sti oe oS een Rees eet Schdica: Ber epee ape we le Ge Baad = SE (a = ( sGaaddar i a & Ss alerted ~ aletael n ae eee) a & wr tye Mle Gar G ARs eee re gate way ln heoted wos Ros Soon) ae SESE We decanting 6 Cand auien © fron “Bp er ka a Sa RT Bt Qaeda ye Slat ebee 5 ele Egon ama (ree) ad L SKreomiwre POH GAS wes CSA. on SEARE Ag foe Se, one wan che WOO SEY Sheeashe BW Leo, Hey 3 % wae) RS Seana 7037 pare Nets, A y¢m) 50[| Redden a | zaetal Green: Word Gd We AGN real, Rese aeew ts), TOES, and coorknates one HHAUUREA A Maas | TAL ee Noe G WAexacdd Bread of Ce Seren a We RS see Cae one $ SEES Sean PAARL do Leos, and Sdudion: For a patide | us Alay ana w= Aalac wr Gd. | a -¢ aGddrat ER KEY anh ae tge SEY weeye S| gare’ 4 Be goitiine moss bee gate Goer Lor draon thos Be Reemtine ib Cound (Lage) an Salad & Ren oa ang OWN AQ LS ae BR AS Q x N 2 ae trae Straka 5 elite gh Beene & ee SGN aes Ch, Ren & sbirdisivng foe Sa oe Ben ag yey Beko Lo hake, . ke 5° CSreamines! (=08 qa4y kets, aE o Pathiine t=28 v(m)[redder 2s | erekal aa ‘SBR « ‘aang y aa i 4 Gren. Xd Kreda We othD Ay here or ots, bo= ans A coordinakes oF meosured wh ss. Wh, Be gather, ( Ste SNE OLREBD KR e OGL we ees, * 8 Gerngore WN Be hecamlony ghohed Brovgls re sore part oa Ls st, ond bs. Gor ogetide , we cate Othe (SE =e te ~ x we Woe L&T ond tere 2 e Bao, we Mila nts, EGer araete a te Be gat@tine mauler Gated Ly vara’ as daonbes | he thease, © Ghd. OS, os a Mala =e Bears ‘ Mae SB apd He ctnedn Brough Gig) & . & Leaee (RS 2 we REL oe ae SOAK a or ete and gy) aes EME dentine BEL, ge ately haa Es ats ° 3, ge Sst ls ‘Streamlines: t= 16 $2| Redden tte | eeeR\ rrr. sae oh heal a: fener Gensen: Wdodty Gd Ye ot yrds here ads+ ze, ceONS | ‘oo ond Sankureas wdars, War Ke ot CAsnevya See ered ceteusd fe | gostadke R ae Reougr Be ge Gigs =D RO OS, ae Wr Be Arearbre Sdhad Roun Re Sarre GOAL Bk Le OVS, ond We “<8 Sdsdtion. Boro gedtide, ve SHR ons ve Sle ton Ble ok & ={aae — ek se Sala Logie ad , ce ie W aS s ede stacy Age = BO LN wr bee SddSBag Ge BK Ae 0d, me SE | ue eto ‘ Re ar Be Kreatoe & Guna Cok arses) Cron Sala = Ren by. bye | be se & ud. oh a" “i Ge ale * Fe = chahhig alo ete and, we caee\ 7S, Me Sh é Ne, a Ne Ss, s x“ y(n) 3| Redden B an i} Gwen: Wau. Ne ae Sweets Sd.diron Bor a gate | ars we BaGeeds Sy (* Aww ES Qaeda ge S WAL RE, Aremte & Powts on Be Wie owe toot te Al oF Uastced § SRG ADS S&ad. Se RS el aS TAN oesG eS We draklwic & Gone an & ddoned wxat sod ii Re ke A Wen’ AAS 5Y meine ST ecm Sremgh eek Gogego™ cee AS dura coe’ Base GR Recentins Crea ge Sreabire co Le Be connedte Rastaces Kak gested Reon pau Gnd) a eorlver Loren Lee ot and te oy oon By sandy om = (3 BORN dy Roe ales ya - nde yeaCQas | ze tee BRAS TESA ATY eo are cys Ol o(* Ms ~w we Ca Can rs G MWe whey, vedor & Nongert Ve Be Aveorkde (aed) de ae 3 AS anh. ie ee od aah QE GAD anes eet. Ren on BASS, Ge DB lo CE We aD Qso.sd : we ws Rese reahes Gs oo Nets sae ore dream on Me dncdas ar betaytes Sst Sees sgt S VWs de enh SERNA, a2 eet Goh Re BAC BAT SCQ) , KR HO se) ee 5 ceordindles MeadiFed Re dreck\ine formed S portadkes Rel gow! x AAD Sen Leds[Redden eset De oun Bui \ ros oe deme LGAdrors@XS5 = eat patie ( Medved: morgage) on She drab Ga\ Se ws 4 yim)[Redden 248 | aces tN Ri 1 4 Givens hod da Ve on Gadde veal) hue cece 8, Nox OEE, and coordsncdes are Weosssed 6 TAA: Ba Acedktne QL Q Be ort GS senna, we Set ete 2s . é y Sok Gok HO one tb oe Shion, Bred&e AL as commedic gattides AK gassed ro re ROFL GYD declare Lares Ceo. s 2, ond Be. Ver o gortde | we atl sons se Sala & we ond: “SR ane \e- (pqsavac ba R= ots wit wa (eee BCE ae ty etd sSQew) . ~~ oe i i ‘ ce ~ See, (Ss fox LB ec eee w se va "ys ss SRikddsAg Sor abe te, od bes ‘ Rta, St Goats Sntohice wart Ase .eae . GQ) deeebtbve Ra deranlicre roy tee hoted Lay sledtitong wobuas Cr > Re wore BX Las) os Koon hoo Seheee is Sound C& aeiend) Crows, dah .= = © s aa “alae shee aad ord. ( ‘saat a oe & Be wee Eo as Sbedetebda wcduss Gr te gg adic, & {2 CCS we wo ge yoren® ce BLE kro y AREY Re\s, 45 x Nets, ow s sb[ Reddun 2 aleadtds| a iz | raj y(n) 40 30 57| Redden 249 \ areal Given: Sadrosen oe eels & \owlicn (0,9 nady Keka auc ws Vole we \nis osttas we Oo ave \Sn\s abeews Binds os Mines of Saddles \eos orgs A LeoVradvs Q MER GAS a wR Se ReatNea aoe Ctissiotiald | Sclditon: Cacrdncdas of gactacde di Lume agen ng to Qote, aelsa Sat up dhe So Loads garlides cL guccessose Lores Lowber adnan dA Yeas Eo tae Atte. kE3a Ake a oo MAN Bae aes US.0 . > AN Vas \ Ko i. oo os O,30 Yy oo os = of & ‘ | zy’ —-- = deeddoe ALAS aay ——— ee gathone & 5g| Piven aro | anata tle Gren: dod Fda ye LT A | here or 08 S Now mT and Coordsncld ore A mekess. Ra Be iin Gauen eS ad OLEH RD Re eases Rages & GORE C6, US= KD & os 5 Congere Ks i Bro Be sane po Ae aR Seek Sabon: Ra gdfine amd Lreddine are based on gocaantine aqpeticns Sor a gatiche, Fer oe poe Ge lac ona ve “alec Ran a w(cear | AR eda aay oe Bee ot, As te e tAAd” Meo tila ak - fe fe . we Be AWAD Ta Re deowe eqydicrs | tauy ore Cronttdies fede dA Be qiWlAe G cared by Goowa Be gatiibe BE posed Se rE Hogs = Ed of Sow Leo Ras te tee SESH ‘ Gd give wS Bore = ett Re go lture vee gatas Wy rorgngt Gore ad os dy We Asedkbwe ws cdhoned by Vectidg Cond co aN ot Umea te as oh ie gotides eossedt Ks Be port Go = COS SX tome cakes tune Lo Roe ea ebslats) 1 cosets) y kead . ‘ a] w gs GAD = ta GAD Eee Ra dreodre Non Aa sha ke Cob eE3S) oe LPS SANerss 54Vedder 22cleald)| oh ae th aj \ y(m) ? v” Streaktine 2 x¢m) bo| Probie 2.21 aratal 7 Gwen: Velscity Hen in xy plane ,V~ at thet, where Q=2mils and b= 1s! Find: G@) Equaten tor streamhae trrough (uy) * (2,5). (&) At t*2 5, coordinates of Particle (0,4) at t=0. ©) At €* 35, cordinats of particle (1, 4.25) ot tals, (4) Compare pathhie, Strtamlne,streakhne. Solution: For a stramline de. dy aT Fv Ve atrbx tp, wna andy=bx, so & -% on =% dx & dy Inkgrahng Cola , ab y2 5 - Gyre or 4 Be #o Evaluatng ¢ at (x,y)=(2,s), sy - fut =5m -fbe SS Gms 4m Shram line through (44) (2,5) 6 ge Eau @® To blak particls, dérivé parametric Gquarens Wp Kena, dx =adt, and x-% =~ alt-te) Up = ow wbx, oy = bxctt ~b(%y + at—aty) Y-Ye = b%0k~te) + $ le*-t,*) ato (t~t0) For tne partick at (Yo, yp) = (0,4) at t=, \ “> 0 tae so at e235, = tMxlS =e 4m gear © at tees, yoy rdn A @is y=3m & oy <|Fobm 2.21 Gontd.) | Far tre parker at (uy) *0, 405) at tris, Hw +talt-to) = /taG-y soatt=s4 x= I+ 2 Bias = sm Y= t bro lt ~to) + E(4e-ty2) - Ato lt to) = uerdslry ley tx? B(tr-1) 2 Bs Ise -) Dat tBs, yx har Z+s-4 = Uo m <1 AU these ponds Ne on the same Stream Inne, as shown Lelow: @ (5, bors) /0 a & (4,2) g 7 streamline ln) “ s 4 3 zZ ! o 0 7 2 3 4 & im) For inis steady flow, Sream|ines, Pathines, A0d Streakhocs loinerde, As ex pickeh oz (eyL | Recher 2.22. | awets\ Gruen, Vdocty Glad Y= aut LW bere oe 85) opt ‘oe ete \ esecdin, oe Meosssed A neers Padi @ & Lon K Kreaetine Regd GWe G&S oo ee UNC aed Kogag geek Case ENR ELS ) RL Listas | coerdincg of ORE RA weed Arora dh Bio) ot Wes gee GN G Sediion / Se Sabor, vector Manage No Re Arearbins %S A Dawe Ze ay of Coadas (bas %& Bey rls Sel Es oD AGA = gh or Re Aes Skrrooe by Flas gattide RA gases Crore ON @ ro we Re oy Gee (agate Goma gh ~ | o Aye te Tae re wea ti OS + LS . wt (ae = CG atag doar = age + SAV Ae AG Soh SS we Falowa pactivde Broads GA) ct to | Shen ok LoS tee TAME LON CO aa Sage SAD sle,_Lreled GE SAewlQae | MAE 38, Locke portion of pote Ral ponsed Rrongth (co says (aS Keoser time U8 Ns, Foro gotde FS x we “Bek \%s = (ee and gagged en * x we Es ay cre Xa Cola en a ork MeL aye = BORE) ~ ke AD, Kon Seon Egg tarde Cor Aza ond ters > e-pros ME Lak] - O@OGN =U, ye oF aN ade GS Se Xe GND Gd) Lond (63.8), ase al\ion Be sone, make Cte KY Gees, Seeabiinns Aaconinet Conc, 63| Redden 228 | atl am Re dreowtne ke Cound (oh on Seow Ahad, = + Ndodkn Goa Ve RUG here ae Omid eels, Sore vaebured wh eaters) Fads GQ W Le 2s, coordsicttes of Ratide Rok gased roars “Ged = GS oe by WUE TEMES & LQ adide BA ged, Cos ob Le te Wd Re geile ond dhreokhuve ‘Soon Rod GN, Ur® Be congare| dream \aes weve gook Leo \us Sddiions, AC abc and Kewalishe are asad on goroondiete agpations for a gorkccle. For patie a Bla ona oe Sthar hu oe Rek , tage y tetas Se) Gd we Reb | ee Ge LAr OAD Tn Re loose eydions 5 5 getde & tow be Seis each aS we Ke Gare & strat Street Side RE posead Qc tee) Son exo Ens. Wate ws Le oat Cad gaere sp tet = Veet WE Lets | gotdtde VA AD! GHA iS) Drs iiwoy oe Nee “ ne. Comteads S Re deeabbre doves Ceha connedond ot Ure Ks as, sok Be gous eos Be Rot Weg = QS vA ae re we Artes Salads) = zs Tae Ga) Be A EGAD © ee GAD Shandy We ee, gaksde es & Gade (3,3) ds Re -deeeokkre = Nee Nea s ~ Cob Kha os Sas NS aoe le oe[redden raaleth| a ha sai } 4 Ra. Shave Berorbve Brough eat Gs arts SER ae tee Rtas shee Whee fo tee Reh ws Sen eee yr St 8 [sveamines: t=08 tate 6 Es oe Ge eas > Wess 3 Saeed ast Bad 3 4 2 xm) os- | Prblem tee | eat y Given: Velerty eid Vzaytt bth, where als lb~ 2.5 mst tin Find: (a) Att ~ 2s, particle that passed Ch, 2)at t 20S GAt t*35, partich trar paused Gd) at t= 25 ©) Plot pathine aad shrakiine Though Ct); Compare With streamlines at £0 1,2 %. Solutwn: Path line And straklne are bated on parametriée equations for a. partic/e, Thus ve Ym bt, 50 dy abede, and y-y > B(er-td) and ur way al wr Ser-ts] £0 | iF ¢ it ae? dis AL ust +2(G- GO], 5 x 2Xe tau (e-toS+ 28, e2he-0) Where. "lo, yy Ae Coordinates of particle at ty, For @, ty -0, and (Hom) =U, 2). Thus ak t*25, 4=4t8 . bs ‘920 | as. yremrg Betsy 300m At £=25,(% a) = ae imede am Ceo) g Leda $24 (2B = +0) 38 “507m — 6ur,3.0) —— For (b), ty #25, 00d (a4) =I, 9, Thus at 734, thé partich 5 at At £235, to" 25|@) YP) = 2s Fx OSB [(s)*-(2)'] S* = 3.28m Cay) (3,54) 325) 4G) = Irae Ent (Bd, dado et (@80 "+ @re-3))3?= 3.59. _ Perla, the sheaklne may be plikd at any t by varying &, Gs shows 07 tne next page. The streamnae 1s found (at g01 t) Prem dee & Subshtitng Uxay and v~ bt, due ae dy or ots ety Thas c= 4° ~ 2bF yo For 70, YC j at Oy, y)=(y2), tea O* 4 teh gre By be at Cep,4) 0,2), ther C=8 «) tet, yt = thy pes at Coy)(h2), 6 * 2 phy tn3s, 02) beProblem 2.24 Gant'a: 1V zayt + ott “8% be > Recall V =agt + bth, whee ais b as m/s, (%, 4) = (1,2) m. Pact (a): Fathisne of partitie located At (xs, Yo) at 205! OMIONEXGE AG 0) 1.00) 2.00] 1| 3.08) 2.25) 9.25| 4.25) Part (e): Path line of particle located at (vo, y)at t>2S! EXO) MXC) EXO) EAD) 2] 2| 1.00] 2.00] 2] 4] 7.87| 5.00] Pattie Prot 2 4 6 8 10 ii x(n) — Pathline Plot 6 4 we2s 2 ° o 2 4 6 8 10 x(n) Parte): Streamlines through pet (ro,ys) At t70,1,2,and gs: wo | 43 (-_[e=| 40] 30{ 20] 1.9] {0 ()] x cm) y Ce] y Ce] Cy (om 7] 2.00] 2.00] 2.00| 2.00] 2| 2.00| 2.24| 2.45| 2.68 3) 2.00) 2.45| 2.83) 3.16 ‘Streamline Pot 38 72.00| 2.83| 3.48! 4.00] 4 2.00) 2.65) 3.10] 361] 2 Ti =e 2.00| 3.16) 4.00| 4.69) 2.00| 3.32| 4:24| 6.00, 2,00] 3.46| 4.47] 5.20 2.00| 361] 469] 5.57, 12/clolelolololololo, Streaklint at t* 35 of partices that passed thew point (%0,Yo): 6 SO] COX cri] y(n] ‘ of 3] 925| 425] 1] 3/667] 4.00 2 2| 3 3.58] 3.25) 3,3 5 @| 2.00) 3.00) 3.74] 4.36 s 7.00] 2.00, o7| Redden 2.25 | aati Gasen, Lasidiren Cais Secothy Sih Sengerdion Choos ‘s ot} ~ = ~ PON udhere Soe VAs d SY Lalas ach se KoMK Fas Capaion Gr edebdina ar Mrecotttg WR ds GeasRaionsdd UAKE ae a Candice ob: Rempercture S Acagecs Rorkne, Gedk cet Lawng, dade Fron Wendt & wim] | Cone condtos \ Now eet ha pn A Sloe 4 i SINS Sasi” ee Soak 285, (ad) we earn! Mes [otiod® $= worus SE eo aura Ky Than in Bdh Grastciond bats a 4 Ne Ss _ UA X Pe SN where UnteoCT ote, pes lee Ercuede oh Te ae (saan ESTs Gog ~ Va SAHA (SBR Frown Tobe B28 Caggen de®) ATs SE pre Beene Wee lar deed Bass HS WC 3 oFYroblen 22h uA y © Given: Vosidiion of air Swcaitiy Usth Sengercture (shed) ws jew BO NaS vere b= estas” Sy S= KOK Fina, & 1. Sor Monenaic Suscastiy, of obs Gn SE oktd) os Bron oC Xan Mare oh ae cere) a Se Chcrerncear ek calm daaiben Regendss Scion: For on ideal aps | B= pee Fron Tale wh B= ate Rn [Raw Ke Kirendiie Siscottty I= Me Po pee RAS a we _ Sw Ve AR “eeTy Rast Veale here ye BS _ tA Kk LASTS, ~t = x aide * Tors a Simm, water Find: Farce on A= 03m! sechon of lower pete, Solution: Apply definvhoas of Newtonian flasd, shear stress. Basic equanens: T -£ » ex we Assemphors: U1) Newtonian thuid ‘ 2 29 (Z Frm tne gusta profile, ts» temax(1~¢ 3S) ) 60 & = Umax ©2 AZM At lower surface, y= ~h/z a- ‘Bone # (hy Tx lower) =H), on > mf - Lemar #2] = Pesan Tux >d and surface 43 poside, 50 2 right. Fs tegen © Yetta A From Appendix A, Table AP) p= hie x0o® Nisim at IS°C, 50 -3 Fn th X1o ONS. 905m o.sm% 1, 10% mm mm 3 & mm ™ F = 0.0137 N (éo right) << UWProblem 2.29 ea tal Open-Ended Problem Statement: Explain how an ice skate interacts with the ice surface. What mechanism acts to reduce sliding friction between skate and ice? Discussion: The normal freezing and melting temperature of ice is 0°C (32°F) at atmospheric pressure. The melting temperature of ice decreases as pressure is increased. ‘Therefore ice can be caused to melt at a temperature below the normal melting temperature when the ice is subjected to increased pressure. A skater is supported by relatively narrow blades with a short contact against the ice. The blade of atypical skate is less than 3 mm wide, The length of blade in contact with the ice may be just ten or so millimeters. With a3 mm by 10 mm contact patch, a 75 kg skater is supported by a pressure between skate blade and ice on the order of tens of megaPascals (hundreds of atmospheres). Such a pressure is enough to cause ice to melt rapidly. ‘When pressure is applied to the ice surface by the skater, a thin surface layer of ice melts to become liquid water and the skate glides on this thin liquid film. Viscous friction is quite small, so the effective friction coefficient is much smaller than for sliding friction. ‘The magnitude of the viscous drag force acting on each skate blade depends on the speed of the skater, the area of contact, and the thickness of the water layer on top of the ice. ‘The phenomenon of static friction giving way to viscous friction is similar to the hydroplaning of a pneumatic tire caused by a layer of water on the road surface. qe| Xedshen 2-20 | anata | Geren: Grae of Wadhwa WK hiss er See RES SU ad SG anh ile BH As OE as oR Bn der ok He HS Se Ben. Find. Be dacesclion of Re akaler duu to stecous areas. Sddtion, Mods Bas ab cre-dsnensiond dnear Kas & Pn Qe Chee . oe be Ll Bose eq poicr: ne &y Reeurducnss | + Nendhons nan, See ie 5 ME wna AG. Fron Take at Append W KR 3Oe pe BL Ast LCs [oe Sat eo pte ae = Mas 86 QA y i ee ee Kage Asn Wt lee ZFS MOK * ug B= or Ak t, as > SQS= - SSeS ein ASiw ONS BAK LA st. es Se RX ae -ousy ele P 73| Redden 2.2 | eAatZd Bisen: Tha Sle K coude od (se os | pe nosed Msi) ody Rakin We O85 Nowe We Nelooly, roe & es ty, ue 8 Wy- a whe Finds wo Re, etch ond na. deredicn Be Keor Aree by RETR Saag Got: AaSn a 3d ene, Sebiien eats roe Be Ws Unag <8 ys Umea = we Sel a-3(\] Bi haa NS ° ° - ot Od. ON ON de wy oa ou ig (yg) Ss co 3s u du Tre Sheor Reus & auaen . apn ey Re th oy ~p als be Sed: prs} we ee wAdwWed SuseGu | = Rd SNe = sehe sh wie Xe OMS «VK dug, BTAE OSH. © , sA5 WKS ae e ean" Sa | 4agn ON wr lar _ By Tre tafe Go pein a elon Sere ug 22 Ke Seon wad pA Be BStheae A direAds on Shoo, se oe TY| Peablern 2.32, PAG Groen “Bread of weg vo ht 9, SOR om each edge, is Quled UD a Ghana, inna LS AG he bey AER over fn oh SAE LON GVA OSE “He speed Tel Be Blok w conta AS Kle and We od (hn Aadiness we 0.001 4 Nedecty grofite A An ie Mineo Find Force reqgured, Sash Sree Be Wek & mow A condor weherty 0, Ben Ere Consider Be Locees share, Se doreduen of Wdicn ond lock cha ee ‘way Singers of Ke ok e o a F © = <7 “s L Su 2RL so F-£-Wenezo y en Roo Re Cdn Cre Fe tH whee Yep For tna ggg (Winter wdecta gic) Y= 3 Nar fetqs pS a and Kas F> pQa ane ro Be pees she Fron Fig 82, Regendin ®, for Sie ioWs @ res (af) pense s. shee Ee pes awsdte 2 2 ae Fae SS eqns bes ot SH, LLM yrolf sais. m= . Seatn “ain Fe sag lk & IS| Vedder 283 maa el Gisen: Tage , of Gah stet.con ie te le cealed on bolt sides WA Wercorh yg ie: Bq iy rough norcou> L, ee of Wak Tat shown + me Fe CeOORm. LeaaSe Lronn pou Kdoriead: 2 O.02\ bugle. come Xe Moet. LBelbducn o Mi or Mouinun allasable Gre SAage & Fes Find: Mossman allovsokhe Nope speed Saldivons ZR may Swrea Nroge = cena (Ken ERO Qeea ce aan Fe ete where ep By Kop eushese of * te te A St On Yop sur ce Nope = PSA aa NE negdive Ton gotlve surface means | _ Re SAS As leet ey St oy Nace af On Noctis surlase hog fee y= p GEE ® ME gaikin f ony euros meant Fe acts to hee Menu, ZReo =e FRAP Fe Fete = Pals Val ee ps vp ke = ayer Schwa, See s, : Ss . a fe 1 si & _ WSs 0.0% +t EN (esonsey) Tbe Gerdeg Bin eeeL | roller 2.88 Gives, » Bod & mass W\ hides on ~ Be BA oC SN of Budanase Ky. Cobos ose oun of od io A. AL Le T=0, isos 9) wrose wh Wb Caleabed Grow cack, Funan Expression Ge wrscous Core on Sod ESN wy SS eS boa Sv “ ON ot oe mY Teed os ok SA ames Ss & Byresen for SRR equd NENG) hGH Solution e . & Tey: epi ate FES Wesummions: & NedLomian ad ! spans sto’ ete A AMA. RQ ren & Semen ap Bae ene Ah 8 For Re hed, ZR ROR WAY S DS | For Re Cakng mans ERs mao Fes Se & OS rea) Sane Sores oh, Ben gee = whe 8S aye math tee Re mg Rk Baady, mapas qarans & YK eq. Ve soloe ug sugarde Sonate opt ae ch CAs an em bh SS eS bre ¢ oot st 6 Se aS s\, =~ LG bn N ana eo kes, = an . + x< . Sous a _ at “ ix < &) XV A Re wt creceates ergone aye Sear “SE "9 saa PN[ Necden 38 | eaatel Gwen: Bod Kross HW wowes dh Ancd: WiMlaemce oC contac fora FO on oS GAN ok BAA : on tedtowy of Wha, and suggoritg, red Ne oer 05 Le of 7; | Sddson: Bl Lis ai die aa w I Bose eqpelions : ys pe ay FEE : t Brordions: @ Dadionion Guid ty WD Lyman elo chy grote GB ch Ghy oe < A BREE TS onder oH aW of Aiiclimete IR ama Secon ty od Square, am on ow othe: Donatude and dred K dheos 4 < adh! —s he ty Expression Sor ime ce \ RE AREA cpand men Cor Sw ddarby venous WD Erged Sage of squad oe tame ensue! x de ote BET RT Baten Cad eg Keen wo hy ads Sole WAAL corto v6 + Q eerGe Soe ads bo ryt Nseors her Gee vA Wed ie For Catere ABE When Fo Ab cemoued | Shodt dows under odiion of Fo: ~ Seo whee -pRe ond ou} we per Se Bord bs,= 0.08 7S ke BO SL *| po Fron EQ woe ca VevVe BR . . Re send Rus decrees enganestialy eB Raw - WwProblem 2.36 | _ aaatal Given! Block sliding a9 oil file on inchned plane (SAE 208 WC Find: (a) Initial accelerator hor Expressien for sated vs. hime h Y (a) sketch VG). ~~ @) Speed when sliding without uo O11 > or & Hermunal Speed, why? z Me # M= 2 kg, Ww O.2 mn, h= 0.02 mm, A2z0° a . “xe folution: Apoly Newtons steond law, viscous stress Basic equanons: ZA, = mal tyes Aaur®=0.0%m* Assumptions! U) Newtoniar Fluct (im Fg. Ae 2, AF Md at r0'C) (2) bintar velocity profile in cit WM a Thea “9; _ -As no ua = EP, = Mg sine ~ Fe = Mg sind Tu a oad ” . ou, $0 wv % gsiag Aa us at Ono, HE agsino= 4.91 mals: ae . oe Separating Variables gon0 AB at Letting a> gsinb and be 84 and sategrating gives a Ud ve -bv) ~ oD) = =, ae ~f elanvui] = bor Ln (QbY) = Lin(im Be) = et Thus 1-8! eo. bt nd Ue % (i-e-#) ~ 92008 (i tn) ue) AA zi Sketehing: q Bvatuahag: angsins = 44 m/s* Die) ba fib = ot thie @r%m, 1, —! _ kom Zheg"o.0200 Fm Not b= yoo s' Thus U2 #9 Es (je) © 0. p23 (Ine "*) mals and terounal speed is U, 70.0123 m[s For Coulemnbe Pichia, FE tly N hag Mg 0580, so Mg sin g/g aad MIE xo we > glsind Hy, 086) a Sino Spted increases continusussy, Wh Si $ tg S$, bleh does not move, ly[Reeder aan | raat) Gusen, paren {SF dionder A, to be cadled Udt® wasn? cA SS = ye ik ras eet Ss > 4 sEE8 _ Neri, QB Aeoben Ye ode Le tony hh poo Norah | p= 20 aArpore Ms he spe Wace Loire and die Wee & Kray ch speed | N= Sonle Find: Ferce seqpared Xo gal Be Wie Sotaon ZR away Shree Vee Seanad , agghied Loree pad bee extheretl No Vlora Gridbacs Sonu, Fe Evy Fe eR here X= pp oe and BE COL Resuming a \inear wdlecty aitchudsos 4 vornidh Sy sa® N st peel P yira 7 7 Agree C os ax ase & Lod dos: ose Rae or eo 6 sushors ud my meggiooe F-te eo estas KE ate Bs 2o eRe _gn £20 SOn pObmatone tom hy WN wo, 4 Osho Ny & SA aw Neng 9 es ordRrodlen Bae | aaatel CRAB iw. Beco he bin \ i Taner exinder riches & 250 cg, 4 \ Brag (Bed AK cater od a ade | i 1 WLermne: “Verque © ed No roldlke “Ke | ? Sauer Scion: “Ke reqpitea Norge muuch Vbobone: Re ceding Serge of the Shear Sore We Greer foru 6 oon Wy FAR hee Be THR Foro Nenhenen Maa T= pS Fox amas gag (near ROH 4s eR Weare Ve Norpptack wader of anner sehoter = &o = Gusen: Conutinre cahindis Ssscardher CED | y Tatas pho wey = A pMoh peg neh = BS and We Norque T= OF = UKE why a ’ Fron Fig he jfor cadler Gh A act (see) , Be Bion Weled Subitad, wmerteok Sebo va nerancat chow Te tps. ea mond Me prone” teat OS) a 28ers Jay | a ~ FO ws — x2eeod ann | & % te Ges nett T= 153 WG H erYroblan 2.38 aaah —_— Re Given, Concentric culy iseoraes oa encase cuiindas sis « re <> Rp Sen | b= O.ctnm, Ne Sonn \naae cAdkas ch Ure tco cen, W Se ee ee Bind, Gacaihy of Ngpid & Georarce ang 1 Scion, Ke Wrgeted Norge nui Ibdonce He sendig Norge SF Re Sear Gre Re Sreor Cree & gn ty Fete hae Bete hy Ver o Mecdenin Soa Cop Bh Swe Be wdectay gece 6 attuned Lo le near | fap here Won Be NonguAsdh wdarky of Re wees carder _ NERO Rus , Fatma ph teh = apie ond Re Norgye THBP = tap lae Shona, for pe, es 2 Sree Win ,O.crnn | ae yt PORE a tRat wt seam "Sonn wre yhoue , Noo) nt te coe nin = pe boy es* a eeFroblem 2,49 | aaa il Given: Shafi turning inside statnnary journal as shown, N=torps, fe = to mm—| Toraut, T = 0.0036 Nem Find: Estimate viseasity of oil. Solution: Basic equahen Bw Assumphons : (1) Newtonian thed on y @) Gapis narrow, 50 velocity profile 15 lncar, Oe Be = oe Then St Uswe =wod/r Cr *a.2mm Shear stress 1s bu UL nwo Tyx wu O4 = = we wer GE SE Neglecting end effects, torgue %s T= FR = Typ A ~ Tye (7 OLyd ~ amrwo% z 4 Solving for viscosity = tT Tw ds. = £02 mm, 0,0050Nm, s t 4 boas mans 7 Brey" CP im? "le mot rad Ae = 0.0208 Nis | mm? “ —_—_ SS From Fig. A.t, thes oi! appears somewhat less viscous than SAE IOW, Assuming the oil 1s at room temperature. 82Problem 2.41 | aaateh Given: Concentric-Cylinder viLomett, driven by falling mass. M= 0.10 kg r=iS mm R= So mm A*mmm H* 50MM Vy = Yo mms After stacting Teasient, Vpn * Coast, Find a) An alge brasc expression for Wstos thy of thé liqued, 1 terms of M)g.,Vin, NR, A, and H. ©) Evaluate using tre data given. Solution: Apply Neston’ law of viscosity. Basic eguanens: T ste Emt0 T= TAR Asseemphens: (1) Newtnian liguid (2) Narrow gap, $0 linear vebety profile (@ Steady angular speed Sumenng prques on the retor =0b3) 2M = Mar ~tan = af =0 3; A*2wRH i Because a pas pa Sie Te tees, FES ARR ve ewe (5 Yusha, acuderciiion Wt Re Nenssven fh fe cork ke Fe a For Be gindes ZWe FATT sta et Re ©) Fe Se TE MARL | He A ES a. Fe do ORE NNER Fe — te ed WW Ty ee EN (awe 8 & SS La wy os gab Be Nlare | ome = £ Wee cwnd ye on G ae {et Eetgagdtng g Sim LW Onadl et Qa fro ed LMOH sitet» > ee (a yy we BEE cy 2s ot BEE CBE. 2 sen(-e 21 Mroumun ws cass a Loo wn? iA weSolution: Apply summaten ot torques and Neuston second jac. Problem 2,43 aaa TA) | Gwen: ireuler Qlumnum shatt ja journal. Symmetric clearance gap Filled with SAE low-30 at 30% Shatt tamed by mass and cord. Find: (a) Dévélop and solut a differenhat equation for angular speed as a function of time. &) Catculat maximum angular s; (t) Estimate Ame neéded fo reach 45 percent of maximum Speed, | ag: ET = Tw IF =ma va Rw Basie equations le & For the mass: é Ze, + mg-t amd = mk ty a) | vv Ying For the Shaft: Ir * th - Tyscous ~rde @) + @ Tuscous * TKA su V Rewke~ Zpeaw Re e a a Assume: (NNewtonian liquid, t)sman gap, (3) Lincar Profle y Then Gq. 2 becomes te Ry mw der 3) mimes sh Must pling EG.1 by R and dombsiang with &.3 gives = mardi _ mek3t yy = rdw = CARL yy « (T+meje ing R~ mead ~ MatEP uy = rhe or rngh- MARSA yy «(THD thy Tis may be eariien A~Bua = C-4z tahere As mg, 6» AtASBX, on 7k ; y dio dt Sepanatag variables we" = Iategrahng figs dw -- pan]? we. aw. {tot o fais 7 Bowl-eu))” = -balh HP) f¢ on Simphigirg \- & og Fe og ws gli-e Be] © \we 1 The maximum angulor speed (t+) 4 w= A/B. hs i Axmgk 2.010 ka, 9.51 oo x 08S: Cy = 2.45 x0"? Nim e 4. = 4.83K0074 Mans ZUR L _ 27, 0.085 k9 (0.008 fm% 1050, —' Bx LAE 27,005 1 (0 Son «5 oy| Probien 2.43 (cont'a.) | Evaluating, Wyay =A = 2.95x0 Am tg rad/s 79, Wmax 8 933K IO YN ee 8 Thus 2.03 md b. » 263 a xOS 2 es. Wax BS «OL 2S rem mas From €9.5, W* 098 Wimax cohen e~ *6~ 0.08, 07 Bek ~5jt v3 C=Tt mk = gmetr me =(smem) kt M~WRULSL +L ZSTREL S fur M = 2.57,(b,005)*m, 0.050 m,@.tv)000 kg O.bY8 kg m3 = 6 s(4n OCH ke D.010 kg @.crsim* = 2.09% 107% kg ra* Thus | a 8x 2.09810" kg rant, i Mee | Ss * Fixe Vans aim ~ 97S [= The terminal speed could haue been Computed fom G4 by Siting Hed /dt 0, Without Solving tht diferenhat equatzon. a7| Reower 204 | ata] Gan Coughing Gopeded of conudicn ahndass ob thon, TAAL ARARGL RoupES BE SA, Wan aocoree 968 Pho Se we TO GS GAR QS Ee WL. Ber derensrans ond -progeclees ore as ndished Finds sMecomhy, of Ak SSNion. Wonk agpabions see dyer Cora F = TQ sNorqgpe TS ER spores . C= To (ssusngiions : . or) Mecronion ad \wneas wished QroGle Be gee Mods Rao nm Re gop 5 da [Sy re Tes lee & yet POs = re t a | a AER pS Xe tp secant {sunny For Re cota Ge To, = FRE OTRLRE Wy, ROWCWAB CBE $ Se explo dee 8 Sdusnq Kor Be serosty, aS Xa, PP Www wonky = syasedn ew ews Ak Re sangre * 00 ged “dT ve %o.can : we Been * XK * at cot * eet pe O.zow We ler {Ke sweety, corresponds Yo SWE BO ON AL acse\ w| Problem 2.45 | TATA | Given: Faraile!-olisk apparatus as Shown Find: @) Algebraic expression h L for shear stress at Ony radial locaton. 7 (© Expression ter the Tirque needed to turn the upper dist. dolution: Ust 76,3 Coordinates at right: ‘ : = pte Basic equations: Typ “ee i r dT =rdF ~ CT edA Assumptions: (/) Nuwtaiaa flucd (2) No-slip Cond rhon . @ Unear velocity profit. bn naraw gap) The veberty at any rewic! locaton on the rotating Ask 15 Vg = Wr Since the yelocity profile is linear, thea AB eB a GED = ae Se and dr= rtyeda =r! arrde = om Cie Integrating T=f dr - f epee r3y tayo |" a 4. A r zh 4 T= Tart T th <——— ee| Reader Are waa Tal Gisan, Cone ard glee sscandier Snow, Byer o€ cane ust Soushen Ke ghete, \ Be sary snail — Feeds es Jerse an exgrasion or the dheas cake, wy Me \eqyid. RA Ks Re ogg — fy Renata She Morgue, onthe, dries! Se FET cane Mere SM Shege heess eae, ane geod Scion Smee Be angle © & Very smed, He overage gee witlh Aso very SHoh. “BLS Gebscroe Lo assusne oF Wear sehocty ee across He ABR And Yo need end elds Be shear (dGerdsan) vale & “1 s ae as & = ehan® ~ Sy me RE any radws 5, He deck B= wr sod Be gage wish Ws v Nano ee SE ws X= Rane = Rane Swee & G sexy sro | LoNS > & ont eo c= = ° Nae: The drear ode 6 6 at. of We esto Settee st SOMES hor ede Re hecgpe on Bie deecen cone & asses ey we (car where oF = Ty 8h Sun ¥ ew contort (Ke a ager ud) Ben = conta OS ee (eae Cotas = «Cs Bev ds * ° ve BET : x| Problem 2.47 24atsl Given: Vistous Clecteh made trom pair of closely spaced disks. Input speed, Wi; butput Speed, Wy c= - 33- Viscous oi/ 1 gap, Le wt LE Se | ind aigebraie expressions sn terms of As, Ry; andl tse tort (4) Torque transmitted, T (8) Power transm tied ly Slip ratio, A. ~ bio |x, in terms of T d) Effictiney 7, in terms of A, wi, and T Solution: Apply Newstonis law of yiscositz Basicequatons; Tuts dp-tda dt =rdF ie eg ons; ee F Asstemphers: (1) Neustonian liquid oo Q) Narr gap $0 velocity profile i$ linear Consider a. segment of plates: 4 abe! (Se. {has lex == tag Ae ria a da = rdrde End Views Botton View dp «Tan ~/2CEY pads 2k Gosequently T= Reebarey = paw PH, or Ta A" Son i“ From this equacton the unctrtaraty in pe th (See Appendix F), Ua = ELupte at + Ks sGugteun JE = tL autyte tsoru If tne wacertainty of cach parameter equals L, Thus unt Be at Leecest 4 £ ort pent a Typical dimnensions tye a bench =top enat might be H= 28 mm, R #75 mm, a.» 0,02 mm, and w™ 10.5 rad bs (100 rem) From Apptndr: A, Table AS, water has ps 1.0ox10"* Nis |mms af T 20%. The corresponding brave would b& Te 2% Iroanie* Nia 98,(00u)?m’, Oe aT aH 2 Nien [7 Tt should be possible measur this torque qucte aceuratily. Many details would need 4 be considered (erg, bearings, temptratins rs 1 ete.) wm produce a workable device: 493Problem 2,50 aarl | Given: Conical porated Shatt turning in Conical bearing. Lubricant 1s heavy oi) with vistosity of SAE 50 at 30°C. Find: (a) Algebrauc expression for shtar stress at height, 3- ® Torque that acts on shaft @ = 30 Solution: Basic equations: Q+0:25mm—AC ais T= ut oe dt = rtda H=2Smm Assumptions: () Newtonian tad Section A-A: @) Ab-3112 aondihan y ty eer (3) Linear velocity Profile =e Ga narew clearance gap) at Along the conical surtace, tan ~ £, 0 7 =Z tant aude oy 44 2 yr o tone Then trade ade Be a ur = ewes Consider tre crass-hatehed element of arta: dz ~de cosh dA» tnrdo = 27 4b cos8 The vistous Porque on the element of area 1s! aT = nda = FAUT ppp dss p= stand a wsé dr = 2mnw setan’e a 0088 Lategrohng 1‘ ‘ = af tmuwtans 34. .2Tuwtans 3° r Lh ar f acess 8 acs ty Tpawstans H* 2acos> ‘ = T0.2 New 30 rey , tan830', (0.005) 'm%, BO me qT? (pax 02s / mt from Fig. AZ) T = 0.0206 Nim oly ‘jexo amass TeV fodProblem 2,51 axatsl Eicen: Spherica) tneust bearing shown: Find: Obtain and pltar algebrare expression fre tht torque oa the Spherical rite ber, as & tunetion oP of a. Ot im lsd. Solution: Apply detinrhens Ez Computing equaroa: T we reLrtda Assumptions: U1) Mewtniaa Flue, (0) Narn ga? , (3) Lamner tow From the figure, 7 RSn& — urwr =Whoe Td A) eh peor dA» trr kad = 27R* 5i0G do Thus “a sees wont pt ~ Ts J Keine AESA8) er ers de = Teak ‘[sntoas 3 AE cost caso)” = eases Ros sath] r 3 0 A s B plot, nomatize & [T/tstwes] ~[eS2& ecm +E ] Plo ting ! 08 Ob Normalized Torque, T/ emer RY 0,2 o4 7. 30 5 70 «40 Spherical Member Angle, a (deg) {eves dimensions: [Aes RY) Ft, Wde = et = Pe ~} GE| Problem 2.82 ais, CY Givin: Rotating bearing shown: Narrow gap fined with viscous \ oil, Ae = 1250 ep. Fiad: @) Algebraic expression for Shear Stress on Spheriéal member, () Find Maximeun Shear Stress () Agebraie bxpression fre viscous ee 0A Spherical memes. (d) Evaluate forque. Solution: Apply definithons Computing equatoas: T we mf rTdA Assumptions: () Newtonian ther, (t) Narrows 924,(3) Lam mar mohen b hza+kli-cose) dA» errdr = 2wRsn@keassco From the figure, 02 RSinO, W~ Wr= WRSiNE, & = baw Thus 02 AWR Sia Cc ms AarRU-Cos&) —<—— From the table below, Tmax = 67-9 Nim™ at B > &S* (not at ®) Tmax rman Torque 1s Txf ” Mwkt 206 2038 do, r 2 @FRUI-cose) This must be eualuated numereatiy oF graphicalig: From Appindi« 6, | Poise = 0.1 kg ling. Thas Ae 125 kgloig: = 1.25 Ne] me 1 NUSWS_ fod, 1.075, bin b-SE f 2629 Nim* mae os * FeeoB 60.07 aose S*)n- 4 ie Tabulatiig results of simiar coleulahens gives! Here "feurction" is SVB tose arRLF Cos) and dp = leg #00075 reid 330 for the numerical integrator. Bax sv" & 510" (22) = ISS? Integeated torque = 5.50R-03 tomFroblem 2.53 ast Giien: Sma gas bubbles form ia sale. when opened; D= 0.) mm. Find: Estimate pressure difference trom aside to otatsil® such & bubble Solution Consider a. tree- body chagram of half a bubbk: Two frees act! \ F a —* : Z| Surface tension; fe =O TD Summing forces for equilieriom = fo -& = 4h TR. TA pe -& = SPU - oD 0 so APD _ as or Ape te Gee =o ibn ae Assuming Soda-gas interface 's similar to waster ~air, tea o+ 72.8 mN]m, and Ap = 789x108 Al, — = 2,4 x07 AL, 2.41 Pe m"o1x (oan me op es a7Problem 2.54 est Open-Ended Problem Statement: Slowly fill a glass with water to the maximum possible level before it overflows. Observe the water level closely. Explain how it can be higher than the rim of the glass. Discussion: Surface tension can cause the maximum water level in a glass to be higher than the rim of the glass. The same phenomenon causes an isolated drop of water to “bead up” on a smooth surface. Surface tension between the water/air interface and the glass acts as an invisible membrane that allows trapped water to rise above the level of the rim of the glass. The mechanism can be envisioned as forces that act in the surface of the liquid above the rim of the glass. Thus the water appears to defy gravity by attaining a level higher than the rim of the glass. To experimentally demonstrate that this phenomenon is the result of surface tension, set the liquid evel nearly as far above the glass rim as you can get it, using plain water. Add a drop of liquid detergent (the detergent contains additives that reduce the surface tension of water). Watch as the excess water runs over the side of the glass.Problem 2.55 esta) Open-Ended Problem Statement: Observe small water drops as they form at the tip of a ‘medicine dropper. Comment on the stages in the development of a drop. Discussion: ‘The following three stages in drop formation are observed: (1) The drop is less than a hemisphere in size. In the beginning it is not really a drop at all. Surface tension holds the impending drop in place below the tip of the medicine dropper. The surface of the drop becomes more curved and begins to approach a hemispherical shape as more water is squeezed into the drop. (2) The drop is between a hemisphere and a sphere in size. Surface tension still holds the drop in place below the tip of the medicine dropper. As the drop grows, it first tends to become roughly spherical in shape. As the drop continues to grow it necks down at the dropper and begins to resemble the shape of a punching bag. (3) The drop separates from the tip of the medicine dropper. When the drop reaches its ultimate size, surface tension just balances the weight of the drop and keeps it attached to the tip of the medicine dropper. Adding more water causes the drop to separate from the tip of the dropper. After separating from the dropper, the drop returns to a spherical shape as it falls. At first it may be difficult to predict when the drop will separate from the dropper. Practice makes it easier to identify imminent separation. The three stages in the behavior of a drop appear to be common to all medicine droppers (we used ‘a glass medicine dropper and a plastic medicine dropper for our experiments). However, the water drop sizes may be different for each medicine dropper, depending on its tip configuration and the material from which it is made.Problem 2.56 astel Sore aati } j * Open-Ended Problem Statement: Plan an experiment to measure the surface tension of a liquid similar to water. If necessary, review the NCFMF video Surface Tension for ideas. Which method would be most suitable for use in an undergraduate laboratory? What experimental precision could be expected? Discussion: Two basic kinds of experiment are possible for an undergraduate laboratory: (1) Using a clear small-diameter tube, compare the capillary rise of the unknown liquid with that of a known liquid (compare with water, because it is similar to the unknown liquid). This method would be simple to set up and should give fairly accurate results. A vertical traversing optical microscope could be used to increase the precision of measuring the liquid height in each tube. ‘A drawback to this method is that the specific gravity and contact angle of the two liquids rust be the same to allow the capillary rises to be compared. “The capillary rise would be largest and therefore easiest to measure accurately in a tube with the smallest practical diameter. Tubes of several diameters could be used if desired. Dip an object into a pool of test liquid and measure the vertical force required to pull the object from the liquid surface. ‘The object might be made rectangular (e.g. a sheet of plastic material) or circular (e.g. metal ring). The net force’ needed to pull the same object from each liquid should be proportional to the surface tension of each liquid ‘This method would be simple to set up. However, the force magnitudes to be measured ‘would be quite small. ‘A drawback to this method is that the contact angles of the two liquids must be the same. “The first method is probably best for undergraduate laboratory use. A quantitative estimate of experimental measurement uncertainty is impossible without knowing details ofthe test setup. It ‘might be reasonable to expect results accurate to within 410% of the true surface tension. Q * ‘Net force is the total vertical force minus the weight of the object. ‘A buoyancy correction would be necessary if part of the object were submerged in the test liquid. /00Problem 2.57 adtal Given! Wart, with bulk moole lies assumed constr, Find: (a) Recent change in density at 100 atm &) Plot percent change vs. P}aatm up te 50,000 psc. ©) Comment on assiemption of constant density. Solution: By definition, Ey = SB. Assume Gy Constant, Ther le 4. op 2” ev Lategrarng, #, + wh = b-% . oP aregrating, trom fy tog gives wh «TB gp £ ~My The relative change i) density ts 4 _¢ fo From Table Ait, Gy = 2.04 6 for water at Zo*e. a ae a! ¢ i For p ~ lea atm (gage), Ap = 100 atm, so = leo aten,, —!__ 5, 101.325 x10 Pa e 5 2] “ exe ( MF at Pe FE) -1 = 0.00453, or 0.453% For Ap = 50,000 pu, , L 101,325 x10? . * = tip (210% ps rd Nee aad == 0,1ob or Heeb" Thus constant density Is not a reasonable assemphon or a Cutting yet opera tng at 50,000 psi. Constant density (Slo chenge) Uotetd ke reasonable upd Ap I¢,000 ps. 3 Percent Change ° yoo 2000 30004000 Pressure (atm) : yor| | | Guser : Treonprasitole lannar swcaus Mons our a sent Kade Gadd Qeabe shown Fat. Fee Fe SAK fay 08 0 Gurdicn of y a \ecdions 4 ond te BW KAA Ty cheng Hdle surface Lyd) aso Gendien of + 5, « . ou Satdron: Ruanrg a Walanon Gud | type & Consider He Beets on a gosluse 4 surfoce. Sha veloc! ged polis gre wa Reus dl Ogos ws Be Be edge of He Lsoundary lous y Mage orbbreratg te | Ue so2 [Redden 2st zbLAl | | |Problem 2.59 aah a Fo Fae una] o~ Open-Ended Problem Statement: How does an airplane wing develop lift? Discussion: The sketch shows the cross-section of a typical airplane wing. The airfoil section is rounded at the front, curved across the top, reaches maximum thickness about a third of the way back, then tapers slowly to a fine trailing edge. The bottom of the airfoil section is relatively flat, (The discussion below also applies to a symmetric airfoil at an angle of incidence that produees lift.) ZI go a NACA 2412 Wing Section ~ 2 4 6 8 10 we It is both a popular expectation and an experimental fact that air flows more rapidly over the curved top surface of the airfoil section than along the relatively flat bottom. In the NCFMF video Flow Visualization, timelines placed in front of the airfoil indicate that fluid flows more rapidly along the top of the section than along the bottom, In the absence of viscous effects (this is a valid assumption outside the boundary layers on the airfoil) pressure falls when flow speed increases. Thus the pressures on the top surface of the airfoil where flow speed is higher are lower than the pressures on the bottom surface where flow speed does not increase. (Actual pressure profiles measured for a lifting section are shown in the NCFMF video Boundary Layer Control.) The unbalanced pressures on the top and bottom surfaces of the airfoil section create a net force that tends to develop lift on the profile. Wo3Redden Bh i BA Sy Gren. Conpressed nitrogen shpped am cyindsical Nons of duarder, ~ Y= 0.250 ae CN, GS St , R= 20 Re ons T Ne masinun allouolle dress Wy Re Lon Wall we to We | Band: i. ww Re None % SEL A or te hinder oath Scion Resenna, “aesk ge Tehomor | PAE MET =e w we Ge F 2 Et we ronda ot oat ten, 8 LE | pe zens.” aan hn | ‘ = mat. _ — ____ | To Ademde sch Rigknis , contder a dion of Re pape walk | * aA, EE eo & We ~2T Au | We » Wo Aen, Ls at ae sega noe x as | Le WA ow For fe ends of Be etter Ck, Zveo = WI) a Ht ~ —_ aw Vane nincrury Radiness ve ddarmned ‘sy | ond ~» | | corcanbr ental dress \| Problem 3.2 at Open-Ended Problem Statement: Pressure variations that result from altitude changes can cause ear “popping” and discomfort to airplane passengers or those driving in mountainous terrain. Each individual is affected differently in terms of the elevation change necessary to cause one “ear pop.” Determine the pressure change, expressed in millimeters of water, that corresponds to the elevation difference required to cause an ear pop on a standard day at an altitude of 2000 m. Discussion: The elevation change needed to cause an ear pop will vary for different persons. However, if we express the pressure change in millimeters of water per meter of elevation ‘change, we can compute the result for any individual’s physiology. Basic equatent 3 =F. Assumpheas: (1) As to couse ‘tar pap" < 109m, © fain = comtant Then dp *~faiegd3 or bb ~~fairdMZair From Table A.3 (standard Atmespher) T* 275.2 and Pps, * 0.9217 atz* tom Ts as2k ~ 23,2 = 2% PR OBCIPse 2 2.82171 28K,» 1-01 glean In kems of height change, Ah, of water colema, bp *~by of 4% Ho Combining, Pair G Ajai * frog Miho rd Bhyyy = Fr ds gic Poe Assuming byair of 1, Dhy,* ie Jen = 1.01 mm (tio) An —— If the eevaton change needed t product one “ear pop," ther tre lorrespyading prssur change & Dhyyy = ath) 1S (410) 4 1S rem (HD) bs 7 mtr) Le OF course we hawe Simplified the problem bi assuring fair coastant, \ We wold expect a significant variah6r Aameng indivicurats, too. wsVroblen 3.3 i arr Gwen Cure wales on a Nandord dou Find Bolleg Senperdusre dt) \ooon ond by 2scnn, Congare US Bea Level Nolue, Scliion, Ae con ddlarmine She cunosgherie pressure Le goin atdudes Gen Aable BS, Rppende & Bleudion 2 x Ee Ge x Red ey © eco 10) too seco ott wh oe ry ous ASS 83.2 + Tag, ained fron Bd of Tea ve P guen below Veta Gon Stean Tables gues Tax 2 "hs, RY a 20 to as so ae LARS 100.0 \co. a Soluscloon Tenguckure oly © an a 9% ~s ton 320 \oo Whosalche pressure (Re) { Thea dela shou Mak Tad droge chost save hoson y (ol| Redden 34 | _ a-3\el Gases The Lube Sour 6 Med WR sae & we Finds Be Gee agQied Xo Be gen . ar Bore eqpdiions + Sy RK Ba (e& ‘ we © d= 0,375 in ol br Diameter, D= 1.610 Re Ran - Raby ys) Whee R= RA A ara Ken R= Rn HRA ond Ves ees Goead: | For GAG ERT Fyre ore ee RS | Reo R= Ran ond RAK ond Fae Ratt ogee Fer Cra DTRyto = WOW-F 5 0 | 3 LORS ROA ght ws = Bane) ES Rand at Cad Fron Fight Bee R56 2 EH Fe wool, aK city FONTS (erin . 60.0288 ach a 28 SGA Ee Bar =| Yeoblen 3. | sal\ Gren, Cobee f add ad 1K cn edhe, “ Ry Weer oe hdwon St) rm Ends © Be Gra K dg nthen sere "fh" DH RAG SRA a Sehicns s & salorecaga Pore epadions: “Rega, Fe- Ge 3 Basumgicre a NA ad Se ae gan eral yg tell ° os Ms hs ren fer = . Rash = C $6, Rao “Rea RiP = SGN eno 3 AN) + Reo sD F Obs WW dag SAE SH, Vd RAT AE we > oe = 2. med 4 ON Ml ogg A 9ENG ~\" ig a kn \ Y Q| Reber B00 we = = O.00S or USL A 3%. Week Boas Selee and wele, dad Wn BA boo Bucs ose ase PARA os 2 GAA KH = ealee Donsity and prossure variation of soawator: En 242 Density Error, Aplpo(—) ° oat? 0.838 126 1.69 212 258 3.00 344 3.88, 434 479 5.25 871 e186 665 Nim? Prossuro Error, Aplpe(—) ° 0219 0.429 0.639 0,851 1.08 ‘Bulk modulus of seawater Density and Prassure Errore va. Depth Density Depth, (km) Wt\ | Problem 3.11 | sa\s\ Given: Container of mertury With vertical tubes od ~32.5mm Qad det 12.7 mm. d d Grass cylinder -| 4 4 luith D* 37.5 mm and H~I.L mm 18 wttreduced iato larger tube, where 1+ floats, ors t Ll Find: () Pressure 00 botton of bylinder., . r () New equilibrium level, h,oF mercury. Solution: Analyze free-bodly diagram of eylinde, apply hydrostanes: Computing equateas: EF 70}; ¥ ~-/45 p> 56 pmo Assump hens: Ci) State hquid MJ) } @ Incompressible liquid Fo m H fea = mD*_ 70%, 2 ir tre eylinder oF Pp : fi 9 Dino Thus p *flasG * Berass tne g From Table Ast, Sprass ~ 8.55 at 20°C, So pa pe FSSx (000 bef, 4.2) ga, 0.062 rite = 6.39 kf. Gage) ~— This pressure rust be produced by & column of mercury hex ia “height. Thus, using Séug trom Table As, P fgg Chr x) * Bog Prue (hb x) ~ Serass fined i Thus hex = Gerast = 855 4 = 0.63) H ao %y BS . But the Vehkume of meroiurg must remeua cons tat, Therefore Dy = 7G"-0'),, + Tot, or % (By°-1 +2] = 0724 h 4 + Subshheting int 4.1, hex = ht a2eh = 2h =0.63H och = oelH = 0.5I0H yw loom| “Reale, 2% | al | Geten, Nodal edhosior of seawoler Ney antwaning, condiost Sok wo Finds 1S ereressrion damely os a Sundion of dagh |b. & Shao Ba seat vortlen os @ erduce Wr cahad, @) we reas © ee Aen soy fox PY @ ddemme prwlever wo gred presuse A= \comy} Sddiion: Sane WA. Wee® sae S eS oe stn Ga Bose equation. Re CN YKkation Ey* Be $ h Then, dts wy ey 8 ona “B= Bah ~ a ve Ay Turdea, ( (& = ¢ rs oa -&\ = 3 Be, dy kk 2 HRs h d. ee BR eee RES (\-e & = ons Rs i x Ss |= Be eo RE e® | Se Ba a ve BSS | 2 2 Rt w+ SH = Ro SS cee b= GS asy See BPE PQA | Ben on appromnds

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