Gazi University Journal of Science

GU J Sci
29(1):69-77 (2016)

The Smarandache Curves on

Murat SAVAS1 , Atakan Tugkan YAKUT2,, Tugba TAMIRCI1

1
Gazi University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics, 06500 Teknikokullar,
Ankara, Turkey
2
Nigde University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, 51350,
Nigde, Turkey

Received: 09/07/2015 Accepted: 29/12/2015

ABSTRACT
In this study, we give special Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame in hyperbolic space and new
Smarandache partners in de Sitter space. The existence of duality between Smarandache curves in hyperbolic and de
Sitter space is obtained. We also describe how we can depict picture of Smarandache partners in de Sitter space of a
curve in hyperbolic space. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate our main results.
Key words: Smarandache curves, de Sitter space, Sabban frame, Minkowski space.

1. INTRODUCTION
Regular curves have an important role in the theory of
curves in differential geometry and relativity theory. In the
geometry of regular curves in Euclidean or Minkowskian
spaces, it is well-known that one of the most important
problem is the characterization and classification of these
curves. In the theory of regular curves, there are some
special curves, such as Bertrand, Mannheim, involute,
evolute, and pedal curves. In the light of the literature, in
[11] authors introduced a special curve by Frenet-Serret
frame vector fields in Minkowski space-time. The new
special curve, which is named Smarandache curve
according to the Sabban frame in the Euclidean unit sphere,
is defined by Turgut and Yilmaz in Minkowski space-time
[11]. Smarandache curves in Euclidean or non-Euclidean

Corresponding author, e-mail: sevaty@nigde.edu.tr
70 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI
spaces have been recently of particular interest for
researchers. In Euclidean differential geometry,
Smarandache curves of a curve are defined to be
combination of its position, tangent, and normal vectors.
These curves have been also studied widely [1, 4, 6, 9, 11,
12]. Smarandache curves play an important role in
Smarandache geometry. They are the objects of
Smarandache geometry, i.e. a geometry which has at least
one Smarandachely denied axiom [2]. An axiom is said to
be Smarandachely denied if it behaves in at least two
different ways within the same space. Smarandache
geometry has a significant role in the theory of relativity
and parallel universes. Ozturk U., et al. studied
Smarandache curves in hyperbolic space but they dont
give dual Smarandache partners of these curves in de Sitter
space [6]. We answer it for curves in hyperbolic space and
show the Smarandache partners curve of these curves in de
Sitter space. We explain the Smarandache de Sitter duality
of curves in hyperbolic space. In this paper, we give the
Smarandache partner curves in de Sitter space according to
the Sabban frame {, , } of a curve in hyperbolic space.
We obtain the geodesic curvatures and the expressions for
the Sabban frames vectors of special Smarandache curves
on de Sitter surface. In particular, we see that the timelike
-Smarandache curve of a curve does not exist in de
Sitter space. We give some examples of the Smarandache
curves in hyperbolic space and its dual Smarandache
curves in de Sitter space. Furthermore, we give some
examples of special hyperbolic and de Sitter Smarandache
curves, which are found in the study of Yakut et al. [12]. In
her Master thesis [9], Tamirci also studied the curves in de
Sitter and hyperbolic spaces using a similar framework.
2. PRELIMINARIES
In this section, we use the basic notions and results in
Lorentzian geometry. For more detailed concepts, see
[7,8]. Let 3 be the 3-dimensional vector space equipped
with the scalar product , which is defined by
, = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 .
The space 13 = (3 , , ) is a pseudo-Euclidean space,
or Minkowski 3-space. The unit pseudo-sphere (de Sitter
space) with index one 12 in 13 is given by
12 = {13 |, = 1}.
The unit pseudo-hyperbolic space
02 = {13 |, = 1}
2 2
has two connected components 0,+ and 0, . Each of
them can be taken as a model for the 2-dimensional
hyperbolic space 02 . In this paper, we take 0,+ 2
= 02 .
Recall that a nonzero vector 13 is spacelike if
, > 0, timelike if , < 0, and null (lightlike) if
, = 0. The norm (length) of a vector 13 is given
by = |, | and two vectors and are said to
be orthogonal if , = 0. Next, we say that an arbitrary
curve = () in 13 can locally be spacelike, timelike,
or null(lightlike) if all of its velocity vectors () are,
respectively, spacelike, timelike, or null for all . If
() 0 for every , then is a regular curve in
13 . A spacelike(timelike) regular curve is
parameterized by a pseudo-arc length parameter , which
is given by : 13 , and then the tangent vector
() along has unit length, that is
(), () = 1( (), () = 1)
for all . Let
= (1 , 2 , 3 ), = (1 , 2 , 3 ), = (1 , 2 , 3 ) 13 .
The Lorentzian pseudo-vector cross product is defined as
follows:
= (2 3 + 3 2 , 3 1 1 3 , 1 2 2 1 ) (1)
We remark that the following relations hold:
(i) , = det( )
(ii) ( ) = , ,
Let : 02 be a regular unit speed curve lying
fully in 02 . Then its position vector is a timelike vector,
which implies that the tangent vector = and normal
vector are unit spacelike vector for all . We have the
orthonormal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} along the
curve , where () = () () is the unit spacelike
vector. The corresponding Frenet formula of , according
to the Sabban frame, is given by
() = ()
{ () = () + () () (2)
() = ()()
where () = det((), (), ()) is the geodesic
curvature of on 02 and is the arc length parameter
of . In particular, the following relations hold:
= , = , = (3)
Now we define a new curve : 12
to be a
regular unit speed curve lying fully on 12 for all such
that its position vector is a unit spacelike vector
according to the combination of the position, tangent, and
normal vectors of . In this case = may be a unit
timelike or spacelike vector.
Definition 2.1. A unit speed regular curve ( ()) lying
fully in Minkowski 3-space, whose position vector is
associated with Sabban frame vectors on another regular
curve (), is called a Smarandache curve[11].
In the light of this definition, if a regular unit speed curve
: 02 is lying fully on 02 for all and its
position vector is a unit timelike vector, then the
 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI 71

Smarandache curve = ( ()) of the curve is a where

regular unit speed curve lying fully in 12 or 02 . In our |1 2 |
work we are interested in curves lying in 12 and so we = (8)
2
have the following:
By substituting (8) into (7) we obtain a simple form of Eq.
a) The Smarandache curve ( ()) may be a spacelike 7 as follows,
curve on 12 or,
= (9)
b) The Smarandache curve ( ()) may be a timelike
curve on 12 for all . where = 1 if 1 2 > 0 for all and = 1 if
1 2 < 0 for all . It can be easily seen that the
Let {, , } and {, , } be the moving Sabban frames
tangent vector is a unit spacelike vector. Taking the
of and , respectively. Then we have the following
Lorentzian vector cross product of (4) with (9) we have
definitions and theorems of Smarandache curves
= ( ()). =
3. CURVES ON AND ITS SPACELIKE =

(2 + 1 ) (10)
SMARANDACHE PARTNERS ON 2

It is easily seen that is a unit timelike vector. On the

Let be a regular unit speed curve on 02 . Then the
Smarandache partner curve of is either in de Sitter or in other hand, by taking the derivative of the equation (9) with
hyperbolic space. is called de Sitter dual of in respect to , we find
hyperbolic space. In this section we obtain the spacelike
Smarandache partners in de Sitter space of a curve in = ( + ) (11)

hyperbolic space.
By substituting (8) into (11) we find
Definition 3.1. Let = () be a unit speed regular curve
2
lying fully on 02 with the moving Sabban frame {, , }. = ( + ). (12)
|1 2 |
The curve : 12 of defined by
1 Consequently, from (4), (9), and (12), the geodesic
( ()) = (1 () + 2 ()) (4)
2 curvature of the curve = ( ()) is explicitly
is called the spacelike -Smarandache curve of and fully obtained by
lies on 12 , where 1 , 2 \{0} and 12 + 22 = 2. 1 2
= det(, , ) = (13)
|1 2 |
Theorem 3.1. Let : 02 be a unit speed regular
curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , } Thus, the theorem is proved. In three theorems that follow,
and geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the in a similar way as in Theorem 3.1 we obtain the Sabban

-Smarandache curve of with the Sabban frame {, , } and the geodesic curvature of a
frame {, , } then the relationships between the spacelike Smarandache curve. We omit the proofs of
Sabban frame of and its -Smarandache curve are Theorems 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4, since they are analogous to the
given by proof of Theorem 3.1.
1 2 Definition 3.2. Let = () be a regular unit speed curve
0
2 2 lying fully on 02 . Then the spacelike -Smarandache

[ ] = [ 0 0 ] [] (5)
2 1 curve : 12 of defined by
0
2 2 1
( ()) = (1 () + 2 ()) (14)
2
where = 1 and its geodesic curvature is given by
where 1 , 2 \{0} and 12 + 22 = 2.
1 2
= . (6) Theorem 3.2. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
|1 2 |
curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , }
Proof. Differentiating the equation (4) with respect to and geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the
and considering (2), we obtain spacelike -Smarandache curve of , then its frame
1 {, , } is given by
= (1 2 ).
2

This can be rewritten as

1
= (1 2 ) (7)
2
72 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI

1 2
0 Theorem 3.4. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
2 2
2 1 2 curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , }

and geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the
[ ] = 22
2 2
22
2 2
22
2 2
[] (15)
-Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is
22 1 2 2
given by
2 2
2(22
2 2)
2(22
2 2)
[2(2 2) ]

The geodesic curvature of the curve is given by 1 2 3

1 2 3 3 3
= 5 (2 1 1 2 2 23 ) (16) 2 1 3 2
2 2) 2
(22 [ ] = [ ] (23)
22 3 (1 +3 ) 2 3 1 2 1 (1 3 )22
where 22 2 > 2 and [ 3 3 3 ]
where
1 = 23 + 1 (22 2 2)
2 2
{ 2 = 1 22 + (2 2 2 )(22 2 2) (17) = (1 3 ) 22 + 22 2 , (1 3 ) > 22
3 = 23 2 + (1 + 2 )(22 2 2) 22 2 and the Smarandache curve is a spacelike curve.

Furthermore, the geodesic curvature of curve is
Definition 3.3. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
given by
curve lying fully on 02 . Then the spacelike
-Smarandache curve : 12 of defined by
= ((22 + 32 1 3 )1 + (1 2 + 2 3 )2 +
1
( ()) = (1 () + 2 ()) (18) (12 1 3 22 )3 ) (((1 3 ) 22 +
2
2

where 1 , 2 \{0} and 12 + 22 = 2. 5 1

2
22 2 ) ) (24)
Theorem 3.3. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , } where
and geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the
spacelike -Smarandache curve of , then its frame 1 = 2 (3 (1 3 ) 22 )
2
{, , } is given by +(1 3 ) ((1 3 ) 22 + 22 2 )
1 2 2 = (1 3 )(3 (1 3 ) 22 )
0 (25)
2 2 2
1 2 1 +(2 3 2 2 ) ((1 3 ) 22 + 22 2 )

[ ] = 2
2 12 2
2 12 2
2 12 [] (19) 3 = 2 (3 (1 3 ) 22 )
2
2 1 2 12 { +( (1 3 ) + 2 ) ((1 3 ) 22 + 22 2 )
2 2 2 2 ) 2 2 )
[2(2 1 ) 2(2 1 2(2 1 ] Example 3.1. Let us consider a regular unit speed curve
on 02 defined by
he geodesic curvature of the curve is given by
1 (1)2 (1)2
= 5 (2 1 + 1 2 2 12 3 ) (20) () = ( + 1, , 1).
2 2 ) 2
(2
2 2
1
Then the orthonormal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} of
where 12 < 22 and can be calculated as follows:
1 = 21 2 (22 12 ) (1)2 (1)2
() = ( + 1, , 1)
{2 = 22 2 + (1 2 1 2 )(22 12 ) (21) 2 2

3 = 21 2 + (2 2 + 1 )(22 12 ) () = ( 1, 1, 1)
(1)2 (1)2
() = ( , 1, 1)
{ 2 2
Definition 3.4. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
curve lying fully on 02 . Then the spacelike The geodesic curvature of is 1. In terms of the
-Smarandache curve : 12 of defined by definitions, we obtain the spacelike Smarandache curves
on 12 according to the Sabban frame on 02 .
1
( ()) = (1 () + 2 () + 3 ()) (22) First, when we take 1 = 1 and 2 = 3 , then the
3
-Smarandache curve is spacelike and given by
where 1 , 2 , 3 \{0} and 12 + 22 + 32 = 3.
 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI 73

1 1 1
1 1
[ ] = [ 2 1 ] []
1 1 + 3 2
( ()) = (( ) ( 1)2 + 1,
2 2 3
1
1
2 2
1 + 3
( ) ( 1)2 3, ( 1)(1 + 3)) and its geodesic curvature is 1.
2

We give a curve in hyperbolic space and its

and the Sabban frame of the spacelike -Smarandache
Smarandache partners in de Sitter space in Figure 1.
curve is given by
1
4. CURVES IN HYPERBOLIC SPACE AND DUAL
3
0
2 2 TIMELIKE SMARANDACHE PARTNERS
[ ] = 0 1 0 []
3 1 In this section we obtain the timelike Smarandache partners
[2 0
2] in de Sitter space of a curve in hyperbolic space.

and its geodesic curvature is 1. Theorem 4.1. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
curve lying fully on 02 . Then the timelike
Second, when we take 1 = 1 and 2 = 3 , then the -Smarandache curve : 12 of does not
-Smarandache curve is a spacelike and given by exist.
( 1)2
1 Proof. Assume that : 02 be a regular unit speed
(()) = ( + 3( 1) + 1,
2 2 curve lying fully on 02 . Then the timelike
( 1)2
+ 3( 1), ( 1 + 3)) -Smarandache curve : 12 of is defined by
2
1
( ()) = (1 () + 2 ()) (26)
and the Sabban frame of the spacelike -Smarandache 2
curve is given by
1 , 2 \{0}, 12 + 22 = 2. Differentiating (26) with
1 3 respect to and using (2), we obtain
0
2 2
1
[ ] = 3 1 3 ]
[ () = = ( 2 )
2 1
3 3
[ 2 2] 1
2
= ( 2 )
2 1
and its geodesic curvature is 1.
Third, when we take 1 = 1 and 2 = 1 , then the where
-Smarandache curve is a spacelike curve and given by
(1 2 )2
1 (1)2 (1)2 =
( ()) = ( + 1, + 2, ) 2
2 2 2
which is a contradiction.
and the Sabban frame of the spacalike -Smarandache
curve is given by In the corollaries which follow, in a similar way as in the
1 1 previous section, we obtain the Sabban frame {, , }
0

2 2
and the geodesic curvature of a timelike
[ ] = [ 1 1 1 ] [ ] Smarandache curve. We omit the proofs of Theorems 4.2,
2
1

1 4.3, and 4.4.
2 2
Definition 4.1. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
and its geodesic curvature is 1.
curve lying fully on 02 . Then, the timelike
Finally, when we take 1 = 3, 2 = 3 and 3 = 3, -Smarandache curve : 12 of is defined by
1
then the -Smarandache curve is a spacelike curve and ( ()) = (1 () + 2 ())
2
given by
where 1 , 2 \{0}, and 12 + 22 = 2.
( ()) = (( 1)2 + , ( 1)2 + 2,2 1)
and the Sabban frame of the spacelike -Smarandache
curve is given by
74 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI

Corollary 4.1. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed 1 = 23 + 1 (2 22 2 )

curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , } { 2 = 1 22 + (2 2 2 )(2 22 2 )
and the geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the 3 = 23 2 + (1 + 2 )(2 22 2 ).
timelike -Smarandache curve of , then its frame
{, , } is given by
1 2
0 Definition 4.2. Let : 02 be a regular unit
2 2
2 1 2
speed curve lying fully on 02 . Then, the timelike

[ ] = 222
2 222
2 222
2
[] -Smarandache curve : 12 of is defined by
22 1 2 2
1
[2(222
2) 2(222
2) 2(222
2)
] ( ()) = (1 () + 2 ()),
2

and the corresponding geodesic curvature is given by
where 1 , 2 \{0}, and 12 + 22 = 2.
1
= 2 )52
(22 1 1 2 2 23 )
(222

where 12 + 22 = 2 with 1 , 2 \{0}, 22 2 < 2 and

is a unit speed curve on 02 (black line)

is a unit speed spacelike curve on 12 (red line)

-Smarandache curve
-Smarandache curve

-Smarandache curve -Smarandache curve

Figure 1. Spacelike Smarandache partner curves of a curve on 02
 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI 75

[ ]
Corollary 4.2. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed
curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , } 1 2 3
and geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the 3 3 3
2 1 3 2
timelike -Smarandache curve of , then its frame = [ ]

{, , } is given by 22 3 (1 + 3 ) 2 3 1 2 1 (1 3 ) 22
[ 3 3 3 ]
1 2
0 where
2 2
1 2 1 2 2
= 22 (1 3 ) 22 2 , (1 3 ) < 22 22 2
[ ] = 12 2
2 12 2
2 12 2
2
[] and the corresponding geodesic curvature is given by

2 1 2 12
2 2 2(12 2
2) 2(12 2
2)
[2(1 2) ] (22 + 32 1 3 )1 + (1 2 + 2 3 )2
= ( )
+(12 1 3 22 )3
5 1
2 2
and the corresponding geodesic curvature is given by ((22 (1 3 ) 22 2 ) )

1
= 5 (2 1 + 1 2 2 + 12 3 )
2 ) 2
(12 2
where 1 , 2 , 3 \{0}, 12 + 22 + 32 = 3 and

where 1 , 2 \{0}, 12 + 22 = 2, 12 > 22 and 1 = 2 (3 (1 3 ) + 22 )

2
+(1 3 ) (22 (1 3 ) 22 2 )
1 = 21 2 (12 22 )
{2 = 22 2 + (1 2 1 2 )(12 22 ) 2 = (1 3 )(3 (1 3 ) + 22 )
2
3 = 21 2 + (1 2 2 )(12 22 ). +(2 3 2 2 ) (22 (1 3 ) 22 2 )
3 = 2 (3 (1 3 ) + 22 )
Definition 4.3. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed + (2 + (1 3 )) (22 (1 3 ) 22 2 )
2
{
curve lying fully on 02 . Then -Smarandache curve
: 12 of is defined by Example 4.1. Let us consider a regular unit speed curve
on 02 defined by
1
( ()) = (1 () + 2 () + 3 ()) () = (cosh , sinh , 0).
3

1 , 2 , 3 \{0}, 12 + 22 + 32 = 3. Then the orthonormal Sabban frame {, , } of the curve

and the orthonormal Sabban frame {, , } of the
Corollary 4.3. Let : 02 be a regular unit speed curve and the geodesic curvature of a timelike

curve lying fully on 02 with the Sabban frame {, , }

Smarandache curve can be calculated as in the previous
and geodesic curvature . If : 12 is the example. The curve and its Smarandache partners are
timelike -Smarandache curve of , then its frame given in Figure 2.
{, , } is given by
76 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI

is a unit speed curve on 02 (black line)

is a unit speed timelike curve on 12 (red line)

-Smarandache curve is undefined -Smarandache curve

-Smarandache curve -Smarandache curve

Figure 2. Timelike Smarandache partner curves of a curve on 02
 GU J Sci, 29(1):69-77 (2016)/ Murat SAVAS, Atakan Tugkan YAKUT, Tugba TAMIRCI 77

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

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