Ask FSK PSK QPSK Qam Modulation

MC LC
1. GII THIU CHUNG........................................................................................................2

2. IU CH TNG T CHO TN HIU S ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM
MODULATION-DEMOLATION..............................................................................................5
2.1. Thit b s dng..........................................................................................................5
2.2. L thuyt.....................................................................................................................5
2.2.1 Cc phng php iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s...........................................5
2.2.1.1. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch bin ASK (Amplitude Shift
Keying) 5
2.2.1.2. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch bin FSK (Frequency Shift
Keying) 6
2.2.1.3. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch pha PSK (Phase Shift Keying).......7
2.2.1.4. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch hn hp pha v bin QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)............................................................................12
2.2.1.5. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch pha vi phn DPSK (Differential
Phase Shift Keying)......................................................................................................14
2.2.1.6. M truyn v ti lp tn hiu nhp.............................................................16
2.2.2 S th nghim...............................................................................................17
2.2.2.1. B iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM............................................17
2.2.2.2. B Gii iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK................................................23
2.3. Cp ngun v ni dy...............................................................................................27
2.4. Cc bi thc hnh......................................................................................................28
2.4.1 Kho st cc phn chc nng............................................................................28
2.4.1.1. My pht nhp ti liu (Data Sequence Generator)...................................28
2.4.1.2. Cc s to m ti liu...........................................................................28
2.4.1.3. B hnh thnh sng mang (carrier generator)...........................................31
2.4.1.4. B ti lp tn hiu nhp v gii m ti liu (DECODER & CLOCK
RECOVERY)................................................................................................................31
2.4.2 iu ch & gii iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s............................................34
2.4.2.1. iu ch & gii iu ch ASK..................................................................34
2.4.2.2. iu ch & gii iu ch FSK..................................................................39
2.4.2.3. iu ch v gii iu ch BPSK...............................................................43
2.4.2.4. iu ch & gii iu ch QPSK (hnh 2-34)............................................47
2.4.2.5. iu ch v gii iu ch D-QPSK (Hnh 2-35).......................................48
2.4.2.6. iu ch QAM (hnh 2-36).......................................................................52
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

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H THC HNH V IN T THNG TIN
1. GII THIU CHUNG
H thng thit b thc hnh in t vin thng chuyn bao gm cc khi th nghim,
thit k theo khi chun (Module), v thit b chnh TCPS-900.
Cc khi th nghim chc nng cho php tin hnh cc bi thc hnh v in t thng
tin chuyn v c s k thut truyn thng tin (xem mc lc lit k trn).
Cc khi th nghim s dng cht 2 ly kt ni ngun v tn hiu. Trn bng mt khi
c biu th trc quan s nguyn l v cc cht th (Test Point) kim tra tn hiu.
Thit b chnh TCPS-900 (Hnh 1) dng cho 1 bn th nghim, bao gm:
Khung g c kch thc 1.200 x 750 mm cha 2 tng vi rnh trt gn cc
module 297 mm x aM (M = 100mm, a = 1; 2; 3; 4)
Ngun chun TCPS-900, cung cp th chun:
- Ngun 1 chiu (DC) +12V/2A, -12V/0.75A, +5V/2A, -5V/0.75A. S dng
nui cc Module th nghim.
- Ngun AC 220V vi cng tc t ng, dng cp in cho cc thit b khc nh
dao ng k, my pht,...
Phn loi tng qut cc phng php iu ch - gii iu ch phc v cho vic truyn
thng tin c gii thiu trong Bng 1.
Truyn cc tn hiu tng t (li ni, nhc,...) theo phng php iu bin, iu tn v
iu pha c thc hin trong phn thc tp in t thng tin c s.
Cc phng php c bn iu ch tn hiu tng t hoc s cn li trong Bng 1 c
thc hin trong phn thc hnh in t thng tin chuyn .

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Bng 1

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Hnh 1. Thit b chnh TCPS-900

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2. IU CH TNG T CHO TN HIU S ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM
MODULATION-DEMOLATION.
2.1. Thit b s dng

1. Khung chnh cho thc tp in t vin thng c bn TCPS-900.
2. Cc khi th nghim TC-946M, TC-946D cho bi thc tp v iu ch tng t cho
tn hiu s (Hnh 2-17 & 2-23).
3. Dao ng k 2 tia.
4. Ph tng: dy c cht cm hai u.
2.2. L thuyt
2.2.1 Cc phng php iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s
2.2.1.1. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch bin ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
Phng php iu ch ASK (Hnh 2-1) cho php to tn hiu ASK dng sin vi hai
bin . Bin tn hiu ASK tu thuc gi tr bit ti liu:
- Khi Data bit = 1 s iu khin kho K ng (Hnh 2-1a), sng ASK nhn c li
ra chnh l sng mang truyn qua, c bin bng bin sng mang (Hnh 2-1b).
- Khi Data bit = 0 s iu khin kho K ngt, sng mang khng truyn qua kho. Tn
hiu ASK c bin = 0.
Hnh 2-1. Phng php iu ch ASK
Gii iu ch ASK iu ch thc hin theo cc s trn Hnh 2-2.

s kiu 2-2a, b thu nhn c ti lp sng mang (Carrier Regenerator) v nhn sng
ny vi tn hiu thu. B lc thng thp v s ngng cho php ti lp ti liu s c
truyn.
S 2-2b n gin hn, thng c s dng trong thc t. Tn hiu c tch sng
trc tip, sau lc thng thp v hnh thnh.
Phng php ASK c s rt n gin, c s dng ch yu trong k thut in bo.
H thng c cc c trng sau:
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch (FW) cao hn tc truyn bit (Fb).
- Hiu sut truyn nh hn 1 (xc nh bng (Fb/ FW)<1).
- Tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng tc truyn Fb.

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Hnh 2-2. Phng php gii iu ch ASK
2.2.1.2. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch bin FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
Phng php iu ch FSK (Hnh 2-3) cho php to tn hiu FSK dng sin vi hai tn
s. Gi tr tn s ca tn hiu ASK tu thuc gi tr bit ti liu. V d s dng kiu s 2-3a:
- Khi Data bit = 1, iu khin kho K v tr ni sng mang tn s F1 vi li ra FSK.
- Khi Data bit = 0, iu khin kho K v tr ni sng mang tn s F2 vi li ra FSK.
- Gin tn hiu FSK cho trn hnh 2-3D.
Hnh 2-3. Phng php iu ch FSK

s iu ch FSK kiu 2-3b, s dng my pht iu khin bng th VCO (Voltage
Control Oscillator). ng dng trng thi 0 hoc 1 ca ti liu, VCO s pht hai tn s
F1 v F2 tng ng.
Trn hnh 2-3c l s iu ch s dng cc b chia vi cc h s chia khc nhau: N v:
M. Data bit s dng iu khin chn h s chia. V d, khi Data bit = 1, b chia c h s

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chia N, to chui xung ra c tn s F1 = f Clock /N. cn khi Data bit = 0, b chia c h s chia
M, to chui xung ra c tn s F2 = f Clock /M.
Gii iu ch FSK c th thc hin trn c s Hnh 2-4. Tn hiu FSK cha hai thnh
phn tn s c gii iu ch bng s vng gi pha (PLL).
Hnh 2-4. Phng php gii iu ch FSK
Phng php FSK c s phc tp hn ASK, c s dng ch yu trong modem

truyn s liu (kiu CCITT V21, CCITT V23, BELL 103, BELL 113, BELL 202 ) v
trong k thut radio s.
- Sai s t hn phng php ASK.
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch (FW) cao hn tc truyn bit (Fb).
- Hiu sut truyn nh hn 1 (xc nh bng (Fb/ FW)<1).
2.2.1.3. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch pha PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
a. iu ch - Gii iu ch pha kiu 2-PSK (BPSK)
Phng php iu ch 2-PSK hay BPSK (Binary PSK) hay iu ch ngc pha PRK
(Phase Reversal Keying) c gii thiu trn Hnh 2-5. S to tn hiu BPSK dng sin
vi hai gi tr pha tu thuc gi tr bit ti liu:
- Khi Data bit = 1, iu khin s cho sng BPSK cng pha vi sng mang.
- Khi Data bit = 0, iu khin s cho sng BPSK ngc pha (1800) vi sng mang.
S iu ch thng c thc hin trn b nhn sng mang vi Data bit. Gin tn
hiu v gin poha BPSK cho trn Hnh 2-5.
Hnh 2-5. Phng php iu ch PSK

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Gii iu ch BPSK c th thc hin trn s Hnh 2-6. S gm b ti lp sng
mang v b nhn.
Hnh 2-6. Phng php gii iu ch PSK.
B ti lp sng mang bao gm:

- S ly bnh phng ( )2 chuyn cc tn hiu khc pha v cng 1 pha.
- Vng gia pha PLL pht li nhp vi tn s gp i tn s mang
- B dch pha hiu chnh pha.
- B chia hai a tn s tn hiu ti lp v bng tn s sng mang.
B nhn tn hiu thc hin nhn sng iu ch BPSK vi sng mang ti lp.
Gi s tn s sng mang l fC, C = 2fC, ta c hai trng hp:
- Khi tn hiu BPSK l +sin(Ct) ng vi Data bit = 1, sng mang ti lp l
sin(Ct), s nhn s cho tn hiu sin(Ct) sin(Ct) = sin2(Ct) = (1-cos(2
Ct) = - cos(2Ct).
Trong biu thc trn thnh phn th hai l xoay chiu, c tn s gp i tn s sng
mang. Khi s dng b lc thng thp vi tn s ct bng tn s sng mang, c th kh b
thnh phn xoay chiu v th dng ca thnh phn 1 chiu th nht c gi li s biu din
trng thi 1 ca Data bit.
- Khi tn hiu BPSK l -sin(Ct) ng vi Data bit =1, s nhn s cho tn hiu :
-sin(Ct) sin(Ct) = -sin2(Ct) = -(1-cos(2 Ct) = - + cos(2Ct).
Trong biu thc trn thnh phn th hai l xoay chiu, c tn s gp i tn s sng
mang. Khi s dng b lc thng thp vi tn s ct bng tn s sng mang, c th kh b
thnh phn xoay chiu v th m ca thnh phn 1 chiu th nht c gi li s biu din
trng thi 0 ca Data bit.
S iu ch PSK c phc tp trung bnh, c s dng ch yu trong k thut
radio s. H thng c cc c trng sau:
- Sai s t hn phng php FSK.
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch (FW) bng tc truyn bit (Fb).
- Hiu sut truyn = 1 (xc nh bng (Fb/ FW) = 1).
b. iu ch - Gii iu ch pha kiu 4-PSK (QPSK)

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Phng php iu ch 4-PSK hay QPSK (Quadrature PSK) c gii thiu trn Hnh
2-7. S to tn hiu QPSK dng sin vi bn gi tr pha, xc nh bi t hp (cp) 2 bit lin
nhau ca ti liu nh phn. T hp 2 bit lin nhau ny c gi l Dibit c di 2 khong
bit.
Ti liu nh phn trc khi a vo s iu ch c to m Dibit nh trigger m
i n gin. M Dibit c biu th bng tn hiu I v Q:
- Tn hiu ti liu I (cng pha In Phase) gm cc mc th ng vi gi tr bit u ca
cp bit kho st.
- Tn hiu ti liu Q (bc 2 Quadrature) gm cc mc th ng vi gi tr bit th hai
ca cp bit kho st.
Hnh 2-7. Phng php iu ch QPSK
Cc tn hiu I v Q c nhn vi cc sng mang lch pha nhau 90 0 (gi l 0 =

sin(Ct) v 90 = cos(Ct) ). Kt qu l khi ly tng tn hiu c hai nhnh ca s Hnh
2-7, s nhn c cc tn hiu 0 +90; -0 +90; 0 -90; -0 -90.
B iu ch QPSK nh vy c xy dng trn hai b BPSK, to ra hai tn hiu
BPSKI v BPSKQ cho b ly tng hnh thnh tn hiu 4 pha. Gin pha v dng sng
QPSK cho trn Hnh 2-7. Trn th cho thy vi 4 gi tr ca Dibit (I-Q), tn hiu QPSK
c 4 pha khc nhau.
Gii iu ch QPSK c th thc hin trn s Hnh 2-8. S gm b ti lp sng
mang v cc b nhn ti lp Dibit. M Dibit sau c gii m chuyn v trng thi
ti liu thng thng.

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Hnh 2-8. Phng php gii iu ch QPSK
B ti lp sng mang (hnh 2-9) bao gm:
Hnh 2-9. S ti lp sng mang cho gii iu ch QPSK
- Hai s ly bnh phng ( )2 chuyn cc tn hiu khc pha v cng 1 pha.

- Vng gi pha PLL pht li nhp vi tn s gp bn tn s mang.
- B dch pha hiu chnh pha.
- B chia hai chung a tn s tn hiu ti lp cn gp i tn s sng mang.
- Hai b chia hai vi nhp iu khin m lch pha 900 (ly t Q n Q ca b chia 2
chung) to cc sng mang ti lp lch pha nhau 900.
Hai b nhn tn hiu thc hin nhn sng iu ch QPSK vi cc sng mang ti lp lch
pha. Tn hiu gii iu ch c lc thng thp ti lp tn hiu Dibit. Qua s trigger,
chuyn m Dibit v m ti liu nh phn thng thng.
S iu ch QPSK c phc tp cao, c s dng ch yu trong modem truyn
s liu (kiu CCITT V22, CCITT V26, BELL 201) v trong k thut radio s.
- Sai s t hn phng php FSK.
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch (FW) bng na tc truyn bit (=Fb/2).
- Tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng na tc truyn
(=Fb/2).
c. iu ch - Gii iu ch pha kiu 8-PSK

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Phng php iu ch 8-PSK to tn hiu dng sin vi tm gi tr pha lch nhau 45 0,
xc nh bi t hp 3 bit lin nhau ca ti liu nh phn. T hp 3 bit lin nhau ny c gi
l Tribit.
Ti liu nh phn trc khi a vo s iu ch c to m Tribit nh cc trigger
m i n gin. M Tribit c biu th bng tn hiu I, Q v C.
Trn s Hnh 2-10 l gin chm sao ti liu c m dng tribit tng ng
vi cc pha tn hiu lch so vi nhau 450.
S iu ch 8-PSK c phc tp cao, c s dng ch yu trong modem truyn
s liu (kiu CCITT V27, BELL 208) v trong k thut radio s.
- Sai s t hn phng php QPSK.
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch (FW) bng 1/3 tc truyn bit (=Fb/3).
- Tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng 1/3 tc truyn (=Fb/3).
Hnh 2-10. Gin chm sao cho iu ch 8-PSK v 16-PSK
d. iu ch - Gii iu ch pha kiu 16-PSK

Phng php iu ch 16-PSK to tn hiu dng sin vi tm gi tr pha lch nhau 22.50,
xc nh bi t hp 4 bit lin nhau ca ti liu nh phn. T hp 4 bit lin nhau ny c gi
l Quadbit.
Ti liu nh phn trc khi a vo s iu ch c to m Quadbit nh cc trigger
m i n gin.
Trn s Hnh 2-10 l gin chm sao ti liu c m dng Quadbit tng
ng vi cc pha tn hiu lch so vi nhau 22.50.
S iu ch 16-PSK c phc tp cao, c s dng ch yu k thut radio s.
- Sai s t hn phng php 8-PSK.
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch (FW) bng 1/4 tc truyn bit (=Fb/4).

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- Tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng 1/4 tc truyn
(=Fb/4).
2.2.1.4. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch hn hp pha v bin QAM (Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation)
Trong phng php iu ch QAM, thng tin s c iu ch cha trong c pha v
bin tn hiu truyn. Cc gi tr tn hiu iu ch c dng sin vi pha v bin c xc
nh bi t hp cc bit lin nhau ca ti liu nh phn.
H thng 8-QAM iu ch tn hiu trn c s t hp Tribit ca ti liu. Mt nhm trong
chng thay i bin v 2 nhm cn li thay i v pha pha. Tn hiu iu ch s nhn 4
pha v 2 bin khc nhau (xem Bng 2-1).
Trn s hnh 2-11 l gin chm sao ti liu c m dng Tribit cho iu ch
8-QAM.
H thng 16-QAM iu ch tn hiu trn c s t hp Quadbit ca ti liu. Tn hiu iu
ch s nhn 16 trng thi khc nhau v pha v bin (xem Bng 2-2).
Bng 2-1
STT LI VO NH PHN LI RA 8-QAM

1 0 0 0 0.716V -1350
2 0 0 1 1.848V -1350
3 0 1 0 0.765V -450
4 0 1 1 1.848V -450
5 1 0 0 0.765V +1350
6 1 0 1 1.848V +1350
7 1 1 0 0.765V +450
8 1 1 1 1.848V +450
Hnh 2-11. Gin chm sao cho iu ch 8-QAM v 16-QAM
Bng 2.2

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STT LI VO NH PHN LI RA 16-QAM
1 0 0 0 0 0.311V -1350
2 0 0 0 1 0.850V -1750
3 0 0 1 0 0.311V -450
4 0 0 1 1 0.850V -150
5 0 1 0 0 0.850V -1050
6 0 1 0 1 1.161V -1350
7 0 1 1 0 0.850V -750
8 0 1 1 1 1.161V -450
9 1 0 0 0 0.311V 1350
10 1 0 0 1 0.850V 1750
11 1 0 1 0 0.850V 450
12 1 0 1 1 0.850V 150
13 1 1 0 0 0.850V 1050
14 1 1 0 1 1.161V 1350
15 1 1 1 0 0.850V 750
16 1 1 1 1 1.161V 450
Trn s Hnh 2-11 l gin chm sao ti liu c m dng Quadbit cho iu
ch 16-QAM.
S iu ch QAM c phc tp cao, c s dng ch yu trong modem truyn s
liu (kiu CCITT V22bis, CCITT V29, CCITT V32, CCITT V33, BELL 209 ) v trong
k thut radio s.
- Sai s t hn phng php PSK.
- Ph cc tiu ca tn hiu iu ch ( FW) bng 1/n tc truyn bit (=Fb/n), vi n l
s bit kho st iu ch, v d, n-3 cho 8-QAM, n=4 cho 16-QAM.
- Hiu sut truyn = n (xc nh bng (Fb/ FW) = n).
- Tc Baud c nh ngha nh tc iu ch bng 1/n tc truyn
(=Fb/n).
2.2.1.5. Phng php iu ch - Gii iu ch pha vi phn DPSK (Differential Phase Shift
Keying)
Trong h thng iu ch PSK, vic gii iu ch c thc hin khi so pha tc thi ca
PSK vi tn hiu mang ti lp b thu. H thng PSK vi thng tin cha trong gi tr pha
tuyt i cn c gi l PSK tuyt i. Kh khn ca h thng ny l cn gi pha ca sng
mang ti lp khng i.

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H thng DPSK c xy dng cho php gii quyt kh khn nu trn. Thng tin trong
h DSPK khng cha trong cc gi tr tuyt i ca pha sng mang iu ch m cha trong
s lch pha ca hai khong iu ch lin tip.
a. BPSK vi phn
Phng php iu ch BPSK vi phn c m t trn Hnh 2-12 v 2-13. Trong ti
liu u tin c chuyn thnh m vi phn, sau s dng b BPSK iu ch pha.
S EX-OR (hoc - loi tr) c lm chm i 1 khong bit. Li ra EX-OR s
o bit ra th (n+1) nu bit th (n) l 1 v gi li ra khng i nu bit (n) = 0.
Kt qu l li ra b to m vi phn c s thay i pha 1800 ng vi mi bit ti liu =
1.
Hnh 2-12. Gin m vi phn.
B gii iu ch BPSK vi phn c hai phn: gii iu ch BPSK thng thng nhn
li m vi phn. Sau b gii m vi phn cha s EX-OR v b lm chm 1 khong bit s
ti lp li ti liu.
Hnh 2-13. Phng php iu ch v gii iu ch BPSK vi phn

b. QPSK vi phn.
Phng php iu ch QPSK vi phn c m t trn Hnh 2-14. Trong ti liu u
tin c chuyn thnh m vi phn dng Dibit cho tn hiu D-I v D-Q, sau s dng b vi
phn Dibit iu ch pha vi phn l cc sng sin lnh pha nhau 00, 900, 1800 v 2700.
S EX-OR (hoc - loi tr) c s dng lm b so snh ti liu NRZ li vo vi
ti liu li ra b so snh ( EX-OR) c lm chm i mt khong bit. Li ra EX-OR s
o bit ra th (n+1) nu bt th (n) l 1 v gi li ra khng i nu bit (n)= 0.

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Hnh 2-14. Phng php iu ch v gii iu ch QPSK vi phn
Kt qu l li ra b to m vi phn c s thay i pha 1800 ng vi mi bit ti liu =

1.
Bng 2-3 m t s tng ng gia ti liu Dibit v s dch pha tn hiu ra.
Bng 2-3
DIBIT DCH PHA

0 0 00
0 1 900
1 1 1800
1 0 2700
2.2.1.6. M truyn v ti lp tn hiu nhp

a. M NRZ.
M NRZ (Non Return-to-Zero) l dng m nh phn th hin bng bt 0 v bit 1,
l xung ch nht, c mc -a hoc +a c gi trong di khong bit. M NRZ thng
c chia thnh 2 loi NRZ-L (Non Return to Zero-level) v NRZ-I (Non Return to
Zero-inverted).
Trong th nghim, s dng trng hp c bit ca m NRZ-L (Hnh 5-5a):
- NRZ - Data c phn cc ngc vi ti liu xc lp bng cc cng tc Dip-Switch.
chnh l dng m NRZ-L.
- Mc tn hiu +a v -a tng ng vi mc 1 v 0 tn hiu TTL.
Cch to m trn s lm n gin th nghim kho st cc phng php truyn s liu.
pha thu nhn, cc mc 0 v 1 c c li tng ng vi tn hiu ng b. Tn
hiu ng b c th gi theo ng truyn ring. Tuy nhin, thng tn hiu ng b c
tch t chui tn hiu ti liu nh s c vng gi pha (PLL).

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Hnh 2-15. Gin m NRZ v m Manchester
b. Ti lp tn hiu nhp
S ti lp xung nhp c m t trn Hnh 2-16.
S EX-OR c s dng so snh gia tn hiu ti liu vi tn hiu ti liu c
lm tr (thng l khong di khong bit). Li ra EX-OR c tn hiu vi thnh phn
ph tn s gp i tn hiu ti liu. S vng gi pha PLL s nhn pht li tn hiu ny vi
tn s nhp ti lp bng ng tn hiu nhp sng mang. Tn hiu nhp ti lp c s dng
to nhp cho cc s gii iu ch.
Hnh 2-16. S ti lp tn hiu nhp
c. M Manchester
Khi chui tn hiu ti liu c bit 0 hoc 1 ko di lin tc, tn s tn hiu vo PLL c th
vt ra ngoi khong ng b, v vy chui xung nhp li ra c ti lp c th s khng cn
chnh xc. trnh sai lch ny c th biu din ti liu di dng m Manchester, trong
bit 1 ko di c biu din bng chu k xung nhp trc tip, cn bit 0 ko di - biu din
bng chu k xung ngc. Trn Hnh 2-15 m t gin hnh thnh xung Manchester t
xung NRZ.
2.2.2 S th nghim
2.2.2.1. B iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM
S khi th nghim TC-946M iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM c
trnh by trn Hnh 2-17. S nguyn l cho trong phn ph lc (Hnh PL2-1PL2-4).

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Hnh 2-17. Khi iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s TC-946D.
a. My pht nhp ti liu (Data Sequence Generator)

My pht xung ng h (Clock Generator):
- My pht xung ng h to tn hiu nhp chun cho cc b hnh thnh ti liu th
nghim. My pht to trn U1 (NE555), pht xung vung tn s 2400Hz. Bin tr
P1 (Frequency Adjust) cho php hiu chnh chnh xc tn s nhp (Hnh PL2-1).
- B chia 2 trn trigger d U2A (74LS74) to xung nhp chun 1200Hz.
- Trigger R-S trn cng U4A,D (74LS00) v nt nhn START to tn hiu xo v
khi ng ng b cho vic hnh thnh ti liu.
S to tn hiu m thi gian CKI, CKQ, CKC (Timing Circuit):
- S to cc xung mu thi gian c xy dng trn b ghi dch U3(74LS96) v
chuyn mch MODE (S2A) chn kiu lm vic (hnh PL2-1). ch Dibit v
Tribit, li ra song song b ghi dch (QB hoc QC) c a tr v li vo ni tip
(Serial). Nh vy, b ghi dch U3 c th pht chui xung lp li.
- Khi nhn nt START, b ghi dch c xo v xc lp trng thi ban u t cc li
vo song song (A = 1, B, C = 0) theo nhp CK .

17
- Khi chuyn mch S2A v tr Dibit, li ra song song QC c a v li vo ni
tip (SER).
- Tn hiu li vo CK s dch trng thi ghi trong U3 v chy theo vng, hnh thnh
tn hiu CKI v CKQ (gin Dibit trn Hnh 2-18). Cc tn hiu ny lch nhau mt
chu k xung nhp, c s dng cho th nghim iu ch QPSK v DQPSK.
- Khi chuyn mch S2A v tr Tribit, li ra song song QB c a v li vo ni
tip (SER).
- Tn hiu li vo CK s dch trng thi ghi trong U3 v chy theo vng, hnh thnh
tn hiu CKI, CKQ v CKC (gin Tribit trn Hnh 2-18). Cc tn hiu ny lch
nhau mt chu k xung nhp, c s dng cho th nghim iu ch QAM.
Hnh 2-18. Gin thi gian tn hiu mu CKI, CKQ v CKC
S to chui xung ti liu (Data Sequence):

- S to chui xung ti liu c xy dng trn cc b ghi dch U5U7
(74LS165) v chuyn mch SW1SW24 c s liu (Hnh PL2-1).
- B ghi dch to chui xung 24 bit gm 3 tng c ni theo vng: li ra ni tip tng
trc ni vi li vo ni tip tng sau. V vy khi dch s liu, chui ti liu 24 c
lp li.
- Li vo song song ca 3 b ghi dch ni vi 24 cng tc. Vi vic t cc cng tc
ny (ON = 1, OFF=0), nh tn hiu START v CK c th np s liu ban u la
chn t cng tc vo b ghi dch thnh chui ti liu DATA tng ng.
- Trn Hnh 2-18 l v d mt chui xung ti liu NRZ tng ng vi cu hnh cng
tc la chn.
b. Cc s to m ti liu.
B to m Manchester (Biphase Coder):
B to m Manchester t ti liu DATA c xy dng trn vi mch U8D,C (Hnh
PL2-2), thc hin so snh m ti liu DATA vi CK bng s EX-OR. Tn hiu ra s l
xung nhp CK trc tip nu Data bit = 1 v l CK nu Data bit = 0 (Hnh 2-19).

18
Hnh 2-19. Hnh thnh m Manchester.
B to m vi phn 1-bit:
- M vi phn bit c to khi chuyn mch S2B v S2D/MODE (Hnh PL2-2) v
tr Bit (1). M ti liu DATA qua chuyn mch ny vo s EX-OR/U8A so
snh vi tn hiu li ra b so snh ( EX-OR) c lm chm i mt khon bit
(xem s khi Hnh 2-13). B lm tr mt khong bit l trigger D/ U2B lm vic
theo nhp CK. Tn hiu tr truyn khng o qua U9C a tr v li vo b so snh
U8A.
- Kt qu l b to m vi phn s o ngc bit ra th (n+1) nu bit vo th n = 1 v
gi li ra khng i nu bit (n) = 0.
- Gin tn hiu m vi phn 1- bit cho trn Hnh 2-20.
Hnh 2-20. Hnh thnh m vi phn 1-bit
B to m Dibit:
- to m Dibit, cn t chuyn mch S2/MODE v tr Dibit (2). S to m
Dibit c li ra I v Q, xy dng trn cc vi mch U10A,B v U11A (Hnh PL2-2).
- Tn hiu I c to nh 2 trigger D mc ni tip (U10A,B). Trigger U10A c
iu khin bi nhp CKI cn trigger U10B - bng nhp CKQ. Li ra I s c cc mc
tng ng vi bit th nht ca Dibit vi di bng 2 khong bit (Hnh 2-21).

19
Hnh 2-21. Hnh thnh m Dibit
B to m Dibit vi phn:
- Trong h iu ch QPSK vi phn, pha ca cc sng sin mang c cc gi tr 00, 900,
1800 v 2700, c xc nh nh hm ca ti liu Dibit (xem Hnh 2-14).
- B to m Dibit vi phn ly cc tn hiu I v Q b to m Dibit ( trnh by
phn trn) to m Dibit vi phn vi cc li ra DIFF.I v DIFF.Q.
- to m Dibit vi phn, cn t chuyn mch S2/MODE v tr Dibit (2).
- Tn hiu I v Q c a vo hai b m vi phn 1-bit hnh thnh tn hiu ra:
- Tn hiu DIFF.I hnh thnh trn b so snh U8A, trigger D lm tr U2B (Hnh
PL2-2)
- Tn hiu DIFF.Q hnh thnh trn b so snh U8B, trigger D lm tr U2A.
- Trong Bng 2-4 cho cc trng thi m ra I&Q, DIFF.I v DIFF.Q ng vi m Dibit
th (n) v (n+1).
Bng 2-4
Bit th (n) Bit th (n) Bit th (n+1)

DIFF.I DIFF.Q I Q DIFF.I DIFF.Q
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0

20
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
B to m Tribit:
- to m Tribit, cn t chuyn mch S2/MODE v tr Tribit (3). S to m
Tribit c li ra I, Q v C, xy dng trn cc vi mch U10A,B v U11A,B v U12B
(Hnh PL2-2).
- Tn hiu I c to nh 2 trigger D mc ni tip (U10A,B). Trigger U10A c
iu khin bi nhp CKI cn trigger U10B- bng nhp CKC. Li ra I s c cc mc
tng ng vi bit th nht ca Tribit vi di bng 3 khong bit (Hnh 2-22).
- Tn hiu Q c to nh 2 trigger D mc ni tip (U11A,B). Trigger U11A c
iu khin bi nhp CKQ cn trigger U11B- bng nhp CKC. Li ra Q s c cc
mc tng ng vi bit th hai ca Tribit vi di bng 3 khong bit. (Hnh 2-22).
- Tn hiu C c to nh 2 trigger D - U12B c iu khin bi nhp CKC. Li ra
C s c cc mc tng ng vi bit th ba ca Tribit vi di bng 3 khong bit.
(Hnh 2-22).
Hnh 2-22. Hnh thnh m Tribit
My pht sng mang (Carrier Generator):

B to sng mang dng sin s dng cho iu ch l cc b lc thng thp xy dng trn
U14 & U15 (Hnh PL2-3). S bin i cc sng vung 1200Hz v 2400Hz t my pht
nhp thnh sng son. S dch pha ( Phase Adj.) nh cc mch RC (P1-C7, P3-C14, P5-
C20) mc li vo cc tng khuch i tng ng cho php hiu chnh pha ca sng mang.
Nhnh 1200Hz c hai b dch pha c hiu chnh lch nhau 900 cho tn hiu sin ra
1200Hz-0 v 1200Hz-90.
B iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM:

21
Cc phng php iu ch c kho st tin hnh trn s iu ch cn bng U17 v
U18 (Hnh PL2-4) c b sung b cng U19B v b suy gim 6dB-R49, R53, Q1.
iu ch ASK:
- Ch s dng 1 trong hai b iu ch cn bng U17 v U18.
- Khi a m ti liu ti li vo DATA v sng mang ti li vo CARRIER, b iu
ch cn bng s thc hin nhn hai tn hiu ny.
- Nu iu chnh bin tr cn bng sng mang CARRIER NULL sao cho h mt cn
bng, li vo DATA s tc ng iu khin ng ngt kho cho tn hiu sng mang
truyn qua. S trong ch ny hot ng theo kiu iu ch ASK.
iu ch FSK:
- Ch s dng c hai b iu ch cn bng U17 v U18.
- M ti liu c a ti li vo DATA cho c hai b iu ch.
- Sng mang 1200Hz cp cho li vo CARRIER ca U17, cn sng 2400Hz cho
li vo CARRIER ca U18.
- Mi b iu ch cn bng s thc hin hai tn hiu DATA v CARRIER cc li
vo tng ng.
- Khi iu chnh bin tr cn bng sng mang CARRIER NULL sao cho U17 cho
tn hiu ra 1200Hz ng vi DATA bit = 0, cn U18 cho tn hiu ra 2400Hz ng
vi DATA bit = 1.
- Cc tn hiu ny c ly tng trn U19B v cho tn hiu FSK li ra OUT.
iu ch BPSK:
- Ch s dng 1 trong hai b iu ch cn bng U17 v U18.
- Khi a m ti liu ti li vo DATA v sng mang ti li vo CARRIER, b iu
ch cn bng s thc hin nhn hai tn hiu ny.
- Nu iu chnh bin tr cn bng sng mang CARRIER NULL sao cho h cn
bng, li vo DATA s tc ng iu khin pha cho tn hiu sng mang truyn qua.
S trong ch ny hot ng theo kiu iu ch BPSK.
- Nu cp tn hiu dng vi phn 1-bit, ti liu iu ch s l BPSK vi phn (D-
BPSK).
iu ch QPSK:
- Trong kiu iu ch QPSK, cc sng mang lch nhau 1200Hz-0 v 1200Hz-90
t my pht sng mang c a ti li vo CARRIER ca hai b iu ch cn
bng. Tn hiu Dibit I v Q t b to m Dibit c cp cho cc li vo DATA ca
s iu ch.
- B iu ch cn bng s cp sng ra trc tip nu DATA bit = 1 v cp sng ra o
pha nu DATA bit = 0. B ly tng s hnh thnh tn hiu 1200Hz vi 4 pha lch
nhau 900 (Hnh 2-7).
- Khi s dng tn hiu I & Q lm m ti liu DATA, s l QPSK tuyt i. Cn
khi s dng m DIFF.I v DIFF.Q s l QPSK vi phn (D-QPSK).

22
iu ch QAM:
iu ch QAM c th xem nh QPSK c bin nhn hai gi tr khc nhau. Khi
khong iu ch ph thuc trng thi Tribit I, Q v C. Hai gi tr I v Q xc nh pha tn hiu
ra ging nh QPSK. Tn hiu C s dng iu chnh b suy gim 6dB (Q1) thay i bin
sng ra.
2.2.2.2. B Gii iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK.
S khi th nghim TC-946D gii iu ch ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK c trnh
by trn Hnh 2-23. S nguyn l cho trong phn ph lc (Hnh OL2-5Pl2-8).
Hnh 2-23. Khi gii iu ch TC-946D.

1. B gii iu ch ASK
B gii iu ch ASK l tp hp cc s (Hnh 2-2) sau:
B thu tn hiu ASK trong mng DEMODULATORS / TC-946D (Hnh PL2-5).
B lc thng thp (tn s ct 1200Hz) trn U7-U8 (Hnh PL2-6) v b hnh thnh
xung trn U9 v EX-OR U10 trong mng DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY / TC-
946D.
Dng tn hiu ra nh trn Hnh 2-2.
2. B gii iu ch FSK
B gii iu ch FSK l tp hp cc s tng ng vi Hnh 2-4 nh sau:

23
- B thu tn hiu FSK (U2-PLL) trong mng DEMODULATORS / TC-946D
(Hnh PL2-5).
- B lc thng thp (tn s ct 1200Hz) trn U7-U8 (Hnh PL2-6) v b hnh
thnh xung trn U9 v EX-OR U10 trong mng DECODER & CLOCK
RECOVERY / TC-946D.
3. B gii iu ch BPSK
B gii iu ch BPSK l tp hp cc s tng ng vi Hnh 2-6 nh sau:
B thu tn hiu PSK/QPSK (U3 v U4) trong mng DEMODULATORS / TC-
946D (Hnh PL2-5).
B ti lp sng mang (CARRIER RECOVERY) bao gm:
- Cc s ly bnh phng s dng b nhn U5 v U6 cho li ra SQR4 (Hnh PL2-
5).
- Vng gi pha PLL (U15) pht li tn hiu vung gc. Chuyn mch S2 v tr
QPSK cho php chn tn s trung tm ca PLL ng vi li ra nhn bn ca 2 s
bnh phng.
- B dch pha (U4, P4-C28).
- Cc s chia 2 trn U2B, U2A v U5A. Cc tn hiu sng mang ti lp li ra lch
nhau 900 ly 0 v 90. Cc tn hiu ny c a iu khin kho U4 s
DEMODULATORS.
xung trn U9 v EX-OR U10 trong mng DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY /
TC-946D.
Ti liu hnh thnh li ra U4 (I v Q) tng ng vi Dibit.
4. B gii iu ch QPSK
B gii iu ch QPSK l tp hp cc s tng ng vi Hnh 2-9 nh sau:
B thu tn hiu PSK/QPSK (U3 v U4) trong mng DEMODULATORS / TC-
946D (Hnh PL2-5).
B ti lp sng mang (CARRIER RECOVERY) bao gm:
- Cc s ly bnh phng s dng b nhn U5 v U6 cho li ra SQR4 (Hnh PL2-
5).
- Vng gi pha PLL (U15) pht li tn hiu vung gc. Chuyn mch S2 v tr
QPSK cho php chn tn s trung tm ca PLL ng vi li ra nhn bn ca 2 s
bnh phng.
- B dch pha (U4, P4-C28).
- Cc s chia 2 trn U2B, U2A v U5A. Cc tn hiu sng mang ti lp li ra lch
nhau 900 ly 0 v 90. Cc tn hiu ny c a iu khin kho U4 s
DEMODULATORS.
xung trn U9 v EX-OR U10 trong mng DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY /
TC-946D.

24
Ti liu hnh thnh li ra U4 (I v Q) tng ng vi Dibit.
5. B gii m ti liu
khi phc li ti liu NRZ, tn hiu li ra t cc s gii iu ch nh trnh by
phn trn cn c gii m.
B gii m (DECODER & CLOCH RECOVERY) cha cc mng s :
B ti lp xung nhp ti liu (PLL & TIMING)
B gii m Manchester (MANCHESTER DECODER)
B gii m 1-bit vi phn (DIFFERENTIAL BIT DECODER)
B gii m Dibit vi phn (DIFFERENTIAL DIBIT DECODER)
B gii m Dibit (BIT COMBINER)
B ti lp xung nhp ti liu (PLL & TIMING):
- S ti lp xung nhp c xy dng theo s khi Hnh 2-15, bao gm b tr
thi gian R88-C30 v cng EX-OR to xung c ph tn s gp i tn hiu ti
liu. Vng gi pha PLL(U16 Hnh PL2-7) s pht xung CK1 v CK 1 c tn s
bng xung nhp truyn. B chia 2 trn U17A to xung CK2 c chu k gp i CK1.
- Chuyn mch S1 cho php xc lp tn s chun ca vng gi pha tng ng vi ch
gii m Manchester hoc BPSK hoc QPSK.
B gii m Manchester (MANCHESTER DECODER):
- Gii m Manchester c thc hin bng cch ly mu tn hiu gii iu ch na
u ca khong bit. B gii m gm Trigger U19 (Hnh PL 2-7) ghi ti liu m
theo nhp CK2. Tn hiu t cc trigger U19 qua s EX-OR U20D v n hi
trn U23B to cc xung hp mi khi c s thay i t 0 -> 1 hoc ngc li ca ti
liu m. Cc xung ny ng b vi nhp CK1 U21A to t ra c mt dng ng
vi na u ca khong bit. Tn hiu ly mu ny s iu khin U21B ghi nhn tn
hiu m li vo ti lp m NRZ t m Manchester.
- Gin thi gian ca s gii m Manchester cho trn Hnh 2-24.
Hnh 2-24. Gin thi gian ca s gii m Manchester.
B gii m 1-bit vi phn (DIFFERENTIAL BIT DECODER):

25
- Gii m vi phn 1-bit c thc hin bng cch so snh tn hiu m trc tip vi tn
hiu lm tr. Nu cc tn hiu ny khc nhau, ngha l tn ti Data bit = 1, cn nu
chng ging nhau Data bit = 0.
- Trn s PL2-7, U22A ghi ti liu m, cn U22B ghi ti liu m c lm tr
theo cng nhp CK 1 . Trng thi ra ca cc trigger ny c so snh trn EX-OR
U20C. Trigger U23A s dng ng b li ti liu vi nhp CK1.
B gii m Dibit (BIT COMBINER):
- B gii m Dibit l b ghi dch U27 (Hnh PL2-8). Cc tn hiu I v Q c np
vo b ghi qua cc li vo song song C v D theo nhp m ca chu k Dibit
CK2. S liu c c theo chu k xung nhp ti lp CK1. Li ra OUTPUT ly
li song song QD.
B gii m Dibit vi phn (DIFFERENTIAL DIBIT DECODER):
- B gii m Dibit vi phn nhn cc tn hiu I vi phn v Q vi phn t b iu ch
pht li hai tn hiu I v Q dng Dibit.
- S xy dng trn cc vi mch U24, U25, U26, U18C,D (Hnh PL2-8). Trng
thi tn hiu ra I v Q tu thuc trng thi ca hai cp m cui cng ca Dibit vi
phn li vo trong khong 2 bit.
- Trong Bng 2-5 cho cc trng thi ng vi m Dibit vi phn th (n) v (n+1).
Bng 2-5
Bt th (n) Bit th (n+1) Bit th n

DIFF.I DIFF.Q DIFF.I DIFF.Q I Q
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
2.3. Cp ngun v ni dy
Khi TC-946M v TC-946D s dng cht nui chung 12V. Khi s dng cn gn
khi TC-946M v TC-946D ln khung chnh TCPS-900. Ch a khi vo rnh
trn trc ri mi t theo rnh di.
B ngun chun DC POWER SUPLY ca thit b TCPS-900 cung cp cc th
chun +5V/2A, -5V/0.5A, 12V/2A, -12V/1A c nh.

26
Khi thc tp, cn ni dy t cht ra cn thit v cht t ca ngun TCPS-900 ti trc
tip s .
Ch cm ng phn cc ca ngun v ng h o
2.4. Cc bi thc hnh
Nhim v:
Kho st nguyn tc iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu s bng cc phng php tng
t.
Cc bc thc hin:
2.4.1 Kho st cc phn chc nng
2.4.1.1. My pht nhp ti liu (Data Sequence Generator)
1. t cc cng tc SW DIP-8 v tr ng vi Bng 2-7 (1 = ON, 0 = OFF)
Bng 2-7
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
2. S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu ti cht CK. Xc nh tn s v v li dng tn

hiu.
3. Nhn nt Start, s dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu ti li Data ca b ghi dch
(Shift Register). V li dng xung NRZ cng gin thi gian vi xung CK trn.
4. t chuyn mch Mode v tr Bit. Nhn nt Start, quan st v v li dng xung CKI,
cng gin thi gian vi xung CK v NRZ trn.
5. t chuyn mch Mode v tr Dribit. Nhn nt Start, quan st v v li dng xung
CKI, CKQ cng gin thi gian trn.
6. t chuyn mch Mode v tr Tribit. Nhn nt Start, quan st v v li dng xung
CKI, CKQ, CKC cng gin thi gian trn.
7. Thay i cu hnh cng tc t s liu cho b ghi dch (SW DIP-8), quan st tn hiu
NRZ tng ng li ra Data ca b ghi dch.
2.4.1.2. Cc s to m ti liu
B to m Manchester:
1. t cc cng tc SW DIP-8 (My pht nhp DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR )
v tr ng vi Bng 2-8 (1 = ON, 0 = OFF).
Bng 2-8
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Ni li ra DATA ca my pht nhp vi li vo DATA ca b to m ENCODING

(TC-946M).

27
hiu.
3. Nhn nt Start, s dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu ti cht DATA ca b ghi dch
(Shift Register). V li dng xung DATA (NRZ) cng gin thi gian vi xung CK
trn.
4. Ni li ra DATA (DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR) vi li vo DATA ca b
to m (ENCODING).
5. V gin xung cho cc tn hiu CK v tn hiu MANCHESTER vo cng gin
thi gian trn.
6. Thay i cu hnh cng tc t s liu cho b ghi dch (SW DIP-8), lp li cc bc
th nghim nu trn
B to m 1-bit vi phn:
Bng 2-9
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M).
hiu.
trn.
to m (ENCODING).
5. t chuyn mch Mode v tr Bit. Nhn nt Start, quan st v v li dng xung
DIFF DATA cng gin thi gian xung CK v NRZ trn.
6. Thay i cu hnh cng tc t s liu cho b ghi dch ( SW DIP-8), lp li cc bc
th nghim nu trn.
B to m Dibit:
Bng 2-10
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

28
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M).
hiu.
trn.
to m (ENCODING).
5. t chuyn mch Mode v tr Dibit. Nhn nt Start, quan st v v li dng xung I,
Q vo cng gin thi gian trn.
th nghim nu trn.
B to m Dibit vi phn:
Bng 2-11
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M).
hiu.
trn.
to m (ENCODING).
DIFF DATA cng gin thi gian trn.
th nghim nu trn
B to m Tribit:

29
Bng 2-12
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M).
hiu.
trn.
to m (ENCODING).
DIFF DATA cng gin thi gian vi xung CK v NRZ trn.
th nghim nu trn.
2.4.1.3. B hnh thnh sng mang (carrier generator)
1. S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu cc cht th ca b hnh thnh sng mang
(CSRRIER GENERATOR)
- Tn hiu vo 1200Hz, 2400Hz dng vung.
- Tn hiu ra cc b lc FILTER.
- Tn hiu ra cc b chnh pha.
- Tn hiu ra cc b chnh bin .
2. Vn cc bin tr chnh pha v bin cho tng knh, quan st hiu ng trn tn hiu
ra.
3. V li gin thi gian cho b hnh thnh sng mang.
2.4.1.4. B ti lp tn hiu nhp v gii m ti liu (DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY)
B gii m Manchester
1. To m Manchester nh mc II.1.
t cc tc SW DIP-8 (My pht nhp DATA
cng SEQUENCE
GENERATOR/TC946D) v tr ng vi Bng 2-13 (1 = ON, 0 = OFF).
Bng 2-13
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

30
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M).
2. Ni li ra MANCHESTER b to m ENCODING/TC-946M vi li vo IN ca
b gii m DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY / TC-946D. t cng tc S1 ch
ti lp v tr MANC.
3. Nhn nt START khi ng chui nhp. S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu ti
cht CK1, CK 1 , CK2, CK 2 v li ra gii m MANC.OUT. So snh dng tn hiu
DATA trc khi m v MANC.OUT sau khi gii m.
4. Ni trc tip li ra DATA (m NRZ) ca my pht nhp vi li vo IN ca b gii m
DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY / TC-946D.
5. Quan st dng tn hiu. Nhn xt v tnh n nh ca xung nhp ti lp CK1, CK2.
Gii thch ti sao kh xc lp nhp ti lp.
6. C th thay i cu hnh cng tc t s liu cho b ghi dch ( SW DIP-8) v lp li
cc bc th nghim nu trn.
B gii m 1-bit vi phn
1. To m 1-bit vi phn nh mc II.2:
t cc tc SW DIP-8 (My pht nhp DATA
cng SEQUENCE
GENERATOR/TC-946D) v tr ng vi Bng 2-14 (1 = ON, 0 = OFF).
Bng 2-14
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M). Chuyn mch MODE t v tr BIT.
2. Ni li ra DIFF.DATA b to m ENCODING/TC-946M vi li vo IN ca b
gii m DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY / TC-946D. t cng tc S1 ch
ti lp v tr BPSK.
cht CK1, CK 1 , CK2, CK 2 v li ra gii m DBOUT. So snh dng tn hiu
DATA trc khi m v DBOUT sau khi gii m.
Quan st dng tn hiu. Nhn xt v tnh n nh ca xung nhp ti lp CK1, CK2.
th nghim nu trn.
B gii m Dibit

31
1. To m Dibit nh mc II.3:
t cc cng tc SW DIP-8 (My pht nhp DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR )
Bng 2-15
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

(TC-946M). Chuyn mch MODE t v tr QPSK.
2. Ni li ra I v Q b to m ENCODING/TC-946M vi li vo I v Q ca b gii
m BIT COMBINER / TC-946D. t cng tc S1 ch ti lp v tr MANC.
cht CK1, CK 1 , CK2, CK 2 v li ra gii m MANC.OUT. So snh dng tn hiu
DATA trc khi m v MANC.OUT sau khi gii m.
Quan st dng tn hiu. Nhn xt v tnh n nh ca xung nhp ti lp CK1, CK2.
5. C th thay i cu hnh cng tc t s liu cho b ghi dch ( SW DIP-8) v lp li
cc bc th nghim nu trn.
B gii m Dibit vi phn
1. To m 1-bit vi phn nh mc II.4:
t cc cng tc SW DIP-8 (My pht nhp DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR) v tr ng
vi Bng 2-16 (1 = ON, 0 = OFF).
Bng 2-16
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Ni li ra DATA ca my pht nhp vi li vo DATA ca b to m ENCODING (TC-

946M). Chuyn mch MODE t v tr QPSK.
2. Ni li ra DIFF.I v DIFF.Q ca b to m ENCODING/TC-946M vi li vo IDIFF
v QDIFF ca b gii m DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY / TC-946D. Ni I v
Q ca b gii m Dibit vi phn DIFFERENTIAL DIBIT DECODER li vo I v Q
ca b gii m BIT COMBINER/TC-946D.
cht DATA/My pht chui ti liu ca TC-946M v MOUT/TC-946D. So snh
dng tn hiu DATA trc khi m v BCOUT sau khi gii m Dibit vi phn.

32
2.4.2 iu ch & gii iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s
Trong phn thc hnh vi cc khi TC-946M v TC-946D c th t chc nhiu mc
th nghim v truyn s liu kiu iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s. Di y c gii thiu
mt s bi c bn.
2.4.2.1. iu ch & gii iu ch ASK
Truyn ti liu trc tip (hnh 2-25)
1. Xc lp ti liu DATA chi th nghim:
- t cc cng tc SW DIP-8 (DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR ) theo Bng 2-
17.
Bng 2-17
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
- Nhn nt START, kim tra v v li tn hiu nhp CK v DATA.

2. Ni li ra DATA (DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR) vi li vo DATA/
BALANCED MODULATOR 1 ca s MODULATORS / TC-946M.
3. Ni tn hiu sng mang 2400Hz (CARRIER GENERATOR) vi li vo
CARRIER/ BALANCED MODULATOR 1 ca s MODULATORS / TC-
946M.
Li vo CI iu khin b suy gim li ra MODULATORS ni t.
iu chnh bin sng mang 1 V. Chnh lch pha sng mang MIN.
4. iu chnh bin tr CARRIER NULL ca MODULATOR 1 cho mt cn bng v
bin sng mang thch hp nhn tn hiu ASK. V dng tn hiu vo gin
xung theo CK v DATA trn.
5. Ni li ra MOUT ca MODULATORS / TC-946M vi li vo ASK IN ca
DEMODULATORS / TC-946D.
Ni li ra ASK DATA OUT vi li vo FCIN1 b lc v hnh thnh trong phn
DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY/TC946D.
6. Quan st dng xung ra ti cc im vo ra ca b gii iu ch, b lc v hnh thnh.
iu chnh ngng ca COMPARATOR nhn tn hiu ra.
7. V li dng cc tn hiu trn vo gin xung. So snh DATA nhn ti FCOUT1 vi
ti liu DATA (NRZ) truyn.
th nghim nu trn.

33
Hnh 2-25. iu ch & gii iu ch ASK: Truyn ti liu trc tip.
Truyn ti liu kiu m Manchester (hnh 2-26):

34
1. Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn v b sung b to m v gii m Manchester vo s
:
- Ni li ra DATA ca my pht ti liu vi li vo DATA b to m ENCODING.
- Ni li ra MANCHESTER vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1.
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 ca b lc v hnh thnh /TC-946D vi li vo IN ca b gii
m DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY.
- Ti liu cui ly MANC.OUT
- Cng tc S1 t v tr MANS
2. Chnh ngng ca b lc v hnh thnh xung nhn tn hiu ra gii iu ch ging
tn hiu vo (DATA). Quan st v v li dng tn hiu vo ra ca cc phn chc nng
thit b. So snh DATA nhn ti MANC.OUT vi ti liu DATA (NRZ) truyn.
Truyn ti liu kiu m 1-bit vi phn (hnh 2-27):
1. Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn v b sung b to m v gii m 1-bit vo s :
- Cng tc S1 t v tr BPSK.
- Ni li ra DIFF.DATA vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1.
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 ca b lc v hnh thnh vi li vo IN ca b gii m
DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY.
- Chuyn mch MODE t BIT
- Ti liu cui ly DBOUT.OUT
2. Quan st v v li dng tn hiu vo ra ca cc phn chc nng thit b. So snh
DATA nhn ti DBOUT vi ti liu DATA (NRZ) truyn.

35
Hnh 2-26. iu ch & gii iu ch ASK: Truyn ti liu kiu Manchester.

36
Hnh 2-27. iu ch & gii iu ch ASK: Truyn ti liu kiu vi phn 1bit

37
2.4.2.2. iu ch & gii iu ch FSK
2. Xc lp ti liu DATA cho th nghim:
- t cc cng tc SW DIP-8 (DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR) theo Bng 2-
18.
Bng 2-18
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

BALANCED MODULATOR 1 ca s MODULATORS / TC-946M. Ni li
vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1 vi MODULATOR 2.
946M.
Ni tn hiu sng mang 2400Hz (CARRIER GENERATOR) vi li vo CARRIER/
4. iu chnh bin tr CARRIER NULL ca MODULATOR 1 - 2 v tinh chnh pha
sng mang thch hp nhn tn hiu FSK (xem Hnh 2-4). V dng tn hiu vo gin
5. Ni li ra MOUT ca MODULATORS / TC-946M vi li vo FSK IN ca
Ni li ra FSK DATA OUT vi li vo FCIN1 b lc v hnh thnh trong phn
DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY/TC946D.
6. Quan st dng xung ra ti cc im vo ra ca b gii iu ch, b lc v hnh thnh.
th nghim nu trn.
Truyn ti liu kiu m 1-bit vi phn (hnh 2-29)
1. Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn v b sung b to m v gii m 1-bit vi phn vo s
:
- Ni li ra DIFF.DATA vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1 - 2.
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 ca b lc v hnh thnh /TC-946D vi li vo IN b gii m

38
- Chuyn mch MODE t MANC.
- Ti liu cui ly MANC.OUT.
DATA nhn ti MANC.OUT vi ti liu DATA (NRZ) truyn.
Truyn ti liu kiu m 1-bit vi phn (hnh 2-30)
1. Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn v b sung b to m v gii m 1-bit vi phn vo s
:
- Ni li ra DIFF.DATA vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1 - 2.
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 ca b lc v hnh thnh vi li vo IN b gii m DECODER
& CLOCK RECOVERY.
- Chuyn mch MODE/TC-946M t BIT. Chuyn mch S1 v S2 /TC-946D
t BPSK.
- Ti liu cui ly DBOUT.

39
Hnh 2-28. iu ch & gii iu ch FSK: Truyn ti trc tip.

40
Hnh 2-29. iu ch & gii iu ch FSK: Truyn ti kiu vi phn 1bit

41
2.4.2.3. iu ch v gii iu ch BPSK
1. Xc lp ti liu DATA cho th nghim:
19.
Bng 2-19
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

2. Ni li ra DATA (DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR ) vi li vo DATA/
946M.
4. iu chnh bin tr CARRIER NULL ca MODULATOR 1 v tinh chnh pha sng
mang thch hp nhn tn hiu BPSK nh Hnh 2-5. V dng tn hiu vo gin
5. Ni li ra MOUT ca MODULATORS / TC-946M vi li vo PSK/QPSK IN ca
Ni li ra bnh phng SQR2 vi li vo PPL IN (CARRIER RECOVERY). Cng
tc S2 t BPSK.
Ni li ra PA2 ca b chia 2 vi cht iu khin kho 0 ca PSK/QPSK
DEMODULATIONS/TC-946D.
Ni li ra I vi li vo FCIN1 b lc v hnh thnh trong phn DECODER &
CLOCK RECOVERY/TC946D.
iu chnh ngng b lc v hnh thnh nhn tn hiu ra.
6. Quan st dng xung ra ti cc im vo ra ca b gii iu ch BPSK, b lc v hnh
thnh.
th nghim nu trn.

42
Hnh 2-30. iu ch - gii iu ch BPSK

43
Truyn ti liu kiu D-BPSK (Hnh 2-31)
1. Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn v b sung to m v gii m 1-bit vi phn vo s :
- Ni li ra DIFF.DATA vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1.
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 ca b lc v hnh thnh vi li vo IN b gii m DECODER
& CLOCK RECOVERY.
- Chuyn mch MODE/TC-946M t BIT. Chuyn mch S1 v S2 /TC-946D
t BPSK.
- Ti liu cui ly DBOUT.

44
Hnh 2-31. iu ch & gii iu ch BPSK vi phn

45
2.4.2.4. iu ch & gii iu ch QPSK (hnh 2-34)
1. Xc lp ti liu DATA cho th nghim
20.
Bng 2-20
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

2. Ni li ra DATA (DATA SEQUENCE GENERATOR ) vi li vo DATA/
ENCODING/ TC-946M nhn m Dibit - I v Q.
Chuyn mch MODE t DIBIT.
3. Ni li ra I v Q tng ng vi li vo CARRIER/BALANCED MODULATOR 1
v 2 ca s MODULATORS / TC-946M.
4. iu chnh bin sng mang ~ 1 V. Chnh bin tr pha c cc sng mang
1200Hz lch pha nhau 900 nh Hnh 2-32.
Hnh 2-32. Dng sng mang lch pha 900
5. Ni tn hiu sng mang 1200Hz-0 v 1200Hz-90 (CARRIER GENERATOR)

vi cc li vo CARRIER/BALANCED MODULATOR 1 v 2 ca s
MODULATORS / TC-946M. Li vo CI iu khin b suy gim li ra
MODULATORS ni t.
6. iu chnh bin tr CARRIER NULL ca MODULATOR 1-2 v bin sng
mang thch hp nhn tn hiu QPSK. V dng tn hiu vo gin xung theo CK
v DATA trn. (xem gin mu Hnh 2-33)
7. Ni li ra MOUT ca MODULATORS / TC-946M vi li vo PSK/QPSK IN ca
- Ni li ra ca hai b bnh phng SQR4 vi li vo PPL IN (CARRIER
RECOVERY).
- Ni li ra 0 ca b ti lp sng mang vi cht iu khin kho 0 ca
PSK/QPSK DEMODULATIONS/TC-946D.

46
- Ni li ra 90 ca b ti lp sng mang vi cht iu khin kho 90 ca
PSK/QPSK DEMODULATIONS/TC-946D.
- Ni li ra I/DEMODULATION vi li vo FCIN1 b lc v hnh thnh trong
phn DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY/TC946D.
- Ni li ra Q/DEMODULATION vi li vo FCIN2 b lc v hnh thnh trong
phn DECODER & CLOCK RECOVERY/TC946D.
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 vi li vo I b gii m Dibit (Bit COMBINER) v vi li vo
IN.
- Ni li ra FCOUT2 vi li vo Q b gii m Dibit (Bit COMBINER).
- Chuyn mch S1 v S2 t QPSK.
- Ti liu ra ly BCOUT.
iu chnh ngng b lc v hnh thnh nhn tn hiu ra.
Hnh 2-33. Tn hiu QPSK.

8. Quan st dng xung ra ti cc im vo-ra ca b gii iu ch QPSK, b lc v hnh
thnh.
9. V li dng cc tn hiu trn vo gin xung. So snh tn hiu nhn ti FCOUT vi
10. Thay i cu hnh cng tc t s liu cho b ghi dch (SW DIP-8), lp li th nghim.
2.4.2.5. iu ch v gii iu ch D-QPSK (Hnh 2-35)
1. Gi nguyn cu hnh ni trn v b sung b to m v gii m Dibit vi phn vo s
:
- Ni li ra DIFF.I vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 1.
- Ni li ra DIFF.Q vi li vo DATA ca MODULATOR 2.

47
- Ni li ra FCOUT1 ca b lc v hnh thnh vi li vo IDIFF b gii m
- Ni li ra FCOUT2 ca b lc v hnh thnh vi li vo QDIFF b gii m
- Ni li ra I ca b gii m Dibit vi phn (DIFF.DIBIT DECODER) vi li vo I
b gii m Dibit (BIT COMBINER).
- Ni li ra Q ca b gii m Dibit vi phn ( DIFF.DIBIT DECODER) vi li vo Q
b gii m Dibit (BIT COMBINER).
- Chuyn mch MODE t BIT.
- Ti liu cui ly DBOUT

48
Hnh 2-34. iu ch - gii iu ch QPSK

49
Hnh 2-35. iu ch - gii iu ch D-QPSK

50
2.4.2.6. iu ch QAM (hnh 2-36)
1. Xc lp ti liu DATA cho th nghim.
21.
Bng 2-21
SW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

ENCODING/ TC-946M nhn m Tribit I, Q v C.
Chuyn mch MODE t TRIBIT.
3. Ni li ra I v Q tng ng vi li vo CARRIER/BALANCED MODULATOR 1
v 2 ca s MODULATORS / TC-946M.
4. Ni li ra C vi cc li vo CI ca b suy gim / MODULATORS / TC-946M.
5. Ni tn hiu sng mang 1200Hz-0 v 1200Hz-90 (CARRIER GENERATOR)
vi cc li vo CARRIER/ BALANCED MODULATOR 1 v 2 ca s
MODULATORS / TC-946M.
6. iu chnh CARRIER NULL ca cc b iu ch cn bng nhn tn hiu ra
QAM ti MOUT.
7. V li dng cc tn hiu ra v gin .

51
Hnh 2-36. iu ch QAM

52
Hnh PL2-1: Timing & Pattern

53
Hnh PL2-1. TIMING & PATTERN
Hnh PL2-2: Encoding

54
Hnh PL2-3: Carrier Generator

55
Hnh PL2-4: Modulators

56
Hnh PL2-5: Demodulators & Squarers

57
Hnh PL2-6: Low-Pass Filter & Voltage Comparator Carrier Recovery

58
Hnh PL2-7

59
Hnh PL2-8

60

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MC LC

1. GII THIU CHUNG........................................................................................................2

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

1. GII THIU CHUNG

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

2.1. Thit b s dng

Hnh 2-1. Phng php iu ch ASK

Gii iu ch ASK iu ch thc hin theo cc s trn Hnh 2-2.

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-3. Phng php iu ch FSK

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-4. Phng php gii iu ch FSK

Phng php FSK c s phc tp hn ASK, c s dng ch yu trong modem

Hnh 2-5. Phng php iu ch PSK

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-6. Phng php gii iu ch PSK.

B ti lp sng mang bao gm:

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-7. Phng php iu ch QPSK

Cc tn hiu I v Q c nhn vi cc sng mang lch pha nhau 90 0 (gi l 0 =

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

B ti lp sng mang (hnh 2-9) bao gm:

Hnh 2-9. S ti lp sng mang cho gii iu ch QPSK

- Hai s ly bnh phng ( )2 chuyn cc tn hiu khc pha v cng 1 pha.

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-10. Gin chm sao cho iu ch 8-PSK v 16-PSK

d. iu ch - Gii iu ch pha kiu 16-PSK

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

STT LI VO NH PHN LI RA 8-QAM

Hnh 2-11. Gin chm sao cho iu ch 8-QAM v 16-QAM

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-12. Gin m vi phn.

Hnh 2-13. Phng php iu ch v gii iu ch BPSK vi phn

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Kt qu l li ra b to m vi phn c s thay i pha 1800 ng vi mi bit ti liu =

DIBIT DCH PHA

2.2.1.6. M truyn v ti lp tn hiu nhp

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-16. S ti lp tn hiu nhp

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

a. My pht nhp ti liu (Data Sequence Generator)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-18. Gin thi gian tn hiu mu CKI, CKQ v CKC

S to chui xung ti liu (Data Sequence):

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-20. Hnh thnh m vi phn 1-bit

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Bit th (n) Bit th (n) Bit th (n+1)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-22. Hnh thnh m Tribit

My pht sng mang (Carrier Generator):

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-23. Khi gii iu ch TC-946D.

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Hnh 2-24. Gin thi gian ca s gii m Manchester.

B gii m 1-bit vi phn (DIFFERENTIAL BIT DECODER):

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)

Bt th (n) Bit th (n+1) Bit th n