Bi 3: XC NH CC CH TIU K THUT CA CT LIU

CH TO B TNG, HN HP B TNG V B TNG

I. Xc nh cc ch tiu k thut ca ct liu ch to b tng:

1. Xc nh khi lng th tch xp ca ct (TCVN 340:1986):
a. ngha ca khi lng th tch xp ca ct:
Khi lng th tch xp ca ct l khi lng mt n v th tch ct
trng thi xp, k c cc l rng gia cc ht ct.
Khi lng th tch xp l i lng cn thit tnh cp phi b tng v
va, d tnh khi lng ct cn vn chuyn v chn phng tin vn ti,
xc nh kho cha, bi v.v..
Khi lng th tch xp ca ct thay i theo mc ln cht ca ct, v
vy nh gi v so snh, phi th nghim ct theo iu kin tiu chun.
b. Thit b:
- ng ong 1lt (kch thc ng knh trong v chiu cao l 108mm)
- Loi sng c kch thc mt sng 5mm.
- Cn k thut.
c. Chun b mu th:
Chun b mu th theo trnh t sau:
-Ly 510kg (tu theo lng si trong ct) mu theo TCVN 337:1986
-Sy n khi lng khng i.
- ngui mu n nhit phng ri sng qua li sng c kch thc
mt sng 5mm.
d. Tin hnh th:
-Ly ct chun b trn, t cao 10cm vo ng ong sch, kh v
cn sn cho n khi ct to thnh hnh chp trn ming ng ong.
-Dng thc kim loi gt ngang ming ng ri em cn.
e. Tnh kt qu:
Khi lng th tch xp ca ct (v) c tnh theo cng thc:
m 2 m1
v = (kg / m 3 )
v
Trong :
m1 : Khi lng ng ong, kg;
m2 : Khi lng ng ong cha ct ngang ming, kg;
v : Th tch ng ong, m3
Khi lng th tch xp ca ct l trung bnh cng kt qu ca hai ln th.
f. Bo co kt qu th nghim: theo bng 3-1
Bng 3-1
Khi lng Khi lng ng Khi lng th tch
Th t th
ng ong, ong ng y xp ca mu ct, v Ghi ch
nghim 3
m1 (kg) ct, m2 (kg) (kg/m )
1
2

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 Khi lng th tch xp ca ct v= kg/m3.

2. Xc nh m ca ct (TCVN 341:1986):
a. ngha ca m ca ct:
Khi m ca ct thay i, th th tch v khi lng th tch ca ct
trng thi xp t nhin thay i kh ln do mng nc hp th trn b mt ht
ct trng phng ln hay b xp xung.
Kt qu th nghim sau y (bng 3-2) vi mt loi ct nhng m
khc nhau cho thy r s thay i .
Bng 3-2
m ca ct, W( %) 0 2 5 10 15 18 20 30
Khi lng th tch
1500 1180 1150 1220 1500 1770 1890 2160
xp, v (kg/m3)
tng gim ca v
0 -22 -23 -18 0 +18 +26 +44
( %)
tng gim th tch
0 30 37 35 15 0 -5 -10
t nhin ca ct (%)

S thay i ny s nh hng n kt qu tnh ton cp phi b tng. Mt

khc, khi s dng ct m sn xut b tng phi tnh n lng nc trong ct
gim tng ng lng nc nho trn b tng mi khng lm nh hng n
tnh cht hn hp b tng v b tng sau ny. Vi ngha cn phi xc nh
m ca ct trc khi s dng.
b.Thit b th:
-Cn k thut.
-T sy.
c. Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Mu th m ca ct c khi lng khng t hn 0,5 kg c cn chnh
xc n 0,1% (m1).
- ct vo khay v sy trong t sy nhit 105110oCn khi lng
khng i. Trong qu trnh sy c 30 pht trn ct mt ln.
- ngui ct n nhit trong phng ri cn chnh xc n 0,1% (m2).
d. Tnh kt qu:
m ca ct (W) c tnh theo cng thc:
m1 m 2
W= x100(%) .
m2
Trong :
m1 : Khi lng mu th trc khi sy kh, g;
m2 : Khi lng mu th sau khi sy kh, g;
Cn tin hnh hai ln th vi hai mu th ly t mu trung bnh v m
ca ct l tr s trung bnh cng kt qu ca hai ln th.
e. Bo co kt qu th nghim: theo bng 3-3

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 Bng 3-3
Khi lng mu Khi lng mu m ca
Th t
th trc khi sy th sau khi sy mu th Ghi ch
th nghim
m1 (g) m2 (g) W(%)
1
2

m ca ct W = %

3.Xc nh thnh phn ht v mun ln ca ct (TCVN342:1986):

a. ngha ca thnh phn ht v m un ln ca ct:
Thnh phn ht v mun ln ca ct biu th t l phi hp cc cp ht
trong ct, n quyt nh rng v t din ca ct, do nh hng ln n
lng dng xi mng, lng dng nc, tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng
c v cng ca b tng.
b. Thit b th:
-Cn k thut.
-T sy.
-B sng (hnh 3-1)
c. Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Ly 2kg ct theo TCVN 337:1986
-Sy nhit 1051100C n khi lng
khng i.
-Sng mu ct sy qua sng c kch thc
mt sng 5mm.
-Cn ly 1000g ct di sng c kch thc Hnh 3-1: B sng.
mt sng l 5mm xc nh thnh phn ht ct
khng c sI
-Sng mu th chun b c trn qua b li sng c kch thc mt
sng l 2,5; 1,25; 0,63; 0,315; 0,14mm.
-C th tin hnh sng bng tay hoc bng my. Khi sng bng tay th thi
gian ko di n khi kim tra thy trong 1 pht lng ct lt qua mi sng
khng ln hn 0,1% khi lng mu th.
-Sau khi kt thc vic sng, tin hnh cn lng ct cn li trn mi li
sng chnh xc n 1%.
Ch thch:
Cho php xc nh thi gian sng bng phng php n gin sau:
t t giy xung di mi li sng ri sng u, nu khng c ct lt
qua sng th thi khng sng na.
Khi sng bng my th thi gian c qui nh cho tng loi my theo
kinh nghim.

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 d. Tnh kt qu:
*Lng st ring bit
Lng st ring bit trn sng c kch thc mt sng l i (ai) c tnh
theo cng thc:
mi
ai = x100(%)
m
Trong :
mi: Khi lng ct cn li trn sng kch thc mt sng l i, g.
m: Khi lng mu th trn sng, (%).
Lng st ring bit trn sng tnh chnh xc n 0,1%.
*Lng st tch ly
-Lng st tch ly trn sng c kch thc mt sng i (Ai) l tng lng
st ring bit trn cc sng c kch thc mt sng ln hn n v lng st ring
bit trn chnh sng .
Lng st tch ly c tnh theo cng thc:
Ai=a2,5 + a1,25 +...ai
Trong :
a2,5 ...ai: Lng st ring bit trn cc sng c kch thc mt sng t 2,5
n kch thc mt sng i (%).
Lng st tch ly tnh chnh xc n 0,1%
*M un ln
M un ln ca ct (Ml) (tr si c kch thc ht ln hn 5mm) c
tnh theo cng thc:
A 2,5 + A1, 25 + A 0, 623 + A 0,315 + A 0,14
M dl =
100
Trong :
A2,5;A1,25;A0,63;A0.315;A0,14: Lng st tch ly trn cc kch thc mt sng
tng ng l: 2,5; 1,25; 0,63; 0,315; 0,14mm.
M un ln ca ct (Ml) c tnh chnh xc ti 0,1%.
Khi xc nh thnh phn ht v m un ln ca ct phi tin hnh th
nghim vi 2 mu.
Kt qu th nghim l trung bnh cng ca hai php th vi s chnh lch
khng qu 2%.
e. Bo co kt qu th nghim:
Kt qu xc nh thnh phn ht ca ct c ghi vo bng 3-4.
Bng 3 -4
Kch thc Khi lng Lng st Lng st
Th t th
mt sng, ct st trn ring bit tch ly Ghi ch
nghim
i(mm) sng, mi(g) ai(%) Ai(%)
1
2

T thnh phn ht ca ct xc nh c, v ng biu din cp phi

ht bng dng ng cong gp khc vo biu chun (hnh 3-2).

34
 Nu ng biu din cp phi ht nm trong phm vi cho php th loi ct
c tiu chun v thnh phn ht ch to b tng, ngha l thnh phn
ht ca ct cn phi tha mn theo TCVN 1770:1986 (bng 3- 5).
Bng 3 - 5
Kch thc mt sng, mm 2,5 1,25 0,63 0,315 0,14
Lng st tch ly trn sng, % 020 1545 3570 7090 90100

-Kt lun v thnh phn ht v m un ln:.

4. Xc nh khi lng th tch xp ca dm (si) (TCVN

1772:1987):
a. ngha ca khi lng th tch xp ca dm (si):
Khi lng th tch xp l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khi xc nh
vi mt hn hp cc ht dm hay si, bao gm c l hng gia cc ht. V
vy khi lng th tch xp lun lun nh hn khi lng th tch ca dm
hay si. y l i lng cn bit tnh xp ( hng) ca dm (si),
ng thi cng cn cho qua trnh tnh ton cp phi b tng, d tnh khi lng
dm (si) xc nh phng tin vn chuyn hoc khi xc nh th tch kho
cha, din tch bi cha dm (si) cc x nghip, cng trng xy dng u
Vi ngha cn phi xc nh khi lng th tch xp ca dm (si).
b. Thit b th:
- Cn thng nghip loi 50kg
- Thng ong c th tch 2; 5; 10; 20 lt
- Phu cha vt liu (hnh 3-4)
- T sy
c. Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Sy kh dm (si) n khi lng
khng i ri ngui
-Cho dm (si) sy kh vo phu.
-t thng ong di ca quay (kch thc
thng ong chn theo bng 3-7), ming thng Hnh 3-4: Phu cha vt liu
cch ca quay 10cm theo chiu cao. 1.Phu cha vt liu hnh trn
2.Ca quay
-Xoay ca quay cho vt liu ri t do xung 3.Gi 3 chn bng stt 10
thng ong cho ti khi y c ngn. Dng thanh 4.Thng ong
g gt bng tng i mt thng ri em cn. 5.Vt k

Bng 3-7
Kch thc ln nht ca Th tch thng Kch thc thng ong (mm)
ht, mm ong (lt) ng knh Chiu cao
Khng ln hn 10 2 137 136
Khng ln hn 20 5 185 186
Khng ln hn 40 10 234 233
Ln hn 40 20 294 294

35
 d. Tnh kt qu:
Khi lng th tch xp ( vx ) ca dm (si) c xc nh theo cng
thc:
m 2 m1
vx = (kg / m 3 )
v
Trong :
m1: Khi lng thng ong, kg;
m2: Khi lng thng ong c mu vt liu, kg;
V : Th tch thng ong, m3.
Khi lng th tch xp c ly bng gi tr trung bnh s hc ca kt qu
hai ln th, tnh chnh xc ti 10kg/m3. Cn xc nh hai ln, trong vt liu
lm ln trc khng dng th nghim ln sau.
Ch thch:
-C th xc nh khi lng th tch xp trng thi kh t nhin trong
phng.
-Nu khng c phu tiu chun c th xc nh khi lng th tch xp
bng phng php n gin tng t nh xc nh khi lng th tch xp ca
bt xi mng.
e. Bo co kt qu th nghim:
Bo co kt qu th nghim theo bng 3-8
Bng 3-8
m2: Khi Khi lng th
Th t Khi lng Th tch tch xp ca
lng thng
th thng ong, thng ong, dm (si), Ghi ch
ong c mu 3
nghim m1 (g) V(m ) 3
vx (kg/m )
vt liu, m2(g)
1
2

Khi lng th tch xp ca dm (si), vx = (g/cm3)

5. Xc nh hng gia cc ht dm (si) (TCVN 1772:1987):

a.Khi nim v ngha ca hng:
hng ca dm (si) l i lng nh gi mc rng trong mt hn
hp dm (si) bao gm nhiu ht khc nhau v gia chng c khong trng
nht nh (cn go l khong hng).
hng ca dm (si) c nh hng cht lng ca chng nh kh
nng chu lc, t l cp phi ht khi ch to b tng. Vi ngha nn cn phi
xc nh hng ca dm (si).
b. Cch xc nh hng gia cc ht dm (si):
hng (Vh) gia cc ht dm (si) c xc nh bng cng thc:
vx
Vh = 1 .100(%)
v .1000
Trong :
3
v : Khi lng th tch ca dm (si), g/cm

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 3
vx : Khi lng th tch xp ca dm (si), kg/m
hng (Vh) gia cc ht dm (si) c ly bng gi tr trung bnh s
hc ca kt qu hai ln th tnh chnh xc ti 0,1%.
c. Bo co kt qu th nghim:
Bo co kt qu th nghim theo bng 3-9

Bng 3-9
Th t Khi lng th Khi lng th hng (Vh)
th tch ca dm tch xp ca ca dm Ghi ch
nghim (si), g/cm3 dm (si), kg/m3 (si),%
1
2

hng ca dm (si), Vh = %

6. Xc nh thnh phn ht ca dm (si) (TCVN 1772:1987):

a. ngha ca thnh phn ht ca dm (si):
Thnh phn ht v ng knh ht ln nht Dmax ca dm (si) c lin
quan n rng, lng dng xi mng v thnh phn va trong b tng. Cp
phi ca cng xu th rng cng ln, Dmax cng nh th tng din tch mt
ngoi cng ln, nh vy s lm tng lng va xi mng nht kn v bao bc
mt ngoi cc ht ct liu. V vy ct liu ln phi c cp phi hp l v Dmax
ln s tt. Tuy vy cn ty thuc vo mt ct thp, tit din kt cu v
phng php thi cng m la chn loi ct liu ln c Dmax cho ph hp.
b. Thit b th:
- Cn k thut
- B sng tiu chun
- T sy
c. Chun b mu:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Sy kh n khi lng khng i ngui ti nhit phng
-Cn ly mu 3kg.
d. Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-t b sng tiu chun chng ln nhau theo th t mt sng ln trn.
- dn mu ct liu vo sng. Chiu dy lp ct liu vo mi sng
khng c qu kch thc ca ht ln nht trong sng.
-Sng mu.
-Cn khi lng cn li trn tng sng
Lu :
Qu trnh sng c kt thc khi no sng lin tc trong mt pht m khi
lng cc ht lt qua mi sng khng vt qu 0,1% tng s khi lng cc ht
nm trn sng . Khi sng phi cho dm nh (si) chuyn ng t do trn
mt li sng. Khng dng tay xoa hoc n vt liu lt qua sng.

37
 e. Tnh kt qu:
-Tnh lng st trn mi sng (%) theo cng thc:
mi
ai = .100
m
Trong :
mi- Khi lng dm cn li trn tng sng, g
m- Khi lng dm em sng, g
Tnh lng st tch ly theo cng thc:
Ai=a70 + a40 +...+ ai (%)
Trong :
a70 ...ai: Lng st ring bit trn cc sng c kch thc mt sng t 70
n kch thc mt sng i (%).
Lng st tch ly tnh chnh xc n 0,1%
f. Bo co kt qu th nghim:
em kt qu thu c, dng
ng biu din thnh phn ht (hay
ng biu din cp phi). K hai trc to
thng gc nhau. Trn trc honh ghi
kch thc l sng (mm) theo chiu tng
dn; trn trc tung ghi phn trm lng
st tch lu ca mi sng. Ni cc im
va thu c, ta c ng biu din
thnh phn dng nh hnh 3-5. Hnh 3-5 : Biu xc nh thnh phn
Hai gi tr Dmax v Dmin ly theo kch ht ca ct liu ln
thc mt sng gn nht ca b sng tiu
chun

7. Xc nh hm lng ht thoi, ht dt trong dm (si) (TCVN

1772:1987):
a. ngha ca hm lng ht thoi, ht dt trong dm (si):
Ht thoi v ht dt l nhng ht c kch thc ln nht vt qu 3 ln kch
thc nh nht.
Cc ht ny chu lc km, d gy v nn nh hng xu n kh nng chu
lc ca b tng; v vy phi khng ch khng qu 35% khi lng.
b. Thit b th:
- Cn
- Thc kp
- B sng tiu chun
c. Chun b mu:
-Dng b sng tiu chun sng dm (si) sy kh thnh tng c
ht, tu theo c ht khi lng mu c ly theo bng 3-12

38
 Bng 3-12
C ht (mm) Khi lng mu (kg), khng nh hn
5-10 0,25
10-20 1,00
20-40 5,00
40-70 15,00
Ln hn 70 35,00

d.Tin hnh th:

Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-u tin nhn bng mt, chn ra nhng ht thy r chiu dy hoc chiu
ngang ca n nh hn hoc bng 1/3 chiu di. Khi c nghi ng th dng thc
kp xc nh chnh xc.
- Phn loi xong em cn cc ht thoi, dt v cc ht cn li.
e.Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng ht thoi, dt (Td) trong dm (si) c tnh bng phn trm
theo khi lng, chnh xc ti 1% theo cng thc:
m1
Td = .100(%)
m
Trong :
m1 - Khi lng cc ht thoi, dt, g;
m - Khi lng dm(si ) em th ban u, g;
Hm lng ht thoi, dt (Td) trong dm (si) ly bng trung bnh s hc
ca kt qu hai mu th.
f. Bo co kt qu th nghim: theo bng 3-13
Bng 3-13
Hm lng ht
Th t Khi lng Khi lng ht
thoi, dt (Td) Ghi ch
th nghim mu th (g) thoi, dt m1 (g)
(%)
1
2

-Hm lng ht thoi, dt (Td)%:

8. Xc nh m ca dm (si) (TCVN 1772:1987):

a. ngha ca m ca dm (si):
Khi s dng dm (si) sn xut b tng, phi tnh n lng nc
cha trong dm (si) gim lng nc nho trn b tng. m ti a ca
dm (si) khng ln bng m ca ct. Nc ch yu bm ngoi mt ht,
ch khng cha cc khong trng gia cc ht, v cc khong trng ln nn
nc d dng thot i. Tuy nhin do khi lng dm (si) trong b tng rt
ln (khong 1200-1300kg/m3) nn m ca ct liu tuy nh nhng lng nc
a vo trong b tng cng kh ln. Nu khng k n lng nc khi thi

39
cng th nho ca hn hp b tng s tng ln, lm gim cht lng ca b
tng.
b.Thit b th:
- Cn k thut
- T sy
c.Chun b mu:
Mu th ly theo bng 3-14
Bng 3-14

Kch thc ln nht ca hn hp ht, mm Khi lng mu (kg), khng nh hn

Khng ln hn 10 1,0
Khng ln hn 20 1,0
Khng ln hn 40 2,5
Khng ln hn 70 5,0
Ln hn 70 10,0

d. Tin hnh th:

Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Mu ly ra em cn ngay
-Sy kh n khi lng khng i.
-Cn li mu c sy kh.
e. Tnh kt qu:
m (W) ca dm (si) c tnh bng phn trm theo khi lng
chnh xc ti 0,1% theo cng thc:
m 1 mo
W= .100%
mo
Trong :
m1- Khi lng mu t nhin, (g);
mo- Khi lng mu sau khi sy kh,(g);
m ly bng trung bnh s hc ca cc kt qu hai mu th.
f. Bo co kt qu th nghim:
Bo co kt qu th nghim theo bng 3-15

Bng 3-15
Khi lng Khi lng m ca
Th t
mu th trc mu th sau mu th Ghi ch
th nghim
khi sy m1 (g) khi sy m2 (g) W(%)
1
2

m ca mu :W(%)=

40
 II. Xc nh cc ch tiu k thut ca hn hp b tng:
1. Xc nh st ca hn hp b tng (TCVN 3106:1993):
a. ngha ca st ca hn hp b tng:
st l ch tiu quan trng nht ca hn hp b tng, n nh gi kh
nng d chy ca hn hp b tng di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn hoc
rung ng.
lu ng c xc nh bng st (SN, cm) ca khi hn hp b
tng trong khun hnh nn ct c kch thc ty thuc vo c ht ln nht ca
ct liu. Khi st thch hp ph hp vi c im ca kt cu v phng php
thi cng s gip cho qu trnh thi cng c d dng, c, cng ca b
tng s tng. Nh vy st lin quan n kh nng thi cng v cht lng ca
b tng, do cn phi xc nh.
b. Thit b th: (hnh 3-7)
-Khun th st
-Thanh thp trn trn ng knh 16mm, di 600
hai u mp trn.
-Phu hn hp.
-Thc l kim loi
-Tm
c. Ly mu chun b th:
Th tch hn hp b tng cn c:
- 8 lt khi c ht ln nht ca ct liu b tng ti
40mm;
-24 lt khi c ht ct liu ln nht l 70 hoc Hinh 3-7 : Cc dng c
100mm. xc nh st
d. Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Chn khun: Dng khun N1 th hn hp b tng c c ht ln nht
ca ct liu ti 40mm, khun N2 th hn hp b tng c c ht ln nht ca
ct liu ti 70mm hoc 100mm.
-Ty sch b tng c
-Dng gi t lau mt trong ca khunv dng c khc m trong qu trnh
th tip xc vi hn hp b tng.
-t khun ln nn m, cng, phng khng thm nc.
-ng ln gi t chn gi cho khun c nh trong c qu trnh v
m hn hp b tng trong khun.
- hn hp b tng qua phu vo khun lm 3 lp, mi lp chim khong
mt phn ba chiu cao ca khun.
- Sau khi tng lp dng thanh thp trn chc u trn ton mt hn hp
b tng t xung quanh vo gia. Khi dng khun N1 mi lp chc 25 ln, khi
dng khun N2 mi lp chc 56 ln. Lp u chc sut chiu su, cc lp sau
chc xuyn su vo lp trc khong 23cm. lp th ba va chc va thm
gi mc hn hp lun y hn ming khun.
-Thm hn hp b tng cho y khun
-Gt phng mt
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 -Rt khun theo phng thng ng t t trong khong 5-10s
-t khun sang bn cnh khi hn hp b tng va rt khun
-o chnh lch chiu cao gia ming khun vi im cao nht ca khi
hn hp chnh xc ti 0,5cm.
Lu :
Thi gian th tnh t lc bt du hn hp b tng vo cn cho ti thi
im nht cn khi khi hn hp phi c tin hnh khng ngt qung v
khng ch khng qu 150 giy.
Nu khi hn hp b tng sau khi nhc khi khun b hoc to thnh
hnh khi kh o th phi tin hnh ly mu khc theo TCVN 3105:1993 th
li.
e.Tnh kt qu:
-Khi dng cn N1 s liu o c lm trn ti 0,5cm, chnh l st ca
hn hp b tng cn th.
-Khi dng cn N2 s liu o c phi tnh chuyn v kt qu th theo cn
N1 bng cch nhn vi h s 0,67.
f. iu chnh thnh phn vt liu t st:
Khi kim tra st c th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
- st thc t bng st yu cu.
- st thc t nh hn hay ln hn st yu cu.
*Cch gii quyt nh sau:
- Nu st thc t nh hn st yu cu khong 2-3cm th phi tng
thm 5 lt nc cho 1 m3 b tng
- Nu st thc t nh hn st yu cu 4cm tr ln th phi tng c
X
nc v xi mng sao cho t l khng thay i cho ti khi no hn hp b
N
tng t st theo yu cu.
Trong trng hp ny cn ch rng: tng mt cp st khong 2-
3cm cn thm 5 lt nc nh vy khi st thiu 4cm tr ln th cn tnh lng
xi mng tng ng cn tng m bo cht lng ca b tng.
- Nu st thc t ln hn st yu cu khong 2-3cm th phi tng
thm lng ct liu ct v (si) khong 2-3% so vi khi lng ban u.
-Nu st thc t ln hn st yu cu khong 4-5cm tr ln th phi
tng thm ng thi lng ct liu ct, (si) v xi mng khong 5% so vi
khi lng ban u.

2. c mu b tng (TCVN 3105:1993):

a. ngha ca vic c mu b tng:
xc nh cng chu lc ca b tng cng nh cc ch tiu k thut
khc nh tch va, tch nc v.v. ta cn c mu b tng. Cc ch tiu k
thut ca hn hp b tng cn xc nh ph thuc nhiu vo qu trnh c mu
nht l khu m cht, v vy cn phi c mu b tng ng theo qui nh.
b. Thit b th:
- Khun c mu (hnh 3-8)
- m (hnh 3-9)
42
 c. Cch c mu
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
Khi hn hp c cng trn 20 giy hoc c st di 4cm:
-Nu khun c chiu cao 150mm tr xung th hn hp vo khun
thnh mt lp.
-Nu khun c chiu cao trn 150mm th hn hp vo khun thnh hai
lp.
- xong lp u th kp cht khun ln bn rung tn s 2800- 3000
vng/pht, bin 0,35-0,5mm ri rung cho ti khi thot ht bt kh ln v h
xi mng ni u. Sau v m nh vy tip lp 2.
-Dng bay gt b hn hp tha v xoa phng mt mu.
Khi hn hp c cng 10-20 giy hoc c st 5-9cm
-Nu khun c chiu cao 150mm tr xung th hn hp vo khun
thnh mt lp.
-Nu khun c chiu cao trn 150mm th
hn hp vo khun thnh hai lp.
-Sau m hn hp trong khun bng
m di hoc bng bn rung.
-Khi dng m di th s dng loi m
c tn s 7200 vng/pht, ng knh di Hnh 3-8 : Khun c mu btng
hnh lp phng
khng to qu kch thc nh nht ca vin
mu.
Khi hn hp c st t 10 cm tr ln
-Nu khun c chiu cao 100mm th
hn hp vo khun thnh mt lp.
-Nu khun c chiu cao t 150-200mm
th hn hp vo khun thnh hai lp.
-Nu khun c chiu cao 300mm th
hn hp vo khun thnh ba lp.
-Sau khi tng lp b tng th dng
thanh thp trn ng knh 16mm, di 600
chc u tng lp, mi lp bnh qun 10cm2
chc mt ci. Lp u chc ti y, lp sau Hnh 3-9 : My m rung.
chc xuyn vo lp trc.
- Chc xong dng bay gt b tng tha v xoa phng mt mu.
Cc vin c trong khun tr sau khi m c lm phng mt nh sau:
- Trn h xi mng c (t l N/X=0,32 - 0,36). Sau khong 2-4 gi, ch cho
mt mu se v h xi mng co ngt s b, tin hnh ph mt mu bng lp h
mng ti mc ti a.
- Ph xong dng tm knh, hoc tm thp phng l phng mt mu.
Ch thch:
Khi c mu ngay ti im sn xut hoc thi cng th cho php m hn
hp b tng trong khun bng cc thit b thi cng hoc bng cc thit b c kh
nng m cht b tng trong khun tng ng nh b tng khi .

43
 3. Xc nh khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng nng (TCVN
3108:1993):
a. ngha ca khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng nng:
Khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng sau khi m cht phn nh mc
c ca b tng.
Khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng nng c dng xc nh th
tch thc t ca m trn th nghim t iu chnh liu lng vt liu cho 1m3
hn hp b tng khi tnh ton cp phi b tng.
b.Thit b th:
-Thng kim loi hnh tr dung tch 5lt c ng knh trong v chiu cao
bng 186 mm th hn hp b tng c c ht ln nht ca ct liu ti 40mm
- Thng kim loi hnh tr dung tch 15 lt c ng knh trong v chiu cao
bng 267mm th hn hp b tng c c ht ln nht ca ct liu ti 70-
100mm.
-Thit b m
-C th s dng khun c mu th cng kch thc qui nh ca
TCVN 3105:1993 kim tra khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng.
c. Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
-Xc nh khi lng thng hoc khun chnh xc ti 0,2%.
- v m hn hp b tng trong thng hoc khun theo TCVN
3105:1993.
-m xong dng thc l thp ct b phn hn hp tha
-Gt mt hn hp cho bng vi ming thng hoc khun
-Lau sch hn hp dnh bn ngoi
-Xc nh khi lng ca thng hoc khun cha hn hp b tng chnh
xc ti 0,2%.
d. Tnh kt qu:
Khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng (kg/m3) tnh theo cng thc:
m m1
= (kg/m3)
V
Trong :
m- Khi lng thng hoc khun cha hn hp b tng, kg
m1- Khi lng thng hoc khun, kg
V- Th tch ca thng hoc khun, m3.
Khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng (kg/m3), lm trn ti 10kg/m3 l
gi tr trung bnh cng ca ba mu th ca cng mt hn hp b tng.
4. Xc nh th tch thc t ca m trn hn hp b tng nng (TCVN
3108:1993):
Sau khi kim tra st v iu chnh vt liu hn hp b tng t st
yu cu cn tnh th tch thc t ca m trn hn hp b tng th nghim. Th
tch thc ca m trn th nghim c tnh theo cng thc sau:
X 1 + N 1 + C1 + 1
Vm = , lt
vh

44
 Trong : - Vm : Th tch thc ca m trn th nghim, lt.
- X1 ; N1 ; C1 ; 1 : Lng xi mng, nc, ct, (si) dng
cho m trn th nghim sau khi kim tra k c nguyn vt liu thm vo (khi
khng t st yu cu), kg.

III. Xc nh cc ch tiu k thut ca b tng:

1. Bo dng mu b tng (TCVN 3105:1993):
a. ngha ca vic bo dng mu b tng:
kim tra cc ch tiu k thut ca b tng ta c th dng nhiu phng
php khc nhau hoc gin tip hoc trc tip, nhng phng php c v kim
tra trc tip trn mu l phng php tng i n gin c p dng ph bin
trong thc t hin nay. chnh xc ca phng php ny cng ph thuc vo
qu trnh bo dng mu b tng v vy cn phi bo dng mu theo ng qui
nh.
b. Cch bo dng:
-Cc mu dng kim tra cht lng b tng thng phm thit k
mc b tng sau khi c c ph m trong khun nhit phng cho ti khi
tho khun ri c bo dng tip trong phng dng h tiu chun c nhit
2720C, m 95100% cho n ngy th mu.
-Thi hn gi mu trong khun l 1624 gi i vi mc b tng 100 tr
ln, 2 hoc 3 ngy m i vi mc b tng c ph gia chm ng rn hoc mc
75 tr xung
-Trong qu trnh vn chuyn mu v phng th nghim, cc mu phi c
gi khng mt m bng cch ph ct m, mn ca m hoc ng trong ti ni
lng.
-Tt c cc vin mu c ghi r k hiu mt khng trc tip cht ti.
2.Xc nh khi lng th tch ca b tng (TCVN 3115:1993):
a. ngha ca khi lng th tch ca b tng:
Khi lng th tch ca b tng l khi lng ca 1 n v th tch ca b
tng trng thi t nhin k c l rng bn trong vin b tng v rng gia
cng (nu c) i vi b tng trng thi hon ton kh.
Cng nh i vi vt liu khc, khi lng th tch ca b tng cng nh
th rng cng ln. iu c nh hng xu n mt s tnh cht c l ca b
tng, c bit l cng , tnh thm nc v ht nc ca b tng.
b.Chun b mu th:
Khi lng th tch ca b tng ty theo yu cu c tin hnh th mt
trong bn trng thi khc nhau v m nh sau:
- Sy kh ti khi lng khng i;
- Kh t nhin trong khng kh;
- Bo dng trong iu kin tiu chun;
- Bo ha nc.
Khi lng th tch ca b tng c xc nh trn 3 vin mu c hnh khi
lp phng, tr, lng tr, hoc hnh dng bt k.
*Nu khi lng th tch ca b tng cn phi xc nh trng thi kh
hon ton:
45
 -Cc mu c sy kh nhit 105110oC cho ti khi khi lng khng
thay i. Khi lng khng thay i l khi lng m chnh lch gia hai ln
cn k tip nhau cch nhau 24 gi khng vt qu 0,2%.
*Nu khi lng th tch ca b tng cn phi xc nh trng thi t
nhin trong khng kh:
- mu trong khng kh nhit phng t nht 7 ngy m.
*Nu khi lng th tch ca b tng cn phi xc nh trng thi bo
dng trong iu kin tiu chun:
-Mu c trong mi trng nhit 272oC, m 95100% sau
20 ngy.
*Nu khi lng th tch ca b tng cn phi xc nh trng thi bo ha
nc:
-t mu vo thng ngm, nc ngp 1/3 chiu cao mu v ngm nh
vy trong 1 gi.
- thm nc ngp n 2/3 chiu cao mu v ngm nh vy trong 1 gi
na.
- nc ngp trn mt trn ca mu khong 5cm v gi mc nc
cao ny ti khi mu bo ha nc.
- Sau khi ngm nc 24 gi th vt mu ra, dng gi m lau mt ngoi ri
cn.
-Mu c coi l bo ha nc khi sau 2 ln cn k tip nhau khi lng
mu chnh lch nhau khng qu 0,2%.
c.Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
*Xc nh khi lng mu:
-Cn tng vin mu chnh xc ti 0,2%. Khi lng th tch b tng yu
cu th trng thi no th phi cn cc vin mu chun b trng thi .
*Xc nh th tch ca mu:
Khi mu l khi lp phng, tr hay lng tr th o kch thc tng vin
ri xc nh th tch theo ch dn ca phng php o v xc nh th tch ca
vin mu thin nhin bi 1.
d.Tnh kt qu:
Khi lng th tch ca tng vin mu c tnh theo cng thc:
m
V = (g/cm 3 , kg/m 3 , T/m 3 )
VV
Trong :
m- Khi lng ca vin mu trng thi cn th, (g);
Vv- Th tch ca vin mu, (cm3).
Khi lng th tch ca b tng c tnh bng kg/m3 chnh xc ti
10kg/m3 l trung bnh s hc ca ba kt qu th trn ba vin trong cng mt t
mu.
3. Xc nh cng nn ca b tng nng theo phng php ph hy
mu (TCVN 3118:1993):
a. ngha ca cng nn ca b tng nng:

46
 Cng nn l mt tnh cht c bn ca b tng. Cng nn l c s
xc nh mc b tng theo cng chu nn, mc b tng theo cng
chu nn li c dng thit k cp phi b tng. Nh vy cng nn l
mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng ca b tng.
Vic xc nh gii hn cng nn ca b tng thng da trn c s nn
cc mu b tng hnh khi.
b.Thit b th:
- My nn
-Thc l kim loi;
c.Chun b th:
Chun b th theo trnh t sau:
-Chun b mu th nn theo nhm mu. Mi nhm mu gm 3 vin. Khi s
dng b tng khoan ct t kt cu, nu khng c 3 vin th c php ly 2
vin lm mt nhm mu th.
-Vic ly hn hp b tng, c bo dng, khoan ct mu b tng v chn
kch thc vin mu th nn phi c tin hnh theo TCVN 3105:1993.
-Vic chun b xc nh cng nn ca b tng l vin mu lp
phng kch thc 150x150x150mm. Cc vin mu lp phng kch thc khc
tiu chun v cc vin mu tr sau khi th nn phi c tnh i kt qu th v
cng vin chun.
-Kim tra v chn hai mt chu nn ca cc vin mu th sao cho:
. Khe h ln nht gia chng vi thc thng t p st xoay theo cc
phng khng vt qu 0,05mm trn 100mm tnh t im t thc.
. Khe h ln nht gia chng vi thnh thc k gc vung khi t thnh
kia p st cc mt k bn cc mu lp phng hoc cc ng sinh ca mu tr
khng vt qu 1mm trn 100mm tnh t im t thc trn mt kim tra.
. i vi cc vin mu lp phng v cc vin na dm un khng ly
mt to bi y khun c v mt h c mu lm hai mt chu nn.
Trong trng hp cc mu th khng tha mn cc yu cu trn th mu
phi c gia cng li bng cch mi bt hoc lm phng mt bng mt lp h
xi mng khng dy qu 2mm. Cng ca mt lp xi mng ny khi th phi
khng c thp hn mt na cng d kin s t ca mu b tng.
d.Tin hnh th:
Tin hnh th theo trnh t sau:
*Xc nh din tch chu lc ca mu:
-o chnh xc ti 1mm cc cp cnh song song ca hai mt chu nn (i
vi mu lp phng) cc cp ng knh vung gc vi nhau tng i mt trn
tng mt chu nn (i vi mu tr)
-Xc nh din tch hai mt chu nn trn v di theo cc gi tr trung bnh
ca cc cp cnh hoc ca cc cp ng knh o. Din tch chu lc ca mu
khi chnh l trung bnh s hc din tch ca hai mt.
Din tch chu lc khi th cc na vin dm un gy c tnh bng
trung bnh s hc din tch cc phn chung gia cc mt chu nn pha trn v
pha di cc m thp tng ng.
*Xc nh ti trng ph hoi mu:
47
 -Chn thang lc thch hp ca my khi nn ti trng ph hoi nm trong
khong 2080% ti trng cc i ca thang lc nn chn. Khng c nn
mu ngoi thang lc trn.
-t mu vo my nn sao cho mt mt chu nn chn nm ng tm
tht di ca my.
-Vn hnh my nh nhng cho mt trn ca my tip cn vi tht trn ca
my.
-Tng ti lin tc vi tc khng i v bng 64 daN/cm2.giy cho ti
khi mu b ph hoi (Dng tc gia ti nh i vi b tng c cng thp,
tc gia ti ln i vi b tng c cng cao). Lc ti a t c l gi tr
ti trng ph hoi mu.
e.Tnh kt qu:
-Tnh cng chu nn ca tng vin mu:
Cng nn tng vin mu b tng (Rn) c tnh bng (daN/cm2) theo
cng thc:
Pn
Rn = k . (daN / cm 2 )
Fn
Trong :
Pn- Ti trng ph hoi, (daN);
Fn- Din tch chu lc nn ca vin mu, (cm2);
k - H s tnh i kt qu th nn cc vin mu b tng kch thc khc
chun v cng ca vin mu kch thc 150x150x150mm.
Gi tr k ly theo bng 3-16.
Bng 3-16
Hnh dng v kch thc ca mu (mm) H s tnh i
Mu lp phng
100x100x100 0,91
150x150x150 1,00
200x200x200 1,05
300x300x300 1,10
Mu tr
71,4x143 v 100x200 1,16
150x300 1,20
200x400 1,24

-Tnh cng chu nn ca ca nhm mu b tng:

.So snh cc gi tr cng nn ln nht v nh nht vi cng nn
ca vin mu trung bnh.
.Nu c hai gi tr u khng lch qu 15 % so vi cng nn ca
vin mu trung bnh th cng nn ca b tng c tnh bng trung bnh s
hc ca ba kt qu th trn ba vin mu.
. Nu mt trong hai gi tr lch qu 15% so vi cng nn ca vin
mu trung bnh th b c hai kt qu ln nht v nh nht. Khi cng nn
ca b tng l cng nn ca mt vin mu cn li.

48
 .Nu t mu b tng ch c hai vin th cng nn ca b tng c tnh
bng trung bnh s hc kt qu th ca hai vin mu .

f. Bo co kt qu th nghim:
Bo co kt qu th nghim theo mu sau (bng 3-17 )
Bng 3-17
Hnh dng Kch Lc nn ph hoi Cng chi
Mu s Ghi ch
mu thc mu (daN) nn (daN/cm)2
1
2
3

Cng chu nn trung bnh ca b tng tui chun Rn= daN/cm2:

49