Sheila Belayutham

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Time Calculation

PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM
Sheila Belayutham
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LEARNING OUTCOME

Students will be able to:

Understand Precedence Diagram
programming technique.
Calculate the ES, EF, LS, LF, TF and FF
in a Precedence Diagram.
Sheila Belayutham
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Introduction

Uses the technique of Activity On Node

(AON).

Activity A Activity B
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Labelling of Precedence Activity

ES Activity EF
Description

LS (Duration) LF
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Basic Elements

Nodes
Represents activities .
Lines
Represents activity links which are used
to represent the dependencies between
activities.
Lag Time
Time period that separates or designates
a waiting period between 2 activities.-a
predecessor & a successor.
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Lag Time
Time period that separates or designates
a waiting period between 2 activities.-a
predecessor & a successor.
Typically a positive value.
However, if there is a need to overlap 2
activities, the lag time is assigned as a
negative value and more appropriately
called LEAD time.
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Type of Relationship

Finish to Start

A B
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Type of Relationship

Start to Start
Applies to schedule the start of a
successor activity at the same time as or
after some lag time to the start of a
predecessor activity.

A B
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SS

Example:
If activity A is Pour Concrete for slab &
Activity B is Level and Smooth Concrete,
Activity B cannot start until A has started
but should begin immediately after the
start of A.
Therefore, SS relationship between A and
B is assigned a lag time equals zero.
SS = O
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SS with lag

Install Insulation

Install & Finish dry wall

SS = 1
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Type of Relationship

Finish to Finish

A B
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Type of Relationship

Start to Finish

A B
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Logical relationship in Precedence is

more flexible and versatile compared to
CPM.
In CPM, logical relationship shows that an
activity must be completed before you
can proceed with the following activities.
Only F-S relationships.
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For example:
Activity Duration
Concrete work 1
Curing 3
Strip formwork 1
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CPM

A B C
1 3 1
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Precedence

A B C
(1) (3) (1)

OR

A C
FS = 3
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Simplified Precedence Diagram

0 A 1 FS3 0 C 0
0 1 1 0 1 0

Means late/ lag 3 days. Therefore, activity B (Curing)

could be eliminated.
Sheila Belayutham
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Convention

Network could start with more than 1

activities.
Network could end with more than 1
activities.
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Forward & Backward Calculation

Forward pass
Determine ES & EF.

Backward pass
Determine LS & LF.
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Advantages of Precedence
Diagram Over CPM
No usage of Dummy.
Ease of changing logic and adding additional
activities.
Planning could be done with less activities.
Code or activity number need not be changed
when logic was to be changed.
Permits other relationships such as FF and SS
whereby CPM only does FS relationship.
Allow for time lag quantities.
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CONTINUOUS PRECEDENCE
DIAGRAM

Continuous PD
A continuous duration means that once
an activity begins, it must be worked on
continuously until it is finished.
Q.1
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Try this: Draw the network,
calculate the ES, EF, LS and LF.

Activity Predecessor Duration

A - 4
B A 8
C A 3
D A 2
E B,C 7
F C,D 5
G E,F 1
Q.2
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For the same question, get the ES, EF,

LS and LF date of the activities. Assume
date of commencement will be on 1/7/09.
Working days would be 7 days a week
including public holidays.
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Q.3
C
6
B
6 G
2
A D
2 1
F
3

E
3
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Q.4

B
5
G
E 10
3

C I
A
6 5
2

F H
8 2
D
4
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Float Calculation

Total Float (TF)

Same as CPM calculation for TF
Late Start Early Start (LS ES)
OR
Late Finish Early Finish (LF EF)
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Float Calculation

Free Float (FF)

For FF calculation, there is no single
formula to calculate FF.
Reason being that there are 4
relationships in the Precedence Diagram
Method (PDM).
Based on the Lowest Float of relationship
with successor.
Therefore, each relationship going to
successors are evaluated.
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Q.6 Factory Project Foundation

Activity Precedence Duration Constraints

Precedence Relationship
Establish site (A) - 10 - -

Site clearance A 6 A SS6

(B) FF
Piling (C) B 10 B SS4
FF6
Pile cap & C 8 C SS6
ground beam (D) FF2

Represent the above table in a Precedence Diagram.

* Calculate the ES, EF, LS, LF, TF & FF for each activities.
* Assume working days are from Monday to Saturday. Sunday
will be an off day. Public holiday will remain as working day.
* Project will begin on 1/ 7/ 2009.
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Q. 7 FACTORY PROJECT

ACTIVITIES PRECEDENCE DURATION CONSTRAINTS

PRECEDENCE RELATIONSHIP
Set up site (A) - 5 - -
Site clear (B) A 6 A SS2
FF3
Drainage con (C) A 4 - -
Piling (D) B 8 B SS4
FF4
Main Drainage (E) C 8 - -
Caps & g/beam (F) D 10 D SS5
FF4
G. Flr drainage (G) E, B 10 E SS4
FF3
Erect steel work(H) F 5 - -
Grd Flr Slab(I) G, H 8 - -
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Q.7 FACTORY PROJECT

For the above table, draw and activity on

node diagram.
Perform the forward and backward pass
for the diagram.
Project will begin on 1/ 7/ 2009.
Assume the working days will be from
Mondays to Saturdays inclusive of any
public holidays.
Sunday will be an off day.