Dieuchetinhieu 120823065406 Phpapp01 PDF

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu
Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH
Ni dung:
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin
5.1.2 Mc ch ca iu ch
5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch
5.2 iu ch tng t
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t
5.2.2 iu ch bin
5.2.3 iu ch gc
5.3 iu ch xung
5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung
5.3.2 iu ch PAM
5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc
1
Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky 9/7/2009
Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu:
iu ch (Modulation) l qu trnh nh x tin tc vo sng mang bng cch
thay i thng s ca sng mang (bin , tn s hay pha) theo tin tc .
iu ch ng vai tr rt quan trng, khng th thiu trong h thng thng tin.
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin:
Transmitter
My pht:
Ngun Bin i tin
iu ch
tin tc- tn hiu
Khuch i
My thu:
Nhn Bin i tn Khuch i
hiu - tin tc
tin Gii iu ch
Receiver
2
Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu (tt):
5.1.2 Mc ch ca iu ch:
c th bc x tn hiu vo khng gian di dng sng in t
Cho php s dng hiu qu knh truyn
Tng kh nng chng nhiu cho h thng
5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch:
Cc phng php iu ch
iu ch tng t iu ch xung iu ch s
Bin Gc pha Tng t S ASK PSK FSK
AM-SC SSB-SC VSB PAM PPM PDM PCM Delta
AM SSB FM PM
3
Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2 iu ch tng t:
Tn hiu tin tc lm thay i cc thng s: bin , tn s hoc pha ca sng
mang iu ha cao tn.
Bin
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t:
Dng sng mang ban u: y(t)=Ycos(t + )
Dng sng mang sau iu ch: y(t) = Y(t)cos(t) Pha ban
u
Y(t): bin tc thi (phng trnh ng bao)
(t): pha tc thi. Tn s gc
d (t )
(t ) = : tn s gc tc thi
dt
1 d (t )
f (t ) = : tn s tc thi
2 dt
Nu (t): khng i; Y(t): thay i y(t)=Y(t)cos(t +): iu ch bin
Nu (t): thay i; Y(t): khng i y(t) = Ycos(t): iu ch pha
4
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)
a. H thng AM-SC (Amplitude Modulation with Suppressed Carrier)
(cn gi l iu ch DSB-SC: Double Side Band with suppressed Carrier)
Dng tn hiu AM-SC: y AM SC (t ) = x (t ) cos t
Qu trnh iu ch:
x(t) yAM-SC (t)
Tn hiu tin tc cn
x
truyn i, tn s thp Sng mang cao tn
[min , max] >>max
Quan h trong min tn s: cos t

1
YAM SC ( ) = [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ]
2
1
AM SC ( ) = [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ]
4
5
a. H thng AM-SC (tt):
M t min thi gian M t min tn s
x(t) X()
X0
0 t
max min min max
cost 1
Y()

0 t
- 0
yAM-SC(t)
YAM-SC()
t X0/2

0 0
-
6
a. H thng AM-SC (tt)
Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Trong min thi gian: yAM-SC (t) m(t) x(t)
m(t) = x(t).cost.cost
= [x(t) + x(t).cos2t]/2
x LPF
Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn
tn s thp x(t) = x(t)/2.
Trong min tn s:
cos t
1
M ( ) = [Y A M S C ( ) + Y A M S C ( + ) ]
2
1 1
= X ( ) + [ X ( 2 ) + X ( + 2 ) ]
2 4
Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn ph tn s thp: X() = X()/2.
p ng tn s ca b lc M()
X0/2

- 0
-2 2
7
a.H thng AM-SC (tt)
Nhn xt:
Mch gii iu ch phc tp.
Bng thng (bandwidth):
BWAM SC = 2max
Cng sut ca tn hiu AM-SC: 1
Py AM SC = Px
2
V d 1: Cho mch iu ch AM-SC:
Tin tc: x(t) = cos(2103t)
Sng mang: y(t) = cos(2104t)
Hy:
a. V x(t) v yAM-SC(t) ?
b. Xc nh v v X(), X(), YAM-SC() v AM-SC() ?
c. Tnh Px v PAM-SC?
8
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)
Phng trnh ng
b. H thng AM (cn gi l iu ch DSB) bao(envelope)
Dng tn hiu AM:
y AM (t ) = [ A + x (t )]cos t
Qu trnh iu ch:
x(t) yAM (t)
Tn hiu tin tc cn
x
truyn i, tn s thp Sng mang
[min , max] cao tn
A cos t >>max
Quan h trong min tn s:
1
YAM () = A [ ( ) + ( + )] + [ X ( ) + X ( + )]
2
A2 1
AM () = [ ( ) + ( +)] + [X ( ) +X ( +)]
2 4
9
b. H thng AM(tt):
X()
x(t)
X0
max min min max

0 t Y()
cost 1

t
0
- 0
yAM(t)
YAM()
A
t
X0/2
0
- 0

10
a. H thng AM (tt)
Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Tch sng ng b: (ging gii iu ch AM-SC)

Tch sng ng bao: s mch n gin
iu kin tch sng ng bao khng b mo:
A max{ x(t ) ; x(t ) < 0}

11
a.H thng AM (tt)
Nhn xt:
Mch gii iu ch n gin.
Bng thng (bandwidth):
BWAM SC = 2max
Hiu sut nng lng khng cao:
Pb Pb: cng sut di bn

= 100%
PAM PAM: cng sut ton b tn hiu
1
Px
2 P
= = 2 x
1 2 1
A + Px A + Px
2 2
Trng hp, x(t) = acost, hiu sut cc i:
max = 33.33%
12
GV:ngThs.
Gia vienL Ngc
: Th.S LePhc
Xuan Ky 9/7/2009
b. H thng AM (tt)
V d 2: Cho mch iu ch AM:

yAM(t) = [A+x(t)]cos(2105t)
x(t)
2
2
-4 4 8
-1
Hy:
a. V yAM(t) khi A=2?
b. Xc nh ph X(), YAM() ?
c. Tnh Px v PAM?
d. Xc nh gi tr ca A tch sng khng b mo trong mch
tch sng hnh bao?
13
GV:ngThs.
Gia vienL Ngc
: Th.S LePhc
Xuan Ky 9/7/2009
5.2.2 iu ch bin (tt):
c. Cc h thng iu ch bin khc:
H thng SSB-SC (Single Side Band with Suppressed Carrier)
p ng tn
s ca b lc
H thng SSB (Single Side Band) p ng tn

s ca b lc
14
5.2.2 iu ch bin :
c. Cc h thng iu ch bin khc:
H thng VSB (Vestigial Side Band)
15
5.2.2 iu ch bin :
So snh cc phng php iu ch bin :
c im phc tp Bng thng tn Hiu sut

gii iu ch hiu iu ch nng lng
Phng php
AM-SC(DSB-SC) cao rng cao
AM (DSB) thp rng thp
SSB-SC cao hp cao
SSB thp hp thp
VSB cao va phi va phi
16
5.2.3 iu ch gc:
a. H iu pha PM (Phase Modulation)
Dng tn hiu PM: y PM ( t ) = Y cos[ t + k p x ( t )] (*)
trong : x(t): tn hiu tin tc

0: pha ban u Tin tc trc tip thay
i pha tc thi
kp: hng s t l
Cc thng s quan trng:
Pha tc thi:
PM (t ) = t + k p x(t )
dx (t )
Tn s gc tc thi: PM (t ) = + k p
dt
lch pha:
PM =| (t) t |= kp x(t) max
lch tn s:
dx(t )
PM =| (t ) |= k p
dt max
17
a.H iu pha PM (tt)
PM di hp (NBPM-Narrow Band PM) PM = k p | x(t ) |max 1
S dng cng thc gn ng:
cos k p x(t ) 1;sin k p x(t ) k p x(t )

Biu thc (*) thnh ra:
y NBPM (t ) = Y cos t cos(k p x(t )) Y sin t sin(k p x(t ))
= Y cos t Yk p x(t ) sin t Biu thc
Ph ca tn hiu NBPM: NBPM
Y
YNBPM ( ) = Y [ ( ) + ( + )] k p [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ]
2j
PSD ca tn hiu NBPM:
( Yk p )
2
Y 2
NBPM () = [ ( ) + ( + )] + [ X ( ) + X ( + )]
2 4
18
a.H iu pha PM (tt)
PM di hp (tt)
Bng thng tn hiu NBPM: BW NBPM = 2 max
Mch to tn hiu NBPM:
Ykp x(t) sint

Ysint
2 kp
yNBPM (t)
Y cos t
x(t)
PM di rng (WBPM: Wide band PM)

Cng thc Carson xc nh rng ph:
BWWBPM = 2( PM + 2)max
19
5.2.3 iu ch gc:
b. H iu tn FM (Frequency Modulation)
Dng tn hiu FM: y F M ( t ) = Y cos[ t + k f x ( t )dt ] (*)
trong : x(t): tn hiu tin tc

0: pha ban u
Tin tc trc
kf: hng s t l tip thay i
Cc thng s quan trng: tn s tc thi
Pha tc thi:
FM (t ) = t + k f x(t )dt
Tn s gc tc thi: FM (t ) = + k f x(t )
lch pha:
lch tn s:
FM =| (t ) t |= k f x(t)dt max
FM =| (t) =
| kf x(t) max
20
b. H iu tn FM (tt)
FM di hp (NBFM-Narrow Band FM) FM = k f | x(t )dt |max 1
Tng t nh NBPM, biu thc tn hiu NBFM:
y NBFM (t ) = Y cos t Yk f x(t )dt.sin t
Bng thng tn hiu NBFM:
BW NBFM = 2 max
FM di rng ( WBFM -Wide Band FM)
Cng thc Carson xc nh rng ph:
BWWBFM = 2( FM + 2 max )
21
c. Nhn xt v PM v FM:
So snh vi iu ch bin :
Kh nng chng nhiu cao hn AM
Bng thng tn hiu WBPM v WBFM rng hn tn hiu AM nhiu
Quan h gia FM v PM:
x(t) dx(t ) B iu yPM (t)

ch FM
dt
x(t) yFM (t)

B iu
x (t ) dt ch PM
22
5.3 iu ch xung (Pulse Modulation):
5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung:
Dy xung vung n cc
t 1 t
t nT
y (t ) = Y ||| = Y ; << T
T T n =
trong : Y: bin xung
T: chu k lp li xung
: rng xung
y (t )
Y
t
-2T -T 0 T 2T
23
5.2 iu ch tng t:
5.3.2 H thng iu ch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation):
a. H thng PAM l tng:
1 t
Dng tn hiu : y PAM ( t ) = x ( t ) |||
T T
Qu trnh iu ch:
x(t) yPAM(t)
Ph ca PAM l tng:
1 2
YPAM ( ) = X ( ) ||| ; 0 = 1 t
2 0 T y (t ) = ||| ( )
1
T T
= X ( ) 0 ( n )
2
0
n =
1
= X ( n0 )
T n =
24
a. H thng PAM l tng (tt):
x(t)
X()
X0
t
0 -max 0 max
y(t) Y ()
0

0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T t -20 -0 0 0 20
yPAM(t)
YPAM ()
X0/2
t
0 -20 -0 0 0 20
25
GV:ngThs.
Gia vienL Ngc
: Th.S LePhc
Xuan Ky 9/7/2009
a. H thng PAM l tng (tt):
Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Tn hiu PAM c a qua b lc c p ng tn s:
yPAM(t) h(t) x (t)

H ( ) = T

max
2 YPAM() H() X()
Ph ca tn hiu ng ra:
1
X '() = YPAM () H () = X ( n0 ) T
T n= 2max
Nu: 0 2m , ta c:
H()
X '( ) = X ( )
khi phc ng -20 -0 0 0 20
26
5.3.2 H thng iu ch PAM (tt):
b. H thng PAM thc t:
Dng tn hiu :
t 1 t
y (t ) = x(t ).Y |||
T T
x(t) yPAM(t)
Qu trnh iu ch:
Ph ca PAM l tng:
1 2 t 1
YPAM ( ) = [ X ( ) Y ( )] ; 0 = Y
t
||| ( )
2 T
T T
1

=
2

X ( ) 2
n =
Y
T
San
T
( n )
0

Y
n
=
T

n =
Sa
T
X ( n0 )
27
b. H thng PAM thc t (tt):
x(t)
X()
X0
t
0 -max 0 max
Y()
Y 2 Y
T
-0 0 0
0 T 2T 3T t
-20 20
yPAM(t) YPAM()
2 Y
T
0 t -20 -0 0 0 20
28
Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Tn hiu PAM c a qua b lc c p ng tn s:
yPAM(t)
H ( ) =
T
2 h(t) x (t)
Y max
YPAM() H() X()
Ph ca tn hiu ng ra:
X '() = YPAM () H ()
Y n T
= Sa X ( n0 )
Y

T n= T 2max
YPAM()
Nu: 0 2m , ta c: 2 Y
T
H()
X '( ) = X ( )
khi phc ng
-20 -0 0 0 20
29
Nhn xt:
Ph ca tn hiu PAM rng v hn, nhng phn ln cng sut tp trung
trong khong (-2/, 2/).
V ph ca PAM tp trung xung quanh tn s thp, nn mun truyn i
cn iu ch ln na (v d PAM-AM, PAM-FM,vv)
V d 3: Cho h thng PAM nh sau

Bit rng: z(t) v(t)
2 x(t)
x (t ) = S a 0t ; 1 = ; H()
T
1 t
H ( ) = y (t ) = ||| ( )
2 0 T T
Hy:
a. Xc nh v v Z() khi 1=3 0; 1=1.5 0
b. Xc nh v(t) v tnh Ev trong hai trng hp 1=3 0; 1=1.5 0.
(to be continued)
30
5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc:
iu ch rng xung PDM x(t)
(Pulse Duration Modulation)
iu ch v tr xung PPM
(Pulse Position Modulation)
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T t
Bin xung khng i yPDM(t)
V tr bt u xung khng i
rng ca xung thay i theo x(t) Y
0 t
Bin xung khng i yPPM(t)

rng ca xung khng i
V tr bt u xung thay i theo x(t) Y
0 t
31
V tr ca iu ch PAM trong h thng thng tin
32

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Available Formats

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Bin Gc pha Tng t S ASK PSK FSK

AM-SC SSB-SC VSB PAM PPM PDM PCM Delta

Quan h trong min tn s: cos t

max min min max

Tch sng ng b: (ging gii iu ch AM-SC)

iu kin tch sng ng bao khng b mo:

A max{ x(t ) ; x(t ) < 0}

Pb Pb: cng sut di bn

V d 2: Cho mch iu ch AM:

H thng SSB (Single Side Band) p ng tn

c im phc tp Bng thng tn Hiu sut

AM-SC(DSB-SC) cao rng cao

AM (DSB) thp rng thp

SSB-SC cao hp cao

SSB thp hp thp

VSB cao va phi va phi

trong : x(t): tn hiu tin tc

cos k p x(t ) 1;sin k p x(t ) k p x(t )

Ykp x(t) sint

PM di rng (WBPM: Wide band PM)

trong : x(t): tn hiu tin tc

Tng t nh NBPM, biu thc tn hiu NBFM:

y NBFM (t ) = Y cos t Yk f x(t )dt.sin t

Bng thng tn hiu NBFM:

x(t) dx(t ) B iu yPM (t)

x(t) yFM (t)

yPAM(t) h(t) x (t)

V d 3: Cho h thng PAM nh sau

Bin xung khng i yPPM(t)

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