Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47

ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong dy hc ngoi ng:

T kinh nghim quc t n thc ti Vit Nam
Nguyn Vn Long*
Trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Nng, Nng, Vit Nam

Tm tt

Bi bo tp trung tho lun tnh hnh ng dng Cng ngh Thng tin (CNTT) vo qu trnh dy-hc ngoi
ng ni chung v c th l ting Anh t l thuyt n thc tin; t m hnh th gii n thc trng ng dng ti
Vit Nam. phn kinh nghim quc t, trn nn tng gio dc k thut s, bi bo phn tch cc ng hng
ph bin hin nay th gii ang p dng lm cc m hnh l thuyt cho vic a CNTT vo lp hc, vo qu
trnh ging dy, tip theo l phn phn tch cc nng lc CNTT m ngi gio vin cn t c. phn nghin
cu thc tin Vit Nam, bi bo i su phn tch nhu cu thc tin v tnh thit yu ca vic ng dng CNTT
trong bi cnh Vit Nam, km theo l thc trng ng dng hin nay. Kt lun rt ra v cc kin ngh c trnh
by phn kt lun.
Nhn ngy 26 thng 9 nm 2015, Chnh sa ngy 07 thng 11 nm 2015, Chp nhn ng ngy 22 thng 6 nm 2016
T kha: Gio dc, CNTT, kinh nghim, thc trng, ng dng, ngoi ng.

1. Gii thiu * khu vc v th gii. Hin nay, mi quan tm

Trong thi i bng n Cng ngh Thng
tin (CNTT) nhng nh hng c v mt tch
cc v tiu cc m CNTT mang li trong mi
trng gio dc r rng l khng trnh khi.
Vic o to ngoi ng c s h tr ca cng
ngh Internet v ang xut hin cc cp i
hc, trung hc v dy ngh nhiu nc trn
th gii. Ngay ti Vit Nam vic ng dng cng
ngh trong ging dy trng hc cng ang
trn pht trin, d vn cn trong giai on
manh mn. Ngy nay, vic hc ting Anh qua
my tnh v vic hc cch s dng thnh tho
my tnh qua ting Anh l khuynh hng chung
trong cc chng trnh o to ngoi ng.
ng dng CNTT vo tin trnh ging dy
v hc tp ni chung v o to ngoi ng ni
ring pht trin su rng cc nc trong
_______
*
T.: 84-905397397
Email: nvlong@ufl.udn.vn.
ca cc nh nghin cu v cc nh gio dc
khng cn l c nn gii thiu v ng dng
CNTT vo qu trnh o to hay khng, m l
lm th no nng cao hiu qu hc tp ca
sinh vin thng qua vic ng dng cc thnh
tu mi ca CNTT. iu ny chng minh mt
thc t l hnh trnh a cc ng dng ca cng
ngh vo lp hc l xu th mi, khng th quay
ngc. Thm vo , gip sinh vin tip cn v
lm quen vi cc phng tin h tr hc tp
ny l cch h tr h chun b hnh trang trn
bc ng ha nhp vo th trng lao ng
hin i, ni m ci bng ca CNTT l khp
ni, len li vo cng vic v cuc sng ca h.
Nghin cu, tm ra cc gii php nhm a
cc ng dng ca mng x hi vo qu trnh
o to; bin qu trnh hc tp khng ch b
gn trong bn bc tng ca lp hc. Vic ng
dng CNTT vo qu trnh ging dy nhm nng
cao tnh t ch v ng c hc tp ca sinh
vin; v c bit m rng kh nng tng tc
36
 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
(tng tc vi ni dung mn hc, vi ging vin,
vi bn hc) ca ngi hc bng ba hng: (1)
ko th gii vo lp hc; (2) mang lp hc ra khi
bn bc tng; v (3) c bit l, qua , tng
nng lc tip cn, x l, v iu tit thng tin
to thng tin mi ca ngi hc.
2. Kinh nghim quc t
2.1. Gio dc k thut s
Nghin cu cc m hnh gio dc quc t
cho thy, gio dc k thut s l phng thc
hc tp v lm vic mi vi CNTT, to thun
li cho cc tri nghim hc tp cht lng i
vi ngi hc k thut s th k 21. Gio dc k
thut s l s hi t cc k nng cng ngh, cc
hot ng s phm v s hiu bit v thit k
chng trnh ging dy ph hp vi ngi hc
k thut s. N chuyn s tp trung t cc cng
c v cc k nng CNTT sang mt phng thc
lm vic mi trong th gii k thut s. Khi
c s dng hiu qu, gio dc k thut s:
H tr, cho php v chuyn ha vic hc
tp v ging dy cung cp cc c hi hc tp
di do, a dng v linh ng cho mt th h k
thut s.
Cung cp c s ngi hc ch ng
tham gia vo vic xy dng v ng dng vic
hc tp phong ph theo nhiu cch c mc ch
v ngha.
Tng cng c hi cho vic nh gi xc
thc c t trong ng cnh ph hp h tr
vic hc tp trong mt bi cnh k thut s.
2.2. Cc ng hng ng dng cng ngh
thng tin
nh gi nng lc CNTT mt phn l nh
gi phng php ging dy ca gio vin trong
mi trng cng ngh. Gio vin mun t
c cc mc tiu v tiu chun nng lc
khng nhng bi dng kin thc v kh nng
ng dng CNTT m cn phi bit la chn cc
phng php hay ng hng s phm ph
hp trong ging dy ngoi ng c ng dng
37
CNTT. ng thi, xc nh cc ng hng
di y chnh l c s l thuyt v phng
php, qua th hin nng lc ca gio vin.
Cc mc tiu v tiu ch nng lc c pht
trin c ni hm u l cc ng hng sau
bi l khng c mt ng hng duy nht ph
hp vi tt c ng dng trong mi trng cng
ngh hoc t c ng dng cng ngh no ch
dng mt ng hng.
2.2.1. ng hng hnh vi (behavioural
approach)
ng hng hnh vi l mt ng hng
chnh trong qu trnh dy hc. ng hng
ny cho rng vic ging dy ngn ng phi i
cng mt qu trnh ging nh vic hnh thnh
thi quen [1]. Hn na, n nhn mnh tm quan
trng ca vic lp i lp li v luyn tp nh l
mt qu trnh thit yu trong vic pht trin
ngn ng. Hay ni cch khc, thuyt hnh vi
gip cho ngi dy thoi mi v linh hot trong
vic la chn phng php ging dy. Tuy
nhin, ng hng ging dy theo thuyt hnh
vi d gy kh khn trong vic kch thch s
hng th ca ngi hc, cng nh trch nhim
ca h i vi qu trnh hc ngn ng. ng
hng dy hc theo thuyt hnh vi cho rng
vic ng dng CNTT trong ging dy ngn ng
phi m bo cung cp cho ngi hc ti liu
hc tp m qua h c th lnh hi c kin
thc. Chnh v vy, theo ng hng hnh vi
trong ging dy ngn ng, vic thit k cc
trang web hc trc tuyn hay phn mm ging
dy cn phi i theo cu trc c sp t
sn, l mt khi lng kin thc nht nh
hiu mt ch [2]. Theo Hubbard [3] mt
bi ging ng dng ca ng hng hnh vi
phi m bo nhng yu t sau:
1. Trnh by t vng v ngn ng thch hp
vi trnh ngi hc.
2. Gi c s tp trung ca ngi hc vo
bi tp.
3. Khng chp nhn nhng li sai l cu tr
li ng.
4. Yu cu ngi hc nhp cu tr li ng
trc khi tip tc.
5. Cung cp cho ngi hc phn hi tch
cc cho nhng cu tr li chnh xc.
6. Cung cp y bi tp ngi hc
n luyn.
38 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
7. Cung cp nhng cu trc cu v t vng
trong bi hc.
8. Cung cp nhng cu trc ng php
ngi hc c th t rt ra c cng thc.
iu c ngha l gio vin cn phi hiu
v c nng lc s dng CNTT kt hp vi nng
lc ngn ng v phng php s phm c
th pht huy c ti a vai tr ca ngi dy
khi ng dng CNTT trong dy hc ngoi ng.
2.2.2. ng hng tri nhn-kin to
(cognitive-constructivist approach)
Theo Tomei [4], nhng nh tm l hc tri
nhn tin rng gio vin s dy hiu qu hn nu
nh h xc nh c ngi hc sn c
nhng loi kin thc no v nm bt c mi
ngi hc lm th no x l thng tin (tr. 6).
Nhng gio vin theo ng hng tri nhn-
kin to s dng cc chin lc iu tit v tip
thu gip ngi hc chim lnh tri thc tch
cc hn, hng dn ngi hc hc, ghi nh,
suy ngh mt cch ph phn; khuyn khch
ngi hc bit vn dng hn l ch tp trung
vo thnh tch lm cho ngi hc hiu bi mt
cch th ng. Khi nim lc [4] l mt
nguyn tc quan trng trong ng hng tri
nhn-kin to. y l mt tin trnh t chc cc
khi nim v thng tin thnh mt cu trc tri
nhn h tr cho vic s dng ngn ng sau ny
v vic nh li kin thc. Hnh thc hc khm
ph, tip nhn, v x l thng tin (discovery
learning, reception learning, information-
processing model) l c trng ca vic p
dng cc nguyn tc tri nhn trong cc bi
ging da trn cng ngh dy hc. Cc phn
mm v cc trang web hc ngoi ng theo
thuyt tri nhn-kin to cho php ngi hc t
khm ph cc ch trong cuc sng; cc bi
hc to cho ngi hc kh nng t lm dn
t hc sinh c th xy dng kin thc mi,
tn trng nhu cu tri nhn ca ngi hc, nhu
cu gii m thng tin, lu tr thng tin v nh
li thng tin khi cn. Da vo php phn loi
trong lnh vc tri nhn ca Bloom th hu ht
cc phn mm dy v hc ngoi ng hin nay
phn bit cp bit (knowledge), cp
hiu (comprehension) v cp p dng
(application). V vy, kin thc v kh nng v
s dng CNTT ca gio vin s c phn loi
theo cc cp ny.
2.2.3. ng hng tri nhn (cognitive
approach)
ng hng tri nhn nhn mnh tm quan
trng ca ngi hc trong qu trnh lnh hi
kin thc. Ngi hc chu trch nhim i vi
vic hc v ngi dy ng mt vai tr khc
[5]. Theo ng hng ny, mc d ngi hc
c cung cp thng tin v t liu cho vic hc,
h phi chu trch nhim vi vic hc v tm
hiu nhng thng tin c cung cp. Lang [5]
miu t ng hng tri nhn nh l mt chui
lin kt trong mi bi tp biu hin mt
im lin kt trn chui lin kt m ngi
hc phi c trch nhim gn kt nhng im
li vi nhau v nu mt im lin kt yu, hay
ni cch khc l ngi hc cha hiu vn th
nhng g ngi hc cn lm l hc tp b
sung kin thc . Chnh v vy, vic gio vin
c nng lc ng dng ng hng tri nhn
vo vic s dng CNTT trong dy hc phi to
mt mi trng hc ging vi thc t cuc
sng. Hn na, hc sinh cn c hng dn
m rng kin thc khi s dng nhng g h
v ang hc. Tuy nhin, cng nn lu rng
ng hng tri nhn cn phi cung cp cho
ngi hc s tr gip tha ng nhm gip
ngi hc chuyn di c qua tn s pht trin
ca h [6].
2.2.4. ng hng vn ha - x hi
(sociocultural theory)
Theo Hoven [7], phng php dy hc theo
thuyt vn ha-x hi l m hnh thch hp nht
s dng CNTT h tr trong dy hc. L do l
ng hng ny ch trng n kh nng to
s hiu c m phn v iu nh gia nhng
ngi hc vi nhau, gia ngi hc v ngi
dy, gia ngi hc v cng ngh. L thuyt
vn ha-x hi cn nhn mnh n vic hc
din ra thng qua cc phng tin nh ngn
ng, k hiu, hnh nh, ch vit cng nh cc
thit b cng ngh. mt phn mm hay mt
chng trnh hc ngoi ng trc tuyn c th
bi dng cho ngi hc s pht trin kh nng
x l thng tin tt hn, phn mm phi to ra
mi trng hc a dng cc loi hnh bi tp
 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
rn luyn k nng. T , ngi hc s c thi
quen t phn nh qu trnh hc ca mnh v t
tm ra cc chin lc hc tp c nh hng
trong hot ng hc. Thuyt vn ha x hi cn
ch trng n cng ng thc hnh ting
(community of practice) [8].
Cc nghin cu cho thy rng khi hc ngoi
ng s tng tc gia ngi hc v tnh sng
to trong qu trnh hc tp cng c tm quan
trng c bit. Chnh nhng chin lc hc
tng tc vi ngn ng ch v s sng to
ngha giao tip gip ngi hc c th sng
trong nn vn ha ca ngn ng ch . Khi p
dng ng hng vn ha x hi thit k
bi dy, khi nim ngi hc sng to v hnh
thnh ngha giao tip ng rng ngi hc
phi bit nh gi, xem xt s la chn ca
mnh v kh nng t t chc hot ng hc.
Nh vy, vic ng dng CNTT phi cung cp
cho ngi hc nhng li nhn xt, nh gi ph
hp vi nng lc ca h cng nh l nhng
hng dn s dng cng ngh . ng
hng vn ha x hi c th hin trong mc
tiu 4 khung nng lc CNTT (xin xem Mc
2.3). Tc l kh nng s dng cng ngh
nng cao nng lc giao tip, kh nng hp tc
v tnh hiu qu trong ging dy ca gio vin
trong mt x hi hc tp vi CNTT.
Hnh 1. Vng trn pht trin t duy ca Vygotsky [9].
Trn y l nhng ng hng ng dng
CNTT trong vic dy v hc ngoi ng m
gio vin phi nm vng c th vn dng
tt trong mi trng dy v hc bng CNTT.
39
Nng lc ca gio vin c bn s c nh
gi da theo vic p dng nhng ng
hng ny trong qu trnh dy hc mi
trng cng ngh.
2.3. Phn loi nng lc cng ngh thng tin
Tomei [4] a ra mt bng phn loi
nng lc cng ngh bao gm cc bc cp
pht trin t n gin n phc tp, t bc u
tin n bc cui cng, t khi qut n chi tit.
Su cp lin kt kh cht ch v kh nng
c hiu, hp tc, quyt nh, hng dn, tch
hp v xem xt ch ra mt cch nhn mi v
vic hc trong mi trng cng ngh.
Mi mc tiu l mt nng lc khc nhau.
Trong mi mc tiu c cc tiu chun th hin
cc kha cnh nng lc CNTT. Chng ti chia
cc tiu chun thnh hai tiu ch th hin nh
phn tch trn: tiu ch th hin cp c
bn v tiu ch th hin cp chuyn
nghip. Mc ch ca chng ta l bi dng
nng lc CNTT cho gio vin gio vin t
c nng lc c bn hoc cao hn l cp
chuyn nghip i vi nhng gio vin c am
m v cng ngh (Bng 2).
3. Thc tin Vit Nam
3.1. Nhu cu ca x hi
Cuc cch mng khoa hc cng ngh ang
pht trin mnh m em li vic ging dy
ngoi ng Vit Nam nhng thch thc mi,
i hi nhng n lc ht mnh theo kp thi
i v c th cng tham gia vo qu trnh
kinh t tri thc [10]. Khi nim bit c
cng c nh ngha li bao gm bit
c cng ngh [11]. iu to ra mt nhu
cu rt ln ca x hi i vi ngnh gio dc m
trong gio vin, c bit gio vin ting Anh l
i tng cn phi bit c cng ngh c th
p ng c nhu cu ca x hi CNTT trong
vic truyn ti kin thc n ngi hc.
B Gio dc v o to (GD&T) ban
hnh ch th v tng cng ging dy, o to
v ng dng CNTT trong ngnh Gio dc giai
on 2013-2018. Thc hin v qun l cc h
40 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47

thng thng tin qun l gio dc trc tuyn v i, thit thc v trn nn m ngun m; trin
c s d liu ca ngnh [12]. Ngoi ra, B cn khai chng trnh tin hc ng dng theo m
tng cng ng dng CNTT vo dy v hc cc un kin thc. Nh vy, yu cu gio vin,
mn hc khc; i mi ni dung dy v hc sinh vin v hc sinh phi t chun kin
mn tin hc cc cp, bc hc theo hng hin thc v CNTT.
Bng 1. Bng m t cc cp nng lc CNTT

Phn loi M t cc cp
c hiu: Hiu cng ngh v Hiu cc thut ng cng ngh trong giao tip bng li v ngn t vit
cc thnh phn cng ngh Minh ha thao tc s dng (chut v bn phm)
S dng cc ng dng phn mm vi tnh c bn
Thao tc c cc thit b u ra v u vo
Hp tc: Chia s tng, Tn dng c cc cng c giao tip bng ngn t vit ca c nhn v
lm vic hp tc, hnh thnh hp tc lin c nhn
mi quan h bng cch s Chia s thng tin in t vi ngi hc
dng cng ngh Giao tip lin c nhn bng th in t
Quyt nh: S dng cng p dng c cc cng c in t trong gii quyt vn
ngh trong nhng tnh hung Thit k c nhng gii php hiu qu gii quyt cc vn
mi c th thc t
Pht trin nhng chin lc v tng mi bng cch s dng cc
phn mm vn dng tr tu
Chun b c cc bng tnh in t
To ra c lch lm vic, s tay a ch v lch hc
Phn bit: Chn cc gio nh gi cc phn mm in t v xc nh tnh hiu qu ca phn
trnh ging dy c s dng mm i vi tng kiu hc ca ngi hc, sinh vin
cng ngh, thch hp vi Phn bit cc ngun a truyn thng, a phng tin thch hp vi s
tng ngi hc pht trin ca ngi hc, tui, gii tnh, vn ha
nh gi c im mnh ca nhng mi trng Internet khc nhau
lm cng c hc tp ca ngi hc, sinh vin
S dng c cc phng tin in t xy dng nghin cu mi v
nghin cu ni dung bi hc
Tch hp: To ra cc ti liu Thit k, xy dng v b sung nhng ti liu ging dy do gio vin
ging dy s dng nhiu loi lm trn Internet cho cc ni dung mn hc
ngun ti liu lin quan n Thit k, xy dng v b sung nhng ti liu ging dy dng vn bn
cng ngh do gio vin lm cho cc ni dung mn hc
Thit k, xy dng v b sung nhng bi trnh by c minh ha cho
cc ni dung mn hc
Cn nhc vic s dng cng ngh tip cn nhng im mnh v hn
ch nhng im yu vn c trong a tr thng minh (multiple
intelligences)
Tp trung vo vic hc ca ngi hc, sinh vin bng cch s dng
nhng ti liu ging dy tch hp
ng dng cng ngh: Nghin Bo v bn quyn v lut s dng cng ngh
cu v cng ngh v gi tr Tranh lun cc vn xoay quanh tnh hp php v o c khi s
ca n i vi x hi dng cng ngh
Cn nhc nhng hu qu ca vic s dng cng ngh khng thch hp
 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
- Tiu ch th hin c bn Mc tiu 1
- Tiu ch th hin cp
chuyn nghip Mc tiu 2
Mc tiu 3
Mc tiu 4
ds
i vi gio vin ting Anh, nng cao
nng lc chuyn mn v trin khai c hiu qu
n Dy v hc ngoi ng trong h thng
gio dc quc dn giai on 2008-2020 (Quyt
nh s 1400/Q-TTg ngy 30 thng 9 nm
2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph) cc c s o
to c n giao nhim v nh l nhng
Trung tm Ngoi ng khu vc t chc cc
t bi dng nng cao trnh cho gio vin
Ting Anh cc cp ca cc S GD&T trn
ton quc. t bi dng hng ti nng cao
mt bc nng lc ting Anh, cp nht phng
php ging dy v s dng sch gio khoa mi
hiu qu cho gio vin Ting Anh cc cp t
cc S GD&T c trnh tng ng bc
3 bc 5. Thi lng t bi dng gm 450
tit trong nng lc ngn ng 400 tit (300
tit hc trn lp + 100 tit hc hc vi my tnh
c hng dn s dng CNTT); phng php
ging dy 50 tit. Ngi hc hc tp trung ti
c s bi dng v t hc ti a phng, s
dng cng ngh h tr, c hng dn v gim
st ca gio vin (theo Hng dn t chc bi
dng gio vin ting Anh THCS v THPT
nm 2013).
T nhu cu cp thit trn gio vin cn
c o to v bi dng kin thc CNTT
hng ti t chun nng lc CNTT c th
i mi phng thc ging dy p ng c
cc nhim v ging dy trong nn gio dc k
thut s hin nay. B GD&T ch o ng
dng CNTT trong hc tp v ging dy theo
hng ngi hc c th hc qua nhiu ngun
hc liu; hng dn cho ngi hc bit t khai
thc v ng dng CNTT vo qu trnh hc tp
ca bn thn, thay v ch tp trung vo vic ch
o gio vin ng dng CNTT trong ging dy,
41
Bng 2. Tiu ch v mc tiu
C kin thc v k nng s dng CNTT cn bn ph hp
vi mc tiu ngh nghip
Tch hp kin thc v k nng s phm vi cng ngh nhm
nng cao hiu qu vic dy v hc
ng dng cng ngh lu tr, phn hi v nh gi kt
qu hc tp
S dng cng ngh nng cao nng lc giao tip, kh
nng hp tc v tnh hiu qu trong ging dy
trong tit ging, khuyn khch gio vin ch
ng t son gio n, bi ging v ti liu ging
dy ng dng CNTT trong cc mn hc.
3.2. Tnh thit yu
Hin nay CNTT gn nh tr thnh phng
tin v mi trng hc tp, ging dy khng th
tch ri vi qu trnh gio dc. Chnh v vy,
nng lc CNTT ca gio vin l mt yu cu
khng th thiu trong qu trnh dy hc. Nu
khng c nng lc ng dng CNTT gio vin
kh c th thc hin c cc nhim v trng
tm ca ngi ng lp [13]. T cc nhim v
trng tm, cc mc tiu c pht trin v cc
tiu chun trong mi mc tiu c trin khai.
Mi nhim v c th i hi hn mt mc tiu
nng lc c th thc hin v hon thnh. Khi
phn tch c s thc tin ny, cc mc tiu
trng tm trong mi nhim v:
Trin khai mng gio dc. (Mc tiu 4)
Tng cng pht trin ni dung thng tin
s cho website ca B cng nh ca s v cc
trng s phm. Tip tc trin khai cng thng
tin gio dc ph thng, cng thng tin s phm
v thit b dy hc. (Mc tiu 1)
Trin khai chng trnh cng ngh gio
dc: xy dng h thng cc cng c to lp v
qun l bi ging in t, h thng e-Learning,
quy trnh son bi ging, cc phn mm h tr
dy hc, phn mm th nghim o; xy dng
cc ngun ti nguyn gio dc v hc liu in
t chia s dng chung qua website ca B,
th vin thi, th vin sch gio khoa in t;
t chc ch "CNTT i mi phng php
dy v hc" trn website, t chc gio vin
tham gia din n gio dc giao lu v trao
42 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
i kinh nghim, h tr tho g nhng kh
khn ca gio vin, khuyn khch gio vin
son gio n trn my tnh v chia s, tham
kho gio n qua mng. Tham gia chng trnh
cng ngh gio dc ca UNESCO. (Mc tiu 1,
Mc tiu 2)
ng thi pht ng cc phong tro thi
ua son bi ging in t i mi cch dy
v hc, lm phong ph ngun hc liu in t,
chia s dng chung. (Mc tiu 2)
Tng cng vic t chc hp, hi ngh v
ging dy qua mng tit kim thi gian, cng
sc, chi ph i li, n . (Mc tiu 3, Mc tiu 4)
Xy dng chng trnh, ti liu bi
dng kin thc v k nng v CNTT cho cn
b qun l v gio vin trong qun l gio dc
v trong ging dy. Quy nh ni dung ti thiu
v CNTT thi tuyn gio vin. Khuyn khch
s dng ti liu ting Anh trong ging dy
CNTT. (Mc tiu 2, Mc tiu 4)
3.3. Thc trng ng dng cng ngh thng tin
trong ging dy
Trong mt cuc kho st ln gn y ca
nhm nghin cu mt trng i hc chuyn
ng ln ti min Trung v nh gi tc ng
ca n Ngoi ng Quc gia 2020 giai on
2011-2015 cho hn 1500 gio vin ting Anh
14 tnh thnh ph min Trung v Ty
Nguyn. i tng trc tip tham gia nghin
cu l gio vin ph thng, ging vin i hc
v cn b qun l cc trng ph thng c 3
cp hc v cc trng i hc tham gia
chng trnh bi dng trin khai bi A
NNQG 2020 trn a bn cc tnh Min Trung
v Ty Nguyn giai on t nm 2012 n
2015, c th: Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha
Thin Hu, Nng, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi,
Ph Yn, Bnh nh, Khnh Ho, Lm ng,
Gia Lai, k Lk, KonTum, v k Nng.
n nh gi nhiu mt: cng tc bi
dng (nng lc ngn ng v phng php
ging dy, kho th, kim tra nh gi, nghin
cu hnh ng v c bit l mt hp phn ln
l ng dng CNTT trong dy-hc ngoi ng
[14]. Ni dung lin quan n nh gi tc ng
ca cc hot ng ng dng CNTT c th tm
tt nh sau.
Qua phn tch s liu c th nhn nh rng,
i b phn gio vin c thi v nhn thc
tch cc vi vic ng dng CNTT trong ging
dy. 75% gio vin v ging vin c kho st
cho rng h cm thy thch th khi ng dng
Cng ngh Thng tin trong dy hc. Tuy nhin,
nhn thc v tm l khng phi quyt nh thc
t m h ang th hin. a s gio vin cho
rng Internet l ngun i din cho vic ng
dng CNTT. H cn m h v vic s dng ci
g, cng ngh g hu ch cho ging dy. Vic
a ng dng CNTT vo ging dy trong cc
trng ph thng c pht ng v thc
hin t nhng nm 1990, nhiu chng trnh,
d n c trin khai nhm y mnh ng
dng CNTT trong dy hc. Tuy nhin, thc tin
p dng cn cha trit , nhiu a phng, c
nhn cn cha hiu r hoc xem nh vic pht
trin ng dng CNTT trong dy v hc. Vic
ng dng a phn cn dng li th im, thao
ging, cha nhn rng i tr tr thnh mt
trong nhng cng c thit yu m mi gio vin
cn phi s dng nh vin phn i vi ngi
gio vin trc y, nh ci cy vi ngi nng
dn xa kia. Gio vin khng ch cn bit
nhng li ch, hiu qu mang li trong vic s
dng CNTT trong dy v hc, m cn cn phi
bit c nhng hn ch v kh khn x l, s
dng mt cch hiu qu nht.
Cc c s gio dc i hc v sau i hc
tn dng mng Internet v Web cung cp
cc kha hc trc tuyn v gip truy cp h
thng thng tin gio dc, l nhng ngun c s
d liu phc v cho vic hc trc tuyn [15].
Thm na, ngnh gio dc c nhng chuyn
bin trong vic thnh lp nn cc trng i hc
mi tp trung vo gio dc trc tuyn. Hnh
thc o to ny s dng h thng thng tin
gio dc v mng Internet nh nhng cng c
c bn phc v cho qu trnh o to. R rng,
ngy cng nhiu c s gio dc cung cp cc
kha hc trc tuyn v ngi hc c th d
dng tip cn c vi kha hc thng qua
mng Internet v nhng hnh thc cng ngh k
thut s khc. Dy hc trc tuyn cng lan ta
 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
n nhng cp bc hc thp hn. Cc trng
trung hc ph thng, trung hc c s v c
nhng trng tiu hc cng bt u tn dng
cng ngh vo ging dy cc mn hc ni
chung v b mn ting Anh ni ring. Mt s
gio vin cng bt u dng nhng cng
ngh mi trong giao tip lin lc c hiu qu
vi ng nghip, bn b.
nng cao hiu qu giao tip vi ng
nghip v cc nh qun l gio dc, gio vin
cn phi tham gia vo cc cng ng mng,
trang mng x hi. Qua , gio vin c th
chia s nhng kinh nghim ging dy ca mnh,
bi ging hay v tm c, gi nhng xut,
kin ngh gp phn nng cao cht lng dy
hc. Mt khc, gio vin cng hc hi c
nhng phng php ging dy mi m, hiu
qu ca cc gio vin khc hoc ca cc chuyn
gia v phng php ging dy ting Anh thng
qua cc bi vit chia s phng php ging dy
tch cc trn rt nhiu trang web hoc din n.
Ngoi ra, gio vin cng tip cn c cc bi
ging in t trn mng, vn dng nhng
tng ging dy sng to vo bi ging ca
ring mnh nhm to ra nhng bi ging hay v
thu ht hc sinh. Thm vo , khi tham gia
vo cng ng trc tuyn, gio vin cng c c
hi m rng tri thc hiu bit v c chuyn
mn, cng nh cc mt khc ca i sng x
hi. C l khng phi lc no gio vin cng
hiu r chuyn mn mnh ang ging dy. i
khi h gp kh khn trong vic hiu cc cm t
mi, hoc bt gp cc cu trc cu l. Trong
nhng trng hp nh th c l s tr gip ca
ng nghip hoc cc thnh vin trong cc cng
ng mng l ht sc cn thit. R rng, gio
vin cn phi thng xuyn giao tip, hp tc
c hiu qu vi ng nghip cng nh cc nh
qun l thng qua cc trang mng, din n
nhm tn dng ti a nhng li ch do cc trang
mng ny mang li.
Hn ai ht, gio vin chnh l ngi hiu r
nht v hiu qu ca vic ng dng cng ngh
trong ging dy. Tri qua thi gian s dng cc
phn mm, chng trnh hay trang web no y
ging dy cc k nng ngn ng v cc thnh
t ngn ng: t vng, ng php, hay pht m,
43
gio vin c th nh gi c nhng u,
khuyt im ca tng chng trnh v tnh hiu
qu ca n trong vic gp phn vo pht trin
k nng ngn ng ca hc sinh, cng nh n
h tr gio vin nh th no trong vic son
ging, qun l hc sinh, theo di, nh gi kt
qu hc tp ca hc sinh. Nh , h c th
tham mu, t vn cho nh qun l gio dc v
vic liu c nn s dng rng ri nhng chng
trnh y nh cc cng c h tr cho vic dy v
hc hay khng. tr thnh nhng nh t vn
gii, gio vin cn phi mnh dn tch hp
nhiu cng ngh mi vo qu trnh ging dy
c th a ra nhng so snh chnh xc v
tnh hiu qu ca tng loi cng ngh da trn
cc tiu ch nh gi cng ngh.
Hnh 2. M hnh cng ng ging dy [16].
Gio vin cn phi thng xuyn tm hiu,
nghin cu v vic ng dng cng ngh mi
vo ging dy nhm pht trin k nng ngn
ng cho hc sinh. pht trin chuyn mn,
nghip v gio vin c th bi dng theo
nhiu cch. L Gia Thanh [17] xut mt
s cch bi dng chuyn mn, nghip v nh
sau: tham gia hi ging, t chc hc tp hi
tho theo chuyn , t chc cho gio vin
nghin cu v ng dng khoa hc, t chc cc
lp bi dng CNTT, my tnh cho gio vin,
c bit hnh thc t o to, rn luyn cn phi
c pht huy ti a. Gio vin cn phi
44 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
thng xuyn tham gia vo cc chng trnh
pht trin chuyn mn, nghip v thng qua
vic tham gia hi tho, vit bo, hoc tham gia
cc cng ng ngh nghip. Ngoi ra, gio vin
cng cn phi bit cch vn dng cc kt qu
nghin cu c cng b p dng vo
ging dy. Khi ng dng nhng kt qu ,
gio vin cn phi c kh nng phn tch, nh
gi liu vic ng dng, trin khai nhng kt qu
nghin cu y c ph hp vi tnh hnh, iu
kin, hon cnh ca gio dc Vit Nam hay
khng. Gio vin cn vn dng sng to cc kt
qu nghin cu, khng my mc ch quan.
Gio vin phi lun tm nhiu ngun cng ngh
mi ng dng vo vic ging dy cc k
nng cng nh cc thnh t ngn ng. Nh
gio vin c th nh gi c cng ngh no
hiu qu t vn cho cc nh qun l gio dc
nhm nhn rng n ra trong ton t, ton
trng, thm ch ton ngnh gio dc. Gio
vin cng cn c kh nng nhn thc c
nhiu ngun cng ngh v nhng quan im
khc nhau v vic ng dng cng ngh. T ,
xc nh quan im ring ca bn thn v vic
tch hp cng ngh mi trong ging dy.
Mt im c bit quan trng trong vic t
bi dng chuyn mn, nghip v l gio vin
cn phi lm nghin cu khoa hc v chia s
nhng kt qu nghin cu cho cng ng. Cc
nghin cu nn da trn nhng thc trng ca
vic ng dng cng ngh trong dy hc t
a ra nhng gii php nhm nng cao hiu
qu ca qu trnh ng dng. Mc d, nghin
cu khoa hc ng vai tr v cng quan trng
trong cng tc pht trin chuyn mn nghip v
nhng theo thng k cho thy s lng bi
nghin cu v gio dc ca Vit Nam cn qu
thp so vi cc nc trong khu vc (VNN,
2012). C th nm 2012, Tnh theo s lng,
Vit Nam ng hng 14 trong 21 nc khu vc
ng (Malaysia hng 8, Thi Lan hng 9,
Philippines hng 11). Con s bi nghin cu v
gio dc ca Vit Nam ch bng 1/37 so vi i
Loan (hng 1) v 1/30 so vi Hong Kong (hng
2). Tm li, gio vin phi khng ngng c
ti liu, cc bi bo lin quan n cng ngh
trong dy hc, lm nghin cu, bo co kt qu
nghin cu ca mnh ti cc hi tho, hi ngh
v chia s kt qu cho cng ng.
Ngoi vic ng dng cng ngh nhm nng
cao giao tip v hp tc, gio vin cng cn tch
hp n trong vic son ging, chm im v lu
tr kt qu hc tp hc sinh. Gio vin lun cn
nhiu ngun ti liu h tr phc v ging dy,
do Internet s l mt kho ti liu qu bo i
vi h. Nguyn Vn Long [15] cho rng
Internet c ngun thng tin ti liu gn nh v
hn v khi tip cn vi ngun thng tin ny
gio vin s tr nn sng to hn v gip h
lun cp nht thng tin. i vi nhng gio
vin mong mun to ra mi trng hc tp
nng ng v th v, th h cng c nhu cu tm
kim nhng ngun ti liu b sung hay v ph
hp v chnh Internet s gp phn quan trng
vo vic h tr gio vin tm kim c nhng
ngun ti liu nh th. H c th tm nhiu
ngun h tr thng qua cc trang mng chuyn
v ging dy ting Anh. Gio vin c th ti v
s nhng tranh nh, video t cc trang bo in
t dng trong lp hc [18]. Gio vin cng
c th tip cn c vi bi bo, tp ch, bo
co, bi nghin cu v c sch trn mng. Tuy
nhin ngun sch, bo trn mng rt nhiu nn
nhng ngi dng thiu kinh nghim c th s
b qu ti vi s lng cc bi vit. Do ,
nhng cng c tm kim nh: Search Engines,
Directories, Libraries v Online Encyclopedias
s gip h tm c ni dung h cn [19].
Tm quan trng ca vic kim tra nh gi
lp hc v kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh nhn
c rt nhiu quan tm t nhng trung tm
kho th, chuyn gia, ging vin, gio vin
Vic kim tra, nh gi cng c nhiu thay i
k t khi cng ngh c ng dng rng ri
trong vic chm im, nhn xt, bo co v lu
tr kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh. Trong
ngoi vic da trn cc im s nh gi kt
qu hc tp ca hc sinh [20] ch ra rng
gio vin cn phi a ra nhng nhn xt v
im mnh v yu ca hc sinh v cng gii
thch cho h v ngha, ng v c nhng hn
ch ca h thng tnh im ang s dng.
Nghin cu cho thy rng nhng loi nhn xt
khc nhau s c nhng nh hng khc nhau
 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
n ng lc v vic hc ca hc sinh [6] cng
nh thi gian ngi hc nhn bng nhn xt
ca gio vin [21]. Theo nhng nguyn tc
nh gi cng bng kt qu hc tp ca hc
sinh ti cc c s gio dc Canada [22], gio
vin nn cung cp nhn xt cho hc sinh da
trn nhng tr li ca hc sinh v phi trnh by
nhn xt theo cch m hc sinh c th hiu v
s dng. Vic a ra nhn xt, gio vin c th
s dng nhiu cch khc nhau: chng hn gio
vin c th gi nhn xt qua email, facebook,
blog, din n gio vin to ra, Gio vin
cng cn dng cc cng ngh khc nhau h tr
vic nh gi qu trnh hc tp ca hc sinh v
nh gi tng kt ton kha hc. Thng qua cc
phng tin hin i, gio vin s tit kim thi
gian v c th gi kt qu nhn xt n hc sinh
nhanh chng v hiu qu.
4. Kt lun
Tm li, qu trnh ng dng CNTT vo
gio dc ni chung v ging dy ngoi ng ni
ring trn th gii c chia l ba giai on, c
th: giao on gii thiu cng ngh vo lp hc
(Introduction); giai on tch hp cng ngh
vo lp hc (Integration); v giai on v hnh
ha cng ngh trong lp hc (Invisibilisation).
So vi cc quc gia tin tin, vic ng dng
CNTT vo dy v hc ngoi ng Vit Nam
c nh gi ang ngng cui ca giai
on mt (Introduction). Khi bn v tm quan
trng ca vic ng dng CNTT trong gio dc
v ging dy Spencer [23] nhn mnh rng
s khng c kha cnh no ca gio dc m
khng ng dng CNTT (tr. 115). Theo ng,
y l mt kha cnh cn c s quan tm
ng mc nhm t c hiu qu cao trong
dy v hc. Tuy nhin, cng d dng nhn thy
rng vic ng dng CNTT bn cnh nhng mt
tch cc cng tn ti rt nhiu vn i hi s
hiu bit ca ngi dy nhm hn ch nhng
tc ng tiu cc i vi qu trnh ging dy v
hc tp. Chnh v vy, ng dng CNTT hiu
qu trong vic ging dy i hi ngi dy phi
c kin thc v cc thit b k thut s v cc
ng hng ng dng CNTT.
45
Cuc cch mng khoa hc cng ngh ang
pht trin mnh m em li vic ging dy
ngoi ng Vit Nam nhng thch thc mi,
i hi nhng n lc ht mnh theo kp thi
i v c th cng tham gia vo qu trnh
CNTT v kinh t tri thc [10]. Khi nim
bit c cng c nh ngha li bao
gm bit c cng ngh [11, 24]. iu
to ra mt nhu cu rt ln ca x hi i vi
ngnh gio dc m trong gio vin, c bit
gio vin ting Anh l i tng cn phi bit
c cng ngh c th p ng c nhu cu
ca x hi CNTT trong vic truyn ti kin thc
n ngi hc.
i vi nh hoch nh chnh sch: nn p
dng chnh sch v nng lc CNTT nh gi
nng lc CNTT ca gio vin ting Anh trong
phm vi ton quc; da vo cp chng ch
nng lc s dng CNTT cho gio vin, coi y
l mt phn ca chun ngh nghip ca gio
vin ting Anh trong th k 21; gn kt nng lc
CNTT vi ni dung o to v bi dng
phng php dy-hc ting Anh; xy dng ch
khen thng tho ng tng xng vi nng
lc CNTT ca gio vin. i vi gio vin
ting Anh: nng cao nhn thc v li ch ca
vic ng dng CNTT vo dy-hc ngoi ng;
thc c trnh ng dng CNTT ca bn
thn; c k hoch bi dng hoc tham gia cc
kho tp hun v ng dng CNTT vo dy-hc
ngoi ng. i vi chuyn gia CNTT: xy dng
cc m-un o to k nng CNTT, c bit l
cc cch ng dng c th vo vic dy-hc k
nng thc hnh ting Anh. Tt c nhng kin
ngh trn u ph hp vi ch th ca B
GD&T v tng cng ging dy, o to v
ng dng CNTT trong ngnh Gio dc giai
on 2013-2018. Thc hin v qun l cc h
thng thng tin qun l gio dc trc tuyn v
c s d liu ca ngnh [12]. Ngoi ra, B cn
tng cng ng dng CNTT vo dy v hc cc
mn hc khc; i mi ni dung dy v hc
mn tin hc cc cp, bc hc theo hng hin
i, thit thc v trn nn m ngun m; trin
khai chng trnh tin hc ng dng theo m
un kin thc. Nh vy, yu cu gio vin,
sinh vin v hc sinh phi t chun kin
thc v CNTT.
46 N.V. Long / Tp ch Khoa hc HQGHN: Nghin cu Gio dc, Tp 32, S 2 (2016) 36-47
Mc du c nhng tn ti cn c cn
nhc, s pht trin ca CNTT v ang mang
li mt cuc cch mng trong o to ngoi
ng. Cng c ging dy hin i ny ang tr
nn ngy cng ng tin cy v d s dng hn.
Internet cha trong n mt lng thng tin
khng l cha tng thy trong lch s loi
ngi. Tuy nhin, do bn cht c th ca ch
th, ti nguyn v cng ngh hin i ny cn [8]
s h tr ca chuyn gia nhm ti u ha tnh
u vit ca CNTT trong o to ngoi ng.
Gio vin ting Anh cn lu rng, ging nh
bt c ti nguyn v cng c h tr ging dy
no khc, CNTT ni chung v ti nguyn s ni
ring, ngi thy lun l nhn t quan trng
nht cho s thnh cng hay tht bi ca qu
trnh dy-hc [25]. World Wide Web (WWW)
s tr nn v ch nu khng c s chun b v
t chc lp hc k cng. V th, gio n son k,
qun l lp hc tt chc chn lun l yu cu
trc nht trong vic khai thc cc tnh nng [11]
gio dc ca CNTT trong o to ngoi ng.
Cui cng, iu tht s cn ti u ha tin [12]
trnh hc tp l thay i t duy ca gio vin
t suy ngh cng ngh c th h tr g cho
ngi hc n t duy ngi hc c th khai
thc c g t cng ngh Internet [26].
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Lightbown, P.M. and N. Spada, How
languages are learned. 3rd ed. 2006, New
York: Oxford University Press.
[2] Porter, L.R., Developing an online
curriculum: technologies and techniques.
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[3] Hubbard, P., Educating the CALL specialist.
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[5] Lang, P., ICT-Integrating computers in
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[6] Butler-Pascoe, M.E., The History of CALL:
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Chng trnh hnh ng, Chin lc pht
trin gio dc Vit Nam 2011-2020, Kt lun
s 51-KL/TW ngy 29/10/2012 ca Hi ngh
ln th 6 Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng
kha XI v Ch th s 02/CT-TTg ngy
22/01/2013 ca Th tng Chnh ph v i
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IT Application In Foreign Language Education: From

International Experience to Real State of Affairs in Vietnam
Nguyen Van Long
University of Foreign Languages Studies - The University of Da Nang, Da Nang, Vietnam

Abstract: The article focuses on discussing the situation of the application of Information
Technology (IT) in the process of teaching and learning foreign languages in general and English in
particular from theory to practice; from internatonal models to the real state of affairs in Vietnam. In
the section on the international experience, on the basis of digital education, the article analyzes the
current popular approaches applied in the world over as the theoretical models for bringing IT into the
classroom and into the training process, followed by an analysis of the IT capacity that teachers should
be able to achieve. In the section on the practical research in Vietnam, the paper makes an in-depth
analysis of the practical needs and the necessity of the application of IT in the context of Vietnam,
together with the present application. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in the
concluding section.
Keywords: Education, IT, experience, real state of affairs, application, foreign languages.