“Water hammer In fluid flow, water hammer can cause rupture and serious damage to the entire piping system unless essential precautions are taken; in the case of condenser circulating water systems it can cause rupture and serious damage to the tube sheets and water boxes, It is the result of a rapid increase in pressure which occurs in a closed piping system when the liquid velocity is suddenly changed by sudden starting, stopping or change in speed of a pump; or sudden opening or closing of a valve which may change the liquid velocity in the system, This increase, or dynamic change in pressure, is the result of the kinetic energy of the moving mass of liquid being transformed into pressure energy, resulting in an excessive pressure rise which can cause damage on either the suction or discharge side of the pump. ‘Water hammer may be controlled by regulating valve closure time, surge chambers, relief valves or other means. Water hammer calculations are quite involved, and it is recom- mended that specialized engineering services be employed in cases where it may be a problem. For information on this subject the following further references are suggested: