Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

S NHIM As, Cd TRONG TRM TCH,

T V NC TI VNG VEN BIN TNH C MAU
Nguyn Vn Tho1 v Bi Th Nga2

ABSTRACT

Sediment and water samples were taken at the canal, river, estuary, and swamp; soil and
water samples were collected at mangrove forests in the dry and wet seasons. The results
showed that As concentration increased gradually from rivers to estuary with high value
at Ganh Hao estuary. Concentrations of As from water at surveyed area were over
Vietnamese water standard for aquaculture. The presence of Cd was high in samples
collected near Ca Mau city, but low in seaward estuaries, Cd was present without
pollution. There was signicant differences in the concentration of As except cadmium
between the dry and wet seasons. The results revealed that the polluted level of As, Cd
have to be studied for their origin, mobility in soil and water environments and their
accumulation in the aquatic organisms.
Keywords: Heavy metals, canal, river, estuary, sediment, coastal line
Title: Pollutions of As, Cd in sediment, soil and water in coastal areas, Camau
province

TM TT

Mu trm tch v mu nc c thu ti rch, sng, ca sng v bi bi; mu t v mu

nc c thu ti rng ngp mn vo ma ma v ma nng. Kt qu cho thy As trong
trm tch tng dn t sng rch trong ni n ca sng, t gi tr cao nht ti ca
Gnh Ho. Nng ca As trong nc ti vng kho st cao vt tiu chun nc cho
nui thy sn. Cd hin din cao trong sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau nhng
hm lng thp pha bin. Yu t ma c nh hng n hm lng As, ngoi tr Cd.
Kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy mc nhim ca As, Cd cn c quan tm
nghin cu v ngun gc, tnh di ng trong mi trng t nc v s tch t kim loi
ny trong cc loi thu sinh vt.
T kha: kim loi nng, knh, sng, ca sng, trm tch, ven bin

1 GII THIU
nhim kim loi nng ch yu do hot ng ca con ngi trong nng nghip,
cng nghip v sinh hot. Phn ln cc ngun ny u thi trc tip hay gin tip
ra ngoi mi trng m khng c x l theo qui nh. T cho thy kh nng
xm nhim vo mi trng t nhin l rt ln, c bit cc vng ca sng, ven
bin l ni tch t cc cht nhim c ngun gc t ni a v trong mi trng
thy sinh, trm tch rng ngp mn rt giu sulphide v vt cht hu c (Nga,
2004; Nga et al., 2005). y chnh l ni lng ng v lu gi cc cht nhim c
ngun gc t t lin, nht l kim loi nng (Zheng et al., 1997, Tam and Wong,
2000 trch trong Defew et al., 2005). Cc kim loi nng u c tnh c cao i

1
i hc Bc Liu
2
Khoa Mi trng v Ti nguyn thin nhin

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

vi con ngi, ng vt lng th, b st, chim v tm c. Nghin cu s xm

nhim kim loi nng vng ca sng ven bin c tin hnh mt s quc
gia trn th gii nh: Nht, Trung Quc, HongKong, Malaysia, Singapore, c,
Anh, Canada. Vit Nam c mt s nghin cu kim loi nng vng t phn
v vng th (Nguyn M Hoa & Huynh Tri Cuong, 2006; Phuong et al., 1998).
Do vy xc nh hm lng kim loi nng trong trm tch, t v nc cc sng
rch ti thnh ph C Mau v vng ven bin tnh C mau nhm nh gi mc
nhim cc kim loi ny theo khng gian v thi gian thu mu; tng quan ca
As, Cd c kho st vi pH, EC, cht hu c chnh l mc tiu nghin cu
ca ti.

2 NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 Ni dung nghin cu
- Xc nh hm lng As, Cd hin din trong trm tch, trong nc ti sng rch
v ca sng TP. C Mau; v hin din trong t v trong nc ti vng ven
bin huyn Ngc Hin tnh C mau.
- nh gi s khc bit v hm lng kim loi nng theo khng gian v thi gian
thu mu.
- Kho st mi tng quan gia As, Cd vi cc yu t pH, EC v cht hu c.
2.2 Phng php nghin cu
2.2.1 Phng tin nghin cu
- Dng c thu mu v phn tch mu: Thng tr lnh, cy khoan t, ti nha
ng mu, my o pH, EC, my lc, my ly tm, beaker, phiu, giy lc, bnh
tam gic 250 ml, ng chun 25 ml, buret chun , cn, my hp thu nguyn
t u t graphite v cc ha cht cn thit cho qu trnh phn tch.
- Cc ch tiu phn tch c thc hin ti phng th nghim B Mn Mi
Trng & QLTNTN, phng th nghim Ho L B Mn Khoa Hc t &
QL (Khoa Nng Nghip& SHD) v Phng Th Nghim Chuyn Su
thuc Trng i Hc Cn Th.
2.2.2 Thi gian v a im thu mu
ti tin hnh thu mu vo thng 8 nm 2006 (ma ma) v thng 3 nm 2007
(ma nng). Mu trm tch v mu nc c thu ti cc sng rch trong ni
thnh ph nh knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho v ca sng Gnh Ho,
By Hp. Mu t v mu nc c thu ti bi bi khng c rng, rng mm v
rng c ti huyn Ngc Hin, tnh C Mau (Hnh 1). Mi im thu 3 mu t v
trm tch theo hnh zt-zt. Ring mu c thu huyn Ngc Hin c thu theo
lt ct t bin tin vo ni ng. Cc h thng knh nghin cu mu t c thu
ti cc knh chnh trong ni tip ni cc knh ra sng v ca Gnh Ho.

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

2.2.3 Phng php thu v bo qun mu

(a) Phng php thu v bo qun mu t
- Mu t c thu tng mt theo lt ct t bi bi khng c rng n khu rng
mm v rng c. Ti mi v tr thu 3 mu, mi mu t c thu t nht 10
v tr xung quanh vi bn knh 10 mt, sau trn li thnh 1 mu i din.
- Mu trm tch c thu ti ca By Hp, Gnh Ho v ti knh Phng Hip,
Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho thuc ni thnh ph C Mau.
- Mu t v mu trm tch c cha trong cc ti nha polyethylen v c
bo qun nhit 40C trong thng tr lnh. Mu c em v phng th
nghim, phi nhit phng n khi kh, c nghin v cho qua ry c mt
li 0.5 mm.
(b) Phng php thu v bo qun mu nc
Cc chai ly mu nc sng c ra v c dn nhn ghi y cc chi tit v
a im, ngy gi thu mu. Dng tay cm chai ly mu nhng vo dng nc,
cch b mt nc 30- 50 cm, ming chai ly mu hng v pha dng nc ti
(trc khi ly mu sc ra chai hai ln bng chnh nc ti hin trng), sau
y kn ming chai, i vi chai phn tch pH, EC tr lnh 4oC, ring i vi ch
tiu phn tch kim loi nng cho 1,5 ml HNO3 c nh mu.
(c) Phng php phn tch mu t v nc
Cc ch tiu mu t c phn tch theo gio trnh phn tch mu t ca Trng
i hc Wageningen, H Lan (Houba et al., 1995). Mu nc c phn tch theo
phng php chun (APHA, 2000) .
(d) Phng php x l s liu
S dng phn mm SPSS x l s liu. S liu trc khi x l thng k phi
c a v phn b chun. Sau cc ch tiu thu thp c phn tch phng
sai theo kiu hon ton ngu nhin hai nhn t. Khi nh hng ca nhn t v
tng tc c ngha thng k, s dng kim nh Duncan mc ngha 5%. Phn
tch tng quan tuyn tnh xc nh mi tng quan gia pH, cht hu c i
vi cc kim loi nng trong mu t.

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

Knh Phng
Hip Knh Tc Vn

Sng Gnh
Ho
Ca Gnh Ho

Ca By
Hp
Bi bi

Rng
mm
Rng c

Hnh 1: S v tr thu mu t, nc ti cc im ni v ven bin

2.2.4 Thu thp ti liu th cp

Trc khi kho st v thu mu, chng ti n cc s ban ngnh trong tnh C
Mau thu thp s liu c lin quan n vng nghin cu ti:
- S cng nghip C Mau: Danh sch cc cng ty, c s sn xut cng nghip,
Bng tng kt hot ng cc ngnh ngh trong tnh nm 2005.
- S nng nghip C Mau: Bng bo co tng kt nng nghip nm 2005.
- S Ti Nguyn C Mau: Bn hnh chnh ca huyn Ngc Hin tnh C
Mau, Bo co tng kt ti nguyn - mi trng nm 2005, Nin gim thng k
C Mau nm 2005.
- Trung tm nghin cu rng ngp mn C Mau: bn rng ngp mn, Bo co
khoa hc v c im sinh thi thc vt ti huyn Ngc Hin, mt s thng tin
v rng ngp mn C Mau.
- Chi cc kim lm: Bo co hin trng rng tnh C Mau.

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3 KT QU THO LUN
Da vo iu kin t nhin ca h thng sng, rch ti tnh C Mau v c im
phn b rng ca huyn Ngc Hin - tnh C Mau. Chng ti tin hnh thu mu
trm tch ti knh Phng Hip, Tc Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho, ca By
Hp, v Bi Bi (khng c rng) v mu t c thu ti rng mm v rng c.
ti theo di s bin ng ca pH, EC, cht hu c, v thnh phn c gii ca
mu trm tch v mu t vo ma ma v ma nng, nhm tm mi tng quan
gia As, Cd vi nhng yu t ny ti vng nghin cu.
3.1 c tnh ha l ti vng nghin cu
Kt qu cho thy trong mu trm tch, pH dao ng khng ng k ti cc sng
rch v ca sng (6,5 7,7), y l khong bin ng c tm thy ph bin
trong trm tch sng v bin (Edward et al., 2004). pH gim dn t bi bi n
rng mm v rng c.
Gi tr EC cao nht c tm thy vng t rng ven bin, trung bnh ti cc
im dao ng t 5,5 8,8 mS/cm. Nhn chung EC ti vng ca sng v ven bin
cao hn so vi cc im trong sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau.
Cht hu c trong mu trm tch v mu t rng dao ng trong khong 2,0 5,1%
v l khong bin ng thng thng trong trm tch bin (Ponce, 1996 trch trong
Carrasco et al., 2003). Hm lng cht hu c cao ng k trong t rng so vi trong
trm tch. Kt qu kho st thnh phn c gii cho thy t ti cc im sng rch, bi
bi v vng ven bin c rng ch yu st pha tht v tht trung bnh pha st, trong
st pha tht chim u th tp trung vng ca sng v vng t rng.
3.2 HM LNG KIM LOI NNG TI VNG NGHIN CU
3.2.1 Asenic (As)
Kt qu kho st cho thy hm lng As trong trm tch c khuynh hng tng
dn t sng rch n ca sng ven bin, trung bnh dao ng t 3,23 -14,97 mg.kg-
1
. Hm lng cao nht c tm thy ti bi bi v ca sng Gnh Ho khc bit
c ngha thng k so vi cc sng rch kho st (Bng 1). Theo L Huy B
(2000), trm tch ch yu l bn lng cha nhiu kim loi nng, v c hin tng
keo t t nhin vng ca sng nn hm lng kim loi nng ti cc vng ny
kh cao. Theo Preda v Cox (2002) mt s kim loi nh Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn v As
trong trm tch ca sng c hm lng cao hn trong t c ngun gc t ca sng
ven bin. Hn na trm tch ti cc sng rch thnh ph cng l ni nhim kim
loi nng do cht thi th mang li. Kt qu nghin cu ca chng ti ph hp
vi nghin cu ca Spencer et al. (2003), ng cho rng vng bi bi ven bin v
vng ca sng thng l ni tch t v lu gi cc cht nhim nht l kim loi
nng.
Hm lng As trong t rng mm v rng c vo ma ma khng khc bit so
vi trong trm tch thuc sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau nhng li khc bit
vi hm lng As ti ca sng By Hp v Bi Bi (Bng 1). Theo Bryan &
Langston (1992) As thng i vo vng ca sng cc dng v c bi s phn
hy ca v qung m c cha As trong qu trnh phong ho.

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Bng 1: Hm lng trung bnh As (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t ti vng ven bin
huyn Ngc Hin, Tnh C Mau
im thu Ma nng Ma ma
Knh Phng Hip 4,47 b 4,10 d
Knh Tc Vn 3,23 b 8,33 c
Sng Gnh Ho 4,90 b 10,77 bc
Ca Gnh Ho 6,07 b 14,97 a
Ca By Hp 10,87 a 10,88 bc
Bi Bi 13,53 a 12,50 ab
Rng mm 5,60 b 11,93 b
Rng c 5,40 b 9,63 bc
Cc gi tr trung bnh trong cng mt ct c mu t theo sau ging nhau th khng khc bit c ngha thng k 5%
qua php th Duncan.

Qua kho st cho thy t rng c v rng mm ti vng nghin cu u c

ngun gc t s bi p ph sa t sng v bin v l ni ngp triu khng thng
xuyn. Khu vc bi bi v ca sng l ni lng t vt cht t t lin v trm tch
t cc dng chy nn gy nn s lng t As cao (L Huy B, 2000). y chnh l
nguyn nhn gy hm lng As trong t rng thp hn hm lng trong trm tch
ca sng ven bin. Hm lng trung bnh ca As c s khc bit c ngha thng
k gia ma ma v ma nng (Hnh 2). Ti hu ht cc im thu nh knh Tc
Vn, sng Gnh Ho, ca Gnh Ho, v trong t rng mm v rng c hm
lng As trong ma ma cao hn gp hai ln hm lng ca chng trong ma
nng. iu ny c th l do vo ma ma pH c khuynh hng tng nn lc ny
hm lng As cao hn so vi ma nng.

Hnh 2: So snh hm lng trung bnh As (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v t theo ma
Kt qu ca ti cho thy hm lng As trong trm tch nm trong khong gi tr
Arsen c tm thy mt s ca sng v sng trn th gii (7,1 - 23,2 mg.kg-1).
Kt qu ny cho thy c s nhim ca As trong vng ca sng ven bin
(Wasserman et al., 2001). Do vy, s nhim As vng bi bi cn c quan
tm nghin cu trong chui thc n do bi bi l ni sinh sng ca nhiu loi hai
mnh v v ng vt thn mm nh: s, nghu, tm,...
Phn tch tng quan ch ra rng hm lng As trong trm tch c mi tng quan
thun vi pH, v EC, gi tr pH v EC tng dn t sng rch ra n ca sng ven
bin km theo l hm lng As cng gia tng theo xu hng trn.

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

Nng As trong nc c khuynh hng tng dn t cc knh Phng Hip, Tc

Vn, sng Gnh Ho ra n vng bi bi, rng mm, rng c dao ng trong
khong 0,4 -23,3 g.L-1; t gi tr cao nht ti ca Gnh Ho v ca By Hp th
hm lng As cao nht 23,3 v 17,7 g.L-1(Hnh 3).

Hnh 3: Nng As (g.L-1) trong nc ti cc sng rch v ven bin huyn Ngc Hin

Theo nghin cu ca WHO (2001), nng As trong nc c trng cho vng

bin thng l 1 2 g.L-1, As cn phn b nc mt cc sng v h vi nng
thp hn 10 g.L-1. Trong khi ti im rng mm v rng c As trong
nc dao ng 2,07 - 10,3 g.L-1 v ca sng Gnh Ho v By Hp th nng
As tng i kh cao vo ma ma 17,7 - 23,3 g.L-1 vt ngng nng As c
trong nc bin v sng h. Nng As trong nc ti vng ca sng vt qu
tiu chun qui nh ca nc s dng cho nui thy sn (Tng cc o lng Vit
Nam, 2004).
3.2.2 Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium trong trm tch hin din vi hm lng dao ng trong khong 0,023
0,06 mg.kg-1 vo ma nng, v t 0,027 0,093 mg.kg-1 vo ma ma. Hm lng
Cd cao trong sng rch v gim dn ra ca sng (Bng 2).
Bng 2: Hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch v trong t vo ma ma v
ma nng
im thu Ma nng Ma ma
Knh Phng Hip 0,057 a 0,093 a
Knh Tc Vn 0,037 ab 0,03 b
Sng Gnh Ho 0,06 a 0,047 b
Ca Gnh Ho 0,027 b 0,027 b
Ca By Hp 0,027 b 0,027 b
Bi Bi 0,023 b 0,037 b
Rng mm 0,037 ab 0,053 b
Rng c 0,037 ab 0,037 b
Qua hnh 4 hm lng trung bnh Cd trong vng nghin cu khng khc bit c
ngha gia ma ma v ma nng. Nhng chng ti tm thy s khc bit ng k
gia sng rch thuc ni thnh ph C Mau v vng ca sng ven bin.

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

Hnh 4: So snh hm lng trung bnh Cd (mg.kg-1) trong trm tch theo ma

Nng Cd trong nc sng rch, ca sng v khu vc rng ngp mn dao

ng t 0,18 - 2,63 g.L-1. Nng Cd kh cao dao ng khong 0,38 - 2,63 g.L-
1
c tm thy vo ma ma. Vo ma nng bin ng khng ng k trong
khong 0,18 - 0,28 g.L-1 Theo Korte (1983) trch trong WHO (1992), nng Cd
trung bnh c trong nc bin l 0,1 g.L-1.
Vi kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy nng Cd ti sng rch mc d thp
hn tiu chun ca tng cc o lng Vit Nam (2004) s dng cho nui thy sn
ven bin l 5 g.L-1 nhng cao hn pht hin ca Korte (1983) trch trong WHO
(1992).

Hnh 5: Nng Cd (mg.L-1) trong nc ti cc sng rch v ven bin huyn Ngc Hin

Vng bi bi v vng ven bin ni c rng mm, rng c th hm lng Cd kh

cao, iu ny c th l do cadmium trong nc c hp thu mt cch nhanh
chng bi cc ht vt cht, cn rn l lng v cc vt cht ny c th phc hp vi
Cd v th nng Cd thng cao. Nhn chung nng cadmium trong nc ti bi

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2009:12 15-24 Trng i hc Cn Th

bi, rng c v rng mm cao hn so vi sng rch trong thnh ph, trong khi
nng Cd trong trm tch ti cc im sng rch li khng c s khc bit so
vi cc t rng mm v rng c. iu ny cho thy Cd c th ph thuc vo
iu kin mi trng t v nc ti tng khu vc. Theo nghin cu ca WHO
(2001) ch ra rng s gia tng nhit s lm tng qu trnh hp thu v tc ng
ca Cd, nhng ngc li s gia tng mn hoc cng s lm gim i s hp
thu v tc ng gy c ca Cd. T cho thy mn trong nc c nh hng
n nng Cd trong nc, y c th l nguyn nhn ca s hin din ca Cd
trong nc vo ma ma li cao hn ma nng.

4 KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1 Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu ca ti cho thy c s nhim ca As, Cd trong trm tch,
trong t v nc ti vng nghin cu c th hin chi tit nh sau:
- Hm lng As trong trm tch v trong nc gia tng dn sng rch n ca
sng v ca bin, As c tng quan thun vi pH v EC.
- Nng As trong nc ti vng ca sng vt qu tiu chun qui nh s dng
cho nui thu sn.
- Cd hin din vi hm lng cao trong sng rch ni thnh ph C Mau
nhng gim dn khi ra n ca sng ven bin. Trong khi As c s phn b
ngc li.
4.2 Kin ngh
- Nghin cu ngun gc v tnh di ng ca As, Cd trong trm tch, t v nc.
- S tch t ca cc kim loi nh As, Cd ng trong cc loi thu sinh vt

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