Java Downloaded From PDF

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JAVA
1. 1
1.1 Java
1.2 Java
1.3 Java Applet
1.4 Internet Java
2. 5
2.1 Java
2.2 Java
2.3 Java
2.4 (Inheritance)
2.5 (overloading)
2.6 (constructors)
2.7 (Finalization)
2.8 (access specifiers)
2.9 (Modifiers)
2.10 Casting
2.11
2.12 (Polymorfism)
2.13 (Interfaces)
2.14 (Packages)
3. - - 19
3.1 Java
3.2 , literals, ,
3.3
3.4 (Strings)
3.5
3.6
4. (Exceptions) 31
5. Applets Java 33
5.1 Applets
5.2 Applets Web
5.3 , X
5.3.1 Graphics
5.3.2 Fonts
5.3.3 Color
5.3.4
6. Threads 41
6.1 Threads
6.2 H Threads
6.3 Threads Applets
6.4 Threads
6.5 Threads
7. Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) 47

7.1 GUI
7.2 GUI
7.3 GUI (GUI Events)
7.4 Adapter
7.5 applet EQ
8. Swing (Swing GUIs) 59

8.1 Top-Level Swing Containers Components
8.2 Event Handlers
8.3 Swing Threads
8.3.1 invokeLater
9. Animation Java 69
9.1 Animation
9.2 animation loop
9.3 animation
9.4
10. / Streams 75
10.1
10.2 System
10.3 System
10.4 DataInput Stream
10.5 DataOutput Stream
11. Java 78
11.1 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
11.1.1 URL (relative)
11.1.2 URL
11.1.3 MalformedURLException
11.1.4 URL
11.1.5 URL
11.1.6 URL
11.1.7 URLConnection
11.2 Sockets 86
11.2.1 Client Server
11.2.2 Client Server TCP sockets
11.2.3 Socket
11.2.4 ServerSocket
11.2.5 Datagrams
11.2.6 UDP Datagrams
11.2.7 DatagramSocket
11.2.8 DatagramPacket
Java 1
1.
Internet World-Wide Web
.
Java, Sun microsystems TM.
Java
.
Java
( C++).
applets (applet =
HTML Web Browser).
Interpreted . java compiler
(bytecode)
. interpreter
(=) bytecode .
java bytecodes
, ,
java interpreter. java bytecode
, ( Kilobytes). .
(distributed). Java
.
sites.
(secure). -
, ' Java
applet
.
multithreaded. Java threads.
, Java runtime
system (interpreter) (scheduler),
threads
. .
multimedia . Java
multimedia .
.
1.1 Java
Java
Java 2 Platform Standard Edition (J2SE), Sun microsystems.
Java J2SE Java 2 5.0.
javac compiler Java. command-line : javac

< >. javac
, . :
< >.class.
java interpreter Java. : java <>, java
myClass java myClass.class.
javaw ( Windows 95/NT) java
shell .
jdb Java debuger.
javah C files stub files .
C,
.
javap Java disassembler.
javadoc documentation.

.
Java 2
appletviewer
applets Java. stand-alone , ,
appletviewer java javaw.
1.2 Java
Java
(stand-alone application).
HelloWorldApp.java
:
/**
* The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that
* simply displays "Hello World!" to the standard output.
*/
class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); //Display the string.
}
}
Compile Java compiler:

javac HelloWorldApp.java
compiler HelloWorldApp.class
Java interpreter:
java HelloWorldApp
"Hello World!"
1.3 Java Applet

Java applet.
HelloWorld.java
:
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class HelloWorld extends Applet {

public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Hello world!", 50, 25);
}
}
Compile Java compiler:

javac HelloWorld.java
compiler HelloWorld.class
HTML Hello.html Applet.

directory HelloWorldApp.class.
Java 3
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> A Simple Program </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Here is the output of my program:

<APPLET CODE="HelloWorld.class" WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=25>
</APPLET>
</BODY>
</HTML>
HTML Java-enabled browser Internet Explorer

"Hello World!" browser.
1.4 Internet Java

Internet
Java.
Java Tutorial:
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/

.
.
Java API :
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5/docs/api/index.html

Java. Application Programming Interface Java (Java API)
Java
(), .
Java Platform:
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp
Java 1.1.

Java. JRE
(Java Runtime Environment) Web Browser
. JRE Web Browser java applets.
Java 4
Java 5
2.
, (OOP - Object Oriented Programming),

. OOP
(objects)
()
.
user interfaces
...
User Interface - 1 User Interface - 2

Us
.
2 UI ( ).
,
UI 2 UI .
(class) .
-
. - , (instances)
instantiation.
'

.
.
( ).
2.1 JAVA
< >
< >
< >
...
,
main() C. ,
,
.
interpreter .
:
JAVA.
Java 6
2.2 JAVA

. .
`
C
PASCAL. instance variables
.
structure C

structures.
( )
, .
C.
, ( -
), - .
:
<>.<>(< >);
..
mycar.startEngine();

structure C.
.
.
OOP.

.

.
interface
. implementation hiding
data abstraction.
2.3 JAVA
java structure C.
:
class <class_name> {
<data_type or class_name> <variables or objects>;
<returned type> <method_name> (<parameter list>) {

<method body>
}
<data_type or class_name> <variables or objects>;
<returned type> <method_name> (<parameter list>) {

<method body>
}
Java 7
...
}
..
class Apple {
int num_of_vitamins; //
int countVitamins() { //
return num_of_vitamins;
}
Vitamins v1, v2, v3; //
Vitamin getVitamin(int num) { //

return ....;
}
}
num_of_vitamins int.
java ( int, float, char ),
. Vitamins v1, v2, v3
Vitamin ( )
.
.
.
.
.

(debugging).
class test {
float add2Accum(float f) { // Add to accumulator.
return (Accumulator += f);
}
float Accumulator = 0.0; // The accumulator.
}
( primitive types) java,

(statements) ,
.
2.4 (inheritance)

. " ".
(instances)
.
. ,
extends :
java :
class A {
int a;
void add(int x) {
a += x;}
}
Java 8
class B extends A {
// 'a' 'void add(int x) {...}' .
int prev;
void sub(int x) {
prev = a;
a -= x;
}
}
a
void add(int x). .

.

' ( ). ..
class B extends A {
int square() {
return a*a;
}
void increaseBy1() {
add(1);
}
}

. :
class B extends A {
a : float; // .
void add(int x) { // add(int x).
// overriding.
a = a + ((float) x);
print(a);
}
}
,
, (overriding)
/ / .
override ,
.
.
, (), (subclass)
. (superclass)
. subclassing.
.
.
. ..
class A
class D class B
class C
Java 9
superclass D. superclass C,
superclass C! ( ). B, D
subclasses A, C subclass . C
.
overriding
/
.... C
override ' .
- 1

Object compiler
( ). :
class Object (*)
class Socket (*) class InputStream (*) class A
class mySocket class D class B
class C
(*) compiler A, B, C,
D, mySocket .
- 2 ( this super)
- (overrides)
.
subclass
. ..
class A {
void doSomething() {
......
}
}
class B extends A {
void doSomething() { // "" (overrides)
........ // doSomething() .
}
}
A o1;
B o2;
o1.doSomething(); // doSomething() .
o2.doSomething(); // doSomething() .
Java 10
( C)
doSomething() , ,
' .
java .
, , -
super .
override, ( doSomething()),
:
super.doSomething();
java super this

() . this
:
)
.
class A {
int a;
void set(int a) {
this.a = a;
}
}
) .
.
class A {
void make_a_new_object() {
B tmp;
// create a new instance of B and store it in tmp.
// Then give tmp a pointer to you.
tmp.owner(this);
}
}
2.5 (overloading)

, .
class number {
int a;
void add(int x) {
a += x;
}
void add(float f) {
a += ((int) f);
}
void add(number n) {
a += n.get_a();
}
int get_a() {
return a;
}
}
Java 11
void add(...) (3)

.
(overloading) .
object oriented
. :
aMethod(), aMethod(type1), aMethod(type2), aMethod(type1, type2), aMethod(type2, type1).
. ,
'
, , .
.
2.6 (constructors)

, (. object ).
(constructors) . constructors

. constructors
()
. .
constructor
constructor ( )
.
constructors. JAVA

, :
class A {
int n;
A() { // Constructor - 1
n=0;
}
A(int x) { // Constructor - 2
n = x;
}
}
constructors
. , constructors , void.
( ).
:
A a;
a = new A();
a = new A(5);
1. constructor default null constructor

. ()
constructors default constructor .
2. () constructors.
.
3. constructor , default
constructor
. constructor
constructor ....
Java 12
4. constructor
instanciation default constructor
( ) . constructor
super(....); super(...) super
, ( this),
constructor .
( super).
5. super(...) this(....)
constructors
.
java strings
( ) . string
java String, :
String str = new String("Hello, I am a new string!");
String str = "Hello, I am a new string!";
2.7 (Finalization)
C++ Object PASCAL
(destructors) . destructors
. JAVA
.

.
(dangling pointer).
JAVA
(finalization) . . runtime system
java
. (garbage)
. void finalize()
clean-up.
. finalize()
.
- garbage
collection JAVA runtime
system.
2.8 (access specifiers)

.
access specifiers.
access specifiers :
<access specifiers> <type or class> <variables>;
<access specifiers> <returned type> <method name> (<param list>) {

<body>
}
access specifiers JAVA

, ,
/ . '
:
Java 13
public - /
, .
protected - /
.
private - /
.
- public package.
class A {
public int a; //
int b; // package,
protected c; //
private d; // .
public A() {...}

public void add(int x) {....}
void add(A a) {.....}
protected int convert_A_to_int (A a) { return a.getValue(); }

private void who_am_i() { System.out.println("I am class A!"); }
}
class B extends A {
// I CAN SEE : a, b, c, A() via super(), add(int), add(A),
// convert_A_to_int(A), BUT I CAN'T SEE : d, who_am_i()
}

:
public class A {
.......
}
() ,
command line java interpreter
.
.java, (.. A.java). ,
- :
public static void main(String args[]) {
..... // !
}
main() C.
2.9 (Modifiers)
JAVA
/ . ` :
<access specifiers> <modifiers> <type or class> <variables>;
<access specifiers> <modifiers> <returned type or class> <method name> (<parameter list) {
<body of the method>
}
modifiers final, abstract :

final/abstract class <class name> [extends <class name>] {
......
Java 14
modifiers :
final - .
.
, final int a = 10; final int a;
a=10; override.
.
synchronized -
threadsafe. , (
), .

. : ()
, ( ),
.
abstract -
, {...}
semicolon (;). abstract
abstarct. compile-time error (
new) abstract . '
override abstract .
static - /
.
. static
() .
: < >.<static var or method>. : static
static. .
static public static void main(String args[]) ,
.
native - native .
C bytecode
. native javah.
2.10 Casting
C JAVA casting
. :
int a;
short b = 4;
a = (int) b; // short --> int explicit casting.

a = b; // implicit casting
b = (short) a; // int --> short explicit casting ONLY!
A a;
B b; // B subclass of A
a = (A) b; // B --> A;
a = b;
b = (B) a; // explicit casting is required!

explicit casting
, int (32-bit )
byte (8-bit ).
Java 15
, ( ), explicit
casting
.
2.11 -

() .
(int, float,short ) C.
int a;
short b;

. C
(* & ->) .

.
JAVA
.
A a = new A();
a++; // !!!
int a;
a++; // a int
// .
(
a) , , , (references -
ref) (handlers)
runtime system. runtime system

garbage collection
.
null
.
2.12 (Polymorfism)

.
.
:
(overriding)
(overloading)
(dynamic method binding)
, :
(Cow, Dog Snake)

(abstract) Animal,
speak().
public class AnimalReference

{
Java 16
public static void main(String[] args)
Animal ref; // set up a reference for an Animal
// make specific objects

Cow aCow = new Cow("Bossy");
Dog aDog = new Dog("Rover");
Snake aSnake = new Snake("Earnie");
// now reference each as an Animal

ref = aCow;
ref.speak();
ref = aDog;
ref.speak();
ref = aSnake;
ref.speak();
}
speak() Animal,
( )
. (dynamic method binding)
2.13 (Interfaces)
(interface)
.
.
nterface .
interfaces
interfaces.
interface abstract :
interface
interfaces

interface Java
.
interface
interfaces :
public interface myinterface extends superinterface1,superinterface2, {

final String One = "One;
final String Tow = Two;
public void method();
}
interfaces I
.
public, static, final public
abstract. access modifiers
private protected.
interfaces .
applet thread
:
public class MyThreadedApplet extends Applet implements Runnable {
Java 17
Runnable interface thread

Thread.
threads.
interface.
Runnable interface
public void Method (Runnable mythread,String S, double d) {

...
}
interface
.
interfaces
interface

interface.
2.14 (packages)
K (packages)
directory.
directory .

:
package <packageName>;
packages

import <packageName>.<className>;
1:
Folder 1
A11.java
A12.java
// A11.java
// package Folder1:
package Folder1;
class A11
{ Class Implementation..}
// A12.java
// package Folder1:
package Folder1;
class A12
{ class implementation}
2:
Folder 2
A21.java
A22.java
Java 18
// A21.java
// package Folder2:
package Folder2;
class A21
{ Class implementation}
// A22.java
// package Folder2
// 11.java
package Folder2;
import Folder1.A11;
class A22
{ Class implementation}
Java 19
3. - -
3.1 JAVA
JAVA C
( bytes) JAVA.

Byte Byte 8-bit signed, -128..127
Short Short 16-bit signed
Int 32-bit signed
Long 64-bit signed
Float (. 32-bit signed
)
Double 64-bit signed
Char unicode character 16-bit
Boolean Boolean true or false
3.2 , literals, ,
JAVA A..Z,
a..,z, 0..9, _, $, ( ) _ $,
(0..9). JAVA.
literals JAVA , , , .
:
Integer literals ( )
324 // decimal
0xABCD // hexadecimal
032 // octal
2L // long decimal integer
Float point literals ( )

3.1415 // float
3.1E12
.1e12
2E12
2.0d or 2.0D //double
2.0f or 2.0F or 2.0 //float
Boolean literals ( )
true, false // boolean
Character literals ()
continuation <newline> \ // character literals
new-line NL (LF) \n
horrizontal tab HT \t
back space BS \b
carriage return CR \r
form feed FF \f
backslash \ \\
single quote ' \'
double quote " \"
octal bit pattern 0ddd \ddd
hex bit pattern 0xdd \xdd
unicode char 0xdddd \udddd
Java 20
'\n' , '\23', 'a'
String literals ()
"" \\ the empty string
"\""
"This is a string"
"This is a \
two-line string"
JAVA .
1. /* */ C.
2. // //
3. /** */. /* */
javadoc documentation.
(separators) JAVA :
+ - ! % ^ & * | ~ / > <
( ) { } [ ] ; ? : , . =
(SPACE), HT \t, LF \n
.
3.3
:

+
-
*
/
%
^

<=
<
>=
>

!=
== ==

&& KAI (AND)
|| H (OR)
! OXI (NOT)
Java 21
,
s ( ).
.
true
false.
O :

++ 1
-- 1
++ --
1 .
++a; a=a+1;
--a; a=a-1;
++ -- (.
, ++a --a) (. , a++ a--).
++a a .
a++ a .
:
o a 5 :
a = 5;

b = a++;
b 5

b=++a;
b 6. a 6.

+=
-=
*= /
/=
%=
a += b; a = a+b;
a -= b; a = a-b;
a *= b; a = a*b;
a /= b; a = a/b;
a %= b; a = a %b;
bits :
Java 22

& AND bit
| OR bit
^ XOR bit
! bit
<<
>>
bits.
&, |, ^ ~ Boole.
>> << .
a 01101000

b = a >> 2;
b 00011010.

. [] ()
++ -- ! ~ instanceof
* / %
+ -
<< >> >>>
< > <= >=
== !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
= op=
,
, *
!=.
.
op= : += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= >>>=
3.4 (Strings)
char c=A;
(Strings) . Java
String.
String:
String ntua=National Technical University of Athens;

String ntua = new String("National Technical University of Athens");
Java 23
println()

System.out.println(ntua); //
System.out.println(National Technical University of Athens); //

//

print()
System.out.print(National);
System.out.print( Technical );
System.out.println( University );
System.out.println( of );
System.out.println( Athens );
String ntuaHMMY = ntua + HMMY Department;
ntuaHMMY :
National Technical University of Athens HMMY Department.
s1 s2.

s1.length(); ( )
s1
s2=s1.toUpperCase(); s1
s2=s1.toLowerCase(); s1
s2.equals(s1) s1 s2
int a=s2.indexOf(s1); To a s2 s1
>>
3.5
C, JAVA
block
,
. ,
( ) C.
Java 24
, , (if - else, for, while, do - while switch),

C if-else, while, do-while
,
boolean . :
while (1) {...} //

while (true) {....} //
Java.
(control flow):
Java

if-else
switch-case
for
while
do-while
Java
.
(exceptions) (exception handlers)
.

: break, continue return
. .
Java goto.
break continue.
if-else
if ( )
.

( ).
if :
if ()

..
if (x!=0) {
System.out.println("To x 0");
y = 1/x;
}
if else
.
if if if .
if else :
Java 25
if ()
--1
else
--2
..
if (x!=0) {
System.out.println(" x 0");
y=1/x;
}
else {
System.out.println(" x 0");
y=0;
}
switch-case
if

switch-case :
switch () {
case -1:
-1; [break;]

case -:
-; [break;]
[default:
; [break;]]
}
switch-case
.
- .
default .
break
,
( ) ,
break switch-case.
,

( month) (year) :
...
switch (month) {
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 8:
case 10:
case 12:
numDays = 31;
break;
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11:
numDays = 30;
Java 26
break;
case 2:
if ( ((year % 4 == 0) && !(year % 100 == 0))
|| (year % 400 == 0) )
numDays = 29;
else
numDays = 28;
break;
}
...
for
for
. for
.
for .
for :
for (; ; )
;
1
10:
...
for (int i=1; i<=10; i++)
System.out.println(i);
...
i ( for loop)
1.
i 10.
i 10.
i 1. i
1, 2, , 10
i. A i 10
, 1
.
while
for
.
while.
H while :
while ()
;
while .
- boolean -
x numbers.
.
found true .
x.
boolean found = false;

Java 27
int i=0;
while (!found && i!=10)
if (numbers[i++] == x)
found = true;
do-while

.
do-while while.
do-while :
do
;
while ();
do-while .
.
H do-while .

,
:
...
int c;
Reader in;
...
do {
c = in.read();
...
} while (c != 1);
...
Java
.
: break, continue return
break switch-case.
break .
while
For.java :
int i;
boolean found = false;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
if (numbers[i]==x) {
found = true;
break;
}
continue
. for while
do-while .

(true false) .
Java 28
break continue (labeled break labeled

continue)
,

.
return
,
. -
.
return String
name. getName( )
: return name;
public String getName()

{
...
return name;
}
: return interest;
interest;
public int calculateInterest( )

{
... return interest;
}
3.6
JAVA :
< > [] <>;
< > <>[];
int[] nums;
byte buff[];
float matrix[][]; //
A a[];
B[] b;
(
).
:
< > = new < > [ <> ];
<> byte, short, int long.
int[] ;
= new int[200];
byte buff[] = new byte[1024];
A[] a = new A[4];
Java 29
float matrix[][];
matrix = new float[30][];
matrix = new float[0][40]; ... matrix = new float[29][40];
:
matrix = new float[30][40];
:
a[2] = 5;
matrix[0][8] = (float) (buff[19] + buff[25]);
indexes 0 -1.
compile-time run-time error.

. :
int[] give_ints() {
int I[] = new int[3];
I[0] = I[1] = I[2] = 7;
return I;
}
int give_ints() [] {....}
void get_ints(int[] i) {
i[0] = i[1]+i[2];
}
void get_ints(int i[]) { ... }
JAVA .
()
Array. , JAVA
, ( Array),
.
: int a[]; - a.
a[0], ... int
.
length
. :
a.length //
if (a.length < 1024) {...}
for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
System.out.println(a[i]);
}
Java 30
Java 31
4. (Exceptions)
JAVA ,
,
(throw=) !
thread .
(exception handlers)
.
runtime system,
. ,
. . ( new)
Exception
. throw
exception. throw
.
. , , , ( ),
exception handler, '
.
.
class MyException extends Exception {

}
class MyClass {
void oops() {
if (/* no error occurred */) {
...
} else { /* error occurred */
throw new MyException();
}
}
}
(exception handler)
try. try
catch. catch ,
( MyException). catch
. :
try {
p.a = 10;
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
println("p was null");
} catch (Exception e) {
println("other error occurred");
} catch (Object obj) {
println("Who threw that object?");
}
catch .
try/catch.
.

. exception handler
. , ,
, ( ), exception handler,
throw
. throw
.
Java 32
try {
f.open();
} catch(Exception e) {
f.close();
throw e;
}
,
.
finally. .
try {
// do something
} finally {
// clean up after it
}
try {
// do something
} catch(Object e){
throw e;
}
finally try block return,

break, continue throw. :
try {
if (a == 10) {
return;
}
} finally {
print("finally\n");
}
print("after try\n");
"finally" "after
try" a != 10.
Java 33
5. Applets Java
Java Applets Java WWW Browser.
Applet WEB HTML tag.
Browser WEB Applet, Browser
Applet Web Server .
Java Applets Java Browser,
Browser: , ,
interface . Applets
,
Applets :
Applets ,
.
Applets Server Applet
.
Applets
.
Applets
Applet ,
Applet, java.applet :
Public class myClass extends java.applet.Applet{

. . . .
}
Applet Applet
Browser AWT User
Interface , ,
. Applet
, Applet
Applet .
5.1 Applets
Java ,
main(). , main()
. Applets

o Applet (. , , ).
Browser
. Applet Java
. Applet
(
method overriding) Applet .
applet :
1.
public void init(){
...
}
applet
. ,
, font .
2.
public void start(){
...
}
Java 34
init(). start() applet

. applet
HTML
Applet
.
3.
public void stop(){
...
}
stop() Applet start().
stop Applet
. stop() Threads
Applet ( )
.
4.
public void destroy(){
...
}
Applet
( , threads .). Applet
Browser .
Applet .
5.
public void paint(Graphics g){
...
}
Applet . , ,
. Applet
, Browser
, animation
.
Applet -
:
import java.awt.Graphics
5.2 Applets Web
Applet :
import java.awt.Font
import java.awt.Color
public class HelloSomeoneApplet extends java.applet.Applet{

Font f = new Font(TimesRoman, Font.Bold, 36);
String myname;
public void init(){

myname = getParameter(name);
if (myname == null)
myname=Laura;
myname = Hello + myname + !;
}
public void paint(Graphics g){

g.setFont(f);
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString(Hello again!, 5,50);
Java 35
}
}
HelloAgainApplet.class
/classes.
o HTML Applet :
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Applet Alignement </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>
<APPLET CODE=HelloAgainApplet.class CODEBASE=classes
WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=70
ALIGN= LEFT VSPACE=60 HSPACE 10>
<PARAM NAME=name VALUE=Bonzo>
Hello to whoever you are
</APPLET>
To the left of this paragraph is and applet of a small string in re type, set in 36 points Times bold.
<BR CLEAR = ALL>
<P>
In the next part of this page, we demonstrate how under certain conditions, styrofoam peanuts can be
used as a healthy snack.
</BODY>
</HTML>
To Web Browser :
Netscape: Applet Alignment
0,0 To the left of this paragraph

60 is and applet of a small string
in re type, set in 36 points
50 Times bold.
HELLO Bonzo!
10 5
60
In the next part of this page, we demonstrate how under certain conditions, styrofoam
peanuts can be used as a healthy snack.
:
Applet ,
string myname name
HTML .
Applet Web tag <APPLET>
BR CLEAR: T </APPLET> tag BR CLEAR

CLEAR (CLEAR=LEFT, CLEAR=RIGHT,
CLEAR=ALL).
Java 36
tags <APPLET>
Applet Web :
CODE: Applet .
CODEBASE: Applet
.
WIDTH HEIGHT:
Applet .
ALIGN: Applet Web.
(LEFT, RIGHT, TOP, TEXTTOP, MIDDLE, ABSMIDDLE, BASELINE, BOTOM,
ABSBOTOM). ALIGN=LEFT Applet
</APPLET>
.
VSPACE HSPACE:
pixels Applet .
PARAM : Applet ,
Name VALUE .
5.3 ,
, Graphics.
,
applet.
(0,0) .
.
0,0 +
5.3.1 Graphics
Graphics
applet .
:

drawLine(startX, startY, width, height);
drawRect(startX, startY, width, height);
fillRect(startX, startY, width, height);
drawRoundRect(startX, startY, width, height);
fillRoundRect(startX, startY, width, height);
draw3DRect(startX, startY, width, height, boolean value);
fillRect(startX, startY, width, height, boolean value);
drawPolygon(arrayX, arrayY, array length);
fillPolygon(arrayX, arrayY, array length);
drawPolygon(polygon object);
fillPolygon(polygon object);
drawOval(TopCornerX, TopCornerY, width, height);
Java 37
fillOval(TopCornerX, TopCornerY, width, height);

drawArc(TopCornerX, TopCornerY, width, height, arcStart, arcStop);
fillArc(TopCornerX, TopCornerY, width, height, arcStart, arcStop);
-
copyArea(fromStartX, fromStartY, fromWidth, fromHeight, toStartX, toStartY);
clearArea(fromStartX, fromStartY, fromWidth, fromHeight, toStartX, toStartY);

:
setFont(fontObject);
strings :
drawString(aString, atPointX, atPointY);

getFont();

setColor(colorObject);
getColor();
5.3.2 Fonts
Fonts
applet . :
import java.awt.Fonts
Font Font
:
Font f = new Font(TimesRoman, Font.BOLD, 24);
Font.PLAIN, Font.BOLD,
Font.ITALIC ( FontBold + FontItalic).
Font :
getName();
getSize();
getStyle();
isPlain;
isBold;
isItalic();
(
, )
FontMetrics ( API Java Decumentation Sun).
5.3.3 Color
Color
applet . :
import java.awt.Color
Color
Color:
Color c = new Color(redValue, greenValue, blueValue);
, , 0 255.
Color
, Color
(Color.white, Color.black, Color.lightGray, Color.gray, Color.darkGray,
Color.red, Color.green, Color.blue, Colror.yellow, Color.magenta, Color.cyan, Color.pink,
Color.orange).
Java 38
o Background Foreground applet

Applet :
setBackground(colorObject);
setForeground(colorObject);
getBackground();
getForeground();
5.3.4 - -
applet
) ( ), )
( ) )
( ).
)
public class Lamp extends java.applet.Applet{
public void paint (Graphics g){

// the lamp platform
g.fillRect(0,250,290,290);
// the base of the lamp

g.drawLine(125, 250, 125, 160);
g.drawLine(175,250,175,160);
// the lamp shade, top and bottom edges

g.drawArc(85,157,130,50,-65,312);
g.drawArc(85,87,130,50,62,58);
// lamp shade, shides

g.drawLine(85,177,119,89);
g.drawLine(215, 177,181,89);
//dots on the shade

g.fillArc(78,120,40,40,63,-174);
g.fillOval(120,96,40,40);
g.fillArc(173,100,40,40,110,180);
}
}
)
import java.awt.Font;
Java 39
public class ManyFonts extends java.applet.Applet{

Font f = new Font(TimesRoman, Font.PLAIN, 18);
Font fb = new Font(TimesRoman, Font.BOLD, 18);
Font fi = new Font(TimesRoman, Font.ITALIC, 18);
Font fbi = new Font(TimesRoman, Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC, 18);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString(This is a plain font, 10, 25);
g.setFont(fb);
g.drawString(This is a bold font, 10, 50);
g.setFont(fi);
g.drawString(This is an italic font, 10, 75);
g.setFont(fbi);
g.drawString(This is a bold and italic font, 10, 100);
}
}
)
import java.awt.Color;
public class ColorBoxes extends java.applet.Applet{

int rval, gval, bval;
for(int j = 30; j< (size().height -25); j += 30) //rows

for (int I = 5; I < (size().width -25); I += 30){ // columns
rval = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
gval = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
bval = (int)Math.floor(Math.random() * 256);
g.setColor(new Color(rval,gval,bval));
g.fillRect(I, j, 25, 25);
g.setColor(Color.Black);
g.fillRect(I-1, j-1, 25, 25);
}
}
}
Java 40
Java 41
6. Threads
Java
threads . multithreading languages.
process
() .
process
thread . multithreading
process
threads ( lightweight processes)
. processes
process.
6.1 Threads
SimpleThread TwoThreadsTest:
class SimpleThread extends Thread {

public SimpleThread(String str) {
super(str);
}
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " " + getName());
try {
sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {}
}
System.out.println("DONE! " + getName());
}
}
class TwoThreadsTest {
public static void main (String[] args) {
new SimpleThread("Jamaica").start();
new SimpleThread("Fiji").start();
}
}
simpleThread constructor
string. cunstructor constructors
hread String Thread
.
run. H run
thread thread.
H twoThreads main threads
Jamaica Fiji. H main
thread
start.
To :
0 Jamaica
0 Fiji
1 Fiji
1 Jamaica
2 Jamaica
2 Fiji
3 Fiji
Java 42
3 Jamaica
4 Jamaica
4 Fiji
5 Jamaica
5 Fiji
6 Fiji
6 Jamaica
7 Jamaica
7 Fiji
8 Fiji
9 Fiji
8 Jamaica
DONE! Fiji
9 Jamaica
DONE! Jamaica
. threads,
,
10 . Thread
java.lang
import
6.2 Threads
Thread
run Thread.
Thread
run. (
animation loop
).
run Thread :
Thread (overriding) run
Thread . simpleThread
.
Runnable interface.
Thread -
Runnable interface. To
Threads.
6.3 Threads Applets

Applet Clock
. applet Runnable interface
run Thread .
Thread
(
, scroll ). Java
(
), Clock Thread
Applet. Clock Runnable
interface Threads.
import java.util.Date;
public class Clock extends java.applet.Applet implements Runnable {

Java 43
Thread clockThread = null;
public void start() {

if (clockThread == null) {
clockThread = new Thread(this, "Clock");
clockThread.start();
}
}
public void run() {

// loop terminates when clockThread is set to null in stop()
while (Thread.currentThread() == clockThread) {
repaint();
try {
clockThread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e){
}
}
}

Date now = new Date();
g.drawString(now.getHours() + ":" + now.getMinutes() + ":" + now.getSeconds(), 5, 10);
}
public void stop() {

clockThread = null;
}
}
H start() clockThread null.

Clock Applet
. thread.
:
clockThread = new Thread(this, "Clock");
this Clock Applet,
Runnable interface, Thread .
stop()
clockThread null.
run() Thread .
clockThread.stop()
run() .
H run() Clock Applet.
repaint() paint() .
Java 44
6.4 Threads
H java monitors .
synchnonized monitor.
monitor thread
synchronized . synchronized
thread
synchronized
thread. -synchronized .
synchronized .
thread synchronized
wait().
thread wait monitor
.
thread synchronized , notify(),

thread wait monitor .
thread, , thread
synchronized - monitor .
thread ,
- . notifyAll(),
threads wait monitor .
wait(), notify(), notifyAll() java.lang.Object.
Producer/Consumer . Producer
0 9 (),
CubbyHole, .
, o Producer
0 100
. Consumer,
CubbyHole ( Producer
) .
threads , get() put()
CubbyHole.
//*******************************
// Class Producer.java
//*******************************
public class Producer extends Thread {
private CubbyHole cubbyhole;
private int number;
public Producer(CubbyHole c, int number) {

cubbyhole = c;
this.number = number;
}
public void run() {

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
cubbyhole.put(i);
System.out.println("Producer #" + this.number
+ " put: " + i);
try {
sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000));
} catch (InterruptedException e) { }
}
}
}
Java 45
//*
// Class Consumer.java
//*
public class Consumer extends Thread {
private CubbyHole cubbyhole;
private int number;
public Consumer(CubbyHole c, int number) {

cubbyhole = c;
this.number = number;
}
public void run() {

int value = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
value = cubbyhole.get();
System.out.println("Consumer #" + this.number
+ " got: " + value);
}
}
}
//*******************************
// Class CubbyHole.java
//*******************************
public class CubbyHole {
private int contents;
private boolean available = false;
public synchronized int get() {

while (available == false) {
try {
wait();
}
available = false;
System.out.println("in get");
notifyAll();
return contents;
}
public synchronized void put(int value) {

while (available == true) {
try {
wait();
}
contents = value;
available = true;
System.out.println("in gut");
notifyAll();
}
}
//*******************************
Java 46
// Class ProducerConsumerTest.java
//*******************************
public class ProducerConsumerTest {
CubbyHole c = new CubbyHole();
Producer p1 = new Producer(c, 1);
Consumer c1 = new Consumer(c, 1);
p1.start();
c1.start();
}
}
To ProducerConsumerTest
:
. . .
Consumer #1 got: 3
Producer #1 put: 4
Producer #1 put: 5
Consumer #1 got: 4
. . .
6.5 Threads
To
thread .
stop,suspend resume
(deprecated) .

(flag) thread
.
born
start
ready
I/O
quantum
dispatch
co
expiration
y
(assign a
tif
ll
yield
pl
A
processor)
no
interrupt
ify
t io
t
n
no
running iss
or
ue
ait I/O
su
w re
ep
qu
sp
es
s le
t
end
waiting sleeping suspended blocked
sleep interval
expires resume
stop complete
dead
Java 47
Java 47
7. Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT)
7.1 GUI
Graphical User Interface-GUI ( )
,
. GUI GUI-components.
GUI-components java.awt (Abstract Windowing
Toolkit) package. Component Container.
Component Component.
Container Container.
GUI-components :
Label .
Button (event) .
TextField . TextField
.
TextArea . TextArea
TextField
.
Choice
.
Checkbox boolean component .
Radio buttons ( ).
List .
action event.
Panel container component
.
ScrollPane container component,
Panel,
Scrollbars component
.
GUI-components
GUI.
java.lang.Object
CheckboxGroup Label
Button
Component TextField
TextComponent
FlowLayout TextArea
Choice
BorderLayout Checkbox
List
GridLayout
Container
Panel java.applet.Applet
Window Frame
ScrollPane
Java 48
Component .
Component paint repaint
Applets.
applet ax2+bx+c=0,
.
init applet
GUI components (TextField, Label, Button, Panel ScrollPane).
// EQuation applet
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class eq extends java.applet.Applet {

// GUI components
TextField tfA, tfB, tfC, tfD, tfX1, tfX2;
Button btSolve, btClear;
Panel p;
ScrollPane sp;
public void init() {

// GUI components.
// .
p = new Panel();
sp = new ScrollPane(ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED);
tfA = new TextField();
tfB = new TextField();
tfC = new TextField();
tfD = new TextField();
tfX1 = new TextField();
btSolve = new Button("Solve");
btClear = new Button("Clear");
tfD.setEditable(false);
Java 49
tfX1.setEditable(false);
}
}
Java 50
7.2 GUI
GUIs ( Paint
Windows - GUI , ,
) . , , GUI Java,
Panel components. Panel
Container Applet Panel. Panels
Applets Containers Components, Panel.
Panel .
GUI component hierarchy containment hierarchy.
Panel Components
(layout). Java (Layout Managers)
Component Applet Panel. Layout
Managers :
FlowLayout default Layout Manager Applets Panels.

Component
BorderLayout Component : , , ,
(North, South, East, West, Center).
GridLayout Component
( ).
CardLayout Component . Container
Layout Manager. Container
.
GridBagLayout GridLayout Manager.
Component
( ).
Component GridBagLayout Manager
.
component hierarchy
Layout Managers.
init .
// GUI components Panel.

// 1
p.setLayout(new GridLayout(5,4, 5,5));
p.add(new Label(""));
p.add(new Label("EQuation"));
p.add(new Label("Applet"));
// 2
p.add(new Label("Factor a"));
p.add(tfA);
p.add(new Label("Determinator D"));
p.add(tfD);
// 3
p.add(new Label("Factor b"));
Java 51
p.add(tfB);
p.add(new Label("Root X1"));
p.add(tfX1);
// 4
p.add(new Label("Factor c"));
p.add(tfC);
p.add(tfX2);
// 5
p.add(btSolve);
p.add(btClear);
// component hierarchy.
// Panel p ScrollPane sp.
// sp applet.
sp.add(p);
sp.doLayout();
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(sp, BorderLayout.CENTER);

applet ( 29).
7.3 GUI (GUI Events)

Java Windows.
GUI event,
AWTEvent. AWTEvent java.awt.event.
java.awt.event.
java.lang.Object ActionEvent ContainerEvent
AdjustmentEvent FocusEvent
java.util.EventObject
ItemEvent PaintEvent
java.awt.AWTEvent
ComponentEvent WindowEvent
Key InputEvent
Class name
Interface name
KeyEvent MouseEvent
Java 52
event :
) (event listener)
events.
B) (event handler) events
.
event listener ,
event-listener interface java.awt.event.
event-listener interfaces java.awt.event.
java.lang.Object ActionListener
AdjustmentListener
java.util.EventListener
ComponentListener
ContainerListener
FocusListener
ItemListener
KeyListener
MouseListener
MouseMotionListener
Key
Class name TextListener
Interface name
WindowListener
event-listener interface event handler . event

handler .
event listener ( ) event
handler event-listener interfaces .
event listener ,
events GUI-Components -
o event , event handler
event.
Java 53
,
(event listeners) Buttons Solve
Clear. init
layout component hierarchy.
class Solve implements ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
try {
double a,b,c,d,x1,x2,sqrtd;
a=(new Double(tfA.getText())).doubleValue();
b=(new Double(tfB.getText())).doubleValue();
c=(new Double(tfC.getText())).doubleValue();
d = b*b-4*a*c;
tfD.setText(Double.toString(d));
if (d>0) {
sqrtd = Math.sqrt(d);
x1 = (-b-sqrtd)/(2d*a);
x2 = (-b+sqrtd)/(2d*a);
tfX1.setText(Double.toString(x1));
} else if (d==0) {
x1 = x2 = -b/(2d*a);
} else {
tfX1.setText("Error");
tfX2.setText("Negative D");
}
tfD.setText(e.getMessage());
}
}
}
btSolve.addActionListener(new Solve( ) );
class Clear implements ActionListener() {

tfA.setText("");
tfB.setText("");
tfC.setText("");
tfD.setText("");
tfX1.setText("");
tfX2.setText("");
}
}
Java 54
btClear.addActionListener(new Clear( ) );
on the fly
. inline .
components
event
component.
inline - :
someComponent.addSomeEventListener( new SomeEventListener()

{ // -
public void someEventMethod( ) //Overrided
{ Event method implementation here }
} );
inline ,
Buttons Solve Clear :
btSolve.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
try {
d = b*b-4*a*c;
if (d>0) {
x1 = (-b-sqrtd)/(2d*a);
x2 = (-b+sqrtd)/(2d*a);
} else if (d==0) {
x1 = x2 = -b/(2d*a);
} else {
}
}
}
});
Java 55
btClear.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
tfA.setText("");
tfB.setText("");
tfC.setText("");
tfD.setText("");
tfX1.setText("");
tfX2.setText("");
}
});
7.4 Adapter Classes

event listener
interface . ,
interface,
adapter . event listener interface
adapter .
adapter : MouseAdapter interface MouseListener,
MouseMotionAdapter interface MouseMotionListener, MouseMotionAdapter
interface MouseMotionAdapterListener .
7.5 applet EQ
EQ applet
stand-alone
application main( ).
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class eq extends java.applet.Applet {

TextField tfA, tfB, tfC, tfD, tfX1, tfX2;
Button btSolve, btClear;
Panel p;
ScrollPane sp;

setBackground(SystemColor.control);
p = new Panel();
sp = new ScrollPane(ScrollPane.SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED);
tfA = new TextField();

tfB = new TextField();
tfC = new TextField();
Java 56
tfD = new TextField();

btSolve = new Button("Solve");

btClear = new Button("Clear");
tfD.setEditable(false);
p.setLayout(new GridLayout(5,4, 5,5));

p.add(new Label("EQuation"));
p.add(new Label("Applet"));
p.add(new Label("Factor a"));

p.add(tfA);
p.add(new Label("Determinator D"));
p.add(tfD);
p.add(new Label("Factor b"));

p.add(tfB);
p.add(tfX1);
p.add(new Label("Factor c"));

p.add(tfC);
p.add(tfX2);
p.add(btSolve);
p.add(btClear);
sp.add(p);
sp.doLayout();
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(sp, BorderLayout.CENTER);
btSolve.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
try {
Java 57
d = b*b-4*a*c;
if (d>0) {
x1 = (-b-sqrtd)/(2d*a);
x2 = (-b+sqrtd)/(2d*a);
} else if (d==0) {
x1 = x2 = -b/(2d*a);
} else {
}
}
}
});
btClear.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
tfA.setText("");
tfB.setText("");
tfC.setText("");
tfD.setText("");
tfX1.setText("");
tfX2.setText("");
}
});
} //end of init() method
public Insets getInsets() {

Insets i = super.getInsets();
return new Insets(i.top+10, i.left+10,
i.bottom+10, i.right+10);
}

Dimension dim = getSize();
g.setColor(Color.lightGray);
Java 58
g.draw3DRect(3, 3, dim.width-9, dim.height-9, false);

g.draw3DRect(4, 4, dim.width-11, dim.height-11, true);
}

Frame fr = new Frame("EQ");
eq eq = new eq();
Button btClose = new Button("Close");
Panel p2 = new Panel();
eq.init();
eq.start();
p2.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));
p2.add(btClose);
fr.setBackground(SystemColor.control);
fr.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
fr.add(eq, BorderLayout.CENTER);
fr.add(p2, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
// fr.pack();
fr.setSize(300, 150);
fr.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
Frame src = (Frame)we.getSource();
Applet appl=(Applet)src.getComponent(0);
appl.stop();
appl.destroy();
src.setVisible(false);
src.dispose();
System.exit(0);
}
});
btClose.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
System.exit(0);
}
});
fr.setVisible(true);
}
}
Java 59
8. Swing (Swing GUIs)

javax.swing
GUI. javax.swing
Abstract Windows Toolkit (AWT). , JButton
, AWT Button ,
.
8.1 Top-Level Swing Containers Swing Components

Swing top-level Swing container.
top-level Swing container Swing
components .
top-level Swing containers: JFrame, JDialog, ( applets) JApplet.
JFrame , JDialog
(
). JApplet applet
Web Browser. top-level Swing containers :
Jframe JDialog
JApplet
top-level containers, JFrame, Swing components

JComponent. H JComponent
:
java.lang.Object
java.awt.Component
Java.awt.Container
java.swing.JComponent
Java 60
swing Containers Components

Top-Level Containers
Container Swing .
Applet
Frame
Dialog
General-Purpose Containers
Container .
Scroll pane
Panel
Tabbed pane
Split pane
Tool bar
Special-Purpose Containers
Container GUI.
Java 61
Internal frame
Layered pane
Root pane
Basic Controls
Component ,
.
List
Buttons Combo box
Slider
Menu
Java 62
Spinner
Text field or Formatted text field
Uneditable Information Displays

Component .
Progress bar
Tool tip
Label
Interactive Displays of Highly Formatted Information

Component (
) .
Color chooser
File chooser
Table
Text Tree
Java 63
Swing
Swing :
JFrame
JPanel
JButton
Swing Components . ,
GUI Swing, JFrame
(layout) . JPanels Jframe.
JPanels layout JFrames. ,
Component.
.
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class SimpleGui1 {
// Let's make a button first.
JButton btn = new JButton("Click Me!");
btn.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_C); // Now you can hit the button with
// Alt-C.
// Let's make the panel with a flow layout.

// Flow layout allows the components to be
// their preferred size.
JPanel pane = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
pane.add(btn); // Add the button to the pane.
// Now for the frame

JFrame fr = new JFrame();
fr.setContentPane(pane); // Use our pane as the default pane
fr.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); // Exit program
//when frame is closed.
fr.setLocation(200, 200); // locate Frame at (200, 200).

fr.pack(); // Frame is ready. Pack it up for
// display.
fr.setVisible(true); // Make it visible.
}
}
:
Java 64
JButton, JPanel, JFrame

( JAVA PI ).
,
, "" .
8.2 - Event Handlers

component (JButton )
(ButtonListener). ,
( ).
AWT
Component. JButton
:
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
class SimpleGui1 {
JButton btn = new JButton("Click Me!");
// Alt-C.
btn.addActionListener(new ButtonListener()); // Allow the button

// to disable itself



// display.
}
Java 65
// Button event handler

static class ButtonListener implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
btn.setEnabled(false); // Disable the button
}
}
}
. , ,
:
Swing components (events).

.
Some Events and Their Associated Event Listeners

Act that Results in the Event Listener Type
User clicks a button, presses Enter while typing
ActionListener
in a text field, or chooses a menu item
User closes a frame (main window) WindowListener
User presses a mouse button while the cursor is
MouseListener
over a component
User moves the mouse over a component MouseMotionListener
Component becomes visible ComponentListener
Component gets the keyboard focus FocusListener
Table or list selection changes ListSelectionListener
Any property in a component changes such as
PropertyChangeListener
the text on a label
8.3 Swing Threads

H AWT Swing GUI
Threads. AWT threads (thread safe) swing
.
Threads synchnonized Java

o threads .
AWT
. (deadlocks)
(. buttons, panels, )
.
swing thread-safe.
Swing thread
Java 66
event-dispatching thread.
event handler event handler.
(deadlock), Swing components
, event-
dispatching thread.
8.3.1 invokeLater
invokeLater thread event-dispatching
thread .
run Runnable Runable
invokeLater. invokeLater
event-dispatching thread.
invokeLater:
Runnable updateAComponent = new Runnable() {

public void run() { component.doSomething(); }
};
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(updateAComponent);

GUI event-dispatching thread invokeLater.
Swing
GUI event-dispatching thread
invokeLater. invokeLater invokeAndWait

import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
class SimpleGui1 {
private static JButton btn = null;
public static void createAndShowGUI() {

btn = new JButton("Click Me!");
// Alt-C.
btn.addActionListener(new ButtonListener()); // Allow the button

// to disable itself

Java 67


// display.
}
//Schedule a job for the event-dispatching thread:

//creating and showing this application's GUI.
javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
createAndShowGUI();
}
});
}
// Button event handler

static class ButtonListener implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
btn.setEnabled(false); // Disable the button
}
}
}
Java 68
Java 69
9. Animation Java
9.1 Animation
Java
Java applet , animation.
animation
.
animation.
animation:
1. multi-frame animation.
(frames) (
animation 10-20 frames
).
(cartoons).
2. .
( sprite)
(background). .
sprite frames,
background. ,
, (sprite) (transparent) background
.
format GIF 89 Compuserve.
9. 2 animation loop
animation ,
(animatin loop),
animation. Java
thread.
paint() update() java.awt.Component
, AWT
thread
(event handling) . animation loop
run() thread
animation. paint() frame
( ).
animation loop.
frameNumber, frame
( frame)
delay, msec ( )
frames.
frame animation loop, repaint()
java.awt.Component. paint() (
paint() frame) frame.
public void run() {

while (true) {
// animation frame .
frameNumber++;
Java 70
// .
repaint();
// delay msec.
try {Thread.sleep(delay); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
9.3. animation
Applet multi-frame
animation, animation loop
. ,
Java animation. .
import java.awt.*;
// applet Runnable interface

// threads.
public class AnimatorApplet extends Applet implements Runnable {
int frameNumber = -1; // frames
int delay; // msec
// Thread animation
Thread animatorThread;

// 100msec frames
delay=100;
}

// Thread animation
if (animatorThread == null) {
animatorThread = new Thread(this);
}
// Thread animation
animatorThread.start();
}
}

// hread animation
animatorThread = null;
}
// animation loop.
public void run() {
//animation loop
Java 71
while (Thread.currentThread() == animatorThread) {
// frame
frameNumber++;
// frame
repaint();
// msec
try {Thread.sleep(delay) }
catch (InterruptedException e) { break; }
}
}
// paint() frame.
// string
// frame
g.drawString("Frame " + frameNumber, 0, 30);
// , frame
}
9.4.
animation:
Frame i, i frame.
,
. string ( string
- ),
.
flashing flickering
(smooth, flicker free) animation.
screen flickering :
repaint() animation loop, frame,
repaint(), background
paint() . ,
background frame
(refresh rate) .
(
background frame)
( frame , ,
background).

animation
flickering (smooth) animation.
update().
Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) package Java
(Applet, Canvas, Frame) update()
Java 72
. , update() clearRect()
background paint()
.
update() : background
.
animation loop flickering.
background
frame. update()
paint() ( background). ,
update frame, -
frame.
buffer

.
(offscreen) frame o
.
frame , frame
frame .
frame , . ,
frame . Java, buffer
(offImage) Image
createImage() java.awt.Component.
, Graphics (offGraphics)
Image getGraphics().
, update()
. frame
drawImage()
update().
Applet
smooth animation.
:
import java.awt.*;
public class ImageSequence extends Applet implements Runnable {

int frameNumber = -1;
int delay;
Thread animatorThread;
boolean frozen = false;
Dimension offDimension;
Image offImage;
Graphics offGraphics;
Image[] images;

String str;
int fps = 10;
// milliseconds frames;
str = getParameter("fps");
try {
Java 73
if (str != null) {
fps = Integer.parseInt(str);
}
} catch (Exception e) {}
delay = (fps > 0) ? (1000 / fps) : 100;
// .
images = new Image[10];
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
//
images[i-1] = getImage(getCodeBase(),
"myimage"+i+".gif");
}
}

if (frozen) {
// .
} else {
// animation!
if (animatorThread == null) {
animatorThread = new Thread(this);
}
animatorThread.start();
}
}

// animation
//
//
offGraphics = null;
offImage = null;
}
public boolean mouseDown(Event e, int x, int y) {

if (frozen) {
frozen = false;
start();
} else {
frozen = true;
// animating thread.
}
return true;
}
public void run() {

//
// animation thread
//
// .
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
Java 74
//
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
//animation loop.
while (Thread.currentThread() == animatorThread) {
frameNumber++;
repaint();
//
try {
startTime += delay;
Thread.sleep(Math.max(0,
startTime-System.currentTimeMillis()));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
break;
}
}
}

update(g);
}
// update()
//
// background .
// backround
// frame.
//
//
public void update(Graphics g) {
Dimension d = size();
//
if ( (offGraphics == null)
|| (d.width != offDimension.width)
|| (d.height != offDimension.height) ) {
offDimension = d;
offImage = createImage(d.width, d.height);
offGraphics = offImage.getGraphics();
}
// frame,
offGraphics.setColor(getBackground());
offGraphics.fillRect(0, 0, d.width, d.height);
offGraphics.setColor(Color.black);
// frame
offGraphics.drawImage(images[frameNumber % 10], 0, 0, this);
//
g.drawImage(offImage, 0, 0, this);
}
Java 75
}
Java 75
10. / - Streams
,
, , , ,
. ( ),
( ) .
10.1
Java,
, , ( file system )
( device ), Streams. stream .
, .
Java streams,
. streams / InputStream
OutputStream, .
streams DataInputStream DataOutputStream
, , -
Java , (
) . ,
- Java. , DataInputStream
DataOutputStream Unicode ( string ),
UTF-8.
streams, ( file
buffers ),
, / ( / ).
BufferedInputStream BufferedOutputStream (
) .
buffered stream, buffer
stream. , ,
flush buffers,
buffer ( file system ). ,
file system,
FileInputStream FileOutputStream ,
.
10.2 System
Java applet ,
import , System.
, /.
System.in, InputStream
stream ( ).
stream
, , modem,
.
stream ,
.
strings, ( integer ) ,
bytes. string :
public class InputTest() {

String str;
Java 76
public static void main(String args[])

{
str = System.in.getln();
}
10.3 System
, streams.
,
, standard output,
. monitor, , ,
, . System
System.out OutputStream. To ,
, standard output.
public class InputTest() {

String str;

{
str = System.in.getln();
System.out.println(str);
}
:
applet, .. Netscape Navigator, standard Java
Console Netscape, ,
( command line ).
10.4 DataInputStream

DataInputStream.
Constructor :
public DataInputStream(InputStream in)

data input stream
input stream .
:
in - input stream.
read(byte[])
byte.length bytes data input stream,
bytes
readBoolean()
boolean data input stream.
readByte()
8-bit data input stream.
Java 77
readChar()
Unicode data input stream.
readFloat()
float data input stream.
readInt()
32-bit ( integer ) data input stream.
readLine()
data input stream.
readLong()
64-bit ( integer ) data input stream.
10.5 DataOutputStream

DataOutputStream.
Constructor :
public DataOutputStream(OutputStream out)

data output stream output
stream .
:
out - output stream.
flush()
, . output
stream. buffer.
size()
bytes data output stream.
writeChar(int)
stream 2-byte ,
byte, .
writeDouble(double)
double long
doubleToLongBits Double long
stream 8-byte , byte,
.
writeInt(int)
( int ) stream bytes,
byte, .
Java 78
11. Java
11.1 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

( World Wide Web ),
URL, HTML Web.
, :
: URL Uniform Resource Locator

( ) Internet.
( ) URL,
, URLs
. URL
... Internet : http://www.ntua.gr .
URL, , :
( protocol identifier ) , .. http

/ ( resource name ), .. //www.ntua.gr .
To protocol identifier ,
. , http
( hypertext documents ). ftp
, news , file gopher.
Internet. H
,
:
host : .
( filename ) : , host.
( port number ) : (
).
( reference ) : .
, ,
. To java.net URL,
URL .
11.1.1 URL (relative)

URL
URL. specifications URL
HTML .
L JoesHomePage.html.
links , PicturesOfMe.html MyKids.html,
directory JoesHomePage.html. links
PicturesOfMe.html MyKids.html JoesHomePage.html
:
<a href="PicturesOfMe.html">Pictures of Me</a>

<a href="MyKids.html">Pictures of My Kids</a>
URL URL, URL

( JoesHomePage.html). Java,
URL specification URL.
Java 79
, URL gamelan site:
http://www.gamelan.com/pages/Gamelan.game.html
http://www.gamelan.com/pages/Gamelan.net.html
URL
URL: http://www.gamelan.com/pages/ :
URL gamelan = new URL("http://www.gamelan.com/pages/");

URL gamelanGames = new URL(gamelan, "Gamelan.game.html");
URL gamelanNetwork = new URL(gamelan, "Gamelan.net.html");
snippet URL
URL URL ( )
specification URL. :
URL(URL baseURL, String relativeURL)
URL URL.
String resource
. URL ,
() URL URL specification. ,
URL URL specification
URL.

URL (anchors) .
Gamelan.net.html
BOTTOM .
URL, URL :
URL gamelanNetworkBottom = new URL(gamelanNetwork, "#BOTTOM");
11.1.2 URL
class URL URL .
URL, HTTP
URLs, host, ,
resource name portion URL.
string URL specification,
URL.
network browsing panel

browsing panel , host,
. panel
URL. URL ,
host . URL
Gamelan.net.html site Gamelan:
new URL("http", "www.gamelan.com", "/pages/Gamelan.net.html");
new URL("http://www.gamelan.com/pages/Gamelan.net.html");
, host
path . forward
slash . host.
Java 80
URL
:
URL gamelan = new URL("http", "www.gamelan.com", 80,

"pages/Gamelan.net.html");
URL URL:
http://www.gamelan.com:80/pages/Gamelan.net.html
URL
, toString() toExternalForm()
URL, String .
11.1.3 MalformedURLException
URL MalformedURLException
. ,

URL try/catch pair, :
try {
URL myURL = new URL(. . .)
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
...
// exception handler code here
...
}
URLs '' '' .

URL ,
( )(, host, ).
11.1.4 URL
URL, ()
, :
getProtocol()
String .
getHost()
String host.
getPort()
(integer) (port).
port number URL -1.
getFile()
String filename.
getRef()
URL.
getXXX ,
URL
URL.
URL class, ,
URLs. ,
Java 81
URL
.
URL string
URL:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ParseURL {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL aURL = new
URL("http://java.sun.com:80/docs/books/tutorial/intro.html#DOWNLOADING");
System.out.println("protocol = " + aURL.getProtocol());
System.out.println("host = " + aURL.getHost());
System.out.println("filename = " + aURL.getFile());
System.out.println("port = " + aURL.getPort());
System.out.println("ref = " + aURL.getRef());
}
}
protocol = http
host = java.sun.com
filename = /docs/books/tutorial/intro.html
port = 80
ref = DOWNLOADING
11.1.5 URL
URL, openStream()
stream, .
, openStream() , Java.io.InputStream ,
URL, ,
streams, streams.
, .
,
HTML.
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class OpenStreamTest {
try {
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
DataInputStream dis;
String inputLine;
String address;
// Get the address from the user.

System.out.print(Give the address : );
address = in.readLine();
URL adr = new URL(address);

dis = new DataInputStream(adr.openStream());
while ((inputLine = dis.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(inputLine);
}
Java 82
dis.close();
} catch (MalformedURLException me) {
System.out.println("MalformedURLException: "+ me);
} catch (IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IOException: " + ioe);
}
} // End of main()
} // End of class
, , ,
URL, ( query ),
cgi-script.
11.1.6 URL
URL
openConnection. ,
Java URL .

... :
try {
URL ntua = new URL("http://www.ntua.gr");
ntua.openConnection();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) { // new URL() failed
...
} catch (IOException e) { // openConnection() failed
...
}
openConnection URLConnection,
, , URL
URLConnection. ,
openConnection .
input stream URL,
(connection) URL input stream ,
.
BufferedReader input stream, .
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class URLConnectionReader {

URL yahoo = new URL("http://www.yahoo.com/");
URLConnection yc = yahoo.openConnection();
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(
yc.getInputStream()));
String inputLine;
while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null)

Java 83
in.close();
}
}
URLConnection
URL
URLConnection .
HTML ,
(server).

, Web browser URL ,
cgi-bin script, , (server) ,
, HTML .
cgi-bin scripts POST
, URL posting
url. Java cgi-scripts
, URL,
. :
URL.
URL.
URLConnection.
(stream) . stream
stream cgi-bin script .
stream .
stream .
Hassan Schroeder, JAVA,

cgi-bin script, backwards site:
http://java.sun.com/cgi-bin/backwards.
, . ,
script , backwards
.
string standard ,
standard . :
string=string_to_reverse, string_to_reverse string
.
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class Reverse {

if (args.length != 1) {
System.err.println("Usage: java Reverse string_to_reverse");
System.exit(1);
}
String stringToReverse = URLEncoder.encode(args[0]);
URL url = new URL("http://java.sun.com/cgi-bin/backwards");

URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
connection.setDoOutput(true);
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(connection.getOutputStream());

Java 84
out.println("string=" + stringToReverse);
out.close();
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(

new InputStreamReader(
connection.getInputStream()));
String inputLine;

in.close();
}
}
if (args.length != 1) {
System.err.println("Usage: java Reverse " +
"string_to_reverse");
System.exit(-1);
}
String stringToReverse = URLEncoder.encode(args[0]);

. string cgi-bin
script backwards. .
, string
server. URLEncoder.
, URL, URLConnection
.
URL url = new URL("http://java.sun.com/cgi-bin/backwards");

URLConnection c = url.openConnection();
c.setDoOutput(true);
(stream)
PrintWriter :
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(c.getOutputStream());
URL , getOutputStream :
UnknownServiceException. URL ,
(stream) standard URL
(server).
.
, (stream)
.
out.println("string=" + stringToReverse);
out.close();
(stream) println.
, URL
(stream). (stream)
backward script
. Reverse
script string string
.
Java 85
, URL, cgi-bin script

. script ,
, URL. ,
URL .
Reverse :
BufferReader in = new BufferedReader(

new InputStreamReader(c.getInputStream()));
String inputLine;

in.close();
Reverse "Reverse Me",

:
Reverse Me
reversed is:
eM esreveR
Java 86
11.2 Sockets
11.2.1 Client - Server

- ( client - server ). ,
-
, -, .
, :
- .
, , -
.
- , ,
,
. , ,
, ( .. ,
, mail ).
, server
.
, ,
.
, .
, :
{ , -, -, -,
- }
.
- -, -
, .
- -,
, ,
.
host , 16-bit
, ( port number ) ,
.
, ( half association ), { , -
, - }, { , -,
- }. socket.
O : Socket , ,
. ,
.
4.1cBSD Unix ( 1982 ), VAX,

Berkeley, socket interface
. C Unix,
, ( .. Winsock
library Microsoft Windows ), ( .. Java ).
socket,
file system. sockets :
T TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol ) socket

( connection-oriented service ).
, ,
Java 87
,
.
UDP (Unreliable Datagram Protocol ) socket
( connectionless service ). To ,
, :
, (
) .
, , TCP sockets
:
. UDP socket .
,
. , TCP socket
( handshake packets )
UDP datagrams.
.
, Java, Socket
TCP sockets, ,
UDP sockets, Datagram.
sockets
java.net .
/
Socket TCP -
ServerSocket CP -
DatagramSocket UDP ( client & server )
DatagramPacket UDP
netAddress Internet Protocol (
IP )
URL Uniform Resource Locator
URLConnection
web.
11.2.2 Client - Server TCP sockets
, (
echo service ). TCP sockets 7,
, , ,
. . , .
,
, ,
, 8205.
O ( client )
client
:
Socket() - server
getInputStream() - socket
getOutputStream() / Java, . streams
read() write() - -
Java 88
socket - stream
.. - /
close() - socket
.
,
.
Socket, , ,
(!) ( constructors ) .
:
Socket s = new Socket(args[0], 8205);
. s, socket
(args[0] - ,
, command line,
).
, streams /
socket , /. ,
, ( ) / Java
streams. , getInputStream()
getOutputStream() Socket, :
DataInputStream sin = new

DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream sout = new
DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
streams socket, /
streams. .. :
sout.println(Hello); // socket
String message = sin.readLine(); //
// socket
socket s,
, , port.
System.out.println(Connected to +
s.getInetAddress() + : + s.getPort());
/, socket ,
, ( file handlers ),
.
...
finally {
try {
if ( s != null) s.close();
} catch(IOException ioe) {
;
}
}
client echo :
// The client program for the echo service

// Written using JDK, ver. 1.1.5
Java 89
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class EchoClient

{
public static void echoclient(DataInputStream sin,
DataOutputStream sout) throws IOException
{
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
PrintStream out = new PrintStream(sout);
String line;
while(true) {
line = "";
// read keyboard input and write to TCP socket

try {
line = in.readLine();
out.println(line);
} catch(IOException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
// read TCP socket and write to terminal...

try {
line = sin.readLine();
System.out.println(line);
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
} // End of echoclient() function...
public static void main(String[] args)

{
Socket s = null;
try {
// Create the socket to communicate with "echo"
// on the specified host
s = new Socket(args[0], 8205);
// Create streams for reading and writing lines

// of text from and to this socket
DataInputStream sin =
new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream sout =
new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
// Tell the user that weve connected

System.out.println("Connected to " +
s.getInetAddress() + ":" + s.getPort());
// Use the echo feature...

echoclient(sin, sout);
Java 90
System.out.println(e);
}
// Always be sure to close the socket...

finally {
try {
if (s != null)
s.close();
System.out.println("Closing socket...");
}
}
} // End of main()
} // End of class
,
socket streams , try
,
IOException. ,
/ socket.
, close() ,
finally.
( server )
TCP - / port
-,
. port server
-,
. server port socket ,
, . . , socket
listening socket.
, .
, ,
- , . ,
.
EchoClient,
: EchoServer, listening-socket
EchoThread, Thread Java.
EchoServer
, .
server :
ServerSocket() - listening socket

accept() -
new Thread - thread

getInputStream() - socket accept
getOutputStream() /
Java, . streams
read() write() - -
socket - stream
.. - /
Java 91
close() - socket ( listening )

.
ServerSocket java.net
TCP socket, ,
client/server .
,
.
,
. , .
:
ServerSocket serversoc = new ServerSocket(8205);
, server
:
Socket incoming = serversoc.accept();
accept() ,
listening-socket, . .
, accept() Socket ( listening-socket )
.
listening socket ,
( well-known ). ,
EchoThread :
EchoThread et = new EchoThread(incoming);

et.start();
thread socket
accept(), , , streams / :
DataInputStream in =
PrintStream out =
new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());
/ socket ( streams ), /
. , thread socket
accept ( close() ) . listening socket
, EchoServer.
try,
( socket ),
.
echo,
.
// Server program for the echo service. An alternative

// to the standard echo at port 7. We use TCP port 8205.
// Written using JDK 1.1.5, Petros Zerfos @1998
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
public class EchoServer

Java 92
{
{
// initialize the network connection
try {
ServerSocket serversoc = new ServerSocket(8205);
// Now sit in an infinite loop and wait for

// requests...
while (true) {
// accept the message
Socket incoming = serversoc.accept();
// spawn a child to serve the request

EchoThread et = new EchoThread(incoming);
et.start();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error : " + e.getMessage());
}
} // End of main
} // End of class EchoServer()
class EchoThread extends Thread

{
// The socket we are writing to
Socket s;
// Our constructor
EchoThread(Socket s)
{
this.s = s;
}
// The run method of the thread...

public void run()
{
boolean finished = false;
try {
// Create streams for reading / writing lines of text to the socket
DataInputStream in =
PrintStream out =
new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());
// Print a message:
System.out.println("Client from : " +
s.getInetAddress() + " port " + s.getPort());
// now get the input from the socket...

while(!finished) {
String st = in.readLine();
// Send the same back to client
out.println(st);
// Write it to the screen as well
Java 93
System.out.println(st);
// If the input was 'quit' then exit...
if (st.equals("quit")) {
finished = true;
System.out.println("Thread exiting...");
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error : " + e.getMessage());
}
// Always be sure to close the socket...

finally {
try {
if (s != null)
s.close();
System.out.println("Error : " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
} // End of run
} // End of class EchoThread...
11.2.3 M Socket
, ,
Socket.
Socket(InetAddress, int)
stream ( TCP ) socket port
.
Socket(String, int)
stream ( TCP ) socket port host,
.
close()
socket ( ).
getInetAddress()
host socket
.
getInputStream()
stream socket.
getLocalAddress()
host socket (
).
getLocalPort()
( ) host socket
.
getOutputStream()
stream socket
getPort()
host socket
Java 94
11.2.4 ServerSocket
, ,
ServerSocket.
ServerSocket(int)
server socket
. 0,
( ) .
ServerSocket(int, int)
server socket
,
port, , . , 0
.
accept()
server socket .
close()
server socket.
getInetAddress()
server socket.
getLocalPort()
port server socket .
11.2.5 Datagrams
TCP sockets,
, UDP Datagrams
peer-to-peer, . .
.
, ,
.
, , , , , TCP sockets

( ,
),
datagrams, ( packets )
. , TCP sockets ,
, , ,

, UDP datagrams, , ,
host- . ,
. datagram
:
: Datagram , ( .
) , ,
.
Java 95
,
, , TCP
sockets. , PING,

. , PING
,
. TCP,
.
11.2.6 UDP Datagrams
,
, UDP datagrams. ,
( ),
,
, .
UDP , :
, o TimeClient,
host, . TimeServer
, host.
8505 ,
.
: DatagramSocket,
UDP datagrams DatagramPacket,
.
host
TimeServer.
(.. #java TimeClient 127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1 default
localhost). To
InetAddress, getByName(String),
InetAddress :
InetAddress hostAddress = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
datagram socket,
. :
DatagramSocket serversoc = new DatagramSocket();
, port
, datagram socket.
, datagram socket streams
/, / ,
.
. DatagramPacket,
4 : buffer,
bytes ( String array ),
, InetAddress ,
. TimeServer, buffer
, .
DatagramPacket packet;
Java 96
byte[] message = new byte[256];

packet = new DatagramPacket(message, 256, hostaddress, port);
, , send(DatagramPacket) datagram
socket :
serversoc.send(packet);

receive(DatagramPacket) datagram socket.
serversoc.receive(packet);
receive() , datagram
port datagram socket. ,
UDP .
,
, .
, getData() DatagramPacket,
bytes , String .
getInetAddress() getPort()
, . ,
, . DatagramSocket().
TimeClient :
// the TimeClient program in Java,

// using UDP Datagrams... We will use UDP port 8505
// Petros Zerfos @1998
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class TimeClient {

public static void timeclient(DatagramSocket serversoc,
InetAddress hostaddress, int port) {
// Declare a datagram packet...
DatagramPacket packet;
// Declare a byte array to send as a request and

// receive the answer
byte[] message = new byte[256];
try {
// construct the packet with all the information
// needed
packet = new DatagramPacket(message, 256, hostaddress, port);
System.out.println("Sending the request for the time...");

// since the socket is already open, send the
// request
serversoc.send(packet);
// Now, get the reply

System.out.println("Waiting for reply...");
serversoc.receive(packet);
String mesg = new String(packet.getData(), 0);
Java 97
// Print the server's time

System.out.println("Time at server's location " +
packet.getAddress() + ":" + packet.getPort() + is " + mesg );
} catch(Exception exc) {
System.out.println("Error : " + exc.toString());
}
} // End of timeclient()

// We use the command line to get the address of the
// time server
InetAddress hostAddress;
int portnum;
// Declare a datagram socket

DatagramSocket serversoc;
// initialize the network

try {
// Get network info
hostAddress = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
portnum = 8505;
serversoc = new DatagramSocket();
timeclient(serversoc, hostAddress, portnum);
// Don't forget to release the resource...

// by closing the datagram socket.
if (serversoc != null) serversoc.close();
} catch (UnknownHostException uhe) {

System.out.println("Unknown host : " +
uhe.toString());
} catch (SocketException exc) {
System.out.println("Error : " + exc);
}
} // End of main()
} // End of class
try,
.
server client.

. , ,
,
,
.
datagram packet, 8Bytes. UDP datagrams,
, ,
.
Java 98
, ,
datagram socket, :
DatagramSocket port ( . 8505 ), socket,
. :
// The TimeServer for the time service...

// Using UDP Datagrams and port number 8505
// Petros Zerfos @1998
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*; // For the date functions...
public class TimeServer {

// Our datagram socket for I/O
DatagramSocket s = null;
// Our packet for getting the request and sending the

// reply
DatagramPacket packet = null;
// Create a receive buffer

byte[] buf = new byte[256];
// Create the packet to receive the request

packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);
// now create a socket to listen in

try {
s = new DatagramSocket(8505);
System.out.println("Error : " + e.toString());
}
// Now sit in an infinite loop and reply to the

// queries...
while (true) {
// sit around and wait for a request
try {
s.receive(packet);
}
// Get the client's info

InetAddress cl = packet.getAddress();
int port = packet.getPort();
System.out.println("Client from " +
cl.getHostAddress() + ":" + port +
" requested the time.");
// Construct the response and sent it back...

String localtime = new Date().toString();
// Convert the localtime string to an array
// of bytes
localtime.getBytes(0, localtime.length(), buf, 0);
// Construct the packet
try {
Java 99
packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, cl, port);
// Send it!
s.send(packet);
} //End of while
System.out.println("Client served...");
}
} // End of main()
} // End of TimeServer class.
11.2.7 M DatagramSocket
DatagramSocket()
datagram socket port,
host.
DatagramSocket(int)
datagram socket
, host.
DatagramSocket(int, InetAddress)
datagram socket .
SocketException ,
.
close()
datagram socket.
getLocalAddress()
Gets the local address to which the socket is bound.
, socket .
getLocalPort()
, socket
.
receive(DatagramPacket)
datagram socket.
send(DatagramPacket)
datagram socket.
11.2.8 M DatagramPacket
DatagramPacket(byte[], int)
DatagramPacket,
. buffer
.
DatagramPacket(byte[], int, InetAddress, int)
datagram packet .
bytes, ,

Java
100
getAddress()
, datagram ,
.
getData()
, .
getLength()
, .
getPort()
host,
, host, .

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7. Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) 47

8. Swing (Swing GUIs) 59

javac compiler Java. command-line : javac

Compile Java compiler:

1.3 Java Applet

public class HelloWorld extends Applet {

Compile Java compiler:

HTML Hello.html Applet.

Here is the output of my program:

HTML Java-enabled browser Internet Explorer

1.4 Internet Java

User Interface - 1 User Interface - 2

<returned type> <method_name> (<parameter list>) {

<data_type or class_name> <variables or objects>;

<returned type> <method_name> (<parameter list>) {

Vitamins v1, v2, v3; //

Vitamin getVitamin(int num) { //

( primitive types) java,

class Socket (*) class InputStream (*) class A

class mySocket class D class B

java super this

void add(...) (3)

aMethod(), aMethod(type1), aMethod(type2), aMethod(type1, type2), aMethod(type2, type1).

1. constructor default null constructor

String str = "Hello, I am a new string!";

2.8 (access specifiers)

<access specifiers> <type or class> <variables>;

<access specifiers> <returned type> <method name> (<param list>) {

access specifiers JAVA

public A() {...}

protected int convert_A_to_int (A a) { return a.getValue(); }

<access specifiers> <modifiers> <type or class> <variables>;

modifiers final, abstract :

a = (int) b; // short --> int explicit casting.

b = (short) a; // int --> short explicit casting ONLY!

(Cow, Dog Snake)

public class AnimalReference

public static void main(String[] args)

Animal ref; // set up a reference for an Animal

// make specific objects

// now reference each as an Animal

public interface myinterface extends superinterface1,superinterface2, {

public class MyThreadedApplet extends Applet implements Runnable {

Runnable interface thread

public void Method (Runnable mythread,String S, double d) {

Float point literals ( )

'\n' , '\23', 'a'

op= : += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= >>>=

String ntua=National Technical University of Athens;

System.out.println(National Technical University of Athens); //

String ntuaHMMY = ntua + HMMY Department;

, , (if - else, for, while, do - while switch),

while (1) {...} //

boolean found = false;

break continue (labeled break labeled

public String getName()

public int calculateInterest( )

< > <>[];

int give_ints() [] {....}

void get_ints(int i[]) { ... }

class MyException extends Exception {

finally try block return,

class Socket () class InputStream () class A