GLOSSARY OF TERMS Fluid Properties API gravity. A measure of density used for hydrocarbon liquids. The relationship between specific gravity and °API is: = ML Y" 315 + APE Density, p. The pounds of a substance per cubic foot of volume. Differential liberation process. Laboratory process in which the released gas is withdrawn from the oil at each of several pressure levels Flash liberation process. Laboratory process in which the released gas ‘and oil remain in the same system over the entire pressure range. Gas deviation factor, z. A correction factor used in gas volume equations because Teal gases do not obey the ideal gas laws. Gas formation volume factor, B|. The volume in reservoir barrels occupied ts by one standard cubic foot of gas. Gas gravity, y,. The ratio of the molecular weight of a gas mixture to ——______8 the molecular weight of air. O11 compressibility, c,. The fractional reduction in ofl volume that results from a pressure increase of one psi. Oil shrinkage factor, b,. The fractional barrel of stock tank oil contained in one reservoir barrel of oil. Pseudo-critical pressure, p,.. The mol weighted average critical pressure a ee Del for a gas consisting of more than one component. Pseudo-critical temperature, T,.. The mol weighted average critical bc temperature for a gas consisting of more than one component. Pseudo-reduced pressure, p,.. The existing pressure on a multi-component gas system divided by its pseudo-critical pressure. Peeudo-reduced temperature, T,.. The existing temperature of a multi- pr component gas system divided by its pseudo-critical temperature. Reduced pressure, p.. The existing pressure divided by the critical Pressure for a single component gas.tenperature for a single component gas. Temperatures are absolute, e.g. °R. Reduced temperature, T,. The existing temperature divided by the critical Solution gas~oil ratio, R,. The standard cubic feet of gas dissolved in one ST barrel of oil at reservoir conditions. Specific gravity, y. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Total formation volume factor, B,. The volume in reservoir barrels occupied by one ST barrel of oil and its released gas. Viscosity, u. The property of a fluid that causes it to resist flow. Water compressibility, c.. The fractional: reduction in water volume that results from a pressure increase of one psi. wiv-‘ID_PROPERTIES INTRODUCTION This por used in res One type of reservoir called PVT properties se 11 define the fluid property data that ere and will show us how these data can be cbtainec. data relates the volume of produced fluids to the nese fluids. This type of data is commonly “pe of data describes the changes in physical tr with change in pressure. climes are measured at the surface and are referred of temperature and pressure. These standard conditions as 60°F end 14,7 psia, but slightly different bases are cduced ofl volumes are reported in stock tank barrels 5 in standard cubic feet (scf), and water volumes in surface ave seen in the Geology and Reservoir Volume section, a cir analysis gives the hydrocarbon volume in reservoir 11 see later in the Material Balance section that volumetric ons require that the oil and gas volumes in the reservoir be nd scf basis, respectively. Thus, we must know the reservoir volume 2 STB of oil and its dissolved gas, by a scf of free gas, or by a of water. These conversion factors will be defined later in The application of data relating surface volumes to reservoir 1 be presented in the Material Balance section. Produceé to standard c: are usuail; sometines (STB), gas * 2 5 8 uid volumes and fluid viscosities change as pressure changes in the reservoir, Volume changes for a homogeneous fluid can be accounted for by fluid compressibility. Volume changes for a fluid whose composition changes with pressure must be determined from laboratory measurements run at reservoir temperature on a sample of reservoir fluid. Since fluid flow rates are affected by fluid viscosities, it is important to know how ofl, gas and water viscosities in the reservoir change with pressure. We will look at how fluid volume data and viscosity data are measured in the laboratory and at ways these data can be estimated from published correlations. DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTALS The following fundamental definitions commonly referred to as PVT (pressure-volume-temperature) properties are necessary to relate reservoir hydrocarbon volumes to surface volumes. The factors defined below are generally evaluated by analyzing reservoir fluid samples. Before defining the PVT properties we must define the bubble point or saturation pressure, : This is the pressure at reservoir temperature at which gas first e¥olves from solution from a liquid hydrocarbon system. The ofl formation volume factor, B,, is the reservoir volume in barrels (measured at reservoir conditions) that is occupied by one STB of oil and its dissolved gas. Two specific values of the formation volume factor are nly used, Boj, the value of BL at the initial reservoir pressure, and the value eff, at the bubble "point ex saturation pressure.The oil shrinkage factor, b,, is the reciprical of the oil formation volume factor, or 1/3,, This factor represents the fraction of a barrel stock tank oil that is contained in one reservoir barrel of oil. Units are STB/res bbl. The total formation volume factor, Br, is the reservoir volume in barrels (seasured at rese: oir conditions) occupied by one STB of oil and the ges thet was initially in solution. Some of this gas may still be in solution while some has been liberated. For pressures at or above the bubble point, B, and B, are identical since no gas has been released from solution. The gas formation volume factor, B_, is the reservoir volume in barrels (measured at reservoir conditions) occupied by one standard cubic foot (scf) of gas. The solution gas-oil ratio, R,, is the volume of gas in scf dissolved in one STB of ofl at a given reservoir pressure and temperature. The solution gas-oil ratio that exists at the initial reservoir pressure is designated, Roy Te definitions presented shove will allow us to calculate the total formation volume factor, B,, in terms of the oil formation volume factor and the reservoir volume of refeased gas. This equation which is very important in material balance calculations is shown below: BL By + (Ry - R) By a where all terms have already been defined. The calculation of B, is illustrated by the following example. Example 1. Calculation of the Total Formation Volume Factor, B, Problem. The initial solution gas-oil ratio for a reservoir fluid was 230 scf/STB. Calculate B, at a reservoir pressure of 900 psia where the following data apply: B, = 1.10435 res bb1/STB Bo = .002905 res bbi/scf = 169 scf/STB Use equation (1) to calculate B, 1.10435 + (230 - 169) 0.002905 = 1.2816 res bb1/STB 26Thus, the totel reservoir volume at 900 psia occupied by one STB of ofl and its released gas is 1.2816 res bbl. The value of By increases rapidly as reservoir pressure becomes less, since more gas is released, and the value of Bg increases. To be sure you understand equation (1), work the following problem. Probien 1, Calculate the total formation volume factor at 600 psia for the fluid in Example 1, Use the Noil reservoir fluid data ‘The foregoing definitions relate reservoir volumes to surface volumes. This provides the basis for calculating the volume changes of reservoir hydrocarbon fluids with changes in pressure. Volume changes for a homogeneous Liguid, as of1 above the bubble point or water, are usually handled by liquid cozpressibilities which are defined below: ressibility, c,, is the fractional reduction in oil volume that = 2 pressure increase of one psi. Units of compressibility are 041 compressibility is generally measured on a reservoir fluid @ one ped pressure increase. Units are vol/vol/psi. s generally estimated from existing data correlations. s essures normally decline from the initial value during the produc: ese compressibility factors are almost always used to calculate ot water expansion. Remember, ofl compressibilities can only be used t 1 expansion at pressures above the bubble point. Below the bubble > tionship between B, and pressure must be measured in the leborate composition of the°oil changes with pressure. Another sical property of reservoir fluids that changes with changes in reservoir pressure is viscosity. The viscosities of oil, uns 848, =), and water, =, are needed to describe fluid movement in the réservoirs® Oil viscositfes are measured as a function of pressure in the laboratory as a part of a subsurface hydrocarbon sample analysis. Gas and water viscosities are generally estimated for reservoir conditions from published correlations. FACTORS THAT AFFECT RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES Reservoir properties of hydrocarbons are affected by reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and the composition of the hydrocarbon system. In general the reservoir temperature is expected to remain constant during depletion, but reservoir pressure always drops from the initial value, The hydrocarbon composition of a reservoir oil remains constant at > above the bubble point, but the composition continuously changes 2 released at pressures below the bubble point.luid sample is the only accurate way to (,, B,, and R.) and oil viscosity as a functiox e2 cofrelatiofis can be used to estimate these fluid if a sample analysis is not available. ons will be covered later in this part of the course. determine of pressure properties the curve relating a given PVT property and oil ess.e is similar for all hydrocarbon samples. The the curve for each fluid property is shown in Fig. 1 and is shows the general shape of the curve relating R, and pressure. e volume of gas in solution decreases from R,, at the bubble point zo zero at 0 psig. At pressures above p,, the gas in solution stant at Rij. Fig 1B shows that the B vs pressure curve is related to the foregoing R_ vs pressure curve. The sfgnificant points on the B vs pressure curve, fbeled A, B, and C, are discussed below. The value of B at zero psig (point A) is generally greater than 1.0 because reservoir°temperature is greater than the standard reference temperature of 60°F. B, increases with pressure from point A to point B which is the bubble point.° Over this pressure range, the amount of gas in solution increases as pressure increases. At pressures above the bubble point, the fluid composition remains constant, so B, decreases due to compression as pressure increases, Point C represents the v&lue of B, at the initial pressure which is the highest pressure at which 3, would normally be required. The gas formation volume factor, B,, decreases as pressure increases as illustrated by Fig. 1C. The equatio# for calculating B will be given later in this part of the course. 8 The oil viscosity, u,, vs pressure curve has the general shape shown in Fig. 1D. Oil viscosit is at a minimum at the bubble point pressure, p,. At pressures above p,, viscosity increases with pressure because of compression of the homogeneous fluid. At pressures below the bubble point, viscosity in- crease as pressure is reduced because gas evolution results in a heavier oil. e viscosity of a gas always increases as pressure increases because of fluid conpression. The typical shape of au, vs pressure curve is shown in The sad fluid viseost) has been ade to of this porti: igure shows the typical shape of PVT property curves curves as a function of pressure. So far, no attempt t any values on these properties. Most of the remainder the course will be devoted to evaluation of PVT pro- viscosities. perties and fl—- © IN — Po ALR,VS.0 8.8,¥5.p By a . ! I ! | ee % 6.8, V8. Digg V8.8 > e “ Fig, 1 - PVT properties vs. pressure.M@LE ANALYSES of a hydrocarbon sample generally provides data on 3B, and R.), oil and gas viscosities, oil compressibility, i$nal8analysis of the sample. The sample is maintained at perature, and as the pressure is reduced below the bubble s is evolved. The sample may be confined by mercury, and reduced by wi drawing mercury and allowing the sample to expand. on can occur by two processes, flash and differential. The erence between the flash and differential processes is explained ‘Llowing text. The data obtained by each process and the calculation properties from this data is covered in detail in Appendix A. Methods usting laboratory data to a higher saturation pressure are covered in endix B. Other methods of laboratory analysis of hydrocarbon samples, iuding composite (flash-differential) liberation, and flash separator ests will be discussed briefly. The reservoir conditions under which flash or ¢ifferential data should be used will also be discussed. Differential Liberation Process In the differential liberation process, the gas evolved is withdrawn from the oil at each of several pressure levels. The volume of oil and its dissolved gas at the bubble point pressure is known and is the basis for comparing oil volumes at other pressure levels. To cbtain oil compressibility data before gas liberation occurs, the sample is subjected to pressures consider- ably higher than p, and the oil volume is measured. However, most of the date is obtained by reducing the pressure below p,. Pressure is reduced to a pre- determined level (possibly about 100 psi beléw p,) and time is allowed for the gas and oil to reach equilibrium at this pressuré., All of the gas is displaced with mercury while maintaining the pressure constant at this level. The volume of gas removed and the volume of oil remaining are measured and recorded along with the pressure level. The procedure is repeated by dropping the pressure to another level possibly 100 or 200 psi below the previous pressure. The test is generally terminated at a pressure of 0 psig. The volume of oil at 0 psig is corrected to 60°F which is stock tank conditions. The differential process can be further explained by Fig. 2 below which is a schematic representation of the testing procedure. Fig. 2A shows the sample at a pressure considerably above its bubble point. In Fig. 2B the pressure is just at the bubble point of 1410 psig. Fig. 2C-1 shows the gas space created when pressure is reduced below the bubble point to 1300 psig. In Fig, 2C-2, the pressure is still at 1300 psig but the gas has been displaced by mercury. Fig. 2D-1 shows the gas evolved when pressure is reduced from 1300 to 1100 psig, and Fig. 2D-2 shows the oil olume at 1100 psig. Flash Liberation Process iberation process, the overall composition of the sample out the analysis. As in the differential process, olume at e point pressure is used as the reference for 8 at other pressures. Pressure is dropped to a predetermined level the flash (about 100 ps: “i gas is evolved, aru enough time is allowed for the oi} reach equilibrium. The pressure level and the total volume of ct as are recorded. If a visual cell is used, the of1 volume can be ceterzined 25 well as the total volume, but this is not common. The ges is » and pressure is further reduced by about 100 to 200 psi and the t ume is recorded at that pressure. At the end of the test, pressure is reduced to 0 psig and the total volume of liberated gas is neasured, 4s shown in Arvendix A, the residual oil volume at 0 psig provides the ba: determining 34, and R,,. Pig. 3 is a schematic that depicts several pressure stages during a flash differential sample analysis. sazple has a bubble point of 1410 psig and Fig. 3A and 3B show the sample at pressures above p, and at p,, respectively. Figs. 3C and 3D show the volunes of gas and ofl that result at pressures below the bubble point. Composite (Differential-Flash) Liberation Another type of analysis, the composite liberation test more closely dvplicates normal field conditions than either the flash or the differential processes. The composite test accounts for differential liberation in the reservoir and flash liberation between the wellbore and the stock tank. The test 4s run like the differential liberation test except that at each pressure level below p,, part of the oil phase is removed and flashed at stock tank conditions. This type of test is infrequently used because it is more expensive, requires a much larger sample and may be associated with more experimental error than the flash or differential process. Flash Separation Tests A flash separator test on a hydrocarbon sample determines the B and stock-tank oil gravity values that will result if reservoir fluti produced through a specific set of surface separation conditions. Several sets of separator conditions can be duplicated to determine the optimum separator conditions. These results are valid only if the reservoir pressure remains above p, so that all gas is evolved outside the reservoir. This type of test is not conmonly run partly because of the high cost. The same information can be obtained more cheaply by making flash calculations using the hydrocarbon composition data. Flash calculation procedures were covered in the previous part of the course on Phase Behavior. aig When Should Flash and Differential Data be Used? To decide if flash or differential liberation data should be used for a reservoir study, ve should know if released gas in the reservoir will become robile. If gas saturation is expected to not exceed the equilibrium value, the flash data should be used. This would apply to most strong water drive reservoirs, or reservoirs where pressure is maintained by a gas cap or by water injection. 0s the other hand, for a solution gas drive reservoir where released gas in the reservoir becomes mobile, the differential data are nore representative. For some reservoirs where solution gas drive provides only part of the producing energy, an average of flash and differential data may be most accurate, For most low shrinkage oils where By, is less than about -&TT AEfor By, and R,,- Fluid Viscosities and Gas Deviation Factors Gas and oil viscosit.2s and the gas deviation factors at various pressure levels are determined as a part of the differential liberation process. res B/STB, there is generally no significant difference between the flash 4 differential data. However for a high shrinkage oil where By, than about 1.5, the differential process may show significantly A’gher values viscosity and the deviation factor is determined for the gas sample that is removed at each pressure level. Although these viscosity and deviation factors used to be measured as a part of the laboratory differential liberation process, they are now calculated by a computer program from generalized correlations. The program duplicates the laboratory differential process based on the total hydrocarbon sample composition and calculates and z for the gas removed at each pressure level. It has been shown that & computer programs provide data just as accurate at the laboratory data at a lower cost. Oil viscosities are measured in the laboratory at each pressure level used in the differential liberation test. viscosity data since the oil volumes must be preserved in the differential test run for PVT data. Compositional Analysis of Hydrocarbon Sample A separate test is run to obtain oil The compositional analysis of a hydrocarbon sample is determined by fractional distillation. Low-temperature distillation is used to separate each pure component lighter than hexane (six carbon atoms). The most volatile component is boiled off first and its weight determined. second most volatile component is removed, etc., etc. Then the After N-pentane has been removed, high-temperature distillation is used for further separation. No attempt is made to separate pure components for these heavier components, since several hydrocarbons are present with the same number of carbon atoms, but different boiling points. For example, several different hexanes are normally present in a crude oil sample. at an average hexane boiling point and the density and average molecular weight is measured for the cut. heptanes, for octanes and for nonanes. molecular weight is determined for the decanes and heavier fraction. The compositional analysis for a typical hydrocarbon sample is shown in Table A-V f Appendix A. The weight percentages and mol percentages are both shown. A pseudo-hexane cut is boiled off Similar cuts are made and measured for Finally, the density and average The nol percent for a given component is proportional to its weight percent divided 5y its molecular weight. aan sae not p heaviest used -10- attempts have been made to use chromatograph analysis to determine ‘Grocarson composition of subsurface oil samples, but this method is actical for normal reservoir oil samples. ‘or analyzing gas and gas condensate samples where the rocarsons are octanes or lighter. Chromatograph analysis is is greater TheVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES drocarbon sample analysis is not available for a sid properties can be estimated from published correlations. ‘cunt of data have been published on the properties of gases, stems, and formation waters. These data are presented in the neering Manual, Chapter 1-7, pages 18-51. In the following important of the data in the manual will be referred to and S OF GASES rvoir engineering calculations, the most important gas e the formation volume factor, B,, and viscosity, u.. Other such as the deviation factor, find the critical teliperature ressure are needed to determine B, and u,. ormation volume factor for a gas can be determined from a of Boyle's and Charle's law with a deviation factor included to ¢ nonideal behavior. The general equation is s2aRT (2) ressure, psia ‘olume, ft = = number of moles, 1b.mass/molecular weight as deviation factor, dimensignless gas constant, 10.73 (psia) (ft*)/(°R) (1b.mole) perature, °R as formation volume factor is the reservoir volume in barrels per ubic foot. The ratio of the gas volumes at reservoir conditions dard conditions can be determined by writing equation (2) for each standard conditions (14.65 psia and 60°F): 24.65 V) = 2, mR (520) and at res: condition: = 2,0 R (TQ) the second equation by the first, we obtain servoir volume in barrels per standard cubic foot, equation can be adjusted as follows: 2, 7, +65 2, a TR RoR YE20) pg = 5,02(1079) @ PR where the subscript R refers to reservoir conditions. -ll-Equation (3) can be used to calculate B, at any reservoir temperature and pressure provided the appropriate value fan be found for z,. The z value depends on temperature, pressure, and gas composition, af expressSd by the reduced temperature and reduced pressure, For a single component gas, the reduced temperature, T_, and reduced pressure, p,, are defined as follows: T= T/T, @ P, = P/P, (4a) where T= the temperature of interest, °R T, = the critical temperature of the gas, °R P= the pressure of interest, psia P, = the critical pressure of the gas, psia The critical temperature and critical pressure are constants for any single component gas. Physical properties of hydrocarbon compounds, including T, and p. are given in Appendix A of Chapter 1-7. However, for a multicomponent gas, a pSeudo-critical temperature, T,. and pseudo-critical pressure p must be determined, These factors arb‘calculated by the following equéfions: dee TO= y,T (5) pc jieg 2 sa Poe ~ s Y5Po5 (a) fa Equation (5) states that to determine T,. for a multicomponent gas, multiply the mol fraction of each component,?§, by its critical tenperature and sum up these products. Equation (5a) suggests the same procedure for finding p).. The calculation of the pseudo-critical temperature and the pseudo-crffical pressure is illustrated in the next example. Pseudo-critical temperatures and pressures for a hydrocarbon gas can be estimated from Fig. 17 (Manual) if the gas gravity is know. Fig. 18 allows the estimation of T,and pp. for liquid hydrocarbons based on the specific gravity and molebilar wefght. » and the pseudo-reduced pressure, The pseudo-reduced temperature, T,, tPiperature or pressure can be calculated pa,» for a multicomponent gas at any fF6m the following equations: Thr 7 T/T, (4b) Por 7 P/P pe (6e) -12-or natural gases can be determined fro= are known, The use of Fig. 16. is dex Mol Fraction, y 0.80 0,15 Zylig 0,05 be calculated from equation (3), but firet the compressibility sz conditions, 4, must be determined. This requires calcu- ng the psvedc-eritical temperkture and pressure as described belov: » » y Te Pompeta 7c Y Pe ~~ 2s 7 te ¥ R 0,80 116.63 343.37 667.8 274.7 534 0.15 90.09 550.09 707.8 106 05 206.01 666.01 616.3 31 1.00 671, temperature = 391°R. pressure = 671 peta. the pseudo reduced temperature and pressure for reservoir ation (4b) and (4c): ~ 225)/391 = 1.75 within the range of Fig. 16, and we can read zy = 0.87. culated 5 7-3) (87) (225 + 460) + 5.02, (10"2,G82225 + 460 -13-BR = 1,2 x 10 “res bbl/scf ( The determination of gas deviation factors is very important so to be sure you understand the method for estimating z, work the following problem. Problem 2, Determine the gas deviation factor at reservoir conditions of 150°F and 1500 psia for the gas whose composition is shown below* Also calewlate By at those conditions. Compenent y cH, 0.70 CoH, 0.12 CoHy 0.10 ~ n-C,Hig 0.08 Deviation factors for most gases are determined from their T. and p values as illustrated in the foregoing example, rather than being Seasurbd experimentally. The data in Figs. 16 and 16A are for hydrocarbon gases and may give erroneous z values for gases that are high in nitrogen or contain carbon dioxide. Only when a gas has an unusual composition, such as a high COgcontent, is the experimental measurement of z considered necessary. A method 1s presented on p. 20 of the manual (squation (26)) to covcecy the z values from Fig. 16 if CO), N, or HS are presea! the hydrocarbon gas. Fig. 30 in the Manual will allow a quick es gas if the gravity is in the range 0.6 to 0.8. ate of B,for a hydrocarbon The density of a gas can be determined replacing n, the number of moles, with its eq pounds of gas and M is its molecular weight 4 equation is © adjust equation (2) by ivelent n/M. Where m is the pounds, the resulting pv=2ERT (2a) The molecular weight of a nulticcz: following equation: xu 5 x, ©) = y. s ivi ‘lecular weight of each ges is determined by the The molecular weight equals the su= component times its mol fraction. *Critical properties of hydrocarbons are shown -14- ee ellas weight per unit volume. the density, be expressed as follows: for n/V in equation (2a) and solving for ry: @ can also be written in terms of the gas specific gravity z) Which 18 commonly called gas gravity: eee) or dry air) (8) tute 28.96 y, for M in equation (7) and the value of 10.73 ity ie: (7a) ty is important in gas drive reservoirs where gravity influences t efficiency, In the section on Fluid Displacement, the gas y relative to water is used. This equals gas density at tions divided by the water density at 60°F. This specific e to weter should not be confused with the gas gravity or ty relative to air shown by equation (8). g example illustrates how to calculate the specific gravity of a multicomponent gas under reservoir conditions, as well ity. culation of Specific Gravity and Density of a Gas. Calculate the gas gravity of the multicomponent gas and the gas density and specific gravity relative to water conditions given in Example 2. To determine the gas gravity, we must first calculate ht of the gas. The molecular weights of the components table on pC-1, XM, M, a SA 0.80 16.043 12.83 0.15 30.070 4.52 0.05 44.097 _2.20 -15-The gas molecu: DyM, = 19.54. ( j The gas gravity ‘reistive co air) is calculated by equation (8) 0.6 sity at reser.>ir conditions can be calculated by equation (7) = (7a). =P 2500 (19.54) g " 2kT ~ (0,87) (10.73) (460 + 225) 7 7-64 or = 2D pg 2:7 (2500)(0.675) _ 7 65 gyee3 gat © (87) (460 + 225) The specific gravity relative to water is: y= fh = 1.65 = 0125 The use of y, relative to air, is a measure only cf :he composition of a multicomponent Zas while y_ relative to water is a meesure of the buoyancy of a gas under reservoir confitions and is used in gas-oii displacement ( calculations. To familiarize yourself with the gas specific gravity texzs and gas density, work the following problem. Problem 3. Using the gas composition and reservoir Problem 2, calculate the gas gravity relative to air, ges fl density, and the specific gravity relative to water at reserve: Gas viscosity at reservoir conditions is needed for « flow behavior of gas and for predicting gas well producing is also a factor in calculating pressure drop in gas flow 1 32 (Manual) allow us to estimate the viscosity of a paraf for 2 given temperature and pressure. First, the viscosity pressure and reservoir temperature (u,) is obtained fron F. molecular weight of the gas. Fig. 31 includes corrections for cf N,, 00,, and HyS. Fig. 32 will give the ratio of the visccs resSure to the viscosity at atmospheric pressure, w/iiz. Value seternined for T. and p, corresponding to reservoir conditions Fig. 32, The cafGulatiBh of T,. and p,_ was covered in the text £ equation (3), the gas formation volume’Factor equation. The gas at reservoir conditions is the product of u, (Fig. 31) and u/s, (Fig. 32). The viscosity for a natural gas can also be determined for a given temperature and pressure fron Fig. 33 if the gas gravity relative to air, y,, is known. Problem 4, Calculate the viscosity of the gas in Prob. 2, ( FOr see p. C-3. Gas viscosity 31 and on gas ric on the -16-e ol AND GAS SYSTEMS PRO! We sev earlier how By, Rgand p, can be determined from a laboratory analysis cf 2 hyérocarbon sample. However, the situation often arises that a fluid s. s not been analyzed for a given reservoir, yet values are needed , Reqs and pp. Several published data correlations are that us to estimate Bop, and p, if the Rg; value is known. early in the reservoir life will provide the value of ons are shown in Chapter 1-7 of the manual and the use 11 be discussed. ng By, and B, for Gas-oil Systems $s correlations in the Manual provide the best basis for he value of By, for a crude ofl, or the value of B, at a pressure ble point for either a crude oil or condensate. ze correlation used for estimating By, for a crude ofl is Fig. 43% order to use Fig. 43, we must know the initial solution gas-oil e reservoir temperature, Ta, the gas specific gravity (to air), yg) ané the cil gravity in “API. Of these data, the most important is Ra, whic! be cbtained from a production test which was run before reservoir fellen below the bubble point preseure. The following example fornation volume factor at the bubble point is estimated. Oil Formation Volume Factor a reservoir where R,,is 400 scf/STB, yg = 0.8, I, Reservoir temperature is 40°F, | & e left hand side of Fig. 43, follow the “gas-cil ratio of 400 scf/STB until it inter- sects the line ity = 0.8, From this point follow the vertical line until it intersects the line for ofl gravity = 40° API, then proceed horizontally to the line for temperature = 140°F, From this point drop down vertically to the end of the chart and read the formation volume of bubble- point liquid = 1.25. Solution. horizontal line for Fig. 44**p, 37, is a data correlation that will allow the estimation of the total formation volume factor at pressures below the bubble point. Fig. 44 is not accurate for estimating B, for pressures at or near the bubble point, but will give a reasonable value for B, for pressures at least 20 percent below py. Because of its approximate nature, data from Fig. 44 is not recommended for use in material balance calculations. The procedure is similar to that used for Fig. 43 and Example 14 in the Manual shows how B, at a given pressure can be estimated for a specific reservoir fluid. Estimating the Bubble Point or Dew Point Pressures The bubble point pressure, p,, of a hydrocarbon system can be estimated from Lasater's correlation, Fig. Baek, 31, or from Standing's correlation Or see p. C-6 Or see. O-7 Or seep. Cnb. -17-stock tank liquid, from 52 to 64°API, pressure, p. from the fo: where c, the ofl compressibility factor, vol/vol/psi. been defined. pressure. ih Bog * Bop/(L + eg (Py - Py)? sclution gas-oil ratio, +43 and the oil gravity °API. bth of these correlations. in each correlation is also shown in the Manual. We have seen how to estimate By, the bubble point pressure, but often we need B above the bubble point pressure. owing equation: Estimating Oil Viscosity The viscosity of oil in the reservoir depends on the API gravity of the oil, the amount of gas in solution and on the reservoir temperature and crude oil at reservoir temperature The ofl gravity in °API and the 35, p. 312 Data requirements for either correlation include the initie! the reservoir temperature, T, Examples are shown in the The range of data (Ry, Table IX, p. 322 presents data which will allow one to make a rough estimate of the dew point pressure for a gas condensate sys are from several San Joaquin Valley Fields. initial gas-oil ratio, the reservoir pressure, and the API gravity of the Data are shown for three temperatures (100°F, 160°F, and 220°F), six gas-oil ratios (15,000-40,000), and for an oil gravity range Since these data apply to only a few reservoirs in one area, they may give erroneous values if used for reservoirs in other areas. Estimating B,, for Pressures above p, A method for estimating the oil compressibility fact oil is illustrated by Example 15 on page 38 of the manua The viscosity of a gas frge can be estimated from Fig. 49, p. 39+ reservoir temperature in °F must be known, see see see see see in the reservoir always contains some solution gas unless the The gas free crude viscosity (from be adjusted for gas in solution by using Fig. 50, p. 40. 50 is valid if the reservoir pressure is at or below, voir pressure is higher than the bubble point, Fig. 52 or the viscosity increase due to pressure above the youve has been pressure depleted. -18- , the gas gravity, janual for using Tay Yg> and °API) used Data requirements include the » the of1 formation volume factor at which is at an initial Boy can be evaluated Other factors have gr for a specific ual show how to estimate the reservoir ove the bubble point.‘ATER PROPERTIES t important properties of formation water from a reservoir point are viscosity and compressibility, The viscosity of rvoir must be known for the calculation of recovery effici cor waterflooding. The water compressibility is needed for water influx from an aquifer. The displacement of o11 by water on of water influx rates are covered in other portions of re we will look at how the viscosity and compressibility of rhe reservoir can be estimated. x water viscosity is determined mostly by reservoir temperature, ity and pressure can also influence viscosity. Fig. 4A shows between water viscosity and temperature for fresh water. For e fresh water viscosity should be increased by the factor ‘ig. 4B. The higher the water salinity, the greater the rease factor. Although water viscosity increases as pressure is effect is not significant and can be ignored, The calculation ater viscosity is illustrated by the following example. Estimate the viscosity of formation water in a reservoir whose 180°F, The water salinity is 100,000 ppm. + 4A as 0.35 cp. e viscosity increase factor for water with 100,000 ppm salt content ned from Fig. 4B to be 1.17. reservoir water viscosity is the product of the fresh water viscosity y increase factor. 5 x 1.17 = 0.41 ep. ressibility of fresh water can be estimated for most reservoir tenperecires and pressures using Fig. 68A on p. 49 of the manual, If the water is saturated with natural gas, the compressibility may be up to 20 er as shown by Fig. 68B. The maximum amount of gas in solution by the procedure on p. 48 of the manual, However, the solution may be much less than this calculated value, 2 large aquifer far from a hydrocarbon reservoir. Generally, ty from Fig. 68A will be sufficiently accurate for reservoir oses. ce equations use a term B,, water formation volume factor x barrels per surface barrel. Generally, the value of and a value of 1.0 1s used. However, for high reserv: expansion can result in B, values as high as 1.06. 3, ervoly temperatures can be estimated fron Fig. 69, p. 54 with B, is témperat values in the na: a -19-50100 160 200 «280 300 ‘TEMPERATURE, °F A. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 5 5 é 2 z 3 2 5 ° 100 200 WATER SALINITY — PPM x 1009 10 8 EFFECT OF SALINITY Fig, 4 ~ Viscosity of water. -20-APPENDIX A CALCULATION OF PVI PROPERTIES FROM SAMPLE ANALYSIS DATA Generally, both flash and differential liberation data are obteined du: a subsurface hydrocarbon sample analysis. This means, of course, that two sez arate samples of the hydrocarbon are used--one for the flash and one for tt differential. We will look at the data that are obtained for a typical hydro- carbon sample and how we can calculate the PVE properties from this data. The data provided by the laboratory report is not in the form that the reservoir engineer needs for making material balance calculations. The lab- oratory data use the bubble point barrel as the reference volume for all measurements, while the reservoir engineer needs to use the stock tank barrel as the reference volume. One might wonder why the laboratory does not report volumes on the stock tank basis. The answer to this is quite simple--the bubble point volume is an absolute neasure, whereas the stock tank volume can vary depending on how the pressure drop is handled. For example, for equal bubble point volumes, different stock tank volumes are obtained for flash and for differential liberation. A composite liberation would give yet another volume at stock tank conditions. So it is the reservoir engineer's job to select the most representative stock tank volume and calculate values for Bo and Rg versus pressure from the laboratory data. Procedures for making these calculations are described in this appendix. First, let us look at the data obtained during a sample analysis. DATA OBTAINED Table A-I shows the relative volume, V,/V, obtained during the flash analysis of a hydrocarbon sample, In the lath process, the released gas remains in contact with the ofl so the total system composition remains con- stant throughout the pressure range, The value of Vt/Vg is the total system volume at a specific pressure divided by the volume at the bubble point pres- sure. Also shown in Teble A-I is the Y value for each pressure where V;/Vs is measured. The use of the Y-correlation technique for calculating PVI properties for a cample at a bubble point higher than the sample bubble point is demonstrated in Appendix B. Table A-II shows the total volume of gas liberated by the flash process. This volume was measured after reducing the pressure to 0 psig. The same sample was used that provided the data for Teble A-I. The reported gas-oil ratio in scf/STB 1s based on the oil volume remaining at 0 psig and cooled to 60°F, so it equals Raj. Also shown are the API gravity of the oil at 60°F and 0 psig (stock tank oil), the specific gravity of the released gas, and the value of V/V, which is the ofl shrinkage factor from the bubble at to stock tank conditions. te A-III summarizes the data obtained by the differential liber e gas-oil ratios are the cumulative gas evolved frozpoint to the pressure shown, However, these gas-oil ratios are based on the bubble point ofl voluze so they must be adjusted to obtain R, values. Also shown in Table III for various pressure levels are the gas deviation factor, z, the gas viscosity, and V/V,, the oil volume as a fraction of the volume at the ¢ point, and the API gravity of the residual (stock tank) ofl. ‘iscosities measured as a function of pressure at e of 20°F. Table A-V shows the component analysis sample. CALCULATION OF PVT POPERTIES BELOW py, Tables 4 end A-II1 summarize the PVI data obtained from a typical subsurface sample analysis. Often, this is the only information the reservoir engineer receives nust know how to calculate Bg, Bj, and R, from this data. Bg cen be calculated only from the differential data, while both flash and differential cata can be used to determine B, and R, values. ressure By values for reservoir conditions can be calculated for each pressure level Shown in Teble III using the following equation which was developed in the text. 2, z (1) By = .00502 > where z= Gas deviation factor at p and Tp Tp = Reservoir temperature, °R P= Pressure at which B, is desired, peta The following tabulation shows the calculation of Bg at the reservoir temperature 200°F (660°R) for each pressure level below f, shown in Table A-II2. (660) 2, a B, = .00502 Pressure ZR Pressure P psig _psia Res Bbl/scf 1300 0.810 1315 +0204 1100 0.827 115 00246 900 0.851 915 00308 700 0.878 m5 00407 500 0.910 515 00585, 300 0.945, 315 00994 95 0.979 110 02949 0 1.00 15 «22088 Adrential Process from the differential liberation data for each pressure level as a fraction of All of these volumes are at the reservoir defined on a stock tank barrel basis, so 2 psig and 60°F which corresponds to stock 2 residual oil volume is purposely not given ci fferential liberation conditions are not kage factor, (V,/V,) ts used in calculating x was reported as 0.8656 for our sample ated as described below using the flash “ated using the following equation: (A-2) ‘olume at reservoir temperature and @ ble A-TII. 5 divided by 0.8656. Values at By at (4) of the following table. ‘able A-IIL are the liberated gas, R, , t barrel. For material balance calcula- solution per STB, The relationship ‘as follows: (A-3) e bubble point pressure in scf/STB as est. The equation can also be written: (A-3a) Since 35, (V,/V,) + : flash value of V,/V, equal to 0.8656, e where R, is known. Calculated R, data wing tablet By using equat: can be calcula’@ (2) (3) «) viv, —— RX Ry = 252 ~ Ora656 V/V, * 0836 =psig scf/Bubble pt. Bbl. scf/STB ves B/STB 1410 0 252 1.0000 1.1553 1300 7 232 0.9940 1.1483 1100 58 185 0.9817 1.1341 900 97 140 0.9697 1.1203 700 136 95 0.9579 1.1066 500 162 65 0.9458 ‘1.0927 300 194 28 0.9326 1.0774 95 213 6 0.9207 1.0637 oO 218 oO 0.9170 1.0594 The foregoing table shows B, and R, values calculated from the differ- ential liberation data but using the flash value for oil shrinkage. To be sure you know how to adjust laboratory differential liberation data to get the flufd property data used in material balance calculations, work the following problem. Problem A-1. Using the differential liberation data tabulated below, calculate By, Bg, and R, for each pressure level and draw the corresponding curves. The flash shrinkage factor was measured as 0.6890.@ 0 psig & 200%, Rei was found to be 975 scf/STB. Pressure Compressibility pig paces R, ~ scf/b.p.bb1 viv, 1795 0.880 oO 1.000 1600 0.885 62 0.971) 1400 0.890 125 0.946 1200 0.900 (184 0.915 1000 0.920 254 0.884 800 0.935 319 0.852 600 0.950 390 0.819 400 0.965 467 0.787 200 0.980 556 0.751 oO 1.000 672 0.718 AnhB, and R, vs p for Flash Data if O11 Volume ie Measured ses tum in a visual cell which allows the oi} e level. In addition to the total rele- e 1, the ofl relative volume, V/V,, is ressure. If we know V/V,, the flash B, can equation (A-2) as we did for the differ- : volume factor at any pressure can be process at a pressure, R, can be calculated by ‘ollows: (a4) the flash data (Teble A-II), and we have already differential liberation data given in Table A-III. x the flash data are not exactly the same as ferential data, they are close enough for practical BLE POINT pressure, the fluid is homogeneous and the change compressibility. The oil compressibility is uation: (A-5) volume factor at any pressure p above the bubble volume factor at the bubble point pressure, p,.Since By equals (V/¥,)/(V,/¥,) and (V,/V,) is a constant, relative of1 ( voluzes can be used in equation (A-5) in pliceof B,: a SATS - WN)» 7 (a-5a) (p= p,) OD, The ofl compressibility can be calculated for our example reservoir fluid from the pressure-volume relations given in Table A-I. The relative oil volume (V_/Vg) is given for several pressures above the bubble point. Let's use the values at 3000 psig and at the bubble point (1410 psig) to calculate ofl com Pressibility from equation (A-5a). (/¥.)1410 ~ e/Ye) 3000. _1.0000 - 0.9893 ce 1.0000 = 0.9893 © © (3000 = 1410) WV) 439 (1590) (1.0000) ey + 6.73 x 10° vol/vol/pet Keep in mind that equation (A-Sa) can only be used for pressures above the bubble point. ( Work the following problem. Problem A-2. The relative volume of the sample in Problem A-1 was measured as 0.9318 at 3500 psig and 200°F, Calculate the oil compressibility, OIL AND GAS_VvIScosITy O11 viscosities are determined at reservoir temperature and several pres- sure levels as a part of the subsurface sample analysis. Oil viscosity data from a typical sample analysis is shown in Table A-IV. Gas viscosities are not determined experimentally, but are calculated based on published correla~ tions and are shown with the differential liberation data (see Table A-III). Procedures for estimating gas viscosities are described in the main part of this writeup. A6Temperature: 200°F q-—? Relative Volume, PGE -1) Presaure, psig Ye! Ye : 3000 0.9893 2500 0.9927 2000 0.9960 1500 0.9994 p= «(1410 1.0000 b 1385 1.0060 2.954 1375 1.0086 2.945 1355 1.0137 2.929 1320 1.0232 2,901 1295 1.0305 2,881 1245 1.0461 2.840 1200 1.0616 2.804 1125 1.0911 2.743 1090 1.1067 2.715 975 1.1676 2.621 910 1.2104 2.569 g00 1.3018 2.480 695 1.4205 2,395 595 1.5776 2.313 470 1.8762 2.212 350 2.3731 2.115 265 2.9987 2.046 205 3.7416 1.998 160 4.6425 1.961 Specific Volume at Saturation Pressure = 0.01854 cu ft/1b * Calculated data for use in correcting subsurface o11 sample Saturation pressure of sample at 200°P, psia Pressure below saturation pressure, psie Two-phase relative volume factor at 200° F and Saturated oil relative volume at 200° F and 1425 psia (1410 psig) 4.033 uneTABLE A-IL Flash Liberation Results Subsurface O11 Sample Gas Liberat fon and Shrinkage of OF: tanh) _ (am OFT Rattor cu 1 at 60°F and 14.7 potagbbt Ren tdual O11 Rentdual Ob Htc atane, Flatied at tha wity Cravity Gan Y pp fe 0 MAME at GOH at GO"F (ate = 1) (V/V) ped trom Gi 0 200 242 a9 1.85 0.8656 TABLE A-ITL Differential Liberation ts Subsurface Oil Sample Properties of Liberated Gas at Gas-Oil Ratio: cu ft at 14.7 psia Residual Oil Pressure, 200°F and Indicated Pressure*** and 60°F/bb1 Reservoir O11 at Gravity, psig Compressibility, Z:Viscosity, cp 1410 psig, 200°F APL at 60°F (V/v,)# 1410 - - 0 1,0000 1300 0.810 0.0110 7 0.9940 1100 0.827 0.0109 58 0.9817 900 0.851 0.0106 97 0.9697 700 0.878 0.0103 136 0.9579 500 0.910 0.0101 162 0.9458 300 0.945 0.0098 194 0.9326 95 0.979 0.0095 213 0.9207 0 - - 218 21.8 0.9170 +v, = Volume residual of1 at 0 psig, 60°F V. = Volume saturated of1 at 1410 psig, 200°F wa) © Volume saturated oil at indicated pressure, 200°F 4x « Determined from calculated compostion of equilbrium gas -TABLE A~IV Viscosity of Reservoir O11 at 200°F Pressure, psig Viscosity, ep Density, gm/cc 3000 21.0 0.8733 2500 19.8 0.8704 2000 18.7 0.8675 1500 uw. 0.8645 = 1410 17.5 0.8640 1200 17.5 0.8694 1000 17.6 0.8750 800 17.8 0.8796 600 18.2 0.8847 400 19.2 0.8899 200 21.7 0.8950 0 33.1 0.9001 Viscosity of Residual Oil Versus Temperature Temperature, °F Viscosity, cp 125 800 150 220 175 80 200 33 AdTABLE A: Hydrocarbon Analysis of Subsurface 011 Sample Weight Density, gm/cc Molecular Mol Component Percent at 60°F Weight Percent Carbon Dioxide 7.15 39.26 Nitrogen 0.26 2.07 Methane 0.32 4.82 Ethane 0.06 0.48 Propane 0.09 0.49 Iso-Butane 0.01 0.04 N-Butane 0.03 0.12 Iso-Pentane 0.01 0.03 N-Pentane 0.02 0.07 Hexanes 0.29 0.6809 89 0.79 Heptanes 0.21 0.7279 101 0.50 Octanes 0.20 0.7440 3 0.43 Nonanes 0.18 0.7695 126 0.35 Heavier Fraction 9 0.9142 436 Total 100.00 Pentane-Free Fraction 0.9120 423 Ac10APPENDIX B OF LABORATORY DATA available for adjusting data on a non-representative the original reservoir conditions. A reservoir culd represent the reservoir fluid that existed under 3, The hydrocarbon fluid composition will not change s below the bubble point pressure and gas is released. sazzle should be taken while reservoir pressure is above . Furthermore, the pressure on the sample container should the sampling pressure until the sample is analyzed. If Stained at a pressure lower than p,, or if the sample con- pressure, the sample will contain less gas than the original case, the fluid sample data should be adjusted to the original ions, Several techniques for adjusting laboratory data ‘resented here, The sample for which we calculated PVT properties in at a bubble point of 1410 psig will be adjusted to a bubble point 0 psig. for Adjusting Flash Volume Data sh liberation data can be smoothed or adjusted to a higher bubble ssure by using the Y-correlation technique. Y values for the sample Appendix A are tabulated in Table A-I. The Y value is calculated ‘lowing equation: @D v ft PG-D where: p, = saturation pressure of the sample analyzed, psia any pressure less than p,, psia 7 two phase relative volume factor at T, and p from flash liberation data O41 relative volume factor at T, and p,. ~, 1 < 0 < 1 To extrapolate the data to a higher saturation pressure, calculate Y values at various pressure levels and plot Y versus p. Figure B-1 shows the plot of Y ve p (Table A-I) for the sample whose data is analyzed in Appendix A. The data points fall in a straight line which can be extrapolated to 1700 psig (1715 psia) considered to be the correct bubble point for the reservoir fluid. Corrected values of V,/V, can be determined from the straight line drawn in Fig. B-l. Solve equation (B-1) for V,/V, : Poe ~ P y vee th (B-te) BlUL a CORRECTED BUBBLE POINT! | =fe PRESSURE, pe iH cy i r t 1000 p— PRESSURE PSIA Fig. 8-1 ~ Y versus pressure (Data from Table A-1). B2where p,_ = corrected bubble point pressure, psia otfer factors as defined for equation (B-1). 2 corrected bubble point of 1700 psig, equation (B-la) becomes: corrected values of V,/V,, simply select pressure values, ues (Fig. B-1), and plug these values into equation (B-12). ble shows V/V, values which correspond with the corrected 1700 psig. _ 1715 -p VV, py na x 3.220 11,0028 3.116 1.0231, 3.034 1.0472 2.952 1.0762 Bece 2,870 1.1112 » ete procedure has been developed for directly adjusting the ses from the flash liberation data. The best procedure to st the different liberation data as described in the next sec @ flash Rj, and By, values can be adjusted using equations G- shown below? (et), sted) R,, (dite. adj.) (3-2) mi), “et \ = R,, from flash liberation lab data = R,, from differential liberation lab data R,, from differential test adjusted to correct p,. By, (diff adj) (3-3) Be3where(B.,| = B,, from flash liberation lab test ob) ¢ “ob (ee B,, ftom differential liberation lab test By, (diff adj) - 3, from differential test adjusted to corrected p,. Adjusting Differential Liberation Data The following procedure can be used for adjusting differential liberation data if the saturation pressure of the sample is found to be lower than the original bubble point pressure in the reservoir. Before calculating values of R, and B, as a function of pressure for the corrected bubble point pressures we must first calculate adjusted values of R, and V/V,. The adjusted values are determined by plotting the laboratory Values of R, and V/V, versus pressure. Fig. B-2 is a plot of V/V, from Table A-III of Appendix A. This is data obtained from the sample Ghose saturation pressure is 1410 psig. The data fit a straight line which can be extrapolated to a higher bubble point pressure. As shown in Fig. B-2, at a pressure of 1700 psig (1715 psia), the value of V/V, is 1.0195. If we consider 1700 psig to be the true reservoir bubble°point, V/V. must equal 1.0 at this pressure. Thus to get the corrected value of 4/V, at any pressure level, we simply divide the laboratory value by the value Sf V/V, at the higher bubble point pressure, p,_. W/V, (corrected) = V/V, * (V/V,). (3-4) where V/V, relative oii volume factor from lab data at p (WNV,), = relative oil volume factor at p,_ The V/Vg values shown in Table A-III should be corrected by equation (8-4) with (V/V) equal to 1.0195. Then the B, values are calculated using Equation (A-2) as shown in Appendix A. The R, versus pressure data from Table A-III of Appendix A is plott: in Fig. B-3. The data for pressures above 700 psig fall on a straight If we extrapolate this line to the corrected bubble point pressure py., 1700 psig, a value of R, of -55 scf/bpb is read from Fig. B-3, This that if the bubble point had been 1700 psig, 55 scf/bpb would have 5 released by the tine pressure fell to 1410 psig. Thus the corrected of R, at any pressure is simply 55 more than that obtained in the BAa Teoettcri susece rer OT NEU ny 600 1000 1800 p~ PRESSURE ~ PSIA Fig. 8-2 — V/V, versus pressure (Data from Table AxIID. CORRECTED BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE, 1700 PSIG = PRESSURE - PSIA Fig. 8-9- Ry, vers pressure (Deta from Table A-), BeSTf we call the negative R, value (obtained from ?ig. B-3) AR, then the corrected value of R, is found as follow: R, + AR (B-5) gas liberated at any pressure in lab test, scf/bpb R, (corrected) where R, ot The R, values shown in Table A-III should be corrected using equation (B-5) with“AR, equal to 55. Then the corrected values of R, versus pressure are calculated as shown in Appendix A. Work the following probli Problem B-1: Assume the bubble point for the sample in problem A-1 should have been 2350 psig, and calculate R, and V/V, as a function of pressure. Use pressure increments of about 200 psi. Adjusting Flash Separator Data gas liberated between p,, and the sample p,, scf/dpb We have already shown that the amount of gas dissolved in an oil sample is a function of the initial reservoir pressure. Therefore, Separator gas liberation data (including gas-oil ratio and oil shrinkage values) are also functions of that pressure and must be adjusted to the basis of initial, saturated reservoir oil. There is another reason for adjusting separator data--namely, to obtain information on the behavior of a fluid sample at the average separator pressure maintained in the field and for which laboratory tests may not be available. To make these adjustments, unadjusted laboratory separator liberation data should first be interpolated to obtain data on the basis of the correct field separator pressure, and then resulting data should be adjusted for the initial reservoir pressure. The proper method to adjust the data to initial reservoir pressure will depend on the data available or on the data considered most appropriate. One method uses the adjusted differential liberation data and is easy and straightforward to handle. Another method uses flash separation data, but this method is less accurate and should not be used if the differential liberation data are available. Only the method using differential data will be discussed. 1, Interpolate for the desired separator pressure. 2. Adjust the separator gas-oil ratio. Gas must be added to the volume measured in the laboratory so that the tal gas volume will correspond with what we would get by flashing an oil sample from the initial saturation pressure. Use equation (B-6) below: adj (apg = Unsdd Be = COR) (3-6) WS, ) ___scf/sample bbl | Subble point bbl/sample bb1 6e Adj(R,)_ = flash separator gas-oil ratio, scf of gas released from p, to p,,/bbl of reservoir oil at p, and Ty (gp = Separator pressure); Unadj(R,)_ = flash separator gas-oil ratio, scf of gas released Pps *° Pgp/bb1 of oil at Pos and Tee AR, = corrective gas volume determined from differential liberation data; WN, = differential oil shrinkage factor extrapolated to the initial (corrected) saturation pressure. Here Unadj(R,), = (Separator GOR) (Unadj v,/V =} Gof) (_SIB__, ©] Grp) Gampie bei? Adjust the flash shrinkage factor The corrected flash shrinkage factor, V /v, can be determined from Equation (B-7) below: en Unadj(W_/V,) e Aai(VL/V.) = WD, = Adj (1/B,,) @-7) [+] —-StB/sample bbl bubble point bbi/sample bbL where: Adj(V,/V,) = STB by flash/bb1 oil at p, and Ty Unadj(V,/V,) = STB by flash/bbl of] at p,, and Ty; and (W/V,), = extrapolated differential shrinkage factor. Adjust the initial dissolved gas-oil ratio. The initial dissolved gas-oil ratio can be determined from the corrected flash shrinkage factor and the corrected separator gas-oil ratio by using Equation (B-8) below: - 250 £ |) scf/oubble point bbl 2aj(V,/¥,) {} StB/bubble point bb1 (6-8)APPENDIX ¢ Permission to puoiten grances = Physical Constants of Hydrocarbons’ / . | wo ad. g | | ef |g 4 if \isaal care : Beast | $8 3 Thee | a3 : canes | 07 il Tsay | Sana : Sat ast “ina | goa i a | aes + ae [as | ans | Be i we | ast aan | as Tee | 3 are at aioe | oes oe | doet awe | 3 cMed | 083 ries | Se3 bee Tae | Beg 3 ie | ea eee Sa 7590 She | ioe tie nee | BB ose wun | ose cna | oe oer cust | gs ost THA | 885 8 ‘an | a oss ase | Ss O00 a ae oa 301.458 669. 0.0689 coves | oss chet | Se oes ee | St oes cies | io ose ass | Bo: os That | as) (eee) Whe |B see) a | ies stata aa tie | oe fest ae | By 3s aes | 333 See frase | seta oasst cap | Rd er Baa | donk a cate | Bo: ocd Sie | a 30 TSA PUPAE | ETAT | OUST Tibaae | ‘wasaan | awesaan | oma Eres eres cage | rth’ | fatin' | Sossat Stan Si 260) | A | -aaeaiay, | teas Srdtyer Site civam | Sovtnns | ata3nn | 3332 Sues rinses_( testo | Sisson oa Hapa | aes m i (eR [Mira | naa Araaen | -oraao | Hint | Heat Suva TSENG | $8608 | cian fan gre, SG30 | Gaage | “setae tastes Tied | age | ran 858° | ae | FB, ase [nowin_| resinIV, PROPERTIES OF GASES Gas properties com ervoir engi- tly known compressibility, neering caleulations at2 dev algo as compre 5 dens viscosity A. Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships (z factors) A combination of Boyle's (V = C/pi and Charles (V =C'T) laws provides the ideal gas law given by equation (17), which is useful at low p pV = nT. a7) Engineering units are: p = pressure, psia (psig + 14.65); V = volume, eu ft; n= number of Ib-moles = m/M = Ib mass/ molecular weight; R= gas constant = 10.73 (psia)(ou ft)/(°R) (mole) ; and T = absolute temperature, °R = (°F + 439.6). ‘To account for the nonideal behavior of gases, a gas deviation factor, z, is attached to the ideal gas law to provide the gas law: pV = enRT, (as) where 2 is dimensionless. Most PVT gas problems boil down to determining M, molecular weight, and 2, the deviation factor, for use in equation (18) 1M, molecular werght, ean be determined from the gas composition. (‘The molecular weights of com- ¢ oveurring gases are ineluded in Appendix A of er. To determine the molecular weight of a gas mixture, zhe rrocedure is to sum the produets of s {the gas constituents multiplied 1 weights: (1g) on temperature, vecular weight) xperimentally pre De Hoe gas Hs tempersva= provi of corrsp0: : 7 : quires that at the same p, and T, the factors for all gases are identical. Most textboom= thermodynamics provide thorough discussion; “theorem of corresponding states” and its use correlating physieal properties against. reduced coo: dinates. Figs. 16 and 16A present the generalized correlations versus p, and T, FIG. 184. Desistion facrore