De Tai Quy Trinh Va Phuong Phap Lay Mau Thuc Pham de Xet Nghiem Vi Sinh

Bo co thc tp tt nghip
PHN I : KHI QUT V TT Y T D PHNG H TNH. ..........1

I) Gii thiu v trung tm Y t D phng H Tnh........................1
1> Khi qut v trung tm Y T D phng H Tnh.....................1
II> S HOT NG CA .....................................................2
PHN II. NI DUNG THC TP..................................................3
PHN I : KHI QUT V TT Y T D PHNG H TNH.
I) Gii thiu v trung tm Y t D phng H Tnh

1> Khi qut v trung tm Y T D phng H Tnh.
Trung tm Y t D Phng H Tnh l mt n v trc thuc ngnh Y t

tnh H Tnh. c thnh lp ngy 29 / 10 / 1991, theo quy t nh
234/TCQ ca UBND tnh H Tnh trn c s st nh p 3 b ph n V
Sinh Phng Dch, Bu c v truyn thng. Trung tm c chc nng xy
dng k hoch trin khai thc hin cc chuyn mn v Y t D Phng v
hng dn, gim st chuyn mn k thut i vi cc trung tm Y t d
phng Huyn, th, thnh ph; nghin cu v tham gia nghin cu khoa hc.
Bc s Nguyn Thi Hoch c c lm gim c trung tm, bc s
Nguyn Vn Hin lm ph gim c, sau ny b sung thm bc s
Nguyn Thanh H lm ph gim c trung tm.
u nm 1995, bc s Thi Hoch ngh hu. Bc s Nguyn Vn Hin
c c lm gim c trung tm. Ln lt Tin s ng Cng L,
Thc s Nguyn Lng Tm c b nhim lm ph gim c trung tm.
Sau 20 nm tch tnh Trung tm y t d phng khng ngng ln
mnh c v quy m ln cht lng chuyn mn. Ban u ch c 14 cn
b trong c 7 bc s, n nay Trung tm hin c 50 cn b, trong c:
- 01 Bc s chuyn khoa 2
- 02 Thc s
- 12 Bc s
- i hc khc : 12 nhn vin
- Cao ng : 2 nhn vin
- Y s v trung cp khc : 18 nhn vin
- 02 nhn vin li xe
- 01 nhn vin phc v
Ton c quan hin c 19 ng vin, c 24/50 nhn vin n.
Trung tm c b tr thnh 9 khoa phng: khoa kim sot dch bnh
v vc xin sinh phm, Khoa sc kho cng ng v trng h c, Khoa an
ton v sinh thc phm v dinh dng, Khoa ni tit, Khoa v sinh lao
Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 1

ng v bnh ngh nghip, Khoa kim dch Y t v xt nghim, phng t

chc hnh chnh v phng k hoch ti chnh.
II> S HOT NG CA
TRUNG TM Y T D PHNG TNH
BG
GIM C
PH GIM C
PHNG PHNG
T CHC - HNH CHNH TI V - K TON
KHOA KHOA KHOA

KHOA
KHOA KIM KHOA KHOA SK ATVSTP
XT
KS DBTN V DCH NI SKC NGH V
NGHIM
VACXIN YT TIT NGHIP DD
SINH PHM


PHN II. NI DUNG THC TP.
KHOA XT NGHIM:
Phng xt nghim vi sinh:
I. Vi Sinh Thc Phm. (V sinh an ton thc phm).
QUY TRNH V PHNG PHP LY MU THC PHM XT

NGHIM VI SINH
(Ly mu gi ch, bn, tht heo quay, )
1) Mc ch ca vic ly mu thc phm kim nghim vi sinh

vt.
- xc nh vi sinh vt c trong thc phm c th lm nh hng

ti sc kho ngi s dng thc phm hoc lm h hng thc
phm.
- Bn cnh cc iu tra dch t hc th vic xc nh tc nhn gy nn
cc v ng c thc phm l ht sc quan trng.
2) C mu:
- Thng thng t 250 500g, t nht l 100g mu.

- T l lng mu ly trong mt l hng chim khong 0,5 - 1
3) Dng c dng ly mu thc phm.
Dng c ly mu thc phm phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

- Lm bng vt liu trung tnh, an ton, v trng, khng thi nhi m
cc cht c hi vo thc phm hoc lm i nhim thm.
- Khng b thc phm n mn, h hng, d c ra, d kh trng.

- Dng c ng mu phi c dung tch cha t nht 250g hoc 250

ml thc phm, c np y kn, trnh r r ra ngoi.
Danh mc cc dng c thng dng trong ly mu thc phm:
Trang thit b, dng c S lng

Dng c ly mu - Dng c vit ( bt - Lng cn thit
bi, bt d, bt ch)
- Nhn mc dng cho - Lng cn thit
mu kim tra
- Nhit k - 01
Dng c phc v cho - Bnh tch / thng lnh - 02
vic vn chuyn mu - Ti / tch lnh - Lng cn thit
kim tra - Ti ni lon - Lng cn thit
Dng c dng ly - Cn st trng - 250ml

mu, cha mu kim - Kp tit trng - 05 ci
tra. - Ko tit trng - 02 ci
- Tha tit trng - 02 ci
- Pipet tit trng - 05 ci
- Ti ni lon v trng - Lng cn thit
- Hp, l ming rng, - Lng cn thit
c np y, v trng
ng mu
- Dy cao su buc - Lng cn thit
- n cn - 02 ci
4) K thut ly mu:
- Mi loi thc phm phi c ly v cha ng trong mt dng
c v trng ring bit.
- Trn u tng loi trc khi ly mu.
- Lng mu ly ng theo quy nh
- Dn nhn c ghi y cc thng tin v mu nh: tn mu, ngy
ly mu, tn v a ch ca bn yu cu kim nghim, cc yu c u
kim nghim, tnh trng khi ly mu.
- Ly mu trong tnh trng khng lm tp nhim thm vo mu.
5) Bo qun v vn chuyn
- Mu phi c bo qun v vn chuyn trong iu kin khng
lm thay i s lng vi khun c trong thc phm.

- Mu phi c bo qun trong hp xp, bnh cch nhit c cha

hoc kh trong sut qu trnh vn chuy n. Ring i v i th c
phm kh, hp khng cn bo qun lnh.
- Mu sau khi ly phi c chuyn ngay v phng kim nghim v
bo qun theo cc quy nh v lu gi mu phng kim nghim.
6) Yu cu i vi phng kim nghim:

6.1: Tip nhn v lu gi mu:
- Nhn vin phng kim nghim phi kim tra trng thi ca mu khi tip
nhn. Nu trng thi khng m bo hoc mu khng y , thng
thng phng kim nghim khng c nhn mu . Trong trng h p
c bit nhn vin phng kim nghim c th phn tch chng nhng phi
ghi ch li tnh trng mu khi bo co kt qu.
- phng kim nghim mu thc phm phi c tip tc bo qun
ngay nhit thch hp i vi tng loi mu.
- Thc phm ng lnh phi c bo qun nhit <-5oC.
- Thc phm ti, thc phm ch bin sn phi c gi nhit 0
5oC.
- Thc phm kh, hp khng cn bo qun lnh ( ch c n bo qu n
nhit phng).
6.2. Ly mu th:
- trnh xy ra tp nhim gia mi trng v mu th nn tin hnh
ly mu th trong phng v trng. Cc sn phm c d on l c rt
vi sinh vt ( v d sn phm tit trng, mn n n u ) bao gi cng
kim tra trc tin, tip theo mi kim tra mu d on b nhim cao
hn.
- Vic bo v mi trng khi b tp nhim l c bi t quan tr ng trong
qu trnh cn v ly mu th t cc sn phm dng bt b nhim cao. Cc
bc tin hnh ny phi thc hin trong t an ton sinh hc.
- Phi ly mu sao cho trnh c bt k ly nhim no. t c
iu phi ch nh sau:
Khi khng lm vic trong t an ton: tin hnh ly mu trong tm
ngn la n cn.
i vi sn phm bao gi sn: lau sch bn ngoi bng cn st
khun ti v tr s m, nu c th th t bng ngn la.
Dng dng c m bao gi ( ci m hp, m nt chai, ko.) d ng
c ly mu ( tha, kp, pipet ) phi v trng.
nh du cn thn s k hiu ca mu th trn vt ch a, ti ni lon
cha mu th.

K THUT XC NH TNG S COLIFORMS TRONG THC PHM
1) Nguyn l k thut:
Coliform l nhng vi khun hnh thnh cc khun lc c trng trn
thch lactoza v ln men ng lactoza v c sinh kh. Ph ng php s
dng k thut a, nui cy mt lng mu quy nh trn mi tr ng
thch VRBL nhit 37 oC trong 24 gi. m nhng khun lc c
trng c khng nh bng ln men ng lactoza.
2) Dng c, mi trng, thuc th:
2.1. Dng c:
- T m 37oC
- My ng nht mu
- My m khun lc
- Hp lng, pipet v trng
- Ti ng nht mu
- Dng c ly mu: dao, ko, tha v trng
- n cn
- Bng, cn st khun, bt vit knh
2.2. Mi trng
+ Mi trng chn lc: Thch VRBL ( violet red bile lactose)
Pepton 7g
Cao men 3g
Lactose 10g
Natri clorua 5g
Mui mt 1,5g
trung tnh 0,03g
Tm tinh th 0,002g
Thch 15g
Nc ct va 1000ml.

un cho tan cc thnh phn, khng si qua lu hoc un qu nhiu ln.

khng hp tit trng trong ni hp. pH = 7,40,1 25C.
+ Mi trng khng nh: canh thang mt lactoza lc sng BGBL
( Brillian green bile lactose).
Dch thu phn casein bng 10g

enzyme
Lactoza ( C12H22O11.H2o) 10g
Mt b kh 20g
Lc sng (Brilliant green) 0,0133g
Nc ct 1000 ml
Ho tan cc thnh phn hoc mi trng hon ch nh kh trong nc
bng cch un nh (nu cn). Chnh pH sao cho sau khi kh trng pH =
7,2 0,2 25C. Chuyn 10 ml mi trng vo tng ng nghi m ch a
ng Durham. Kh trng 15 pht trong ni hp p lc 121 oC. Cc ng
Durham khng c cha bt kh sau khi kh trng.
+ Dung dch Pepton m:
* Pepton 10g
* Natri clorua 5g
* Dinatri hydrophotphat (Na2HPO4) 9g
* Kali dihydrophotphat (KH2PO4) 1,5g
* Nc ct va 1000 ml
Tit trng 121 C trong 15 pht. pH = 7,0 0,2 25C.
o
3) Cch tin hnh:

3.1. ng nht v pha long mu: Cn 25g mu trong iu kin v trng,
cho vo ti ng mu v trng. Cho thm 225 ml dung dch Pepton m.
Nghin mu bng my nghin Stomacher trong 1 pht. Thu c dung
dch mu th 10-1. Tip tc pha long thu c dung dch mu th 10 -
2
, 10-3 , 10-4
3.2. Nui cy:
- Vi mi mu phi nui cy t nht 2 pha long lin ti p. Vi c
quyt nh nui cy pha long no tu thuc mc nhim bn d
kin ca mu sao cho khng qu 150 khun lc trong mi a. Mi pha
long nui cy 2 a. Phi dng pipet ring cho mi pha long v thi
gian t khi pha long mu n khi nui cy xong khng qu 20 pht.
- Dng pipet v trng ht 1 ml dung dch mu th 10 -2 cho vo 2 a petri
v trng. Dng mt pipt v trng khc ht 1ml dung dch mu 10 -3 cho vo
2 a petri khc.

- Thch VRBL un tan chy ngui khong 450,5 oC, rt vo mi a

15 ml thch, lc trn u mu v mi trng. ng nhi t phng
th nghim trn mt phng ngang. Rt tip 4 ml thch VRBL ln l p
thch ng, lng u mt.
- mt a kim tra v khun ca mi trng VRBL v thao tc
tng t nhng khng c dch cy.
- trong t m 37oC trong 24-48 gi.
3.3. m cc khun lc v khng nh:
- Sau thi gian nui cy, nu c th, chn cc a petri c t 10 n
150 khun lc, m cc khun lc c mu nh ta c ng knh
0,5mm hoc ln hn ( i khi c vng mt ta hi bao quanh).
Cc khun lc ny c coi l cc coliforms in hnh v khng cn
phi th khng nh.
- m v khng nh cc khun lc in hnh c kch c nh h n v
tt c cc khun lc c ngun gc t cc sn phm s a v c ch a
ng khng phi l ng lactoza. Vic chuyn ho ng khng
phi l ng lactoza c th lm cho khun lc c hnh dng nhn
tng t nh coliform in hnh.
- Khng nh: cy 5 khun lc ca tng loi khng in hnh vo cc
ng BGBL. cc ng nghim ny trong t m 37oC trong 24h2h.
Cc ng Durham cho thy c sinh kh th dc coi l c ch a
coliform.
4) c kt qu:
Tnh s lng coliform trong 1g hoc trong 1ml sn phm theo cng
thc sau:
N=
C
V (n1 + n2)d
Trong :
C: tng s khun lc m c trn cc a
V: th tch dung dch mu cho vo mi a petri
n1: s a c gi li m nng th nht
n2: s a c gi li m nng th hai
d: h s pha long thp nht c s dng
* Lm trn kt qu tnh c ti s hng trm v biu th kt qu theo

biu thc: n.10x
Trong : n: s thp phn tng ng t 1,0 n 9,9.

x: s m ph hp ca 10
- Nu c hai a cha huyn ph ban u (ng vi pha long 10-1)
u cha t hn 15 khun lc, ly trung bnh s hc ca chng v
khi kt qu c tnh:
1
= m x
d
= 10m vi khun hiu kh/g
(d l h s pha long ca dch huyn ph ban u, bng 10-1)
V d:
mu Sa: - nng 10-1 m c 1 a c 143 khun lc
- nng 102 m c 1 a c 12 khun lc.
p dng cng thc ta c:
S lng Colirorm trong 1ml l:
N=
C N =
155
V (n1 + n2)d 1. (1 + 1).10 1
N= 140,9 x 101 = 1,409 x 103 KL/1ml.

K THUT XC NH TNG S E.COLI TRONG THC PHM
A. K thut xc nh tng s E. coli trong thc phm.
1. Nguyn l k thut.
nh lng E.coli da trn nguyn l: vi khun E.coli l nhng vi
khun ln men lactoza, sinh hi v sinh Indol t tryptophan 44oC.
2. Dng c, mi trng v thuc th.

Dng c:
- T m 37oC, 44,5oC
- My ng nht mu
- Ti ng nht mu
- My m khun lc
- Hp lng, pipet v trng
- Dng c ly mu: dao, ko, ttha... v trng
- n cn
- Bng, cn st khun, vit d knh.
Chun b mi trng:
2.1 mi trng tng sinh chn lc: Canh thang tryptose lauryl sulfat.
Thnh phn a) Mi trng nng b) Mi trng nng

kp n
Dch thu phn protein 40g 20g
sa v protein ng
vt bng enzym
Lactoza(C12H22O11.H2o) 10g 5g
K2HPO4 5,5g 2,75g
KH2PO4 5,5g 2,75g

NaCl 10g 5g
Natri lauryl sulfat 0,2g 0,1g
Nc 1000 ml 1000 ml
Ho tan cc thnh phn hoc mi trng hon chnh kh trong nc
bng cch un nng nu cn. Chnh pH sao cho sau khi kh trng pH bng
6,8 0,2 25oC, nu cn.
Phn phi tng lng 9ml mi trng ny vo cc ng nghim c kch
thc 16 mm x 160 mm cha cc ng Durham i vi mi trng nng
n l 10 ml vo cc ng th c kch thc 18 mm x 180 mm ho c 20
mm x 200 mm cha cc ng Durham vi mi trng nng kp. Kh
trng 15 pht trong ni p lc nhit 121oC.
2.2 Mi trng chn lc: Canh thang EC
Dch thu phn casein bng enzyme 20,0g

Lactoza (C12H22O11.H2o) 5,0g
Mui mt (bile salts) 1,5g
K2HPO4 4,0g
KH2PO4 1,5g
NaCl 5,0g
Nc 1000 ml
Ho tan cc thnh phn ho hc hoc mi trng hon ch nh kh trong
nc bng cch un nng nu cn. Chnh pH sao cho sau khi kh trng pH
= 6,8 0,2 25oC, nu cn.
Phn phi tng lng 10ml mi trng ny vo cc ng nghim c
kch thc 16 mm x 160 mm cha cc ng Durham. Kh trng 15 pht
trong ni p lc nhit 121oC.
2.3 Nc pepton, khng cha Indol
Dch thu phn casein bng 10,0g

Enzyme
Natri clorua 5,0g
Nc 1000 ml
Ho tan cc thnh phn ho hc hoc mi trng hon ch nh kh trong

nc bng cch un nng nu cn. Chnh pH sao cho sau khi kh trng pH
bng 7,3 0,2 25oC, nu cn.
Phn phi tng lng 10ml mi trng ny vo cc ng nghim c
kch thc 16 mm x 160 mm. Kh trng 15 pht trong ni p lc nhit
121oC.

2.4 Dung dich m pepton.
Pepton 10g
NaCl 5g
K2HPO4 9g
KH2PO4 1,5g
Nc 1000ml
Hp tit trng 121oC trong 15 pht. pH = 7,0 0,2 25oC.
3. Cch tin hnh.

3.1 ng nht v pha long mu: Cn 25g mu trong iu kin v trng,
cho vo ti ng mu v trng. Cho thm 225 ml dung dch Pepton m.
Nghin mu bng my nghin Stomacher trong 1 pht. Thu c dung
dch mu th 10-1. Tip tc pha long thu c dung dch mu th 10 -
2
, 10-3 , 10-4
vic quyt nh nui cy pha long no tu thuc mc nhim bn
d kin ca mu.Phi dng pipet ring cho mi pha long v th i gian
t khi pha long mu n khi nui cy xong khng qu 20 pht.
3.2 Nui Cy:
- Dng pipep v khun chuyn vo b 3 ng nghim cha canh thang
tryptoza lauryl sulfat lng nng kp 10ml mu th nu sn phm ban
u l cht lng hoc 10 ml huyn ph ban u nu cc sn phm
dng khc.
- Dng pipep v trng chuyn vo 3 ng canh thang tryptoza lauryl sulfat
nng n 1ml mu th nu sn phm ban u l ch t l ng hoc 1 ml
huyn ph ban u nu cc sn phm dng khc.
- i vi pha long tip theo, tip tc nh m t trn. S d ng m i
pipet v trng cho mi pha long. Trn k dch cy vi mi trng.
- Nui cy trong t m vi nhit 37 oC trong 24h2h. Nu giai on
ny khng sinh kh cng nh khng b m c lm cn tr vic quan st
s sinh kh th tip n 48h 2h.
- T cc ng m c biu hin sinh kh hoc c m, cy truy n m t
vng cy sang ng nghim ng canh thang EC. cc ng nghim
nhit 44oC trong 24h2h. Nu giai on ny khng thy sinh kh trong
canh thang EC th ko di thi gian n 48h 2h.

- Nu quan st thy sinh kh canh thang EC, th cy chuy n m t vng

dch cy vo nc pepton ( c lm m n 44 oC), 44oC trong
48h.
- Kim tra s sinh Indol bng cch thm 0,5 ml thuc th Kovacs vo cc
ng cha pepton, trn k v kim tra sau 1 pht. Nu trong pha cn c
mu , chng t c Indol.
4. Tnh kt qu.
m ton b s ng canh thang nui cy dng tnh, tra bng MPN 3
hng ng tnh ra s vi khun c trong 1ml/ 1g thc phm.
Th d la chn cc kt qu dng tnh i vi vic tnh ton MPN:
M S ng dng tnh nhn c t 3 ng MPN

u c m i vi s mu c nui cy
trn ng
Sp lng 10ml 1ml 10-1ml 10-2ml Sn phm Cc dng
10-3ml lng sn phm
-1 -2 -3
Cc SP khc 1g 10 g 10 g 10 g khc
-4
10 g
1 3 3 3 0 2,4 2,4
2 2 2 1 1 0 2,4. 102 2,4. 101
3 3 3 0 0 0 7 2,1 . 10-1
4 2 2 0 1 0 7. 101 2,1


II. Vi Sinh Nc:
Xt nghim Coliform, E.coli trong nc
PHNG PHP LY MU NC XT NGHIM

VI SINH
1) Chun b ly mu nc
1.1 Chun b dng c :
- Chai cn c bc / n cn 90oC 01 ci
- Dim / bt la : 01 ci
- Chai thu tinh hoc chai nha c nt 200ml-1000ml tu nhu cu
- Dng c ly nc sng / quang ly mu 01 ci
- Kp / pince 01 ci
- Thng cch nhit ng : 01 ci
- Nhn, bt vit trn thu tinh 01 ci
Yu cu 1: Dng c ly nc phi v khun.

Chai ly mu l chai thu tinh trung tnh, chu c nhit cao khi
kh trng, dung tch t 300-1000ml, c ming rng, chiu cao c a chai
trn 15 cm. chai ly mu phi c ngm ho cht kh khun ri sc r a
sch, sc ra ln cui cng vi nc ct, kh ro, kh khu n nhi t
121oC/15 pht.

Nt chai l bng khng thm nc hoc nt mi thu tinh vn v a kht,

hoc nt nha, bn ngoi c bc bi mt lp giy bc khng thm
nc. tt c cc chai v nt chai cn c hp v sy v khu n ch trong
vng 2 tun trc khi ly mu.
1.2 Kh clo d trong nc.

Yu cu 2: kh clo d trong nc loi tr kh nng vi khun tip tc
b tiu dit.
Nc c kh trng bng cc hp cht Clo, lng clo c th tn l u
trong nc sau khi ly mu. Lng Clo d ny s tip tc tc ng ln
nhng vi khun cn sng trong mu nc lm cho kt qu xt nghi m vi
sinh sau ny khng th hin chnh xc s lng vi khun cn s ng va t n
ti trong mu nc vo thi im ly mu. Mun pht hin s vi khu n
cn sng ti thi im ly mu, cn cho thm Natri thiosulfit (Na2S2O3)
kh clo d trong nc.
Thm (Na2S2O3) vo chai nh ly mu nc c clo d, tr khi chai
ng mu c cha sn mi trng nui cy vi khun th khng cho thm
(Na2S2O3).
Thm (Na2S2O3) vo chai c kh khun c c nng
100 mg/l trong mu nc. i vi chai c dung tch trn 120ml th thm
10ml 10% (Na2S2O3) ( cho php trung ho mt mu cha khong 15 mg/l
clo d.).
Cn dn nhn ln chai mu bit cho (Na2S2O3).
Ring i vi cc mu nc c cha nng cao km hoc ng, cc
mu nc thi c cha kim loi nng cao th dng ch t gn c hi u
trung ho chng. Nht l i vi cc mu nc c vn chuy n trong
thi gian qu 4 ting ng h, vic trung ho rt cn.
2) K thut ly mu nc v vi sinh
2.1 Cch thc ly mt mu nc:
Ly mu vo chai v cha t nht 2,5 cm chiu cao c a chai d l c
trn mu sau ny. D bt c loi nc no, cch ly mu cng nh nhau,
ngha l phi tuyt i v khun. Cch ly mu lin quan t i k t qu
kim nghim sau ny.
2.2 Ly nc vi
Trc khi ly mu phi dng khn lau sch cht bn bm vo u vi
nc, t vi bng ngn la n cn trong 1 pht. M vi, cho nc
chy 2-3 pht lm sch ng ng. m giy bc chai thu tinh, dng
kp/ pince rt nt bng hoc nt thu tinh, h ming chai trn ngn la

n cn va hng nc chy vo chai. Khng nc bn tung to khi ly

nc vi.
Ly nc xong lp tc h ming chai trn ngn la n cn, y
nt ngay.
2.3 Ly nc ao, h, sng sui
Tu theo mc ch m v tr ly mu v s lng mu cn ly c
quy nh khc nhau. nh gi cht lng nc dng lm ngun cung
cp cho trm x l nc sinh hot ngi ta c th ph i ly nhiu m u
trn nhiu mt ct khc nhau ca ao, h.
Trong trng hp ch ly mt mu i din th ta ch n v tr l y m u
nh sau:
- Nc ao h: Gia ao h
- Sng sui: Gia dng chy ca sng.
Chiu su ly mu bng chiu su lp nc ti ni nhng ph i
cch mt nc t nht 30cm trnh nh hng dit khun do nh sng
mt tri.
ly mu nc sng, h ta dng dng c ly mu nc gil
quang ly mu. trc ht kh khun quang bng ngn la n cn, lp
chai ly mu vo.
Dng kp / pince rt nt bng hoc nuts thu tinh, h ming chai trn
ngn la n cn ri th nhanh xung nc n su c n thi t. khi
nc vo y chai, ko quang ln, bt nc trong chai ri h ming
chai trn ngn la n cn, y nt ngay.
2.4 Nc ging o, nc trong b cha khng c vi.
Mu nc c ly gia ging, b. thao tc ly mu ging nh nc
sng.
3) Th tch mu nc
Yu cu 4 :
Ly nc cho xt nghim va lu tr, khng ly y d lm nhi m
mu nc. Nu xt nghim 3 ch tiu, cn 100ml nc cho 1 ch tiu th
nn ly trn 600ml, trrong :
- 300ml xt nghim ln th nht.
- Lng nc cn li xt nghim ln 2, hoc ln 3.
3.1 Ghi nhn chai nc
Yu cu 5: Mi mu nc gi i kim nghim phi c nhn ghi y
. Gm:
- Tn n v, c nhn gi mu
- a im ly nc

- Loi nc ( nc b mt, nc ging, nc my, nc lc qua

bnh)
- Ngy gi, thng, nm ly nc ( phi ghi gi)
- Yu cu xt nghim vi sinh ( tng ch im c th)
- Mc ch xt nghim ( dng cho n ung, sinh hot, k thut)
- Tn ngi ly mu nc.
- Cch thc bo qun mu
3.2 Bo qun v ct gi mu.
Yu cu 6: Lu mu m bo s lng vi khun trong nc khng
thay i.
Bt u xt nghim vi sinh mt mu nc ngay lp tc sau khi thu
thp mu, trnh nhng thay i v s lng vi sinh vt.
Nu cha th xt nghim ngay, nn bo qun mu trong thng lnh,
ti nc 2-4oC trong sut qua trnh vn chuyn n phng th
nghim. Nu khng c nc bo qun th phi gi v phng th
nghim trong vng 1 gi sau khi ly nc. Gi lnh mu nc trong
phng th nghim trong vng khng qu 24 gi.
XC NH COLIFORM TNG S, COLIFORM CHU NHIT,

ESCHERICHIA COLI
Phng php ln men nhiu ng Phng php MPN
1) Nguyn l
1.1. Khi nim v phng php ln men nhiu ng.
Do vi khun khng phn tn u trong nc, cho nn trong cng mt
th tch nc, s lng vi khun tronh nhng th tch th ng khc
nhau.
Gi s trong 1000ml nc c 10.000 vi khun A, khi ly 1ml t mu
nc ny, khng chc chn trong c 10 vi khun A m c th c
nhiu hn hoc t hn 10. Do v
B y, nu nh lng vi khun (m vi khun ) t mt th tch nc nht

nh ly ra t mu ri nhn ln vi h s pha long c k t qu vi
khun trong 100ml hoc 1000 ml mu th ta s mc sai lm, do s phn
tn khng ng u ca vi khun trong mu gy nn.
gim thiu s sai lnh ny, ngi ta p dng phng php xc
sut thng k kt hp vi k thut vi sinh vt hc nh l ng vi
khun. Theo , ngi ta nui cy vi khun trong nhiu ng mi trng
vi nhiu lng th thp phn khc nhau. Da vo s ng d ng tnh

trong mi bc pha long, tra vo bng thng k tnh sn, ngi ta s tnh
c s lng vi khun c trong 100ml nc th. Mt phi hp gm 3
hng ng ( 3 bc nng ), mi hng 5 ng l ph i h p th ng c
dng nht.
Phng php ny, do vy c gi l Phng php ln men nhiu
ng. Phng php ny thng c gi tt l phng php MPN ( the
Most Probable Number ) do kt qu tm c t bng thng k l con s
c l ng nht v s lng vi khun c trong 100ml th tch mu.
1.2. Nguyn l ca th nghim coliform tng s, coliform chu nhit,
E.coli:
Da trn c tnh ca nhm Coliform l c kh nng ln men ng
lactose, to ra sn phm ho hc trung gian l aldehyt, axit v sinh h i
35-370C trong vng 24-448 gi, ngi ta tng sinh mu nc vo ng canh
thang CLP, c cha lactose v ch th phenol vi 1 phao Durham. Sau
khi nhit v thi gian thch hp, ng canh thang no c Coliform s
ln men lactose, sinh axit lm canh thang t mu (PH=7-7,4) s chuy n
sang mu vng (PH=6,8); ng thi, coliform sinh hi c gi li trong
ng Durham (p ngc). nhng ng chuyn mu nh vy, c c l
ng dng tnh s b.
khng nh, ngi ta da vo tnh cht sinh aldehyt ca coliform
bng cch ly cc ng CLP dng tnh trn thch EMB hoc ENDO ch a
hp cht fuchsin sulfite. Aldehyt sinh ra s kt h p vi sulfite v gi i
phng fuchsin trn mt thch, thch c mu hng v nh kim.
xc nh coliform chu nhiu, ta cng lm nh trn, nhng dng
nhit l 44,5 0,20C.
2. Dng c mi trng
2.1. Dng c:
- Pipet 1-2ml: t nht 2 ci, tu s lng vi khun c trong 1ml n c
m s pipet s tng ln.
- Pipet 5 ml : 2 ci
- Pipet 10 ml hoc 20 ml hoc 25 ml : 1 ci
- ng nghim 18x180mm cha 10 ml canh thang lactose m c, c
ng Durham : 10
- ng nghim 16x 160 mm cha 5-10 ml canh thang lactose long, c ng
Durham: 20
- ng nghim 16x 160mm cha ng 9ml NaCl 9, nu cha 9ml
phi thm .
- a Petri d = 75 hoc 90 mm : 2 -4 ci.
Cc dng c trn c hp sy v khun.

- Gi inox
- Bt vit knh : 1 ci
- Kp / pince : 1 ci
- Bp cao su : 1 ci
- en cn : 1 ci
- T m 370C v 44,50C.
2.2. Mi trng. ( dng cho 1 mu)
- Nc mui sinh l (Nacl 9), chnh dung 9ml/ ng nghim 18: 1 ng
- ng CLP ( canh thang latose c ch th mu phenol), pH = 7,2 7,4 v
phao Durham.
C 2 loi:
Canh thang m c ( gp 2 ln bnh thng) ; 5 ng
Canh thang long ( bng 1 ln bnh thng) : 10 ng.
- Thch ENDO hoc thch EMB sn ra a: 2 a d = 75 90 mm.
2. Quy trnh
2.1. Coliform tng s:
2.1.1. Th nghim i vi nc sch.
* Test s b:
- Sp vo mt gi gm 3 hng: 5 ng CLP m c thnh mt hng, 10
ng CLP long thnh 2 hng, cnh hang th 2, t 1 ng NaCl 9 9 ml.
- Lc u chai mu. Rt giy bc cc ng nghim, dng kp rt 2/3 nt
bng.
- Dng pipet 10ml v khun ht 10 ml nc ban u cho vo mi ng CLP
m c.
- Dng pipet 5ml v khun ly 1 ml nc ban u cho vo ng nghi m
CLP long hng th 2.
- Tip tc cho 1ml nc ban u cho vo ng NaCl 9 9 ml c l ng
th 1/10 ( 10-1).
- Dng pipet 5 ml khc trn u v ht 1ml n c 1/10ml cho vo m i ng
CLP long hng th 3.
Mt phi hp lng th nh trn c gi l phi hp 10-1-0,1 ho c
10 1 10-1.
- Cm gi ng nghim lc u. cho vo t m 37 oC v trong 48 3
gi.
c kt qu ca test s b: sau khi nhng ng canh thang CLP chuyn
mu vng v c bt kh trong phao th c ghi nhn l dng tnh bc
th s b.
* Test khng nh:

- Dng bt vit knh k trn mt y a th ch EMB ho c ENDO m t s

ng vi s ng CLP dng tnh s b, ghi thng tin v lng th cc ,
thng tin v mu, ngay gi cy.
- Dng que cy, cy ria tng que cy ring bit t mi ng canh thang
dng tnh ca test s b vo mi k sn ng vi lng th ghi trn
.
- t p cc a thch vo t m 37oC/24 gi.
c kt qu khng nh:
Cc no xut hin khun lc mu hng , c nh kim c ghi
nhn l dng tnh vi Coliform. m s dng tnh cc lng th
v ghi li.
V d: hng 10 ml mu c 5 dng tnh, hng 1ml mu c 3 dng
tnh, hng 10-1 c 1 dng tnh, ta s ghi nhn kt qu l 5-3-1.
Tra bng MPN.
Tra bng MPN ng vi phi hp 3 hng ng mi hng 5 ng ta c k t
qu bng 110. vy, kt qu coliform tng s ( n v tnh l MPN/100ml)
l : 110/100ml.
2.1.2. Th nghim i vi nc bn.

i vi nhng mu nc bn hn nu dng phi hp lng th nh
trn c th s dn n kt qu 15 ng th u dng tnh. Khhi tra b ng
MPN, kt qu ca phi hp trn s l 5-5-5 cho ta gi tr coliform/100ml
s > 2.400 m khng bit c con s chnh xc hn ca coliform.
Mun c kt qu r rng hn, ta cn phi dng phi hp cc lng
th nh hn.
V d :
Trng hp 1 : 1 0,1 0,01ml hay vit l: 1 10-1 10-2.
Trng hp 2 : 0,1 0,01 0,001ml hay vit l 10-1 10-2 10-3.
Trng hp 3: 0,01 0,001 0,0001ml hay vit 10-2 - 10-3 10-4.
Cn c th pha long hn na. nc cng bn cng ph i pha long nhi u
hn na.
Trong thc hnh, c lng th 0,01ml (10 -2) ta dng pipet v
khun ht ly 1ml nc th pha long 10 -1 ri cho vo ng cha 9ml
nc mui 9 v ht trn u. dng pipet khc, ly 1ml dung dch ny
cho vo mi ng ca hng ng c lng th 0,001 (hay 10-2).
Lm tng t cho cc bc pha long khc.
V khng dng en lng th 10ml nn 15 ng CLP c s d ng u l
CLP long.

Cc bc th nghim s b v khng nh u lm ging nh mc

2.1.1
Khi tnh kt qu, nu pha long mu i bao nhiu ln, phi nh
nhn ln by nhiu ln tu theo mc pha long thc hin so vi mc c
bn (10-1-10-1).
V d: dng phi hp lng th: 0,1 - 0,01- 0,001ml (10 -1 10-2
10-3) v kt qu s ng dng tnh l 5 3 1. Sauk hi tra bng MPN
c gi tr 110, c kt qu v m ca Coliform /100ml ta ph i
nhn vi 100.
Vy, kt qu Coliform tng s (MPN/100ml) s l: 11.000
(hay 11 x 103 ).
2.2. Coliform chu nhit

nh lng Coliform chiuh nhit ta thc hin quy trnh ging nh
trnh by trong phn Coliform tng s ngoi tr trong bc test s b
nhit s l 44,5 0,2 gi.
ESCHERICHIA COLI
E.coli l dng coliform c ngun gc t phn pht trin c

440,2oC ( mt s chng c th pht trin 37 oC ch khng pht trin
440,2oC), ln men ng lactose, sinh indol t tryptophan, sinh hi v
acid ( c mt s chng khng sinh hi ), phn ng Oxydase v Urea m
tnh. khng sinh aceoin v khng dng citrate lm ngun carbon duy nht.
Nguyn tc: E.coli c pht hin do kh nng ln men lactose sinh
hi 440.2oC v c kt qu nghim php IMVIC ph hp.
1. Vt liu
- Pipette khc vch 10 ml 1 ml v trng
- Que cy, n cn
- Nc mui sinh l 9 ng ng 9 ml v trng

- Canh thang Lactose long ng ng c ng sinh hi.

- Canh thang BGBL (Brilliant Green Bile Lactose 2%)
- Thach EMB Agar
2. Mi trng nui cy:
+ Canh thang lactose broth (g.l-)
Nc chit tht 3g
Bacto pepton 5g
Lactose 5g
Nc ct 1000ml
pH 6.9
+ Mi trng tng sinh: BGBL (g.l-)
Pepton 10g
Lactose 10g
Mt b 20g
Vebrilliant green 0.0133g
pH 7.2
+ Mi trng EMB Agar (g.l-)
Bacto pepton 10g
Lactose 10g
K2HPO4 2g
Agar 13.5g
Saccarose 5g
Eurin 0.4g
Methylen Blue 0.065g
Nc ct 1000ml
pH 7.1
3) Cch Tin Hnh
* Test s b:
- Sp vo mt gi gm 3 hng: 5 ng CLP m c thnh mt hng, 10
ng CLP long thnh 2 hng, cnh hang th 2, t 1 ng NaCl 9 9 ml.
- Lc u chai mu. Rt giy bc cc ng nghim, dng kp rt 2/3 nt
bng.
- Dng pipet 10ml v khun ht 10 ml nc ban u cho vo mi ng CLP
m c.
- Dng pipet 5ml v khun ly 1 ml nc ban u cho vo ng nghi m
CLP long hng th 2.
- Tip tc cho 1ml nc ban u cho vo ng NaCl 9 9 ml c l ng
th 1/10 ( 10-1).

- Dng pipet 5 ml khc trn u v ht 1ml n c 1/10ml cho vo m i ng

CLP long hng th 3.
Mt phi hp lng th nh trn c gi l phi hp 10-1-0,1 ho c
10 1 10-1.
- Cm gi ng nghim lc u. cho vo t m 37 oC v trong 24 - 48
gi.
c kt qu ca test s b: sau khi nhng ng canh thang CLP
chuyn mu vng v c bt kh trong phao th c ghi nhn l dng tnh
bc th s b.
- Dng que cy cy chuyn cc ng dng tnh vo mi trng canh
thang BGBL c phao Durham.
- t m 37oC trong 24-48h
c kt qu: Nhng ng dng tnh l nhng ng lm c mi trng,
sinh hi trong phao.
* Test khng nh:

- Cy chuyn cc ng dng tnh vo mi trng cha lactose c hiu
nh thcch EMB, ENDO, Chromocul,... trn mi trng thch c hiu,
k cc ghi cc lng th tng ng vi cc ng dng tnh, cc ng
nghi ng, dng k thut cy 3 ng cy sao cho c khun lc ri.
- t m 37oC trong 24h ly ra c kt qu.
* c kt qu:
- Trn mi trng EMB, ENDO, chn cc khun lc ri, c nh kim trn
b mt ca tng thc hin phn ng IMVIC cho mi .
- Trn mi trng Chromocul chon 1-5 khun lc c mu tm, xanh trn
mi , thc hin phn ng IMVIC cho mi .
Phn ng IMVIC:
Vi khun Indol Voges-Proskauer Citrat

Methyl
Escherichhia + + - -
Shigella +/- + - -
Citrobacter freundii - + - +
Citrobacter + + - +
diversus
Nhm Klebsiella- +/- - + +
Enterobacter

* Ghi kt qu:
- Ghi kt qu theo tng dy ph ng IMVIC ca mi : E.coli c
phn ng Indol (+), Methyl (+), Citrat v VP m tnh.
- Ghi kt qu ca s dng tnh vi E.coli theo 3 lng th thp
phn lin tip.
- Tra bng MPN (10 1 0,1 ): kt qu E.coli/100ml
- Nu c pha long, nh nhn kt qu vi s ln pha long, kt
qu cui cng phi c tnh trn 100ml c th nghim.
So snh QCVN 01-2009/BYT nh gi kt qu kt qu mu nc.
III. XT NGHIM VIRUT VIM GAN B
nh ngha: Vi rt gy vim gan l nhng vi rt c i tnh vi t bo

gan, y l t bo ch m vi rt xm nhp, nhn ln v gy t n th ng.
Tuy c cng t bo ch, nhng cc vi rt vim gan c c u trc, ng
xm nhp, c ch lan truyn khc nhau. Do vy, n nay cc vi rt vin
gan chnh c chia lm 5 loi: A, B, C, D, v E.
Test chn on nhanh virut Vim Gan B
1 ) Cch ly mu:

Ty theo tng bnh nhn xt nghim m ta cn ly s lng v v tr

khc nhau, cch ly mu thng thng :
Ly mu tnh mch:
Thng ly vi s lng mu nhiu 3 - 5 ml/ln. Dng lm cc xt
nghim sinh ha mu, nui cy phn lp tm vi khun gy b nh, xt
nghim mu tng hp
- Chun b dng c:
+ Dy ga r
+ Bm kim tim
+ Cn st khun 700
+ Bng
+ Pank c mu
+ Tp ng mu c hoc khng c cht chng ng.
Cc bc tin hnh:
1.1Ni chc ly mu
Tnh mch np gp khuu tay ni r nh t v ni nht, nn ch c vo
mt trong nhng nhnh ca ch Y, hi cao hn im ni tip nu c n,
bng cch dt garro pha trn c tay.
1.2Chun b bm kim tim v dng c ng mu
Ghi nhn mu xt nghim: s xt nghim, tn bnh nhn, hoc dn m s
xt nghim ( in sn) vo mu xt nghim ca bnh nhn.
X v bm kim tim, ko pittong vi ln kim tra bm tim,
ng thi d ly mu.
Ly mu tnh mch bng bm kim tim s dng mt ln:
- St trng ni ly mu bng ming bng thm cn 700.
- Dng ngn tay tr tm im chnh xc chc. Nu kh xc nh c
th ni bnh nhn gp tay ln xung vi ln ni tnh mch ln ).
* Lu .
Nu kh xc nh im ly mu cn tho dy garro ri c t l i, trnh b
ng mu.
St trng ln th 2 vi bng thm cn 700.
Cm bm kim tim trong bn tay phi, ngn tr bn tay phi t vo c
kim.
t kim ng vo hng ca tnh mch, u vt ca kim hng ln trn.
Ch :
Khng bao gi tip xc vi tnh mch t pha cnh, khng bao gi
chc vi u vt ca mi kim quay xung di.

Kim tim c t t th hi hng ln trn mt gc 20 0 so vi cnh

tay. T chc ngn tr vo c kim v chc kim vo gia tnh mch bng
mt ng tc tht l nhanh, khng ngp ngng. ( nu trng veine s c
cm gic nng tay hn v s thy mu chy vo c kim.)
Chc kim vo trong veine khong 1-1,5 cm ng thi h thp kim so
vi cnh tay.
Bng cch ko nh nhng pittong ca bm kim tim, mu s vo bm
tim. Tip tc rt t t pittong ly s lng mu cn cho xt
nghim.
t ming bng tm cn ln ch chc kim. Rt kim t di mi ng
bng bng mt ng rc nhanh.
Ni bnh nhn gi nguyn v n cht ming bng trong 3 pht, khng
nn gp cnh tay v c th lm hng veine.
Ly kim tim ra khi bm tim, bm mu vo tube ho c l ng mu.
y cht np v lc trn ln trn xung vi ln. ( n u m u mu ton
phn).
Nu mun lm xt nghim t huyt tng ta cho vo tube mt lng
cht chng ng thch hp vi lng mu ly lc nh ri yn
khong 30 pht hoc ly tm 2000 - 3000 vng / pht khong 5 - 10 pht.
Phn dch pha trn l huyt tng phn mu pha di l hng cu.
Nu lm xt nghim t huyt thanh th ta khng cho ch t chng ng
v khng lc, cc bc cn li tng t nh cch ly huyt tng.
TIN HNH TEST CHN ON NHANH VGB
HBsAg khng nguyn b mt vi rt siu vi B l ph c hp khng

nguyn (complex antigen) c trn b mt ca vi rt siu vi B (HBV). S
c mt ca HBsAg trong mu ca bnh nhn c coi l bng chng

chc chn kt lun bnh nhn b ly nhim vi rt siu vi B c p

hoc mn tnh.
Kit chn on Vin gan B (HBsAg) l dng c xt nghim sc k min
dch, dng nh tnh pht hin s c mt ca HBsAg trong huy t thanh
hoc huyt tng.
I) NGUYN L HOT NG
Trong qu trnh xt nghim, mu phm ( huyt thanh hoc huy t
tng) di chuyn dc theo mng thm kit th nh mao dn. HBsAg nu
c trong mu bnh phm, trn ng i s gp v ph ng vi cc ph n
t mg khng th Anti-HBsAg, to thnh hn hp tip tc th m h ng
ln. Ti vng hin th kt qu (T), hn hp ny s phn ng kt ta to
mu vi cc khng th Anti-HBsAg ph c nh sn ti , to thnh vach
(T) nhn thy c, thng bo kt qu l dng tnh. Ngc li nu
trong mu bnh phm nu khng c HBsAg, vch mu (T) s khng xu t
hin v kt qu s l m tnh.
Nhm mc ch kim tra quy trnh thao tc xt nghim, m t v ch mu
khc lun lun xut hin ti vng chng (C), gi l vch chng (C) nu
quy trnh thao tc xt nghim xt nghim ng, lng mu bnh phm
v lp mng thm tt.
II) LU CHUNG
- Kit chn on Vim gan B (HBsAg) l dng c ch chuyn s dng
cho vic xt nghim chn on. Khi s dng Kit th khi ht h n
s dng.
- Khng n ung, ht thuc trong khu vc bo qun, lm xt nghim.
- Thn trng khi tip xc v tun th cc quy nh v tiu hu bnh
phm, trnh nhng ri ro ly nhim trong sut qu trnh xt nghim.
- Mc bo h y t nhu o chong, gng tay s dng mt l n, b o
v mt trong qu trnh xt nghim.
III) LY V CHUN B MU XT NGHIM

Mu bnh phm dng xt nghim c th l huy t thanh hoc huy t
tng.
Lng mu ton phn va t tnh mch vo ng nghim. Tch ly
huyt thanh hoc huyt tng cng nhanh cng tt trnh hin t ng
tan huyt ( hemolysis ). Ch cc mu bnh phm s ch, khng b hi n
tng tan huyt (non-hemolyzed) mi c s dng lm xt nghim.
IV) BO QUN MU

- Xt nghim phi c tin hnh ngay sau khi ly mu. Khng

c mu bnh phm nhit phng trong thi gian di.
- Mu huyt thanh v huyt tng c th bo qun nhit 2-8 0C
trong vng 3 ngy. Mun bo qun lu hn mu bnh ph m ph i
c gi nhit m thp hn 200C.
- Mu ton phn ly t tnh mch khng b ng c th bo qun
nht 2-80C. trong vng 2 ngy.
- Cc mu bnh phm phi c nhit phng trc khi lm
xt nghim. cc mu ng bng phi cho tan ra hon ton v
c lc u trc khi lm xt nghim. Khng lp li vic ng
bng v lm tan i vi cc mu bnh phm.
- Nu mu bnh phm cn phi di chuyn, chng phi c ng
gi v vn chuyn ph hp vi cc quy nh an ton v v n chuy n
cc cht c nguy c ly nhim cao.
VI) TIN HNH XT NGHIM

kit th v mu bnh phm nhit phng (15-30 0C) trc khi
lm xt nghim.
1) Ly kit th ra khi ti kn ng sn phm v s d ng kit th cng
nhanh cng tt
Lu : t kt qu tt, ton b qu trnh xt nghim ph i c
hon thnh trong vng 1 gi k t khi m ti ng sn phm.
2) Cm Kit th sao cho mi tn trn kit th hng ch xung:
Nhng Kt th theo phng thng ng vo mu bnh phm ( huy t
thanh hoc huyt tng ) ng trong ng nghim v ngm t nht 10-15
giy. Tip theo, t Kit th trn mt phng nm ngang khng ht nc
v bt u tnh thi gian.
Ch : khng nhng Kit th su qu vch ti a (Max line- u mi
tn) trn Kit th.
3) Ch cho n khi cc vch xut hin trn Kit th. c kt qu trong
vng 15 pht.
Lu : nng khng nguyn b mt HBsAg thp c th cho kt qu
l mt vach m vng kt qu (T) sau khi ko thm th i gian ch k t
qu. Tuy nhin khng s dng kt qu sau 30 pht.
C KT QU
+ Dng tnh: trn Kit th xut hin 2 vch r rt: mt vng chng
gi l vch chng (C) cn vch kia vng kt qu (T).

Lu ; m mu ca vch kt qu (T) s khc nhau ph thuc

vo nng ca HBsAg c trong mu bnh ph m. V v y, b t c m
no ca vch kt qu (T) cng u c gi l dng tnh.
+ m tnh: trn Kit th xut hin ch mt vch chng (C). Khng thy
xut hin vch kt qu (T) dug m hay m.
+ Kt qu khng c gi tr: trn Kit th khng thy xut hin vch chng
(C). Nguyn nhn thng gp la do lng mu bnh phm khng
hoc thao tc xt nghim sai. c li hng dn v lm l i xt nghi m
bng Kit th mi khc.
V d kt qu xt nghim Vin Gan B:
S Y t h tnh Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam

TT Y t d phng c lp - T do - Hnh phc
Phiu xt nghim
H v tn: Nguyn Minh Tun ..Tui: 30.

a ch:. Thch Xun Thch H - H Tnh.
i tng: Khm Sc Kho
Yu cu xt nghim Kt qu xt nghim
- HBsAg (Vim gan B) m tnh
H Tnh, ngy 21 thng 06 nm 2012
Ph trch khoa XN Cn b xt nghim

IV.- XT NGHIM TM VI RT HIV
1.Khi nin HIV/AIDS

Vi rt HIV thuc nhm Lentivirus ca h Retroviridae.

Nhm Lentivirus gm 3 loi: HIV-1, HIV-2 gy ra AIDS ng i v

SIV gy suy gim min dch kh.
HIV-1: phn lp nm 1983, HIV-2 phn lp nm 1986, c hai u do Luc
Montagnir ( Vin pasteur Paris) phn lp t nhng bnh nhn mc bnh
do Pneumocytis carinii hoc b Sarcoma Kaposi, v u b suy gim min
dch mc phi (nn tn bnh AIDS xut hin).
HIV l virt gy suy gim min dch ngi, vit tt t ting Anh:
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus.
AIDS (Hi chng suy gim min dch mc phi) ,l mt h i chng
ca nhiu bnh nhim trng (v d: lao, vim phi, nm), m ng i
nhim HIV gp phi do h min dch ca c th b tn thng hoc b
ph hy nng n. Cc bnh ny c gi l cc bnh nhim trng c h i.
AIDS c coi l giai on cui ca qu trnh nhim HIV.
AIDS vit tt t ting Anh: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrom.
Trc y, bnh ny c gi l SIDA (vit tt t ti ng Php: Syndrome
d`Immuno Deficience Acquise), nhng do tn ny trng vi tn ca T
chc pht trin quc t Thy in SIDA v tn ca T chc CIDA
(Canaa) cng gi l "Si a" nn thng nht gi l AIDS trnh nh m
ln v ph hp vi tn quc t.
Xt nghim HIV bng test nhanh Determine.

(Th nghim min dch sc k)
1 ) Cch ly mu:
Ly mu tnh mch:
Thng ly vi s lng mu nhiu 3 - 5 ml/ln. Dng lm cc xt
nghim sinh ha mu, nui cy phn lp tm vi khun gy b nh, xt
nghim mu tng hp
- Chun b dng c:
+ Dy ga r
+ Bm kim tim
+ Cn st khun 700
+ Bng
+ Pank c mu
+ Tp ng mu c hoc khng c cht chng ng.
Cc bc tin hnh:
1.3Ni chc ly mu
Tnh mch np gp khuu tay ni r nh t v ni nht, nn ch c vo
mt trong nhng nhnh ca ch Y, hi cao hn im ni tip nu c n,
bng cch dt garro pha trn c tay.

1.4Chun b bm kim tim v dng c ng mu

Ghi nhn mu xt nghim: s xt nghim, tn bnh nhn, hoc dn m s
xt nghim ( in sn) vo mu xt nghim ca bnh nhn.
X v bm kim tim, ko pittong vi ln kim tra bm tim,
ng thi d ly mu.
Ly mu tnh mch bng bm kim tim s dng mt ln:
- St trng ni ly mu bng ming bng thm cn 700.
- Dng ngn tay tr tm im chnh xc chc. Nu kh xc nh c
th ni bnh nhn gp tay ln xung vi ln ni tnh mch ln ).
* Lu .
Nu kh xc nh im ly mu cn tho dy garro ri c t l i, trnh b
ng mu.
St trng ln th 2 vi bng thm cn 700.
Cm bm kim tim trong bn tay phi, ngn tr bn tay phi t vo c
kim.
t kim ng vo hng ca tnh mch, u vt ca kim hng ln trn.
Ch :
Khng bao gi tip xc vi tnh mch t pha cnh, khng bao gi
chc vi u vt ca mi kim quay xung di.
Kim tim c t t th hi hng ln trn mt gc 20 0 so vi cnh
tay. T chc ngn tr vo c kim v chc kim vo gia tnh mch bng
mt ng tc tht l nhanh, khng ngp ngng. ( nu trng veine s c
cm gic nng tay hn v s thy mu chy vo c kim.)
Chc kim vo trong veine khong 1-1,5 cm ng thi h thp kim so
vi cnh tay.
Bng cch ko nh nhng pittong ca bm kim tim, mu s vo bm
tim. Tip tc rt t t pittong ly s lng mu cn cho xt
nghim.
t ming bng tm cn ln ch chc kim. Rt kim t di mi ng
bng bng mt ng rc nhanh.
Ni bnh nhn gi nguyn v n cht ming bng trong 3 pht, khng
nn gp cnh tay v c th lm hng veine.
Ly kim tim ra khi bm tim, bm mu vo tube ho c l ng mu.
y cht np v lc trn ln trn xung vi ln. ( n u m u mu ton
phn).
Nu mun lm xt nghim t huyt tng ta cho vo tube mt lng
cht chng ng thch hp vi lng mu ly lc nh ri yn
khong 30 pht hoc ly tm 2000 - 3000 vng / pht khong 5 - 10 pht.
Phn dch pha trn l huyt tng phn mu pha di l hng cu.

Nu lm xt nghim t huyt thanh th ta khng cho ch t chng ng

v khng lc, cc bc cn li tng t nh cch ly huyt tng.
Tin hnh th test:

- Ly tm mu mu 2000 vng / pht khong 5 pht.
- Chun b que th Determine.
- Ly mu mu ra ht 50l cho vo que th nhanh Determine.
- Ch 15 pht c kt qu.
* Cch c kt qu:
Patien(1) (2)
Control Control
Vch 1: kt qu th nghim ca mu.

Vch 2: vch mu chng dng (+)
Kt qu: khi thi gian c kt qu nu s (1) c 1 vch gng
vch chng dng s (2) th kt qu l dng tnh
Nu s (1) khng xut hin vch th kt qu l m tnh.

V.- MI TRNG
1. Cc mi trng thng dng nui cy vi khun trong mu nc v

thc phm.
Mi trng SS Agar ( Samonella Shigella Agar )
Cng thc: g/l

Peptones: ...........................10g
Lactose: ...........................10g
Ox bile, dried ...........................8.5g
Sodium citrate ...........................10g
SodiumthioSulphat ...........................8.5g
Amonium iron (III) citrate ...........................1g
Brilliant green ...........................0.0003g
Neutral red ...........................0.025g
Agar ...........................12g
pH=7.0
K thut:
Cn 60g mi trng bt kh trong 1 lt nc ct. Chng cch th y,
lc thng xuyn cho n khi agar tan hon ton. Khng hp tit trng.
(nc ct phi hp tit trng trc khi pha ch mi trng v cc thao tc
phi thao tc trong t an ton sinnh hc)
Mi trng BGBL ( Brilliant Green Bile Lactose Broth )
Cng thc:
Peptone from meat .............................10g
Lactose .............................10g
Oxi bile, dried .............................20g
Brilliant green .............................0.0133g
pH=7.2
K thut:
Cn 40g mi trng bt kh trong 1 lt nc kh khong. Ha tan
hon ton . vo tube. Hp tit trng nhit 1210C/15 pht.


Phng xt nghim ho - L
I. HO NC
Phng php ly mu nc xt nghim Ho L:
Nu mu nc c ly v bo qun khng ng th kt qu xt
nghim ho - l khng c gi tr. iu ny quan trng i vi ch ly
mu, k thut ly mu v phng php bo qun mu.
Cc bnh bng polyethylen (PE), teflon, PP hoc thu tinh bosilicat,
thu tinh trung tnh l thch hp cho ly mu thng th ng xc nh cc
thng s l ho ca nc t nhin. Bnh bng cht do thch h p cho
mu phng x. Chai hoc bnh c sc sch bng cht ty ra tng h p
( khng c dng x phng), sc li vi ln vi nc sch, sau cng
trng nc ct v kh. Chai phi sch nhng khng cn v khun. Khi
ly mu cn trng chai vi ln bng chnh ngun nc s dng ly mu.
Mt s ch tiu xt nghim ho l cn k thut ly mu v b o qu n
ring,
Ly mu phn tch cc mu cha kh ho tan nh carbonic, oxy
cn chai hp ming c nt thu tinh vt mt bn. Ly nc y chai,
khng c bt kh trong chai.
Khong thi gian gia lc ly mu v xt nghim c gi mc
ti thiu. khuyn co i vi iu kin bo qun mu l nhi t th p
(4oC) trong bng ti.
Phi tin hnh o clo d, pH v c ngay sau khi ly mu v cc
ch tiu ny s thay i trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn mu.

XT NGHIM CC CH TIU HO HC TRONG NC

BNG MY PALINTEST 8000
HNG DN S DNG MY:

1) Cac chu y trc khi s dung:
- S dung ung ngun in
yu cu.
- Tranh hoa cht, nc hay cac cht long khac dinh vao may (c bit
la man hinh).

- may vi tri co u khoang trng lam vic, khng nhng ni
qua cht chi va gn nhng vi tri phat ra nhit.
- Trong qua trinh a mu vao phai tranh khng mau rt ra ngoai may.

- Lun y np ng mu va a ng mu ra khoi may sau khi a test xong,
tuyt i khng lai trong may, khng di chuyn ng qua lai trong
bung o.
- Lau sach bung o sau khi a s dung xong.
- Khng dung tay t hoc vt co u nhon, cng n vao man hinh.

- Bao quan may trong iu kin sach kh.
2) Hng dn s dung nhanh
- Bt may: n va gi phim ngun ( bn canh phai cua thit bi)
cho n khi nghe thy mt ting bip thi tha tay ra, sau qua trinh
t kim tra h thng
man hinh se hin thi cac chi s:
he lp
Choose a test
s ys te m CHLORINE-FREE PHOT ?
X1 dilut io n
S ample
Numbe r
Us e r ok
ALL
Timer
off
- Chon ngn ng s dung:

nut
+ Cham system sau o chon Language

vao
+ Cham ok chon ngn ng mun
s dung
va quay
lai man hinh

chinh.

- Chon test: cham

vao ok chon test a hin thi trn man hinh

hoc + va - chon 1 test hoc cham vao test dang hin thi
trn man hinh
xem chi tit c im cua test nay.
Sau khi chon xong, man
se hin thi Insert Blank `, a mu Blank vao sau o cham
hinh vao nut
BLANK, man hinh se hin thi Blanking `, sau khi xong se hin thi Insert
sample `, luc nay a mu Blank ra va a mu cn oc vao.

- Sau khi a mu vao cham READ, man hinh se hin thi
READING cho n khi mu c oc xong, kt qua se hin
thi trn man hinh va t ng lu lai. Ly ng
mu ra.
- Tt may: n va gi phim ngun cho n khi man hinh khng
hin thi gi thi tha tay ra.
3) Hng dn s dung chi tit

3.1 Bt va tt may
- bt thi bi n va gi help
ngun cho n khi Nghe 1 Choose a test
bip,
ting sau qua trinh t s ys tem
kim tra man hinh se hin
thi nh bn.
S ample CHLORINE-FREE PHOT ?
- tt may:nvgi
Numbe r
X1 dilut io n
phim ngun cho n Khi
Man hinh
khng hin thi Us er
ALL
gi thi tha tay ra. ok
Timer
off

3.2 Chon mt chng trinh trong b nh may
Trong may co lu sn mt s chng trinh
test, mi test c
hin thi bng

2 con s goi la s PHOT. Cham vao + va -
n s PHOT mun s dung
tim hoc cham vao gia cua bang
ni ma tn
cua test c hin thi chon.

- Chon mt test bng s PHOT : s dung phim < va >
nhp vao s PHOT cua phng phap test cn s dung sau o cham vao
OK.
- Chon mt test t chng trinh co sn trong may:
+ Cham vao List All hin thi tt ca nh ng test co sn

trong may. Test
+ Chon mt test theo yu cu s dung va n OK
3.3 Chon n vi
May cung cp cac n vi s dung
nh: g/l, mg/l, ppm, mmol/l,
umol/l va n vi o cng. Cham vao unit mun s dung.

3.4 Chon dang hin thi kt qua
Kt qua co th c hin thi di nhiu dang Form hoa cht khac
nhau, vi du : nh kt qua cua test Nitrate co th c hin thi nh
Nitrogen ( N) hoc Nitrate ( NO3) , cham vao Show as chon dang

hin thi kt qua.
3.5 Nhp vao pha loang cua mu
Khi chon mt mu pha loang thi no se kich hoat mt h s nhp
vao pha loang cua mu. Vi du : thc hin pha loang mt mu 10 ln
thi h s
pha loang nhp vao la X10 thit bi se tinh toan va a ra kt qua
chinh xac cua mu ban u.
Nu nh mu khng pha loang thi nhp vao la X1. thng thng
mu khng nn pha loang nu thc hin mt PH test.
Trn man hinh co 2 day phim cam ng bn trai va bn phai, vi day
bn trai thi dung nhp s nh binh thng, vi day bn phai vi du: n
phim x2 hai ln thi se cho kt qua la x4.
3.6 t tn mu
S dung 4 con s cho mi mu.
- nhp s chon Sample Number
- S dung phim s nhp s vao, dung < v > di chuyn con
tro.
- Chon OK chp nhn s va nhp vao hoc n CANCEL nhp lai.

3.7 t tn ngi s dung.
T man hinh chinh :
- Cham vao user hin thi hoc thay i thng tin
ngi s dung hin thi.
- Chon mt tn ngi s dung ri n OK
- Mun huy chon n CANCEL
3.8 t thi gian
Mt s phng phap hoa cht yu cu phai s dung i tng thi
nh sau:
gian, lam
T man hinh chinh:
- Cham vao Time hin thi thi gian.
- S dung phim s nhp thi gian theo yu cu.
- Mt phim Start se xut hin.
- n Start bt au chay th i gian hoc n Exit tt thi gian
va quay lai man hinh chinh.
3.9 Thc hin 1 test
- Chun bi mt ng mu va mt ng Blank.
Help
- Cham vao Test Method hin thi test
instruction.
- Cham vao Sample Number nhp vao 4 s m ta cua
mu.
- a ng Blank vao va cham Blank, khi man hinh hin thi Insert
Sample` thi ly ng Blank ra.
- a ng mu vao va cham
READ, kt qua se hin thi trn man hinh va
t ng
lu vao b nh may.

- Ly ng mu ra.
- o tip mu na tai test ang s dung
nay,
chi cn a mu vao va
READ ( khng cn
n lam
lai Blank )
3.10 Ly thng tin kt qua t b nh may .

- Thit bi co th lu n 100 d liu trong b nh. lay thng tin t b
nh lam nh sau:
- T man hinh
chinh cham vao System Memory , tt ca cac d
liu se c hin thi:
- Cham vao SELECT chon mt d liu
- Cham vao SEND truyn d liu ra may tinh
hoc may in.
- Cham CLEAR xoa d liu.
- Cham CANCEL quay lai man hinh trc o./.

TIN HNH XT NGHIM CC CH TIU
CHLORIDE ( CHLORIDOL) (CL-)

(Kim tra mui clorua trong nc)
Phng php
Test c thc hin da trn nhng vin thuc th ch a bc nitrat.

Cloride phn ng vi bc nitrate to ra bc clorua kt ta v c th o
c bng cch o c ca dung dch, c cng cao th nng
mui cng nhiu.
Phn ng c tin hnh trong mi trng axit, oxi ha ngn ng a
nh hng ca cht to phc nh EDTA v polyphoshat v t bt k
cht kh no c th tn ti trong nc. Plyacarylat cng l cht gy tr
ngi cho qu trnh test v vy khng s dng i mu nc cng nghip
s dng polyphoshat trong qu trnh x l.
Thuc th v dng c
- Vin Acidifying CD
- Vin chloridol
- My quang ph Palintest
- ng nghim 10ml ( PT595)
- Xy lanh 1 ml (PT361)
- Cc bnh cha mu bng nha 100/50/10 ml ( PT510 )
Calib trc khi test
Phot 46 : 0 - 50 mg/l Cl
Phot 51 : 0 - 500 mg/l Cl
Phot 101 : 0 - 10,000 mg/l NaCl
Phot 102 : 0 - 50,000 mg/l NaCl
Test mu
1) - Hi nc ngng t v nc c lm mm
Khong o 0 - 50 mg/l Cl
Cho mu vo ng nghim n vch 10 ml.
- Nc t nhin, nc h bi, nc un si
Khong o 0 - 500 mg/l Cl
Ly 1 ml mu cho vo ng nghim ri cho tip nc -ion n
vch 10 ml.
- X l Clo cho nc b bi
Khong o 0 - 10.000 mg/l NaCl
Khi ly 0.5ml mu cho vo ng nghim ri cho tip nc -ion
n vch 100 ml sau y np v lc k. Cui cng l y 10 ml ra
1 ng nghim khc test.
- Nc bin v nc mui
Khong o 0 - 50.000 mg/l NaCl
Ly 0.1 ml mu cho vo ng nghim ri cho tip nc -ion n
vch 100 ml sau y np v lc k. Cui cng ly 10 ml ra mt ng
nghim khc test.
2) Ha tan 1 vin axit ha CD vo ng nghim
3) Cho 1 vin Chlorine vo ng nghim nguyn trong 2 pht sau ha
tan ht trong m u. S xu t hi n dung d ch mu c c ch a
chlorine
4) Chn chng trnh test ph hp vi khong o nh nu trn
5) my chy ch thng thng sau c kt qu hin th trn
my.
1 mg/l Cl = 1.41 mg/l CaCO3

1 mg/l NaCl = 0.85 mg/l CaCO3
SULPHATE (SO42-)
Kim tra nng sulphate trong nc t nhin v nc qua x l
Sulphate tn ti trong t nhin trong nhiu ngun nc. Sulphate c

a vo nc c x l do vic s dng cc cht ha h c nh nhm
sulphate, natri bisulphate ( axit kh) v axit sulphuric. Sulphate nng
cao trong nc th khng tt v mt s l do sau.
Trong nc cng nghip cha sulphate, qu trnh n mn cc b ca

st, thp v nhm trong nh my v ng ng c th xy ra do hot ng
ca vi khun kh sulphate.
Nhng vi khun ny khi sinh ra sulphite s lm cho b m t kim loi b
mn r.
Trnh hnh thnh canxi sulphoaluminate. y l l do gy ra s co ngt
hay nt v ca xi mng. N cn nh hng n cc cng trnh b tng v
cc ng ng trong h thng phn phi nc ngm cha sulphate, nh
hng n c s kt dnh ( va) ca gch lt trong b bi nu b bi
dng natri bisulphate (Na2SO4) cn bng PH.
My quang ph Palintest c th d dng kim tra nng sulphate
nm trong khong
0 -200 mg/l SO4 . Vi mu c nng cao hn ta c o bng cch pha
long mu.
Phng php
Phng php th da trn vic dng mt vin thuc th cha bari

clorua trong mi trng c axit long. Mui bari phn ng vi gc
sulphate to thnh bari sulphate khng tan. Lng bari sulphate lt ta
c th o bng cch o c trong dung dch dng my quang ph
Palintest.
Thuc th v dng c
- Vin c sulphate
- My quang ph Palintest
- ng nghim 10ml
Test mu
1) Cho mu vo ng nghim ti vch 10 ml

2) Ha tan 1 vin sulphate Turb vo ng nghim s xut hin dung dch
mu c trong ng nghim.
3) Ch trong 5 pht ri trn ln na ha tan hon ton.
4) Chn Phot 32 trn my
5) my chy ch bnh thng
6) Kt qu hin th vi n v mg/l SO4
Ch
Mi vin sulphate cha 20 mg Barium chloride. y l ha cht c hi

khi tip xc trc tip vi c th, khi test mu cn s dng cn th n v
ra tay sau khi test.
HARDNESS ( HARDICOL )
Kim tra cng ca nc trong t nhin v nc qua x l
cng ca nc gy ra bi cc mui canxi v magie c trong n c.

Nc c cng cao s lm x phng khng ln bt, c th gy ra h
hng trong h thng ng ng nc c bit l cc l hi, cc thit b
trao i nhit cao v cc my c to ra hi nc. Kim tra c ng
ca nc l yu cu rt quan trng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip, sn
xut.
My quang ph Palintest c th kim tra cng ca nc vi
khong o 0 - 500 mg/l CaCO3.
Phng php
Qu trnh test da vo phng php so mu. Thuc th c cho vo v

v qu trnh kim tra ch n gin l cho thuc th vo mu nc.
Trong mi trng c kim sot, canxi v magie phn ng vi cht
ch th hardicol to ra sn phm c mu tm. Mu hin ra tng ng
vi nng ca canxi c trong mu nc v c my tnh ton a ra
kt qu.
Thuc th v dng c
Vin hardicol s 1
Vin hardicol s 2
My quang ph Palintest
ng nghin 10 ml
Test mu
1) mu vo ng nghim t dung dch sch ( nu cn )

2) mu vo ng nghim ti vch 10 ml
3) Ha tan mt vin hardicol s 1 vo ng nghim
4) Ha tan mt vin hardicol s 2 vo ng nghim. ph i ha tan hon ton
trong ng nghim.
5) Ch 2 pht hin mu y
6) Chn Phot 15 trn my
7) my c ch thng thng
8) Kt qu o cng tng s hin th trn my vi n v mg/l CaCO3
Ch
1) Nng kim loi qu cao ( trn 10 mg/l ) s lm kt qu o kim chnh
xc.
2) Nng PH cho php trong khong t 4 n 10.
- Mt s kt qu o c th b ri lon. Thng thng kt qu hin th
di dng mg/l CaCO3 ch l s quy c so snh cc kt qu khc
nhau v khng cn thit ch ra rng mu l nc cng.
- Test ny dng o cng tng. Nu cn o cng ca Calcium
hay magnesium ta c th dng cc lnh Phot 12 v Phot 21.
IRON HR (Fe)
Kim tra nng st trong nc t nhin v nc qua x l
St c mt rng ri trong t nhin c tm thy rt nhiu ngun

nc. St l thnh phn khng c li cho nc sinh hot cng nh ngu n
nc trong cng nghip. St lm nc c mi, gy ra cc v t b n trn
qun o khi git, h hng cc h thng ng ng, nh hng n n c
dng trong b bi... Hp cht st kt ta l vn kh gii quyt trong
cc ngnh cng nghip cng nh lm tc cc h thng cung cp nc
dng cho cng nghip. Trong cng nghip mui st gy ra r st may mc,
dng c v cc sn phm khc.
T cc tc hi ca st c trong nc, nng st c trong nc cng
l mt tiu chun quan trng trong vic kim tra cht lng nc t
nhin v nc ung, kim sot s r st cc thit b v kim tra nc
thi cng nghip.
Phng php
Phng php ny da vo vin thuc th co cha alkalinne

thioglycollate. Trong qu trnh test ch cn cho vin thuc th vo mu,
thioglycollate kh ion st III to v st II , sau tip tc phn ng vi
st II to thnh hp cht c mu hng.
Cng mu ca dung dch t l vi nng ca st c trong mu
nc v c my tnh ton a ra kt qu.
Thuc th v dng c
Vin st HR
ng nghim 10 ml
Test mu

2) Ha tan mt vin Iron HR vo ng nghim
3) Ch trong 1 pht cho mu hin ln hon ton
4) Chon Phot 19 trn my
5) my chy ch bnh thng
6) Kt qu hin th ln mn hnh vi n v mg/l Fe
Ch :
Thi gian hin mu thng thng khong 1 pht, nhng nu trong

nc c qua nhiu kim loi th thi gian hin mu s ko di t 10 - 15
pht.
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip ngi ta thng dng nhng hp cht
to phc mnh to c ch n mn, mt s mu c cha st dng
hp cht kt ta hoach dng keo, khi phn tch cc mu ny ta cn phi
x l mu trc khi test vi nhng test st. thng thng ta c th dng
axit x l c th cn nhit cao ty thuc vo c tnh ca mu.
dng test ny sau khi x l mu ta cho 1 vin Iron HR vo mu
x l, sau iu chnh PH ca mu v khong 6.0 n 9.0 dng
ammoniac hoc xt, cui cng a vo my o.
NITRATE ( NO3-)
Kim tra nng nitrate trong nc t nhin, nc ung v nc

thi
Nitrate thng c trong nc t nhin, nc ung v nc thi. Nitrate

c trong ngun nc do s phn hy t nhin ca cc loi thc vt, cc
ha cht dng trong nng nghip v t s oxi ha ca h p ch t nit trong
nc thi cng nghip.
Nitrate l mt tiu chun quan trng trong kim tra ngun n c. N c
ung cha hm lng Nitrate qu cao d gy ra methaemoglobinaemia
trong sa m. Tiu chun C v hm lng Nitrate t i a l 5.7 mg/l ( 25
mg/l NO3)
My quang ph Palintest c th kim tra nng Nitrate trong khong
0-1 mg/l N. khong o c th tng ln n 20 mg/l N khi ta pha long mu.
Phng php
kim tra nng nitrate trc tin phi kh nitrate v nitrit sau
xc nh nitrit bng phn ng diazo to ra mu hng.
Qu trnh kh Nitrat v Nitrit c s dng bng bt km. Ph n ng
din ra trong ng nghim chia c phu di ca Palintest lng v
gn mu d dng.
Nitrat to ra s phn ng vi axit Sulphanilic trong mi trng axit v i s
c mt ca N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylen diamine to ra hp ch t diazo mu
hng. Thuc th c sn trong vin ch cn cho vo mu v test.
Cng mu ca hp cht to thnh t l vi nng ca Nitrat c
tronng mu nc v c o bng my quang ph Palintest.
Thuc th v dng c
Bt Palintest nitratest ( ng trong tha )

Vin Palintest nitrate s 1
Vin Palintest nitrate s 2
ng palintest nitratest 20 ml
ng nghim 10 ml
Test mu:
1) Cho mu vo ng Nitratest ti vch 20 ml

2) Cho 1 tha bt Nitratest v mt vin Nitratest vo ng nghi m sau
ng np v lc ng nghim trong 1 pht
3) lng trong 1 pht sau t t quay ngc ng 3-4 ln to bt.
Ch trong 2 pht hoc hn dung dch trong ng nghim lng hon
ton.
4) Tho np y, lau sch ming ng ri t t gn dung dch trong sang
ng nghim khc, ti vch 10 ml.
5) Ha tan mt vin Nitricol vo ng nghim
6) Ch 10 pht mu n nh
7) Chn Phot 23 trn my, my a ra kt qu vi n v l mg/l N ho c
chn Phot 63 a ra kt qu vi n v l mg/l NO3
8) my chy ch thng thng.
Ch :
1 mg/l N = 4.4 mg/l NO3

Vi mu c nng Nitrate ln hn 1.0 mg/l ta c th pha long vi
nc ct t c kt qu o chnh xc hn. Vi nhng mu c nng
0 - 20 mg/l vi cch lm nh sau:
Ly mt ng Nitrate sch dng Pipet ly 1 ml mu b vo ng, thm
nc ct n vch 20 ml. tip tc qu trnh test t bc 2 n bc 9.
Sau khi nhn c kt qu ta nhn kt qu vi 20 s c nng
ca mu ban u.
NITRIT ( NO2)
Kim tra nng Nitrit trong nc t nhin, nc ung v nc thi
Nitrit c tm thy trong cc ngun nc t nhin v l sn ph m

trung gian ca chu trnh nit. Nitrit cng gy hi cho c v cc ng v t
thy sinh do vy nng trong nc nitrit trong nc phi c kim
sot cht ch. Kim tra Nitrit cn cn thit trong vic kim sot cc h
thng x l nc v nc thi.
My quang ph Palintest kim tra nng nitrit trong gii h n 0-0,5
mg/lN. Vi nng cao hn ta cn pha long mu.
Phng php:
Trong mi trng axit Nitrit phn ng vi axit sulphanilic v N-(1-

naphtyl)-ethylen diamin to ra hp cht diazo c mu hng. Trong b test
palintest c cha trong c hai hp cht ny, qu trnh test di n ra n gi n
ch cn cho vin ha cht vo mu nc.
Cng mu ca hp cht to thnh t l vi nng c a Nitrit c
trong mu nc v duodcj my tnh ton a ra kt qu.
Thuc th v dng c:
Vin nitricol
ng nghim 10 ml
Test mu:
2) Ha tan mt vin Nitricol vo ng nghim cho n khi ha tan
hon ton
3) Ch 10 pht phn ng to mu kt thc
4) Chn Phot 24 trn my c gi tr o c th hin dng
n v mg N/l hoc chon Phot 64 c gi tr mg NO2 /l
5) my c ch thng thng v chuyn n v nh sau:
1 mg N /l = 3,3 mg NO2/l
1 mg N /l = 3,2857 mg NO2- /l
TURBIDITY
Kim tra c trong nc t nhin v nc qua x l
c l mt thng s quan trng xc nh cht lng nc.

c gy ra bi s tn x nh sng do cc ph n t l l ng trong n c nh
bn, t st, cc cht hu c b phn tch v cc cht v c. Vic xc
nh c c s gip cho vic xc nh nhanh nng ca nh ng
cht rn khng tan trong nc.
Phng php:
c ca mu c xc dnh bng cch phn tch quang ph bng

my Palintest. Trong phn ln cc mu, c mu v c u c th
o c. tch nh hng ca c v mu, mu c so snh
vi phn lc ca cng mt mu.
Phng php o Palintest c chun ha bng dung dch c chun
formazin c tha nhn rng ri. c c o vi n v l FTU
( n v fomazin c ). n v ny tng ng vi cc n v khc nh
JTU hay NTU.
Thuc th v dng c:
B kit Palintest kim tra mu sc c ( PM 269 )

Test mu:
1) Lc mu qua giy lc GF/B

2) Cho mu lc vo mt ng nghim lm dung dch nn
3) mu cha lc vo mt ng nghim khc ti vch 10ml
4) Chon Phot 48 trn my
5) my chy ch thng thng ( dng mu lc lm dung
dch nn )
Ch :
Khi tin hnh test mu nu ang ngoi nng th c n che nh sng
khng cho chiu vo ng nghim, nu trong nh hoc trong bng rm th
khng cn thit.
CLORINE
Kim tra lng clo t do, clo hn hp v clo tng c trong nc
Clo v hp cht ca clo c dng rng ri kh trng nc ung

v nc b bi kim sot s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong nc v
cc h thng x l nc khc. o chnh xc hm lng clo d l cn thit
kim sot qu trnh clo ho.
Hm lng clo c th hin di dng cc thut ng nh clo t do,

Clo lin kt v Clo tng s. Trong hu ht cc ki m nghi m th o l ng
Clo d t do l quan trng nht. My quang ph Palintest cho php c th
o n gin c lng Clo t do, Clo lin kt v Clo tng trong kho ng
t 0 5 mg/l.
Chng ta nn cho vin DPD Oxystop vo trong qu trnh test nu nh
bt k hp cht x l cp tnh c s dng trong qu trnh x l nc.
Phng php;
Phng php Palintest clo s dng phng php DPD c pht trin
bi Tin s A. Palin v hin nay c cng nh n trn ton th gi i l
phng php tiu chun xc nh lng clo va kh nng tit trng.
Theo phng php ny, thuc th c dng di dng vin thun
tin nht cho vic s dng.
Clo t do phn ng vi diethyl-p-phenylence diamine ( DPD ) trong mi
trng m to ra dung dch mu hng. Cng mu tng ng vi
nng Clo t do c trong mu. Sau cho thm KI d vo cho t t
c clo lin kt phn ng to mu tip. Cng mu hin ra by gi
tng ng vi nng clo tng c trong mu.
Cng mu tng them ny tng ng vi lng Clo lin kt c trong
mu. Do vy, chng ta c th tnh ton c hm lng clo t do v clo
lin kt c trong mu. Cng mu c my Palintest o v a ra k t
qu.
Thuc th DPD Oxystop c thm vo sau khi o lng clo t do v
trc khi cho vin DPD s 3 vo mu th. N ngn ch n ph n ng gi a
ho cht x l cp tnh v KI m c th lm sai s kt qu phn tch.
Thuc th v dng c:
Vin DPD s 1
Vin DPD Oxystop
Vin DPD s 3
ng nghim 10ml
Cc chng trnh
My quang ph Palintest c th kim tra c lng clo t do v clo
tng. Dng chng trnh Phot 7 kim tra lng Clo t do sau ch n
Phot 8 kim tra lng Clo tng
Test mu:
1) Ra ng nghim bng mu nc v li khong 2 3 git mu
li trong ng nghim
2) Cho mt vin DPD s 1 vo ng nghim sau mu nc vo
cho n vch 10 ml ri ho tan thuc th.
3) Chn Phot 7 trn my quang ph
4) my c kt qu ngay lp tc
5) Kt qu hin ln l nng clo t do ( n v mg/l)
6) Nu cn o thm clo hn hp v clo tng th chn Follow on trn
my.
7) Nu ho cht x l cp tnh c mt trrong nc h bi, th thm
vin DPD Oxystop va ho tan n.
8) Ho tan mt vin DPD s 3 vo ng nghim
9) Ch trong 2 pht hin mu y
10) my c kt qu
11) Kt qu hin th clo tng ( n v mg/l )
12) Lng Clo hn hp c tnh bng cch ly lng clo tng
tr di lng Clo t do.
Ch :
Vi nng clo qu cao ( trn 10 mg/l ) s lm nh t mu h ng trong
qu trnh test v a kt qu khng chnh xc. Nu trong qu trnh test
khng thy hin mu hoc mu nht th c th do nng clo trong dung
dch qu cao, cn pha long dung dch v thc hin lai qu trnh test.
AMMONIA
Kim tra Amonia trong nc t nhin, nc ung v nc thi
Amoniac xut hin nh l sn phm trung gian ca cc cht Nit

trong nc t nhin. N cng c tm thy trong nc th i sinh ho t
v nc thi cng nghip. Amoniac thng gy hi cho c v cc sinh
vt sng thu sinh khc, v mc amoniac cn phi iu chnh mt cch
cn thn trong nc s dng trong cc ao nui c v cho cc mi
trng sng thu sinh khc. Kim tra Amonia l mt ng dng c
lm thng xuyn nhm kim sot s i nhim ca dng chy, nc
thi, ngun nc cung cp chi sinh hot.
Palintest cung cp mt phng php kim tra ammonia rt n
gin v d s dng, thc hin trong di 0 10mg/l N.
Phng php
Vic kim tra ny thc hin trn c s phng php indophenol.

Ammonia phn ng vi alkaline Salixylat vi s c mt ca clo trong
dung dich s to ra mt di mu lin tc t xanh l cy n xanh nc
bin. cht xc tc c s dng m bo di mu c pht tri n
lin tc va nhanh chng. thun tin nht, thuc th c lm thnh
hai vin. Phng php ny thc hin rt n gin bng cch cho t ng
vin mt vo mu nc cn kim tra.
Cng mu c to ra trong mu t l thun vi nng
ammoniac v c o bi palintest.
Ho cht v dng c
2 vin Palintest Ammonia
Curvet thu tinh 10 ml.
o mu :
1) Cho mu vo Curvet ti vch 10ml

2) Cho 1 vin thuc th Ammonia s 1 v s 2 nghin nt v
trn ln ho tan trong ng nghim.
3) Ch 10 pht ln mu y
4) Chn Phot 4 trn my o Ammonia mg/l N hoc chn Phot
62 o Ammonium ml/l NH4
5) i cho my c kt qu, kt qu s hin th trn mn hnh
Vi mu nc bin :
i vi mu nc bin hoc nc l ta cn ngn chn s k t t a

cua mui c trong nc, mt ho cht thc hin tc dng ny di
dng bt c t trong mt tha c bit. thuc th c ly bng
tha c bit o bt ca thuc th.
Cho mu vo Curvet ti vch 10ml sau cho vo 1 tha thu c th ,
lc nh ho tan ri thc hin theo cc bc trn, nu dung dch vn
c th cho gp i thuc th vo ri thc hin tip.
Ch :
1) Vi nhng mu nhit thp th s to mu s ch m. n u

nhng mu di 20oC cn phi i khong 15 pht ln mu
y .
2) Nng Ammonia c th c hin th di nhiu cch khc
nhau, v vy cn mun chuyn i sang dng NH 3 hay NH4 th
nhn vi cc h s.
Chuyn t N sang NH4 nhn vi 1.3
Chuyn t N sang NH3 nhn vi 1.2
PH
( S dng my HI 98129)
Bt my v kim tra tnh trng Pin.
Nhn v gi nt / MODE t 2-3 giy. Tt c cc ph n trn mn hnh

s hin ln trong vi giy, tip theo l du ch bo ph n trm tu i th pin
cn li ( v d : % 100 BATT).
n nh mn hnh :
Nhn nt SET/HOLD khong 2-3 giy n khi HOLD xu t hin trn mn
hnh th cp.
Nhn nt bt k quay v ch bnh thng.
tt my :
Khi ch o bnh thng, nhn nt /MODE.OFF s xut hin
dng mn hnh di. Th tay khi nt.
Lu :
Trc khi tin hnh bt k php o no, phi bo m my c
hiu chun.
xo gi tr hiu chun trc, nhn nt / MODE sau khi vo ch
hiu chun. Dng mn hnh tinh th thp s hin th ESC trong 01
giy v my s quay li ch o. Du hiu CAL trn mn hnh s b
bin mt. My c ci li gi tr hiu chun mc nh.
Nu tin hnh lin tip cc php o i vi cc mu khc nhau, r a k
in cc gim thiu s nhim cho, v sau khi v sinh in cc,
tip tc dng mt t mu cn o ra in cc.
Bo dng in cc PH :
Khi khng dng, ra din cc bng nc gim thiu s nhim bn
v bo qun bng vi git dung dch bo qun in cc HI 70300 trong
np bo v. Khng s dng nc kh ion hay nc ct bo v in
cc.
Nu in cc b kh : nhng in cc vo dung dch bo qun PH=7 t
nht 1 gi hot ho n.
ko di tui th ca in cc pH, nn v sinh din c c hng thng
bng cch nhng vo dung dch HI 7061 trong na gi. Sau ra k li
bng nc my ri hiu chun li my.
C th d dng thay in cc P H bng cch dng dng c hp (HI
73128). a dng c vo khoang in cc.
Quay in cc theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h ko in cc
ra.
Dng cnh kia ca dng c ko in cc ra.
a in cc PH mi vo theo hng trn theo trnh t ngc li.
O C BNG MY CM TAY HI 98703
NGUYN L VN HNH :
c ca nc l mt c tnh quang hc lm cho nh sng truy n

qua b tn x hay hp th. S tn x ca nh sng khi truy n qua cht
lng l do cc cht rn l lng. c cng ln th tn x cng cao.
Bi v thm ch nhng phn t trong cht lng ttht tinh khit vn c s
tn x mt nht nh, khng dung dch no c c bng 0.
Tiu chun USEPA Method 180,1 c bit dng kim tra c
ca nc ung, nc mn v nc trn b mt nm trong khong t 0
40NTU s dng phng php Nephelometric. HI98703 c thit k
o c ph hp theo nhng tiu chun USEPA Method 180.1 v
Standard Method 2130B.
nh sng truyn qua mu b tn x theo nhiu hng. Cng mu
v kiu nh sng tn x chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh chiu di
bc sng, kch thc ht cht rn l lng, hnh dng, ch s khc x v
mu sc.
HI98703 c thit k vi h thng quang tin tin m bo cho kt
qu ng tin cy.
H thng quang ny bao gm mt n Tungsten, mt b d nh sng
tn x (90o) v b d nh sng truyn qua (180o), b vi x l ca my x
l tn hiu thu c t 2 b d, my s tnh ton v xc nh gi tr NTU.
My s hiu chnh v b li s giao thoa ca mu sc.
H thng quang k thut o cho php b s dao ng ca cng
n, hn ch thp nht yu cu chun my thng xuyn.
Gii hn d thp hn ca my o c c xc nh b i nh sng
lc. nh sng lc l nh sng c pht hin bi u d, khng phi l
nh sng tn x bi nhng phn t l lng gy nn. H thng quang ca
HI98703 c thit k vi nh sng lc rt t, c th o c chnh
xc nhng mu c c thp. tuy nhin phi c bit ch khi o
nhng mu ny.
NHNG N V O :
HI98703 cho kt qu theo n v NTU, NTU tng ng vi FTU, bng
chuyn i gia cc n v o :
JTU NTU/FTU SO2( mg/l)

JTU 1 19 250
NTU/FTU 0.053 1 0.13
SO2 (mg/l) 0.4 7.5 1
NHNG HNG DN O CHNH XC :

HI98703 l my o c vi chnh xc cao. Phi ch khi chun b
thc hin php o.
Nhng hng dn c lit k bn di phi c bit ch tin
hnh php o v chun cho chnh xc.
CUVET :
CUVET l mt phn ca h thng quang trong tt c cc php o. nh
sng xuyn qua Cuvet thu tinh v chiu trc tip vo mu. V th php o
c th b nh hng ca s khng ng nht ca thu tinh, bi bn, v t
nt hay du vn tay hin trn b mt Cuvet.
CUVET S DNG
Cuvet phi khng c bt k vt try xc hay vt nt. Nn ra Cuvet
nh k bng Acid. Sau khi ra, nn ra li Cuvet bng nc ct hay
nc -ion. t Cuvet trong mi trng kh ro v y np li ct
trnh lm bn bn trong.
Lun lun cm Cuvet trn np hoc trn nh.
Khng c lm try xc b mt khi ct gi Cuvet.
CHUN CUVET :
Bt k lc no khi s dng phi ra Cuvet c bn ngoi v bn trong.
Khi t vo khoang o, phi m bo Cuvet kh bn ngoi, khng c vt
bn hay du tay.
Nu Cuvet khng c nh du, t Cuvet vo khoang o theo chiu
thng ng trn u thit b theo du sn xut.
BI DU CUVET :
Bi du Silicon bn ngoi du i nhng phn khng ng nht v
nhng vt xc trn Cuvet. iu ny rt quan trng, c bit l nh ng
mu c c thp (<1NTU), nu khng nhng vt xc c th lm cho
kt qu o c b sai khc.
Du silicon c cng ch s khc x ca thu tinh v s khng lm cho
kt qu o b sai khc. Ch nn s dng mt lp mng du Silicon.
Ch : khng c s dng qu nhiu du v lng du d c th
hay bm vo khoang t Cuvet lm kt qu o b sai khc.
Ch s dng silicon cho cuvet sch v kh. vo git du ln Cuvet
v dng vi mm lau thnh lp mng v u du quanh Cuvet. Nu
qu trnh ny c tin hnh chnh xc, s khn nhn thy lp du mng
quanh Cuvet.
Lu : vi s dng lau du phi c ct gi cng vi chai du
silicon v Cuvet. Cn thn trnh lm nhim bn n. V i c s d ng
lau mt vi ln th lng du trn vi c th lau Cuvet m
khng cn thm nhiu du. Thnh thong thm vi git du ln Cuvet
m bo lng du cn thit.
NH DU CUVET :
iu ny c bt quan trng khi o mu c c thp, lun t
cuvet vo ng v tr.
Tt c cc cuvet c nh sn xut nh du. Du hiu ny c th
c dng t cuvet...
gim bt nh hng ca s khng ng nht thu tinh, cuvet c
th c nh du v s dng mc mi nh du hiu v tr.
Vi cuvet c nh du hay chia thnh nhiu mc nn chn ch
c kt qu lin tc. Trong ch ny nu nhn v gi READ , my s
c nhiu kt qu v khng tt n. Sau khi gi tr u tin c hi n th ,
c th np y v xoay cuvet m khng lm my b li. D c ngay l p
tc c hin th, gim ng kt thi gian o. n ca my s t t khi th
phm READ .
Lu : My khng th c kt qu lin tc khi ch bnh thng.
Cc bc nh du cuvet :
nc c cht lng cao ( c <0.1 NTU) vo ti ng vch.
Lm sch v lau du quanh cuvet
Bt my ln
t cuvet vo my v nhn READ. Ghi li kt qu c c
M np y, xoay nh cuvet v c kt qu mi.
Lp li cc bc trn khi n gi tr NTU nh nht. Hoc nhn v gi
phm READ, sau khi gi tr u tin c hin th , m np v b t u
xoay cuvet n khi gi tr NTU nh nht hin th.
nh du v tr ny bng mt ng k vit ln u cuvet.
Lun s dng v tr ny t thng n vi du hiu trn u thit b.
CHIA NHIU VACH TRN CUVET :
Yu cu o chnh xc cuvet s dng. Nu khng th, la ch n v chia
vch trn cuvet phi c thc hin trc khi tin hnh php o.
chia nhiu vch trn cuvet tin hnh theo cc bc sau :

y nc c cht lng cao ( c c <1 NTU) vo vi cuvet t i
ng vch.
Lm sch v bi lp du mng ln cuvet nh m t phn trc.
Bt my ln
t cuvet vo khoang o v nhn READ ghi li kt qu o c.
Ghi nhn ti v tr ca cuvet v gi tr hin th
nh du li v tr ny
t cuvet th 2 vo khoang o v c kt qu
M np y trn my, xoay nh cuvet v c kt qu o mi
Lp li bc trc vi cuvet th 2 n khi gi tr c c trong
khong 0,01 NTU ca gi tr c c vi cuvet u tin.
Cch khc, nhn v gi READ, sau khi gi tr u tin c hin th,
m np y trn my v bt u xoay cuvet n khi gi tr hin th ph
hp vi cuvet u tin.
nh du v tr ny ln cuvet bng vit khng bt nc
Thc hin cng quy trnh cho nhng cuvet cn chia vch khc.
Lu : Nu cuvet c chia nh mc, s dng nh mc ny t i v tr
c trong my.
K THUT LY MU :
Khi tin hnh o c th vic la chn mu i din l rt quan tr ng.
Vi kt qu ng nht lu nhng bc sau khi ly mu ;
Khuy nh trc khi thc hin ly mu ;
Nu mu c ly t ng ng. Ly ra trc vi lt
Nu mu o khng ng nht, ly mu t nh ng ni khc nhau v
trn chng li.
Vi nhng mu khng ng nht ny, phi ch nhng iu sau khi o :
Mu phi c o lin sau khi trn mu vi nhau v c c th
thay i sau 1 thi gian.
trnh s pha long ca mu, nn trng cuvet trc vi mu, i.
Sau y nc vo cuvet.
Ch : nhng mu lnh khng c n ngng t trn thnh cuvet.
LOI B BT KH :
Bt kh tn ti trong mu s lm cho gi tr c cao. Mun o chnh

xc, loi b bt kh theo nhng cch sau :
Dng chn khng
Thm vo cht hot ng b mt, nh Triton X-100
Dng b siu m
Gia nhit mu
i khi phi kt hp hai hay nhiu phng php loi b bt kh.
Lu : Nu dng sai, mi phng php u c th lm thay i
c ca mu, v th phi tht ch khi loi b bt kh.
QUY TRNH O
Khi tin hnh bt k php o c no u phi da trn nhng

nguyn tc c bn sau :
Cuvet s dng phi khng c try xc hay nt v n c th lm gi
tr o khng chnh xc.
Lun y np cuvet trnh mu b vo my
Lun lun ng np y trn my trong sut qu trnh o.
Lun lun y np kn trn my khi khng s dng trnh bi bn
ri vo khoang o.
Lun t my ni kh ro, bng phng khi thc hin php o
Khng c o ni nh sng chiu trc tip vo.
Khng dng qua nhiu du silicon.
Thc hin o c theo nhng bc sau :

Nhn phm ON/OFF m my. Khi nhng gch hin th trn mn
hnh LCD, my sn sng o. Trn mn hnh ph hin th thi gian
hin ti, nu c la chn trong phhn ci t.
vo cuvet sch, kh 10ml mu ti ng vch, cm cuvet cn
thn.
y np cuvet
Dng vi mm lau du tay, bi bn v nhng git nc bm bn
ngoi thnh cuvet.
Nh vi git du silicon vo cuvet v dng vi mm to lp du
mng quanh cuvet.
Lu : To lp phim mng quang cuvet rt quan trng c bit nh ng
mu c c nh (<1 NTU).
t cuvet vo khoang o ca my. Thng cuvt vi v tr c nh
du trn khoang v khp vi np y.
Lu : Nu cuvet c nh du, t cuvet vo khoang o theo hng d n

nh du thng vi v tr trn u my o.
PHP O THNG THNG :
S dng php o ny o thng xuyn, khi mu n nh v

chnh xc yu cu khng qu kht khe. Trong ch o bnh th ng, n
bt chu k nh nht ( khong 7 giy), tit km ngun in. Php o
thng thng thc hin trong khong 10 giy.
Nu la chn php o thng thung, AVG s khng hin th trn
mn hnh.
Nhn nt READ bt u o. Mn hnh s hin th ng gch
nhp nhy v biu tng cuvet, b d v n s xut hin trong sut
qu trnh o.
Vo cui php o my hin th trc tip c NTU.
O LIN TC
Phng php ny c s dng khi mun thc hin nhiu php o
trong mt thi gian ngn. Chc nng ny cng hu dng nh gi m u
rt nhanh.
Ch ny yu cu nhng cuvet lm sch, khi m np cuvet ra khng gy
bt k li no trong my.
Gi tr u tin s hin th sau khong 10 giy v c mi giy sau th
gi tr khc s c hin th. thc hin php o lin tc, nhn v gi
phm READ n khi gi tr o mong mun hin th . Mn hnh s hi n th
ng gch nhp nhy v biu tng cuvet, b d v n s xut hin
trong sut qu trnh o. Khi mt gi tr o mi hin th, biu tng cuvet
v gi tr o s nhp nhy.
Gi tr cui cng vn hin th n khi th phm READ ra.
PHP O GI TR TRUNG BNH

Chn php o ny khi mu khng n nh khi o kt qu. Bng cch
o trung bnh, mc ngu nhin kt qu o s c h n ch v t
c chng xc cao.
Ch ny c th c la chn khi cn chnh xc cao. Trong
php o ny, kt qu uc ly trung bnh trong 10 php o v ch mt
trong khong 20 giy. Gi tr ban u c hin th sau 10 giy v sau
mi giy s hin th lun phin nhng kt qu o mi.
la chn ch trung bnh, nhn AVG .
Khi chn ch ny, biu tng AVG s hin th trrn mn hnh .
Nhn READ bt u o trung bnh. Mn hnh s hin th ng gach
nhp nhy v biu tng cuvet, b d v n s xut hin trong sut c
qu trnh o. Khi mt gi tr mi c hin th, biu tng cuvt v n v
o nhp nhy.
Khi php o kt thc, kt qu o trung bnh s hin th trc tip trin
mn hnh n v NTU.
THANG O V N V O
HI98703 t ng la chn thang ng hin th trn mn hnh cho
kt qu vi chnh xc cao nht. Nu gi tr o ln h n 1000 NTU (qu
thang), mn hnh s hin th gi tr ln nht nhp nhy.
My c kt qu ph hp vi tiu chun EPA, nu kch hot chc
nng ny phn ci t, EPA s hin th nhp nhy v gi tr c c
s p ng vi yu cu ca chun EPA, nh bng lit k bn di :
NTU Pecord Neerest

0.0-1.0 0.05
1-10 0.1
10-40 1
40-100 5
100-400 10
400-1000 50
> 1000 100
LU D LIU
Chc nng ny kch hot sau khi thu c gi tr o hp l.
lu gi tr, nhn LOG/CFM khi kt qu o hin th.
My s hi READ TAG xc nh v tr ca mu lu. V tr ca b n
lu mi cng c hin th trn mn hnh ph.
c m ID xc nh mu, n gin bng cch chm iButon vi
u pha mt bn my. Hoc, hy nhn LOG/CFM lu gi tr o
c nu khnng c m ID v tr o c lu trong my.
Nu hon tt vic o ti v tr gn th, my pht ra ting bp, mn
hnh hin th m 12 k t ca v tr gn th v lu d liu.
Sau khi hon tt vic lu, my s quay li ch o.
Lu : nu gn th khng c trong vng 20 giy, qu trnh l u s b
hu. Mt php o c th c lu ch mt ln.
Nu b nh ch cong trng cho t hn 10 mu, my s hin th LOG
nhp nhy khi lu d liu.
Nu b nh y, my s hin th Log FULL trong vi giy v s
quay li ch o v khng lu li d liu mi.
lu d liu mi hy xo 1 hoc vi bn lu.
XEM D LIU LU
C th xem d liu lu vo bt k lc no bng cch nhn RCL.
quay li ch o bnh thng nhn RCL...
TM BN LU
Bng lu c sp xp theo thi gian.
Nhn phm mi tn di chuyn qua li. Bng cch nhn phm mi tn
ln hay xung, bn lu sp xp tng theo thi gian. C th ch n t bt
k bng lu no, ngoi tr bng xo d liu lu trc v xo xo
tt c d liu.
Khi chn bn lu, s ca bn lu c hin th trn mn hnh ph
khong mt giy cng vi TAG nu c thc hin xc nh v tr
mu.
Khi ht bng lu my pht ra ting bp.
XEM D LIU
Mi bng lu c cha nhiu thng tin hn gi tr o uc. Thng tin
thm c nhm trong mt bng ring.
Nhn READ di chuyn gia cc bng lu.
Mi bng lu c cha thng tin sau :
Gi tr c v s ca bng lu.
Lu : Nu gi tr ca mu c lu qu thang, gi trj ln nht (1000) s
hin th nhp nhy.
ng hh m 16 ca th cho ID v tr mu.
Lu : nu b qua ID d liu, ng gch s hin th.
Ngy o mc nh ngy, thng, nm.
Thi gian o mc nh gi, pht.
Xo bng d liu lu. LASE
Xo tt c ALL
XO BNG LU C
lu nhng gi tr khc, phi xo bt hay xo tt c nhng d liu c.
xo d liu c, nhn SETUP/DEL khi trong bng xo d liu c.
My s hi xc nhn thng tin v nu ch m LOG/CFM, d li u
trc c xo. b qua chc nng xo, nhn READ thay v
nhn LOG/CFM.
Sau khi d liu c c xo, my s quay li bng d li u m i
trc . Nu b nh trng, mn hnh s hin th nhng ng
gch trong 1 giy v quay li ch o.
MT S QCVN V CC CH TIU HO HC TRONG NC
TIU CHUN V SINH

I VI CHT LNG NC N UNG & SINH HOT
(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 1329/2002/BYT/Q ngy 18/04/2002

ca B trng B Y t)
STT CH TIU N V GII HN

A. Ha l
01 Mu sc Cobanlt 15
02 Mi v - Khng c mi
v
03 c NTU 2
04 pH - 6,5 8,5
05 cng mg/l CaCO3 300
06 Tng cht rn ha tan mg/l 1000
(TDS)
07 Hm lng nhm mg/l 0,2
08 Hm lng Amni, mg/l 1,5
tnh theo NH4-
09 Hm lng Antimon mg/l 0,005
10 Hm lng Asen mg/l 0,01
11 Hm lng Bari mg/l 0,7
12 Hm lng Bo mg/l 0,3
13 Hm lng Cadimi mg/l 0,003
14 Hm lng Clorua mg/l 250
15 Hm lng Crm mg/l 0,05
16 Hm lng ng mg/l 2
17 Hm lng Cyanua mg/l 0,07
18 Hm lng Florua mg/l 0,7 1,5
19 Hm lng mg/l 0,05
Hydrosunfua
20 Hm lng st mg/l 0,5
21 Hm lng ch mg/l 0,01
22 Hm lng mangan mg/l 0,5
23 Hm lng thy ngn mg/l 0,001
24 Hm lng Molybden mg/l 0,07
25 Hm lng Niken mg/l 0,02
26 Hm lng Nitrat mg/l 50
27 Hm lng Nitrit mg/l 3
28 Hm lng Selen mg/l 0,01
29 Hm lng natri mg/l 200
30 Hm lng sunfat mg/l 250
31 Hm lng km mg/l 3
32 Oxy ha mg/l O2 2
B. Vi sinh
01 Coliform tng s Khun 0
lc/100ml
02 E.Coli hoc Coliform Khun 0
chu nhit lc/100ml
Y nghia
ca cc chi tiu ho hc trong nc.
1. Mi v
* Nc ging ngm: mi trng thi l do c kh H2S, kt qu ca qu

trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong lng t v ha tan vo mch nc
ngm. Mi tanh ca st v mangan.
* Nc mt (sng, sui, ao h): mi tanh ca to l do s xut hin ca
cc loi to v vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny nc thng c mu
xanh.
* Nc my: mi ha cht kh trng (clo) cn d li trong nc.
Mi v khc l s gy cm gic kh chu khi dng nc. Tu theo loi mi

v m c cch x l ph hp nh dng ha cht dit to trong ao h, keo
t lng lc, hp ph bng than hot tnh,
2. Mu
* Mu vng ca hp cht st v mangan.
* Mu xanh ca to, hp cht hu c.
Nc c mu cao thng gy kh chu v mt cm quan. Vi cc quy

trnh x l nh sc kh ozn, clo ha s b, keo t, lng lc c th lm
gim mu ca nc. Cn lu , khi ngun nc c mu do hp cht
hu c, vic s dng Clo c th to ra cht mi l trihalomethane c kh
nng gy ung th.
3. PH
Ngun nc c pH > 7 thng cha nhiu ion nhm carbonate v

bicarbonate (do chy qua nhiu tng t ). Ngun nc c pH < 7
thng cha nhiu ion gc axit.
Bng chng d thy nht lin quan gia pH v sc khe ca ngi s
dng l n lm hng men rng
pH ca nc c lin quan n tnh n mn thit b, ng ng dn nc
v dng c cha nc. c bit, trong mi trng pH thp, kh nng
kh trng ca Clo s mnh hn. Tuy nhin, khi pH > 8,5 nu trong nc
c hp cht hu c th vic kh trng bng Clo d to thnh hp cht
trihalomethane gy ung th.
Theo tiu chun, pH ca nc s dng cho sinh hot l 6,0 8,5 v ca
nc ung l 6,5 8,5.
4. c
c l i lng o hm lng cht l lng trong nc, thng

do s hin din ca cht keo, st, to v vi sinh vt.
Nc c gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi dng v c kh nng nhim vi

sinh. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh c nh hn 5NTU, nhng gii
hn ti a ca nc ung ch l 2 NTU. Cc quy trnh x l nh keo t,
lng, lc gp phn lm gim c ca nc.
5. kim
kim ca nc l do cc ion bicarbonate, carbonate v hydroxide

to nn. Trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc, kim c lin quan n
cc ch tiu khc nh pH, cng v tng hm lng khong. Vic xc
nh kim ca nc gip cho vic nh lng ha cht trong qu trnh
keo t, lm mm nc cng nh x l chng n mn.
Hin nay, khng c bng chng c th no lin quan gia kim v sc

khe ca ngi s dng. Thng thng, nc dng cho n ung nn c
kim thp hn 100 mg/l.
6. cng
cng l i lng o tng cc cation a ha tr c trong nc,

nhiu nht l ion canxi v magi. Nc mt thng khng c cng cao
nh nc ngm. Ty theo cng ca nc ngi ta chia thnh cc loi
sau:
cng t 0 50mg/l -> Nc mm

cng t 50 150mg/l -> Nc hi cng
cng t 150 300mg/l -> Nc cng
cng > 300mg/l -> Nc rt cng
Nc cng thng cn nhiu x phng hn to bt, hoc gy hin

tng ng cn trng trong thit b un, ng dn nc nng, thit b gii
nhit hay l hi. Ngc li, nc cng thng khng gy hin tng n
mn ng ng v thit b.Theo tiu chun nc sch, cng c quy
nh nh hn 350 mg/l. i vi nc n ung, cng nh hn 300 mg/l.
Tuy nhin, khi cng vt qu 50 mg/l, trong cc thit b un nu
xut hin cn trng. Trong thnh phn ca cng, canxi v magi l 2
yu t quan trng thng c b sung cho c th qua ng thc n.
Tuy nhin, nhng ngi c nguy c mc bnh si thn cn hn ch vic
hp th canxi v magi hm lng cao.
C th kh cng bng phng php trao i ion.
7. Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)
TDS l i lng o tng cht rn ha tan c trong nc, hay cn

gi l tng cht khong.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh TDS nh hn 1.000 mg/l. Tiu chun

nc ung quy nh TDS nh hn 500 mg/l
8. oxy ha (cht hu c)
oxy ha c dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun

nc. C 2 phng php xc nh oxy ha ty theo ha cht s dng l
phng php KMnO4 v K2CrO7.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh oxy ha theo KMnO44) nh hn 2

mg/l. nh hn 4 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh oxy ha (theo
KMnO
9. nhm
Nhm l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi khong, t st. Nhm

c dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut cht bn dn, thuc
nhum, sn v c bit l ha cht keo t trong x l nc. Nc khai
thc t vng t nhim phn thng c pH thp v hm lng nhm
cao.
Nhm khng gy ri lon c ch trao i cht, tuy nhin c lin quan n
cc bnh Alzheimei v gia tng qu trnh lo ha. Tiu chun nc ung
quy nh hm lng nhm nh hn 0,2 mg/l.
10. St
Do ion st hai d b oxy ha thnh hydroxyt st ba, t kt ta v

lng nn st t tn ti trong ngun nc mt. i vi nc ngm, trong
iu kin thiu kh, st thng tn ti dng ion Fe2+ v ho tan trong
nc. Khi c lm thong, st hai s chuyn ha thnh st ba, xut hin
kt ta hydroxyt st ba c mu vng, d lng. Trong trng hp ngun
nc c nhiu cht hu c, st c th tn ti dng keo (phc hu c)
rt kh x l. Ngoi ra, nc c pH thp s gy hin tng n mn
ng ng v dng c cha, lm tng hm lng st trong nc.
St khng gy c hi cho c th. Khi hm lng st cao s lm cho

nc c v tanh, mu vng, c v mu tng nn kh s dng. Tiu
chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng st nh hn 0,5
mg/l.
11. Mangan
Mangan thng tn ti trong nc cng vi st nhng vi hm

lng t hn. Khi trong nc c mangan thng to lp cn mu en
ng bm vo thnh v y bn cha.
Mangan c c tnh rt thp v khng gy ung th. hm lng cao hn

0,15 mg/l c th to ra v kh chu, lm hoen qun o. Tiu chun nc
ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng mangan nh hn 0,5 mg/l.
12.Asen (thch tnh)
Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha
asen nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra asen c mt trong ngun nc khi b
nhim nc thi cng nghip, thuc tr su.
Khi b nhim asen, c kh nng gy ung th da v phi. Tiu chun nc

sch quy nh asen nh hn 0,05 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh
asen nh hn 0,01 mg/l.
13. Crm
Crm c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip

khai thc m, xi m, thuc da, thuc nhum, sn xut giy v gm s.
Crm ha tr 6 c c tnh mnh hn Crm ha tr 3 v tc ng xu n

cc b phn c th nh gan, thn, c quan h hp. Nhim c Crm cp
tnh c th gy xut huyt, vim da, u nht. Crm c xp vo cht c
nhm 1 (c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi v vt nui). Tiu chun
nc ung quy nh crm nh hn 0,05 mg/l
14. ng
ng hin din trong nc do hin tng n mn trn ng ng

v cc dng c thit b lm bng ng hoc ng thau. Cc loi ha cht
dit to c s dng rng ri trn ao h cng lm tng hm lng ng
trong ngun nc. Nc thi t nh my luyn kim, xi m, thuc da, sn
xut thuc tr su, dit c hay phim nh cng gp phn lm tng lng
ng trong ngun nc.
ng khng tch ly trong c th nhiu n mc gy c. hm lng 1

2 mg/l lm cho nc c v kh chu, v khng th ung c khi
nng cao t 5 8 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy
nh hm lng ng nh hn 2 mg/l.
15. Ch
Trong ngun nc thin nhin ch pht hin hm lng ch 0,4 0,8

mg/l. Tuy nhin do nhim nc thi cng nghip hoc hin tng n
mn ng ng nn c th pht hin ch trong nc ung mc cao
hn.
Khi hm lng ch trong mu cao c th gy tn thng no, ri lon tiu

ha, yu c, ph hy hng cu. Ch c th tch ly trong c th n mc
cao v gy c. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm
lng ch nh hn 0,01 mg/l.
16. Km
Km t khi c trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi
ca cc khu khai thc qung.
Cha pht hin km gy c cho c th ngi, nhng hm lng > 5

mg/l lm cho nc c mu trng sa. Tiu chun nc ung v nc
sch u quy nh hm lng km < 3mg/l.
17. Niken
Niken t khi hin din trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun

nc thi ca ngnh in t, gm s, c quy, sn xut thp.
Niken c c tnh thp v khng tch ly trong cc m. Tiu chun nc

ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng niken nh hn 0,02mg/l.
18. Thy ngn
Thy ngn him khi tn ti trong nc. Tuy nhin cc mui thy
ngn c dng trong cng ngh khai khong c kh nng lm nhim
ngun nc.
Khi nhim c thy ngn cc c quan nh thn v h thn kinh s b ri

lon. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng thy
ngn nh hn 0,001 mg/l.
19. Clorua
Ngun nc c hm lng clorua cao thng do hin tng thm

thu t nc bin hoc do nhim t cc lai nc thi nh m km,
khai thc du, sn xut giy, sn xut nc t quy trnh lm mm.
Clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe. Gii hn ti a ca clorua c la

chn theo hm lng natri trong nc, khi kt hp vi clorua s gy v
mn kh ung. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh Clorua nh hn 300 mg/l.
Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Clorua nh hn 250 mg/l.
20. Amni - Nitrit - Nitrat
Cc dng thng gp trong nc ca hp cht nit l amni, nitrit,

nitrat, l kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c hoc do nhim
t nc thi. Trong nhm ny, amni l cht gy c nhiu nht cho c v
cc loi thy sinh. Nitrit c hnh thnh t phn ng phn hy nit hu
c v amni v vi s tham gia ca vi khun. Sau nitrit s c oxy
ha thnh nitrat. Ngoi ra, nitrat cn c mt trong ngun nc l do nc
thi t cc ngnh ha cht, t ng rung c s dng phn ha hc, nc
r bi rc, nc ma chy trn. S c mt hp cht nit trong thnh phn
ha hc ca nc cho thy du hiu nhim ngun nc.
21. Sunfat
Sunfat thng c mt trong nc l do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht

hu c c cha sunfua hoc do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt
nhum, thuc da, luyn kim, sn xut giy. Nc nhim phn thng
cha hm lng sunfat cao.
nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy

bnh tiu chy.
Tiu chun nc ung quy nh sunfat nh hn 250 mg/l.
22. Florua
Nc mt thng c hm lng flo thp khong 0,2 mg/l. i vi

nc ngm, khi chy qua cc tng vi, dolomit, t st, hm lng flo
trong nc c th cao n 8 9 mg/l.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi hm lng flo t 2 mg/l lm en

rng. Nu s dng thng xuyn ngun nc c hm lng Flo cao hn 4
mg/l c th lm mc xng. Flo khng c biu hin gy ung th. Tiu
chun nc ung quy nh hm lng flo trong khong 0,7 1,5 mg/l.
23. Xyanua
Xyanua c mt trong ngun nc do nhim t cc loi nc thi

ngnh nha, xi m, luyn kim, ha cht, si tng hp.
Xyanua rt c, thng tn cng cc c quan nh phi, da, ng tiu

ha. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng xuanua
nh hn 0,07 mg/l.
24. Coliform
Vi khun Coliform (ph bin l Escherichia Coli) thng c trong h
tiu ha ca ngi. S pht hin vi khun Coli cho thy ngun nc
c du hiu nhim.
Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng E. Coliform

bng 0. Ring Coliform tng s trong nc sch c cho php 50 vi
khun / 100 ml.
PHN III: KT LUN
1) V cng tc t chc :
Ti trung tm cng tc t chc cc Khoa phng chc nng thnh
lp y ph hp vi chc nng nhim v ca tng Khoa phng cng
nh trung tm, nhn lc v c cu cn b tng i m bo theo quy
nh ca BYT-BNV. Tiu chun cn b lnh o trung tm, lnh o cc
khoa phng c bng cp o to thch hp ph h p vi t ng v tr lm
vic, cn b lm cng tc o to lin lc vi cn b y t.
2) V c s h tng :
Trung tm c t ti v tr thch hp, giao thng thu n ti n. Cc
khu hnh chnh chuyn mn, tng i m bo cho cng tc hot ng
cc khoa phng. Ph hp vi trang thit b hin c, cng tc phng ch ng
chy n, h thng chiu sng, h thng cp thot nc, khu x l nc
thi, cht thi rn c ch trng.
3) V trang thit b :
Cc thit b m trung tm ang c tng i y v hin i, cc
trang thit b phc v cho cng tc xt ngim, phc v cng tc ch ng
dch phc v cho cng tc khm bnh ngh nghp, o kim mi trng
lao ng. Cc trang thit b ny u c hng dn v s dng, h s theo
di , nht k vn hnh, bng phn cng theo di nh k b o d ng ki m
nh .
4) V cng tc o to, nghin cu khoa hc k thut v ch o
tuyn di :
Cc khoa phng ti trung tm u c k hoch o to, o to li
nhm nng cao trnh chuyn mn k thut v k nng ca cn b, tham
gia o to v o to nh k v y t d phng cho tuyn di v cc i
tng theo yu cu, to iu kin c s vt cht, trang thit b v cn b
chuyn khoa h tr cho cc nhm hc sinh th c tp c a vi n Pasteur- Nha
Trang. Cc khoa phng hng nm u tham gia nghin cu Khoa h c v Y
t d phng, p dng nhng khoa hc vo cc hot ng Y t d phng
ca a phng .
5) V hot ng dinh dng v cng ng :
H thng gim st dinh dng, iu tra tnh trng dinh dng, khu
phn n v cc vn dinh dng c bit khc cho cc i tng trn
a bn c t chc rt hp l, thc hin tt ngy v ch t dinh dng
m bo cho tr trong tui c ung vitamin A theo ng quy nh,
s b m sau khi sinh c ung vitamin A ca chng trnh.
6) V hot ng sc kho ngh nghip phng chng tai n n
thng tch:
Tuyn truyn gio dc v An ton v sinh lao ng, phng ch ng
bnh ngh nghip v phng chng tai nn thng tch, tham gia iu
tra x l cc v nhim c tai nn lao ng xy ra ti cc c s.
- T chc khm sc kho nh k cho cc cng nhn trong cc cng ty
7) V hot ng xt nghim :
Khoa xt ngim l khoa c coi l ch lc v quan trng nh t trong
cng tc phong chng dch bnh ca trung tm. T thc tp c thc tp
ti khoa, phng trong sut qu trnh thc tp ti khoa c chia ra lm 2
phng: Xt nghim ha- l v vi sinh.
* Ti phng xt ngim vi sinh :
H thng h tng y tng i y , trang thit b v ang
tng bc c hin i ho p ng nhu cu kp th i trong cng tc
phng chng dch bnh, cc Xt nghim c bn trong cng tc d phng
c trin khai nh Xt nghim mu nc n ung, sinh hot, nc
tinh lc ng chai bng phng php MPN v mt s phng php mi
ph hp vi trang thit b hin c, cng tc xt nghim vi sinh Th c ph m
tng bc chuyn ho c phng php ph hp theo TCVN, TCT hay
TCQT, cng tc xt nghim virt ang tng bc hin i ho, th c hi n
Xt nghim virt Dangue bng phng php test nhanh, Xt nghim virt
VGB, HIV bng test nhanh Determine v PCA, my Elisa .
Ngoi ra khoa cn t chc xt nghim thm cc ch tiu ph c v
cng tc Khm sc kho nh k nh ( xt nghim sinh ho mu, xt
nghim nc tiu 10 thng s, v 1 s XN khc )
Qua qu trnh thc tp ti khoa c s gip ca cn b trong
khoa phng t nhn thc n hot ng tay ngh ca bn thn c nng
ln r rt t nhng kin thc, kinh nghim qu bu m bn thn c
trang b y chc chn s l nhng kin thc gip cho bn thn trong k
thi tt nghip sp ti cng nh hnh trang bc vo cng vic sau ny.
*Ti phng XN ho l :
T c s h tng cng nh trang thit b c trang b tng i
hin i km theo vo c trin khai y mt s my mc nh
my sc k lng, my phn tch sinh ho bn t ng AU400, my quang
ph, my v c mu, my chng ct m, my xt nghim ho nc UV-
Vis Tt c nhng thit b ny cng nh cn b y thc hin c
yu cu ca cc khoa phng ra gip cho cng tc phng ch ng d ch
bnh tr nn nhanh va kp thi.

De Tai Quy Trinh Va Phuong Phap Lay Mau Thuc Pham de Xet Nghiem Vi Sinh

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De Tai Quy Trinh Va Phuong Phap Lay Mau Thuc Pham de Xet Nghiem Vi Sinh

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip

PHN I : KHI QUT V TT Y T D PHNG H TNH. ..........1

I) Gii thiu v trung tm Y t D phng H Tnh

Trung tm Y t D Phng H Tnh l mt n v trc thuc ngnh Y t

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 1

ng v bnh ngh nghip, Khoa kim dch Y t v xt nghim, phng t

KHOA KHOA KHOA

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 2

Phng xt nghim vi sinh:

I. Vi Sinh Thc Phm. (V sinh an ton thc phm).

QUY TRNH V PHNG PHP LY MU THC PHM XT

(Ly mu gi ch, bn, tht heo quay, )

1) Mc ch ca vic ly mu thc phm kim nghim vi sinh

- xc nh vi sinh vt c trong thc phm c th lm nh hng

- Thng thng t 250 500g, t nht l 100g mu.

Dng c ly mu thc phm phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 3

- Dng c ng mu phi c dung tch cha t nht 250g hoc 250

Trang thit b, dng c S lng

Dng c dng ly - Cn st trng - 250ml

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 4

- Mu phi c bo qun trong hp xp, bnh cch nhit c cha

6) Yu cu i vi phng kim nghim:

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 5

K THUT XC NH TNG S COLIFORMS TRONG THC PHM

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 6

un cho tan cc thnh phn, khng si qua lu hoc un qu nhiu ln.

Dch thu phn casein bng 10g

3) Cch tin hnh:

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 7

- Thch VRBL un tan chy ngui khong 450,5 oC, rt vo mi a

* Lm trn kt qu tnh c ti s hng trm v biu th kt qu theo

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 8

(d l h s pha long ca dch huyn ph ban u, bng 10-1)

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 9

K THUT XC NH TNG S E.COLI TRONG THC PHM

A. K thut xc nh tng s E. coli trong thc phm.

2. Dng c, mi trng v thuc th.

Thnh phn a) Mi trng nng b) Mi trng nng

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 10

Dch thu phn casein bng enzyme 20,0g

Dch thu phn casein bng 10,0g

Ho tan cc thnh phn ho hc hoc mi trng hon ch nh kh trong

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 11

2.4 Dung dich m pepton.

Hp tit trng 121oC trong 15 pht. pH = 7,0 0,2 25oC.

3. Cch tin hnh.

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 12

- Nu quan st thy sinh kh canh thang EC, th cy chuy n m t vng

Th d la chn cc kt qu dng tnh i vi vic tnh ton MPN:

M S ng dng tnh nhn c t 3 ng MPN

2 2 2 1 1 0 2,4. 102 2,4. 101

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 13

PHNG PHP LY MU NC XT NGHIM

Yu cu 1: Dng c ly nc phi v khun.

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 14

Nt chai l bng khng thm nc hoc nt mi thu tinh vn v a kht,

1.2 Kh clo d trong nc.

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 15

n cn va hng nc chy vo chai. Khng nc bn tung to khi ly

Ho va tn: V Th Qunh Hng Lp: A25 - 2 16

- Loi nc ( nc b mt, nc ging, nc my, nc lc qua

XC NH COLIFORM TNG S, COLIFORM CHU NHIT,

B y, nu nh lng vi khun (m vi khun ) t mt th tch nc nht