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Ontologias

Modelagem Formao do Banco

Conceitual (II) de Dados
- Processos de Geogrfico
transformao e anlise - Converso de dados
- Apresentaes - Controle de qualidade
Modelagem Gerao de
Conceitual (I) Produtos
Mundo Real - Anlises espaciais
- Classes de objetos
- Relatrios
- Representaes
- Mapas temticos
- Relacionamentos
- Cartas

Modelagem de
Implementao
- Estruturas de banco de Desenvolvimento de
dados geogrfico aplicaes
(objeto-relacionais)
- Distribuio de dados

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funo reaOrientadaTringulo(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C): real

incio
retorne ((A.x*C.y - A.y*C.x + A.y*B.x - A.x*B.y +
C.x*B.y - C.y*B.x) / 2);
fim;

funo reaTringulo(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C): real

incio
retorne abs(reaOrientadaTringulo(A, B, C));
fim.

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p = 1 p1 + 2 p2 + 3 p3 

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S ( pp2 p3 ) S ( p1 pp3 ) S ( p1 p2 p)
1 =  2 = H 3 =
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1 > 0
0

2 < 0
=

1 > 0
3

3 < 0
2 < 0
3 > 0
p1

1= 0 1 < 0
1 > 0 2 < 0
1 > 0
2 > 0
2 > 0 2 = 0 3 > 0
3 > 0 p3
3 < 0

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2 > 0
3 > 0
1 < 0
2 > 0
3 < 0

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funo pontoEmTringulo(Ponto P,
Ponto P1, Ponto P2, Ponto P3): booleano

incio
real lambda1, lambda2, lambda3, S;

S = reaOrientadaTringulo(P1, P2, P3);

lambda1 = reaOrientadaTringulo(P, P2, P3) / S;
lambda2 = reaOrientadaTringulo(P1, P, P3) / S;
lambda3 = reaOrientadaTringulo(P1, P2, P) / S;

retorne ((lambda1 > 0) e (lambda2 > 0) e (lambda3 > 0))

fim.

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funo lado(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C): inteiro

/* determina se C est direita, esquerda ou alinhado com AB */
/* direita: retorna -1; esquerda: retorna 1; alinhado: retorna 0 */
incio
inteiro S;

S = A.x*C.y - A.y*C.x + A.y*B.x - A.x*B.y + C.x*B.y - C.y*B.x;

se (S < 0) ento retorne -1;
se (S > 0) ento retorne 1 seno retorne 0;
fim.

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U
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funo sobre(Ponto A, Ponto B): booleano

/* testa se A e B coincidem */
incio
retorne ((P.x = A.x) e (P.y = A.y));
fim.

3URJUDPD   )XQomR sobre

funo em(Ponto P, Ponto A, Ponto B): booleano
/* testa se P est dentro de AB, mas no coincide com A ou B */
incio
se (lado(A, B, P) = 0) /* P pertence reta AB */
ento incio

/* se AB no for vertical, testar em x; senao, em y */

se (A.x != B.x)
ento retorne (((A.x < P.x) e (P.x < B.x)) ou
((A.x > P.x) e (P.x > B.x)) )

seno retorne (((A.y < P.y) e (P.y < B.y)) ou

((A.y > P.y) e (P.y > B.y)) );

fim ento
seno
retorne falso;
fim.

funo extremo(Ponto P, Ponto A, Ponto B): booleano

/* testa se P coincide com um ponto extremo de AB */
incio
retorne (sobre(P, A) ou sobre(P, B));
fim.

3URJUDPD   )XQo}HV GH FRPSDUDomR HQWUH SRQWR H VHJPHQWR

funo iguais(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano
/* testa se AB e CD so iguais (coincidentes) */
incio
retorne ((sobre(A, C) e sobre(B, D)) ou
(sobre(A, D) e sobre(B, C)));
fim.

funo seEncontram(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

/* testa se AB e CD se encontram (um ponto extremo coincidente) */
incio
se iguais(A, B, C, D) ento retorne falso;

retorne ((sobre(A, C) e no em(D, A, B) e no em(B, C, D)) ou

(sobre(A, D) e no em(C, A, B) e no em(B, C, D)) ou
(sobre(B, C) e no em(D, A, B) e no em(A, C, D)) ou
(sobre(B, D) e no em(C, A, B) e no em(A, C, D));
fim.

funo superpostos(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

/* testa se AB e CD so alinhados e tm um trecho em comum */
incio
se ((lado(A, B, C) = 0) e (lado(A, B, D) = 0))
ento retorne (em(C, A, B) ou em(D, A, B) ou
em(A, C, D) ou em(B, C, D));
fim.

funo alinhados(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

/* testa se AB e CD so alinhados e no tm um trecho em comum */
incio
se ((lado(A, B, C) = 0) e (lado(A, B, D) = 0))
ento retorne (no em(C, A, B) e no em(D, A, B) e
no em(A, C, D) e no em(B, C, D));
fim.

funo seTocam(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

/* testa se AB e CD se tocam */
incio
se (alinhados(A, B, C, D) ou superpostos(A, B, C, D))
ento retorne falso
seno retorne (em(C, A, B) ou em(D, A, B) ou
em(A, C, D) ou em(B, C, D));
fim.

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funo paralelos(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

/* testa se A e B so paralelos */
incio
se (alinhados(A, B, C, D) ou
superpostos(A, B, C, D) ou
iguais(A, B, C, D))
ento retorne falso;

retorne (((B.y - A.y) * (D.x - C.x) -

(D.y - C.y) * (B.x - A.x)) = 0);
fim.

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funo interseoRetngulos(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D):
booleano

incio
Ponto P, Ponto Q, Ponto P1, Ponto Q1;

P.x = min(A.x, B.x);

P.y = min(A.y, B.y);
Q.x = max(A.x, B.x);
Q.y = max(A.y, B.y);
P1.x = min(C.x, D.x);
P1.y = min(C.y, D.y);
Q1.x = max(C.x, D.x);
Q1.y = max(C.y, D.y);

retorne ((Q.x >= P1.x) e (Q1.x >= P.x) e

(Q.y >= P1.y) e (Q1.y >= P.y));
fim.

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C B C B D

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D
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(a) (b) (c)
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funo seInterceptam(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

incio
inteiro abc, abd, cda, cdb;

se no interseoRetngulos(A, B, C, D)
ento retorne falso;

abc = lado(A, B, C);

abd = lado(A, B, D);
cda = lado(C, D, A);
cdb = lado(C, D, B);

retorne ((abc * abd < 0) e (cda * cdb < 0));

fim.

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funo seInterceptamImprpria(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D):

booleano

incio
retorne (seEncontram(A, B, C, D) ou
seTocam(A, B, C, D) ou
seInterceptam(A, B, C, D));
fim.

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funo disjuntos(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D): booleano

incio
retorne (no iguais(A, B, C, D) e
no seEncontram(A, B, C, D) e
no seTocam(A, B, C, D) e
no paralelos(A, B, C, D) e
no superpostos(A, B, C, D) e
no seInterceptam(A, B, C, D));
fim.

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funo pontoInterseo(Ponto A, Ponto B, Ponto C, Ponto D, Ponto I):
booleano

incio
real s, t, denom;

se no seInterceptam(A, B, C, D)
ento retorne falso;

denom = ((B.y - A.y) * (D.x - C.x) - (D.y - C.y) * (B.x - A.x));

se (denom = 0)
ento retorne falso;

s = (A.x * (D.y - C.y) +

C.x * (A.y - D.y) +
D.x * (C.y - A.y)) / denom;
t = - (A.x * (C.y - B.y) +
B.x * (A.y - C.y) +
C.x * (B.y - A.y) / denom;

se ((s > 0) e (s < 1) e (t > 0) e (t < 1))

ento incio
I.x = A.x + s * (B.x - A.x);
I.y = A.y + s * (B.y - A.y);
retorne verdadeiro;
fim
seno retorne falso;
fim.

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| S|
d=
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TXH VHU WHVWDGR FRQWUD ]HUR SDUD HYLWDU HUURV QXPpULFRV QR SURFHVVDPHQWR
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GH ORRNDKHDG RX VHMD XPD TXDQWLGDGH GH YpUWLFHV TXH GHYHP VHU FRQVLGHUDGRV D FDGD

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WROHUkQFLD 2 DOJRULWPR UHFRPHoD D SDUWLU GH Y  R ~OWLPR YpUWLFH PDQWLGR H YDL

DQDOLVDU HP VHJXLGD R WUHFKR HQWUH Y  H Y 

 1 1

6
tolerncia tolerncia

D E

3
4

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tolerncia
tolerncia

F G

)LJXUD   $OJRULWPR /DQJ

(VWH DOJRULWPR VH FRPSRUWD EHP GR SRQWR GH YLVWD JHRPpWULFR >0F0DD@ VHQGR

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VRIUH D LQIOXrQFLD GR SDUkPHWUR GH ORRNDKHDG YDORUHV GLIHUHQWHV OHYDUmR D UHVXOWDGRV

GLIHUHQWHV $SHVDU GLVVR VXD LPSOHPHQWDomR p LQWHUHVVDQWH SRU IL[DU D TXDQWLGDGH

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YDORU GH S

&RP UHODomR DR JUDX GH FRPSDFWDomR REVHUYHVH TXH HVWH DOJRULWPR Vy VHUi FDSD] GH

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TXDQWR D UHDOL]DGD SHOR DOJRULWPR GR NpVLPR YpUWLFH

 'RXJODV3HXFNHU 'R3H

(VWH p R PDLV FRQKHFLGR H XWLOL]DGR DOJRULWPR GH VLPSOLILFDomR GH SRQWRV )RL

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HP WHUPRV GH SUHVHUYDomR GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD SROLJRQDO RULJLQDO

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DOJRULWPR 'RXJODV3HXFNHU SHUPDQHFH VHQGR R PDLV FLWDGR QD OLWHUDWXUD GH

JHRSURFHVVDPHQWR XPD YH] TXH IRL RULJLQDOPHQWH SXEOLFDGR HP XP SHULyGLFR GD

iUHD GH FDUWRJUDILD

Procedimento Douglas-Peucker(linha, numvert, tol)

Procedimento DP(a, f, tol)

incio
se ((f - a) == 1) ento retorne;
maxd = 0;
maxp = 0;
para i = a+1 at f-1 faa
incio
d = distncia(linha[i], linha[a], linha[f]);
se d > maxd ento
incio
maxd = d;
maxp = i;
fim se;
fim para;
se maxd > tol ento
incio
vrtice maxp selecionado;
DP(a, maxp, tol);
DP(maxp, f, tol);
fim
seno retorne;
fim;

incio
vrtice 1 selecionado;
vrtice numvert selecionado;
DP(1, numvert, tol);
fim.

3URJUDPD   $OJRULWPR 'RXJODV3HXFNHU

)XQFLRQDPHQWR 2 DOJRULWPR p UHFXUVLYR 3URJUDPD  H D FDGD SDVVR SURFHVVD R

LQWHUYDOR GH SRQWRV FRQWLGR HQWUH XP YpUWLFH LQLFLDO FKDPDGR GH kQFRUD H XP YpUWLFH

ILQDO GHQRPLQDGR IOXWXDQWH e HVWDEHOHFLGR XP FRUUHGRU GH ODUJXUD LJXDO DR GREUR GD

WROHUkQFLD IRUPDQGR GXDV IDL[DV SDUDOHODV DR VHJPHQWR HQWUH R kQFRUD H R IOXWXDQWH

)LJXUD  FRPR QR DOJRULWPR GH /DQJ $ VHJXLU VmR FDOFXODGDV DV GLVWkQFLDV GH

WRGRV RV SRQWRV LQWHUPHGLiULRV DR VHJPHQWR EiVLFR RX VHMD FRQWLGRV HQWUH R kQFRUD H

R IOXWXDQWH &DVR QHQKXPD GDV GLVWkQFLDV FDOFXODGDV XOWUDSDVVH D WROHUkQFLD RX VHMD

QHQKXP YpUWLFH ILFD IRUD GR FRUUHGRU HQWmR WRGRV RV YpUWLFHV LQWHUPHGLiULRV VmR

GHVFDUWDGRV &DVR DOJXPD GLVWkQFLD VHMD PDLRU TXH D WROHUkQFLD R YpUWLFH PDLV

GLVWDQWH p SUHVHUYDGR H R DOJRULWPR p UHLQLFLDGR HP GXDV SDUWHV HQWUH R kQFRUD H R

YpUWLFH PDLV GLVWDQWH QRYR IOXWXDQWH H HQWUH R YpUWLFH PDLV GLVWDQWH QRYR kQFRUD H

R IOXWXDQWH 'H DFRUGR FRP HVWH SURFHVVR RV SRQWRV WLGRV FRPR FUtWLFRV SDUD D

JHRPHWULD GD OLQKD D FDGD SDVVR VmR PDQWLGRV HQTXDQWR RV GHPDLV VmR GHVFDUWDGRV

15
16
14

13 17

12
18

11 19
3 29
4
10 20
2
9 21 28
22
1
5 23 27
6 8 24 26
7
25

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3DUD D DQiOLVH GHVWH DOJRULWPR H GRV SUy[LPRV VHUi XWLOL]DGD D SROLJRQDO GD )LJXUD

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DOJRULWPR 'RXJODV3HXFNHU ,QLFLDOPHQWH VmR FDOFXODGDV DV GLVWkQFLDV GRV YpUWLFHV  D

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VXSHULRU j WROHUkQFLD H SRUWDQWR p VHOHFLRQDGR )LJXUD  'XDV QRYDV FKDPDGDV

UHFXUVLYDV VmR IHLWDV H DJRUD HVWmR HPSLOKDGRV RV LQWHUYDORV   H  1R

LQWHUYDOR  WHPRV WDPEpP TXH SUHVHUYDU R YpUWLFH  H SRUWDQWR ILFDPRV QD SLOKD

FRP RV LQWHUYDORV    H  )LJXUD  $QDOLVDQGR DJRUD R LQWHUYDOR 
 YHULILFDPRV TXH R YpUWLFH  SRGH VHU GLVSHQVDGR )LJXUD  $R ILQDO VmR

SUHVHUYDGRV RV YpUWLFHV            H  RX VHMD  GR
Q~PHUR RULJLQDO GH YpUWLFHV )LJXUD 
$ XWLOL]DomR GH UHFXUVLYLGDGH QR SURFHVVDPHQWR GR DOJRULWPR Mi LQVSLURX
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VHQGR DWULEXtGD D XP SURFHVVDGRU GLIHUHQWH VHQGR JHUDGD DR ILQDO XPD OLVWD GRV
YpUWLFHV VHOHFLRQDGRV 1R HQWDQWR D JUDQGH GLIHUHQoD HQWUH R PHOKRU H R SLRU FDVR GH
SURFHVVDPHQWR YLGH DQiOLVH GH FRPSOH[LGDGH FRPSXWDFLRQDO SRGHP VHU XP
SUREOHPD XPD YH] TXH SRGHUi KDYHU SRXFR HTXLOtEULR HQWUH DV WDUHIDV DWULEXtGDV D
FDGD SURFHVVDGRU >+H6Q@
15

29

tolerncia

)LJXUD   'RXJODV3HXFNHU SULPHLUR SDVVR VHOHomR GR YpUWLFH 

 15

29

9
1

tolerncia

)LJXUD   'RXJODV3HXFNHU VHJXQGR SDVVR VHOHomR GR YpUWLFH 

15

3
29

9
1

tolerncia

)LJXUD   'RXJODV3HXFNHU WHUFHLUR SDVVR VHOHomR GR YpUWLFH 

 15

3
2 29

9
1

tolerncia

)LJXUD   'RXJODV3HXFNHU SDVVR  HOLPLQDomR GR YpUWLFH 

2 UHVXOWDGR GHVWH DOJRULWPR p DFODPDGR SHOD OLWHUDWXUD FRPR VHQGR R TXH PDLV

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SLFRV FRPR QR H[HPSOR GD )LJXUD  HQWUH RV YpUWLFHV   H  FRP kQJXORV

DJXGRV H PXGDQoDV EUXVFDV GH GLUHomR

 15
16

17

3 29
4

9
22
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6 24
tolerncia

)LJXUD   'RXJODV3HXFNHU ILQDO

6H D PHVPD OLQKD GD )LJXUD  IRU SURFHVVDGD QRYDPHQWH FRP XPD WROHUkQFLD SRU

H[HPSOR TXDWUR YH]HV PDLRU TXH D DSUHVHQWDGD VHULDP SUHVHUYDGRV DSHQDV RV

YpUWLFHV      H  WRGRV SHUWHQFHQWHV j VROXomR DQWHULRU )LJXUD 

3RUWDQWR R DOJRULWPR GH 'RXJODV3HXFNHU p KLHUiUTXLFR SRLV RV SRQWRV VmR VHPSUH

VHOHFLRQDGRV QD PHVPD RUGHP H D WROHUkQFLD VHUYH SDUD GHWHUPLQDU DWp TXH SRQWR R

SURFHVVDPHQWR GHYH VHU UHDOL]DGR

 15

17

29

9
1

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tolerncia

)LJXUD   'RXJODV3HXFNHU VLPSOLILFDomR UDGLFDO

6H D WROHUkQFLD IRU LJXDO D ]HUR WRGRV RV YpUWLFHV VHUmR HYHQWXDOPHQWH VHOHFLRQDGRV 2

DUPD]HQDPHQWR GDV VXEGLYLV}HV QRV SHUPLWH UHSUHVHQWDU D KLHUDUTXLD GRV YpUWLFHV HP

XPD iUYRUH ELQiULD >&URP@>2RVW@ (P FDGD Qy GHVWD iUYRUH p UHSUHVHQWDGR XP

YpUWLFH VHOHFLRQDGR H p DUPD]HQDGR R YDORU GD GLVWkQFLD FDOFXODGR SRU RFDVLmR GD

VHOHomR TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DR YDORU maxd GR 3URJUDPD  )LJXUD  7HQGR VLGR

HVWDEHOHFLGR XP YDORU GH WROHUkQFLD EDVWD FDPLQKDU QD iUYRUH HP SUHRUGHP SDUD

GHWHUPLQDU TXDLV YpUWLFHV VHUmR VHOHFLRQDGRV 4XDQGR XP Qy LQWHUQR FRQWLYHU XP

YDORU GH GLVWkQFLD LQIHULRU j WROHUkQFLD R YpUWLFH FRUUHVSRQGHQWH H WRGRV RV

GHVFHQGHQWHV SRGHUmR VHU HOLPLQDGRV QmR VHQGR QHFHVViULR FRQWLQXDU FRP R

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GHVEDODQFHDGD H GLILFLOPHQWH VHUi FRPSOHWD R TXH YLUi D GLILFXOWDU R VHX

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 15
2.632

9 24
1.614 2.705

3 11 17 27
0.750 0.213 1.094 0.514

2 6 10 13 16 22 25 28
0.177 0.894 0.070 0.267 0.354 0.256 0.247 0.078

4 8 12 14 18 23 26
0.371 0.224 0.224 0.100 0.238 0.108 0.054

5 7 19
0.250 0.094 0.062

21
0.044

20
0.028

)LJXUD   UYRUH ELQiULD IRUPDGD D SDUWLU GR H[HPSOR GD )LJXUD 

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'RXJODV3HXFNHU VHMDP RV FUtWLFRV HVWXGRV GHPRQVWUDP TXH RV YpUWLFHV

FRQVLGHUDGRV FUtWLFRV SRU KXPDQRV QHP VHPSUH FRLQFLGHP FRP RV VHOHFLRQDGRV SHOR

DOJRULWPR 0DLV JUDYH GR TXH LVVR p D FRQVWDWDomR GH TXH RV YpUWLFHV VmR VHOHFLRQDGRV

GH PDQHLUD GHVEDODQFHDGD LVWR p H[LVWH D WHQGrQFLD GH VHOHFLRQDU YpUWLFHV GHPDLV HP

iUHDV PDLV ULFDV HP GHWDOKHV H YpUWLFHV GH PHQRV QDV UHJL}HV JHRPHWULFDPHQWH PDLV

VLPSOHV FDXVDQGR DR PHVPR WHPSR R HIHLWR Mi GHVFULWR GH SLFRV H R GHWDOKDPHQWR

H[FHVVLYR GH iUHDV SRXFR VLJQLILFDWLYDV QR VHQWLGR JOREDO ,VWR p H[SOLFDGR SHOR IDWR GR

FRPSRUWDPHQWR GR DOJRULWPR VHU LQYDULDQWH FRP UHODomR j HVFDOD RX VHMD

LQGHSHQGHQWH GD HVFDOD R DOJRULWPR FRQWLQXD HOLPLQDQGR YpUWLFHV PHQRV FUtWLFRV HP

YH] GH IHLo}HV PHQRV VLJQLILFDWLYDV H QR SURFHVVR YDL GHL[DQGR SDUD WUiV YpUWLFHV

FUtWLFRV TXH WHUPLQDP SRU LQWURGX]LU GLVWRUo}HV HVWHWLFDPHQWH LQDFHLWiYHLV QD OLQKD

3DUD FRUULJLU HVWD GLVWRUomR 7KDSD >7KDS@ DSXG >9L:K@ REVHUYD TXH DOJXQV GRV

YpUWLFHV FUtWLFRV SUHFLVDP VHU HOLPLQDGRV SDUD TXH VH SRVVD REWHU OLQKDV JHQHUDOL]DGDV

VXDYHV XQLIRUPHV H DJUDGiYHLV HVWHWLFDPHQWH 1HVWH FRQFHLWR SRUWDQWR H[LVWHP

YpUWLFHV FUtWLFRV TXH QmR VmR WmR FUtWLFRV DVVLP

2XWUR SUREOHPD DPSODPHQWH UHSRUWDGR QD OLWHUDWXUD >9L:K@ GL] UHVSHLWR j

YDULDomR TXH VH SRGH REWHU QR UHVXOWDGR ILQDO TXDQGR VH YDULD D OLQKD kQFRUD

IOXWXDQWH LQLFLDO e R FDVR GD DSOLFDomR GR DOJRULWPR 'RXJODV3HXFNHU D SROLJRQDLV

IHFKDGDV GHSHQGHQGR GR SRQWR GH SDUWLGD RX GD HVWUDWpJLD GH SDUWLFLRQDPHQWR GD

SROLJRQDO IHFKDGD HP GXDV RX PDLV SROLJRQDLV DEHUWDV XP UHVXOWDGR GLIHUHQWH VHUi

REWLGR

0DLV JUDYH DLQGD p D SRVVLELOLGDGH Mi WDPEpP DPSODPHQWH GRFXPHQWDGD QD

OLWHUDWXUD >9L:K@ GH TXH R DOJRULWPR 'RXJODV3HXFNHU SURGX]D HP VLWXDo}HV GH

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DXWRLQWHUVHo}HV RX PRGLILFDo}HV QD VXD VLWXDomR FRP UHODomR D OLQKDV YL]LQKDV

FRPR LQWHUVHo}HV HQWUH FXUYDV GH QtYHO VLPSOLILFDGDV 7UDWDVH GH XP

FRPSRUWDPHQWR IUDQFDPHQWH LQGHVHMiYHO TXH SUHFLVD VHU YHULILFDGR HP

LPSOHPHQWDo}HV PDLV UREXVWDV GR DOJRULWPR FRP R XVR GH URWLQDV HVSHFtILFDV SDUD

GHWHFWDU HVWH WLSR GH SUREOHPD

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 vi

v i+1

v i-1

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7DPEpP QR FULWpULR GH SUR[LPLGDGH HVWH DOJRULWPR VH GLVWLQJXH GRV GHPDLV XPD YH]

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FRUUHVSRQGHQWH D XP YpUWLFH Y L
p D iUHD GR WULkQJXOR IRUPDGR SHORV YpUWLFHV Y  YL
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HOLPLQDGR 3URJUDPD 

Procedimento Visvalingam-Whyatt(linha, numvert, tol_area)

incio
para i = 1 at numvert - 2 faa
calcular a rea efetiva do vrtice i;

repita
min = vrtice com menor rea efetiva correspondente;
se area_efetiva(min) < tol_area
eliminar o vrtice min;
recalcular as reas efetivas dos vizinhos do ponto eliminado;
at que (area_efetiva(min) >= tol_area) ou
(todos os vrtices intermedirios foram eliminados);
fim.

3URJUDPD   $OJRULWPR 9LVYDOLQJDP:K\DWW

2 FULWpULR GH HOLPLQDomR EDVHDGR QD iUHD HIHWLYD VH LQVSLUD SUHFLVDPHQWH QDV PHGLGDV

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incio
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yc = yc + (P.fronteira[i].y +P.fronteira[i1].y) * parcela;
fim;

se (S != 0) ento incio
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yc = yc / (3 * S);
fim seno incio
xc = 0;
yc = 0;
sinalizar erro e retornar;
fim;

S = S / 2;
pt.x = xc;
pt.y = yc;
retorne (pt);
fim.

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/* testa se Q est contido no retngulo definido por A e B */
incio
Ponto C, D;

C.x = min(A.x, B.x);

C.y = min(A.y, B.y);
D.x = max(A.x, B.x);
D.y = max(A.y, B.y);

retorne ((Q.x >= C.x) e (Q.x <= D.x) e

(Q.y >= C.y) e (Q.y <= D.y));
fim.

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funo pontoEmPolgono(Ponto Q, Poligono P): booleano
incio
inteiro i, numIntersees = 0;
Ponto C, D;

se (no (pontoEmRetngulo(Q, P.REMp1, P.REMp2))

ento retorne falso;

para i = 0 at i < P.numVrtices faa

incio
C = P.fronteira[i];
D = P.fronteira[i + 1];

se (C.y != D.y)
ento incio
calcular interseo;
se (interseo for direita de Q)
ento numIntersees = numIntersees + 1;
fim ento;
fim;
retorne ((numIntersees mod 2) != 0);
fim.

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funo pontoEmPolgono1(Ponto Q, Poligono P): booleano
incio
inteiro i, i1, numIntersees = 0;

se (no (pontoEmRetngulo(Q, P.REMp1, P.REMp2))

ento retorne falso;

para i = 0 at i < P.numVrtices faa

incio
i1 = i + n - 1;

se (((P.fronteira[i].y > Q.y) e

(P.fronteira[i1].y <= Q.y)) ou
((P.fronteira[i1].y > Q.y) e
(P.fronteira[i].y <= Q.y)))
ento incio
calcular interseo;
se (interseo for direita de Q)
ento numIntersees = numIntersees + 1;
fim ento;
fim;
retorne ((numIntersees mod 2) != 0);
fim.

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struct NODO
{
INT id; /* identificacao do n */
INT x; /* coordenada geogrfica x do n */
INT y; /* coordenada geogrfica y do n */
INT acum; /* custo acumulado */
INT pai; /* n anterior (resultado) */
unsigned char sit; /* situacao do n */
struct ADJ *adj; /* lista de adjacncia */
};
struct NODO nodos[MAXNODOS]; /* vetor de ns */

struct ADJ
{
INT nodo; /* no adjacente */
INT idarc; /* identificador do arco */
INT custo; /* custo associado ao arco */
struct ADJ *link; /* continuao da lista */
};
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CaminhoMnimo(nodos, n, o, d)
Incio
para i = 0 at n faa
nodos[i].sit = D;
nodos[o].acum = 0;
nodos[o].sit = V;
x = o;
semsoluo = false;
enquanto x != d e no semsoluo faa
ptr = nodos[x].adj;
enquanto ptr != nil faa
y = ptr->nodo;
se nodos[y].sit = F e
(nodos[x].acum + ptr->custo) <
nodes[y].acum)
ento
nodos[y].pai = x;
nodos[y].acum = nodos[x].acum +ptr->custo;
fim se;
se nodos[y].sit = D ento
nodos[y].sit = F;
nodos[y].pai = x;
inserir y no incio da lista_fronteira;
nodos[y].acum = nodos[x].acum +ptr->custo;
fim se;
ptr -> ptr->link;
fim enquanto;
se lista_fronteira = nil
ento semsoluo = true;
seno
percorrer a lista_fronteira e encontrar
o n com menor nodos[i].acum;
x = i tal que
nodos[i].acum seja mnimo em
lista_fronteira;
remover x da lista_fronteira;
nodos[x].sit = V;
fim se;
fim enquanto;
apresentar sada: d at o em ordem reversa;
fim CaminhoMnimo.
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Mdulo
Usurio GUI Ncleo SIG
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Mdulo

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Linguagem de
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Mdulo
Mdulo
Usurio GUI Ncleo SIG
Mdulo
Mdulo

Gerenc.
Grfico
SGBD
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Dados
Dados
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 Linguagem de
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