, 14 2008

7 (EN 1997-1)

Eurocode 7 ( 1997-1) : Geotechnical Design Part 1 : General Rules

. , .
 7 (EN 1997-1)


( ) 1997-1

1997-1
1997-1
:



 7 (EN 1997-1)

1. 1997-1
 (Structural Eurocodes)
EN 1990 Eurocode 0 : Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 : Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5 : Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6 : Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8 : Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9 : Design of aluminium structures

7 (EC-7)
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design
Part 1 ( 1997-1) : General rules
Part 2 ( 1997-2) : Ground investigation and testing
 :
1. Pre-standard (ENV) 2. Pre-EuroNorm (prEN) 3. EuroNorm (EN)

7 (EC-7)
1 ( 1997-1) :
1994 : - (Pre-standard) - ENV 1997-1
2002 : - - prEN 1997-1
24/11/2004 : CEN
1997-1
2005 2006 :
,

2007 2009 :
() ()
31/3/2010 : EC 7-1 &
2 ( 1997-2) :
1999 : - (Pre-standard) - ENV 1997-2
2004 : - - prEN 1997-2
12 2006 ( CEN) : EN 1997-2
 EC 7-1
2005 2006 :
( 2006 )


(National Annex) :
1. (Design Approach)
2. (
)
3. (
EC 7-1), .. .

2007 2009 :
EC 7-1 ()
EC 7-1 ( )

31 2010 :
EC 7-1
 EC 7-1 :
( )
.. Bishop ,
,
, ,

:
1. -
2.
3. ( EC 7-1)
4. , ..
FS=3, FS=1.5 ;
FS, (c,) ;

:
1.
2. (ULS, SLS)
3.
 7
EC-7
1.
(FS) :
.. : P/A = < , = u / FS
,

: .. FS=3 ( FS=1.5
), FS=2
2. (F ) ( X )

,
, .. () (c)

:
1. (FS)

2.


P B=2.5m, d=1.5m , =20 kN/m3 , c=10 kPa , =25

N c , N , N q = f () Nc = 21 , Nq = 11 , N = 9.5
u = cN c + 12 BN + dN q
u= 10*21 + 0.5*20*2.5*9.5 + 20*1.5*11= 210 + 237.5 + 330 = 777.5 kPa

= u / FS

= 777.5 / 3 =
= 259 kPa = 2.6 kg/cm2

:



( ??)
 7
1. () :

(ULS)
( d < Rd )
(SLS)

( < max )

2.
(Fk ) ( Xk )

3. (ULS) "
" , (F ,
M , R ) " " (FS )
 7
4. :
(F) : , , ,
(E) : (.. ,
)
(X) : .. ,
(R) : .. /
: (Fk) (Xk)
: (k) (Rk) :
Fk Xk
( F, E,
M, R)
( Fd, d, Xd,
Rd)
: Fd = Fk F Xd = Xk / M

Ed = Ek E Ed = E (Fd , Xd)
: :
Rd = Rk / R Rd = R (Fd , Xd)
 7
5. (Design Approaches)
: DA-1, DA-2, DA-3
Ed Rd

.. : Rd Ed
1 Xk Xk
DA-1 : R F Fk , E F Fk , ( )
R M M
. 1 : F = 1.35 1.50 , M = 1.00 , R = 1.0
. 2 : F = 1.00 1.30 , M = 1.25 1.40 , R = 1.0 , R =1.3

1
DA-2 :
R (Fk , X k ) E E (Fk , X k ) ( )
R
R = 1.10 1.40 E = 1.35 1.50

1 Xk Xk R = 1.0
DA-3 : R F Fk , E F Fk , . : R =1.1
R M M
F = 1.35 1.50 () F = 1.0 1.3 (), M = 1.25 1.40
 7 E
" " ( , R )
" " (FS )

R (F , X )
: FS R(F , X ) (FS ) E (F , X )
E (F , X )
F=, =. , R= , E= (.. )

1 Xk Xk
R F Fk , E F Fk , ()
R M M
EC-7: Rd Ed
1
R (Fk , X k ) E E (Fk , X k ) ( )
R

: R ( Fk , X k ) ( E R ) E ( Fk , X k )
 (Actions)
()
(..
, )
(G) :
(.. ,
)

Gk = G ( Fk , X k )
G Xk G
Gd = G ( F Fk , ) ()
M
: Gd = F G ( Fk , X k ) ( )
E = P+G
:
(, , )
(.. )
(.. )
( )



-
EC-7.1 :
1. (SLS)
2. (ULS)

1. (SLS) : < max

,
, ( , )

( ),
() ,


(.. , ).

2. (ULS) : Rd > Ed
STR - ( )
GEO - (, .. )
EQU - (.. )
UPL -
HYD (.. )

HYD

STR GEO
GEO

UPL

STR GEO


:
( ... )

:


,
5%
, 95%

cu -
Rs = DL( cu )

-:
D2
Rb = (9 cu )
4 cu () < cu ()


: (qu)
138, 140, 170, 171, 179, 179, 182, 232, 258, 272 ( kPa)

114 144 167 : 191 kPa

: 47 kPa

qu- = 144 kPa qu- = 167 kPa

: X k = X 0.50 s = 167
1.
2. X k = X 1.00 s = 144
3. X k = X 1.64 s = 114


1. (5% fractile):
1 1 2
X k = X 1.645 s X= i
X s= (X i X )
n i n 1 i

X k = 191 1.645 47 = 114 kPa

2. (5% - Student ): n fn
3 1.68
X k = X fn s 5 0.95
10 0.58
X k = 191 0.58 47 = 164 kPa 12 0.50
20 0.39

3. : 114 kPa < X k < 164 kPa

.. qu- = 140 kPa qu- = 164 kPa






(

) 5%
Student

X k = X 0.50 s

 (F), (),
(), (R)
d
k
:
: Fd = Fk F
: Xd = Xk / M

( ) ( )
: Ed = E (Fd , Xd) Ed = Ek E

: Rd = R (Fd , Xd) Rd = Rk / R

:
(persistent) (transient)
,
EC-7.1
(accidental) : i = 1.0 ()
(seismic) : ( )
 ( 8 5)

: F = = 1.0
() (R) :
EC-8.5 : I (EC-7.1)

Rd Ed Rk R E Ek Rk Ek E R FS E R
: R
: = 1.25 1.40 R = 1.0 1.4,
> 1.
: : FS = 1.25 (drained) 1.40 (undr)
(DA-2) : FS = 1.40
(DA-2) : FS = 1.10 x 1.30 = 1.43
()
FS=1 .

, :
: F = = 1.0
: = R = 1.0
 7.1 ( EN 1997-1 )
1.
2.
3.
4. ,
5. ,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

: EC-7.1 (General Rules),

(Design Approaches)

(ULS) .
 EC-7 :
O :

1 :
(.. 1-2 )
(.. 3)
(.. )

, .

2 :

EC-7 (
).

3 :




EC-7.
 7 (EN 1997-1)

2. 1997-1


2007

Design Approach of EC 7-1

Design Not decided
example yet all DAs DA 1 DA 2 DA 2* DA 3
G, A, ES, PL
Shallow B, UK, F, SK, CH, NL, DK
IRL SLO, GR
foundation IT
SF, L
N, P, CZ, M,
B, UK, F, SK, CH, SF, G, A, ES,
Piles S, LT, EST, IRL Not applicable
IT NL, SLO, PL, DK, GR, L
LV, CY, IS,
Retaining H, BG, RO B, UK, F, SK, CH, SF, G, A, ES,
IRL NL, DK
structures IT SLO, PL, GR, L
B, UK, NL,F,SK,CH,SF,G,A,
Slopes IRL ES
IT PL, DK, SLO, GR, L
Sum : 13 1 3 1 - 13 2 - 12
 EC-7.1 ( )
1.
2.
3. (Design Approach) DA-1, 2 , 3

1. :
(.. Bishop)

2. :

(
)
1997-1 ( ).


.
 EC-7.1 ( )
2. :
(LC) :

,
:

* LC 1 LC 2
** LC 3
LC 4
*
.
.
**

.

-1997-1
LC 1.
 EC-7.1 ( )
2. :
1, 2 3.

(F, E)

LC 1 LC 2 LC 3
(ULS)
1.50 1.30 1.00
1.35 1.30 1.20
EQU UPL HYD 1.10 1.05 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00
0.90 0.90 0.95
1.50 1.30 1.00
1.35 1.20 1.00
GEO - STR
1.30 1.20 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

(M)

LC 1 LC 2 LC 3
1.40 1.30 1.20
1.25 1.15 1.10
1.00 1.00 1.00
 EC-7.1 ( )
2. :
1, 2 3.

(R)

LC 1 LC 2 LC 3
1.60 1.50 1.35
1.50 1.40 1.25
1.45 1.35 1.20

1.40 1.30 1.20

1.30 1.25 1.15
1.25 1.15 1.10

1.15 1.10 1.10

1.10 1.10 1.05
1.00 1.00 1.00
 EC-7.1 ( )
2. :
(m) :

1.
(fsu,k qpu,k) : m = 1.3

1 1
Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
m ,
m
2. :
,
: m = 1.1
: m = 1.0

ck 1 cu ;k
cd = tan d = tan k cu ;d =
M m M m M m
 EC-7.1 ( )
3. (Design Approach) DA-1, 2 , 3

Xk Xk
3.1 3 (DA-3) : R F Fk , E F Fk ,
M M
F = 1.35 1.50 () F = 1.0 1.3 (), M = 1.25 1.40

(c, ), (. 12), :

(, , , )

( , )
:
(
F=1) (.. ).
 EC-7.1 ( )
:
( )

DA-3 : tan k
d = arctan
M
(>1) ck
cd = M = 1.25
(c, M
)
(.. q). qk = 8.5 kPa
qd = 1.5 x 8.5 = 13 kPa

(F=1)


( )

, 1.0
 EC-7.1 ( )
1
3.2 2* (DA-2*) : R (Fk , X k ) E E (Fk , X k )
R
R = 1.10 1.40 E = 1.35 1.50
.
, :

(GEO) (STR)
, ,

(STR)
(
, , )
(GEO) (STR)
( ) (.
).
( ).
(UPL)
(HYD).
 EC-7.1 ( )

(LC 4) :

1998-5 :

(1)
(F = = 1).
(2) 2 DA-2*
,

3 (DA-3).
(3) (m)
.
.
(4) ()
(R) 8
5 ( 1998-5). ,
() (R), : = R = 1.
 7 (EN 1997-1)

3. :
3.1
 1 :
( ULS GEO)

( Ed Rd ) :

1. : Vd Rv ,d

2. : H d Rh ,d + R p ,d

Vd , H d = (design values) ()

Rv ,d , Rh ,d = ( )

R p ,d =
( )
 1 :

Vd = F Vk + Gv ,d
( 1) :

H d = F H k + Gh ,d

Gv ,d = F Gv (ck , tan k )
:
Gh ,d = F Gh (ck , tan k )

ck tan k ck tan k
: Gv ,d = Gv , Gh ,d = Gh ,
M M M M
= (1)
Vk , Hk , ck , k =
Gv , Gh = / (. )
F =
=
 1 :
( 2) :

Vd = E { V + G }
k v ,k

Hd = E { H + G }
k h ,k

: Gv ,k = Gv (ck , tan k )
Gh ,k = Gh (ck , tan k )

= (1)
Vk , Hk , ck , k =
Gv , Gh = / (. )
= ( = F)
 1 :
1. R , i = p, v ( & )
1
Ri ,d = R (ck , tan k , F Fk ) ( )
R
:
1
Ri ,d = R (ck , tan k , Fk ) ( * )
R
:
ck tan k
Ri ,d = R , , F Fk ( )
M M
= (1)
ck , k =
Fk =
F =
=
R =
 1 :
2. Rh,d :

2.1 :
Vk tan k
Rh ,d = ( + II*)
R
:
tan k
Rh ,d = Vd tan d = Vd ( )
M
2.2 :
cu ,k B L cu ,k
Rh ,d = : Rh ,d = cu ,d B L = B L
R M
:
( + II*) ( )
= Rh ,d 0.4Vd
R =
k = . ( -)
d =
cu,k , cu,d = /
 1 :

() : F= E () : (R) : R

-
(

i, Mi, Ri)
. 1 (1) + (1) + (R1)
DA-1
. 2 (2) + (2) + (R1) , : (2) + (1) + (R4)

DA-2 , 2* I , II* (1) + (1) + (R2)

DA-3 + [(1)++ (2)** ] + (2) + (R3)

+ I
++ ( )
** ( , .. )
:
1. .
DA-2* .
2. 1, 1 & 2

(partial
factors)
7

(F )

()
 (partial factors) 7

(R)

 1 :

:

:
=2.5m, D=1.5m, q=0 ( )
: = 0, (e=0), (=0).
: k = 20 kN/m3, ck = 10 kPa, k=25o
( )

, c,
 :
1. ( FS=3)
pu 7 / DIN 4017 :
1
pu = c N c bc sc ic + (q + D ) N q bq sq iq + B N b s i
2
e=0 B = B = 2.5m
=25 c= 20.72 , Nq= 10.66 , N = 9.01
=0 bc = bq = b = 1
(/L=0) sc = sq = s = 1
=0 ic = iq = i = 1
1
: pu = c N c + D N q + B N , c,
2
pu = 10 x 20.72 + 20 x 1.5 x 10.66 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 9.01 = 752.2 kPa

:
Pu = pu B = 752.2 x 2.5 = 1880.5 kN/m Pu = 1880.5 kN/m
(FS=3) :
Vmax = Pu / FS = 1880.5 / 3 Vmax = 627 kN/m
 ()
2. ( 7)
Rp,d = 0
(permanent) (unfavourable)

2.1.1 1 / 1 :
A1 F = 1.35 ( - )
1 = 1.00 ( c)
R1 R = 1.00
1
pu : pu = c N c + D N q + B N
2
ck tan k
Rv ,d = R , , F Fk ( )
M M
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, d=k=25, cd=ck=10 kPa
( ) : pu,d = pu,k = 752.2 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 752.2 x 2.5 Rv,d = 1880.5 kN/m
 ()
2. ( 7)
2.1.2. 1 / 2 :
A2 F = 1.0 ( - )
2 = 1.25 ( c)
R1 R = 1.00
ck tan k
pu II : Rv ,d = R , , F Fk
M M
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, :
d = arctan (tank/M) = arctan (tan25/1.25) = 20.5o
cd = ck / M =10 / 1.25 = 8 kPa
=20.5 c= 15.30 , Nq= 6 , N = 4.35
1
: pu = c N c + D N q + B N
2
pu,d = 8 x 15.30 + 20 x 1.5 x 6.75 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 4.35 = 433.6 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 433.6 x 2.5 = 1084 kN/m Rv,d = 1084 kN/m
 ()

2. ( 7)
2.1.2. 1 () :
() ( Rv,d ) :
Rv,d = min ( 1 & 2) = min (1880.5, 1084) Rv,d = 1084 kN/m
 ()
( 7)
2.2. 2 2* :
A1 F = 1.35 ( - )
1 = 1.00 ( c)
R2 R = 1.40
1
pu : pu = c N c + D N q + B N
2
1
Rv ,d = R (ck , tan k , F Fk ) ( DA-2)
R
1
Rv ,d = R (ck , tan k , Fk ) ( * DA-2*)
R
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, d=k=25, cd=ck=10 kPa
( ) : pu,d = 752.2 / R = 752.2 / 1.40 = 537.3 kPa

: Rv,d = pu,d B = 537.3 x 2.5 = 1343.2 kN/m Rv,d = 1343 kN/m

 ()
( 7)
2.3. 3 :

A1 F = 1.35 ( )
2 = 1.25 ( c)
( )
R3 R = 1.00
ck tan k
pu : Rv ,d = R , , F Fk
M M
Fk = 0 ( : )
= 1 ( )
, :
d = arctan (tank/M) = arctan (tan25/1.25) = 20.5o
cd = ck / M =10 / 1.25 = 8 kPa
=20.5 c= 15.30 , Nq= 6 , N = 4.35
1
: pu = c N c + D N q + B N
2
pu,d = 8 x 15.30 + 20 x 1.5 x 6.75 + 0.5 x 20 x 2.5 x 4.35 = 433.6 kPa
: Rv,d = pu,d B = 433.6 x 2.5 = 1084 kN/m Rv,d = 1084 kN/m
 1 :
()
7 (EC-7)
:

Vk = Vd / F Vd Rv ,d
(Vk)

(Rv,d) Vk Rv,d / 1.40 *
1 1084 kN/m 774 kN/m
2 , 2* 1343 kN/m 959 kN/m
3 1084 kN/m 774 kN/m
.
- 1881 / 3 = 627 kN/m **
(FS=3)

* : F=1.40
**
: 2
EC-7 FS.
:
 7 (EN 1997-1)

3. :
3.2
 2 :

: Ed Ru ,d
Ed = (design value)

V . V
(V) /
(G), ..
.
G

Rs Ru ,d =
( Rs
) .
(Rs)
(Rb) (
). Rb

: :

Vd Rsd Vd + Gd Rsd + Rbd

 2 :

1. ( 1) :

Ed = F Vk + Gd

ck tan k
: Gd = F G (ck , tan k ) : Gd = G ,
M M
( )
( )

V
Vk =
G = (.. )
G
= (1)
F = Rs
ck , k =
= Rb
 7

1. ( 2) :

Ed = E { V + G }
k k V

: Gk = G (ck , tan k ) G

Rs
Vk =
= (1) Rb
F =
ck , k =
Gk = (..
)
= ( = F)
 7

2. ( Ru,k ) :
7
, ()
(n)
(n) (.
).

Ru,k :
1. (n) (..
)
2. (n)
3. (n)
4.

: (4) ().
, (m) (4)
.
 7

1 : ( Ru,k )
(n) * (.. ).

(.. cu qc )
(fsu) (qbu).
Ru. (n) Ru .
* =
Rsu = D f su z
i (i = 1,2, n) : (fsu , qbu ) Rbu = Ab qbu
Ru = Rsu + Rbu

(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :

1 n Ru ,min = min{Ru }
Ru ,mean = Ru
n i =1
 7

1 : ( Ru,k )

Ru ,mean Ru ,min
: Ru ,k = min ,
3 4
, 3 4
n :
 7

1 : ( Ru,k )
() :
Rsu = D f su z
i (i = 1,2, n) : ( fsu , qbu )
Rbu = Ab qbu
(
) :
1 n
Rsu ,mean = Rsu Rsu ,min = min{Rsu }
n i =1
1 n
Rbu ,mean = Rbu Rbu ,min = min{Rbu }
n i =1
:
Rsu ,mean Rsu ,min Rbu ,mean Rbu ,min
Rsu ,k = min , Rbu ,k = min ,
3 4 3 4
: Ru ,k = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k
 2 : ( Ru,k )
.
n Ru :
(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :

1 n
Ru ,mean = Ru Ru ,min = min{Ru }
n i =1
Ru ,mean Ru ,min
: Ru ,k = min ,
1 2
, 1 2
n :

,

10% ( 1)
 7

3 : ( Ru,k )

(.. wave equation
Hiley formula).
n Ru, :

(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :
1 n
Ru ,mean = Ru Ru ,min = min{Ru }
n i =1
Ru ,mean Ru ,min
: Ru ,k = min ,
5 6
, 5 6
n :
 7

3 : ( Ru,k )
5 , 6 : - n
 7

4 : ( Ru,k )
:
(.. SPT, CPT, PMT) / (.. UU, CU, DS)

(. cu , qc , N)
( fsu,k ) ( qbu,k ).
:

Ru ,k = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k
:

Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z

Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
 7

4 : ( Ru,k )

1, 2, 3 (Rsu,k
Rbu,k) ()
( , ).
, 4 Rsu,k Rpu,k
(fsu,k qpu,k)
().
, Rsu,k Rpu,k 4
30% ()
1, 2, 3. , Rsu,k Rpu,k
4
(model factor) m = 1.30, :
1 1
Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
m m
,
4 ( 7)
( FS=2).
 7

3. (Ru,d) :



1
(1) Ru ,d = Ru ,k 1, 4, 2, 3
R

(2) Ru ,d =
1
[R + Rbu ,k ] 1, 4
R su ,k

(3) Ru ,d =
1
[Rsu ( X d ) + Rbu ( X d )] = 1
[R + Rbu ,d ] 4
R R su ,d

1 1
(4) Ru ,d = Rbu ,k + Rbu ,k 1, 4
sR bR
1 1 1 1
(5) Ru ,d = Rsu ( X d ) + Rbu ( X d ) = Rsu ,d + Rbu ,d 4
sR bR sR bR

 7

3. (Ru,d) :
1
Xd = : X d = Xk
M
ck , k =
=
Rsu , Rbu =
Rsu,k , Rbu,k =

Rsu,d , Rbu,d =

R =
sR =
bR =
 7

: F = : R: R , sR , bR

( i, Mi, Ri)


(DA) ( R , sR , bR )
( F = ) ( F = ) (T)

1 . 1 (1) (1) + (1) (1) + (R1) , (1,2 T4)

1 . 2 (2) (2) + (2) (1) + (R4) , (1,2 T4)
2 2* (1) (M1) + (A1) (1) + (R2) , (1,2 T4)
3 (1) (M2) + (A2) (2) + (R3) , (3 T5)

:
1. .
DA-2* .
2. 1 2 ()
3. DA-1, 1 & 2
4. DA-3 4 (R)



7

(F )

()
 7

(R)

bR
() sR
R
() sR

(R)

bR
() sR
R
() sR

(R)
(Continuous Flight Auger CFA)

bR
() sR
R
() sR

 7

: . D=0.8m, L=15m.

(Vk)
.
80% (permanent) 20%
(transient).
: , = 18 kN/m3
: cu = 125 kPa
: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45

7,
fsu qpu. DIN 4014.
, 4
:
m= 1.30
 7

:
DIN 4014 :
:
fsu = 45 kPa
: qc = 0.5 N = 0.5 x 45 = 22.5 MPa.
: fsu = 120 kPa qbu = 3.75 MPa

4
,
m=1.30. :
:
fsu,k = fsu / m = 45 / 1.30 = 34.6 kPa
:
fsu,k = fsu / m = 120 / 1.30 = 92.3 kPa
qbu,k = qbu / m = 3.75 / 1.30 = 2.88 MPa
 7

:

1. (FS=2) :

: Qsu = D f su z

Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3) = 1356.5 + 904.3 = 2261 kN

: Qbu = Ab qbu
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2 Qbu = 0.5024 x 3750 = 1884 kN

: Qu = Qsu + Qbu = 2261 + 1884 = 4145 kN

: FS=2

: Qall / FS = 4145 / 2 = 2072 kN

 7

: 7

1 1 :
:

Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

:
: Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z
Rsu,k = 3.14 x 0.80 x (34.6 x 12 + 92.3 x 3) = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN
: Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2 Rbu,k = 0.5024 x 2880 = 1449 kN

( R1, 4):
1 1 1 1
Ru ,d = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k = 1739 + 1449 Ru ,d = 2898 kN
sR bR 1 .0 1.25
: Fd Ru ,d 1.38 Vk 2898 Vk 2100 kN
 7

:
1 2 :

Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.0 (0.8Vk ) + 1.3 (0.2Vk ) = 1.06 Vk

:
: Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z
Rsu,k = 3.14 x 0.80 x (34.6 x 12 + 92.3 x 3) = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN
: Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2 Rbu,k = 0.5024 x 2880 = 1449 kN

( R4, 4):
1 1 1 1
Ru ,d = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k = 1739 + 1449 Ru ,d = 2243 kN
sR bR 1 .3 1 .6
: Fd Ru ,d 1.06 Vk 2243 Vk 2116 kN
 7

:

, 1 : Vk = min (2100, 2116) = 2100 kN

: 1
 7

:
2 2* :

Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

:
: Rsu ,k = D f su ,k z
Rsu,k = 3.14 x 0.80 x (34.6 x 12 + 92.3 x 3) = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN

: Rbu ,k = Ab qbu ,k
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2 Rbu,k = 0.5024 x 2880 = 1449 kN

( R2, 4):
1 1 1 1
Ru ,d = Rsu ,k + Rbu ,k = 1739 + 1449 Ru ,d = 2898 kN
sR bR 1 .1 1 .1
: Fd Ru ,d 1.38 Vk 2898 Vk 2100 kN
 7

:
3 :

Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

( 5) :

1 ck tan k 1 ck tan k
Ru ,d = Rsu , + Rbu ,
sR M M bR M M
(2) :
f su ,k 34.6
: fsu,k = 45 / 1.3 = 34.6 kPa f su ,d = = = 24.7 kPa
M 1.40
1.40 fsu
(cu). 1.3
(m)
 7

:
3 :
f su ,k 92.3
f su ,d = = = 73.8 kPa
: fsu,k = 120 / 1.3 = 92.3 kPa M 1.25
qpu,k = 3.75 / 1.3 = 2.88 MPa q pu ,k 2.88
q pu ,d = = = 2.3 MPa
M 1.25
1.25 fsu qpu
( ). 1.3
(m)

: Rsu ,d = D f su ,d z
Rsu,d = 3.14 x 0.80 x (24.7 x 12 + 73.8 x 3) = 744.6 + 556.2 = 1300.7 kN
: Rbu ,d = Ab qbu ,d
Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2 Rbu,d = 0.5024 x 2300 = 1155.5 kN
 7

:
3 :

( R3, 5) :
1 ck tan k 1 ck tan k
Ru ,d = Rsu , + Rbu ,
sR M M bR M M
1 1 1 1
: Ru ,d = Rsu ,d + Rbu ,d = 1300.7 + 1155.5 = 2456 kN
sR bR 1 .0 1 .0
: Fd Ru ,d 1.38 Vk 2456 Vk 1780 kN
 7

:

Vk (kN)
EC-7 : 1 (DA-1) 2100
EC-7 : 2, 2* (DA-2, 2*) 2100
EC-7 : 3 (DA-3) 1780

2072
(FS=2)
 7 (EN 1997-1)

3. :
3.3




1. (GEO)

2. (STR)

X
X


1.

2.

3.



( Terzaghi-Peck)
 ( = 27m)


 (Design Approaches)
: DA-1, DA-2, DA-3
Ed Rd :

Rd Ed
E
R

1 Xk Xk
DA-1 : R F Fk , E F Fk , ( )
R M M
. 1 : F = 1.35 1.50 , M = 1.00 , R = 1.0
. 2 : F = 1.00 1.30 , M = 1.25 1.40 , R = 1.0

1
DA-2 : R (Fk , X k ) E E (Fk , X k ) ( *)
R
R = 1.10 1.40 E = 1.35 1.50

1 Xk Xk
DA-3 : R F Fk , E F Fk , ( )
R M M
F = 1.35 1.50 () F = 1.0 1.3 (), M = 1.25 1.40 R = 1.0
 :
() : F= E () : (R) : R

-
(

i, Mi, Ri)
. 1 (1) + (1) + (R1)
DA-1
. 2 (2) + (2) + (R1) , : (2) + (1) + (R4)

DA-2 , 2* I , II* (1) + (1) + (R2)

DA-3 * [(1)** (2)*** ] + (2) + (R3)

* I
** ( )
*** ( , .. )

:
1. .
, DA-2*, DA-3.
2. 1, 1 & 2
 EC 7-1
1. : EC-7.1 (Annex A)
2. :
3. (Design Approach) DA-1, 2 , 3

Xk Xk
3.1 3 (DA-3) : R F Fk , E F Fk ,
M M
F = 1.35 1.50 () F = 1.0 1.3 (), M = 1.25 1.40

(c, ), , :

(, , , )
(
, )
:
( F=1)
(.. ).

STR & GEO

1 Xk Xk
3 (DA-3) : R F Fk , E F Fk ,
R M M
F = 1.35 1.50 () F = 1.0 1.3 (), M = 1.25 1.40

(R)

DA-1 DA-2 DA-3

 :
( )

DA-3 : tan k
d = arctan
M
(>1) ck
cd = M = 1.25
(c, M
)
(.. q). qk = 8.5 kPa
qd = 1.5 x 8.5 = 13 kPa

(F=1)


( )

, 1.0
 EC-7.1
1
3.2 2* (DA-2*) : R (Fk , X k ) E E (Fk , X k )
R
R = 1.10 1.40 E = 1.35 1.50
.
, :

(GEO) (STR)
, ,

(STR)
(
, , )
(GEO) (STR)
( ) (.
).
(UPL)
(HYD).



STR & GEO

(F )

DA-2 DA-3

()

DA-2 DA-3

STR & GEO

(R)

DA-1 DA-2 DA-3

: (DA-2) :
FS = F R = ( 1.4 ) x 1.4 = 1.96 2
 (ULS)

()

( )

(ULS) :
(GEO) : DA-2
(STR) : DA-2
(STR + GEO) : DA-2
(HYD) : DA-2
(GEO) : DA-3
 (ULS)

(HYD)

()

( )
d

: ( )d < ( )d
G ;dst (i w H ) < G ;stb ( H ) i < (2 3)
1.35 0.90
: FS = 1.35 / 0.9 = 1.50
: i = / L = 4.40 / (2d +1.40) < 0.67 d > 2.60 m
 (ULS)

1.
(GEO)
(STR) :
E
: DA-2

Rd Ed
1
R (Fk , X k ) E E (Fk , X k )
R R

E E
 (ULS)

(1) :
1
Ed Rd E { M ( Pah ,k ) + M ( Pw,k )}+ 1.0 M ( Fh ,k ) M ( Pph ,k ) d = ...
R
1
(2) E {Pah ,k + Pw,k } 1.0 Fh ,k = Pph ,k Fh ,k = ...
R

Fh,k =

Fh,k
Pw,k pah = pah,g + pah,q
Pah,k
pah , g = K ah v 2c K ah
d pah,q = Kah q

Pph,k pph = K ph v + 2c K ph
 (ULS)

(1) :
1
Ed Rd E { M ( Pah ,k ) + M ( Pw,k )}+ 1.0 M ( Fh ,k ) M ( Pph ,k ) d = ...
R
1
(2) E {Pah ,k + Pw,k } 1.0 Fh ,k = Pph ,k Fh ,k = ...
R
= 1.35 ( )
= 1.50 ( )

Fh,k R = 1.4 (DA-2, 2*)

1.0 (DA-1, DA-3)
Pw,k
Pah,k d = 6.62 m (DA-1, 2)
7.89 m (DA-2, 2*)
6.62 m (DA-3)
d 8.27 (. FS = 2)
Fh,k = 172 kN/m (DA-1, . 2)
Pph,k 228.5 kN/m (DA-2, 2*)
172 kN/m (DA-3)
173.4 kN/m (. FS = 2)
 DA-2

: Ra ,d Fd
Fd = .

( Fk ) : Fd = F Fk F = 1.35
Ra,d = .
: Ra,d = Ra,k / R

DA-2 : R = 1.10

Ra,k = .
( )
 DA-2
Ra,k
1. : Ra ,k = min{ D L f f su ,k , As f y ,k }
D =
Lf =
fsu,k = -
s =
fy,k =

2. : Ra,1 , Ra,2 , Ra,n

(R ) (R ) [ ]
n
1
a , m mean =
n
R
i =1
a, i a , m min = min Ra ,1 , Ra , 2 ,.... Ra , n

(Ra , m )mean (Ra , m )min

n= 1 2 3
Ra ,k = min , 1 = 1.20 1.15 1.10
a1 a 2 2 = 1.20 1.10 1.10
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