Статистикийн Нэр Томъёоны Тайлбар Толь

NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE
ENGLISH-MONGOLIAN DICTIONARY
OF STATISTICAL TERMS
Ulaanbaatar

2008
2 -
Editor-in-Chief: P.Byambatseren Chairman, National Statistical Office, Doctor (Ph.D)
Editors: G.Gerelt-Od Vice Chairman, National Statistical Office, Doctor

(Ph.D)
. Demberel Director, Research Department, NSO
G. Oyuntsetseg Economic Policy Reform and Competitiveness Project

funded by the U.S. Agency for International
Development
Prepared: National Statistical Office of Mongolia,

With support from the Economic Policy Reform and Competitiveness Project funded
by the U.S. Agency for International Development
For information, contact us:

National Statistical Office
Ulaanbaatar 20 , Baga toiruu-44,
Government Building III
E-mail: nso@magicnet.mn
Phone: 976-11-323943
Fax: 976-11-324518
Web: http://www.statis.mn
- 3
: . ,
(Ph.D)
: .- ,
(Ph.D)
. ,

.
,
-
: ,
-
,

.

20 , 44,
III
-: nso@magicnet.mn
: 976-11-323943
: 976-11-324518
: http://www.statis.mn
4 -
CONTENTS
Name Page
Foreword ............. 6
Abbreviations .......... 8
1. Demography and Social statistics

9
1.1 Demography ..
9
1.2 Social statistics . .
15
1.2.1 Labour statistics .. ...
15
1.2.2 Education, culture and science statistics .
26
1.2.3 Health statistics ...
32
1.2.4 Gender statistics ..
37
1.2.5 Household income and expenditure and poverty statistics .
41
1.2.6 Crime statistics ...
43
1.2.7 Environment statistics ...
45
2. Macro economy ..
65
2.1 National accounts statistics .
65
2.2 Price statistics .. .
85
2.3 Banking statistics ..
88
2.4 Government finance statistics ..
91
10
2.5 Foreign trade statistics ..
8
11
3. Business statistics ..
4
11
3.1 Agriculture statistics ...
4
11
3.2 Industrial statistics ..
8
12
3.3 Construction statistics
3
12
3.4 Transport statistics .
7
15
3.6 Communication statistics .. .
0
15
3.7 Tourism statistics ..
5
15
3.8 Business register ..
8
4 Statistical data collection, processing and dissemination and Communication technology .. 16
5
16
4.1 Statistical data collection, processing and dissemination ...... ..
5
16
4.2 Information and Communication technology .
9
Reference..
18
.
5
- 5
-----oOo-----

.....
7

8
1. ,
9
1.1 .. .
9
1.2 . ..
15
1.2.1 .. .
15
1.2.2 , , .. ..
26
1.2.3 .
32
1.2.4 .
37
1.2.5 , , .
41
1.2.6 ...
43
1.2.7
45
2.
65
2.1 .
65
2.2 ..
85
2.3 .. ..
88
2.4 .. ..
91
2.5 .. ..
108
3.
114
3.1 ...
114
3.2 .
118
3.3 .. ...
123
3.4 .. ..
127
3.6 . .
150
3.7 ..
155
3.8 ..
158
4. , , ,
165
4.1 , , ..
165
4.2 . ..
169
6 -
.
187
-----oOo-----
- 7
Foreword
Mongolia has passed several years since its transition process to market economy.
During this period, some achievements have being for introducing international common
standards in conformity with national peculiarities. Nowadays, the need for a statistical
terminology that is commonly shared and used, and mirrors commonly accepted international
use has become increasingly apparent.
In response to this need and to lay the foundation for widely shared Mongolian
understanding and use of common statistical concepts used in the national accounts, the
National Statistical Office initiated a project to develop the first English-Mongolian glossary
of statistical terms based on internationally recognized sources such as glossary of terms,
concepts and definitions from the United Nations Economic and Social Council, UN
Statistical Committee, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe, United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization,
International Monetary Fund, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization,
International Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, Eurostat, International Labour Organization.
The glossary is intended for economists, statisticians, policy-makers, researchers, and
anyone interested or in need of understanding concepts and methodologies used in national
accounts, macro economic and social statistics.
We would like to extend our heartfeit gratitude to management of the Economic
Policy Reform and Competitiveness Project funded by the U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID) for editing the glossary and giving financial and technical assistances
to backup the CD and to officers of the National Statistical Office who have great efforts to
translate the glossary.
There is some lack of experience when we have translated a statistical glossary at first
time. In this context, we welcome users to share your corrections and valuable feedback on
glossary matter.
CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL STATISTICAL

OFFICE OF MONGOLIA P. BYAMBATSEREN
8 -

.
.

,
.
-
- , , , -
, - , - ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
,
.
, D
-
,
- ,

.

, .
,
.

.
- 9
Abbreviations
CPC Central Product Classification

CEPA Classification of environment protection activities
COFOG Classification of the Functions of Government
EU European Union
FAO The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFSM Government Finance Statistics Manual
ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF Interational Monetary Fund
ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities
ITU International Telecommunication Union
KILM Key Indicators of the Labour Market
MMR Maternal mortality ratio
NPISHs Non-profit institutions serving households
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SEEA System of integrated environmental and economic accounting
SNA-93 System of National Accounts 1993
UN United Nations
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNSD United Nations Statistics Division
WHO World Health Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
,

,

H

- ,
Y , ,

,

-93 -1993

,

-----oOo-----
10 -
1.Population and Social 1. ,

Statistics
1.1 Demography 1.1
Age
Completed years of age as of last birth date, (, , )
based, if possible, on replies to a question on ,
month and year of birth. ,

.
Source: Roland Pressat, edited by Christopher : ,
Wilson. 1985, The Dictionary of Demography. , 1985 ,
Oxford ,
Age sex specific divorce rate . -

Number of divorce by age at divorce per 1000
married women (men) of the age population of 1000
that year. ()-
.
Oxford ,
Age dependency ratio

The number of dependants (the population
below 15 and over 64 years) per 100 working 100 (15
age population. , 65 )
.
Oxford ,
Age sex specific marriage rate . -

Number of marriages women (men) of a given
age per 1000 unmarried females (males) same 1000
ages as of the midpoint of that year. ()-
()-
.
Oxford ,
Age-sex structure -
The composition of a population as determined ,
by the number or proportion of males and
females in each age category. The age-sex .
structure of a population is the cumulative result ,
of past trends in fertility, mortality, and ,
migration.
.
Oxford ,
Age-Specific Rate
Rate obtained for specific age groups (for
example, age-specific fertility rate, death rate, (
marriage rate, illiteracy rate, or school , , ,
enrollment rate). ,
) .
Oxford ,
- 11
Aging of Population
A process in which the proportions of adults and
elderly increase in a population, while the
proportions of children and adolescents , ,
decrease. This process results in a rise in the
median age of the population. Aging occurs .
when fertility rates decline while life expectancy
remains constant or improves at the older ages. .
,

.
Oxford ,
Census
A canvass of a given area, resulting in an
enumeration of the entire population and often ,
the compilation of other demographic, social, ,
and economic information pertaining to that ,
population at a specific time. ,

.
Oxford ,
Child-Women Ratio -
The number of children under age 5 per 1,000 -
women ages 15-44 or 15-49 in a population in a 15-44 15-49
given year. 1000 5
(Number of children aged 0-5 / women ages .
15-49)*1000 (0-5 / 5-49
)*1000
Oxford ,
Demographic Transition
The historical shift of birth and death rates from ,
high to low levels in a population. The decline of
mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, .
thus resulting in rapid population growth during
the transition period.

.
Oxford ,
Demography
The scientific study of human populations, , ,
including their sizes, compositions, distributions, , ,
densities, growth, and other characteristics, as ,
well as the causes and consequences of ,
changes in these factors. .
Oxford ,
Divorce Rate (or crude divorce rate) (

The number of divorces per 1,000 population in )
a given year. 1000
.
Oxford ,
12 -
Family
Usually two or more persons living together and ,
related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families
may consist of siblings or other relatives as well
as married couples and any children they have. . , , ,
,
,
.
Oxford ,
Fertility
The actual reproductive performance of an , ,
individual, a couple, a group, or a population.
.
Oxford ,
Life Expectancy at Birth

The average number of years a newborn infant ,
would be expected to live if health and living
conditions at the time of its birth remained the
same throughout its life.
.
Oxford ,
Life Table
A tabular display of life expectancy and the
probability of dying at each age (or age group)
for a given population, according to the age- ,
specific death rates prevailing at that time. The ( )
life table gives an organized, complete picture of .
a population's mortality.
Source: Roland Pressat, edited by Christopher ,
Wilson. 1985, The Dictionary of Demography. .
Oxford : ,
, 1985 ,
,
Marriage Rate (or crude marriage rate) (

The number of marriages per 1,000 population )
in a given year. 1000
.
Oxford ,
Median Age
The age that divides a population into two
numerically equal groups; that is, half the ;
people are younger than this age and half are
older.

.
Oxford ,
"Old" Population
A population with a relatively high proportion of
middle-age and elderly persons, a high median ,
age, and thus a lower growth potential.
- 13
.
Oxford ,
Population Density
Population per unit of land area; for example,
people per square mile or people per square ;
kilometer of arable land.

.
Oxford ,
Population Distribution
The patterns of settlement and dispersal of a ,
population. .
Oxford ,
Population Increase
The total population increase resulting from the ,
interaction of births, deaths, and migration in a
population in a given period of time.
.
Oxford ,
Population Projection
Computation of future changes in population
numbers, given certain assumptions about , ,
future trends in the rates of fertility, mortality,
and migration. Demographers often issue low,
medium, and high projections of the same
population, based on different assumptions of .
how these rates will change in the future.

,
, .
Oxford ,
Population Pyramid -
A bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the ,
distribution of a population by age and sex. By
convention, the younger ages are at the bottom, .
with males on the left and females on the right. , ,

.
Oxford ,
Population Register
A government data collection system in which
the demographic and socioeconomic -
characteristics of all or part of the population are
continuously recorded.
.
Oxford ,
14 -
Rate of Natural Increase (or Decrease)

The rate at which a population is increasing (or ()-
decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or ,
deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a
percentage of the base population. ()-

.
Oxford ,
Rate
A ratio between events having occurred in a
population during a year and the number of
persons in a population in the middle of the
year. When the events are observed over a .
period shorter or longer than a year their
number is multiplied or divided by the
appropriate factor so as to preserve the rate's
annual dimension. A rate may refer to all of the
population (mortality rate, birth rate, etc), or to
an age or age group (age-specific mortality rate, .
or age-specific fertility rate). ( ,
)
(
,
) ..
Oxford ,
Ratio
It is proportion of certain parts of the population.

Oxford ,
Remarriage Rate
The number of remarriages per 1,000 formerly
married (that is, widowed or divorced) men or ( )
women in a given year. 1000
.
Source: (Roland Pressat, edited by Christopher : ,
Oxford) ,
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in a 100
population. .
Oxford ,
Survey
A canvass of selected persons or households in ,
a population usually used to infer demographic ,
characteristics or trends for a larger segment or
all of the population.
.
Oxford ,
Urban
Countries differ in the way they classify
- 15
population as 'urban' or 'rural.' Typically, a
community or settlement with a population of . 2,000
2,000 or more is considered urban.
.
Oxford ,
Urbanization
Growth in the proportion of a population living in
urban areas. .
Oxford ,
Vital statistics
Data collected from continuous or periodic
recording or registration of all "vital events",
such as births, deaths, marriages and divorces. ,
, , ,
,

.
Oxford ,
"Young" Population
A population with a relatively high proportion of , ,
children, adolescents, and young adults; a low ;
median age; and thus a high growth potential. ;

.
Oxford ,
Zero population growth

A population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of
zero, achieved when births plus immigration
equal deaths plus emigration.

.
Oxford ,
16 -
1.2 S oc ia l S ta tis t ic s 1.2

1.2.1 Labor statistics 1.2.1
Earnings (wages and salaries) Earnings ,

(wages and salaries) is the concept of earnings ,
as applied in wages statistics, relates to
remuneration in cash and in kind paid
employees for time worked or work done ,
together with remuneration for time not worked, ,
such as annual vacation and other paid leave
or holidays.
Earnings exclude employers contributions in
respect of their employees paid to social ,
security and pension schemes and also the .
benefits received by employees under these ,
schemes. Earnings also exclude severance ,
and termination pay.

. ,
,

.
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) :
Resolutions Concerning an Integrated System . 1973 10-
of Wages Statistics Adopted by the 12th
International Conference of Labour 12-
Statisticians, October 1973, para. 5. , .5
Economic activity rate, specific, crude ; ,

Specific activity rates are obtained as the ratios
(expressed in per cent) of the economically
active population aged 15 years and over to the 15
total population of the corresponding age
groups. Crude activity rates are obtained as the
ratios (expressed in per cent) of the total , .
economically active population to the total
population of all age groups, including persons
who do not belong to the working-age
population.
( )
Source: UN: Common Database definition list) : ,

Economically active population

Economically active population comprises all
persons of either sex who furnish the supply of
labour for the production of economic goods
and services as defined by the United Nations
System of National Accounts during a specified ,
time-reference period.

.
Resolutions Concerning Economically Active () 1982
Population, Employment, Unemployment and
Underemployment Adopted by the 13th 13-
International Conference of Labour
Statisticians, October 1982, para. 5. , ,

, 5-
Economically inactive population

The economically inactive population
comprises all persons who were neither -
- 17
"employed" nor "unemployed" during the short
reference period used to measure "current
activity". This population is split into four .
groups: :
- Attendant at educational institutions -
- Retired
- Engaged in family duties -
- Other economically inactive -
-
Source: International Labour Organization :
(ILO) Resolutions Concerning Economically () 1982
Active Population, Employment,
Unemployment and Underemployment 13-
Adopted by the 13th International Conference
of Labour Statisticians, October 1982, para. 5. , ,

, 5-
Employed person
The employed comprise all persons above a
specified age who during a specified brief ,
period, either one week or one day, were in the / , /
following categories:
(a) paid employment :
- at work: persons who during the reference ()
period performed some work for a wage or - :
salary, in cash or in kind; ,
- with a job but not at work: persons who, ,
having already worked in their present job, ;
were temporarily not at work during the -
reference period and had a formal :
attachment to their job. This formal
attachment should be determined in the ,
light of national circumstances, according
to one or more of the following criteria: the ;
continued receipt of wage or salary; an
assurance of return to work following the
end of the contingency, or an agreement
as to the date of return; the elapsed : ,
duration of absence from the job which, ;
wherever relevant, may be that duration for
which workers can receive compensation ;
benefits without obligations to accept other ;
jobs;
(b) self-employment
- at work; persons who during the
reference period performed some work for ;
profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; ()
- with an enterprise but not at work: - :
persons with an enterprise, which may be
a business enterprise, a farm or a service
undertaking, who were temporarily not at
work during the reference period for any ;
specific reason. -
For operational purposes the notion of :
some work may be interpreted as work for at , ,
least one hour.

. " "

.
Sourse: (International Labour Organization :
(ILO) Resolutions Concerning Economically () 1982
Active Population, Employment, Unemployment
and Underemployment Adopted by the 13th 13-
Statisticians, October 1982, para. 9 , ,
18 -

, 9-
Employees
Employees are all those workers who hold the
type of job defined as paid employment jobs.
Employees with stable contracts are those .
employees who have had, and continue to
have, an explicit (written or oral) or implicit
contract of employment, or a succession of , ,
such contracts, with the same employer on a
continuous basis. On a continuous basis ( ),
implies a period of employment which is longer .
than a specified minimum determined
according to national circumstances. Regular
employees are those employees with stable .
contracts for whom the employing organisation
is responsible for payment of taxes and social
security contributions and/or where the ,
contractual relationship is subject to national
labour legislation.

.
Source: (International Labour Organization :
(ILO) Resolutions Concerning International () 1993
Classification of Status in Employment Adopted
by the 15th International Conference of Labour 15-
Statisticians, January 1993, para. 8
,
. 8
Employer
Employers are those workers who, working on
their own account or with one or a few partners, ,
hold the type of job defined as a self-employed
job, and in this capacity, on a continuous basis ,
(including the reference period) have engaged
one or more persons to work for them in their
business as employees. (
)
.
Statisticians, January 1993, para. 9
,
. 9
Employment
Persons in employment comprise all persons
above a specified age who during a specified , ,
brief period, either one week or one day, were
in the following categories:
-paid employment :
-self employment -
-
Statisticians, October 1982, para.9 , ,

, 9-
- 19
Employment (establishment surveys) ( ,
Employment in establishment surveys is the )
total number of persons who work in or for the ,
establishment including working proprietors,
active business partners and unpaid family ,
workers, as well as persons working outside
the establishment when paid by and under the
control of the establishment, for example, sales , ,
representatives, outside service engineers and
repair and maintenance personnel. The , ,
enumeration may refer to a specified day, pay
period or calendar week in the inquiry period. ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
Source: International Recommendations for :
Industrial Statistics, United Nations, New York, ,
1983, Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 48, Rev. , , 1983
1, paras. 98) , , M, 48,
.1, 98)
Employment compensation
Compensation of employees is the total
remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an
enterprise to an employee in return for work
done by the latter during the accounting period. ,
,
.
Source: SNA-93 7.21. [7.31.]) : -93 7.21 [7.31])
Employment rate
Employment rate represent persons in
employment as a percentage of the population (15-64 )
of working age (15- 64 years).
.
Sourse: The European Union Labour Force :
Survey, Methods and Definitions, 1998 edition, , ,
Eurostat, p.13.) , 1998 ,
.13
Employment status
Status in employment refers to the status of an
economically active person with respect to his
or her employment, that is to say, the type of
explicit or implicit contract of employment with
other persons or organizations that the person
has in his/her job. ,
The basic criteria used to define the groups of .
the classification are the economic risk, an
element of which is the strength of the
attachment between the person and the job, ,
and the type of authority over establishments
and other workers that the person has or will ,
have in the job. Care should be taken to ensure ,
that an economically active person is classified ,
by status in employment on the basis of the .
same job(s) as used for classifying the person
by occupation, industry sector.
It is recommended that the economically active "
population should be classified by status in ", "" ""-
employment as follows:
- employees, among whom it may be possible .
to distinguish between employees with stable
contracts (including regular employees) and
20 -
other employees; . :
-employers; - ,
-own-account workers;
-contributing family workers; ,
- members of producers' co-operatives; - ;
- persons not classifiable by status. - ;
- ;
- ;
- .
Source: Principles and Recommendations for : ,
Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 1. , ,
United Nations, New York, 1998, Series M, No. , , 1998 , M,
67, Rev. 1, paras. 2.226-2.227 No.67, . 1, . 2.226-2.227
Hours worked
Total hours worked are the aggregate number
of hours actually worked during the period in
employee and self-employment jobs.

.
Sourse: SNA-93 15.102 : -93 15.102
Hours worked
Statistics on the number of hours worked
should include: :
- hours actually worked during normal hours of -
work; ;
- time worked in addition to hours worked
during normal periods of work, and generally -
,
paid at higher than normal rates (overtime);
- time spent at the place of work on work ( );
such as preparation of the work place, - ,
repairs and maintenance, preparation and , ,
cleaning of tools, and the preparation of ,
receipts, time sheets and reports; , ,
- time spent at the place of work waiting or , ,
standing by for such reasons as lack of ;
supply of work, breakdown of machinery,
or accidents, or time spent at the place of - ,
work during which no work is done but for
which payment is made under a , ,
guaranteed employment contract; ,
- time corresponding to short rest periods at ,
the work place, including tea and coffee
breaks.
Statistics of hours worked should exclude: ;
- hours paid for but not worked, such as paid -
annual leave, paid public holidays, paid sick , ,
leave; .
- meal breaks;
- time spent on travel from home to work
and vice versa. :
-
,
,

,
;
- ;
- ,
.
Resolutions Concerning Consumer Price . 1962
Indices Adopted by the 10th International
Conference of Labour Statisticians, October 10-
1962, para. 5 , .5
- 21
Informal sector
The informal sector is broadly characterised as
consisting of units engaged in the production of ,
goods or services with the primary objective of
generating employment and incomes to the ,
persons concerned. These units typically .
operate at a low level of organisation, with little
or no division between labour and capital as ,
factors of production and on a small scale.
Labour relations - where they exist - are based ,
mostly on casual employment, kinship or ,
personal and social relations rather than
contractual arrangements with formal .
guarantees. This broad definition is
operationalised for statistical purposes and the
informal sector defined as comprising those ,
household unincorporated enterprises with , ,
market production that are: .
- informal own account enterprises (optionally,
all, or those that are not registered under
specific forms of national legislation);
- enterprises of informal employers (optionally,
all those with less than a specified level of :
employment and/or not registered and/or -
employees not registered. (

);
-
(

).
Resolutions Concerning Statistics of . 1993
Employment in the Informal Sector Adopted by
the 15th International Conference of Labour 15-
Statisticians, January 1993, paras. 5, 8 and 9.
, .5,8,9
Job
Jobs are contracts (explicit or implicit) between ,
a person and an institutional unit to perform
work in return for compensation (or mixed ,
income) for a defined period or until further ( )
notice. ( ) .
Source: SNA-93 15.102[17.18]) : Y 15.102 [17.18])
Labor force
The total labour force, or currently active
population, comprises all persons who fulfil the
requirements for inclusion among the employed
or the unemployed during a specified brief
reference period.
.
Resolutions Concerning Economically Active (). 1982
International Conference of Labour ,
Statisticians, October 1982, para. 8. , ,

, .8
Labour cost
For the purpose of labour cost statistics, labour
cost is the cost incurred by the employer in the
22 -
employment of labour. The statistics concept of
labour cost comprises remuneration for work .
performed, payments in respect of time paid for
but not worked, bonuses and gratuities, the
cost of food, drink and other payments in kind, ,
cost of workers housing borne by employers, , ,
employers social security expenditures, cost to , , ,
the employer for vocational training, welfare ,
services and miscellaneous items, such as
transport of workers, work clothes and ,
recruitment, together with taxes regarded as ,
labour cost. ,
,
, ,

,
.
Resolutions Concerning Statistics of Labour . 1966
Cost Adopted by the 11th International
Conference of Labour Statisticians, October 11-
1966, para. 3. , 3
Labour force participation rate

The labour force participation rate is defined as
the ratio of the labour force to the working age
population, expressed in percentages.
, .
Source: Key Indicators of the Labour Market :
(KILM): 2001-2002, International Labour (): 2001-2002 ,
Organisation, Geneva, 2002, page 16 ,
, 2002 , 16
Labour market flows

Statistics on labour market flows describe the
labour market experience of individuals over
the reference period, that is, how many persons
have moved into and out of jobs and into and ,
out of being unemployed or outside the labour , ,
market, rather than just changes in the number ,
of persons in these situations and in the labour
force characteristics of groups.
,

.
Organisation, Geneva, 2002, page 689. ,
, 2002 , 689
Labour productivity
Labour productivity is defined as output per unit
of labour input. Unit labour costs on the other
hand refer to labour cost per unit of output. .

.
Organisation, Geneva, 2002, page 689. ,
, 2002 , 689
Occupation
Occupation refers to the type of work done ,
during the time-reference period by the person
employed (or the type of work done previously,
if the person is unemployed), irrespective of the
- 23
industry or the status in employment in which (
the person should be classified. )
The international standard for classification of .
occupations is the International Standard
Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88).
(ISCO-88) .
Source: International Standard Classification of :
Occupations (ISCO-88), International Labour (ISCO-88),
Office, Geneva, 1990. (Principles and , ,
Recommendations for Population and Housing 1990 ; ,
Censuses, Revision 1. United Nations, New , , 1.
York, 1998, Series M, No. 67, Rev. 1, paras. Y , , 1998
2.214- 2.215. , M, No. 67, 2.214-2.215
Outworker
An outworker is a person who agrees to work
for a particular enterprise or to supply a certain
quantity of goods or services to a particular
enterprise, by prior arrangement or contract ,
with that enterprise, but whose place of work is ,
not within any of the establishments which
make up that enterprise; the enterprise does ,
not control the time spent at work by an ;
outworker and does not assume responsibility
for the conditions in which that work is carried ,
out.
.
Source: SNA-93 7.26 : Y-93 7.26
Own-account workers
Own-account workers are self-employed
persons without paid employees.
.
Own-account workers are those workers who,
working on their own account or with one or ,
more partners, hold the type of job defined as a ,
self- employed job, and have not engaged on a -
continuous basis any employees to work for ,
them during the reference period. It should be
noted that during the reference period the .
members of this group may have engaged
employees, provided that this is on a non-
continuous basis. The partners may or may not
be members of the same family or household. .

.
Source: SNA-93, 7.25; : Y-93, 7.25;
International Labour Organization (ILO) .
Resolutions Concerning International 1993
Classification of Status in Employment Adopted 15-
by the 15th International Conference of Labour
Statisticians, January 1993, para. 10. , .10
Paid employment jobs

Paid employment jobs are those jobs where the
incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or
implicit employment contracts which give them
a basic remuneration which is not directly ( )
dependent upon the revenue of the unit for
which they work. This unit can be a corporation,
a non-profit institution, a government unit or a .
household. ..... Persons in paid employment , ,
jobs are typically remunerated by wages and .
salaries, but may be paid by commission from
sales, from piece- rates, bonuses or in-kind ,
payments such as food. ,
, , ,
24 -
,
.
Statisticians, January 1993, para. 6.
, .6
The unemployment rate

The unemployment rate is the ratio of
unemployed persons (numerator) to the //,
economically active population or labour force //
(denominator), expressed as a percentage. .
Age-specific unemployment rates relate
unemployed persons of a specific age group to
the economically active population or labour
force of the same age group.
.

Statisticians, October 1982 ,

Time-related underemployment
Persons in time-related underemployment
comprise all persons in employment, as defined
in current international guidelines regarding ,
employment statistics, who satisfy the following
three criteria during the reference period used
to define employment:
(a) "willing to work additional hours", i.e.
wanted another job (or jobs) in addition to their :
current job (or jobs) to increase their total hours () , .
of work; to replace any of their current jobs with
another job (or jobs) with increased hours of
work; to increase the hours of work in any of ;
their current jobs; or a combination of the
above. ;
b) "available to work additional hours", i.e. are
ready, within a specified subsequent period, to ; .
work additional hours, given opportunities for ) , .
additional work.
(c) worked less than a threshold relating to ,
working time, i.e. persons whose hours
actually worked in all jobs during the reference ()
period, as defined in current international
guidelines regarding working time statistics,
were below a threshold, to be chosen
according to national circumstances. This
threshold may be determined by e.g. the
boundary between full-time and part-time
employment, median values, averages, or
norms for hours of work as specified in relevant .
legislation, collective agreements, agreements
on working time arrangements or labour , ,
practices in countries.
, ,

.
Source: International Labour Organisation :
(ILO) Resolution Concerning the measurement () 1998
- 25
of underemployment and inadequate
employment situations adopted by the 16th 16-
Statisticians (October 1998), para. 7. , 7
Underemployment
Underemployment exists when a persons
employment is inadequate in relation to
specified norms of alternative employment,
account being taken of his or her occupational
skill. Two forms of underemployment may be
distinguished: visible and invisible. Visible .
underemployment includes individuals who are
involuntarily working less than the normal :
duration of work determined for the activity, . Y
who are seeking or available for additional work
during the reference period. Visible
underemployment can usually be measured in ,
labour force surveys. Invisible
underemployment refers to individuals who are .
working in jobs where their skills are not Y
adequately utilised. By its very nature Invisible
underemployment is difficult to measure. . Y

. Y

.
Source: International Labour Organisation (ILO) :

Resolution Concerning statistics of () 1982

economically active population, employment,
unemployment and underemployment, adopted 13-
,
by the 13th International Conference of Labour
Statisticians (October 1982) ,

Unemployed
The unemployed comprise all persons above a
specified age who during the reference period
were:
- without work, that is, were not in paid :
employment or self employment during the - ,
reference period; ,
- currently available for work, that is, were ;
available for paid employment or self- - ,
employment during the reference period; and
- seeking work, that is, had taken specific steps
in a specified recent period to seek paid ,
employment or self-employment. - ,
The specific steps may include registration at a
public or private employment exchange;
application to employers; checking at worksites, .
farms, factory gates, market or other assembly
places; placing or answering newspaper
advertisements; seeking assistance of friends ;
or relatives; looking for land, building, , , ,
machinery or equipment to establish own ,
enterprise; arranging for financial resources;
applying for permits and licences, etc. ; ,
;
,
;
,
,
;
; ,
26 -
. .
Statisticians, October 1982, para. 10 ,

, .10
- 27
1.2.2 Education, culture and science 1.2.2 , ,
Adult Literacy
Adult Literacy the percentage of population
aged 15 years and over who can both read
and write with understanding a short simple ,
statement on his/her everyday life. , 15
Calculation method: Divide the number of
literates by the corresponding age-group .
population and multiply the result by 100. :

, 100-
.
Source: UNESCO, Statistical Institute : ,

Age Specific Enrollment Ratio

Percentage of the population of a specific
age enrolled, irrespective of the level of
education.
Calculation method: Divide the number of .
pupils (or students) of a specific age enrolled :
in educational institutions at all levels of
education by the population of the same age ( )
and multiply the result by 100. , 100-
.
Source: UNESCO, Statistical Institute : - ,

Apparent Intake Rate

Total number of new entrants in the first
grade of primary education, regardless of
age, expressed as a percentage of the
population at the official primary school-
entrance age. .
Calculation method: Divide the number of :
new entrants in grade 1, irrespective of age, 1-
by the population of official school-entrance
age, and multiply the result by 100.
, 100- .

Cinema attendance
Total annual number of spectators in fixed
cinemas and mobile units. ,

.
Source: Recommendation for processing : ,
statistics in culture and arts MECS,
Ulaanbaatar city 2003. 14 pages. , , 2003
14
Cinema gross receipts

Gross box-office receipts. .
Ulaanbaatar city 2003. 14 pages. 2003
14.
Cinema seats
The sum of the number of seats in indoor and
outdoor cinemas. .
28 -
14.
Cinemas
Establishments possessing their own
equipment. This includes indoor cinemas .
(those with a permanent fixed roof over most (
of the seating accommodation), outdoor ,
cinemas, drive-ins which enable the spectator ), ,
to view a film while seated in an automobile,
and mobile units equipped and used to serve ,
more than one site.

.
14.
Circulation of newspapers, periodicals

A newspaper issued at least four times a
week is considered to be a daily newspaper; ;
those appearing three times a week or less
frequently are considered as non-daily .
newspapers. Circulation figures show the
average circulation, or the average circulation ,
per issue in the case of non-daily
publications. Included are the number of . Y: )
copies (a) sold directly, (b) sold by , ) , )
subscription (c) mainly distributed free of
charge both inside the country and abroad. .

Cohort reaching grade 5

Children starting primary school who
eventually attain grade 5 and final grade. The
estimate is based on the Reconstructed .
Cohort Method, which uses data on
enrolment and repeaters for two consecutive
years. Repeaters are pupils who are enrolled
in the same grade as the previous year. .

.

Education
The education is taken to comprise all
deliberate and systematic activities designed ,
to meet learning needs. This often includes
what is referred to as cultural activities or .
training. Whatever the name given to it,
education is understood to involve organized .
and sustained communication designed to
bring about learning.
,
.
Source: UNESCO, ISCED : - ,
Educational Attainment
Educational attainment is the highest level
completed in the educational system of the
country where the education was received.
The term completed means the successful .
completion of a given level based on an , ,
objective evidence, such as promotion,
- 29
examination passed, or the possession of a .
certificate or a diploma.
Enrollment
The enrollment refers to persons who are -
enrolled in any regular educational institution
or programmes, public or private, for
systematic instruction at any level of ,
education during a well defined and recent
time period, as the ISCED defines.
.
Entertainment, literary or artistic originals Y, ,

Entertainment, literary or artistic originals are Y, ,
the original films, sound recordings, , , ,
manuscripts, tapes, models, etc, on which , ,
drama performances, radio and television ,
programming, musical performances, ,
sporting events, literary and artistic output, , , , .
etc, are recorded or embodied.
Ulaanbaatar city 2003. 16, 19, 24 pages. , 2003 ,
16, 19, 24.
Gross Enrollment Ratio

Total enrolment in a specific level of
education, regardless of age, expressed as a
percentage of the eligible official school-age
population corresponding to the same level of
education in a given school-year. Calculation
method: Divide the number of pupils (or
students) enrolled in a given level of .
education regardless of age by the :
population of the age-group which officially
corresponds to the given level of education, ( )
and multiply the result by 100.

, 100- .

Illiterate
The person to be considered illiterate is one
who cannot, with understanding, both read , ,
and write as a short, simple statement on
his/her daily life. The following persons are .
classified into illiterate:
- Persons who can read and write only :
figures and their names, - , ,
- Persons who can only write but not read ,
of read but not write. Those are -
sometimes categorized as partially
literate or semi-literate which is not .
used in international comparisons.

.

Learning
Learning any improvement in behaviour, , , ,
information, knowledge, understanding, , , ,
attitude, values or skills. .
30 -
Literacy
literacy ability both to read and write. ,
.
Literate
The person to be considered literate must be ,
able to understand what he reads and be
able to write a short and simple brief
statement on his/her daily life. .
Net Enrollment Ratio

Enrolment of the official age-group for a
given level of education expressed as a
percentage of the corresponding population.
pupils enrolled who are of the official age- :
group for a given level of education by the
population for the same age-group and
multiply the result by 100.
, 100- .

Net Intake Rate

New entrants in the first grade of primary
education who are of the official primary
school-entrance age, expressed as a
percentage of the population of the same
age.
children of official primary school-entrance :
age who enter the first grade of primary
education by the population of the same age,
and multiply the result by 100. ,
100- .

Newspapers and periodicals, daily ,

daily is a newspaper are periodic 24
publications mainly reporting events that
have occurred in a 24-hour period before ,
going to press and which is published at least .
four times a week.
Source: UNESCO, Statistical Institute : - , C

Publication
A publication is a non-periodic printed
publication of at least 5 but not more than 48 5- 48-
pages exclusive of the cover pages,
published in the country and made available .
to the public.
Source: UNESCO, Statistical Institute : , C

Pupil-teacher Ratio -
Average number of pupils (students) per
teacher at a specific level of education in a
given school-year. Calculation method: .
Divide the total number of pupils enrolled at :
the specified level of education by the
number of teachers at the same level.
- 31
.

Repeater
Repeater refers to pupils who are enrolled in
the same grade as in a previous year.
.
Source: UNESCO, Statistical Institute : - , C

Researchers
Researchers are professionals engaged in , ,
the conception or creation of new knowledge, , ,
products, processes, methods and systems
and also in the planning and management of ,
R&D projects. Postgraduate students at the ,
PhD level (ISCED level 6) engaged in R&D
are also considered as researchers. .
/PhD- (/ISCED
6- )
.

School-Life Expectancy
School life expectancy is defined as the total
number of years of schooling which a child of
a certain age can expect to receive in the
future, assuming that the probability of his or
her being enrolled in school at any particular
age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for
that age. .
Calculation method: For a child of a certain :
age A, the school life expectancy is
calculated as the sum of the age specific -N
enrolment ratios for the reference age-range
a to N.
.

Scientists, engineers, technicians , ,

Persons working as persons with scientific or
technological training (usually completion of
third level education) in any field of science (
who are engaged in professional work or 3- ),
R&D activities; persons engaged in R&D
activities who have received vocational or ;
technical training in any branch of knowledge ,
or technology of a specified standard (usually
at least three years after the first stage of
second-level education). (68) (

) (68) .
Source: (UNESCO, 1984), reprinted in (65) : (Y, 1984 ),
(UNESCO, annual) Comprises physical, (65) (Y- )
mathematical and engineering science , ,
professionals; life science and health ;
professionals; physical and engineering ,
science associate professionals; life science ; ,
and health associate professionals. (14, ;
groups 21, 22, 31 and 32) ,
. (14,
21, 22, 31, 32)
Teacher
32 -
Teachers are defined as persons whose
professional activity involves the transmitting
of knowledge, attitudes and skills that are
stipulated in a formal curriculum programme ,
to students enrolled in a formal educational ,
institution. .

Transition Rates
The number of pupils (or students) admitted
to the first grade of a higher level of
education in a given year, expressed as a ( )
percentage of the number of pupils (or
students) enrolled in the final grade of the ( )
lower level of education in the previous year. .
Calculation method: Divide the number of :
new entrants in the first grade of the specified
higher cycle or level of education by the
number of pupils who were enrolled in the
final grade of the preceding cycle or level of
education in the previous school year, and
multiply by 100. , 100- .

- 33
1.2.3 Health 1.2.3
Abortion Y
Any interruption of pregnancy before 28
weeks of gestation with a dead foetus, 28
induced by deliberate action undertaken with
the intention of terminating pregnancy. .
Source: World Health Organization, Technical :
Report No. 461, Geneva, 1970 , 461, ,
1970
Abortion ratio
Abortion ratio is the number of abortions per 1000
1000 live births.
.
Source: World Health Organization, Technical : , 461,
Report No. 461, Geneva, 1970 , 1970
General abortion ratio

Abortion ratio is the number of abortions per (15-49 ) 1000
1000 women of reproductive age (15-49 years
old). .
:
Source: World Health Organization, Technical , 461, ,
Report No. 461, Geneva, 1970 1970
Age-specific fertility rate

The number of births per 1000 women at the
specific age. 1000

.
Source: WHO, international Statistical : ,
Classification, Diseases and related health
problems 10-th revision, Geneva , 10 ,

Age-specific mortality rate

The number of deaths per 1000 population at
the specific age. 1000

.
Source: UN, Principles and recommendations : ,
for a vital statistics system, rev .1 ,
1
Antenatal care
Women aged 15-49 years who were attended 15-49
at least once during pregnancy by skilled
health personnel (doctors, nurses or (,
midwives). ) .
Source: UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, Young : - / ,
people and AIDS- opportunity in crisis, , ,
Geneva ,
Blind
Blind consists of total blind and low vision.
Total blind means both eyes can not see at .
all, and low vision means both eyes unable to
calculate hand fingers moving in one meter ,
distant even using eyeglasses.

.
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , ,

(), 2001
34 -
Case-fatality rate
Usually expressed as the percentage of
persons diagnosed as having a specified
disease who die as a result of that illness ,
within a given period. .
Source: Ministry of health, main indicators of : ,
health, 2004 , 2004
Condom use, knowledge as effective ,

prevention
Persons who know consistent condom use is /-
a primary method of protection from HIV
protection. .
Source: UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, Young : - / ,
people and AIDS- opportunity in crisis, , ,
Geneva ,
Deaf
Deaf means both ears without hearing aid- 20 -
can not hear a voice or speech in twenty
centimeter distant. .
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Death
Permanent disappearance of all evidence of
life at any time after live birth has taken place
(post-natal cessation of vital functions without (
capability of resuscitation). ,
) .
Source: UN, Principles and recommendations : ,
for a vital statistics system, rev .1 , 1

Disability
Disability refers to any restriction or lack of
ability (resulting from impairment) to perform
an activity in the manner or within the range
considered normal for a human being. ,
( )
.
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Dumb
Dumb means unable to speak at all or the
speech could not be understood. .
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , 2001
Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental , ,
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.

.
Source: The constitution of WHO : -
Immunization
Rendering a person or animal immune to
certain infections by the process of injecting
either antigen or a serum containing specific
antibodies.
.
Source: Multilingual dictionary of Disaster, :
Boston, 1990 , ,1990
Impairments
Impairments are problems in body function or
structure such as a significant deviation or ,
- 35
loss. , .
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Infant mortality
Infant death means the total number of deaths
under one year of age by days, weeks, ,
months. , .
health, 2004 , 2004
Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Generally expressed as the ratio of deaths of ()
children under one year of age per 1000 live 1000
births in a given year.
.
health, 2004 , 2004
Live birth
Live birth refers to the complete expulsion or
extraction from its mother of a product of
conception, irrespective of the duration of the
pregnancy, which, after such separation,
breathes or shows any other evidence of life - -
e.g. beating of the heart, pulsation of the , ,
umbilical cord or definite movement of -
voluntary muscles - whether or not the
umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is .
attached.
Source: WHO, International statistical : ,
classification of diseases and related health
problems, 10th revision, Geneva,1992 , , 10
,1992
Maternal death
The death of woman while pregnant or within ,
42 days of termination of pregnancy,
irrespective of the duration and site of the 42
pregnancy, from any cause related to or
aggravated by the pregnancy or its ,
management but not from accidental causes.
.
problems, 10th revision, Geneva, 1992 , , 10 ,
1992
Maternal mortality ratio

The maternal mortality ratio refers to the
number of deaths from puerperal causes ,
occurring among the female population of a 100,000 ,
given geographical area during a given year,
per 100, 000 live births occurring among the .
population of the given geographical area
during the same year.
problems, 10th revision, Geneva, 1992 , , 10
,1992
Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) Maternal ()

mortality ratio is the number of maternal
mortality per 1000 women of reproductive age (15-49 ) 1000
(15-49 years old).
.
36 -
,1992
Mental disorders
Mental disorders means trouble on skill (, ,
(sitting, standing, walking, speaking, get , , , )
dressing, and eat a meal) and usually is taken
place since childhood. It includes a decrease
of intellectual ability. This situation becomes a .
handicap in social and worked activities for .
old ages.
.
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Physical Disability
Physical Disability means abnormality at
bone, muscle, or moved joint. This category , ,
includes paralytic or incomplete parts of .
moving body. Unclearly speak because of ,
chipped is also a part of this category. / .

.
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Prevalence
The number of illnesses, accidents or sick
persons in a given population and time,
without distinction between new and old ,
cases. .
Boston, 1990 , ,1990
Prevalence rate
Number of affected persons per 1000 1000
population in a given area.
Boston, 1990 , ,1990
Psyche Disturbance
Psyche Disturbance that is described as an ,
abnormality at mental and behavior. Some .
one who has this kind of disability is often
speaking and laughing by her/his selves and ,
their behavior is unpredictable. .
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Reproductive health
Reproductive health is defined by WHO as a -
state of physical, mental, and social well-
being in all matters relating to the reproductive
system at all stages of life. ,

.
Source: UN, Multilingual Demographic : ,
dictionary, UN publication 27 , - 27
Speech difficulties
Some one who speaks only word and unclear, , , ,
stutter, speaks by strange voice and having
impairments of speech organs . .
Source: WHO, ICF 2001 : , , 2001
Stillbirth
A stillbirth is defined as the death of a fetus at 20
any time after the twentieth week of
pregnancy. Stillbirth is also referred to as .
intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). () .
- 37
,1992
38 -
1.2.4 Gender 1.2.4
Gender
The term gender refers to the economic, social, ,
political and cultural attributes and opportunities , ,
associated with being male and female. In most ,
societies, men and women differ in the activities .
they undertake, in access and control of ,
resources, and in participation in decision- ,
making. , ,

.
Source:T. Amgalan and N. Oyunchimeg UN :., ., -
Gender Theme Group: Gender basic terms,
concepts and definitions, 2003, Ulaanbaatar : ,
, 2003 ,

Gender analysis
An organized approach for considering gender
issues in the entire process of program
development. The purpose of gender analysis is
to ensure that development projects and .
programs fully incorporate the roles, needs, and ,
participation of women and men. Gender ,
analysis required separating data and , ,
information by sex and understanding how labor .
is divided and vaued according to sex. It is done
at all stages of development processes. ,
,
.
Source: T. Amgalan and N. Oyunchimeg UN : ., ., -

, , 2003 ,

Gender analysis and key concepts Gender

analysis, in terms of research for development
is: i) a process that assesses the differentials
impact of proposed and/or existing research on : i) ,
men and women; and ii) a tool that makes it
possible for research to be undertaken with an
appreciation of gender differences, of the nature
of relationships between women and men and ; ii) ,
of their different social realities, life expectations ,
and economic circumstances; and iii) a tool for ,
understanding social processes and for ,
responding with informed and equitable options.
; iii)
, ,
.
, , 2003 ,

Gender blind
Person, policy or an institution that does not
recognize that gender is an essential
determinant of the life choices available to us in
society. , ,
.
- 39
, , 2003 ,

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) The

GEM is conceptually different from the GDI. It ()
focuses not on the impact of gender inequality (GEM)
on a countrys overall development, but on the
extent of gender equity in economic and .
political power. It attempts to measure not
achievement in well-being, but equity in agency. ,

.
,

.
Source: T. Amgalan and N. Oyunchimeg UN :., ., -
, , 2003 ,

Gender equality
The same status, rights and responsibilities for ,
women and men. , ,, ,
.
, , 2003 ,

Gender equity
Gender equity is the process of being fair to ,
women and men. To ensure fairness measures .
must often be available to compensate for ,
historical and social disadvantages that prevent
women and men from otherwise operating on a
level playing field. Equity leads to equity.

.
.
, , 2003 ,

Gender gap
The disparity between women and men, and , ,
girls and boys, in their access to resources, , ,
education, health, services or power. ,

.
, , 2003 ,

Gender indicator
A gender indicators provides direct evidence of
the status of women, relative to some agrees ,
normative standard of explicit reference group.
In other words a statistic becomes an indicator .
when it has a reference point against which ,
value judgments can be made. A gender
40 -
indicator can be defined as using quantitative .
and qualitative measures to capture gender-
related changes in society over time.

.
, , 2003,

Gender relations
Ways in which a culture or society defines ,
rights, responsibilities, and identities of men and
women in relation to one another. , ,

.
, , 2003 ,

Gender roles
Gender roles are the assigned activities and
relative position in society of men and women. ,
Gender roles have three aspects: 1. Positions ,
within the social structure indicating where .
women and men belong or are expected to : 1. ,
belong;
2. Rules for behaviour and interaction ,
prescribed for men and women; 2. ,
3. Relationships between womens and mens ,
roles. ,
3. ,
.
, , 2003 ,

Gender statistics
Statistics and indicators on the situation of
women and men in all spheres of society are an
important tool in promoting equality. Gender ,
statistics have an essential role in the .
elimination of stereotypes, in the formulation of
policies and in monitoring of progress towards
full equality. , ,
.
, , 2003 ,

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) ()

Since 1995 UNDP has produced a Gender- - 1995
related Development Index (GDI), and Gender
Empowerment Measure (GEM), augmenting the
Human Development Index (HDI) with relative
gender ratio attainments in similar areas. The (),
GDI takes account of inequality between men
and women scored on the same social () .
indicators as those used in the HDI. The GDI
adjusts the average achievement of each
- 41
country in life expectancy, educational ,
attainment and income, in accordance with the
degree of disparity in achievement between .
women and men. , ,

,

.
, , 2003 ,

Sex
Sex is the biological difference between men ,
and women. Sex differences are concerned with .
mens and womens bodies. ,
.
, 2003 ,

The gender analysis matrix

A gender analysis model developed for
grassroots use. It has four levels of anaysis:
(women men, household and community) and .
four categories of analysis (potential changes in (,
labor, time, resources, and socio-cultural , )
factors). (,
, -

) .
, , 2003 ,

42 -
1.2.5 Poverty, household income and 1.2.5 , ,

expenditure
Household expenditure for non- //

goods/services/
Sum of expenditures for non-goods services , -
such as health, education, leisure time etc , .
spent by members of a household.
.
Source: Resolution concerning household :
income and expenditure surveys, adopted by 12-
the Twelfth International Conference of ,
Labour Statisticians
Head-count index of poverty

The proportion of household living under
poverty line in the whole household.
.
H=q/n H=q/n
H head-count index H
q number of poor people q
n population n
Source: Living Standards Measurement :

Study Working paper No.88 88
Household expenditure
Household expenditure includes consumption
expenditure and non-consumption .
expenditure. The non-consumption
expenditure of the household includes
income tax and other direct taxes, pension , ,
and social security contributions and ,
assimilated insurance premiums, , ,
remittances, gifts and similar transfers by .
household as whole and its individual ,
members. Excluded are additions to savings, , ,
amounts invested or loaned, repayments of ,
loans and outlays for other financial .
transactions.
Household income
Household income is the sum of money
income and income in kind and consists of
receipts which, as rule, are of recurring
nature and accrue to the household or to ,
individual members of the household
regularly at annual or at more frequent
intervals. .

Household income in kind

Household income in kind includes wage
payments in kind, goods and services
transferred free of charge by an enterprise
(including farm) to an employee or to
household of the owner or part owner of the ,
enterprise; it includes also the value of home , ;
- 43
produce consumed within the same
household (e.g. agricultural products, (
livestock products). ) .
Poverty gap index

Poverty gap index is indication of the depth of
poverty, in that it depends on the distances of
the poor below the poverty line.
.
Source: Living Standards Measurement :
Study Working paper No.88 88
44 -
1.2.6 Crime statistics 1.2.6
Arson
The burning of property of another person(s)
with the intention. .
Source: Compendium of legal acts for : ,
activities against came National Legal Center,
Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs
Ulaanbaatar 2005. , 2005.
Assault
A violence of a public order by disregarding
the public using the force or threatening
other(s) to use the force. .
activities against crime National Legal Center,
Ulaanbaatar 2005. 2005.
Attempted murder
The intentional and unlawful killing of a human ,
being. .
activities against crimes National Legal
Center, Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs
Ulaanbaatar 2005. , 2005
Burglary in a dwelling
Where an offender enters a dwelling as a ,
trespasser to steal, rape or commit grievous ,
bodily harm. .
Homicide and related offences The unlawful ,

killing, attempted unlawful killing or conspiracy
to kill another person. .
Manslaughter
Unintentional killing of another person.

.
Other offences against the administrative

procedures
Intentional or unintensional offences against
the administrative procedures set up for
adhering by a society as a whole or a certain
territory .
Robbery
- 45
The unlawful taking of property, with intent to
permanently deprive the owner of the
property, from the immediate possession,
control, custody or care of a person, .
accompanied by the use, and/or threatened
use of immediate force or violence.
Theft
The unlawful taking or obtaining of money, ,
goods or services other than or from motor ,
vehicles, without the use of force, threat of
force or violence, coercion or deception, with .
the intent to permanently deprive the owner or
possessor of the use of the money or goods.
46 -
1.2.7 Environment 1.2.7
Acid precipitation
Acid precipitation is any form of precipitation
(rain, snow, hail or fog) whose acidity has
been increased through the intake of acid
pollutatnts from the air. (, ,
, ).
Source: Glossary of Environment Statistics, :
Studies in Mehtods, Series F, No. 67, United , , F,
Nations, New York, 1997 67, , -
, 1997
Aforestation
Aforestation is the artificial establishment of
forests by planting or seeding in an area of ,
non- forest land. .
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United , , F,
, 1997
Air pollution
Air pollution is the presence of contaminant
or pollutant substances in the air that do not , ,
disperse properly and that interfere with ,
human health or welfare, or produce other
harmful environmental effects. .
, 1997
See also: Air pollutants -
Air pollution control

Air pollution control refer to steps taken to
maintain a standard of purity of air for good ; ,
public health; for protection of plant and , ;
animal life, and property; for visibility; and for ;
safe ground and air transportation.

.
, 1997
Air pollution index (API) ()

()
An air pollution index (API) is a quantitative

measure that describes ambient air quality. .
The index is obtained by combining figures

for various air pollutants into a single .
measurement.
:
Source: Glossary of Environment Statistics, , , F,
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United 67, , -,
Nations, New York, 1997
1997
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the mass of air
surrounding the earth, composed largely of , ,
oxygen and nitrogen. .
, 1997
- 47
Bioclimatology
Bioclimatology is the scientific study of the ,
relationship between organisms and climate.
.
, 1997
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the range of genetic
differences, species differences and , ,
ecosystem differences in a given area. .
, 1997
Biodiversity indices

Biodiversity indices are measures of species

diversity expressed as ratios between (, , ,
numbers of species and importance values
)
(numbers, biomass, productivity and so on) of .
individuals. The term may also refer to ,
genetic diversity and diversity of habitats or
, .
communities. :
Source: Glossary of Environment Statistics,
, , F,
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United 67, , -
, 1997
Bioecology

Bioecology is the branch of biology that

studies the relationship among different living
organisms and their environment.
.
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United
, , F,
, 1997
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse
gases produced through the decomposition
of organic matter in soils under oxidising ,
conditions, also produced by the burning of
fossil fuels. .
Source: Environmental Indicators for :
Agriculture Vol. 3: Methods and Results, - 3:
OECD, 2001, glossary, pages 389-391 , , 2001 , , 389-
391
Carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration (carbon sink) is a ( )
biochemical process by which atmospheric
carbon is absorbed by living organisms, ,
including trees, soil micro-organisms, and ,
crops, and involving the storage of carbon in
soils, with the potential to reduce
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. .
Agriculture Vol. 3: Methods and Results, - .3:
391
48 -
Classification of environment protection
activities (CEPA) ()
The Classification of environment protection
activities (CEPA) is the draft classification ()
proposed within the framework of the United ,
Nations methodology for integrated
environmental and economic accounting. .
, 1997
Clean technology
Clean technology is the installation or a part
of an installation that has been adapted in ,
order to generate less or no pollution. In
clean as opposed to end-of-pipe technology, .
the environmental equipment is integrated -
into the production process.

.
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United , , ,
, 1997
Climate
Climate refers to the condition of the (
atmosphere at a particular location )
(microclimate) or region over a long period of .
time. It is the long-term summation of , , ,
atmospheric elements such as solar ( ),
radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation , ( ),
type (frequency and amount), atmospheric
pressure and wind (speed and direction) .
and their variations.
, 1997
Climate change
Climate change is a term frequently used in
reference to global warming due to
greenhouse gas emissions from human
activities.
.
, 1997
Compaction
Compaction is the process whereby the ,
density of soils is increased by tillage, ,
livestock pressure and/or vehicular traffic.
Such compaction gives rise to lower soil .
permeability and poorer soil aeration with ,
resultant increases in erosion risk and ,
lowered plant productivity. , .
Agriculture Vol. 3: Methods and Results, - .3:
391
Defensive environmental costs

Defensive environmental costs refer to the
- 49
actual environmental protection costs ,
incurred in preventing or neutralising a
decrease in environmental quality, as well as
the expenditures necessary to compensate ,
for or repair the negative effects (damage) of .
environmental deterioration.
Such costs include expenditures required to ,
mitigate environmentrelated health and
other welfare effects on human beings.
.
, 1997
Degradation costs
Degradation costs are those costs reflecting
the qualitative deterioration of the natural
environment by economic activities. .
, 1997
Dioxin
Dioxin is a synthetic organic chemical of the -
chlorinated hydrocarbon class. .
It is one of the most toxic compounds known

to humans whose harmful effects, even in
extremely minute concentrations, include , ,
induction of cancer and birth defects. It has .
become a widespread pollutant because of
the use of certain dioxin containing
herbicides. .
, 1997
Drinking water standards

Drinking water standards are standards ,
determining the quality of drinking water in , ,
the context of prevailing environmental, ,
social, economic and cultural conditions, with , ,
reference to the presence of suspended
matter, excess salts, unpleasant taste and all .
harmful microbes. Meeting of those
standards does not necessarily imply purity. .
, 1997
Dump
A dump is a site used to dispose of solid
wastes without environmental controls.
.
, 1997
Dust
Dust refers to particles light enough to be
suspended in air. .
50 -
, 1997
Ecological balance
The ecological balance is the equilibrium
between, and harmonious coexistence of,
organisms and their environment. .
, 1997
Ecological impact
Ecological impact is the effect of human
activities and natural events on living ,
organisms and their nonliving environment. .
, 1997
Ecological statistics
Ecological statistics refers to the application
of statistical methods to the description and , /, ,
monitoring of ecosystems. Such monitoring
may require modeling (beyond statistical .
measurement) which is the subject of the
related domain of statistical ecology. ( )
.
, 1997
Ecology
Ecology is the totality or pattern of
relationships between organisms and their
environment. .
:
Source: Glossary of Environment Statistics, , , F,
Nations, New York, 1997 , 1997
Ecoregion
An ecoregion is a homogeneous area of one
or more ecosystems that interact with ,
relatively selfcontained human activities
.
, 1997
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a system in which the , ,
interaction between different organisms and
their environment generates a cyclic
interchange of materials and energy.
.
Nations, New York, 1997. 67, , -
, 1997
Environment
The environment is the totality of all the
- 51
external conditions affecting the life, , ,
development and survival of an organism .
, 1997
Environment statistics
Environment statistics are statistics that
describe the state and trends of the (/ , ,
environment, covering the media of the /),
natural environment (air/climate, water, , ,
land/soil), the biota within the media, and
human settlements. , .
:
Context: Environment statistics are
integrative in nature, measuring human ,
activities and natural events that affect the , ,
environment, the impacts of these activities
and events, social responses to , ,
environmental impacts, and the quality and .
availability of natural assets.
, 1997
Environmental accounting
Environmental accounting refers to:
:
- national accounting: physical and monetary - :
accounts of environmental assets and the
costs of their depletion and degradation; , ,

- corporate accounting: the term usually - :
refers to environmental auditing, but may
also include the costing of environmental
impacts caused by the corporation.
.
, 1997
See also: Natural resource accounting, ,
Physical accounting, System of integrated
environmental and economic accounting
(SEEA) () .
Environmental degradation
Environmental degradation is the
deterioration in environmental quality from ,
ambient concentrations of pollutants and ,
other activities and processes such as
improper land use and natural disasters. .
, 1997
Environmental indicator
An environmental indicator is a parameter, or
a value derived from parameters, that points ,
to, provides information about and/or
describes the state of the environment, and
has a significance extending beyond that
directly associated with any given parametric , .
value. The term may encompass indicators of
52 -
environmental pressures, conditions and , ,
responses. .
, 1997
Environmental quality
Environmental quality is a state of
environmental conditions in environmental
media, expressed in terms of indicators or
indices related to environmental quality , .
standards.
, 1997
Environmental quality standard

An environmental quality standard is a limit
for environmental disturbances, in particular, ,
from ambient concentration of pollutants and ,
wastes, that determines the maximum
allowable degradation of environmental
media.
.
, 1997
Environmental restoration
Environmental restoration is reactive
environmental protection. It includes: .
:
(a) reduction or neutralization of residuals, . , ,
(b) changes in the spatial distribution of
residuals, . ,
(c) support of environmental assimilation, and
(d) restoration of ecosystems, landscape and .
so forth . ,
, 1997
Environment-related defensive activities

Environment-related defensive activities are
activities that may include:
.
(a) preventive environmental protection, :
.
(b) environmental restoration,
.
(c) avoidance of damage from repercussions .
of environmental deterioration, and
.
(d) treatment of damages caused by
environmental repercussions
, 1997
Exhaust gases
Exhaust gases are gases produced by the
burning of petrol (gasoline) in combustion
- 53
engines. Exhaust gases are harmful to . ,
human beings, plants and animals. , .
, 1997
Extinct species
Extinct species are species not definitely 50
located in the wild during the past 50 years
.
, 1997
Food chain
The food chain is a sequence of organisms
each of which uses the next lower member of
the sequence as a food source.

.
, 1997
Genetic resources
Genetic resources are genetic material of
plants, animals or microorganisms of value ,
as a resource for future generations of ,
humanity. .
, 1997
Geologic hazard
A geologic hazard is an extreme natural ,
events in the crust of the earth that pose a
threat to life and property, for example, ,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis ,
(tidal waves) and landslides. , ( ,
), .
, 1997
Green ban
A green ban is a ban imposed on
construction in the inner part of a city so as to
protect the urban natural environment.
.
, 1997
Green belt
A green belt is a zone near a city that is
restricted as regards any further extension of
urban area. It serves as a buffer separating .
sources of pollution from the city population.
.
54 -
, 1997
Green GDP
Green GDP is a popular term for
environmentally adjusted gross domestic -
product. .
, 1997
Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases refer to carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, methane, ozone and chloro ,
fluorocarbons occurring naturally and ( )
resulting from human (production and ( )
consumption) activities, and contributing to ,
the greenhouse effect (global warming). , , , -
.
, 1997
Habitat
A habitat is a place where an organism or ,
population (human, animal, plant, (, , ,
microorganism) lives. )-
.
, 1997
Hazardous air pollutants

Hazardous air pollutants are air pollutants
that may reasonably be expected to cause or
contribute to irreversible illness or death. . ,
They include asbestos, beryllium, mercury, , , ,
benzene, coke oven emissions, radionuclides ,
and vinyl chloride. , .
, 1997
Hazardous substance
A hazardous substance is any substance that ,
poses a threat to human health and the
environment. Hazardous substances are . ,
toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive or , ,
chemically reactive. .
, 1997
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes are wastes that, owing to
their toxic, infectious, radioactive or , ,
flammable properties pose a substantial
actual or potential hazard to the health of , , ,
humans and other living organisms and the .
environment.
- 55
, 1997
Household waste
Household waste refers to waste material
usually generated in the residential
environment. Waste with similar .
characteristics may be generated in other
economic activities and can thus be treated
and disposed of together with household ,
waste. .
, 1997
Incinerator
An incinerator is a furnace for burning wastes
under controlled conditions. .
, 1997
Industrial wastes
Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and
gaseous wastes originating from the ,
manufacture of specific products. , .
, 1997
Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the layer of the upper
atmosphere extending upwards from about
80 kilometres above the earths surface in 80 -
which atoms tend to be ionized by incoming .
solar radiation.
, 1997
Irrigation
Irrigation is the artificial application of water ,
to land to assist in the growing of crops and
pastures. It is carried out by spraying water .
under pressure (spray irrigation) or by ( )
pumping water onto the land (flood irrigation). (
) .
, 1997
Land classification
Land classification refers to land categories,
reflecting quality classes, capability classes
or grade, depending upon the characteristics
of the land and/or its potential for agricultural ,
use. .
, 1997
56 -
Land degradation
Land degradation is the reduction or loss of ,
the biological or economic productivity and ,
complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated
cropland, or range, pasture, forest or , ,
woodlands resulting from natural processes, ,
land uses or other human activities and ,
habitation patterns such as land , , ,
contamination, soil erosion and the
destruction of the vegetation cover. ,
.
, 1997
Land tenure
Land tenure is the right to the exclusive
occupancy and use of a specified area of , .
land.
, 1997
Land-use classification
A landuse classification is a classification
providing information on land cover, and the
types of human activity involved in land use.
.
The classification, developed by the
Economic Commission for Europe, consists
of seven main categories: . :
.
(a) agricultural land, . ,
(b) forest and other wooded land, .
(c) builtup and related land, excluding ,
scattered farm buildings,
(d) wet open land, .
(e) dry open land with special vegetation .
cover,
(f) open land without, or with insignificant, .
vegetation cover and
(g) waters .
, 1997
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal whose compounds are
highly poisonous to health. .
, 1997
National parks
National parks are large natural areas not
materially altered by human activity where ,
extractive resource uses are not allowed and
whose purpose is to protect nature and ,
scenic areas of national and international ,
significance for scientific, educational and
recreational use. , ,

.
- 57
, 1997
Natural assets /
Natural assets are assets of the natural
environment. These consist of biological / .
assets (produced or wild), land and water ( ), , ,
areas with their ecosystems, subsoil assets , ,
and air. .
, 1997
Natural pollutant
A natural pollutant is a pollutant created by
substances of natural origin such as volcanic , ,
dust, sea salt particles, photochemically ,
formed ozone, and products of forest fibres,
among others. .
, 1997
Natural resources
Natural resources are natural assets (raw
materials) occurring in nature that can be ,
used for economic production or /
consumption. .
, 1997
Net price (in environmental accounting) ( )

Net price refers to the valuation used in
environmental accounting to estimate the ,
economic value of a natural resource and its
depletion. It is defined as the actual market .
price of a natural resource output minus all
marginal exploitation costs including a normal
return to capital. .
, 1997
Nitrate
Nitrate is a nitrogen-containing compound
that can exist in the atmosphere or as a .
dissolved gas in water. It may produce
harmful effects on humans and animals. .

, 1997
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas formed by
combustion under high pressure and high
temperature in an internal combustion .
engine. It changes into nitrogen dioxide in the
ambient air and contributes to photochemical
58 -
smog. .
, 1997
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen oxide (NO2) is a product of ,
combustion from transportation and .
stationary sources. It is a major contributor to
acid depositions and the formation of
groundlevel ozone in the troposphere. .
, 1997
Noise (environmental) ( )
Noise is an audible sound from traffic, ,
construction and so on that may generate ( )
unpleasant and harmful effects (hearing ,
loss). It is measured in decibels. .
.
, 1997
Noise pollution
Noise pollution is sound at excessive levels
that may be detrimental to human health.
.
, 1997
Nuclear waste pollution

Nuclear waste pollution is pollution created ,
by mishandling and inappropriate storage of
,
spent nuclear fuel rods, and pieces of , ,
protective clothing and tools that have

become contaminated, and by insecure
transportation of highly radioactive material
.
over long distances to a processing plant.
, 1997
Nuclear winter
Nuclear winter refers to widespread climatic
cooling caused by the probable effect of
nuclear warfare on such atmospheric
conditions as would reduce the amount of
sunlight reaching the earths surface. .

, 1997
Offstream use of water

Offstream use of water is water withdrawn or
diverted from a groundwater or surface ,
water source for public water supply, , , ,
industry, irrigation, livestock, thermoelectric
- 59
power generation or other uses. .
, 1997
Overgrazing
Overgrazing is grazing by livestock or wildlife ,
to the point where the grass cover is
depleted, leaving bare, unprotected patches , ,
of soil. As a result, water and wind cause . ,
erosion, especially on clay soils, and the ,
growth of poisonous plants and thorny shrubs , ,
may increase. .
, 1997
Ozone
Ozone (03) is a pungent, colourless, toxic (O3)
gas that contains three atoms of oxygen in
each molecule. It occurs naturally at a , .
concentration of about 0.01 parts per million ()
(p.p.m.) of air. Levels of 0.1 p.p.m. are 0.01 . 0.1
considered to be toxic. .. .
Context: In the stratosphere, ozone provides :
a protective layer shielding the earth from the
harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation on
human beings and other biota. In the .
troposphere, it is a major component of
photochemical smog, which seriously affects
the human respiratory system. .
, 1997
Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion is the destruction of ozone
in the stratosphere, where it shields the earth
from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Its
destruction is caused by chemical reactions . ,
in which oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, , ,
chlorine and bromine act as catalysts. , .
, 1997
Ozone hole
The ozone hole is the seasonal decrease in 15-
the total ozone column, 1520 kilometres 20
above the Antarctic. .
, 1997
Ozonosphere
The ozonosphere is the lower region of the
stratosphere, 1525 kilometres above the 15-25
earths surface, in which there is an
appreciable ozone concentration. It is also .
termed the ozone layer. .
60 -
, 1997
Poison
, ,
A poison is a substance that can cause
,
disturbances of structure or function, leading ,
to injury or death when absorbed in relatively
.
small amounts by human beings, plants or
animals. :
Source: Glossary of Environment Statistics,
, , F,
, 1997
Protected area
A protected area refers to legally established
land or water area under either public or
private ownership that is regulated and ,
managed to achieve specific conservation
objectives .
, 1997
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is material that contains or
is contaminated with radionuclides at
concentrations greater than those
established as exempt by the competent .
authorities. To avoid persistent harmful ,
effects, longterm storage is necessary, for
which purpose so-called isotope cemeteries
and abandoned quarries are used. .
, 1997
Rainforest
Rainforest refers to luxuriant forest, generally
composed of tall, broadleafed evergreen 1,800
trees, found in regions where annual rainfall ,
exceeds 1,800 millimetres. .
, 1997
Recreational land ,
Recreational land is land used for purposes ,
of recreation, for example, sports fields, ,
gymnasiums, playgrounds, public parks and ,
green areas, public beaches and swimming , , ,
pools, and camping sites. , , ,
, ,
.
, 1997
Recycling
Recycling is the processing and use of ,
wastes in production and consumption
processes, for example, melting of scrap iron , . ,
so that it can be converted into new iron
- 61
products. .
, 1997
Red list of threatened animals

Red list of threatened animals is a listing of
animals threatened with extinction. The 1994
International Union for Conservation of .
Nature (IUCN) Red List, compiled by the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1994
includes more than 6,000 animal species
known to be at risk. 6000
.
, 1997
Reforestation
Reforestation is artificial or natural re
establishment of forest in an area that was ,
previously under forest cover.
.
, 1997
Renewable natural resources /

Renewable natural resources are natural /
resources that, after exploitation, can return
to their previous stock levels by natural /
processes of growth or replenishment.
Conditionally renewable resources are those .
whose exploitation eventually reaches a level
beyond which regeneration will become
impossible.
.
, 1997
Reuse
Reuse is the use of materials or products ,
more than once, for example, refilling of
bottles. , .
, 1997
Risk analysis (environmental) ( )

Risk analysis is the method of evaluating the ,
probability of the adverse effects of a ,
substance, industrial process, technology or
natural process. .
, 1997
Risk assessment (of pollution) ()

Risk assessment (of pollution) refers to the ()
quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the
risk posed to human health and/or the
62 -
environment by the actual or potential
presence of and exposure to particular .
pollutants.
, 1997
Scrap
Scrap are discarded or rejected materials that
result from manufacturing or fabricating
operations and are suitable for reprocessing. ,
.
, 1997
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the settling of matter to the
bottom of a liquid or water body, notably a
reservoir. .
, 1997
Selective cutting
Selective cutting is the cutting down of
selected trees in a forest so that growth of
other trees is not affected. This is done .
according to criteria regarding minimum tree , ,
size for harvesting, specifications of the , ,
number, spacing and size classes of residual
trees per area, and allowable cut. .
, 1997
Smog
Smog is a combination of smoke and fog in
which products of combustion such as -,
hydrocarbons, particulate matter and oxides , ,
of sulphur and nitrogen occur in
concentrations that are harmful to human .
beings and other organisms.
, 1997
Soil conservation
Soil conservation is the protection of soil from ,
erosion and other types of deterioration, so
as to maintain soil fertility and productivity. It ,
generally includes watershed management .
and water use. .
, 1997
Soil degradation
Soil degradation refers to the process(es) by
which soil declines in quality and is thus
made less fit for a specific purpose, such as
- 63
crop production. .
Agriculture Vol. 3: Methods and Results, , , F,
OECD, 2001, glossary, pages 389-391 67, , -
, 1997
Solid waste
Solid waste is useless and sometimes
hazardous material with low liquid content. ,
Solid wastes include municipal garbage, .
industrial and commercial waste, sewage , , ,
sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and ,
animal husbandry operations and other , ,
connected activities, demolition wastes and
mining residues. ,
,
.
, 1997
Species
Species are all the individuals and
populations of a particular kind of organism,
maintained by biological mechanisms that
result in their breeding only with their own ,
kind. .
, 1997
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide (S02) is a heavy, pungent,
colourless gas formed primarily by the , ,
combustion of fossil fuels. It is harmful to . ,
human beings and vegetation, and
contributes to the acidity in precipitation. .
, 1997
Surface water
Surface water is all water naturally open to , , ,
the atmosphere, including rivers, lakes, /, , , , ,
reservoirs, streams, impoundments, seas,
estuaries and so on. The term also covers .
springs, wells or other collectors of water that
are directly influenced by surface waters. ,
.
, 1997
System of integrated environmental and ,

economic accounting (SEEA)
System of Integrated Environmental and
Economic Accounting (SEEA) refers to the ()
incorporation of environment concerns
(environmental costs, benefits and assets) ()
into national accounts satellite system of the
System of National Accounts (SNA) proposed ( , ,
by the United Nations. /) .
64 -
, 1997
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the discharge of heated
effluents from industrial processes such as ,
electric power generation, atomic power
stations and other factories at temperatures
that can affect the life process of aquatic
organisms. .
, 1997
Toxic pollutants
Toxic pollutants are materials contaminating
the environment that cause death, disease , ,
and/or birth defects in the organisms that
ingest or absorb them. .
, 1997
Toxicity
Toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause
poisonous effects resulting in severe ,
biological harm or death after exposure to, or ,
contamination with, that substance. .
, 1997
Waste water
Waste water is used water, typically
discharged into the sewage system. It .
contains matter and bacteria in solution or , .
suspension.
, 1997
Water pollution
Water pollution refers to the presence in ,
water of harmful and objectionable material ,
obtained from sewers, industrial wastes
and rainwater runoff in sufficient .
concentrations to make it unfit for use.
, 1997
Water quality
Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, , ,
biological and organoleptic (tasterelated) ,
properties of water. .
, 1997
- 65
Water quality index
A water quality index is a weighted average
of selected ambient concentrations of
pollutants usually linked to water quality
classes. .
, 1997
Water supply system

A water supply system is a system for the
collection, transmission, treatment, storage , ,
and distribution of water from source to , ,
consumers, for example, homes, commercial
establishments, industry, irrigation facilities
and public agencies for waterrelated ( ,
activities (firefighting, street flushing and so )
forth). , , , ,
.
, 1997
Water treatment
Water treatment refers to: :
1. (prior to first use) process to render water 1. ( )
withdrawn from any source suitable for first
use;
2. wastewater treatment by mechanical, 2. ,
biological and advanced procedures.
.
, 1997
Water use
Water use refers to use of water by ,
agriculture, industry, energy production and , ,
households, including instream uses such ,
as fishing, recreation, transportation and , , ,
waste disposal.
.
, 1997
Weather
Weather is the dayto-day or sometimes
even instantaneous changes of atmospheric ,
conditions over a given place or area. .
In contrast, climate encompasses the
statistical ensemble of all weather conditions
during a long period of time over that place or .
area. Atmospheric conditions are measured /
by the meteorological parameters of air , ,
temperature, barometric pressure, wind , , ,
velocity, humidity, clouds and precipitation. .
, 1997
66 -
2. Macro Economy 2.
2.1 System of National 2.1 Y

Accounts
Account
An account is a tool which records, for a given
aspect of economic life, (a) the uses and
resources or (b) the changes in assets and the
changes in liabilities and/or (c) the stock of () ; () ,
assets and liabilities existing at a certain time; ; () ,
the transactions accounts include a balancing ;
item which is used to equate the two sides of the
accounts (e.g. resources and uses) and which is (
a meaningful measure of economic performance )
in itself.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.85, 2.87) : (-93, 2.85, 2.87)
Acquisitions less disposals of intangible

fixed assets
Acquisitions, less disposals, of new and existing
intangible fixed assets, sub-divided by type of
asset into mineral exploration, computer
software; entertainment, literary or artistic , ,
originals and other intangible fixed assets. , ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 10.89-10.96) : (-93, 10.89-10.96)
Acquisitions less disposals of tangible fixed

assets
Acquisitions, less disposals, of new or existing
tangible fixed assets, subdivided by type of
asset into dwellings; other buildings and ,
structures; machinery and equipment; cultivated , , ,
assets - trees and livestock - that are used , -
repeatedly or continuously to produce products , ,
such as fruit, rubber, milk, etc.

, - .
Source: (SNA-93, 10.33-10.50) : (-93, 10.33-10.50)
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables

Valuables are assets that are not used primarily ,
for production or consumption, that do not ,
deteriorate over time under normal conditions ,
and that are acquired and held primarily as
stores of value. They are held in the , .
expectation that their prices, relative to other , ,
goods and services, will not decline over time
and possibly increase. In other words, ,
valuables are expected to hold their value in real .
terms in the long run, even though there may be
some periods of time when their real value
declines. Valuables consist of:
(a) Precious stones and metals such as .
diamonds, non-monetary gold, platinum, silver, :
etc., held by any units including enterprises ) (
provided that they are not intended to be used )
as intermediate inputs into processes of
production; (b) Paintings, sculptures, etc.,
recognized as works of art and antiques; , , ,
(c) Other valuables, such as jewelry fashioned ,
out of precious stones and metals and ; ) ,
collections. , ;
- 67
) ,
,
.
Source: (SNA 10.116) : (-93 10.116)
Assets
An entity over which ownership rights are
enforced by institutional units, individually or
collectively, and from which economic benefits ,
may be derived by its owners by holding it or ,
using it over a period of time.
.
Source: (SNA 10.2, 13.12 [1.26]) : (-93 10.2 13.12 [1.26])
Balance of primary income

The balance of primary incomes is the total
value of the primary incomes receivable by an
institutional unit or sector less the total of the
primary incomes payable; at the level of the total ;
economy it is described as national income.
.
Source: (SNA 7.14, 7.15) : (-93, 7.14, 7.15)
Balancing items
An account is "closed" by introducing a
balancing item defined residually as the
difference between the two sides of the account; ;
a balancing item typically encapsulates the net
result of the activities covered by the account in
question and is therefore an economic construct
of considerable interest and analytical ,
significance - for example, value added,
disposable income, saving, net lending and net
worth. , , ,
, .
Source: (SNA-93, 3.64, 3.65) : (Y 3.64, 3.65)
Basic price
The basic price is the amount receivable by the Y
producer from the purchaser for a unit of a good
or service produced as output minus any tax ,
payable, and plus any subsidy receivable, on
that unit as a consequence of its production or
sale; it excludes any transport charges invoiced , ,
separately by the producer.
,
;

.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.72) : (-93, 2.72)
Capital stock
Gross capital stock is the value of all fixed
assets still in use at the actual or estimated
current purchasers prices for new assets of the
same type, irrespective of the age of the assets.
The sum of the written-down values of all the
fixed assets still in use is described as the net
capital stock; it can also be described as the .
difference between gross capital stock and
consumption of fixed capital.
;
,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.199) : (-93, 6.199)
68 -
Central government
The government whose political authority
extends over the entire territory of the country.
The central government can impose taxes on all .
resident institutional units and on nonresident
units engaged in economic activities within the
country. Typically it is responsible for providing
collective services for the community as a
whole, such as national defense. In addition, it .
may provide services for the benefit of individual
households, such as health and education, and
it may make transfers to other institutional units. ,
.
,
,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.118) : (-93, 4.118)
Centre of economic interest

An institutional unit is said to have a centre of

economic interest within a country when there
exists some location within the economic
territory of the country on, or from, which it ,
,
engages, and intends to continue to engage, in
economic activities and transactions on a

significant scale, either indefinitely or over a

finite but long period of time.

Source: (SNA-93, 14.12) .
: (-93, 14.12)
C.i.f price ..
The c.i.f. price (i.e. cost, insurance and freight .. (. , ,
price) is the price of a good delivered at the )
frontier of the importing country, including any ,
insurance and freight charges incurred to that ,
point, or the price of a service delivered to a
resident, before the payment of any import ,
duties or other taxes on imports or trade and , ,
transport margins within the country. ,

.
Source: (SNA 15.35) : (-93, 15.35)
Compensation
Compensation of employees is the total
remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an
enterprise to an employee in return for work
done by the latter during the accounting period.
Compensation of employees has two main
components: wages and salaries payable in . ,
cash or in kind; the value of the social
contributions payable by employers: these may :
be actual social contributions payable by , ;
employers to social security schemes or to
private funded social insurance schemes to ;
secure social benefits for their employees; or
imputed social contributions by employers
providing unfunded social benefits.

;

.
Source: (SNA-93, 7.21,7.31) : (-93, 7.21, 7.31)
- 69
Commodity flow approach
The supply and use tables provide an ,
accounting framework within which the ,
commodity flow method of compiling national
accounts - in which the total supplies and uses - ,
of individual types of goods and services have to
be balanced with each other - can be -
systematically exploited. The two upper parts of .
the table correspond to the so-called
commodity-flow approach. .
Source: (SNA-93, 1.16, 2.223) : (-93, 1.16, 2.223)
Corporation
A legal entity created for the purpose of
producing goods or services for the market that ,
may be a source of profit or other financial gain , ,
to its owners. A corporation is collectively owned
by shareholders who have the authority to ;
appoint directors responsible for its general
management.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.23 [4.18]) : (-93 4.23 [4.18])
Currency
Currency comprises those notes and coins in
circulation that are commonly used to make
payments. , .
Source: (SNA-93 11.70) : (Y-93 11.70)
Currency and deposits ,

Currency and deposits are financial assets that ,
are used to make payments or that may be
included in money, broadly defined, consisting
of currency, transferable deposits and other ,
deposits. , .
Source: (SNA-93 11.70-72) : (Y-93 11.70-72)
Current accounts
Current accounts record the production of goods ,
and services, the generation of incomes by ,
production, the subsequent distribution and ,
redistribution of incomes among institutional ,
units, and the use of incomes for purposes of ,
consumption or saving.
.
Source: (SNA 1.5 [2.102]). : (-93 1.5 [2.102])
Current taxes on income, wealth.etc. ,

Most current taxes on income, wealth, etc
consist of taxes on the incomes of households ,
or profits of corporations and taxes on wealth ,
that are payable regularly every tax period (as ,
distinct from capital taxes levied infrequently). ,
(

).
Source: (SNA- 93, 8.6) : (-93, 8.6)
Depreciation Y
Depreciation as usually calculated in business
accounts is a method of allocating the costs of
past expenditures on fixed assets over
subsequent accounting periods; note that the
depreciation methods favoured in business ;
accounting and those prescribed by tax
authorities almost invariably deviate from the
70 -
concept of consumption of fixed capital
employed in the SNA and so the term -
consumption of fixed capital is used in the SNA -
to distinguish it from depreciation as typically
measured in business accounts. "
"- -
" "
.
Source: (SNA-93, 1.62, 3.77, 6.183) : (-93, 1.62, 3.77 6.183)
Distribution and use of income accounts ,

The distribution and use of income accounts ,
consist of a set of articulated accounts showing , ,
how incomes are: (a) generated by production;
(b) along with property income, distributed to : (a)
institutional units with claims on the value added ; ()
created by production; (c) redistributed among
institutional units, mainly by government units
through social security contributions and ; ()
benefits and taxes; and (d) eventually used by
households, government units or non-profit , ,
institutions serving households (NPISHs) for
purposes of final consumption or saving. ; ()
,
,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 1.7 table 2.8) : (Y-93, 1.7 2.8)
Economic asset
Economic assets are entities functioning as
stores of value and over which ownership rights
are enforced by institutional units, individually or ,
collectively, and from which economic benefits
may be derived by their owners by holding them, ,
or using them, over a period of time (the
economic benefits consist of primary incomes (
derived from the use of the asset and the value, ,
including possible holding gains/losses, that
could be realised by disposing of the asset or ,
terminating it).
/
.
Source: (SNA-93, 10.2, 13.12 [11.16] : (-93, 10.2 13.12 [11.16])
Economic flows
Economic flows reflect the creation,
transformation, exchange, transfer or extinction , , , ,
of economic value; they involve changes in the ;
volume, composition, or value of an institutional ,
unit's assets and liabilities. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 3.9) : (-93, 3.9)
Economic territory of a country

The economic territory of a country consists of
the geographic territory administered by a
government within which persons, goods, and
capital circulate freely; it includes: (a) the ,
airspace, territorial waters, and continental shelf , ,
lying in international waters over which the
country enjoys exclusive rights or over which it : (a)
has, or claims to have, jurisdiction in respect of , ,
the right to fish or to exploit fuels or minerals ,
below the sea bed; (b) territorial enclaves in the , ,
rest of the world; and (c) any free zones, or ,
bonded warehouses or factories operated by , ); ()
offshore enterprises under customs control
- 71
(these form part of the economic territory of the ; ()
country in which they are physically located).
, ,

(

).
Source: (SNA-93, 14.9) : (Y-93, 14.9)
Economically significant prices

Prices are said to be economically significant
when they have a significant influence on the
amounts the producers are willing to supply and
on the amounts purchasers wish to buy.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.45 [4.58]) : (-93, 6.45 [4.58])
Enterprise
An enterprise is an institutional unit in its
capacity as a producer of goods and services; ,
an enterprise may be a corporation, a quasi- ;
corporation, a non-profit institution, or an ,
unincorporated enterprise. ,

.
Source: (SNA-93 5.1) : (-93 5.1)
Establishment ,
An establishment is an enterprise, or part of an
enterprise, that is situated in a single location ,
and in which only a single (non-ancillary) (
productive activity is carried out or in which the ) ,
principal productive activity accounts for most of
the value added.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 9.51, 6.80) : (-93 5.21, 6.80)
Estimated rental on owner-occupied

dwellings
The output of the housing services produced by
owner-occupiers is valued at the estimated
rental that a tenant would pay for the same
accommodation, taking into account factors
such as location, neighbourhood amenities, etc.
as well as the size and quality of the dwelling , , ,
itself. .
Source: (SNA-93, 6.89) : (-93, 6.89)
Excise duties
Excise duties consist of special taxes levied on
specific kinds of goods, typically alcoholic ,
beverages, tobacco and fuels; they may be , ,
imposed at any stage of production or
distribution and are usually assessed by ; ,
reference to the weight or strength or quantity of
the product. ,
, .
Source: (SNA-93, 7.67, 7.69) : (-93, 7.67, 7.69)
Expenditure
Expenditures are the values of the amounts that
buyers pay, or agree to pay, to sellers in
exchange for goods or services that sellers
provide to them or to other institutional units ,
72 -
designated by the buyers.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 9.22) : (-93, 9.22)
Expenditure-based gross domestic product

Expenditure-based gross domestic product is
total final expenditures at purchasers prices
(including the f.o.b. value of exports of goods
and services), less the f.o.b. value of imports of
goods and services. (
,
) ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.235) : (Y- 93, 6.235)
External assets
The external assets and liabilities account ,
reflects the level and composition of the stock of
external financial assets and liabilities of the
economy that result from the external ,
transactions accounts and accumulation ,
accounts. .
Source: (SNA-93 93 14.156) : (-93, 14.156)
Financial account
The financial account records all transactions in ,
financial assets and liabilities.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 11.1[1.9, 11.103] : ( -93, 11.1[1.9, 11.103])
Financial assets
Financial assets are entities over which
ownership rights are enforced by institutional
units, individually or collectively, and from which ,
economic benefits may be derived by their
owners by holding them, or using them over a ,
period of time; they differ from other assets in
the SNA in that there is a counterpart liability on ; -
the part of another institutional unit (except for
monetary gold and Special Drawing Rights
(SDRs). (
, () ).
Source: (SNA-93, 13.20 [10.5, 11.16, 11.17, : ( -93, 13.20 [10.5, 11.16,
table Annex 13) 11.17, (AF)-XIII ])
Financial corporation
Financial corporations consist of all resident
corporations or quasi-corporations principally
engaged in financial intermediation or in
auxiliary financial activities which are closely.
,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.77 [2.20]). : ( -93, 4.77 [2.20]).
Financial transactions
Financial transactions between institutional units
and between institutional units and the rest of ,
the world cover all transactions involving change
of ownership of financial assets, including the
creation and liquidation of financial claims.
(
, ).
Source: (SNA-93, 11.13) : ( -93, 11.13)
Finished goods
Inventories of finished goods consist of goods
that are ready for sale or shipment by the
- 73
producer but which are still held by the
producer.
.
Source: (SNA-93 10.111) : (-93, 10.111)
Fixed asset
Fixed assets are tangible or intangible assets
produced as outputs from processes of
production that are themselves used repeatedly ,
or continuously in other processes of production
for more than one year. ,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 10.33, 1.49, 10.7, 10.26, : (-93, 10.33 [1.49, 10.7, 10.26,
13.15) 13.15 ]).
F.o.b. price ..
The f.o.b. price (free on board price) of exports , ... (
and imports of goods is the market value of the )
goods at the point of uniform valuation, (the (
customs frontier of the economy from which they )
are exported); it is equal to the c.i.f. price less ... ()
the costs of transportation and insurance ()
charges, between the customs frontier of the
exporting (importing) country and that of the .
importing (exporting) country.
Source: (SNA-93, 15.36) : (-93, 15.36)
Foreign direct investment

Foreign direct investment is the category of
international investment that reflects the
objective of a resident entity in one economy to
obtain a lasting interest in an enterprise resident
in another economy.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 14.151, 14.152 [Table 11.2], : (-93, 14.151, 14.152
Balance of Payment Manual para.359 and 362) [ 11.2], 359
362])
General government sector

The general government sector consists of the
totality of institutional units which, in addition to
fulfilling their political responsibilities and their ,
role of economic regulation, produce principally
non-market services (possibly goods) for
individual or collective consumption and ,
redistribute income and wealth. , ,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.20) : ( -93, 2.20)
Goods and services account ,

The goods and services account shows for the ,
economy as a whole and for groups of products, , , ,
the total resources in terms of output and ,
imports, and the uses of goods and services in ,
terms of intermediate consumption, final
consumption, gross capital formation and ,
exports. .
Source: (SNA- 93, 15.15) : (-93, 15.15)
Government units
Government units are unique kinds of legal
entities established by political processes which
have legislative, judicial or executive authority ,
74 -
over other institutional units within a given area.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.104[4.19]) : ( -93, 4.104 [4.19])
Gross fixed capital formation

Gross fixed capital formation is measured by the
total value of a producers acquisitions, less
disposals, of fixed assets during the accounting
period plus certain additions to the value of non-
produced assets (such as subsoil assets or
major improvements in the quantity, quality or
productivity of land) realised by the productive
activity of institutional units.

( /,
, ,
) .
Source: (SNA-93, 10.33, 10.51 [10.26] : (-93, 10.33, 10.51 [10.26])
Gross Domestic Product

The GDP of a country is equal to the sum of the
gross values added of all resident institutional
units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and
minus any subsidies, on products not included in
the value of their outputs). GDP is also equal to (
the sum of the final uses of goods and services ,
(all uses except intermediate consumption) ).
measured in purchasers' prices, less the value ,
of imports of goods and services.
(
) ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 1.128, 2.173-2.174) : (Y-93, 1.128 2.173-2.174)
Gross Domestic Product at market price

GDP at market prices is the sum of the gross
values added of all resident producers at market -
prices, plus taxes less subsidies on imports.

, .
Source: (SNA-93, 6.235) : (Y-93, 6.235)
Gross national income Y

Gross national income (GNI) is GDP less net Y (Y)
taxes on production and imports, less - ,
compensation of employees and property ,
income payable to the rest of the world plus the ,
corresponding items receivable from the rest of ,
the world (in other words, GDP less primary ,
incomes payable to non-resident units plus ,
primary incomes receivable from non-resident ,
units); an alternative approach to measuring ( , -
GNI at market prices is as the aggregate value
of the balances of gross primary incomes for all ,
sectors; (note that gross national income is
identical to gross national product (GNP) as ); Y-
previously used in national accounts generally).

; (

(Y)
- 75
).
Source: (SNA-93, 2.81. 7.16. [2.181.] Table : (Y-93, 2.81, 7.16, 7.2)
7.2.)
Gross value added
Gross value added is the value of output less
the value of intermediate consumption; it is a
measure of the contribution to GDP made by an ;
individual producer, industry or sector; gross ,
value added is the source from which the -
primary incomes of the SNA are generated and ;
is therefore carried forward into the primary Y-
distribution of income account.

.
Source: (SNA-93 1.6. [2.172.] [ 6.4.] [6.222.]) : (Y-93, 1.6 [2.172], [6.4] [6.222])
Household final consumption expenditure

Household final consumption expenditure
consists of the expenditure, including imputed
expenditure, incurred by resident households on
individual consumption goods and services, ,
including those sold at prices that are not ,
economically significant. ,
,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 9.94. [9.45.]) : (Y-93, 9.94 [9.45])
Income
Income is the maximum amount that a
household, or other unit, can consume without
reducing its real net worth provided the net ,
worth at the beginning of the period is not
changed by capital transfers, other changes in ,
the volume of assets or real holding gains or
losses.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 8.15) : ( -93, 8.15)
Income-based gross domestic product

Income-based gross domestic product is -
compensation of employees, plus taxes less
subsidies on production and imports, plus gross , ,
mixed income, plus gross operating surplus. , ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.222) : (Y- 93, 2.222)
Improvements to tangible non-produced

assets
In practice, these consist of improvements to
land. Acquisitions that lead to major .
improvements in the quantity, quality or , ,
productivity of land, or prevent its deterioration,
are treated as gross fixed capital
formation. They consist of acquisitions related
to the following kinds of activities: .
(a) reclamation of land from the sea by the
construction of dykes, sea walls or dams for this : ) , , ,
purpose; (b) clearance of forests, rocks, etc. to
enable land to be used in production for the first ; )
time; (c) draining of marshes or the irrigation of , ,
deserts by the construction of dykes, ditches or , ; )
irrigation channels; (d) prevention of flooding or ,
erosion by the sea or rivers by the construction ,
of breakwaters, sea walls or flood barriers. ; ) ,
,
,

76 -
.
Source: (SNA- 93, 10.51) : (-93, 10.51)
Institutional unit
An institutional unit is an economic entity that is ,
capable, in its own right, of owning assets, ,
incurring liabilities and engaging in economic ,
activities and in transactions with other entities. ,

.
Source: (SNA-93 4.2. [1.13.] [ 2.19.] [ 3.13.] : (-93, 4.2. [1.13.] [ 2.19.] [
3.13.]
Insurance claim
They are the amounts payable in settlement of
claims that become due during the current
accounting period. Claims become due at the .
moment when the eventuality occurs which
gives rise to a valid claim accepted by the
insurance enterprise.
.
Source: (SNA- 93, 8.87-8.89) : (-93, 8.87-8.89)
Interest
Interest is the amount that the debtor becomes ,
liable to pay to the creditor over a given period
of time without reducing the amount of principal
outstanding, under the terms of the financial
instrument agreed between them.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 7.93) : (Y-93, 7.93)
Intermediate consumption
Intermediate consumption consists of the value
of the goods and services consumed as inputs
by a process of production, excluding fixed ,
assets whose consumption is recorded as
consumption of fixed capital; the goods or ; ,
services may be either transformed or used up
by the production process. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.147) : (-93, 6.147-6.149)
Internal transaction
The SNA treats as transactions certain kinds of - ,
actions within a unit to give a more analytically
useful picture of final uses of output and of
production; these transactions that involve only ;
one unit
.
Source: (SNA-93, 3.44) : ( -93, 3.44)
Input-output table
An input-output table is a means of presenting a
detailed analysis of the process of production , ,
and the use of goods and services (products) ()
and the income generated in that production.;
they can be either in the form of (a) supply and
use tables or (b) symmetric input-output tables. ; ) ,
)

.
Source: (SNA-93, : (-93,
15.1. 15.8. [2.211.] [15.2.] ) 15.1. 15.8. [2.211.] [15.2.]
Institutional sector
Institutional units are grouped together to form
- 77
institutional sectors, on the basis of their , ,
principal functions, behaviour, and objectives.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.20) : (Y-93, 2.20)
Inventories
Inventories consist of stocks of outputs that are
still held by the units that produced them prior to ,
their being further processed, sold, delivered to ,
other units or used in other ways and stocks of , ,
products acquired from other units that are
intended to be used for intermediate
consumption or for resale without further
processing. ,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 10.7. [13.15.] [13.46.] : (-93, 10.7 [13.15, 13.46,
[table Annex 13.]) (AN.12) - XIII ])
Loan
Loans are financial assets that are created when
creditors lend funds directly to debtors, that are ,
evidenced by non-negotiable documents, or for
which the lender receives no security evidencing ,
the transaction.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 11.83 table Annex 13) : (-93, 11.83
13)
Market output
Market output is output that is sold at prices that
are economically significant or otherwise
disposed of on the market, or intended for sale
or disposal on the market. ,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.45) : (Y-93, 6.45)
Market prices
Market prices for transactions are the amounts
of money willing buyers pay to acquire
something from willing sellers.

.
Source:SNA-93, 2.68) : (Y-93, 2.68)
Market producers
Market producers are producers that sell most
or all of their output at prices that are
economically significant.
.
Source: (SNA-93 4.58 [6.52]) : (Y-93, 4.58 [6.52])
Materials and supplies

Inventories of materials and supplies are goods
that their owners intend to use as intermediate
inputs in their own production processes, not to
resell.
, .
Source: (SNA-93 10.99 table Annex 13) : (Y-93, 10.99
13)
Monetary gold
Monetary gold is gold owned by the monetary ,
authorities or others subject to their effective
control that is held as a financial asset and as a
component of foreign reserves.
78 -

.
Source: (SNA-93, table Annex 13) : (Y-93, 13)
Monetary transaction
A monetary transaction is one in which one
institutional unit makes a payment (receives a
payment) or incurs a liability (receives an asset) (
stated in units of currency. ) (
) .
Source: (SNA-93, 3.16) : (Y-93, 3.16)
Net domestic product

Net domestic product (NDP) is obtained by ()
deducting the consumption of fixed capital from
gross domestic product. .
Source: (SNA-93, 2.175) : (Y-93, 2.175)
Net value added

Net value added is the value of output less the
values of both intermediate consumption and ,
consumption of fixed capital.
.
Source: (SNA-93 6.4 6.222 [1.6]) : (Y-93, 6.4 6.222 [1.6])
Non-financial corporation
Non-financial corporations are corporations
whose principal activity is the production of
market goods or non-financial services.

.
Source: (SNA-93 4.68 [2.20]) : ( -93 4.68 [2.20])
Non-market output
Non-market output consists of goods and
individual or collective services produced by
non-profit institutions serving households
(NPISHs) or government that are supplied free,
or at prices that are not economically significant, ,
to other institutional units or the community as a
whole.
, .
Source: (SNA-93 6.49) : (-93, 6.49)
Nonmonetary transaction.
Non-monetary transactions are transactions that
are not initially stated in units of currency; barter ;
is an obvious example.
.
Source (SNA-93, 3.34) : ( -93, 3.34)
Non-profit institution
Non-profit institutions (NPIs) are legal or social ()
entities created for the purpose of producing ,
goods and services whose status does not
permit them to be a source of income, profit or , ,
other financial gain for the units that establish, ,
control or finance them.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.54 [4.18, 4.161]) : ( -93, 4.54 [4.18, 4.161])
Non-profit institutions serving households

Non-profit institutions serving households
(NPISHs) consist of NPIs which are not
predominantly financed and controlled by () ,
government and which provide goods or ,
services to households free or at prices that are ,
- 79
not economically significant.
- .
Source: (SNA-93, 4.64, 4.65 [2.20]) : (-93, 4.64 4.65 [2.20])
Non-resident
A unit is non-resident if its centre of economic
interest is not in the economic territory of a
country. .
Source: (SNA-93 1.14) : (-93, 1.14)
Other changes in assets account

The other changes in assets account consists of
two sub-accounts: the other changes in volume :
of assets account and the revaluation account; it ;
records changes in the values of assets, ;
liabilities, and net worth between opening and
closing balance sheets that result from other ,
flows, i.e. flows that are not transactions. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93 1.9, 12.1) : (Y -93,1.9, 12.1)
Other flow
Other flows are changes in the value of assets
and liabilities that do not take place in ,
transactions; these entries are of two broad ;
kinds - the first kind consists of changes due to - ,
factors such as discoveries or depletion of , ,
subsoil resources, or destruction by war or other ,
political events or by natural catastrophes while ,
the second kind consists of changes in the value
of assets, liabilities, and net worth due to ;
changes in the level and structure of prices, ,
which are reflected in holding gains and losses. , ,
,
.
Source: (SNA-93 3.57) : ( -93 3.57)
Output
Output consists of those goods or services that ,
are produced within an establishment that
become available for use outside that ,
establishment, plus any goods and services
produced for own final use. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93 6.38) : (-93, 6.38-6.44)
Output-based gross domestic product Y

Output-based gross domestic product is the sum
of the gross values added of all resident
producers at basic prices, plus all taxes less
subsidies on products.

,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.235-6.237) : (Y-93, 6.235-6.237)
Output produced for own final use

Output produced for own final use consists of
goods or services that are retained for their own
final use by the owners of the enterprises in
which they are produced.
,
.
Source: (SNA-93 6.46) : (Y-93, 6.46)
80 -
Primary income
Primary incomes are incomes that accrue to Y
institutional units as a consequence of their
involvement in processes of production or
ownership of assets that may be needed for
purposes of production. .
Source: (SNA-93 7.2) : (-93, 7.2)
Produced asset
Produced assets are non-financial assets that -
have come into existence as outputs from
processes that fall within the production
boundary of the SNA; produced assets consist ;
of fixed assets, inventories and valuables. ,
, .
Source: (SNA-93 10.6. 10.7. [13.14.], [table : (-93 10.6 10.7 [13.14, XIII
Annex 13.]) ])
Producers price Y
A producer's price is the amount receivable by Y
the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a
good or service produced as output minus any ,
VAT, or similar deductible tax, invoiced to the ,
purchaser; it excludes any transport charges ,
invoiced separately by the producer. ;

.
Source: (SNA-93 6.205) : (Y-93, 6.205)
Purchaser's price
The purchaser's price is the amount paid by the
purchaser, excluding any deductible VAT or ,
similar deductible tax, in order to take delivery of ,
a unit of a good or service at the time and place ,
required by the purchaser; the purchaser's price
of a good includes any transport charges paid
separately by the purchaser to take delivery at
the required time and place. .
Source: (SNA-93, : (Y-93,
6.215. 15.28. [2.73.] [3.83.]) 6.215. 15.28. [2.73.] [3.83.])
Purchasing power parity (PPP)

A purchasing power parity (PPP) is a price ()
relative which measures the number of units of
country Bs currency that are needed in country 1
B to purchase the same quantity of an individual
good or service as 1 unit of country As currency ,
will purchase in country A.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 16.82) : (Y-93, 16.82)
Redistribution of income in kind account

The redistribution of income in kind account
shows how the disposable incomes of
households, non-profit institutions serving ,
households (NPISHs) and government units are ,
transformed into their adjusted disposable
income by the receipt and payment of social ,
transfers in kind.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 8.2) : (Y-93, 8.2)
Rent
Rent is the sum of rents on land and rents on
subsoil assets.
.
Source: (SNA-93 7.128 7.132) : (Y-93, 7.128 7.132)
- 81
Resident
An institutional unit is resident in a country when
it has a centre of economic interest in the
economic territory of that country.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.15. [1.28.] [14.8.]) : ( -93, 4.15. [1.28, [14.8.]
Resources
Resources refers to the side of the current
accounts where transactions which add to the
amount of economic value of a unit or a sector
appear (for example, wages and salaries are a ( ,
resource for the unit or sector receiving them);
by convention, resources are put on the right
side of the account. );
.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.54) : (Y-93, 2.54)
Rest of the world

The rest of the world consists of all non-resident
institutional units that enter into transactions with
resident units, or have other economic links with
resident units. ,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 4.163. [1.14.] [14.3.]) : (Y-93, 4.163. [1.14.] [14.3.])
Rest of the world account

The rest of the world account comprises those
categories of accounts necessary to capture the
full range of transactions that take place
between the total economy and the rest of the
world (i.e. between residents and non- (
residents).
).
Source: (SNA-93 14.3. [1.14.]) : Y-93, [14.3.] [1.14.])
Saving
Saving is disposable income less final
consumption expenditure (or adjusted
disposable income less actual final (
consumption), in both cases after taking account ),
of an adjustment for pension funds; saving is an
important aggregate which can be calculated for
each institutional sector or for the whole ;
economy.

.
Source: (SNA-93, 9.17 [1.10, 9.2, 9.19]) : ( -93, 9.17 [1.10, 9.2, 9.19])
Sector
Institutional units are grouped together to form
institutional sectors, on the basis of their , ,
principal functions, behaviour, and objectives. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 2.20) : (-93, 2.20)
Securities other than shares

Securities other than shares consist of bills, ,
bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, , ,
debentures, and similar instruments normally ,
traded in the financial markets.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 11.74. [table Annex 13.]) : (-93, 11.74)
82 -
Social accounting matrix (SAM) ()
A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a means of
presenting the SNA accounts in a matrix which
elaborates the linkages between a supply and
use table and institutional sector accounts; a
typical focus of a SAM on the role of people in
the economy may be reflected by, among other ;
things, extra breakdowns of the household ,
sector and a disaggregated representation of ,
labour markets (i.e., distinguishing various (
categories of employed persons).
)
.
Source: (SNA-93, 20.4) : (Y-93, 20.4)
Social benefits .
Social benefits are current transfers received by
households intended to provide for the needs , ,
that arise from certain events or circumstances, , , ,
for example, sickness, unemployment, ,
retirement, housing, education or family
circumstances.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 8.7) : (Y-93, 8.7)
Special drawing rights (SDRs) ()

Special drawing rights (SDRs) are international ()
reserve assets created by the International ()
Monetary Fund and allocated to its members to
supplement existing reserve assets.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 11.67) : (Y-93, 11.67)
Subsidy
Subsidies are current unrequited payments that
government units, including non-resident (
government units, make to enterprises on the )
basis of the levels of their production activities or ,
the quantities or values of the goods or services ,
which they produce, sell or import. , ,
, ,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 7.71. [15.52.]) : (Y-93, 7.71 [15.52])
Supply and use tables ,

Supply and use tables are in the form of ,
matrices that record how supplies of different
kinds of goods and services originate from ,
domestic industries and imports and how those ,
supplies are allocated between various ,
intermediate or final uses, including exports.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 1.16. [15.1.]) : (Y-93, 1.16 [15.1])
System of National Accounts (SNA) Y ()

The System of National Accounts (SNA) Y (Y)
consists of a coherent, consistent and integrated
set of macroeconomic accounts, balance sheets , , ,
and tables based on a set of internationally
agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and ,
accounting rules. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 1.1) : (Y-93, 1.1)
Tax
Taxes are compulsory, unrequited payments, in
- 83
cash or in kind, made by institutional units to
government units; they are described as ,
unrequited because the government provides ;
nothing in return to the individual unit making the
payment, although governments may use the
funds raised in taxes to provide goods or ,
services to other units, either individually or
collectively, or to the community as a whole. , ,
,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 7.48, 8.43) : ( -93, 7.48 [8.43])
Taxes on income
Taxes on income consist of taxes on incomes, , ,
profits and capital gains; they are assessed on ;
the actual or presumed incomes of individuals, , , ,
households, NPIs or corporations.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 8.52 [OECD 1110, 1120, : ( -93, 8.52 [ 1110,
1130, 1210]) 1120, 1130, 1210])
Taxes on production and imports Y,

Taxes on production and imports consist of Y,
taxes payable on goods and services when they ,
are produced, delivered, sold, transferred or , ,
otherwise disposed of by their producers plus
taxes and duties on imports that become ,
payable when goods enter the economic
territory by crossing the frontier or when
services are delivered to resident units by non-
resident units; they also include other taxes on ,
production, which consist mainly of taxes on the
ownership or use of land, buildings or other ,
assets used in production or on the labour ;
employed, or compensation of employees paid.
, ,

,
, ,
,
.
Source: (SNA-93 7.49) : (Y-93, 7.49)
The balance sheet

A balance sheet is a statement, drawn up at a
particular point in time, of the values of assets
owned by an institutional unit or sector and of
the financial claims (i.e. liabilities) incurred by
this unit or sector; for the economy as a whole, (. )
the balance sheet shows what is often referred ;
to as national wealth - the sum of non-financial
assets and net claims on the rest of the world. -
,

.
Source:(SNA-93, : (Y-93, 13.1 13.2 [1.11] [2.93]
13.1. 13.2. [1.11.] [2.93.] [10.1.]) [10.1])
The external balance of goods and services ,

The external balance of goods and services is ,
the value of exports of goods and services less ,
imports of goods and services. ,
Source: (SNA-93, 2.166) .
: (Y-93, 2.166)
84 -
The generation of income account
The generation of income account shows the
types of primary incomes and the sectors, sub- , ,
sectors or industries in which the primary
incomes originate, as distinct from the sectors or , ,
sub-sectors destined to receive such incomes. .
Source: (SNA-93, 7.3) : (Y-93, 7.3)
The production account

The production account records the activity of -
producing goods and services as defined within ,
the SNA; its balancing item, gross value added, ;
is a measure of the contribution to GDP made
by an individual producer, industry or sector. -
,

.
Source: (SNA-93, 1.6) : (-93, 1.6)
The revaluation account

The revaluation account records the positive or
negative holding gains accruing during the
accounting period to the owners of financial and ,
non-financial assets and liabilities.
, .
Source: (SNA-93, 12.63 [1.9]) : (Y-93, 12.63)
The secondary distribution of income

account
The secondary distribution of income account ,
shows how the balance of primary incomes of
an institutional unit or sector is transformed into ,
its disposable income by the receipt and
payment of current transfers excluding social .
transfers in kind.
Source: (SNA-93 8.1) : (Y-93, 8.1)
Total economy
The total economy consists of all the institutional
units which are resident in the economic territory
of a country.
.
Source: (SNA-93 2.22) : (-93 2.22)
Transaction
A transaction is an economic flow that is an
interaction between institutional units by mutual
agreement or an action within an institutional ,
unit that it is analytically useful to treat like a
transaction, often because the unit is operating
in two different capacities.
.
Source: (SNA-93, 3.12) : ( -93, 3.12)
Transfer
A transfer is a transaction in which one
institutional unit provides a good, service or
asset to another unit without receiving from the , ,
latter any good, service or asset in return as ,
counterpart. ,
.
Source: (SNA-93, 8.3, 8.27) : ( -93, 8.3, 8.27)
Underground (hidden) economy ()

The underground economy consists of activities
which may be both productive in an economic ,
sense and also quite legal (provided certain ( , ,
standards or regulations are complied with) but )
- 85
which are deliberately concealed from public
authorities (e.g. to avoid the payment of taxes ( ,
and/or social security contributions or to avoid ,
meeting certain standards or administrative
requirements). )
.
Source: (SNA-93, 6.34) : (Y-93, 6.34)
Work-in-progress
Inventories of work-in-progress consist of goods
and services that are partially completed but that
are not usually turned over to other units without
further processing or that are not mature and
whose production process will be continued in a
subsequent period by the same producer.

,
.
Source: (SNA-93, [6.40.] [6.72.] [10.102.] : (Y-93,
table Annex 13. ) [6.40.] [6.72.] [10.102.] table Annex 13. )
86 -
2.2 Price 2.2 Y
Basket
The term commonly used for the list of goods
and services, together with their relative , ,
values of output or input, for which a sample
of prices is collected for the purpose of ,
compiling the PPI. .
Source: (IMF Glossary) : (, )
Chain index
An index number series for a long sequence
of periods obtained by linking together index
numbers spanning shorter sequences of
periods. .
Consumer price index (CPI) ()

A monthly or quarterly price index compiled
and published by an official statistical agency
that measures changes in the prices of ,
consumption goods and services acquired or ,
used by households. Its exact definition may .
vary from country to country. .
Current period
In principle, the current period should refer to
the most recent period for which the index has
been compiled or is being compiled. .
Fisher price index

The geometric average of the Laspeyres price -
index and the Paasche price index. .
Source: (ILO glossary) : (, )
Fixed base index.

An index number for which the base period for ,
the calculations is selected and remains
unchanged during the lifetime of the index. .
This is in contradiction to a chain base index. .
Fixed basket index

The traditional conceptualisation of a price .
index. The index measures the change in ,
value of a fixed set of quantities - commonly
described as a fixed basket of good and
services - between two periods.
PQ
.
I t(/c0) = it ic
PQ
P Q I t(/c0) = it ic
i0 ic
P Q i0 ic
(c)
Here, I fixed basket index
t/0
, I t(/c0)
Pit individual item i, price at
the observation period
Pit I t-
Pi 0 individual item i, price
at the base period
Pi 0 I 0-
Qic individual item I,
quantity at the base period
Qic I
- 87

Index reference period

The period for which the value of the index is 100-
set equal to 100. .
Laspeyres index
A basket index in which the basket is
composed of the actual quantities of goods ,
and services in the earlier of the two periods .
compared, the price reference period. It can ,
also be expressed as a weighted arithmetic
average of the price relatives that uses the
expenditure shares in the earlier period as
weights. The earlier period serves as both the .
weight reference period and the price .
reference period.
I ctL =
P Q
it it
I ctL =
P Q
it it P Q
i0 i0
P Q
i0 i0
Pi 0- i 0-
Pi 0- individual item i, price at the base Pi t- i t-
period Qi 0- 0- i
Pi t- individual item i, price at the
observation period Qi t -t- i
Qi 0- individual item I, quantity at the base
period
Qi t - individual item I, quantity at the
observation period
Paasche index
The later period serves as the weight ,
reference period and the earlier period as the .
price reference period. The Paasche index ,
can also be expressed as a weighted
harmonic average of the price relatives that
uses the actual expenditure shares in the later
period as weights. .
pi 0- i 0-
pi t- i t-
pi 0- individual item i, price at the base qi t - t- i
period
pi t- individual item i, price at the
observation period
qi t - individual item I, quantity at the base
period
Price Y
The price of a good or service is the value of , ,
one unit of that good or service. .
Source: (SNA-93 16.9) : (-93, 16.9)
Price index
A price index reflects an average of the ,
88 -
proportionate changes in the prices of a
specified set of goods and services between .
two periods of time.
Source: (SNA-93 16.14) : ( -93 16.14)
Price reference-period Y
The period of which the prices appear in the ,
denominators of the price relatives.
.
Producer price index

A measure of the change in the prices of
goods and services either as they leave their
place of production or as they enter the ,
production process. A measure of the change .
in the prices received by domestic producers
for their outputs or of the change in the prices
paid by domestic producers for their
intermediate inputs:
.
Source: (Producer Price Indices and : (
methods, OECD, Paris, 1994, page 7) , , , 1994 , 7)
Product
A generic term used to mean a good or a ,
service. Individual sampled products selected .
for pricing are often described as items. ,
.
Reweighting
Introducing a new set of weights into the
index. .
Weight reference period

The period of which the expenditure shares Young
serve as the weights for a Young1 index, or of Lowe
which the quantities make up the basket for a
Lowe index2. .
Weights
A set of numbers summing to unity that are
used to calculate averages. In a CPI context, . -
the weights are generally actual or hybrid
expenditure shares that sum to unity by
definition. They are used to average price .
relatives, or elementary price indices. The ,
quantities that make up a basket should
therefore not be described as quantity .
weights.
.
1
Young index defined as a weighted arithmetic average of the price relatives- ,
.
2
Lowe index is a price index that measures the proportionate change between periods 0 and t in the total value of a specific basket of
goods and services , 0 t
.
- 89
2.3 Banking 2.3
Balance of payments
The balance of payments is a statistical
statement that systematically summarises, for a
specific time period, the economic transactions
of an economy with the rest of the world.
.
Source: (UNSD, Glossary of statistical terms) : (,
)
Bond
A long-term obligation Bonds and notes are
debt instruments that usually give the holder the
unconditional right to fixed money income or
contractually determined variable money
income. With the exception of perpetual bonds,
bonds and notes also provide the holder with an .
unconditional right to a fixed sum as repayment
of principal on a specified date or dates.

.
)
Central Bank
The public financial corporation that is a
countrys monetary authority. It issues currency;
has liabilities in the form of demand or reserve .
deposits of other depository corporations, and ;
often the government; and may hold all or part
of the international reserves of the country.

;

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Commercial bank
Bank that offers a broad range of deposit
accounts, including checking, savings, and time , ,
deposits, and extends loans to individuals and ,
businesses. Commercial banks can be , ,
contrasted with investment banking firms, such
as brokerage firms, which generally are involved .
in arranging for the sale of corporate or
municipal securities.

,
.
Source:http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oec :
on/chap12.htm http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oecon/cha
p12.htm
Demand deposits
A deposit that may be withdrawn at any time
without prior written notice to the depository
institution. A checking account is the most .
common form of demand deposit.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Deposit money banks

Deposit money banks are resident depository
corporations and quasi-corporations which have ,
any liabilities in the form of deposits payable on ,
90 -
demand, transferable by cheque or otherwise
usable for making payments.
,
.
Source: (OECD, Glossary of statistical terms) : (,

)
Deposits
A financial asset that has a fixed nominal value ,
and can be used to make payments. It may be a .
direct medium of exchange and may earn
interest or entitle the deposit holder to specific ,
services.
. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Interest rate
An interest rate is the cost or price of borrowing,
or the gain from lending, normally expressed as ,
an annual percentage amount.
.
Source: (OECD, Glossary of statistical terms) : (,
)
Interest rate, short-term

Short-term interest rates are the rates at which
short-term borrowings are effected between
financial institutions or the rate at which short-
term government paper is issued or traded in
the market. Typical standardized names are
money market rate and treasury bill rate. .

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Monetary authorities
The monetary authorities sector includes the
central bank institutional unit (or currency board,
monetary agency, etc.) and certain operations
that are usually attributed to the central bank (
but, in some cases, are carried out by other ,
government institutions (or, in some instances, ),
by commercial banks).
(
) .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Monetary base
Those assets that depository institutions can
use to meet their legal reserve requirements.
The monetary base consists of deposits
(reserves) held by depository institutions at .
Central Banks plus Treasury currency and coins
outstanding.
(),

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Money M1 1
M1 is a measure of money supply including all 1
coins and notes in circulation plus personal
money in current accounts. ,
.
Source: Puntsagiin Jasrai Theory of economy, :
- 91
page 199 199-
Money M2 2
Money M2 is a measure of money supply, 2
includes M1 in addition to all time-related 1
deposits, savings deposits.
.
Source: Puntsagiin Jasrai Theory of economy, : (
page 199 199- )
Net present value of debt
The nominal amount outstanding minus the sum
of all future debt-service obligations (interest (,
and principal) on existing debt discounted at an )
interest rate different from the contracted rate.

.
Source: :
(UNSD, Glossary of statistical terms) (,
)
Repurchase agreements (PRs) ()

Repurchase agreements are arrangements
whereby an institutional unit sells securities at a
specified price to another unit; the sale is made
under a commitment to repurchase the same or ; (
similar securities at a fixed price on a specified ,
future date (usually very short-term, e.g. )
overnight or one day) or at a date subject to the ,
discretion of the purchaser.

.
)
92 -
2.4 Government finance 2.4
Accounting rules
Instructions for recording economic flows and
stocks. In the GFS system, the rules are . -
designed to ensure that the data generated by
the system conform with accepted standards for
the compilation of economic statistics.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Accrual basis of recording

A recording system in which the time assigned
to flows is when economic value is created, , , ,
transformed, exchanged, transferred, or
extinguish ed. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Acquisition of an asset
A transaction that increases a units holdings of
assets. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Budgetary unit ,
A unit financed by the legislative budget of its
government. , .
Source: (GFSM 2001, 2.45) : (-2001, 2.45)
Capital grant
A noncompulsory transfer from one government
unit or international organization to a second
government unit or international organization in ,
the form of cash that the recipient is expected or
required to use to acquire an asset or assets
other than inventories, an asset other than
inventories and cash, the cancellation of a ,
liability by mutual agreement between the ,
creditor and debtor, or the assumption by one
unit of a debt of the other unit. See transfer
transaction. .
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Capital transfer
A transfer of a noncash asset, the cancellation of , ,
a liability by mutual agreement between the
creditor and debtor, the transfer of cash that was ,
raised by disposing of an asset, the transfer of ,
cash that the recipient is expected or required to
use for the acquisition of an asset, or the
assumption by the one unit of a debt of the other ,
unit. In each case inventories are excluded. .

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Cash basis of recording

A recording system in which the time assigned
to flows is when cash is received or disbursed.
Although nonmonetary flows can be recorded, .
most accounting systems using the cash basis
do not record nonmonetary flows because the
focus is on cash management rather than
resource flows.
- 93

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Classification of the Functions of

Government (COFOG) ()
A classification of the functions, or
socioeconomic objectives, that general
government units aim to achieve through various ,
kinds of outlays. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Counterparty
(1) The second unit in a two-unit transaction. (1)
(2) The second unit in a financial claim (either .
the debtor or the creditor). (2)
. (,
).
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Credit
(1) One of two equal-valued entries required by (1)
the double-entry accounting system to record a
flow. A credit entry is a decrease in an asset, an
increase in a liability, or an increase in net . ,
worth. A revenue entry refers to an increase in .
net worth and is recorded as a credit. (2) The
provision of resources by one institutional unit .
(the creditor or lender) to another unit (the (2) ()
debtor or borrower). (3) An amount deductible ()
from the tax that otherwise would be payable (a . (3)
tax credit). (4) A method of using transferable ( ) (4)
deposits to make a direct third-party payment
(payment by direct debit or credit).
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Creditor
The owner of a financial claim. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Current grant
government unit or international organization ,
made for purposes of current expense. It is not
linked to or conditional on the acquisition of an
asset by the recipient. Also, any grant that is not .
a capital grant.
.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Current transfer
Any transfer that is not a capital transfer. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debit
One of two equal-valued entries required by the ,
double-entry accounting system to record a flow.
A debit is an increase in an asset, a decrease in
a liability, or a decrease in net worth. An .
expense refers to a decrease in net worth and is ,
recorded as a debit. .

.
94 -
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt
Any liability that requires a payment or payments
of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the ,
creditor at a date or dates in the future. All
liabilities in the GFS system are debt except for . -
shares and other equity and financial ,
derivatives. ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt assumption
The acceptance by one unit of responsibility for
the debt of another unit, including the ,
assumption of a guaranteed debt when the
creditor invokes the contract conditions
permitting the guarantee to be called. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt forgiveness
The cancellation of a debt (or part of a debt) by ,
mutual agreement between a creditor and .
debtor.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt repudiation
The unilateral cancellation of debt by a debtor.
Debt repudiation is not regarded as an economic .
flow and is not recorded in the GFS system. -
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt rescheduling
A bilateral arrangement to alter the dates for
servicing an existing debt, usually on terms more
favorable for the debtor and possibly with partial ,
debt forgiveness, including extending repayment
schedules, adding or extending grace periods for
interest and principal payments, or rescheduling ,
debt service payments that are in arrears. ,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt restructuring
A bilateral arrangement to alter the terms for
servicing an existing debt, often on more
favorable terms for the debtor and possibly with ,
partial debt forgiveness. In addition to debt
rescheduling, debt restructuring can include the .
replacement of the existing debt with a new
debt.
.
Source: ( GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt write-down
A unilateral reduction by a creditor in the value
of a financial asset because its value cannot be
collected completely.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt write-off
A unilateral reduction by a creditor in the value
of a financial asset because its value cannot be
collected completely.
- 95
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debt-for-equity swap
The exchange of a debt instrument (or part of a (
debt instrument) for shares and other equity )
issued by the same debtor. ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Debtor
The unit required to make payments in
accordance with the terms and conditions ,
specified in a contract underlying a financial .
claim.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Defeasance
A debt-related operation in which a debtor
matches specific liabilities with specific financial
assets, the income and value of which are
sufficient to ensure that all debt-service , ,
payments will be met. Defeasance may be .
carried out by placing the assets and liabilities in
a separate account within the institutional unit ,
concerned or by transferring them to another
unit. The GFS system does not recognize . -
defeasance.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Depository corporation
A financial corporation, quasi-corporation, or
market nonprofit institution whose principal ,
activity is financial intermediation and which has
liabilities in the form of deposits or financial
instruments that are close substitutes for , -,
deposits. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Discount factor
A number used to convert a future cash flow,
such as a debt payment, to its present value.
Normally, a discount factor is estimated as the .
amount that would have to be invested now, at
an appropriate interest rate given the risk
associated with the future cash flow, to generate
an amount equal to the future cash flow.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Discount rate
The interest rate used to estimate a discount
factor. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Disposal of an asset
Any transaction other than consumption of fixed
capital that decreases a units holdings of
assets. ..
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Due-for-payment basis of recording

A recording system in which the time assigned ,
to flows that give rise to cash payments is the
latest time they can be paid without incurring
additional charges or penalties or, if sooner,
96 -
when the cash payment is made. Nonmonetary .
flows may or may not be recorded. ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Employer social insurance scheme

A social insurance scheme in which an
employer provides social insurance benefits to ,
its employees, former employees, or their ,
beneficiaries.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Exchange transaction
A transaction in which one unit provides a good, , ,
service, asset, or labor to a second unit and , ,
receives a good, service, asset, or labor of the , , ,
same value in return. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Expense
A transaction that results in a decrease in net .
worth.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Export monopoly
A public corporation or quasi-corporation that
exercises the taxing power of government by the
use of monopoly powers over the right to export
particular goods and/or control services provided
to nonresidents. These monopolies are created -
to raise revenue that could be gathered through .
taxes on exports or dealings in foreign
exchange.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
External debt.
Debt owed to a nonresident.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
External transaction
An interaction between two units by mutual
agreement. /
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Extrabudgetary unit
A government unit not financed by the legislative
budget of the controlling government
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Financial claim
An asset that entitles one unit, the owner of the
asset and the creditor, to receive one or more
payments from a second unit, the debtor,
according to the terms and conditions specified ,
in a contract between the two units.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Financial derivative
- 97
A financial instrument that is linked to a specific , ,
financial instrument, indicator, or commodity,
and through which specific financial risks can be
traded in financial markets.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Financial instrument
The contract underlying a financial claim. .
Normally a financial instrument is created when
one unit provides funds to a second unit and the ,
second unit agrees to repay the funds in the
future. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Financial lease
An arrangement for financing acquisitions of
fixed assets. It is a contract between a lessor .
and a lessee whereby the lessor owns a fixed ,
asset and puts it at the disposal of the lessee,
and the lessee contracts to pay rentals that ,
permit the lessor to recover all or almost all of its ,
costs, including interest. As a result, the risks
and rewards of ownership pass from the lessor
to the lessee, and a change of ownership from
the lessor to the lessee is deemed to take place. .
, ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Financing
The net result of transactions in financial assets ,
and liabilities. It equals net lending/borrowing .
with the opposite sign. /
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Fine
A compulsory current transfer imposed on a unit ,
by a court of law or quasi-judicial body for
violations of laws or administrative rules. Out-of-
court agreements are also included. .

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Fiscal burden
The amount of compulsory transfers imposed by
units of the general government sector on the
rest of the economy. It can be approximated by
the sum of tax revenue and compulsory social . ,
security contributions. If a supranational
organization also imposes compulsory transfers, .
they may need to be added. Fines, penalties,
and forfeits are compulsory transfers but are not
normally part of the fiscal burden. .
, ,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Fiscal monopoly
A public corporation or quasi-corporation that ,
exercises the taxing power of government by the ,
use of monopoly powers over the production or
distribution of a particular kind of good or
98 -
service. These monopolies are created to raise - .
government revenues that could otherwise be
gathered through taxes on private sector ,
production or distribution of the commodities
concerned.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Flow
The monetary expression of an economic action
engaged in by a unit or another event affecting
the economic status of the unit. It reflects the
creation, transformation, exchange, transfer, or .
extinction of economic value. It involves a , , ,
change in the volume, composition, or value of a , .
units assets, liabilities, and net worth. Every flow , ,
is classified either as a transaction or an other , ,
economic flow. .

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Forfeit
An amount deposited with a general government
unit pending a legal or administrative proceeding
that has been transferred to the general
government unit as part of the resolution of that .
proceeding.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Funded social insurance scheme

A social insurance scheme with identifiable
reserves or accounts assigned for the payment
of benefits.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Government
The public authorities of a country and their ,
agencies, which are entities established through
political processes that exercise legislative, , ,
judicial, and executive authority within a
territorial area. The principal economic functions ,
of a government are (1) to assume responsibility .
for the provision of goods and services to the (1)
community on a nonmarket basis, either for ,
collective or individual consumption, and (2) to
redistribute income and wealth by means of (2)
transfer payments. An additional characteristic of ,
government is that these activities must be .
financed primarily by taxation or other
compulsory transfers.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Government final consumption expenditure

A national accounting concept that is not
measured directly in the GFS system. It consists -
of expenditures on goods and services that are .
used (without further transformation) for the , ,
satisfaction of individual or collective human , (
needs or wants. Its value can be approximated ) .
in the GFS system by compensation of -
employees plus the use of goods and services
plus consumption of fixed capital minus the ,
sales of goods and services plus purchases for ,
- 99
direct transfer to households. ,
, ,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Grant
government unit or international organization.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Gross debt position

The sum of all liabilities except shares and other , ,
equity and financial derivatives.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Gross investment
The net value of acquisitions less disposal of
nonfinancial assets.
/ .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Gross operating balance

Revenue minus expense other than
consumption of fixed capital. Also the net .
operating balance plus consumption of fixed
capital. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Gross saving
The gross operating balance minus net capital
transfers receivable. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Import monopoly
A public corporation or quasi-corporation that
exercises the taxing power of government by the
use of monopoly powers over the right to import
particular goods and/or control services received
from nonresidents. These monopolies are
created to raise revenue that could be gathered - .
through taxes on imports or dealings in foreign
exchange. See fiscal monopoly and export
monopoly.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Imputed social contribution

The value that would be needed to secure the ,
de facto entitlement to social benefits when a
government unit provides social benefits directly
to their employees, former employees, or ,
dependents out of their own resources without
involving an insurance enterprise or an
autonomous or nonautonomous pension fund.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Incurrence of a liability
A transaction that increases a units liabilities.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
100 -
International reserves
Those external assets that are readily available
to and controlled by the monetary authorities for ,
direct financing of payments imbalances, for
indirectly regulating the magnitude of such ,
imbalances through intervention in exchange
markets to affect the currency exchange rate,
and/or for other purposes. Reserve assets
consist of currency, deposits, securities .
denominated in foreign currencies, monetary ,
gold, SDRs, and the nations reserve position in ,
the IMF. , ,

Source: (GFSM 2001) .
: ( 2001)
Liability
An obligation to provide economic benefits to the
unit holding the corresponding financial claim.
When a financial claim is created, a liability of .
equal value is simultaneously incurred by the
debtor as the counterpart of the financial asset.
The payments that the creditor has a contractual
right to receive are also the payment or .
payments that the debtor is contractually
obligated to provide.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Liquidation of a liability
A transaction that decreases a units liabilities.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Local government
A government whose legislative, judicial, and
executive authority is restricted to the smallest
geographic areas distinguished for
administrative and political purposes. Such , ,
governments may or may not be entitled to levy
taxes on institutional units or economic activities .
taking place in their areas.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Net acquisition of assets

Total acquisitions of assets less total disposals. ,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Net financial worth

The total value of all financial assets minus the
total value of all liabilities. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Net incurrence of liabilities

Total incurrences of liabilities from transactions
minus total reductions of liabilities from
transactions. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Net lending/borrowing. /
The net acquisition of all financial assets from
transactions minus the net incurrence of all
- 101
liabilities from transactions. Equally, it is the net
operating balance minus the net acquisition of .
nonfinancial assets.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Net operating balance

Revenue minus expense. It measures the .
change in net worth resulting from transactions.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Net saving
Gross saving less consumption of fixed capital.
: ( 2001)
Net wealth/Net worth /

The total value of all assets minus the total value
of all liabilities. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Neutral holding gain

The value of a holding gain that would accrue if
the price of an asset or liability changed in the
same proportion as the general price level. It is
the gain needed to preserve the real value of the .
asset or liability.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Nominal value of debt

The amount that a debtor owes to a creditor at
any moment. It reflects the value of the .
instrument at creation and subsequent economic ,
flows, such as transactions, valuation changes ,
(excluding market price changes), and other ,, (
changes, such as debt forgiveness. It is equal to ),
the required future payments of principal and
interest discounted at the existing contractual .
interest rate.
,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Nonautonomous pension fund

An employer social insurance scheme providing
retirement benefits in which the employer has
established segregated reserves, but the ,
organization and operations of the scheme do
not qualify as an institutional unit. All of the .
assets, liabilities, transactions, and other events ,
of the pension fund are included among , ,
corresponding items of the employer operating
the scheme. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Nonfinancial asset
Any asset other than a financial asset.
Nonfinancial assets consist of fixed assets, .
inventories, valuables, and nonproduced assets. , ,
Most nonfinancial assets provide benefits either , .
through their use in the production of goods and
services or in the form of property income. ,

102 -

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Nonmarket producer
A unit that mainly supplies goods or services ,
free or at prices that are not economically
significant to households or the community as a
whole. These producers may have some sales .
of market output as a secondary activity.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Operating leasing
A productive activity that involves renting fixed
assets for terms less than the expected service
lives of the assets. The lessor provides a service .
to the lessee in exchange for the lease
payments.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Other accounts receivable/payable /

A category in the GFS classification of financial - ,
assets and liabilities. It consists of trade credits, .
advances, and miscellaneous other items due to ,
be received or paid and not included in any other ,
category of financial assets and liabilities. This
category includes accrued but unpaid taxes, .
dividends, purchases and sales of securities, ,
rent, wages and salaries, social contributions, , ,
and social benefits. , , ,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Other economic flows

A change in the volume or value of an asset or
liability that does not result from a transaction. , ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Overall fiscal balance

Net lending/borrowing adjusted through the ,
rearrangement of transactions in assets and
liabilities that are deemed to be for public policy /
purposes. Notably, all proceeds under .
privatization would be included as financial
items; and subsidies given in the form of loans ;
would be recognized as an expense. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Overall primary balance

The overall fiscal balance plus net interest
expense. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Own-account capital formation

The production of nonfinancial assets by a unit
for its own use.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Partitioning
The division of a single transaction as viewed by -
the parties involved into two or more
- 103
transactions for recording in the GFS system. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Payments in kind
A payment made in the form of goods, services, , ,
or noncash assets. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Pension
A fixed sum paid regularly to a person, normally
following retirement. The person may be the .
retiree, a dependent, or another beneficiary. ,

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Pension fund
A fund established for the purpose of providing ,
benefits on retirement for specific groups of
workers, dependents, and other beneficiaries. A
pension fund can be a separate institutional unit .
(an autonomous pension fund) or the assets,
liabilities, transactions, and other events of the ( ),
pension fund may be included among the , ,
corresponding items of the employer operating
the scheme (a nonautonomous pension fund).
(
) .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Pension scheme
A social insurance scheme for providing ,
pensions to a designated group of people, ,
usually workers, their dependents, and other
beneficiaries. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Perpetual inventory method

A method commonly used to estimate the ,
written-down replacement cost of a category of
assets, especially tangible fixed assets. With this
method, the value of the assets is based on .
estimates of acquisitions and disposals that
have been accumulated (after deduction of the (
accumulated consumption of fixed capital, , ,
amortization, or depletion) and revalued over a )
long enough period to cover the acquisition of all
assets in the category.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Present value
The current value of a future cash flow, normally
determined by dividing the future cash flow by a
discount factor.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Primary operating balance

The net operating balance plus net interest
expense. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Property expense attributed to insurance

policyholder
The expense of a unit operating an insurance or
retirement scheme attributed to its liability for
104 -
insurance technical reserves. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Property income
The income received when a unit places a
financial asset or a tangible nonproduced asset
that it owns at the disposal of another unit.
Interest, dividends, withdrawals from income of . , ,
quasi-corporations, property income attributed to - ,
insurance policyholders, and rent are the types
of property income recognized in the GFS , -
system.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Property income attributed to insurance

policyholders
The income received from a units investment in ,
the financial asset, insurance technical reserves.
Insurance technical reserves consist of .
prepayments of nonlife insurance premiums,
reserves against outstanding claims, and ,
actuarial reserves against outstanding risks ,
associated with life insurance policies and
retirement schemes. These reserves are .
considered to be assets of the policyholders or
their beneficiaries. The income generated by .
insurance technical reserves is classified as
property income attributed to insurance
policyholders. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Reassignment
Reclassification of a transaction when one unit
acts as an agent for another unit.
: ( 2001)
Recording basis
The set of guidelines that determines the time ,
assigned to flows and, in some cases, the types
of flows that are recorded. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Regional central bank

An international financial organization that acts
as a common central bank for a group of
member countries. It has its headquarters in one .
country and usually maintains national offices in ,
each of the member countries. The
headquarters is an international organization. .
Each national office acts as the central bank for .
that country and is treated as a resident
institutional unit in that country.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Remuneration in kind ,
A transaction in which an employer
compensates an employee with goods, services,
or assets other than money. ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Rental
A payment for services produced by lessors of
produced assets and provided to the lessees.
- 105
Payments by lessees of nonproduced assets are .
rent rather than rentals because lessors of these
assets are not considered to be engaged in a
productive activity.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Repayment of a liability
A transaction that decreases a units liabilities.
Synonymous with liquidation of a liability. . .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Rerouting
Reformulation of a transaction when a unit that
is in fact a party to a transaction does not appear
in the actual accounting records because of
administrative arrangements.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Retirement benefit
A social benefit paid to retirees and their ,
dependents or other beneficiaries, usually in the
form of a pension or health services.

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Retirement scheme
A social insurance scheme that provides
retirement benefits. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Revenue
A transaction that results in an increase in net
worth. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Royalties
A name often given to payments with respect to
a lease for the extraction of subsoil assets /
owned by another unit. In the GFS system,
these payments are classified as rent. . -
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Severance / .
(1) A tax imposed on the extraction of minerals (1)
and fossil fuels. (2) A payments to workers, . (2)
or their survivor, who lose their jobs ,
because of redundancy, incapacity, or
accidental death. ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Shares and other equity

All instruments and records acknowledging, after
the claims of all creditors have been met, claims
on the residual value of a corporation. Most ,
equity securities do not provide the right to a .
predetermined income or to a fixed sum on
dissolution of the corporation. Ownership of
equity is usually evidenced by shares, stocks, .
participations, or similar documents. ,
,

106 -
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social assistance benefit

A social benefit paid by a social assistance
scheme. Social assistance benefits do not .
include payments made in response to events or
circumstances that are not normally covered by
social insurance schemes, such as natural ,
disasters. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social assistance scheme

A noncontributory social protection scheme.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social contribution
A payment to a social insurance scheme by the
insured persons or by other parties on their
behalf in order to secure entitlement to the social
benefits of the scheme. The contributions may
be compulsory or voluntary. A general .
government unit can pay social contributions on
behalf of its employees (an expense) or receive .
social contributions as the operator of a social
insurance scheme (either revenue or the
incurrence of a liability).

.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social insurance benefit

A social benefit paid by a social insurance
scheme .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social insurance scheme

A contributory social protection scheme.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social protection scheme

A systematic framework for providing
interventions intended to relieve households and ,
individuals of the burden of a defined set of
social risks. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social risk
An event or circumstance that may adversely
affect the welfare of households either by
imposing additional demands on their resources
or by reducing their incomes. , .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social security benefit

A social benefit paid by a social security
scheme. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social security contribution

A payment to a social security scheme by the ,
insured persons or their employers in order to
secure entitlement to the social security benefits
of the scheme, provided the contributions are
determined as a function of earnings, payroll, or ,
- 107
the number of employees. Payments by self-
employed persons determined using self- .
employment income as a proxy for gross wages
are also treated as social security contributions.
Social security contributions may be compulsory
or voluntary. A general government unit can pay .
social security contributions on behalf of its .
employees (an expense) or receive social
security contributions as the operator of a social
security scheme (revenue). () ,

() .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social security fund

A government unit devoted to the operation of
one or more social security schemes. To satisfy
the general requirements of an institutional unit, .
the fund must be separately organized from the
other activities of government units, hold its
assets and liabilities separately, and engage in
financial transactions on its own account. ,
,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Social security scheme

A social insurance scheme that is imposed, ,
controlled, and financed by a government unit ,
and covers the entire community or large
sections of it. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Statement of Government Operations

A summary of all transactions of the general
government sector in a given accounting period.
They are classified as revenue, expense, net .
acquisitions of nonfinancial assets, net , ,
acquisitions of financial assets, or net
incurrences of liabilities to demonstrate the ,
effect of fiscal policy on the net worth of the
general government sector, on its demand for
credit, and on its holdings of assets and , ,
liabilities. , .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Statement of Other Economic Flows

A summary of changes to governments net
worth that are not the result of transactions. The
changes are classified as changes either in the .
value or volume of assets, liabilities, and net , ,
worth. ,
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Tax assessment
An estimate, made by the taxpayer or the tax
authority, of tax due.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Tax credit
An amount deductible from the tax that
otherwise would be payable. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
108 -
Tax liability
The amount of tax owed by a taxpayer.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Tax refund
Repayment by the tax authority of tax
overpayments. .
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Transfer transaction
A transaction in which one unit provides a good, , ,
service, asset, or labor to a second unit without , ,
receiving simultaneously a good, service, asset, , , ,
or labor of any value in return.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Unfunded social insurance scheme

A social insurance scheme without identifiable
reserves or accounts assigned for the payment
of benefits.
.
Source: (GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
Written-down replacement cost

The initial acquisition cost of an asset plus an
appropriate revaluation for subsequent price ,
changes, minus an allowance for consumption of ,
fixed capital, amortization, or depletion. Source: , .
(GFSM 2001) : ( 2001)
- 109
2.5 Foreign trade 2.5
A goods declaration
A goods declaration is "a statement made in
the form prescribed by the customs, by which the
persons interested indicate the particular customs
procedure to be applied to the goods and furnish
the particulars which the customs require to be
declared for the application of that procedure". .
Source: International Merchandise Trade :
Statistics, Concepts and Definitions ,UNSD, 1998 , ,
, , 1998
Barter transaction
Barter transactions involve two parties, with one
party providing a good, service or asset other ,
than cash to the other in return for a good, ,
service or asset other than cash. ,
,
.
Statistics, Concepts and Definitions, UNSD, 1998 , ,
, , 1998 )
Bilateral trade agreement

A trade agreement that two countries undertake, ,
often to reduce tariffs and quotas on items
between themselves. They are free to implement .
different trade policies with respect to other
countries. .
, , 1998 )
C.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) (, , )

The seller must pay the costs and freight
necessary to bring the goods to the named port ,
of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to
the goods, as well as any additional costs due to
events occurring after the time the goods have ,
been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred .
from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass
the ship's rail in the port of shipment. The c.i.f.
term requires the seller to clear the goods for .
export.
Statistics, Concepts and Definitions, UNSD, , ,
1998, page 35 , , 1998 , 35
Cross border shopping

Cross border shopping is the name given to the
activity wherein private individuals buy goods
abroad because of lower taxes and import them
for their own consumption, without declaring them
in full in order to avoid paying import duties. ,

.
Source: Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: : :
A Handbook, OECD, IMF, ILO, Interstate , , ,,
Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of
Independent States, 2002 , 2002
Customs territory
The customs territory is "the territory in which the
customs law of a state applies in full"
- .
110 -
Source: Kyoto Convention, annex A.1, p. 6, : , 6,
International Merchandise Trade Statistics, 1,
Concepts and Definitions, UNSD, 1998 , ,
, , 1998
Export industries
Goods-producing industries aggregated at the
division (two-digit) level of the International
Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic (, .3) (2
Activities, Third Revision (ISIC, Rev.3), a )
specified proportion of whose production is
exported.
.
Source : UN Common Database: Definitions List : , ,
Code 46 , 46
Exports prices indices

Laspeyres's index calculated for the price(s) of
one or any specified group of commodities
entering into international trade using, ideally,
f.o.b. export prices. IMF indices for export prices . -
are compiled from survey data for prices at the
wholesale level or directly from the exporter
(called "direct pricing"). In the absence of national (
sources, data for wholesale prices are taken from ) .
world commodity markets and are converted into
national currency at period average exchange
rates. Indices based on direct pricing are
generally considered preferable to unit value
indices, because problems of unit value bias are
reduced. .

.
Statistics, Concepts and Definitions, UNSD, , ,
1998, page 35) , , 1998 , 35
Exports volume (quantum) and unit value

indices
Indices for volume of exports are either
Laspeyres or Paasche. Indices for unit value of -
exports are Laspeyres with weights derived from .
the data for transactions

.
Source : UN Common Database: Definitions List : , ,
Code 318 , 318
f.o.b. (free on board)

The f.o.b. price (free on board price) of exports ( )
and imports of goods is the market value of the
goods at the point of uniform valuation, (the (
customs frontier of the economy from which they ) ;
are exported); it is equal to the c.i.f. price less the ()
costs of transportation and insurance charges, ()
between the customs frontier of the exporting ,
(importing) country and that of the importing
(exporting) country. .
Source: SNA-93, 14.36, 14.40 [15.36]) : -93, 14.36, 14.40 [15.36]
Free zones
The term 'free zone' means a part of the territory
of a State where any goods introduced are
generally regarded, insofar as import duty and
taxes are concerned, as being outside the ,
customs territory and arenot subject to the usual
- 111
customs control. A distinction may be made .
between commercial and industrial free zones. In
commercial free zones the permitted operations .
are generally limited to those necessary for the
preservation of the goods and the usual forms of ,
handling to improve their packaging or
marketable quality or to prepare them for
shipment. In industrial free zones processing
operations are authorized. .

, , 1998
Goods in free circulation

Goods in free circulation "means goods which
may be disposed of without customs restriction"
,
.
, , 1998
Import duties ,
Customs duties, or other import charges, which
are payable on goods of a particular type when
they enter the economic territory, specified under
customs tariff schedules.
.
Source: UN Common Database: Definition list : , ,
Code 277 , 277
Import of goods and services ,

Imports of goods and services consist of ,
purchases, barter, or receipts of gifts or grants, of
goods and services by residents from non-
residents; the treatment of exports and imports in , ,
the SNA is generally identical with that in the ,
balance of payments accounts as described in - ,
the Balance of Payments Manual.

.
Source: SNA-93 14.88 [14.91, 14.94] : -93 14.88 [14.91, 14.94]
Imports prices indices (IMF)

IMF indices for import prices are compiled from -
survey data for prices at the wholesale level or
directly from the importer (called "direct pricing").
In the absence of national sources, data for (
wholesale prices are taken from world commodity ) .
markets and are converted into national currency
at period average exchange rates. Indices based
on direct pricing are generally considered
preferable to unit value indices, because
problems of unit value bias are reduced. .

.
Code 392 , 392
Imports volume (quantum) and unit value

indices
Indices for volume of imports are either
112 -
Laspeyres or Paasche. Indices for unit value of -
imports are Laspeyres with weights derived from .
the data for transactions.Source: UN Common
Database: Definition list Code 331

: , ,
, 331
Merchandise trade
Goods which add or subtract from the stock of
material resources of a country by entering
(imports) or leaving (exports) its economic () (),
territory. Goods simply being transported through ,
a country (goods in transit) or temporarily
admitted or withdrawn (except for goods for .
inward or outward processing) do not add to or ( )
subtract from the stock of material resources of a (
country and are not included in the international )
merchandise trade statistics. In many cases, a
country's economic territory largely coincides with ,
its customs territory, which is the territory in which
the customs law of a country applies in full. .

Source: UN Common Database: Definition list .
Code 368 : , ,
, 368
Merchant vessels
Ships for the transportation of merchandise cargo , ,
including oil tankers, liquefied gas carriers, , ,
chemical tenders, bulk/oil carriers, ore and bulk
carriers, general cargo and container ships. ,
.
Source: UN Common Database: Definitions List : , ,
Code 95 , 95
Monetary gold
Monetary gold is gold owned by the monetary ,
authorities or others subject to their effective
control that is held as a financial asset and as a
component of foreign reserves.

.
,
, 1998
Non-monetary gold
Non-monetary gold covers exports and imports of
all gold not held as reserve assets (monetary ( ) ,
gold) by the authorities. ,
Source: IMF, Balance of Payment Manual .
para.202 : ,
202-
Re-exports -
Foreign goods exported in the same state as
previosully imported, from the free circulation
area, premises for inward processing or industrial ,
free zones, directly to the rest of the world and ,
from premises for customs warehousing or
commercial free zones, to the rest of the world
.
- 113

Re-import -
Importation into a Customs territory of goods
previously exported from that territory.
.

Retail trade
Retail trade is defined in the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) as the re-
sale (sale without transformation) of new and () ,
used goods to the general public, for personal or
household consumption or utilization. (
Retail trade includes the following ISIC Rev. 3 )
Groups in Division 52 (except repair of personal ..
and household goods).
- non-specialized retail trade in stores; .3- 52-
- retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in (
specialized stores; ).
- other Retail trade of new goods in specialized -
stores; ;
- retail sale of second-hand goods in stores; - , , ,
- retail trade not in stores. ;
-
;
-
;
-
. ( .3)
Source: UNSD, ISIC Rev.3 : , , . 3
Shuttle trade
Shuttle trade refers to the activity in which
individual entrepreneurs buy goods abroad and
import them for resale in street markets or small , ,
shops. Often the goods are imported without full
declaration in order to avoid import duties. .
,

.
Source: Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: :
A Handbook, OECD, IMF, ILO, 2002 ,, , , 2002
Standard International trade classification

SITC is the Standard International Trade
Classification which is a statistical classification of ()
the commodities entering external trade. It is .
designed to provide the commodity aggregates ,
requited for purposes of economic analysis and -
to facilitate the international comparison of trade-
by-commodity data. .
Source: UN Statistical Division, Standard : - ,

International trade classification, rev. 3 , .3
Taxes on production and imports ,

Taxes on production and imports consist of taxes ,
payable on goods and services when they are , ,
produced, delivered, sold, transferred or ,
otherwise disposed of by their producers plus
taxes and duties on imports that become payable
when goods enter the economic territory by
crossing the frontier or when services are ,
delivered to resident units by non-resident units; ,
they also include other taxes on production,
114 -
which consist mainly of taxes on the ownership or ,
use of land, buildings or other assets used in ;
production or on the labor employed, or
compensation of employees paid.
, ,
,
, ,
Source: SNA-93, 7.49 ,
.
: -93, 7.49
Terms of trade index

Obtained by dividing an export unit value index
by the corresponding import unit value index
Source: UN Common Database: Definitions List .
Code 137 : , ,
, 137
Trade balance
Imports less export of goods. The trade balance .
is the difference between exports and imports of
goods. , .
Code 311 , 311
Trade margin
A trade margin is the difference between the
actual or imputed price realized on a good (,
purchased for resale (either wholesale or retail) )
and the price that would have to be paid by the
distributor to replace the good at the time it is
sold or otherwise disposed of.

Source: SNA-93, 6.110 .
: -93, 6.110
Trading partner countries

Countries of origin and purchase in international
merchandise trade transactions.
.
: , ,
Source: UN Common Database: Definitions List
Transport margin
A transport margin consists of those transport
charges paid separately by the purchaser in
taking delivery of the goods at the required time ,
and place.
Source: SNA-93, 15.40 [15.42] .
: -93, 15.40 [15.42]
Turnover
This item includes the sales value of all goods ,
and services sold by the trade unit during the
reference period to third parties, irrespective of
time or method of payment.
,
Source: Distributive Trade Statistics, Concepts .
and Definitions,UNSD, 2006 : ,
, , 2006
- 115
Wholesale trade
Wholesale trade is defined in the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) as the () ,
resale (sale without transformation) of new and
used goods to retailers; to industrial, commercial,
institutional or professional users; to other ; ,
wholesalers; or acting as agents in buying , ,
merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such ,
persons or companies. ;
Wholesale trade is defined in ISIC Rev. 3 as ;
comprising the following Groups in Division 51): , ,
- wholesale on a fee or contract basis;
- wholesale of agricultural raw materials, live .
animals, food, beverages and tobacco; .3-
- wholesale of household goods; 51-
- Wholesale of non-agricultural intermediate :
products, waste and scrap; - ,
- wholesale of machinery, equipment and ;
supplies; - ,
- other wholesale , , , , ,
;
-
;
-

Source: ISIC Rev.3 , ;
,
;
- .
: , -3
116 -
3. Business Statistics 3.
3.1 Agriculture 3.1
Agricultural activities
The United Nations Food and Agricultural - ,
Organisation (FAO) defines agricultural activities ()
as those listed in classes: .
- 111 (Agricultural and livestock production); and - 111 (
- 112 (Agricultural services). )
- 112 ( ).
Source: Economic Accounts for Agriculture: :
Presentation and Methodological Approach, : , , ,
OECD, 1999, page 5 , 1999 , 5
Agricultural household
A household is considered to be an agricultural
household when at least one member of the
household is operating a holding (farming ( )
household) or when the household head,
reference person or main income earner is
economically active in agriculture.
.
Source: Handbook of Household Surveys, :
Revised Edition, Studies in Methods, Series F, ,
No. 31, United Nations, New York, 1984, para. , , F,
13.15 31, , -
, 1984 , 13.15
Agricultural land
Agricultural land is land including arable land, land
under permanent crops and land under ,
permanent meadows and pastures. , ,
.
, 1997
Agriculture, hunting and forestry , ,

Agriculture, hunting and forestry comprises the
following divisions of the International Standard
Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities ()
(ISIC), Revision 3: growing of crops, market III
gardening, horticulture; farming of animals; , ,
growing of crops combined with farming of
animals (mixed farming); agricultural and animal : ,
husbandry service activities (except veterinary , ,
activities); hunting, trapping and game , ,
propagation, including related service activities; (
forestry, logging and related service activities. ),
(
), ,
,
,
; ,

.
Source: :
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?C http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp
l=2 ?Cl=2
Agronomy
Agronomy is the science of soil management and
crop production.
.
- 117
, 1997
Cereals
Cereals are defined as wheat, coarse grains and ,
rice. , .
Source: OECD Agricultural Outlook: 2001-2006, : ,

OECD, 2001, Annex II Glossary of Terms : 2001-2006, , 2001 ,
II
Coarse grains
Coarse grains generally refers to cereal grains
other than wheat and rice in the OECD ,
countries, those used primarily for animal feed or . -
brewing. , ,
.
Source: Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: : -
Monitoring and Evaluation 2000: Glossary of : , ,
Agricultural Policy Terms, OECD 2000 :
,
Crop year
A crop year is a twelve-month period used for
collecting data on a particular crop generally ,
corresponding to the natural planting and
marketing cycle for that crop. Usually, a crop year 12
begins in a month other than January .
.
Monitoring and Evaluation 2000: Glossary of : ,
,
Food balance sheet

A food balance sheet presents a comprehensive
picture of the pattern of a country's food supply
during a specified reference period. The food .
balance sheet shows for each food item - i.e. each
primary commodity and a number of processed ,
commodities potentially available for human
consumption - the sources of supply and its
utilization. -
, .
Context: The total quantity of foodstuffs produced :
in a country added to the total quantity imported
and adjusted to any change in stocks that may
have occurred since the beginning of the
reference period gives the supply available during
that period.
On the utilization side a distinction is made .
between the quantities exported, fed to livestock, ,
used for seed, put to manufacture for food use , ,
and non-food uses, losses during storage and
transportation, and food supplies available for ,
human consumption. ,

.
Source: FAOSTAT Agricultural Data, Food and :
Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, , -
Rome ,
Livestock for breeding, dairy, draught, etc. , ,

Livestock for breeding, dairy, draught, etc consist
of livestock that are cultivated for the products , ,
118 -
they provide year after year.
.
Source: (AN.11141) Annex to chapter XIII : (AN.11141) XIII
Pasture
,
Pasture refers to grasses, legumes and/or other
, ,
herbage used or suitable for the grazing of , .
animals. The term also includes the land covered

by such herbage, being used or suitable for
grazing.
.
:
Source: Environmental Indicators for Agriculture
- .3:
Vol. 3: Methods and Results, OECD, 2001, , , 2001 , , 389-
glossary, pages 389-391 391-
Segregation
Segregation is a system whereby crops are
separated for marketing purposes according to a
specific characteristic.
.
Source: OECD Agricultural Outlook: 2001-2006, : -
OECD, 2001, Annex II Glossary of Terms : 2001-2006, , 2001 ,
II
Soil cover
Soil cover refers to vegetation, including crops,
and crop residues on the surface of the soil. ,
.
Source: Environmental Indicators for Agriculture :
Vol. 3: Methods and Results, OECD, 2001, - .3:
glossary, pages 389-391 , , 2001 , , 389-
391-
Soil organic matter

Soil organic matter is carbon-containing material
in the soil that derives from living organisms.
.
glossary, pages 389-391 , , 2001 , , 389-
391-
Soil quality
Soil quality encompasses two distinct, but related
parts: inherent quality, the innate properties of :
soils such as those that lead to soil formation; and ,
dynamic quality, covering the main degradation
processes (physical, chemical and biological) and ; ,
farm management practices. (, ,
)
.
glossary, pages 389-391 , , 2001 , , 389-
391-
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is agricultural production
that is economically viable and does not degrade
the environment over the long run.
.
Monitoring and Evaluation 2000: Glossary of : ,
,
- 119
Vegetable oil
Vegetable oil is defined as rapeseed oil (canola), ,
soyabean oil, sunflower seed oil and palm oil. , ,
.
Source: OECD Agricultural Outlook: 2001-2006, : -
OECD, 2001, Annex II Glossary of Terms : 2001-2006 , , 2001
, II
120 -
3.2 Industry 3.2
Advanced manufacturing technology

Advanced manufacturing technology is defined
as computer-controlled or micro-electronics- ,
based equipment used in the design, ,
manufacture or handling of a product.
-
Context: Typical applications include computer- .
aided design (CAD), computer- aided :
engineering (CAE), flexible machining centres, (CAD),
robots, automated guided vehicles, and
automated storage and retrieval systems. These (CAE),
may be linked by communications systems , ,
(factory local area networks) into integrated ,
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and
ultimately into an overall automated factory or . ,
computer-integrated manufacturing system (
(CIM). ) ,
(FMS)

.
Source: OECD Frascati Manual, Fifth edition, : ,
1993, Annex 2, para. 35, page 117 , 1993 , 2,
.35, 117
Coal
Coal is a family name for a variety of solid
organic fuels and refers to a whole range of
combustible sedimentary rock materials
spanning a continuous quality range. For
convenience, this continuous series is divided .
into four categories: 4 .
-Anthracite - ,
-Bituminouscoal -
-Sub-bituminouscoal -
-Lignite
-
Source: Electricity information 2001, :
International Energy Agency, Paris Part II -2001 ,
, II
Coke oven coke

Coke oven coke - Is the solid product obtained -
from the carbonisation of coal, principally coking
coal, at high temperature. It is low in moisture .
content and volatile matter. , .
Source: Energy Statistics of OECD Countries: : -
1999-2000, 2002 Edition, International Energy : 1999-2000, 2002 ,
Agency, Paris, Part 2 Notes on Energy , ,
Sources , II -

Coke oven gas

Coke oven gas is obtained as a by-product of
the manufacture of coke oven coke for the
production of iron and steel.
.
Sources , II -

- 121
Energy conversion factors
Energy conversion factors - Energy conversion -
factors are specific coefficients used to , , ,
determine equivalence between units of mass
and volume, energy and work and power;
conversion factors are also used to convert ;
quantities of energy production and
consumption from their original physical units
into a common unit of measurement

.
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United , ,
Nations, New York, 1997 F, 67, H, , 1997
Energy sources
Energy sources are all solid, liquid and gaseous ,
fuels; electricity; uranium; steam and hot water; ;
and the traditional fuels such as fuelwood, ; ; , ;
charcoal, vegetal and animal wastes , , ,

Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United , ,
Nations, New York, 1997 F, 67, H, , 1997
Energy standards
Energy standards are mandatory programmes
(regulations) stipulating the minimum efficiency
levels or maximum energy-use levels
acceptable for products sold in a particular ,
country of region.
() .
Context: They are often called minimum :
efficiency standards or minimum energy
performance standards (MEPS)
. (MEPS)
Source: Energy Labels and Standards, Energy : ,
Efficiency Policy Profiles, International Energy ,
Agency, 2001 , ,
2001
Gas / liquids from biomass /

Biogas is derived principally from the anaerobic ,
fermentation of biomass and solid wastes and
combusted to produce heat and/or power.
Included in this category are landfill gas and .
sludge gas (sewage gas and gas from animal , (
slurries) and other biogas. Liquid biomass, ,
which includes bio-additives such as ethanol, is ) .
also included in this category. -
.
Sources 2-
Gas coke
Gas coke is a by-product of hard coal used for
the production of town gas in gas works. Gas
coke is used for heating purposes.
.
.
1999-2000, 2002 Edition, International Energy : 1999-2000, 2002 , ,
Sources 2-
122 -
Hard coal
A black, natural fossil organic sediment with a ,
gross calorific value of more than 23 860 kJ/kg 23 860 /
(5 700 kcal/kg) in the ash-free condition and (5700 /)-
with the moisture content obtaining at a 30
temperature of 30 degrees C and relative air . 96%-
humidity of 96 per cent, and with a mean .
random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6. 0.6 .
Context: Hard coal is calculated by the :

International Energy Agency as the sum of
Coking coal and Steam coal (Electricity
information 2001, International Energy Agency, (
Paris Part II). 2001,
, - II).
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, : -

prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group
on Transport Statistics Eurostat, European ,
Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT),
United Nations Economic Commission for (ECMT), -
Europe (UNECE) ().
Heat
Heat production represents all heat production
from public combined heat and power (CHP) ,
and heat plants as well as heat sold by (),
autoproducer CHP and heat plants to third
parties. ,

.
1999-2000, 2002 Edition, International Energy : 1999-2000, 2002 , ,
Sources 2-
Industrial production
Industrial production comprises the output of
industrial establishments, covering: mining and
quarrying; manufacturing; and electricity, gas ,
and water supply :
, , , ,
,
Industrial Statistics, United Nations, 1983, , , 1983 ,
Statistical Office, Series M, No. 48, Rev. 1, , , 48,
para. 25 .1, .25
Industry
An industry consists of a group of
establishments engaged on the same, or
similar, kinds of production activity; the ,
classification of productive activities used in the ; -
SNA is ISIC (Rev.3).(Paragraphs 5.5 and 5.40)
(. 3)- .
According to ISIC (Rev. 3), industry (-93, 5.5 5.40)
classification consists 10-45 chapters and sub- (. 3)-
chapters. C, D and E chapters of the 10-45
classification are: mining and quarrying, , . ,
manufacturing and electricity, gas and water : , ;
supply. ; , ,
.
Source: (ISIC Rev. 3) : ( . 3)
Manufacturing ISIC
Manufacturing comprises Tabulation Category
D and Divisions 15-37 in the International
- 123
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of All
Economic Activities, Revision 3. () .3-
15-37
It is defined as the physical or chemical .
transformation of materials of components into
new products, whether the work is performed by ,
power- driven machines or by hand, whether it ,
is done in a factory or in the worker's home, and
whether the products are sold at wholesale or
retail. Included are assembly of component
parts of manufactured products and recycling of
waste materials.
.

,
.
Source: International Standard Industrial :
Classification of All Economic Activities,
Revision 3, United Nations, 1990, Series M, No. , .3
4, Rev. 3 , , 1990 , , 4,
.3
See also: Manufacturing NACE -
(NACE)

Naphtha
Naphtha is a feedstock destined either for the (
petrochemical industry (e.g. ethylene )
manufacture or aromatics production) or for
gasoline production by reforming or
isomerisation within the refinery. .
Naphtha comprises material in the 30 degrees 300C- 2100C-

C and 210 degrees C distillation range or part of .
this range.

Sources 2-
Natural gas CPC -

Natural gas, liquefied or in the gaseous state ,
(Central Product Classification (CPC) Class
1202) (
() 1202)
Source: Central Product Classification (CPC). :
Version 1.0. United Nations, New York, 1998, (). 1.0.
Series M, No. 77, Ver. 1.0 , , 1998 , , 77,
Ver.1.0
Non-metallic mineral reserves

Non-metallic mineral reserves consist of stone
quarries and clay and sand pits; chemical and , , ;
fertiliser mineral deposits; salt deposits; ; , ,
deposits of quartz, gypsum, natural gem stones, , , ,
asphalt and bitumen, peat and other non- , ,
metallic minerals other than coal and petroleum .
Source: (AN.2123) Annex to chapter XIII : (AN.2123) XIII
Petroleum coke
Petroleum coke is defined as a black solid , ,
residue, obtained mainly by cracking and
carbonising of petroleum derived feedstocks, ,
vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes .
such as delayed coking or fluid coking. It (90-95 )
consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95 per cent) .
124 -
and has a low ash content.

It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the
steel industry, for heating purposes, for
electrode manufacture and for production of .
chemicals.
Context: The two most important qualities are : ,
green coke and calcinated coke. This .
category also includes catalyst coke deposited
on the catalyst during refining processes: this
coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as :
refinery fuel.
.
Sources 2-
Petroleum products
Petroleum products are any oil-based products
which can be obtained by distillation and are ,
normally used outside the refining industry. The
exceptions to this are those finished products
which are classified to refinery feedstocks. .

Sources 2-
Solar energy
Solar radiation exploited for hot water
production and electricity generation by: ,
:
- flat plate collectors, mainly of the ,
thermosyphon type, for domestic hot water or
for the seasonal heating of swimming pools;

-photovoltaic cells;

-solar thermal-electric plants. -

Sources 2-
Wind energy
Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity
generation in wind turbines. .

Sources 2-
- 125
3.3 Construction statistics 3.3
Building
Buildings are roofed constructions which can be ,
used separately, have been built for permanent ,
purposes, can be entered by persons and are , , ,
suitable or intended for protecting persons,
animals or objects. ,
.
Residential buildings are constructions at least
half of which is used for residential purposes. If
less than half of the overall useful floor area is .
used for residential purposes, the building is
classified under non-residential buildings in
accordance with its purpose-oriented design;
,
Non-residential buildings are constructions which .
are mainly used or intended for non-residential
purposes. If at least half of the overall useful floor
area is used for residential purposes, the building .
is classified as a residential building.

.
Source: Classification of Types of Constructions, : ,
Eurostat
Building codes
Building codes are building regulations concerning
materials, structural design, construction
practices, safety, building services (lighting, , ,
ventilation, electricity, heating/air conditioning, , ,
escalators, plumbing, water supply, drainage and (, ,
so forth) and specifications for appropriate , / ,
administrative and technical control. , , ,
),
.
Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United , , ,
, 1997
Civil engineering
Civil engineering includes all construction work
not classified under building construction, that is, , , , ,
construction of railways, roads, bridges, highways, , , ,,
airports, water and sewage, dams and irrigation, ,
etc.
.
Source: Bulletin of Housing and Building Statistics : ,
for Europe and North America, UNECE, Geneva, , ,
2000, Annex II, Definitions and General Terms, , , 2000 , II,
page 84 , , 84-

Client (for construction activity) ( )

Client is the natural or legal person for whom a /
structure is constructed, or alternatively the
person or organization that took the initiative of ,
the construction.
,
.
Source: Sources and Methods: Construction Price : :
Indices, OECD, Eurostat, 1997, page 11 , , , 1997 ,
11-
126 -
Construction
In ISIC Rev. 3 the Tabulation Category (F) relating 3.-
to construction is made up of the following 5 ()
groups: 5
:
- site preparation; -
- building of complete constructions or parts -
thereof; ;
- civil engineering; -
- building installation; - ,
- building completion; -
- renting of construction or demolition equipment - ,
with operator.

Context: The United Nations defines construction :
as comprising economic activity directed to the
creation, renovation, repair or extension of fixed ,
assets in the form of buildings, land improvements , , ,
of an engineering nature, and other such
engineering constructions as roads, bridges,
dams and so forth. , , ,
-
The United Nations guidelines distinguish .
between construction activity, which may be
carried out by any unit irrespective of its -
predominant activity, and the construction
industry, which is confined to those units whose ,
predominant activity falls within Tabulation
Category F (Construction) of ISIC Rev. 3 -
3- ()
-
.
:
Source: ISIC Rev. 3 and NACE Rev. 1. 3 - .
1.
See also International Recommendations for
Construction Statistics, United Nations, 1977, , ,
Series M, No. 47, Rev. 1, para. 15 M, 47, 1, 1977 , 15-

Hyperlink: :
http://esa.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=3 http://esa.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl
&Lg=1 =3&Lg=1
Construction contractor
A firm which undertakes works as part of a
construction project by virtue of a contract with a
client.
.
Source: Sources and Methods: Construction Price : , :
Indices, OECD, Eurostat, 1997, page 11 , , , 1997 ,
11-
Construction indicators
Construction indicators can be divided into two
groups. The first comprising permits issued, new .
orders and work started (based on estimated , ,
value, area or numbers upon completion) are (
indicators of future activity. ,
)
The second group, comprising work put in place, .
work in progress and work completed are ,
indicators of work actually done within a given ,
period of time or at a particular point in time.

.
Source: Main Economic Indicators - Comparative :
- 127
Methodological Analysis: Industry, retail and
Construction Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2002, page : ,
70 , , ,
, 2002 , 70-
Construction price indices

In broad terms, construction price indices provide ,
measures of changes in the prices of either the ,
inputs to, or outputs of, construction activity. .
However, terminology used in the context of price ,
indices for construction activity varies between
countries. .
There is also considerable variation in the ,
inclusion/exclusion of items such as transport , /
costs, consumption taxes, fittings, etc. .
Two broad approaches are used by national
agencies to compile construction price indices.
These comprise: . :
- prior breakdown methods; and - ;
- subsequent breakdown methods. -
There are a number of variations within each of
these approaches ..
Source: Sources and Methods: Construction Price : , :
Indices, OECD, Eurostat, 1997, Page 11 , , , 1997 ,
11-
Construction, other
Other construction comprises all construction
projects not predominantly involving the erection
of buildings. .
Construction Statistics, Statistical Papers, Series , ,
M, No. 47, Rev. 1, United Nations, New York, M, 47, 1,
1997, para. 73 , -,
1997 , 73-
Current repairs and maintenance ,

Current repairs and maintenance includes all , ,
construction work performed for others and not
classified as capital repairs, restoration or ,
conversion, that is to say, such work as is
performed in order to prevent the normal
deterioration of existing structures or to maintain
them in a normal functional state.
.
M, No. 47, Rev. 1, United Nations, New York, M, 47, 1,
1997, para. 73 , -,
1997 , 73-
Dwelling construction (activity) ( )

In dwelling construction four types of building
activity are distinguished:
- new construction: the erection of an entirely new :
structure, whether or not the site on which it was - :
built was previously occupied; ,

- restoration: repairs by which at least one
dwelling or other structure is effectively reinstated ;
and where substantial parts of the existing - :
structure are used;

- extension: the enlargement of buildings by which ;
space is added; - :
;
- conversion: structural changes carried out within - :
127
128 -
a building
page 82 , , 82

New construction
New construction refers to site preparation for,
and construction of, entirely new structures and/or
significant extensions to existing structures
whether or not the site was previously occupied.

,
.
M, No. 47, Rev. 1, United Nations, New York, M, 47,
1997, para. 73 1, ,
-, 1997, 73
Non-residential buildings
A building is regarded as a non-residential (
building when the minor part of the building (i.e. )
less than half of its gross floor area) is used for
dwelling purposes. .
Non-residential buildings comprise:
- industrial buildings; :
- commercial buildings; -
- educational buildings; -
- health buildings; -
- other buildings -
-
M, No. 47, Rev. 1, United Nations, New York, M, 47,
1997, para. 73 and Bulletin of Housing and 1, ,
Building Statistics for Europe and North America, -, 1997 , 73; ,
UNECE, Geneva, 2000, Annex II, Definitions and ,
General Terms, page 83 and Yearbook of , , ,
Construction Statistics 1973-1980, United 2000 , II, ,
Nations, New York, 1982 , 83
1973-1980
, , -, 1982
Value of work put in place (construction)

The value of work put in place is the value of work ( )
carried out on projects completed during the
inquiry period, plus the value of work under
construction at the end of the inquiry period minus
the value at the beginning of the period. It
includes construction work done as a main ,
contractor and on own-account, plus work done .
as a subcontractor (minus the payments to sub-
contractors for work done).

(
) .
page 84 , , 84-

- 129
3.4 Transport statistics 3.4
Active mode / Passive mode transport /

Transport of goods using two modes of transport
in combination, where one (passive) transport , ()
means is carried on another (active) transport
means which provides traction and consumes ()
energy (rail/road transport, sea/road transport, ( /
sea/rail transport...). , / ,
/ )
.
Context: Piggy-back transport is the synonym for :
rail/road transport. / .
prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group (), ,
on Transport Statistics Eurostat, European () -
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
(UNECE)
Active mode / Road accompanied transport /

Transport of a complete goods road motor
vehicle, accompanied by the driver, by another
mode of transport (for example by sea or rail).
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, (, )
prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group .
on Transport Statistics Eurostat, European : -
Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT), (), ,
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe () -
(UNECE)

Active mode/Road unaccompanied transport /

Transport of goods road motor vehicles or
trailers, not accompanied by the driver, by
another mode of transport (for example by sea or
rail). (,
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, ) .
prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group : -
on Transport Statistics Eurostat, European (), ,
Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT), () -
(UNECE)

Age of road vehicle

Length of time after the first registration of the
road vehicle, irrespective of the registering
country. .
(UNECE)
Agricultural tractor
Motor vehicle designed exclusively or primarily
for agricultural purposes whether or not permitted
to use roads opened to public traffic.

Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, .
129
130 -
(UNECE)

Agricultural trailer
Trailer designed exclusively or primarily for
agricultural purposes and to be hauled by
agricultural tractor, whether or not permitted to
use roads opened to public traffic.
.
(UNECE)
Articulated vehicle

Road tractor coupled to a semi-trailer.
-
.
(UNECE)
Average length of line operated throughout

the year (for rail transport) ( )
The length of (railway) line used for traffic
throughout the reported year (including lines (
operated jointly with other railway enterprises)
plus the average length of lines opened or closed )
during the year (weighted by the number of days
they have been operated). (
) .
Context: The total length of line operated is the :
length operated for passenger or goods transport,
or both. When a line is operated simultaneously .
by several enterprises it will be counted only
once.
.
(UNECE)
Bicycle
A road vehicle which has two or more wheels and ,
is propelled solely by the muscular energy of the ,
persons on that vehicle, in particular by means of ,
a pedal system, lever or handle (e.g. bicycles,
tricycles, quadricycles and invalid carriages). / 2, 3, 4 ,
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, /
(UNECE)

- 131
Bus
Passenger road motor vehicle designed to seat ( )
more than nine persons (including the driver)
Context: Statistics also include mini-buses .
designed to seat more than 9 persons (including :
the driver). ( )

(UNECE)

Capacity of an inland waterways transport

(IWT) passenger vessel
Maximum permissible number of passengers that
a vessel may carry in accordance with its
documents.
.
(UNECE)
Carriageway
Part of the road intended for the movement of
road motor vehicles; the parts of the road which ;
form a shoulder for the lower or upper layers of
the road surface are not part of the roadway, nor ,
are those parts of the road intended for the
circulation of road vehicles which are not self- ,
propelled or for the parking of vehicles even if, in
case of danger, they may occasionally be used ,
for the passage of motor vehicles. The width of a
carriageway is measured perpendicularly to the .
axis of the road.
.
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics,
(UNECE)

Carrying capacity (of inland waterways /

transport vessel) /
Maximum permissible weight of goods,
expressed in tonnes, which a vessel may carry in
accordance with its documents.

.
(UNECE)
Carrying capacity of an oil pipeline

Maximum tonnage of products that the oil
pipeline may move during the given period.

131
132 -
Context: The carrying capacity of an pipeline is ,
generally measured in terms of "thousand barrels .
a day". In converting barrels to tonnes, the
conversion factor for crude oil is: 1 tonne = 7.55 :
barrels (there is a slight variation according to the
type of crude). .

For petroleum products conversion factor is: 1 1=7.55
tonne = 7.5 barrels. (
).

1=7.5 .
(UNECE)
Carrying capacity of passenger vehicle ( )

(railway)
The number of seats and berths and the number
of authorized standing places available in a
passenger vehicle when performing the service , ,
for which it is intended. .
(UNECE)
Carrying capacity of wagon

The carrying capacity of wagon is the maximum
authorized weight it can carry.
.
(UNECE)
Catamaran
Ship consisting of two hulls connected with a
deck. .
Context: Catamarans are used mainly as :

passenger ferries but some cargo-carrying
catamarans also exist.
.
(UNECE)
Categories of goods carried by rail

The categories of goods carried by rail are those
defined by the NST/R nomenclature (Standard / (
Goods Nomenclature for Transport
Statistics/revised - EUROSTAT) or CSTE / -
nomenclature (Commodity Classification for ) (
Transport Statistics in Europe - UN/ECE).
/) .
: -
- 133
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, (), ,
prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group () -
on Transport Statistics Eurostat, European
(UNECE)
Categories of goods carried by sea
The categories of goods carried by sea are those
defined by the NST/R (Standard Goods / (
Nomenclature for Transport Statistics/revised -
EUROSTAT) or CSTE (UN-ECE Commodity / -
Classification for Transport Statistics in Europe) )
nomenclatures. (
/)
.
(UNECE)
Categories of navigable inland waterways

The categories of navigable inland waterways are -
defined with reference to international
classification systems such as those drawn up by
the United Nations Economic Commission for ()-
Europe or by the European Conference of .
Ministers of Transport.
(UNECE)
Category of road
Classification of the road network according to: .
:
a) administration responsible for its construction,
maintenance and/or operation; a) , ,
b) according to design standards or, ,
;
c) according to the users allowed to have access b) ;
on the road. c)
.
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics,
(UNECE)

Coach
Passenger railway vehicle other than a railcar or
a railcar trailer.
.
(UNECE)
Consignment (rail) ( )
Collection of goods transported under cover of ,
133
134 -
the same transport document in accordance with
regulations or tariffs in force where they exist.
(UNECE)

Container
Special box to carry freight, strengthened and
stackable and allowing horizontal or vertical , ,
transfers.
.
Context: The technical definition of the container :
is: "Article of transport equipment which is:

a) of a permanent character and accordingly . :
strong enough to be suitable for repeated use; ) ,
b) specially designed to facilitate the carriage of
goods, by one or more mode of transport, without
intermediate reloading; )
c) fitted with devices permitting its ready
handling, particularly its transfer from one mode ,
of transport to another; ) , ,
d) so designed as to be easy to fill and empty;
e) stackable; and, ,
f) having an internal volume of 1 m 3 or more." )

)
) 1
(UNECE)

Container ship (fully cellular - fc)

Ship fitted throughout with fixed or portable cell ( )
guides for the carriage of containers.

.
(UNECE)
Costs (for railway enterprises) (

The amount of available resources spent by the )
railway enterprise in conjunction with an ,
operation or service, or with a series of
operations and services.
.
(UNECE)
- 135
Costs (of inland waterways transport (
enterprises) )
The amount of available resources spent by the ,
IWT enterprise in connection with an operation or
service, or with a series of operations and ,
services. .
(UNECE)
Costs (of oil pipeline enterprises) (

oil pipeline transport enterprise in conjunction ,
with an operation or service, or with a series of
operations and services.

.
(UNECE)
Costs (of road transport enterprises) (

road transport enterprise in conjunction with an ,
operation or service, or with a series of
operations and services. .
(UNECE)
Cross-trade inland waterways transport

International inland waterways transport (IWT)
performed by an IWT vessel registered in a third
country.

Context: A third country is a country other than .
the country of loading/embarkment or than the : /
country of loading/disembarkment. /
.
: -
(UNECE)
Cross-trade road transport
International road transport performed by a road
motor vehicle registered in a third country.

Context: A third country is a country other than .
the country of loading/embarkment or than the : /
country of unloading/disembarkment. /
.
135
136 -
(UNECE)
Cross-trade sea transport

International sea transport performed by a
seagoing vessel registered in a third country.
.
Context: A third country is a country other than : /
the country of loading/embarkment or than the /
country of unloading/ disembarkment. .
(UNECE)
Diesel locomotive
Locomotive, the main source of power of which is
a diesel engine, irrespective of the type of
transmission installed. However, diesel-electric
locomotives equipped to derive power from an . -
overhead wire or from a conductor rail are
classed as electric locomotives.

(UNECE)

Dumb tanker barge

Dumb barge for the bulk transport of liquids or
gases.
.
Context: Tankers for the transport in bulk of : , ,
powdered products such as cement, flour,
plaster, etc., are to be excluded and are to be
counted among dumb barges. .
(UNECE)
Electric locomotive
Locomotive with one or more electric motors, ,
deriving current primarily from overhead wires or ,
conductor rails or from accumulators carried on
the locomotive. A locomotive so equipped which
has also an engine (diesel or other) to supply .
current to the electric motor when it cannot be ,
obtained from an overhead wire or from a
conductor rail is classed as an electric
locomotive.
(
) .
(UNECE)
- 137
Electrified line
Line with one or more electrified running tracks.
Sections of lines adjacent to stations that are .
electrified only to permit shunting and not
electrified as far as the next stations are to be
counted as non-electrified lines.

.
(UNECE)
Electrified track
Track provided with an overhead trolley wire or
with conductor rail to permit electric traction.
(UNECE)

Empty road traffic

Any movement of a road vehicle for which the , ,
gross-gross weight of goods carried including that
of equipment such as containers, swap bodies
and pallets is nil; as well as any movement of ;
motor-coaches, buses, trolleybuses and trams , ,
without any passenger. .
Context: The movement of a road vehicle : ,
carrying empty equipment such as containers, ,
swap bodies and pallets is not considered as
empty journey.
(UNECE)

Entry of a road vehicle

Any loaded or empty road motor vehicle which
entered the country by road.
.
Context: If a road motor vehicle is entering the :
country by another mode of transport, only the
active mode is considered to have entered that
country. .
(UNECE)
Entry of an inland waterways transport (IWT)

vessel
Any laden or unladen inland waterways transport
(IWT) vessel which entered the country by inland ()
waterway. .
137
138 -
Context: If an IWT vessel is entering the country : -
by another mode of transport, only the active
mode is considered to have entered that country.
(UNECE)

Exit of a road vehicle

Any loaded or empty road motor vehicle which
leaves the country by road.
.
Context: If a road motor vehicle is leaving the
country by another mode of transport, only the :
active mode is considered as leaving that
country.
.
(UNECE)
Exit of an inland waterways transport (IWT)

vessel
Any laden or unladen inland waterways transport
(IWT) vessel which left the country by inland
waterway. ()
.
Context: If an IWT vessel is leaving the country : -
by another mode of transport, only the active
mode is considered as leaving that country. .
(UNECE)
Flat wagon
Wagon without roof or sides, or wagon without , ,
roof but with sides not higher than 60 cm, or 60 -
swing-bolster wagon, of ordinary or special type. ,
.
Context: Wagons designed exclusively to carry
containers, swap-bodies or goods vehicles are : , ,
excluded.
(UNECE)

Foreign road vehicle

A road vehicle registered in a country other than ,
the reporting country and bearing registration
plates of that foreign country.
.
- 139
(UNECE)
General cargo ship

Ship designed with holds for the carriage of ,
diverse types and forms of goods.
.
Context: This category includes reefer ships, Ro- :
Ro passenger ships, Ro-Ro container ships, , - , -
other Ro-Ro cargo ships, general , -
cargo/passenger ships and other multi-purpose , /
ships.
.
(UNECE)
Goods carried by inland waterways

Any goods moved by inland waterways transport
(IWT) freight vessel. .
Context: This includes all packaging and : , , ,

equipment such as containers, swap-bodies or ,
pallets. .
(UNECE)
Goods carried by rail

Any goods moved by rail vehicles.
.
This includes all packaging and equipment, such : , , ,
as containers, swap-bodies or pallets as well as ,
road goods vehicles carried by rail. .
(UNECE)
Goods carried by road

Any goods moved by road goods vehicles.
.
Context: This includes all packaging and : , , ,
equipment such as containers, swap-bodies or ,
pallets. .
(UNECE)
Goods having entered the country by inland

waterways (other than goods in transit by (
inland waterways) )
Goods which, having been loaded on an inland
waterways transport (IWT) vessel in another
country, entered the country by inland waterways
139
140 -
and were unloaded there. .
(UNECE)
Goods having entered the country by rail

(other than goods in transit by rail (
throughout) )
Goods loaded on a foreign railway network and
transported by rail on the reporting railway
network for unloading in the country of this
reporting network.
.
Context: Wagons loaded on a foreign railway :
network and carried by ferry to the reporting
network are included.
.
(UNECE)
Goods having entered the country by road (

(other than goods in transit by road
throughout) )
Goods which, having been loaded on a road
vehicle in another country, entered the country by ,
road and were unloaded there. .
(UNECE)
Goods having left the country by inland

waterways (other than goods in transit by (
inland) )
Goods which, having been loaded on an inland
waterways transport (IWT) vessel in the country, ,
left the country by inland waterways and were
unloaded in another country. .
(UNECE)
Goods having left the country by rail (other

than goods in transit by rail throughout) (
Goods loaded on a reporting railway network and )
transported by rail to be unloaded in a foreign ,
country.
.
Context: Wagons loaded on a railway network :
and carried by ferry to a foreign network are ,
included. .

- 141
(UNECE)
Goods having left the country by road (other

than goods in transit by road throughout) (
Goods which having been loaded on a road )
vehicle in the country, left the country by road
and were unloaded in another country. ,
(UNECE)

Goods in transit by inland waterways

throughout
Goods which entered the country by inland
waterways and left the country by inland
waterways at a point different from the point of
entry, after having been carried across the
country solely by inland waterways in the same
inland waterways transport (IWT) freight vessel. .
Context: Transhipments from one IWT vessel to
another and changes of pusher tugs or tugs are :
regarded as loading/unloading. ,
Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, / .
prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group
on Transport Statistics Eurostat, European : -
Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT), (), ,
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe () -
(UNECE)

Goods in transit by rail throughout

Goods loaded on a foreign railway network for a
destination on a foreign railway network which
are transported on the reporting railway network.
.
Context: Wagons entering and/or leaving the :
reporting network by ferry are included.

.
(UNECE)
Goods in transit by road throughout

Goods which entered the country by road and left
the country by road at a point different from the
point of entry, after having been carried across
the country in the same goods road motor .
vehicle.
Context: Transhipment from one goods road :
vehicle to another or change of the road tractor
are regarded as loading/unloading. / /
.
141
142 -
(UNECE)
Goods loaded (for inland waterways (

transport) )
Goods placed on an IWT vessel and dispatched
by inland waterways.
.
Context: Transhipment from one IWT vessel to :
another is regarded as loading after unloading.
(UNECE)

Goods loaded (for transport by rail) ( )

Goods placed on a rail vehicle and dispatched by
rail. .
Context: Unlike in road and inland waterway :
transport, transhipments from one rail vehicle to
another and change of tractive vehicle are not
regarded as loading after unloading. /

.
(UNECE)
Goods loaded (for transport by road) ( )

Goods placed on a road vehicle and dispatched
by road. .
are regarded as loading after unloading. /
(UNECE)

Goods road motor vehicle

Any single road motor vehicle designed to carry
goods (lorry), or any coupled combination of road (
vehicles designed to carry goods, (i.e. lorry with )
trailer(s), or road tractor with semi-trailer and with
or without trailer). ( ,
,

Source: Glossary for Transport Statistics, -) .
(UNECE)

Goods road vehicle

Road vehicle designed, exclusively or primarily,
to carry goods. .
- 143
Context: Vehicles designed for the transport of :
both passengers and goods should be classified
either among the passenger road vehicles or
among the goods road vehicles, depending on ,
their primary purpose, as determined either by
their technical characteristics or by their category .
for tax purposes.
(UNECE)
Goods unloaded (after transport by rail) (

Goods taken off a rail vehicle after transport by )
rail.

Context: Unlike in road and inland waterway .
transport, transhipments from one rail vehicle to :
another and change of tractive vehicle are not
regarded as unloading before reloading.

.
(UNECE)
Goods unloaded (from inland waterways (

transport) )
Goods taken of an inland waterways transport
(IWT) vessel after transport by inland waterways. ()
Context: Transhipment from one IWT vessel to .
another is regarded as unloading before re- : -
loading.
(UNECE)

Goods unloaded (from transport by road) (

Goods taken off a road vehicle after transport by )
road.
.
are regarded as unloading before reloading.
(UNECE)

Gross vehicle weight (Legally permissible (

maximum weight) )
Total of the weight of the vehicle (or combination
of vehicles) including its load when stationary and
ready for the road declared permissible by the (
143
144 -
competent authority of the country of registration. )

Context: This includes the weight of the driver .
and of all persons carried at the same time. :
(UNECE)

Gross-gross tonne-kilometre hauled (rail (

transport) )
Unit of measure representing the movement over
a distance of one kilometre of one tonne of rail
vehicle including the weight of tractive vehicle.
Context: Weight of vehicle, of its load and tractive .
unit are all included. : , ,
(UNECE)

Inland waterways convoy

One or more non-powered inland waterways -
transport (IWT) vessels which are towed or
pushed by one or more powered IWT vessels. -
.
(UNECE)
Inland waterways journey
Any movement of an IWT vessel from a specified
point of origin to a specified point of destination.

Context: Journey can be divided in a number of .
stages or sections. :
(UNECE)

Inland waterways passenger

Any person who makes a journey on board of an -
IWT vessel. Service staff assigned to inland .
waterways transport (IWT) vessels are not
regarded as passengers. .
(UNECE)
Inland waterways passenger-kilometre -

Unit of measure representing the transport of one
passenger by inland waterway over one
- 145
kilometre.
Context: The distance to be taken into .
consideration is the distance actually travelled by :
the passenger. .

(UNECE)
Inland waterways transport (IWT) ()

Any movement of goods and/or passengers using
an IWT vessel on a given inland waterways -
network.
.
Context: When an IWT vessel is being carried on : -
another vehicle, only the movement of the
carrying vehicle (active mode) is taken into
account. ( ) .
: -
(UNECE)
Inland waterways transport (IWT) freight ()
vessel
Vessel with a carrying capacity of not less than
20 tonnes designed for the carriage of freight by , 20-
navigable inland waterways. .
(UNECE)
Inland waterways transport (IWT) passenger ()

vessel
Vessel designed exclusively or primarily for the
public carriage of passengers by navigable inland
waterways.
.
: -
(UNECE)
Inland waterways transport (IWT) vessel

Floating craft designed for the carriage of goods
or public transport of passengers by navigable
inland waterways.
.
Context: Vessels under repair are included. : ,
Vessels suitable for inland navigation but which .
are authorized to navigate at sea (mixed
seagoing and inland waterways vessels) are (
included. This category excludes: harbour craft, )
seaport lighters and seaport tugs, ferries, fishery .
vessels, dredgers, vessels performing hydraulic :
work and vessels used exclusively for storage,
145
146 -
floating workshops, houseboats and pleasure ,, ,
craft. , ,
, ,

,
, , ,

.
(UNECE)
International rail transport

Rail transport between two places (a place of (
loading and a place of unloading) in two different )
countries. It may involve transit through one or .
more additional countries. .

(UNECE)
International road transport

Road transport between two places (a place of
loading/embarkment and a place of (/ / )
unloading/disembarkment) in two different .
countries. It may involve transit through one or
more additional country or countries. .
(UNECE)
Lane
One of the longitudinal strips into which a
carriageway is divisible, whether or not defined
by longitudinal road markings, which is wide
enough for one moving line of motor vehicles
other than motor cycles.
.
(UNECE)
Line (railway) ( )
One or more adjacent running tracks forming a
route between two points. Where a section of .
network comprises two or more lines running
alongside one another, there are as many lines
as routes to which tracks are allotted exclusively.

.
- 147
(UNECE)
Load capacity (for road vehicles) (

Maximum weight of goods declared permissible )
by the competent authority of the country of
registration of the vehicle.
.
(UNECE)
Loading unit
Container, swap body. , .
Context: Flats, which are used in maritime :

transport, should be considered to be a special
type of container and are therefore included here. .
(UNECE)
Locomotive
Railway vehicle equipped with prime mover and
motor or with motor only used for hauling railway ,,
vehicles.
.
Context: Only vehicles with a power of 110 kW : 110
and above at the draw hook are classed as
locomotives; vehicles with less power being ;
described as "light rail motor tractors" are
excluded. Light rail motor tractor is low power
tractive unit used for shunting or for work trains -
and short-distance or low-tonnage terminal .
services. The special non-passenger tractive -
units for high speed trains are included, even
when these vehicles are part of an indivisible set.

.

.
(UNECE)
Lo-Lo (Lift-on Lift-off)

Loading/unloading by the vessels own /
derricks/cranes or by shore based cranes.
/ .
(UNECE)
147
148 -
Lorry
Rigid road motor vehicle designed, exclusively or
primarily, to carry goods.
.
Context: This category includes vans which are :
rigid road motor vehicles designed exclusively or
primarily to carry goods with a gross vehicle 3500 -
weight of not more than 3 500 kg. This category .
may also include "pick-ups".
(pick-ups) .
(UNECE)
Maintenance expenditure on vessels (for ,

inland waterways transport) ( )
Expenditure for keeping vessels in working order.
(UNECE)

Moped
Two- or three-wheeled road vehicle which is fitted 50 (3.05 )-
with an engine having a cylinder capacity of less ,
than 50cc (3.05 cu.in) and a maximum authorized
design speed in accordance with national
regulations.
.
(UNECE)
Motor cars
Motor cars comprises: Motor cars and other
vehicles principally designed for the transport of :
persons (except public-transport type vehicles
specially designed for traveling on snow, and golf
cars and similar vehicles (Central Product (
Classification (CPC) Subclass 49113) ,

(,
Source: Central Product Classification (CPC). (CPC) 49113 ))
Version 1.0. United Nations, New York, 1998, : ,
Series M, No. 77, Ver. 1.0 (CPC). 1.0 , ,
Hyperlink: -, 1998 , , 77
http://esa.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=3 :
& Lg=1 http://esa.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=
3 & Lg=1
Motor vehicles
Motor vehicles (Central Product Classification (,
(CPC) Class 4911) comprises the following (CPC)
Subclasses: 4911- )
.
- road tractors for semi-trailers; -
- public-transport type passenger motor vehicles; - ;
- 149
- motor cars and other motor vehicles principally -
designed for the transport of - persons (except ;
public-transport type vehicles, vehicles specially -
designed for travelling on snow, and golf cars and
similar vehicles); (
- motor vehicles n.e.c. for the transport of goods;
- crane lorries; ,
- motor vehicles, for the transport of persons,
specially designed for travelling on snow; golf );
cars and similar vehicles; -
- special purpose motor vehicles n.e.c.
- /
-
,

-
Source: Central Product Classification (CPC). .
Version 1.0. United Nations, New York, 1998, : ,
Series M, No. 77, Ver. 1.0 (CPC). 1.0 , ,
Hyperlink: -, 1998 , , 77
http://esa.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=3 :
&Lg=1 http://esa.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=
3&Lg=1
Motorcycle
Two-wheeled road motor vehicle with or without
side-car, including motor scooter, or three-
wheeled road motor vehicle not exceeding 400 kg
(900 lb) unladen weight. All such vehicles with a , 400 (900 lb)-
cylinder capacity of 50 cc or over are included, as
are those under 50 cc which do not meet the . 50
definition of moped.
,
50 -

.
(UNECE)
Motorway
Road, specially designed and built for motor
traffic, which does not serve properties bordering
on it, and which: ,

(a) is provided, except at special points or . :
temporarily, with separate carriageways for the ()
two directions of traffic, separated from each ,
other, either by a dividing strip not intended for ,
traffic, or exceptionally by other means;
(b) does not cross at level with any road, railway
or tramway track, or footpath; ;
(c) is specially sign-posted as a motorway and is () , ,
reserved for specific categories of road motor
vehicles. ;
Entry and exit lanes of motorways are included () ,
irrespectively of the location of the sign-posts.
Urban motorways are also included. .

.
.
149
150 -
(UNECE)
National inland waterways transport (IWT)

vessel
IWT vessel which is registered at a given date in - .
the reporting country.
Context: Where registration of IWT vessels does : -
not apply in a specific country, a national IWT
vessel is a vessel owned by a company tax -
resident in that country.
.
(UNECE)
National rail transport
Rail transport between two places (a place of
loading and a place of unloading) located in the
same country irrespective of the country in which (,
the railway vehicles were registered. It may )
involve transit through a second country. .
.
(UNECE)
National road transport

Road transport between two places (a place of
loading/embarkment and a place of
unloading/disembarkment) located in the same (,
country irrespective of the country in which the )
vehicle is registered. It may involve transit .
through a second country. .
(UNECE)
National road vehicle

A road vehicle registered in the reporting country ,
and bearing registration plates of that country, or ,
having been separately registered (trams,
trolleybuses, etc.). (, ) .
Context: Where registration of a road vehicle :
does not apply in a specific country, a national
road vehicle is a vehicle owned or leased by a
company tax resident in that country. .
(UNECE)
Navigable inland waterways network
All navigable inland waterways open for public
navigation in a given area.
- 151
.
(UNECE)
Number of seats/berths in motor coaches, , ,

buses and trolleybuses /
Number of seats/berths, including the drivers,
available in the vehicle when it is performing the / ,
service for which it is primarily intended. .
Context: In case of doubt, the highest number of :
seats/berths available should be taken into /
account. .
(UNECE)
Oil pipeline transport

Any movement of crude or refined liquid
petroleum products in a given oil pipeline
network.
.
(UNECE)
Pipelines
Pipes for the movement of crude or refined liquid
petroleum products by pumping.
.
Context: Branch lines are included as well as oil : ,
pipelines between the land and drilling platforms
at sea. Excluded are oil pipelines whose total .
length is less than 50 km or whose inside 50 -
diameter is less than 15 centimetres and oil 15 -
pipelines used only for military purposes or
located entirely within the site boundaries of an ,
industrial operation, as well as oil pipelines that
are entirely off-shore (i.e. located solely out in the
open sea). .
50
International oil pipelines whose total length is 50
km or more are included even if the section in the 50
reporting country is less than 50 km long. Oil - .
pipelines consisting of two (or more) parallel (
pipelines are to be counted twice (or more). Only )
units which actually carry out an activity during ( ) .
the reference period should be considered.
"Dormant" units or those not yet having begun . /
their activity are excluded.
.
: -
(UNECE)
151
152 -
3.6 Communication statistics 3.6
Air time charges

Charges to users of wireless networks based on a
flat rate or on the actual time used. In cellular/PCS
networks, charges are typically on a timed basis.
.
(PCS-personal communication
system- )-

Source: Cellular Mobile Pricing Structures and :
Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication and , ,
Information Services Policies November 1999, ,
page 9, Selected Glossary of Mobile Terms 1999 11- ,
9- ,

Hyperlink: :
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.pdf http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.
pdf
Airtime
Actual time spent using a wireless phone.
.
page 9, Select Glossary of Mobile Terms 1999 11- ,
9- ,

Hyperlink: :
pdf
Bandwidth
Measure (in kilobytes of data transferred) of the ,
traffic on a site. (
- ) .
Source: United Kingdom, Office for National : ,
Statistics (ONS) website, site statistics ,
(ONS) ,
Hyperlink: :
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/sitestatistics/ http://www.statistics.gov.uk/sitestatistics/
interpreting.asp interpreting.asp
Bits per second (BPS) -
A measure of transfer speed in digital ()
communication networks.

Source: Handbook on Geographic Information :
Systems and Digital Mapping, Studies in Methods,
Series F, No. 79, United Nations Department of , , F,
Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, 79, - ,
New York, 2000, Annex VI - Glossary , , -
, 2000 , VI
Bundling (of telecommunications services) (

Grouping various telecommunications services -- )
wireline and/or wireless -- as a package to
increase the appeal to potential customers and
reduce advertising, marketing and other expenses
associated with delivering multiple services. For
example, a bundled package could include long ,
distance, cellular, Internet and paging services.
,
.
,
, ,
- 153
.
:
Source: Cellular Mobile Pricing Structures and , , ,
Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication and
Information Services Policies November 1999, 1999 11- , 9- ,
page 9, Select Glossary of Mobile Terms
Hyperlink:
:
pdf
Bypass
Arrangements or facilities whereby a customer can
access long-distance, international, or other
services without using the local operating
company's switched network, thus avoiding ,
payment of access charges. More generally, any
means whereby customers avoid usage of a .
monopoly service or facility. ,

.
Source: Telecommunications services: Glossary of : :
terms World Trade Organisation

Calling opportunities
The sum total of possible connections (and (
therefore calls) on telecommunications networks )
(fixed and wireless). ( )
.
9- ,
Hyperlink:
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.pdf :
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.
pdf
Cellular service
A terrestrial radio-based service providing two-way
communications by dividing the serving area into a ,
regular pattern of sub-areas or cells, each with a
base station having a low-power transmitter and
receiver.
.
Although cellular radio is primarily a means of
providing mobile telephone service, it is also used
to provide data services and private voice ,
services, and as an alternative to fixed wired
telephone service where this is scarce, such as in
developing countries.

.

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

A spread spectrum air interface technology used in (C)
some digital cellular, personal communications ,
services and other wireless networks.

.
153
154 -
9- ,

Hyperlink: :
pdf
Cost-based pricing
The general principle of charging for services in
relation to the cost of providing these services.
.

Dual band
Describes a handset that works on 800 MHz 800 MHz
cellular and 1900 MHz PCS frequencies. (PCS) 1900 MHz
.
9- ,

Hyperlink: :
pdf
Dual mode
Describes a handset that works on both analogue
and digital networks. .

9- ,

Hyperlink: :
pdf
Global system for mobile communications

(GSM) ()
A digital cellular or personal communication
services (PCS) network. ()
9- ,

:
Hyperlink: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.pdf pdf
International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)

2000 ( 2000)
International Mobile Telecommunications system
sometimes referred to as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) or third-
generation mobile services (3G). (UMTS)
(3G)
Source: Cellular Mobile Pricing Structures and .
Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication and :
- 155
Information Services Policies November 1999, , ,
page 9, Select Glossary of Mobile Terms ,
1999 11- ,
9- ,

Hyperlink: :
pdf
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the ()
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an
international organisation within which
governments and the private sector co-ordinate ()
global telecom networks and services. It is the ,
leading publisher of telecommunication ,
technology, regulatory standards information. .
,

..
Organisation, Geneva, 2002 Appendix F. ,
Glossary of Organisations , 2002 F.

Hyperlink: http://www.itu.int/home/index.html : http://www.itu.int/home/index.html
Mobile services
Radiocommunications services between ships, , ,
aircraft, road vehicles, or hand-held terminal
stations for use while in motion or between such
stations and fixed points on land. ,

.

Hyperlink: :
http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/ http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_
telecom_e/tel12_e.htm e/telecom_e/tel12_e.htm
Network or facilities
The ensemble of equipment, sites, switches, lines,
circuits, software, and other transmission , ,
apparatus used to provide telecommunications , , ,
services.
.

Hyperlink: :
http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/ http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_
telecom_e/tel12_e.htm e/telecom_e/tel12_e.htm
Non-public (private) network ()

Any network used to communicate within an
organization (as distinct from providing service to
the public) or to supply such communications to
organizations, based on a configuration of own or (
leased facilities. The term includes networks used ),
by private companies, state enterprises, or
government entities.
.
, ,
,
155
156 -
.

Hyperlink: :
http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/tel http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_
ecom_e/tel12_e.htm e/telecom_e/tel12_e.htm
- 157
3.7 Tourism statistics 3.7
Collective accommodation establishments

Defined as accommodation establishments ,
providing overnight lodging for the traveler in a
room or some other unit, but the number of
places it provides must be greater than a ,
specified minimum for groups of persons
exceeding a single family unit and all the places ,
in the establishment must come under a common
commercial-type management, even if it is not for
profit. This group is subdivided into three minor .
groups: hotels and similar establishments, :
specialized establishments, and other collective , ,
establishments. .
Source: Recommendations on Tourism Statistics :
2000, Part One, para 4.28 , 2000 , , 4.28-

Domestic tourism
Which includes the activities of resident visitors
within the economy of reference either as part of a
domestic or an international trip.

Source: IRTS The provisional draft 2007, Chapter :
2, para 2.31 , 2007
, 2 , 2.31-
Guide-interpreter -
Guide-interpreter means an individual guiding and -
providing interpretation and explanation to tourists ,
according to the tour program. , .
Source: Article 3.1.7 of Law on Tourism, :
Mongolia , 3.1.7
High level hotel

High level hotel means a service entity which
satisfies 3 stars and over level of complex hotel
services. 3

Source: Article 3.1.8 of Law on Tourism, Mongolia .
:
, 3.1.8
Inbound tourism
Inbound tourism which includes the activities of
non-resident visitors within the economy of
reference either as part of a domestic or an
international trip (from the perspective of his/her .
country of residence).
2, para 2.31). 2007,
2 , 2.31
Outbound tourism
Outbound tourism which includes the activities or
resident visitors outside the economy or
reference, either as part of an international trips.
.
2, para 2.31). 2007,
2 , 2.31
157
158 -
Tour operators T
Tour operators are businesses that combine two
or more travel services (e.g., transport,
accommodation, meals, entertainment, ( , , ,
sightseeing) and sell them through travel agencies , )
or directly to final consumers as a single product ( )
(called a package tour) for a single price.

.
6, para 6.46 , 2007
, 6 , 6.46-
Tourism
Tourism is defined as the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other ,
purposes not related to the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the place visited. ,
..
2000, Part One, para 1.6 , 2000 , , 1.6-

Tourism accommodation Tourist

accommodation is defined as "any facility that
regularly (or occasionally) provides overnight (
accommodation for tourists". It is important to )
distinguish facilities that commercially service the .
bulk of overnight stays away from the guest's
usual environment and those providing occasional
overnight accommodation.

.
2000, Part One, para 4.23 , 2000 , , 4.23-
).
Tourism expenditure
Tourism expenditure is defined as "the total
consumption expenditure made by a visitor, or on
behalf of a visitor, for and during his/her trip and
stay at destination". This concept encompasses a
wide variety of items, ranging from the purchase
of consumer goods and services inherent in travel ..
and stays to the purchase of small durable goods ,
for personal use, souvenirs and gifts for family
and friends. Tourism expenditure is not restricted ,
to payments made during the visit. It also includes
advance outlays necessary for the preparation
and undertaking of the trip and travel-related , ,
purchases made in the place of residence after ,
returning from a trip. These categories refer to .
payments for travel insurance, transport, the
purchase of travel guides, etc. .
,
,

.
, ,

.
Source: Recommendation on Tourism Statistics :
1993, Part One, Chapter 6, para 86 , 1993 , , 6,
86- ).
- 159
Tourism income
It is defined as a total expenditure including
transport fees made by a visitor for during the
his/her trip and stay in a given areas. There are (
including also prepayments of any goods and ) .
services bought by visitors. Practically, one day
expenses by visitors are included in. It is ,
calculated by product for number of inbound .
tourists in a given areas, average duration of .
visitors spent in a given area and average of ,
spent money per day.
,

.
Tourism product
Tourism means a paid service rendered by
tourism organizations to provide tourists travel
conveniences and to induce the interests thereof. ,

.
Source: Law on Tourism, Mongolia :

Tourism
Region means an area with historical, cultural and
natural resources appropriate for tourism
development in Mongolia. , ,
.
Source: Article 3.1.4 of Law on Tourism, Mongolia :
, 3.1.4
Tourist service organization

Tourism service organization means an
organization providing hotel, tourist camp, , , ,
catering, relaxation and leisure, transportation, , , ,
communications or sightseeing services to
tourists. Tourism service organization is classified .
into tour operator and tour agency. ,
.
Source: Article 3.1.6 of Law on Tourism, Mongolia :
, 3.1.6
Tourists
Tourists are persons who do not reside in the
country of arrival and are admitted to that country ,
under tourist visas (if required) for purposes of , , ,
leisure, recreation, holiday, visits to friends or ,
relatives, health or medical treatment, or religious ,
pilgrimage. ( )
.
Source: OECD: Glossary of statistical terms : :

Visitors
Any person travelling to a place other than that of /
his/her usual environment for less than 12 months
and whose main purpose of trip is other than the 12
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the
place visited. .
2000, Part One, para 3.6). , 2000 , , 3.6-
.
159
160 -
3.8 Business register 3.8
Active unit
A statistical unit which is economically active at
any time during a given reference period. A
legal unit can be legally or administratively .
active without any economic activity.

.
Source: Eurostat: Business Register : :
Recommendational Manual: Glossary : )
Activity Y
An activity is a process, i.e. the combination of Y ,
actions that result in a certain set of products. In ,
practice the majority of units carry on activities .
of a mixed character. One can distinguish
between three types of economic activity: .

- Principal activity: The principal activity is . :
identified by the topdown method as the activity - Y : ,
which contributes most to the total value added
of the entity under consideration. The principal
activity so identified does not necessarily (Top-down method)
account for 50% or more of the entity's total .
value added.
,
- Secondary activity: A secondary activity is any 50%
other activity of the entity that produces goods .
or services. - :
, ,
- Ancillary activity: Principal and secondary
activities are generally carried out with the .
support of a number of "ancillary activities", - . Y
such as accounting, transportation, storage,
purchasing, sales promotion, repair and ,
maintenance etc. Thus ancillary activities are , , , ,
those that exist solely to support the main ,
productive activities of an entity by providing .
non-durable goods or services for the use of
that entity. ,
,

.
Source: OECD: Glossary of statistical terms : : ,

Administrative source
Administrative sources are sources containing
information that is not primarily collected for
statistical purposes. .
Recommendational Manual: Glossary) :
All-resident enterprise group

An enterprise group composed only by legal
units all resident on a single national territory.

.
Recommendational Manual: Glossary) :
Ancillary activity
According to the Regulation on statistical units
an activity must be regarded as ancillary if it
satisfies all the following conditions: . Y:
- 161
- it serves only the unit referred to: in other - ,
words, goods or services produced must not be :
sold on the market; ,
- a comparable activity on a similar scale is ;
performed in similar production units; -

- it produces services or, in exceptional cases, ;
non-durable goods which do not from/ form part -
of the unit's end product (e.g. small implements
or scaffolding);
, .
- it contributes to the current costs of the unit (
itself, i.e. does not generate gross fixed capital );
formation. It should be noted that under the -
above definition the following are not to be , ,
regarded as ancillary activities: .

- production of goods or work carried out which
forms part of fixed capital formation: in :
particular, construction work for own account. -
,
: ,
Source: Eurostat: Business Register
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary) : :
: , 2003

Birth [of Business] of Enterprise group (

The birth of an enterprise group is the )
establishing of a link of control, direct or indirect,
between two or more independent legal units,
where no link of control existed before and no
other enterprise group is involved.
.
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary) : , 2003

Birth [of Business] of Enterprise of Local

unit
The birth of a local unit is the emergence of a
local unit, which did not exist before. Since the
local unit is a part of an enterprise, situated in a .
geographically identified place, and the
enterprise is a combination of production
factors, the birth of a local unit amounts to the
creation of a (partial) combination of production
factors at a geographically identified place.

() .

Birth date [of Business

The date on which a unit was born. Enterprise: .
the birth takes place at the (first) moment the :
conditions of the definition are met, so the
moment there is an organizational unit () ,
producing goods or services. ,

.

161
162 -
Branch
Branches shall mean local units without legal
entity, which are dependent on foreign ,
enterprises. They are treated as quasi- ,
enterprises. . -
.
)
Break-up
Break-up involves one enterprise before and
more than one enterprise after the event. In a
break-up, the enterprise is divided in such a way .
that neither (none) of the new enterprises keeps
the identity of the original enterprise.
.
:
Source: Eurostat: Business Register : , 2003
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary
Business demography
This heading covers a group of variables which
explain the characteristics and demography of ,
the business population. .

The demography of enterprises can be
assessed by studying enterprise births and ,
enterprise deaths and by examining the change
in the number of enterprises by type of activity, ,
i.e. by examining the flows and stocks to get a ,
complete picture of the business dynamism. .

For some activities in which local units are very (
important (retail trade, HORECA, etc.) these , )
variables may also be collected for local units.
.
: :
Source: Eurostat: Business Register : , 2003
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary
Cessation [of Business]
The cessation of activities of a unit. This can
occur either due to a (real) death of the unit, or .
due to other cessation by a merger, take-over, () , ,
break-up or discontinuity point according to the 3
continuity rules. .
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary : , 2003)
Coding
Coding is the procedure for converting verbal
information into numbers or other symbols
which can be more easily counted and
tabulated. .
Sourse: Eurostat: Business Register : :
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary) , 2003
Collective services
Collective services are provided without charge,
or with a nominal charge, to the community as a
whole or to particular groups of households or
other units. The output of collective services .
covers services which, by convention, are (
3
(continuity rule)

, . ( )
- 163
always deemed to be non-market (e.g. services ,
of general government, national defence, ,
compulsory social security, social work, trade , , ,
unions, religious organisations, etc.), as well as )
the following services which are non-market if
the resources of the producer unit are mainly (50% )
(50% or more) derived from sources other than ( ,
the proceeds of sales (e.g. schools, research , ,
and development, hospitals and clinics, , , ,
professional associations and economic ,
organisations, employers' federations, libraries, , , ,
public archives, museums, botanical and , )
zoological gardens, etc.). Collective services are
produced by the non-market branches of .
general government or private non-profit
institutions, depending on whether the
institutional unit producing them belongs to the
general government sector or to the private non-
profit institutions sector.
.

Concentration
Concentration of enterprises refers to
demographic events (mergers and take-overs) ( )
involving more than one enterprise before and
one enterprise after the event. The term may
also be used to denote that the population of
enterprises gets fewer owners or is spread over .
a reduced number of enterprise groups.

.
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary : , 2003

Corporation
A typical corporation may be described as a ,
legal entity, created for the purpose of ,
producing goods or services for the market, that , ,
may be a source of profit or other financial gain
to its owner(s); it is collectively owned by ;
shareholders who have the authority to appoint
directors responsible for its general
management. .
Creation [of Business]

The emergence of a new unit. This can be .
either due to a (real) birth of the unit, or due to (),
other creation by a merger, break-up, split-off or , , ,
discontinuity point according to the continuity
rules. .

Date of cessation Y
The date on which a unit ceased activities. This
can be either its death date, or other cessation .
date due to merger, take-over, break-up or , , ,
discontinuity point according to the continuity
rules. .
163
164 -
1 (
Legal unit - Variable 1e (date on which the legal
unit ceases to be legally responsible for an )
enterprise) - This date is not easy to collect but
probably the registration of the event is far more
important that the precise day and month of its .
having taken place. Basically, the legal unit
ceases to be legally responsible for an
enterprise when: :
(a) The legal unit ceases to exist; (a)

;
(b) All the means of production of the legal unit (b)
are bought by or transferred to another legal
unit, which is then the responsible unit for the
enterprise. .
Local unit - Variable 2g (date of final cessation 2 (

of activity) - This variable refers to the death or )
other deletion date of the local unit. As already
explained for legal units (variable 1e) above, ..
this date may not be available with any (1)
precision, only the fact that the local unit has
ceased to exist during the reference year may
be known.
.
Enterprise - Variable 3g (date of final cessation Y 3 (
of activities of the enterprise) - This variable )
refers to the death or other cessation date of the
enterprise and is interpreted in a way similar to ,
the corresponding variable (2g) for local units
(see above). (2)
.

Date of creation
The date on which a unit commenced activities.
This can be either its birth date, or other .
creation date due to merger, break-up, split-off , , ,
or discontinuity point according to the continuity
rules. .
Legal Unit - Variable 1d (date of incorporation 1 (
for legal persons or date of official recognition
as an economic operator for natural persons) -
The date of official recognition may be the date )
on which an identification number is given, be it ,
a VAT number or other. In general this is the -
prerequisite for a firm to engage in legal .
economic transactions.
.
Local unit - Variable 2f (date of commencement - 2 (2-
of the activities the codes of which are given in )
2c) - Taken literally, this date would refer to the
date, when the present principal activity started (
(the local unit could have existed before that). ).
As this would be inconsistent with the continuity
rules, it is recommended that the date should
refer to the birth or other creation date of the
local unit. .
Enterprise - Variable 3f (date of commencement 3
of activities of the enterprise) - The date refers )
to the birth or other creation date of the
enterprise and it is different from variable 1d,
because the continuity rules for enterprises
- 165
should be applied. The date of birth is in 1-
principle the date on which the first financial .
commitments are made, but in practice it may
refer to the registration date in the
administrative source. .

Death [of Business] of Local unit [

The death of a local unit is the disappearance of ]
a local unit, which existed before.
.

Death date
The date on which a unit died. The date is not .
easy to collect but registration of the event is
more important than the exact day. There may
be no interest from the part of the unit to .
announce its death. Between activity and death
there may be a period of inactivity, in which the . Y
unit may be recorded as dormant. Only after 24
months of such status may the unit be erased .
from the statistical business register and that is 24
the date to be retained.
.

De-concentration
De-concentration is defined as changes (break-
ups and split-offs) involving one enterprise
before and more than one enterprise after the (
event. ) .

Dormant unit
A unit is said to be dormant it is legally alive and
has legal personality, but does not carry on any ,
activity and has neither employment nor
turnover. , ,
.

Economic activity
Any activity consisting in offering goods and ,
services on a given market is an economic
activity. .

Enterprise
The enterprise is the smallest combination of
legal units that is an organisational unit , ,
producing goods or services, which benefits ,
from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-
making, especially for the allocation of its
current resources. An enterprise carries out one .
165
166 -
or more activities at one or more locations. An
enterprise may be a sole legal unit.
.
.

Establishment ,
An establishment is defined by the System of Y- ,
National Accounts (SNA) as an enterprise, or ,
part of an enterprise, that is situated in a single ( )
location and in which only a single (non- ,
ancillary) productive activity is carried out or in
which the principal productive activity accounts
for most of the value added. .

Event [Business Demography] [ ]

The number of enterprises involved in the
events and their consequences for business
registers in terms of number of register ,
creations and deletions. .

Statistical business register

Statistical business registers are lists of
enterprises and other units.
.

Statistical unit
Statistical units are the entities for which
information is sought and for which statistics are ,
ultimately compiled. These units can, in turn, be .
divided into observation units and analytical , .
units. The statistical units in the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 () 3-
comprise the:
enterprise; :
enterprise group;
kind-of-activity unit (KAU);
local unit;
establishment;
homogeneous unit of production ,
Source: Eurostat: Business Register
Recommendational Manual, 2003: Glossary : :
: , 2003

- 167
4. , , 4. Statistical data collection, processing

, and dissemination and Communication
technology
4.1 , , 4.1 Statistical data collection, processing

and dissemination
Statistical concept
A statistical concept is a statistical characteristic
of a time series or an observation.
.
Source: European Central Bank (ECB), Bank for : (),
International Settlement (BIS), Eurostat, (),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation ,
for Economic Co-operation and Development (), ,
(OECD), "GESMES/TS User Guide", Release (),
3.00, February, 2003; "GESMES/TS
3.00, 2003 2- ;
Statistical confidentiality
The protection of data that relate to single ,
statistical units and are obtained directly for
statistical purposes or indirectly from ,
administrative or other sources against any
breach of the right to confidentiality. It implies
the prevention of unlawful disclosure.
.

.
Source: Statistics Netherlands, Statistics : ,
Canada, Germany FSO, University of ,
Manchester, 2005, Glossary of Statistical ,
Disclosure Control, incorporated in paper
presented at Joint UNECE/Eurostat work , .
session on statistical data confidentiality, 2005 . (
Geneva, 9-11 October 2005. ,
10 9-11
)
Statistical data
Statistical data refers to data from a survey or
administrative source used to produce statistics.

.
Source: Measuring the Non-Observed :
Economy: A Handbook, OECD, IMF, ILO, , , ,
Interstate Statistical Committee of the ,
Commonwealth of Independent States, 2002,
Annex 2, Glossary. , 2002 , 2,
Statistical data collection

Statistical data collection is the operation of
statistical data processing aimed at gathering of ,
statistical data and producing the input object
data of a statistical survey. /

.
:
Source: Terminology on Statistical Metadata, ,
Conference of European Statisticians Statistical ,
Standards and Studies, No. 53, UNECE, , No. 53, - , , 2000
Geneva 2000
167
168 -
Statistical data dissemination

Dissemination is the release to users of
information obtained through a statistical
activity. Data dissemination consists of
distributing or transmitting statistical data to .
users.
,
.
:
Source: Statistics Canada, "Statistics Canada
Quality Guidelines", 3rd edition, October 1998, 3 , 1998
page 59 10 , 59-
Statistical edit
A statistical edit is a set of checks based on
statistical analysis of respondent data.

.
Source: Glossary of Terms Used in Statistical :
Data Editing
Located on K-Base, the knowledge base on . K-Base-
statistical data editing, UN/ECE Data Editing
Group , - -

Statistical error
A statistical error is the (unknown) difference ,
between the retained value and the true value. (
) .
Source: Assessment of the Quality in Statistics, : ,
fifth meeting, Eurostat, Luxembourg, 2-3 May 5 , , , 2002
2002, Item 4: Glossary 5- 2-3- , 4- :

Statistical hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is a hypothesis
concerning the parameters or from of the
probability distribution for a designated
population or populations, or, more generally, of
a probabilistic mechanism which is supposed to
generate the observations.
.
Source: A Dictionary of Statistical Terms, 5th :
edition, prepared for the International Statistical , 5 , ... ,
Institute by F.H.C. Marriott. Published for the .
International Statistical Institute by Longman
Scientific and Technical ,
.
Statistical indicator
A statistical indicator is a data element that ,
represents statistical data for a specified time,
place, and other characteristics.
/ .
Source: Economic Commission for Europe of : -
the United Nations (UNECE), "Terminology on ,
Statistical Metadata", Conference of European ,
Statisticians Statistical Standards and Studies, ,
No. 53, Geneva, 2000 , No. 53, , 2000
Statistical information system

A statistical information system is an information
system oriented towards the collection, storage, ,
transformation and distribution of statistical , /
- 169
information. .
Source: Terminology on Statistical Metadata, :
Conference of European Statisticians Statistical ,
Standards and Studies, No. 53, UNECE, ,
Geneva 2000 No. 53, -
, , 2000
Statistical macrodata
Observation data gained by a purposeful
aggregation of statistical microdata conforming
to statistical methodology.

.
Statistical measure
A summary (means, mode, total, index, etc.) of ( )
the individual quantitative variable values for the
statistical units in a specific group (study
domains). (, , , ) .
Source: Eurostat, Assessment of Quality in : ,
Statistics: Glossary, Working Group, : , ,
Luxembourg, October 2003. , 2003 10- .
Statistical metadata
Statistical metadata are data about statistical
data. Metadata describe statistical data and - to
some extent - processes and tools involved in .
the production and usage of statistical data.
,
,
.
Source: United Nations Statistical Commission : - ,
and Economic Commission for Europe of the - ,
United Nations (UNECE), "Guidelines for the "
Modeling of Statistical Data and Metadata", ",
Conference of European Statisticians, ,
Methodological material, United Nations, , , , 1995
Geneva, 1995
Statistical metadata system

A statistical metadata system is a data
processing system that uses, stores and ,
produces statistical metadata. ,
.
Statistical Metadata", Conference of European
No. 53, Geneva, 2000 No. 53, , 2000
Statistical methodology
Theory and methods of data collection, , ,
processing and analysis. , .
Source: Integrated Metadata Base Glossary, :

Statistics Canada. ,

Statistical microdata
An observation data collected on an individual / -
object - statistical unit.
.
Statistical Metadata", Conference of European ,
169
170 -
No. 53, Geneva, 2000 , No. 53, , 2000
Statistical processing
The processes for manipulating or classifying
statistical data into various categories with the
object of producing statistics.
.
Statistical production
Statistical production refers to the activity that is
carried out within statistical information system
and aimed at producing statistics.
.
Statistical Metadata", Conference of European
No. 53, Geneva, 2000 , No. 53, , 2000
Statistical reporting
Statistical reporting refers to the transmission of
statistical reports on vital events to the agency
responsible for compilation of statistics on these
events.
.
Source: Handbook of Vital Statistics Systems :
and Methods,Volume 1: Legal, Organisational , , 1-
and Technical Aspects, United Nations Studies : ,
in Methods, Glossary, Series F, No. 35, United , -
Nations, New York 1991 , , , 35, ,
-, 1991
Statistical standard
A statistical standard provides a comprehensive
set of guidelines for surveys and administrative
sources collecting information on a particular
topic. ,
Components of a standard include: .
- definition(s)
- statistical units :
- classification(s) -
- coding process(es) -
- questionnaire module(s) -
- output categories. -
- ,
- ,
Source: Statistics New Zealand," Classifications :
and Standards"; unpublished on paper ,
.
Statistics /
Numerical data relating to an aggregate of / /
individuals; the science of collecting, analyzing ;
and interpreting such data. ,
,
.
Source: A Dictionary of Statistical Terms, 5th :
edition, prepared for the International Statistical , ... ,
Institute by F.H.C. Marriott. Published for the .
International Statistical Institute by Longman
Scientific and Technical ,
.
- 171
4.2 Information and Communication 4.2

Technology
3G:Third-generation mobile communication 3G:

system
Generic name for mobile network/ service IMT-2000
based on the IMT-2000 family of global
standards. / .
Source: World Telecommunication :
Development Report 2003. 2003 .
ADSL (ADSL)
Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line. ADSL
variant in which traffic is transmitted at different .
rates in different directions (upstream and
downstream). ( ).
Source: Benchmarking the ICT Sector : - ,
Acronyms and Glossary, November 2004. . 2004
11-
Air time charges

Charges to users of wireless networks based
on a flat rate or on the actual time used. In
cellular/PCS networks, charges are typically on
a timed basis. .
(PCS-personal communication system-
)-

.
Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication , , ,
and Information Services Policies November
1999, page 9, Selected Glossary of Mobile 1999 11- , 9- ,
Terms
Hyperlink: :
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.p http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.p
df df
Airtime
Actual time spent using a wireless phone.
.
1999, page 9, Select Glossary of Mobile Terms 1999 11- , 9- ,
Hyperlink:
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.p :
df http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.p
df
Amplifier
A device used to increase the strength of
electronic signals .
Source: Telecommons Development Group. :
The Hitchhikers Guide to Rural Telecom 1998. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Analogue
Communications signal represented by the ,
pitch and the volume of a voice. .
Antena
The device that concentrates a beam of
electromagnetic waves to a focal point so as to
171
172 -
send /receive signals. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Aperture
The effective cross sectional area of the
antenna. The larger the aperture, the stronger .
the signal the antenna receives or transmits. ,
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A very fast data .
transmission methods. It dramatically allocates .
bandwidth and uses a fix-ed size packet."
,
Source: World Telecommunication ."
Development Report 2003. :
2003 .
Backbone ( )
The main line that ties networks, phone ,
systems or computers together. It's like the
human skeleton, with many small connections .
(called nodes or terminals), Branching off from
the backbone. (
) .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies available to be
occupied by signals. In analogue systems it is .
measured in terms of Hertz (Hz) and in digital (Hz) ,
systems in bit/s per second (bit/s). The higher / (bit/s) .
the bandwidth, the greater the amount of
information that can be transmitted in a given
time. High bandwidth channels are referred to .
as broadband which typically means 1.5/2.0 1.5/2.0
Mbit/s or higher. Mb/
Source:Internet Reports, Internet for a Mobile .
Generation, September 2002. :
,
2002 9-
Bit rate
The speed at which bits are transmitted usually
expressed in bits per second (bps). (/)
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Broadband
Transmission capacity with sufficient , ,
bandwidth to permit combined provision of
voice, data and video. According to ITU report, . -
it refers to DSL and cable modem services with (DSL)
band width greater than 128kbps in at least one 128 kbps-
direction. .
- 173
Bundling (of telecommunications services) (
Grouping various telecommunications services )
-- wireline and/or wireless -- as a package to
increase the appeal to potential customers and
reduce advertising, marketing and other
expenses associated with delivering multiple
services. For example, a bundled package ,
could include long distance, cellular, Internet ,
and paging services.
. ,
,
,
Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication :
and Information Services Policies November , , ,
1999, page 9, Select Glossary of Mobile Terms
Hyperlink: 1999 11- , 9- ,
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/42/2538118.p
df :
df
Bypass
Arrangements or facilities whereby a customer
can access long-distance, international, or
other services without using the local operating
company's switched network, thus avoiding ,
payment of access charges. More generally,
any means whereby customers avoid usage of .
a monopoly service or facility. ,

Source: Telecommunications services: .
Glossary of terms World Trade Organisation : :

Cable
A cable is one or more insulated wires inside a
common protective wrapper.
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Calling opportunities
The sum total of possible connections (and (
therefore calls) on telecommunications )
networks (fixed and wireless). ( )
.
Hyperlink:
df
Carrier
A company that owns a transmission medium
and rents, leases or sells portions for a set
tariff.
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
173
174 -
CATV ( )
The transmission, usually for a fee, of ,
television signals, including signals that
originate at over-the- air television stations, to
consumers on a wired network. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
CDMA (CDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access. A technology .
for digital transmission of radio signals based
on spread spectrum techniques where each ,
voice or data call uses the whole radio band
and is assigned a unique code.
.
Cellular service
A terrestrial radio-based service providing two-
way communications by dividing the serving ,
area into a regular pattern of sub-areas or cells,
each with a base station having a low-power
transmitter and receiver.
.
Although cellular radio is primarily a means of
providing mobile telephone service, it is also
used to provide data services and private voice ,
services, and as an alternative to fixed wired
telephone service where this is scarce, such as
in developing countries.
.
Source: Telecommunications services: : :
Glossary of terms World Trade Organisation

Channel
An electrical transmission path between two or
more stations. Channels may be furnished by
wire, radio, fiber or a combination of all three. .
/, ,

Source: Telecommons Development Group. .
The Hitchhikers Guide to Rural Telecom 1998. :
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Circuit
A physical transmission path between two or
more points.
() .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Communication satellite
A device sent up into space used to relay
telecommunications signals between two or
more points. The main advantage of satellites
is the relatively low cost of the earth station .
equipment needed to link up with satellites
compared to stringing wire or fiber optic cable
over very long distances.

Source: Telecommons Development Group. .
- 175
The Hitchhikers Guide to Rural Telecom 1998. :
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Cost-based pricing
The general principle of charging for services in
relation to the cost of providing these services.
.

Dark fiber ( )
A bare capacity and does not involve any of
the electronics necessary to transmit or receive ,
signals over that capacity. .
Source: Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), A glossary of Telecommunications :
Terms, 1998. , 1998 .
Demodulation
Demodulation converts data back and forth
between digital and analogue. , .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Digital
Any type of information that can be output,
transmitted and interpreted as individual bits of
binary information (the use of the numbers 0
and 1), using electrical or electromagnetic (0 1 )
signals that can be modulated to convey their , ,
specific content. A TV picture will be more like .
a rectangle and have up to 1,080 lines of 1080
resolution, producing a crisper picture.
.
Source: Federal Communications Commission :
(FCC), A glossary of Telecommunications (),
Terms, 1998. , 1998 .
Digital switched network (DSN) ()

A high-speed digital switched public network
allows access to a wide range of services such
as telecommuting, video conferencing, ,
telemedicine, distance learning, etc. ,
, , .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Download
To receive data from another computer into
your computer. The opposite is called "Upload". .
"" .
Terms, 1998. , 1998 .
DSL (DSL)
Digital Subscriber Line A high-speed Internet
connection using telephone lines.
.
Dual band
175
176 -
Describes a handset that works on 800 MHz 800 MHz
cellular and 1900 MHz PCS frequencies. (PCS) 1900 MHz
.

Hyperlink: :
df df
Dual mode
Describes a handset that works on both
analogue and digital networks. .

Hyperlink: :
df df
Duplex Transmission
Simultaneous two-way(transmit and receive) (
independent transmission. )
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Earth station
The antenna, receivers, transmitters and other / ,
equipment needed on the ground to transmit
and receive satellite communication signals. , ,

.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
E-Commerce -
Electronic commerce. Refers to commercial .
transactions occurring over open networks, ,
such as the Internet. Both business-to-business .
and business-to-consumer transactions are ,
included."
.
Source: OECD, Glossary of Stastical Terms : ,
2004 2004
E-Government -
Refers to the use of new information and
communication technologies (ICTs) by ,
governments as applied to the full range of ()
government functions. In particular, the .
networking potential offered by the Internet and
related technologies has the potential to ,
transform the structures and operation of ,
government. .
2004 2004
Electronic data interchange (EDI) ()

Electronic Data Interchange. Transmission of .
information between computers using
- 177
standardized electronic versions of common
business documents.
.
EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service ()

EMS is a text service allowing mobile users to
send and receive short text messages from ,
other mobile and PC users. Compared to SMS,
EMS includes additional features such the ,
transmission of simple melodies, graphics,
sounds, animations and modified text as an . M-
integrated message. , , ,

.
Source: Internet Reports, Internet for a Mobile :
Generation, September 2002. , , 2002 9-

E-strategies -
The national information infrastructure , ,
strategies arise from the Internet and the ,
convergence of telecommunications ,computing
and broadcasting. .
Source: The World Bank :
Exchange
A basic unit for the administration of telephone
service, which generally includes everyone in
one town plus adjacent areas. There can be .
more than one exchange within a larger town or ,
city. The territory served by an exchange, .
within which local rates apply, is known as the
exchange area or local service area.

.
"Hitchhiker" 1998.
Fiber optics transmission system (FOTS)

A system which uses glass fibers the size of ()
human hairs through which light is transmitted.
By changing the patterns of light sent through .
the lines, information is transmitted. These
signals are read by light-sensitive devices. .
Fiber optics generally allow for a much greater -
speed and bandwidth than transmitting over .
regular wires, microwaves or satellite.
, ,
,
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Firewall ( )
A hardware- and/or software-based system
that is used as an interface between the ,
internet and a computer system to monitor and ,
filter incoming and outgoing communications.
.
2004 2004
177
178 -
Frequency
The rate at which an electrical current
alternates, usually measured in Hertz. It is also .
used to refer to a location on the radio 800, 900
frequency spectrum, such as 800, 900 or 1800 1800 -
Mhz. .
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) ()

A geographical information system (GIS) can ()
be seen as a system of hardware, software and
procedures designed to support the capture, , , ,
management, manipulation, analysis, modeling , , /
and display of spatially referenced data.
, ,
.
2004 2004
Global system for mobile communications

(GSM) ()
European-developed digital mobile cellular
standard. .
A digital cellular or personal communication
services (PCS) network. () .
Hyperlink:
df
High speed
Usually refers to data communications 9,600 /-
systems operating at speeds above 9,600 bps. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Host
Internet access provider's computer. You may
use one of its hard- wired terminals, if you are .
at an institution with a mainframe computer
connected directly to the Internet, or you may
dial up via modem to connect with the Internet -
access provider's host computer.

Source: Federal Communications Commission .
(FCC), A glossary of Telecommunications :
Terms, 1998. (),
, 1998 .
Hub
Central point for the collection, sorting,
transshipment and distribution of goods for a , , ,
particular area. .
Terms, 1998. , 1998 .
Hyper-Text Mark-Up Language(HTML) - ()

The programming language used to design
and present computer sites on the Internet in a ,
graphical user interface fashion. HTML is the
- 179
language used by programmers on the Internet .
as part of the World Wide Web project. (WWW)

.
2004 2004
Hyper-Text Transport Protocol(HTTP) - ()

The method for moving "hypertext" files across -
the Internet. Requires an HTTP program at one .
end and a server at the other. ,
.
Terms, 1998. , 1998 .
ICT Applications -
Hardware and software solutions that utilize , ,
ICT to meet business, public administration, -
social and other goals; there are also
sometimes referred to as informatics. ;
.
IMT 2001 2001

International Mobile Telecommunications- -
2000. The International Telecommunications 2000.
Union (ITU) recommendation for 3G networks. (ITU) 3G- .
Source: World Trade Organization. :
Telecommunications Services Glossary

Informatics
It deals with ICT as a theme, a way of doing
things (e.g. ICT in Education, e-government).
(
, - .).
Information and Communication ()

Infrastructure (ICI) ,
Refers to physical telecommunications (
systems and networks (cellar, broadcast, cable, , , ,
satellite, postal) and the services that utilize , )
them (Internet, voice, mail, radio, and (,
television). , , , ).
Information and Communication ()

Technologies (ICT) ( , , ,
Consists of the hardware, software, networks, ) , , ,
and media for the collection, storage, ,
processing, transmission and presentation of , , ,
information (voice, data, text, images), as well
as related services. ICT can be split into ICI . -
and IT. .
Information Technology (IT) ()

Refers to the hardware and software of , ,
information collection, storage, processing, and ,
presentation. .
Interconnection
The physical connection of telecommunication
networks owned by two different operators.
179
180 -
Source: World Telecommunication .
Development Report 2003. :
2003 .
Interface
The point at which two systems or pieces of
equipment are connected. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
International Mobile Telecommunications

(IMT) 2000 () 2000
International Mobile Telecommunications
system sometimes referred to as Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or
third-generation mobile services (3G). (UMTS)
(3G)
Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication :
and Information Services Policies November , , ,
1999, page 9, Select Glossary of Mobile Terms
Hyperlink: 1999 11- , 9- ,
df :
df
International Telecommunication Union

(ITU) ()
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is
an international organisation within which ()
governments and the private sector co-ordinate ,
global telecom networks and services. It is the ,
leading publisher of telecommunication .
technology, regulatory standards information. ,

.
Organisation, Geneva, 2002 Appendix F. , ,
Glossary of Organisations 2002 F.

Hyperlink: http://www.itu.int/home/index.html : http://www.itu.int/home/index.html
IP address
Address identifying a terminal connected to the
Internet network. /
.
Source: Glossary of technical terms, acronyms : ,
and abbreviations in the telecommunications ,
sector May 2001. 2001 5-
IP telephony
The use of IP technology to transfer voice and - ( )
data. ,
.
sector May 2001. 2001 5-
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network ()

A digital switched network supporting ,
transmission of voice, data and images over
conventional telephone lines. .
- 181
Leased line
A telecommunications channel leased between
two or more points at a flat monthly rate. Also
called dedicated or private line.
.
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Local Area Network (LAN) (LAN)

The electronic linking, by cable or infrared
beams, of several or all computer workstations
within a specific physical area to a file server or
storage and processing device. It allows all /, ,
users connected to the network to access the .
server's software and data files and to
exchange electronic messages via an ,
electronic mail system. Frequently includes
printers, scanners, and other related
equipment. .
,
.
2004 2004
Local loop
The connection that runs from the subscriber's
telephone exchange equipment. This term is
synonymous with the term fixed line.
.
.
Microwave transmission system

A high-capacity transmission system that
sends information using high-frequency radio /
signals called microwaves. Originally,
microwaves systems offered only analogue .
transmission, but today they are commonly
digital.
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Mobile services
Radiocommunications services between ships, , ,
aircraft, road vehicles, or hand-held terminal
stations for use while in motion or between
such stations and fixed points on land. ,

.
Hyperlink:
http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/ :
telecom_e/tel12_e.htm http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/t
elecom_e/tel12_e.htm
Modem
Computers generate data in digital form. To
send this, this digital stuff over an analogue .
181
182 -
phone line, the data has not be converted.
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Multiplexing
Techniques that allow a number of
simultaneous transmissions over a single circuit
so as to accommodate multiple users or uses.
.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Multipoint
A line or channel connecting more than two
specific service points. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Network
Combination of telecommunications resources,
for example, exchanges, wire links (copper , ,
cable, optical fiber) and terrestrial or satellite ( , ),
radio transmission links.
.
sector May 2001. 2001 5-
Network or facilities
The ensemble of equipment, sites, switches,
lines, circuits, software, and other transmission , ,
apparatus used to provide telecommunications , , ,
services.
.
Hyperlink:
http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/ :
telecom_e/tel12_e.htm http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/t
elecom_e/tel12_e.htm
Non-public (private) network ()

Any network used to communicate within an
organization (as distinct from providing service
to the public) or to supply such communications
to organizations, based on a configuration of (
own or leased facilities. The term includes ),
networks used by private companies, state
enterprises, or government entities. .
,
, ,
.

Hyperlink: :
http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/ http://www.wto.org/wto/english/tratop_e/serv_e/t
telecom_e/tel12_e.htm elecom_e/tel12_e.htm
Packet
A group of digital bits put together in a bundle
or packet to make transmission faster. One little
packet includes not only your data but also .
- 183
control information such as a source and ,
destination address and an identification .
number.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Packet Switching
Technique where bit grouped packets are
specifically routed to their destinations based
on the availability of transmission paths. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Penetration
A measurement of access to
telecommunications. It is usually calculated by .
dividing the number of subscribers by the
population, and multiplying by 100. Also 100- .
referred to as density. .
Source: Benchmarking the ICT Sector : - ,
Acronyms and Glossary, November 2004. . 2004
11-
Private Line Service

Dedicated telecommunications channels
provided between two points or switched
among multiple points. Privately leased for . , ,
high-volume voice, data, audio, or video
transmissions. .
Terms, 1998. , 1998 .
Private Networks
Any network used to communicate within an (
organization (as distinct from providing service )
to the public) or to supply such communications
to organizations, based on a configuration of
own or leased facilities. The term includes
networks used by private companies, state .
enterprises, or government entities. , ,

.
2004 2004
Protocol
A formal set of conventions governing how
communication systems can talk to each other.

.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Publicly Switched Telephone Network ()

(PSTN) -
The world-wide dial-up telephone network or .
portion of that network. Whatever system you
own should be linked somehow to the PSTN so -
you can make long distance phone calls, or go
on the Internet. .
183
184 -
Reach
Refers to the availability of a service in the
community. It is the number of homes to which .
the services is available regardless of whether
or not residents choose to subscribe.
.
Terms, 1998. , 1998.
Router /
A special switching system in space that
receives radio communication signs, from earth
stations on earth and then retransmits them to
earth location. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Server
A computer that has been set up to provide ()
certain services to other computers (clients), for
instance, a Web server is a central repository of ,
data, software or client for the World Wide ,
Web.
.
2004 2004
Signal
The combination of waves that travel along a
transmission channel and act on the receiving
unit. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
SMS: Short message Service ()

A service available on digital networks,
typically enabling messages with up to 160 160
characters to be sent or received via the
message center of a network operator to a ,
subscriber's mobile phone. .
Source:Internet Reports, Internet for a Mobile :
Generation, September 2002. ,
2002 9-
Spectrum Management
The spectrum or range of radio frequencies ,
available for communication, industrial, and
other uses. .
Source: World Trade Organization. : .
Telecommunications Services Glossary

Spectrum(Radio) ()
The radio frequency spectrum of hertzian , , ,
waves used as a transmission medium for
cellular radio, radiopaging, satellite
communication, over-the-air broadcasting and
other services. .

- 185
SSL: Secure Socket Layer ()
A programmed layer created by Netscape for
managing the security of message Netscape-
transmissions in a network. SSL uses a public- .
and -private key encryption system, which also
includes the use of a digital certificate.
.
Source: Internet Reports, Internet for a Mobile :
Generation, September 2002. , 2002 9-
Subscription
A licensing agreement in which the licensee -
makes a payment to the service provider for
access to ICTs.
Source: Benchmarking the ICT Sector .
Acronyms and Glossary, November 2004. : - ,
. 2004
11-
TCP/IP: Transmission control protocol (/)

Internet protocol. .
Transmission system Local exchange

carrier
A system to transfer information from one . ,
location to another. It could be copper wire, .
fiber optic lines, or radio waves.
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Transponder
An electronic device on a satellite used to
boost or amplify signals before sending them ,
back to earth. It can receives an uplinks signal .
at one frequency, convert its frequency,
amplifies it, and transmits it to the ground.
Satellites generally have 10-40 transponders.
.
10-40 .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Universal Access
Refers to reasonable access to ICTs for all. -
Includes universal service for those that can . -
afford individual ICT service and widespread -
provision of ICTs within a reasonable distance
for others. Stastically measured as the .
percentage of the population covered by
information and communication technologies. .
Universal Service
Refers to availability and widespread -
affordability of ICTs. The level of universal .
services is statistically measured as the -
percentage of households with ICTs. .

185
186 -
Uplink
The transmission of signals from an earth
station to a satellite. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Very Small Aperture Terminal

An earth station with a small antenna of 0.9-1.8
usually 0.9-1.8 meter (3-6 foot) diameter. .
Typically used in point-to-multipoint data " "
networks. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
Wide Area Network (WAN) (WAN)

A computer network that connects computers
over large distances by means of high-speed
communications links or satellites.
.
2004 2004
Wireless communication
Sending signals without a physical connection ,
using technologies such as cordless
telephones, cellular telephones or microwaves. .
"Hitchhiker" 1998 .
WWW: World Wide Web WWW.

World Wide Web is a part of the Internet
designed to allow easier navigation of the
network through the use of graphical user
interfaces and hypertext links between different
addresses. .
2004 2004
XML XML
Extensible markup language. (
) .
2004 2004
- 187
Reference
1. A Dictionary of Statistical Terms, 5th edition, prepared for the International Statistical
Institute by F.H.C. Marriott. the International Statistical Institute by Longman Scientific and
Technical;
2. A glossary of Telecommunications Terms, Federal Communications Commission (FCC),
1998;
3. Agricultural Data, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, FAOSTAT,
Rome;
4. Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries, Monitoring and Evaluation 2000, Glossary of
Agricultural Policy Terms, OECD;
5. Assessment of the Quality in Statistics, fifth meeting, Eurostat, Luxembourg, 2-3 May 2002;
6. Benchmarking the ICT Sector Acronyms and Glossary, November 2004;
7. Bulletin of Housing and Building Statistics for Europe and North America, Definitions and
General Terms, Annex II, UNECE, Geneva, 2000;
8. Business Register Recommendational Manual, Glossary, Eurostat;
9. Cellular Mobile Pricing Structures and Trends, Working Party on Telecommunication and
Information Services Policies, November 1999;
10. Central Product Classification (CPC), Version 1.0, Series M, No. 77, United Nations, New
York, 1998;
11. Classification of Types of Constructions, Eurostat;
12. Common Database: Definitions List, UN;
13. Compendium of legal acts for activities against crime National Legal Center, Ministry of
Justice and Internal Affairs, Ulaanbaatar, 2005;
14. Construction Price Indices, Sources and Methods, OECD, Eurostat, 1997;
15. Economic Accounts for Agriculture, Presentation and Methodological Approach, OECD,
1999;
16. Electricity information 2001, International Energy Agency, Paris;
17. Energy Labels and Standards, Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles, International Energy
Agency, 2001;
18. Energy Statistics of OECD Countries: 1999-2000, International Energy Agency, Paris, Part
2 Notes on Energy Sources, 2002;
19. Environmental Indicators for Agriculture, Vol. 3, Methods and Results, OECD, 2001;
20. Gender basic terms, concepts and definitions, UN Gender Theme Group, T. Amgalan and
N.Oyunchimeg, Ulaanbaatar, 2003;
21. GFSM 2001;
22. "GESMES/TS User Guide", Release 3.00, European Central Bank (ECB), Bank for
International Settlement (BIS), Eurostat, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), February, 2003;
23. Glossary of statistical terms, UNSD;
24. Glossary for Transport Statistics, prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group on
Transport Statistics Eurostat, European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT),
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE);
25. Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations,
New York, 1997;
26. Glossary of Statistical Disclosure Control, incorporated in paper presented at Joint
UNECE/Eurostat work session on statistical data confidentiality, Statistics Netherlands,
Statistics Canada, Germany FSO, University of Manchester, Geneva, 9-11 October 2005;
27. Glossary of technical terms, acronyms and abbreviations in the telecommunications sector,
OECD, May 2001;
28. Glossary of Terms Used in Statistical Data Editing Located on K-Base, the knowledge base
on statistical data editing, UN/ECE Data Editing Group;
29. Handbook of Household Surveys, Revised Edition, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 31,
United Nations, New York, 1984;
30. Handbook on Geographic Information Systems and Digital Mapping, Studies in Methods,
Series F, No. 79, Annex VI - Glossary ,United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Statistics Division, New York, 2000;
31. ILO glossary;
32. IMF Glossary;
33. International Merchandise Trade Statistics Concepts and Definitions, UNSD, 1998;
34. International Recommendations for Construction Statistics, Statistical Papers, Series M, No.
47, Rev. 1, United Nations, New York, 1997 ;
187
188 -
35. International Recommendations for Industrial Statistics, Statistical Office, Series M, No. 48,
Rev. 1, United Nations, 1983;
36. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision,
WHO, Geneva,1992;
37. IRTS The provisional draft, 2007;
38. ISCED, UNESCO;
39. ISIC Rev.3, UNSD;
40. Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM): 2001-2002, Appendix F. Glossary of
Organisations, International Labour Organisation, Geneva, 2002;
41. Law on Tourism, Mongolia, 2000;
42. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy Handbook, OECD, IMF, ILO, Interstate Statistical
Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2002;
43. Natural resource accounting, Physical accounting, System of integrated environmental and
economic accounting (SEEA);
44. OECD Agricultural Outlook: 2001-2006, Annex II, Glossary of Terms, OECD, 2001;
45. OECD Frascati Manual, Fifth edition, Annex 2 1993;
46. Producer Price Indices and methods, OECD, Paris, 1994;
47. Recommendations on Tourism Statistics, 2000;
48. Resolution concerning household income and expenditure surveys, the Twelfth
International Conference of Labour Statisticians;
49. Resolutions Concerning Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and
Underemployment, the 13th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, International
Labour Organization (ILO), October 1982;
50. SNA-93;
51. "Statistics Canada Quality Guidelines" 3rd edition, Statistics Canada, October 1998;
52. Technical Report No. 461, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1970;
53. Telecommunications services: Glossary of terms , World Trade Organisation;
54. Terminology on Statistical Metadata, onference of European Statisticians Statistical
Standards and Studies, No. 53, UNECE, Geneva 2000;
55. The Dictionary of Demography, Roland Pressat, edited by Christopher Wilson, Oxford,
1985;
56. The Hitchhikers Guide to Rural Telecom, Telecommons Development Group, 1998;
57. World Telecommunication Development Report , 2003;
-----oOo-----
- 189
1. , , ,
48, .1, , 1983 ;
2. , 2000 ;
3. , , 2007;
4. , 2000 ;
5. "GESMES/TS 3.00, (),
(), ,
(), , (), 2003
2- ;
6. () 1.0, , 77,
, , 1998 ;
7. , ,
, 1998 ;
8. ,
()
9. , , F, 67,
, -, 1997 ;
10. , ;
11. , , M,
47, 1, , -, 1997 ;
12. , , ;
13. , - ;
14. ,
, F, 79, VI - ,
, , -, 2000 ;
15. , , ,,
, 2002 ;
16. 2003 ;
17. , , , ,
, II, , , 2000 ;
18. , , , -
, ., ., , 2003 ;
19. 2001;
20. 3 ,
1998 10
21. - , , 2004 11-
;
22. , , ;
23. , - ,

24. - (), ,
() -
;
25. , ;
26. , ;
27.
, 10 , , , 1992 ;
28. , ,
12- ;
29. , ,
, F, 31, , -, 1984 ;
30. , ,
, ,
. 2005 . ( ,
10 9-11 );
31. , 5 , , , 2002 5-
2-3- ;
32. ,
, No. 53, - ,
, 2000 ;
33.
189
190 -
, K-Base- ,
- -
;
34. , 5 , ... ,
.
, ;
35. , ;
36. , , , , 1985
;
37. (): 2001-2002 , F.
, , , , 2002
;
38. .3, ,
, 2001 ;
39. , , , , , 1999
;
40. "Hitchhiker" ,
, 1998 ;
41.
, , , 2005 ;
42. : ,
;
43. ,
(), 1998 ;
44. ,
, , 2001 5- ;
45. -2001 , ,
46. , 461, , , 1970 ;
47. -93;
48. , , ,
, 1999 11- ;
49. , , , 1994 ;
50. , , ,
, 13- ,
(). 1982 ;
51. , . 3, ;
52. , , 2, 1993 ;
53. - : 1999-2000, ,
, , 2002 ;
54. - , , , 2000 ,
, ;
55. - : 2001-2006, II,
, , 2001 ;
56. , , ,
, 2001 ;
57. , , , , 1997 ;
-----oOo-----

Статистикийн Нэр Томъёоны Тайлбар Толь

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Статистикийн Нэр Томъёоны Тайлбар Толь

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE

Editor-in-Chief: P.Byambatseren Chairman, National Statistical Office, Doctor (Ph.D)

Editors: G.Gerelt-Od Vice Chairman, National Statistical Office, Doctor

. Demberel Director, Research Department, NSO

G. Oyuntsetseg Economic Policy Reform and Competitiveness Project

Prepared: National Statistical Office of Mongolia,

For information, contact us:

1. Demography and Social statistics

CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL STATISTICAL

CPC Central Product Classification

1.Population and Social 1. ,

1.1 Demography 1.1

Age sex specific divorce rate . -

Age dependency ratio

Age sex specific marriage rate . -

Divorce Rate (or crude divorce rate) (

Life Expectancy at Birth

Marriage Rate (or crude marriage rate) (

Rate of Natural Increase (or Decrease)

Zero population growth

1.2 S oc ia l S ta tis t ic s 1.2

1.2.1 Labor statistics 1.2.1

Earnings (wages and salaries) Earnings ,

Economic activity rate, specific, crude ; ,

Economically active population

Economically inactive population

Labour force participation rate

Labour market flows

Paid employment jobs

The unemployment rate

Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) :

Source: International Labour Organisation (ILO) :

1.2.2 Education, culture and science 1.2.2 , ,

Age Specific Enrollment Ratio

Apparent Intake Rate

Cinema gross receipts

Circulation of newspapers, periodicals

Cohort reaching grade 5

Entertainment, literary or artistic originals Y, ,

Gross Enrollment Ratio

Net Enrollment Ratio

Net Intake Rate

Newspapers and periodicals, daily ,

Scientists, engineers, technicians , ,

1.2.3 Health 1.2.3

General abortion ratio

Age-specific fertility rate

Age-specific mortality rate

Condom use, knowledge as effective ,

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Maternal mortality ratio

Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) Maternal ()

Source: T. Amgalan and N. Oyunchimeg UN : ., ., -

Gender analysis and key concepts Gender

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) The

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) ()

The gender analysis matrix

1.2.5 Poverty, household income and 1.2.5 , ,

Household expenditure for non- //

Head-count index of poverty

Source: Living Standards Measurement :

Source: Resolution concerning household :

Household income in kind

Poverty gap index