WELLBORE STABILITY icxs Drilling Handbook i INTRODUCTION LI Wellbore Stability Mission 12 Dailing Handbook Objectives 21 In Sia Condions 22 InSiav Barth Sess 24 RockSuengh ‘Near Wallbore Ses State 1 au 32 Mechanical Stab a Chena Sbiy i 41 Planing Suble 42 Waming Sians'Come bore 1 ve Actions 3 Leakoft Tes Litology Factor) ‘elbere tess Equations NorneeltueContributors ‘Amoco Wellbar Stablity Extended Team Manohar Lal B.C Owyia “ron Kristiansen “om Waligrove Pb. Patllo Glenn Bowers Bill Fisher Sotn W: Lee CK Deem ary Nance 2K Moschoviis AgrecmentD.96-140: "Reducing Uaschoduled Events Du o Welbore ‘Shit ated Atom Pressure” finde by 10G Colombi-Pro, ‘Netclans-Prod,& Expl, Nore: Prod Sara Pod, Hida Pr UK.-Prod; USOG- OBU: WEBG: Algeria, Angola, Argeting, Ansa, Bolivia, Clombi- Expl, Gaben, Indi aly Lavi, Nigea, Poland, Romani, Trinind-Esp, Venez, Viet, Yom, USA Craton, [USA-GOM Barsin-Resource Acq Expl “Tis ecology is being rset othe Amoco Worldwide Dring Commit via joint venture between the EPTG Dring Techology ‘ello Stability Team andthe Teaining and Tecnology Team (TN. “These Materials were prepared by Amoco Prodetion Company. Neither Amoco Production Company, employes of Amoco Production Company, or any person ating on bel fee Makes any warranty or representation, expres or ili with reapectto te accuracy, completeness, of weulness of the information cmtined n thane mater, o hal we of 259 fnfomutin, apparatus, method or process dslosd in hs report may not ning hi pay its; or Assumes any ibility with spect the we of fray and ‘i amage resting from th we of, ay information, ‘gpa, mood, or proces ia these materia '© 1096 Amoco Proton Company Introduction 1 Wellbore Stability Mission {12 Driting Handbook Objectives | - Wellbore Stability - Maintaining the Balance of Rock Stress and Rock StrengthWellbore 1.0 INTRODUCTION Waeltbore stabi the prevention of rie fale laste detonation ofthe rock surrounding the wellbore dus mechanic ses or chem inbalance. rior dling the mechanical sess inte Fomation sles than the strength ofthe rck. The chemical setion le lane or occring Tae lave wo geologic te illons of yan). Rocks under tis blend Sr ncartlanced tt are sale Ae dling, the rock surounding the welioeundergocs changes in fension, compression, nd shear loadsa the rock fring te coe of Te hole removed. Chemical restons lo ota with expose te tig a Unde these conditions, the sock surrounding the wellore can become unstable, bepn to deform, actu, and exve into the wells or disoe Int the ing Excessive rock sess can collapse the hole reeling in tuck pipe. Hole squeezing mobile formations produce tight Boe problcns nd stock pipe (Covngs fom fling formation makes hole cleaning more ifcal sed Jncreaes mod on emcuting conte Estima cost othe dling industry for ole ably problems ange From 600 mln tot bilo dollars analy ‘Section T Page-T TIDD DCD Wellbore Stability (Chemical Instabiity ‘Mechanieal Tnstabilig) Section 1 Page-2entity and define wellbore stability robes Sogees consistent erniolog. Associate warning signs with sabi problem, Suggest conective actions Provide the background fo preventive planing ‘Understanding the codons tha cause sabilty problems provides for: © More eftetive planing ir and easier detection of warning signs © Contingency planet avoid the progression of he problem Section T Page-3 Before The Wellbore 2A In Situ Conditions 2.2 In Situ Barth Stress 2.3 Bifectve Stress 24 Rock StrengthWellbore Stabitty 2.0 BEFORE THE WELLBORE Porosity Porosity is the pret of oid pace within he eck, ‘The socks of sdmentary basins always exhib sme porosity. As porosity incrnes the percent of fla valume nceases wale he rock mate ‘ume deeass- Increasing presty weakens the tock. Shale for ‘xample wll chnge fom rile rok o duce clay with suet water one. The igre below shows pial porosity change with depth de to ompacion sad cementation, Pty) ermesbiity she bility rock 1 Now fds messed in units of emesbilicy acs to weaken the rook asthe las of water base md irate Alsslve the rsin-torgrain cement bond. Als, hyostai overbalance Toves water iat to penetrate the pores of th rock; which also weakens thenek aR eae e eee eae DT ‘Section? ? — Wellbore Stability “The flga below shows typical permesbily changes relative to dap for ‘hea sandstone Shaler may have high porosity, but have very ile parmesbiy eomebiy Desi) Formation pore pressure pressure of the naturally occuring iin ‘iejpnesoie eck =F ee oe [As longa he increase in verte la fom the ate of epeiion des itr exes the rte witch fad ean escape fam he pore and ‘Goce sks om rac oe dap of teeter pecs then ‘SHAT Se yore posse of fomtion wae anal resus). ‘ermal formation prsar cu he otic press of Tron tar ts rel depo ret re Tn Presa Page -2a Wieltbore Stability fhe hid cant esa the pore ore pgs gin to incense st fastihan oral ae anode presse) Abnormal formation prssare rete tan normal fr thw doh Pore pressire of permeable formation can be depleted below normal by rodchon peraton cabo resis). ‘Suhnormal formation preset isles than normal forthe veal depth of Estimating Formation Pore Pressure Formation pore pressure precio is highly specialized process. Pir 1 lig, qualtave geopsical methods are available ogy he presence of anos pressure a9 apeskinate dept Ost logs also Feipestimae pore pes Enhancement in geophysical interpretations hve recently been made to {quai the vale of tbaorma remue prior to pking the wel. Before evelopment ofthis quentative method only qualita information was posnble pio deine ‘While ring, several MWD\LWD logs provide realtime evaluation of Femation pone pres "D” exponent plot canals indicate changes pore presi Higher than norma porosity and sonic rave tine (4 edt abana ore press, ‘Section Page-3 POQQQQ00CGE CTC C DTCC Wellbore Stability neni cco rahi Smee ses covroament. The ntrtly eceuring ses pice Serie reerearceensith, Sipeenciets outenetetes ecaaemms scseompresie Overburden Stress 8, ‘overbrdn ses the pressure exerted om formation at ven depth ‘Goethe ol wept ol the rocks and Ml above that dep ae OE ctt* out “Most formation are formed from sedimentation/compacton geologic Isto: Formations may vary igi fom he earth sulie oy ‘ep of interest Shallow ser wil be more porous and les dene han shes reat dpc. Estimating Overburden Stress “Typically a vale of | pif is atsbated to the oveburden grado, but at Bulow dpe the acu wake mc less nd greater Sots “Somewhat her {A dent log canbe aed to determine the woh ofthe overburden. Inthe hens ofa density log, he overburden sess my be estimated rom Aematves suchas Eaton's variable density curve rte Wylie ie tverage equation using sonic ave ime, blk desi and post ‘Section? Page-4Wellbore ity {As the overburden quer the ook vert it pases horizontally Constant by sutounding ork cases horizontal sess. Horizontal Stress, 5, In most dling areas, the horizontal tests are xual. When ding sear masive sts sich sat domes orn econ ata, he orzo states wil lifer aad are stil ss minimum (4) anda xin atimating Horizontal Stress ‘The minimum horizontal sss (4) ommaly determined fom ek-ott tests Is del t determine the maximum hoz sess rom Field measurements Is value can be estimated sing rock mechanic ‘uations ‘The oe matrix does not supor the fl loa of overburden nd orzo seu Part a the ond suppor bythe ad i tbe pore (por presse) ‘Thene atc nthe eflectve se 2h by he eck mat Eee sa ‘Rts in rock mechanics o determin he maby ofthe webs Effective Overburden Stress - 6, ‘The overburden see that efetvly ese the tock mts Much ike ae pressure in a car ‘respons the weight of he «or td pressure inthe pore ‘appt 3 potion ofthe ‘overburden load ‘The ening portion of over tuden stress the oud effectively sessing th rock ‘Section 2 Wellbore Stability Effective Horizontal Stress -0, 0, Sina the eectve hina stesees can be deterined. Ussaly the horizomal sess are equal ad the effeive horizontal stress oq © the efectve overburden tres imes a ithology fctor,k The ithology factor (x ga I fori ts ethan or more rigid materi sch a ack = ork two) ee] In tectonially active reas the horizontal stresses are nt equal. The ‘uasmum bizoatalsuesses wl be higher, lower depending 0 etic ‘ovement by the addon tectonic esses, ad, In hese aes, te lective horiooa sess ae detrted bys maximum sd minim ‘ale Gnkx ath mad Gk x oth Im exreme etonic environment maybe sicint o wake the horizontal stress higher han he vertical sess. ‘Sikes condos cove sump ested st ae subjected 2 coming ce (stress). The ak Rap othe ses by hanging volume ot fer (deforaton) o both The change ate Yoek vues fom doo ‘he applied sess called tran, Rocks subjected to compressive (+) or tee () ros can go through thse Sings a am sformaton. Ilse deformation the rock dorms as res applied but earns to tong shape ses i eieved Ta ste deformation, the sain proportona the sess (Hooks Law) ‘Section? Page-6Sto (3 fe * alta een ‘When applied ses eshes he elastin the ock begins o exit Dlnste deformation In past deormation th rock ony pati rare {Sits onginal shape nestor reeves i ontinsed west ape, ‘Bates develop end he rook tal (atinate are). ‘Rocks can fina bile mana, usually unde low confining tess, o in & ‘istic manner under higher coining tess ‘Shear Strength and Shear Failure Under compression acs actualy fil in shear itis easier 1 side rock ‘pin pat cach ther han io rh em High confining pressure esis ling on the shear plan andthe rock appears suongee Ite confining pressure and ail ood were equ there ‘ro be no sea seston the rck ad no shea fae qual stresics promot stability and unequal stresses promote shear sre and posible sear flr POQQUEECCCCE OEE Wellbore Stability Itisnot possible to accurately reproduce the effets of pore presse sock stant when esting core samples from the eld tn acta rhe onions, pore pressure exerts force Ua teas opus the rock grins ‘spur Ths why the effete srs sed in rock mechanics hee ‘pple to wellbore stability statis Sr Rock mechanics uses ure modesto predit wellbore stability: One such ‘model consider lle effacvestreses call he ean sear fires. The "mean" efetive sess ued by this modelo desert he ree stats ofthe rock, Bt6+6, Mean Efectve Stresi= "5 “Te flue model used in the ilseatons (Mobe-Coulomb)neplecs he intrest stress ad consider only the greats and lastest ‘ress The great sear reson the rock ests onthe fwo-dmsason ‘plane consisting ofthe greatest nd les sues The prestasland o lear res could be any ofthe thre depending on nav evirnmeat ad wall ‘condos, sae, iis a ‘Section? Page-7 ‘Section 2 Page -8Weltbore Stability, ‘The sear stress tht al the rock must overcome the cahenive strength, (bonding together ofthe was), andthe tional sistance betwen the grain (ic). The fictional esiance between the rans s the proach ofthe cefiient of frietin i) and the festive compressive sess (6) eS8tH0 ‘The sear strengths defines the sea tess ht the rek. The oficiet of ction alo expressed in ere of an angle of inter fetion wenn ‘The cobesve strength (S) and the angle of itera ton (ae tained ftom condtng compression test on coc amps (ot {tne fon togs om he Ge, Several eon cores ae necessary todetemine these values, ‘The shaded aes shown below indies the "test" of one sch core sample fare The compeession sess (6 that als the coe ‘ample (greats sr) plate om the rental axis long with the outing pressre (used for ha et (east sts), siress(0) | rasa, Ss. @ Wellore Stability ‘The higher th confining pease, the greater the compressive sess ecoary to fl the sample. Sever ets at nressing conning rosure produce sucrose ses-saes of increasing shea eng ‘The "shear strength ine” is approximate bythe line ving the best i {othe sear stress points on he flue plane om several such es THe ‘ston for this ine iver below =5,to1md ‘Ahearn ine" or flarecavelope shown below is produced ‘fom sich core est (sir sabi cht used Whe considering the mea efetve dss, (6, +6, 6,)/3). ‘The protest and leas fective seston the welloreare aio calelate ‘ting uns sires, pore pressure, ble ination, ct, ad indicated on th hart Ifthe see pode a hear srs tha lls Beneath he shear steng ine, he wellbore is stable he ses sires fills ets the sub eavelope, the wellbore is tursable and formation fre wl ce. Shea atte. Efetive Compressive Sirs, ‘Section 2 Page-9 POQQCO ECCT O EEC ‘Section 2 Page -10ae Wellbore Stability ‘Tensile Failure “Tensile Falare cess tom ress that tena to pl the rock spar eal res: Roeks eat ery low tne sen ‘been Strength a the Rock Fl Ti Goologia processes ve great lengths of ine in which oopcrate ‘Athough geologic tine Is inpossble to deplete na aborstory, is posible fom experiment make seme deductions coacerming the tune of ine ‘One analysis of speci interest diling peratonsisthat fee. {Crepsslow coninuous deformation of rock wth the paste of ine, ‘eventhough the sess maybe above or below he elas limi ‘Section? Page POQQCCEEE OTRO OTL E EDEL | SECTION 3 | After The Wellbore 3. Near Wellbore Stress-State 3.2 Mechanical Stability 33. Chemical StabilityWelibore Stability 3.0 AFTER THE WELLBORE. Before dilling, rock sess deserted by then st sresesffetive ‘overburden sss eictve minimum hiatal ses and tb eee maximum horizontal sess. These tease are designated (0, GG) AAs the ole is il the support provided by the rock i removed and replaced by hydrostae pressie. This change aller the niu sass, The ses t any point on or nde he wellbore can now be decribed items 0 ‘ail test acting along the rads ofthe wellbore; bop tess ating "ound the cicumtrene ofthe wellor ange} ail avess ace Parallel othe well ah These sueses redesignated (Gc 0) andthe sional sea stress Components designated (Gy dy 0) ‘These sess are pespencul to each thera fr mathematical convenience ar sed ava borehole coo system, J Weltbore Stability Hoop Stress - 0, Hoop sess dependes upon wellbore press (), st sss ‘magnitude and orientation, pore pressure, and lennon and lage plo the por oats of sale ech ike eying plus shaker screen with beach balls) Capillary Effects Dring id mst overcome capil pressure eter the pore thoes of | ‘le Capillary remus devetopot a the driling i pore Tid interac is dependent on several factors; pore oat ad, neil tension, and contact angle ‘When dling wate-vet shales with water ate ma: surfs tension Tetwecn hess water phase aod Ue por ii i ery low. Under ayorbl ality conditions, tbe wae hase eter the pre tol ‘Section 3 Page =I ‘Section 3 Page 12= Wellbore Stability ‘When ding water-et shles wit oil base mud, he apy presse is ‘very high (Le, $000 10,00 psi) de othe Inge interacial eon sd xr sol pe toa ras The high apilary pressure prevents try ofthe phase as overbanc pressures ar ey fw in comparison. However. testi of the mus ne phase ft Blancs wh shale sali ater ante trough osmons cal ac Osmosis ‘Osmosis is aus by the imbalance of lt consenation been the muds ‘waar pase andthe pore water. The salinity inbalance I separated by Sle which ac sa som permeable memran that allows the anspor of ‘war nly Water moves or Tow say to high salinity el the satinty ‘Eiernce(chomeal eit) i bland Tr the md salinity ito low, water moves ia dhe sal neresing the pore mesure. As pore presse increases thas an adverse fet on sabi tthe md stint isto high, por water ows ino the md system deiyaraing te shale As pre presse dereses, fective hoop sess Seri alin promoting shea fe, Pressure Diffusion resure ifsion isthe change in near wellbore prepress eave to ‘ume. This qceuss overblance and osmotic pressures dive the esse From through the pre tot, icressng poe hd presse ny rom he wall of the hole: Tis pore presse penton lads toes sable ‘ondton at ander fe wellbore wal Wellbore Stability ‘Time require forthe pressure font to penetrate a given depth depends Primary on the penesbiityof the sale connctviyof he poe) and The pressure dental between the wellbore (p) and sit pote presure » Pe Pressure Distance Fro Wellore ole Diameters) ‘As prs dision inreases pore pressure ear the wellbore, shear Strength ofthe rsk reduced. The time fr pressaredsion ora ‘Malema srl i lure ofa shale ston expo fr several day ‘Swelling (Hydration (Ove gaol time, smdily slides into sale as overburden sre drives ofthe water envelope (6cyeration) and creat the platelets with the mineral eft hebind afer dehyration, After diling, wate enters the she by advection and oxmasis, Negatively ‘Shargot ny one atrc nd ol the polar wer. The peeing lune ‘fatached water produces a swling ress that "wedges" the cay pales ar ‘Section 3 Page 13 TQQQDDDDCCC CEC OC COCO O EOE ‘Section 3 Page- 14| SECTION 4 Providing A Stable Wellbore 2 sweling pressure and behavior of shales ae dire related tthe ‘ypeand amount of ly minerals cotsined nthe shale, Shales with igh concentations of negatively charged ons can produce very high ‘sling pressure (0,000 pls). ‘Swelling pressure decreases he sent ofthe shale by destroying the ‘uta cement hod batveen the ca plats, Bre shale becomes ‘dct and is pushed tt he wellorsby the compressive oop sts aod the welling res, 4.1 Planning A Stable Wellbore 4.2 Warning Signs (Corrective Action TOQQQUQ0Q0CCCC RTO O oa ‘Section 3 Pageie Wellbore Stability 4.0 PROVIDING A STABLE WELLBORE ‘Potential Stabe adientors "tthe answer o any ofthe question low i "ys", preventive mesures ‘ould be akon ” Indications of tectonic activity in the res? ‘Sudden pressure ans ones expected? Adverse fomutions expected (teictive shale, unconsolidated or fated formations, abnormal or suboormallypesured zones plas fomations? 1s wobre nctination greater than 30"? 2. Asay Stress Rese 3. Determine Magnitude of ln Siu Condition (, 53) Overbardes (hain tom density logs of oft well Formation Pore Pressure p stim by sic and logs Minin Horizontal Stress Determined by LOT sr logs Wellbore Stabil ‘4 Use Coe Tess or Logs o Determine Formation Resk Strength Rock sregth is estimated though comeations with sone density logs snes slow soni velocity an high porosity generally relat to lower rock Strength $5. Research Offset Walls fr Indications of Stability Problems et well data is inal infirmaton fr dentition of sabilty problems in het = ldcaity hole scion wit stably symptoms {ist the comiions hat eased the nity problem ‘dent sna problems in ofsex wel ceuring athe same verte dep Lok for similarity inthe conditions that eaused he poder. © Lttthe dein parameters effecting the ober (he mi ype std ‘weight hole angle, averse formations usual ding pacts). ‘Section # Page-T See E tree Section 4 Page =?<2 Wellbore Stability 6, Selet Mud System and Determine Mu now Stilt spreads and analysis ols re wot dteine the mad ‘Weight window foreach ol secon 7. Avong tabi Problems ‘© Select an inibitive mad for eactive formations. © Casing pois shoud allow formu weight windows dterined from sy nai Manin mad weghtECD in stitiy window. Use down ole ECD montring ol neil wel Optiniz nell sector bad ning dys sii, hn for fev ol cleaning and stk pip rventon Follow defensive dling paces, Cote! RO, sug sss, “Trin dling eam mene io [No single action an prevent stability problems, Wellbore tability mast Be managed ty the onl parameter. ‘+ Mad ype, composition and density _Dailing pratices (minimize ECD, swab fue presse) Wetter angie snd direction, problems occur when eactve sales ae died with oinhibive dling Did Chea ability sine epee and sca co quanti The dling id interaction es in she hydration and swelling which eas tse ling nto th wellbore causing ole argement and ight hole condons.| ‘Warning Signs of Chemical Stability Problems ‘+ BHA tlling and slow dling, fo ine paging, ot mushy ‘tings on sak + Sheth ress in torus. ‘Overpass, pump presse nceasing. Increases in mu parameters nd weight last viscosy, yield ont, cation exchange capac (CEC), and low gravity sls), ws Wellbore Stabitt Preventive Corrective Measres Chemical subi problems are prevented by selecting proper mod type an Eomposen nial comectve mesures ae to we sutale mud adv If the problem persists replacing the exiting md with more nhbtve md maybe nessa. ‘+ Aion of varoas sate (K, Na, Cat lance wate stv, ‘Audion a tyeol rece chemical aac of wef shale Aktion of varoas outing” polymers (HPA, et) 0 reduce ater contact with sil, ‘+ Useofeat basa yma ol bas ma to exclude water contact and ea ino sale Minimize the open hole exposure ime Pan regular wer tps Minimize sage sab pressures, Ene adequate Rpdeatic for bit and ole leaning. ‘Maiatain requied mud prope. Use tina mad weight possible ‘Mechanical Stability Mectancal instability i related o inconect mid weight ECD enor ‘well ajetry. Too low mud weigh un cause hole exvings or ola ‘sulin n tk pp. Too high mid weight ECD can cause excessive Mui losses to the Formation olen free. Warning Signs of Mechanical Stability Problems © Larzesie and volume of cavings over shakers. Eis inree in ongoldrs oe fil on connections op, Stuck pipe by hoe poco riding, Rested esi inceases in up presse. se of selon Laegun et ballooning shales. Tio indicators of mechanical stability poblems ae los of ereulaon snd incensed vlune of avings Paral ofl oso celta nay ‘be due to pressure induced oat exaing ractres. The eiced hydrostatic wth om of elation tay caus formation caving scallgee ‘Section # Page-3 COCCCCOT DOC Section Page-4_ Wellbore Stability a Wellbore Stability Pre 1g Mechanical Stability Problems Controlling Stability Problems “The ate i tem is reponse for detetingsabiity problems, Once lace, tee ate many cols o consider tha an provide for a stable ‘wllb. The dling supervise, with apt fom rig eam members must {eaware ofthe parameters tht ere te balance between rock ses and rock scat The conints on wellbore resus ditted by formation pressure on Ahetow end and facture strength onthe high nd. Hydra lansing Imus ab consider minimizing the shock load imposed tothe wore, - Wellbore Stability - 1g the Balance of Rock Stress and Rack Strength “Measures to preventeneret mechanical tility problems Include: Rock Strength “© tnresethe mod weight (iFposib), The mod weight values shoul be determined using stabi analpsmodel and pst ‘experience dling in known ld ‘+ Tsing acted Tormation ts nt recommended to increase [MW Incease the low ed heoogy (<3 RPM Fann reading). © Improvenoteclening mesives. Ava ruleothamb, maintain te Sun Fann eadng greater han 10. CPM Zor high-angle wes ‘qual 1 60 ina hele diameter in inches and bal ths vl for hole gle fe than 35" ‘The deiing eam must recognize the waning signs ofan unstable ‘© Cirulte on ech connection. Use hack reaming nd wiper ip swore and djs th dling program scoring) to i the tay ithe conditions ditt, Talanee of rock sess and ook suena, ‘© Minimize suge'swab pressures Monitor torgueiérag andthe size and amount of eutings on stakes. TOQQODDCDOCO OE ‘Section Pages ‘Section 4 Page -6| i 5 : 2 A-T Leak-Off Tests A-2- Lithology Factor (k) POQDQDDDDDDDDDORDR DOO o aESs Weltbore Stabitiy LOT dae agessry o determine the maim mud weight fr well fonirl an ole sabi snd ass det auence op casing sigh LOT fel dtn aso help for planing fre field dling and poduction ‘poration esas Hess te mim horgotl sues (s)he ‘mmo borzowal sess important fr wellbare sty analysis Comte in LOT paste ecu etiag t rests t oper dts sparta Fave # dies ropact on he guy ois [ntnaon Retro document 96-24 Sundareation of nko Test rosedure for moe deta ‘Preparation isa key fico in achieving 2008 quality LOT data, Before ‘esting begins 1+ Check offic! wel ako data for expected leak es presse, pump fats, ot problems o any usta cotons. 4+ Check lags fo expose sandstone stright or ured line press io, 4+ Check for ote washous to anticipate roblems with dhe cement job ‘+ Perform a casing imtogity test (CI). Test pressure at any pont nto xed Bc of Sng Dut ae ‘+ Consact a LOT cha. Lor rmsedure 1. Drill out the seo, aol and 10 15 et of new bole 2, Cireulate the hole lean and condition the mut a consistent density. 4. Pal he iting 1-10 fect above the soe 4. Rig pth cement pump one dilating and preaure tt sate Clos the annular BOP and bein te leak-of test 6 Maintain constant pump rat uring test (1M 1 bbnin maxim), tel pape 7 Plt te pressure every Wellbore Stability “The ntl volume pumped Sid expansion of the bubbles ae compressed, pressure increases neatly ‘vith banels pang anne pressure (LOD) isthe ist point where here isa permanent secre in the hope (sally equal or greater han the minima ies pressure), When he pam stoped pressure alls othe nish in reste (SIP due th lou of con presare ‘The mininnum horizontal stress (she first point aie a permanent ange ae dope asl ual or les han LOP) Retest contin ‘minimum sess management. ‘As the formation i ler feactured natally or factured daring he ding ‘pertion, elo est presse should ange between 1 L ns the numa borzomal sues “Append: A-T EEQECCCC EERE CCC O EEO “Appendix 4-1Wellbore Stability J Wettbore Stability ‘Stress transformation fom global to wellbore cord ‘The Lithology Factor (K) Calculated from LOT Data aes 5 | yee aes et yoo epee we | a [pee ieee oe | 1 meee [eo sueneea crete) «| | sctntontsatin) © | 5.5 sin 005 06 08 5 i ) © | ‘Where ithe horvntal angle erm) been 5, an the wlbore | an isthe wetbor inlnatin, or equal horizontal stresses (5~ i sevataite an) comers i 5 @ ay | [OP ney 3 ee ssiarscora 0) | | soa 2 UB and for a verteal well with 2 =O: okie FT apieetsog 3 | (a cue it [sss 5-80) 4-800 -0 09 foo Site = Erect radial, hoop, and axial stresses atthe wellbore wall Mae 8 ior 8 ; oe ee 2 | y= (56¢5) 2025) 9829-4 Opp a | s : a.nn-V(2 (4-4) 00120445, 1020)-p «5 | | ! | ren nD | teh un ope iig S8 panne | (5,008 0-5,sin0)-p en) | HAH Append. A-3a Weldbore Stabitty formation pore pressure Pp. wellbore pressure (hydrostatie/ECD) lithology factor Poisson's ratio tectonie stress angle of internal friction coefficient of ition cohesive strength yeePOPPER U PURER REPRE EE Contribs ‘Amoco Wellore Stability Extended Te Manohar Lat F.C Onyia “Tron Kristen “Torn Waigrone PD. Patio Glenn Bowes Bill Fisher John W. Lee CK Dee ‘Gay Nance ZX Moschovitis AgrementD96-1404; “Reducing UnschdledEvens Dus o Wellbore| Stable and Abnormal Pressreis find by TOG: Cooma Prod [Nedlands-Prod. Exp Nory-Prod, Shah Pro,Tiid-Prd, UK-Pred;USOG: OBU; WEBG: Algeria, Angola, Araeatiny, Asst, Bolivia, Colombia Expl, Gabo, Indi aly, Lavi, Nigeria Poland, ‘Romana, Tindad-Exp, Venez, Veta, Yemen, USA Craton, USA-GOM, Euasia-Resouce Aey- Exp ‘Tis techaology is eng tafe to the Amoco WeldideDeiling Community va joint venture between the EPTG Dring Teebooogy ‘Welle Stability Tem ad he Training and Tecology Team HT) ‘These Matas were prepared by Amoco Production Company. Nether Amooo Production Company employees of Amoco Prodotin Compe, ‘nor any person ating on bel of er: ©. Makes any warranty orropresenstion, expres implied with respect ote accra, completeness, or tfunes of the {nformaion contin in these ara, tat ue of ay ‘afomatin, apart, melo, or pes ciclosed inthis port may not ning thi party nhs Assumes any ibility with spot th use of of ay an all damages esting fom the se of, any information, ‘pps, metodo proces in these terials (© 1996 Amoco Production Company