Technology & TrainingTraining to Reduce Unscheduled Events Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events was compiled by the Amoco EPTG Drilling Technology Teams © 1994, 1995, 1996 Amoco Production Company Third EditionThe materials were prepared by Amoco Production Company. Neither Amoco Production Company, employees of Amoco Production Company, nor any person acting on behaif of either: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information, contained in these materials, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe third party rights: or b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any and all damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process in these materials.TABLE OF CONTENTS Te si Se + TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES i BASIC GEOLOGY .. + CASING PROGRAM DRILLING FLUIDS... sccssnnensnnen |__¢ HYDRAULICS PLANNING... sins PLANNING | HOLE PACK-OFF / BRIDGE ..... DIFFERENTIAL STICKING WELLBORE GEOMETRY |_#_ STUCK PIPE FREEING wsnnnninnnn LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS .. SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS .. PARTIAL LOSS SOLUTIONS TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS i PILL SPOTTING GUIDELINES + IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR .. *_ INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN |___+ _ DRILLING SYSTEM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: «TOOL FAILURE CAUSES .. + FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL SELECTION scence + RIG-SITE TOOL SELECTION / INSPECTION CHECK LIST... 72 Oo ap DRL STRING FAILURE DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING ... © DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE ... i * BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE 7 + BHA CONNECTION STRESS RELIEF /BSR........ oes 7B © DRILL CREWFIVE SECOND CHECKS oc ccccecnnnne 78 ¢ DRILL STRING CARE / HANDLING PRACTICES .. 80) eesTABLE OF CONTENTS BASIC JAR OPERATIONS. e PUMP OPEN FORCE scraetaniorapayarcas | COCKING / TRIPPING THE JAR ...... 83 DRILLING ACCELERATOR .... 86 JAR RULES / PLACEMENT GUIDELINES . PRIMARY WELL CONTROL SWAB / SURGE PRESSURE .. . 92 SECONDARY WELL CONTROL 95, KICK DETECTION TEAM .. 97 TERTIARY WELL CONTROL —- at OBI KICK DETECTION / GAS BEHAVIOR 18 WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET 47 WELL CONTROL REPORT FORN ... (CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS . STANDARD EQUIPMENT. 2 EQUIPMENT / WELLBORE PREPARATIONS ... soe 122 CASING PRE JOB CHECKLIST .....o.ccscscsnsnsnseinininnnne 125) RUNNING CASING GUIDELINES .. . 126 CEMENTING PRE JOB CHECKLIST «0... sacacnass FBP * TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS 000.0. 130 | WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS. 131 HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES... 132 HORIZONTAL DRILLING BHA 133 HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING .. 194 HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET woscccncninnnn 186 | DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES .... TIGHT HOLE / STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM. LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM .... EQUIPMENT SELECTION / INSPECTION FORM. DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORM ..TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES f WHAT ARE TEAMS '* Two er more people working together © Work teams have a commen goal + Tem members develop “earned trust’ through accountabilty © Teams are soit motivated © Teams are performance motivated MULTIFUNCTIONAL, "TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS © Technical expertise © Functional experience © Problem solving capabitty © Decision making skits © Interpersonal skis = PROBLE! HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS: © Denne me proviem | © Identify primary couse(s) © Develop alternative soluten(s) © Implement action pian. © _Evauate ine ettacivaness of the plan WORKING STYLES COMMAND Decision is mace by leader © CONSULTATIVE Decision is mace by leader wih team inout | * CONSENSUS Decision is made as a team © DELEGATION Decision is delegated down the chain of command WHAT TEAMS DO © IMPROVE WORK QUALITY - More exporise/shils are avaiable | © FLEXIBLE -Respond quickly to change: © CREATIVE - Continously improve work processes © DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS - Better communications * REDUCE PROJECT COST Page 1WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘The study ofthe earth's composition structure and history [An extonsive deprescion inthe earth's eurtace [An estimated 90% cf ie worlds ariings oceurs in offshore and inland bate A laterally contirucus sequence of sediments thats recognizably distinct ‘and mappable Land mass elevated above sea level is weathered and broken down to small ragments Castes) Mecharicaly by water, wind and temperature CCherically by soluble mineras dissolving int the watar Rock fragments (sand, sit, clay) and dissoved chemical compounds (silcates, calcite, iron, etc) are transpored to the basin by gravity, flowing water ard wind The fragments aro ewopt ito the basin where they cattle to the fcer of the basin and form water saturated bede of sand ang cy ‘The walt cf earn successwve secimert layer (overburden) compacts the sediments below Compaction squeezes tne water out cf te secmenis and ‘ack tothe sea, ‘As the wator ie squoozod out the disolvad chemical compounds loft behing| the frogmonts togetho to forn sedimentary rock _GULF OF MEXICO. PERMIAN BASIN TRINIDAD. ‘Sale, sandstene, imestoneicclorte generaly ake up aboLt 99% of sedentary reek, al othorrooks total eniy 3. 1%WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY 4 miccon (rm) Rocks formed rom an accumulation of con wae flay mineral and eit 220 pares ‘SHALE Less than Amerons Less than Rocks formad trom an accumiation of Amirone clay minerals and eateta (calcium carbonate) Aen mirers. Rocks formed from an accumulation of mineral grans (quart). SILTSTONE — Sist G0 microns Sandstone compressive stench ++ 9000 Fs SANDSTONE Sst mae ‘Gieserthan Rocke formed from an accumulation of primarily CONGLOMERATE Cal ‘2mm ‘granule, pebble end boulder size particles Rocks formes from large deposits of primary LIMESTONE | Ls ‘atte (calelm carbonate) and dolomite (calcium magnesia) DOLOMITE Dol chanical CHALK Chk Rocks =| Comoressive strengths: Limestone, +- 20,000 pst Colonie, +- 24,000 psi; Cher, + 69,009 pt weer | )ae Chalk, + 8000 psi Gypsum & Recks composed of minerals that precipitated Arnyerte | {rem golution during the evaporation of water Compreceive strength: Arhyerts4/- 8000 pst SALT | BASEMENT Rock formed fom the coaing ef matton magma VoLcANIcs ‘A lecture inthe rock caused by naturel forces FAULT resulting in falure end asplacemert of the formation along the feult plene on igus hydrocarbon (5.0 te 7-1 pa) cas Gaseous hyocarbon (23 pps average) | waTer | Water (6310 117 pps) Page 3BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN “The percent of void per 100% volume Sedimentary rocks (hale, sandetono, imestone) value of poroaty ‘TYPICAL POROSITY RECUCTION BY. ‘SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION o 8 DEPTH (10007 POROSITY % “The ablity of @ rock to low fluids measured in units of darcies ‘Ar02% that porous does not nlcate that's permeatie (3, shale with 10% porosity may exhibt only moro permeatity Sete 10" darcy) ‘TYPICAL PERMEABILITY REDUCTION BY SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION DEPTH (1000) PERMEABILITY (Darces) Page 4WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘A folce imposed to he rock matite measured n pounds a force per square inch of area (pst) Natural sources of rock sress onghate ftom overburden stess, tectonic stress ‘and formation fd pressure “The stress produced by the combined weight of he rocks and formation fics ‘overiaying 2 depth of intrest ‘TYPICAL OVERBURDEN STRESS VERSUS DEPTH DEPTH (1000) ‘Generates bythe force of gravity, tne overburden exerts a verica! siess to he formations. A resulting value of honzonta stress ie ceveloped cepending on rock stifness (as rock sbifness increases. horizontal ese dacreases) “The stress produced by lateral (side fo side) forces in the formation ‘Tectonic stresses are usually very high in mountainous regions. “Tectoni sveseed shale ganeraly produeat an oval shaped wellbore Page §BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN Formation fracture srength s deine by the overburden stress, cementation, fornation pressure ‘and he etrangth ofthe rock type. The flowing comparestne roabve svangih of he erent ‘rook typos (alletes factors considered equal) ‘SANDSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE: (Ot he tree primary rock types, Sandstone generaty exits the lowest compressive and tensile srength "© Generally occur in te ehatlower daptn(< 10,000") « Soft and plable due to high water content SOFT — © Fractur and inaction proscure opproxmately cme (Ductile) * Pitie texure stows fractures to “heat” quickly ' Asscciatec wit ewabbig, los eteulaton, hole ‘wash-out hole packoft ‘© Generally occurs in deeper dopth (10,000 +) HARD Hard and tre ue to low wat content (Brittle) + Fracture pressure higher than njection pressure nite texture prevents tracture trom “healing” '* Associated wih hole pack-offbrage SHALE = General occur nthe shalower dep 5600) = Hign poresy 23% +) UNCON. Hn pemoabity (2 eros +) sot Associated with lost circulation, hole wash-out, SANDSTONE hol paket ‘General occurs in mi io dep depths 4000"*) CON. ___|* Porosity range (26% - 1%) SOLIDATED '» Peimeabiiy ange 2 dares - 10 mliarcles) * Associated wih eforntal sticking, underguage hoe * Lew compressive sirerath * ig potest 40%) SOFT Pesmeabty range (2 eres - 10 mitdarcies) LIMESTONE!) (Chalk) © wi dissovein resh water macs DOLOMITE \sscisied ith ole wash-out, mud cortainaon HARD Han compressive sreng, usualy racked (Britis) Hah porosty 20-40%), Hoh permeadity «Associated wth pack offrdge, los crculator, cereal siceng a Page 6WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY SEES The pressure of he native Muds (water, cl gas) within the pore spaces afte rock Fermation pressure equal te full clumn (surface to dopth of interest) ef formation water NORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH ‘Normal foomation pressure is caculatec: Normal FP = 468 X Verlical Depth, Unless better information is known, 485 psift isa safe world-wide average Formation pressure greater tan the normal pressure expected forthe depth of ierest ‘When pomeabity dope to rear mvs, foraton fice become wapped n Ma pore spaces. Ay rhe compacton Drosioe Nghe herve (Abnorral) formation gressre AGNORMAL /SUBNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH tho gh possure pee cis equoszed out of he shale o the ajacert rravcre (andstone, mettona,e) = Formation prossure less then the norm prossure expected forthe dapth of interest, {Lower-than-normal formation pressure may exist in offshore basins due to ‘production depletion. however, notualy oceuring subnormal pressure fare. In inland bases, rave subnormal pressure is @ common occurrence verge tra itn of er pomeabi PageTBASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN FREER ‘The bed of sedimants in which the oll anc gas was produced (shale, limestone). Compaction squeezes the oll and gas fo the reservoir rock (primary migration) ‘The permeable formation which receives and stores the oil and gas volume of primary migration ‘The elevation in veservoir rock to which the oll ard gas accumulates (secondary migraton) ‘Taps fared as a esi of ping, aig acl faulog of oreaon The lightest uid, gas rises 10 the top ofthe tap. The next heaviest uid, of, accumulates below he gas and then the water ‘Traps formed by the displacoment ofthe reservoir rock along a stross crack wiigh positions tho face of the down-dip soction against impormeable rock Traps formed by a permeable reservoir rock grading to a non-permeable rock or he termination ofa rasorvorr rock SANDSTONE PINCH OUTWELL PLAN CASING PROGRAM SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ‘SECTIONS: FUNCTIONS: Drive or Structural + FROVOEHYORAILE Casing IntecRTY + crn ‘Surface Casing + PROTECT THE WELLBORE * ig Feat Ps + rbkes Intermediate Casing * Fenton nity PROTECT THEFORIATION *Hghetion reset * ean Wilbore rus * tun tm tos Produetion Liner or Casing Page 9SING PROGRAM WELL PLAN iean shale the soat ie ueually the bact comprernice betwoon tho ideal and wha is possitie DATA: [Driven o Rerun) smaruacans [cay be] ‘The structure casing is pressure tested, but due othe shalow depth of the seal, the shoe isnot tested Page 10 ‘he ideal casing goat formation. In the fold, however, the formation eolected for ‘Shoe svength mus! suppor he hyrosltic, circulating and surge pressures and rorde a suficent kek lrance for wel contol safety In some instances, te only solution toa ailing problam may be wo run casing betore the planned shoe dopsh i reached. This could be the next planned easing sving ora contingency iner Casing may be set before or deeper then its planned depth to protect potenti’ production zones. Consolidated. Naturally cemented rock to avord wash out andlor hele collapse during come ‘As homogeneous os possible. |nterbedded layers of iflerent formation types weaken the rock and introduce the possibilty of permeatiaty * impermeable, Wate oss fom the cement sluty can result in fash-setng of he cement before i isn place I permsaaity is present, th ime leak-cf pressure of the waive Iseameut to estabisn © Lowost Rock Strength: ina! racture giacient assumptions are aces on the weakest ck ype DDepercing onthe depth fe surface sedenerts, he setirg depth of tho pipe may forge Fem less than 100 fet 400 fst + below te mu Ine! eutace ‘To ineure seat intesity the pipe ie hivon lo refusal, indicated ky the number cof hammer biows par foo! (GPF) of penetration, Fer examole, te US Gull coast requires 140 to 160 SPF, in Venezuela, 360 BPF “The planned seting depth ofthe casing may range from 100 feet to 1500 {eet + below the mud lie / surface depending on anticipated hole instability and / or ost circulation problems FUNCTIONS: Washout + Recycling Returns "Diverter system Structural Support + 80? EquipmentWELL PLAN cass PkosR Planned setting dopth dotermined by antcipated hole instabilty, ost ‘reultion problems and te protee rech water eande (land bstec) ‘Surface cosing musi provide suficint fracture strength to alow ering the fest hole interval with sufclent kick tolerance FUNCTIONS: “+ EXTEND HYDRAULIC INTEGRITY PROTECT FORMATIONS: * uenwatersanée ‘CEMENTED BACK * Lowhigh Wottore TO SURFACE OR TO Prossue “HE SHOE Wyden * souumow FoR DRILLING PROBLEMS: asm masse TesreD * Lost cheuation * Fermaten etait ‘SHOE PRESSURE TESTED + SUTINPOSSIBLE a sng is pressure tasted and the shoe i tested to a maximum anticipated press Page 11‘ASING PROGRAM WELL PLAN Planned eeting depth dotormined by minimum desired hick tolerance, ‘anticpotod helo nsiebily, ost ereuiation probleme FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL CONTROL CAPABILITY * SOLUTION FOR DRILLING PROBLEMS: * cemeneD Back * Lastcreation TO PREDETERINED ETH * Formatennstabity * citernt Siking + PROTECT FORMATIONS * LoninignWetbore Pressure * Incompatbie welbore Fite * Productin Zone loan 4+ SHUTAM RECOMMENDED (SettnPreesure Traraton Shae)WELL PLAN SS OA Planned setting depth determined by minimum desied kick tolerance, anteipated hale instabity, oat crculaton problems or protecting production zones, Ifthe tine is contingent on diingproblems, occurrence ofthe probiern Getermines the seting depth FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL CONTROL CAPABILITY + SOLUTION FOR SPECIFIC DRILLING PROBLEMS: * Lost cretion CEMENTED BACK * Formation etait TOLNER HANGER * Diferentia Seting PROTECT FORMATIONS: LUNER PRESSURE * Lowihigh Wotbore TESTED Pressure * Incompatible Welbore Flues SHOE PRESSURE . TESTED Production Zone soliton ._ SHUTAN RECOMMENDED “The liner is pressure tested anc the shoe and lnor top teste to a maximum artcipatod praseuro orto leak-ofWELL PLAN casi GRAM Pianned setting depth determined by total depth of the wel (TD) FUNCTIONS: "+ PROMDE WELL l= Bee : + PROVIDEA STABLE * CEMENTED BACK Eee a ate | ta + UNER CASING TE- a . ieee a ; ‘PRESSURE TESTED — | | * PRODUCTION ZONE ISOLATION: * Sohctve Testing * Dual Completions The easing, fo-bock casing, ine and top are tested to a maximum anticipated prossure Page 14WELL PLAN ‘A fid used to perform varius functions during @ drilling "Peary contol of formation fuls tow WELL CONTROL Fluid weight ia he wells Chemically - Mud Inhiston | Minknize formation reaction HOLE STABEITY Mechanically -Flud Weight | Prevents hole cavesnvcolapse Yield Point ‘Suspend and cary cuttngs/cavings from HOLE CLEANING Saetengh” frewotbore and ase he cous a Mud weisht surface ‘TRANSMIT HYDRAULIC Base fie of the mud Remove cutings trom below bit HORSEPOWER To SIT. ‘ace to myprave penetration rate Mud eyetom ype Gather and interpret data FORMATION EVALUATION perpeeh Provide early warning signs of problems DRY AIR/GAS. mist FOAM ‘AERATED MUD ‘ring hard ory formations | Dring lest circulation zone Increase penetration rate Meimem formation samago Continuous gaeior sotecten NATIVE GEL Low cost spud mud Moat voreablo eyetor BENTONITE: Non.weightec eystem Precucts roadly avaiable BENTONITE/CHEMICAL Bato fermore cophisteatod | Basic eyetom ayeteme. UGNITEr Fitration conto Easly maintained UGNOSULFONATE Tolerance to contaminants Reduced penetration rate (DISPERSED) Applicable at al mud weights TINMIBITIVE (GALTS) Dring water senaitve shales | Controls chemical reacon of shales POLYMERS. Improved penetration rate DIESEL OIL Dring wate ‘Completely inniited system ‘SYNTHETIC OIL Diiling water soluble formations. | Improved penetration fate Page 15 Formation stapity Torque & drag reduction Envronmenta concern High cost Logging’ comonting concorsoa FLuos WELL PLAN ‘The selected dining ud ie usually the best compromise of the available choices WELL TYPE, Seismic data ‘An “overkil” mud system is generally Exploratory! —_| Offset data selected for exploratory wolls Gevelopment) | Feld experience ‘Mud company records: “The optimum mud system is selected on development w ENVIRONMENTAL | Regulatory requirements May imit the choice of mud systems WELLCONTROL | Seismic data evaluations —_| The mud eystem must be capable of REQUIREMENTS | Offset well data, 1um fo maximum mud weight Field experience requirements "Mud company records HOLE STABILITY | Seismic data evaluations ‘An inhibited systom is colocted to Chemical Mechanical_| Offset well data ‘void chemical reaction with water Field experiance ‘shales and water soluble Mua company records formations (sait, anhydrite) ‘The mud system must be capable of ‘minimum to maximum mud weight | | reauiterents TEMPERATURE! “The mud systarn must tolerate CHEMICAL STABILITY | Field experience formation temperatures without chemical OFTHEMUD | Mud company records break down | Must tolerate contamination trom formation fluids, minerals and solids OPTIMUM DRILLING | Offset well data Tamugeytom shoud provide an | ‘AND ECONOMIC | Fie experience ‘acceptable penetration rate with minimus PERFORMANCE | Mud company records formation damage at the west cost Bit company records BASE FLUD/MUD | Offset wen data May limit the choice of mud systems PRODUCT AVAILABILITY | Mud company records inremote areas RIGEQUIPMENT | Contractor inventory May Irth cholee of mud systems | Field experience in remote areas Me Page 16‘Any undesirable componont that causes a detimental Affect tothe driling fui WELL PLAN RU. Sots Tan ci ge cia a a ia co osu close, act soon pascemen, EXAPORITE SALTS! Calcium chlorice, CaCl. Ce a a, sari, WaTER FLOWS iis i Caen onic ARID GASES: ‘Hydrogen sulfide, Ti avo a HyOROCAREONS ieee es TEVPERATURE Dovdaton crm pats cement fit caning opentinn COARSE {Greater than 2.000 microns INTERMEDIATE Between 260 and 2,000 microns _ MEDIUM - __ Between 74 and 250 microns FINE Between 44 and 74 micron ULTRAFINE Between 2 and 44 microns COLLOIDAL Less than 2 microns. SHALE SHAKERS Down to 160 mirons with 200 mash sersone DESANDER ‘Down to 500 70 microns (core size dependent DESILTER ‘Down to 20 to 40 microns (core size dependent MUD CLEANER ‘Down 1974 miccons ‘CENTRIFUGE Cote! soige up 5 merone SS Page 17DRILLING FLUIDS WELL PLAN ‘Changes In mud properties are an indication that something abnormal Is taking place (Dil oid increase, Heavy spot tem bate #08, Over INCREASE treatment during weic MUD WEIGHT ns ee eee a ormaton fad nfux, ght pot fom bart DECREASE ‘Excessive water adcitions: “e ‘Reactve shale dite, Dil ods increase, Low water {eters Gleam cotaminton fom coment FUNNEL INCREASE |Anhydrite formation drilled: viscosity DECREASE —|Formaton water infur, Excessive wat’ content LUnconsoated sand ile, Or sol rcrease, puastic | INCREASE _[Lewwatercorten 1, LINGREASE _ jaw wou corer ‘Maes! DECREASE [Formation water inux, Excesswe water agctions, Solas coment decrease Reactve shale cried Artycrt formation ated, Low INCREASE fat canton Caloum cottaminaon om cement ieLo Pont ‘oration water inx, Excessive wate acon, DECREASE _[Deteese now grave) sade Addon of chemical [nore Reacive sale ced, Low water conten, Calcium INCREASE _Conamnaton om comer ot anhyart formation clea LAIST Formation water influx, Excessive water DECREASE —_sdshone,Adctons af chemin! here Low gravity eos increase, Floceuiton rom APITHPHT | INCREASE —_cemsn, eho, calcu contamnaten, Low get coment fuptoss | L DECREASE mud veaimenttaking afect ‘Aton ofp contol adtves,Calsum | Norexne (atone DECREASE Adon of mus products, Anhyerte formation dite ‘Sat fomaton tec, Pressure ranston she INCREASE [Stee rormaton nator ux CHLORIDE ton naa = DECREASE | Wtereddtions TOTAL INCREASE —_—_Satorcalsim formation is ile, Formation water irfux HARDNESS DECREASE _Aditen of resn water, Chemica adaion cation | ay Reociv shale is riled, Addition of bertonte | EXCHANGE: (CREASE | Ckeatiry | (cee) DECREASE ——_ Water aditons, Solas removal equipment Page 18WELL PLAN anges in mud properties ae an indication that something abnormal is taking place] Dl sols erease, Heavy soot fom barte sag, Over swupweicur INCREASE etn ting wat Formation water influx, Excessive base cil adios, Light DECREASE Spattrom bate 839, ‘Aion of water, calcium carvoate orerary emule, PuasTiC INCREASE _Lowgaviy soids ncease viscosty DECREASE Aiton of bane ol, Dezoase in low gravy solide Inetesea in erganonhie lay, Rceitons of emultied water INCREASE or eythate paymer YeLoroNT = ——— DECREASE Aton of base oo daglan, Decrease of oganophile ay INCREASE —_ Addon organophilic gel, Adon of water et srrenam |} DECREASE L=9e base ol asters, Incase in mud temperature OL WaTER Lergeadsiton of water oc water infix, Large addons of RATIO CHANGE eve of, High boom hale tonperaive INCREASE _Mstease n emusifer concentaton, Adding wera agent ELECTRICAL crbase ol STABILITY (ES) — DECREASE —_Deeteasain emusierconcenaten, New! prepared ‘OBM has low ES but ereaees wh ime Water % of OW rato decreasing, Acton of calcium waren erase INCREASE | eniona SANTY water of OW ti tom water act a te increasing from water aditon or DECREASE | fomaton water infux ‘Adaeion of tase of, Cecrease in emule concentration HEAT INCREASE | ater prosonti ate FLUID Loss e “ss DECREASE _| netesce in primary emulsifier concentration ‘Addon of te, Oritng calcium formation artyerte) excessume _NOREASE | DECREASE | Co,cr¥, 5 kek, Adons case of or ater Page 18HYDRAULICS PLANNING WELL PLAN © GECLocy ‘© OPTIMIZE MUD TYPE AND PROPERTIES © OPTIMIZE BIT SELECTION * OPTIMIZE BIT HYDRAULICS ‘© OPTIMIZE BIT WEIGHT AND RPM . DEFINE RIG EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS /CAPABILITY . DEVELOP ACTION PLANS FOR WELL culated balance ofthe hydraulic components that wil suffeenty clean the Bt and wellbore wth minimum hereepower MAXIMIZE + Inmadium to hard formations, maximize hydraulic RATE OF PENETRATION | " horsepower to mrease penetration at (ROP) MAXIMIZE, * Insofttermations and high angle holes, maximize tow rate HOLE CLEANING. for nole waning + Ingmall andor do9p hoes, mit fow rate to minimize annulus ANNULUS {ction preecure and reduce the potential for: FRICTION PRESSURE ; Lest Circulation, Diferontal Sticking; Helo Instability * Insof, unconsolidated formations, limit low rete to minimize HYDRAULIC EROSION ‘turbulence in te annul if hole wash-out sa problem arTRLOGENE * Larger jt sizes may be required if there is potertia for st ealaton PUMP PRESSURE / VOLUME OUTPUT DEPTH / HOLE SIZE / MUD TYPE DRILL STRING ID, OD, LENGTH MUD WEIGHT RHEOLOGY DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT RESTRICTIONS ANNULUS FRICTION PRESSURE BIT TYPE/JETS HOLE PROBLEM POTENTIALWELL PLAN HYDRAULICS PLANNING ono vate he tow rate rule to gt more horsepower, at velocity ‘+ Too om a few rate wi “bal the bt ane reeuce efectve hole cleaning © Tootigh a flow rate nereases ECD and erodes sot er unconsalicated zones © Slow éring wh mud rogues 2 minmum f 30 GPM per inch of Bt diameter ‘© Fastailing wth low mud weights requires S0+ GPM per inch of bt dametor © yeroiehorseponer i based on Role sizeMROP, Large Bs require more HHYin® © Fast dling reques the maximum HHP/in‘ even above S HHPAA? © Donnot waste fue! and wear onthe pumps with excessive pressure © Many rigs do not have enough horseponer to provide the recommended HHPIIn* © Nezzle velocity fvsec) - The velosty ofthe ful ening the bit jets (© 35% to.50% of pump pressure is lost rough the dil string and annutus. Hydraulic {aleUations are required to determine thes losses. © ite total of art sing and annular pressure oss is greater tran 30% of he avalade pump pressure, Jet Velocty optimization is requted. However. co "ot operate Detow 30 GPM per nch of bt ameter Impact Force - The product of fi jt volocty and fu woight. impact It he force the ding fui exerts tothe formation toassist betom hole clasning © ot vlocity wil inftuence chip-hol-down and penetration rate © Dorot operate witha et velocity below 250 fsec © Forsmal holes (9+/2" and smaller) and slow din, consider running 2 jets versus 3 {o improve totiom hole cleaning and penetration rate. Two large jets ar less kel fo ‘plug than 3 small ts (same tctal tow area, TFA) © tatong note seéton is planned for te next bit, consider running 3 ets and cropping ‘2 darting ball hte loner part of na hole secton to mahtan jst voociy ‘Asymetrical jets are offen run to improve penetration rate versus using to Jets Page 21HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE Pienned operations are suspended when down hole forco(e) provantpuling the eting out ofthe hole ‘Down hole frce(s) restrict sting movement above normal operating conditions (@ usual warning indicator ofa stuck pipe event) ‘SETTLED CUTTINGS: SHALE INSTABILITY [UNCONSOLIDATED MeoEaTonS tmicRo DOGLEGS FRACTURED, FORMATIONS ‘CEMENT RELATED. (MOBILE FORMATIONS JUNK UNDERGAUGE HOLE Causes HOLE PACK-OFF: Formation soids (cutings, cavings) settle around the il sting ard pack off the annulus resuiting in stuck pipe = Medium to large pices ofhard formation, cement or nk lito the wellbore BRIDGE: and jams the drill siring resulting in stuck pipe ‘SETTLED CUTTINGS ‘SHALE INSTABILITY REACTIVE SHALE GEO-PRESSURED SHALE HYDRO-PRESSUREO SHALE (OVER BURDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS OVER BURDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS. LUNGONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS —| FRACTURED FORMATIONS FRACTURED FORMATIONS SOFT CEMENT (CEMENT BLOCKS JUNK Page 22STUCK PIPE RATE OF PENETRATION | Cetormines th cuttings volume in rturing mud __HOLE STABILITY Couings oa adda th returning mu ANNULAR VELOCITY | Litetne-cutinge __mup RHEOLOGY ‘suspend ond Cary ne cigs CIRCULATING TIME Transport the cuttings to surtsce | HOLE ANGLE Reduces the ability 0 clean the hole CAUSE: DRILLED CUTTINGS ARE NOT TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE HOLE DUE TO LOW ANNULAR VELOCITY ANDIOR POOR MUD PROPERTIES WHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPED, THE. CUTTINGS FALL BACK DOWN THE HOLE AND PACK-OFF THE ORILL STRING WARNING: HIGH ROP, LOW PUMP RATE, LITTLE TO NO ‘CIRCULATING TIME AT CONNECTIONS TORQUE, DRAG AND PUMP PRESSURE INCREASE OVERPULL OFF SLIPS, PUMP SURGE TO BREAK CIRCULATION FILLON BOTTOM INDICATIONS: LIKELY To OCCUR ON CONNECTIONS, POSSIBLE DURING TRIP CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi) ‘APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD CIRCULATE CLEAN TO AVOID RECURRENCE PREVENTIVE ACTION: ‘CONTROL ROP, MAXIMIZE ANNULAR VELOCITY MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT GEL STRENGTH AND YP CIRCULATE 5 TO 10 MINUTES BEFORE CONNECTIONS CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOHHOLE PROBLEMS s HOLE PACK.OFF ‘SETTLED CUTTINGS, HIGH ANGLE WELLBORE (>35°) cause: ] § oR curmNas SETTLE ON THE Low SIDE BB OF THE HOLE ano FORMS A CUTTINGS BED THE CUTTINGS BED BUILDS AND SLIDES Be) OOVIN HOLE PACKING OFF THE ORILL STRING | BS write POOH, THE CUTTINGS BE 15 | Ee ORAGGED UPWARD BY THE BHA AND PACKS OFF THE DRILL STRING i warninc: a G HIGH ROP, LOW PUMP RATE INCREASE [ifcurmmes eco TORQUE & DRAG, INCREASING PUMP BB Form write Ce ee inst acrion: JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, APPLY TORQUE WITH CAUTION Be CLEAN HO. ETO AVOID RECURRENCE PREVENTIVE ACTION: I RECORD TREND INDICATORS FOR B INADEQUATE HOLE CLEANING CONTROL ROP. MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES, | CIRCULATE AT MAKIMUM RATE, MAXIMIZE J STRING ROTATION CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE POOH, | ESTABLISH AN OVERPULL LIMIT Page 24STUCK PIPE PRESSURE Increasing, evetic | fcreasing, | Inereoing ges DRILLING rae Gracal decresse in ROP vepitotraice | Surge estat Back pressure before | CONNECTION Sve" of sles erovatens” Brey correction TRIPPING Increasing. evetic OUT | Overpult at sips TRIPPING [iteteating set down TRIPPING | feignt N Overpul of sins BACK | Overpul off lips REAMING | Eratic overpul ‘swabbing Begins with BHA below depths of 35 hole angio Increasing, | increasing ‘Surge to start creulaton erate Sting pstoning LR Lossolfud posse PUMPING | overpuor si Ineressing _| Suige vo tan crewsten QUT | inceoeng onste Stig pong, Lose of ud possible SHAKER Low cutingsrotum rte for penetraton rate, Erratic cuttings returns, No cutings TRENDS ‘lun High cuting rum on fine shaker sctecn and desiter/mud cleaner LoccER Founded, reground cut TRENDS os MUD Increasing plastic vseosty ans yea poim, Increase in ow gravy S014, Possbee TRENDS | muswoght increase ‘Maintain the required mud properties 1 Circulate at maximum recommended GPM for hole size * Place more emphases on annular veloety when designing he hysrauses for 12-1/4" and larger hole sizes, Conader Using @ reer boost Ine whan driling 8-1/2" and smaler hole size * Do not alow the penetration rate to exceed the abil to clean the hole Record torque and drag tends for symptoms of inadequate hole Gearing © Consicer a wiper tip ater dnting a long section with a down hola mator Wipe the hole a ff ceulating rate as low as possible (6 - 10 min} before connections, Rotate ‘at maximum RPM when possibie ‘Maximize sting motion when circulating the hole cleen. Use maximum prectical RPM, rise the dsl sting slowly (5 minis) and slack-of ala safe Dut fast rave (1 mists) © Consider pumping highvis sweeps in iow angie wells (<38°). Consider lowavs / highs sweeps: im higher angle wals (> * D0 NOT STOP CIRCULATING UNTIL ALL SWEEPS RETURN * Circulate until the ho'e is clean, if the last sweep Erings up excessive amounts ef cuttings, continue with hola clearing operations. Several circulations may be necessery EE Page 25OLE PROBLEMS. STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF Minimum GPM HOLE SIZE ANGLE INTERVAL o.38 vooceu | sooGPu =| ~Cco rn socen | 38 5 reso orm | so GPM 00 0PM 4500°M 55% ‘ooepm | —_750.GPM 500.G°M Minimum fow rate (GPM) for any given hole size and encle is areaty dependent on mad weight mud theology ard annulus geometry, Maximum recommended fewate iS 60 GPM per nch of bit dareter MAXIMUM ROP- HOLE SIZE, 47-112"- 16" 12-414" ANGLE INTERVAL 0° 35° o | 155 240 35° 55° o | 7 8 125 55% 60 5 100 Penetration rate quideines are based on adsauate mud properties MINIMUM STROKES: HOLE SIZE ANGLE INTERVAL 4742" 46" 424g" 8-1/2" 0-38 7 14 14 35255° 23 18 16 55% 3 2 aT PROCEDURE 1. Seperate the welbore into sectens by hole enale rom intervals above. 2, Muttly each hole section length (Sect Lin) by CSF and total the adjusted measured depth (MO) Acsustod MD = (Sect Lin =) # (Sect Lin X CSF) + (Sect Lin X CSF) 3. Caleuato the minenum eculating strokes to clean the hole. Total Adjusted MD x Bottoms-Lip Stks Toasired Dap Meamum Cre Sts =HOLE PACK.OFF HOLE PROBLEMS I MINIMUNI CIRCULATING STROKES CALCULATION (1: SEPARATE THE WELLBORE INTO SECTIONS BY HOLE ANGLE | ‘MULTIPLY EACH HOLE SECTION LENGTH BY CSF AND TOTAL THE ADJUSTED MEASURED DEPTH ADJUSTED MD = (SECTLTH x CSF) «(SECT LTH x CSF) + (SECT LTH x CSF) = (450014) + (2000% 1.8} + (6500 x2) 65300 + 3600+ 13.000 = 22,900 TOTAL ADJUSTED MD ‘CALCULATE THE MINIMUM CIRCULATING STROKES REQUIRED TO CLEAN THE HOLE TOTAL ADJUSTED MD_x BOTTOMS-UP STKS * MEASURED DEPTH 22,600 » 18,009, = 13.000 26.423 STROKES mn cin sTKS “CURRENT BOTTOMS UP STROKES, Page 27HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF aintsin suficiont mud weight o stabilize tho wells ac hole ange andlor formation pressure Use proper Low-Ené-Rheology for hole size and angle to maximize hole cleaning Greulete at maximum rate for hole size and hole ancle Limit the ROP to the maximum recommended fo hole size and hele angle ‘Back ream wach stand (o 1/2 stand) dled wth a down-ole motor Rotate athign RPM (160+). Raise te ol sting slowly (.@. 6 ministanc). Lower the rl sting ata safe but fas ate 8, 1 mivstang) ‘a Continua back raamng hole condone ciessta ‘e- Consider a wipar np ater criing along sect witha Gown hele moter to mechancally agitate andremove cutings bed | ume a ewoop (lit hele condone do not improve. Consider low-vie / high densiy tandem swoops, ‘Optimize eweep type, volume and fequoncy pumpod Consider reducing ROP or stop diting and crovate until hale conditions improve Se Oe Ss Start ane stop dil sing slowly, Ensure adequate back reaming at ful circulation rate pric to connections Prepare cew and equipment to minimize connection time Resore fee retaing weight. pick-up weight, sack-of weigh, of-bottom forque, ana crculatrg pressure {or tena incicaions cf inadequate noe Caring Pullthe sips and slowiy retae the il sting fs, then increase pump speed siomly. Caretuly loner the ‘dai tng fo Baten Circiato 1 to 3 joints of bottom wile cloaning the hel to aveid dropping bottom hole ange. Ceneidor ‘5wo0ps (pil) to aid hele cleaning Rotate a high RPAI(160¥) while cleaning the hole. Reise the dil sting slowly (0, § ministand), lower the di sing ata safe but festrate (ie, 1 minstand) Ensure recommended minimum circulation stokes for hole size and angle are pumped, 2 to 4 tines notmal bttoms-up may be required Crculae unt the shakers are clean Consider pumping a sweep (pl to deterrine if addtional circulation lime is required Inform the Diter of he measured depth and stand court when the top ofthe BHA reaches the deepest anticipated cutings nad’ Manimum cuttings bed thickness is ikely between 45 anc 65° nole angle Determine an cverpul int pir to pulling out ofthe hole (he lesser of 1N2 BHA weight or 30,000 ibs) \foverpul ent oczure, run in 1 stand and repeat hele cleaning guicelines trom present bit pth. When the shakers ate clear, continue puling out of the hole. ithe overpuilimtie again reached, repeat procedure (CAUTIOUSLY GACKREAM OR PUMP-OUT STANDS WHEN A CUTTINGS BED IS PRESENT! ‘Be patient, several hate clesning cycles may be required to safely pul the dil sting cut ofthe hole L Recoid depths anc! stend count of high pick-up weights during the inp. Compare these to the diing pick-up weighs forthe same depins to determine valve cf overpul Page 28HOLE PACK-OFF ‘GEO-PRESSURED SHALE REACTIVE SHALE OVERBURDEN STRESS, S0aYS EXPOSURE ks apart and fal STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS into the wellbore HYDRO-PRESSURED SHALE TECTONIC STRESS ‘CHEMICALLY STRESSED SHALE CAUSE: WATER SENSITIVE SHALE DRILLED WITH LITTLE ‘OR NO MUD INHIEITION SHALE ABSORES WATER AND SWELLS INTO THE WELLBORE REACTION IS TIME DEPENOENT WARNING: FUNNEL VISCOSITY, PY, YP, CEC INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG INCREASE PUMP PRESSURE INCREASE CLAY BALLS ANDIOR SOFT "MUSHY" CUTTINGS AT SHAKER (OVER PULL 6 SWABBING BHA BALLING (MUD RINGS) INDICATIONS: GENERALLY OCCURS WHILE POOH, POSSIBLE ‘WHILE DRILLING CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE OR HIGHLY RESTRICTED FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 PSI) IF POOH, TORQUE UP AND JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD IF RIM, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO. NOT APPLY TORQUE PREVENTIVE ACTION: USE AN INHIBITED MUD MAINTAIN MUD PROPERTIES: PLAN WIPER TRIPS MINIMIZE HOLE EXPOSURE TINE Page 29HOLE PROBLEMS: STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF PRESSURE | OTHER increask increasing, | Inereasir Pressure surges DRILLING | Smoctn”” Smoot "8 | Grad! eboreae0 in ROP Musices posse | . Back pressive before CONNECTION °°?! of sis Surge start | connection Bacctow TRIPPING | Inceasing, Smooth ssnabting OUT | Ovepul of sips Thereatng et own ~ "Bogin at depth of TRIPPING | woight pb formation IN Oveul of sips ties ets posse c verpul of sipe | inereasing, | inexeasing ‘| Sulgeto tat creulation EAC, mmlotsee | gem | opens toes ofmad PUMPING increasing, Smooin Tinereesing | Sutgeto start cretaton rarpul ot sips Sines tonne, aT Pea isseetmud TRENDS ‘Soft lay balls. Wet“mushy" clay (gumbo). Flow ine plugging LOGGER: 9 quany of hydrated shale cutings. High value on shale swaling test LOGGER | Lergequany ofhyratoa sha cutings, High valve on shale svating MUD High funne!vis. 8 YP Increasing PV, ow gravity solids & CEC. Possible mud weight TRENDS | increase Low inhbitor context * Addition of various sats (potassium, sodium, calcium, et.) to reduce the chemical atracton of water tothe shale * Addition of various encapsulating (coating) polymers to reduce water contact wan the shale Uso of ol and syntnatic base muds to exclude water contact withthe shale Minimize open hole te Plan regular wiper / reaming trips based on ime, footage drilled or the warning signs of reactive shale "Ensure adequate hycrauics for bit and hole cleaning © Maintain required mud properties and minimize low gravity solidsSTUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF. HOLE PROBLEMS MECHANICALLY STRESSED SHALE CAUSE: DRILLING PRESSURED SHALE WITH ©) INSUFFICIENT MUD WEIGHT. ‘THE STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES AND CAVES INTO THE WELLBORE WARNING, SIGNS BEGIN TO OCCUR AS SHALE IS DRILLED MUD LOGGER TRENDS INDICATE INCREASING PORE PRESSURE ROP INCREASE WHEN FIRST DRILLED TORQUE INCREASE & DRAG ON CONNECTIONS: HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS. BRIDGES ON TRIPS, SPLINTERY SHALE CAVINGS POSSIBLE BACKGROUND GAS INCREASE INDICATIONS: LIKELY TO OCCUR WHILE TRIPPING, POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING ‘COMPLETE PACK.OFF LIKELY, HOLE BRIDGING. POSSIBLE CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE Pee rsx action Be Ee: BST svecr vow ume pnessune 200-4068 f] APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM f} TRIP LoaD PREVENTIVE ACTION: ADJUST MUD WEIGHT BEFORE DRILLING KNOWN PRESSURED SHALE ‘SLOWLY INCREASE MUD WEIGHT TO STABILIZE SHALE MINIMIZE SWAB | SURGE PRESSURES MINIWIZE OPEN HOLE EXPOSURE TIMESTUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS, HOLE PACK-OFF * cause: OVER TIME, SHALE PORE PRESSURE BECOMES | CHARGED BY HYROSTATIC OVER BALANCE DRILLSTRING MOTION AND WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES STRESS-CRACKS THE UNSTABILIZED SHALE ‘THE SHALE FALLS INTO THE WELLBORE AND AMS THE STRING WARNING: GENERALLY FOLLOWS A MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION * TORQUE & ORAG INCREASE * SHALE CAVINGS AT SHAKER, ‘UNSTABLAZED -repenerreummmmaammamamamaammmsaas SHALE. INDICATIONS: POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING HOLE BRIDGING OR COMPLETE PACK-OFF POSSIBLE CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 ps!) ‘APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM | TRIP Load CIRCULATION AT MAXIMUM RATE ONCE + CIRCULATION IS ESTABLISHED PREVENTIVE ACTION: USE OBM, SBM OR GLYCOL BASE MUD IF PROBLEM IS SUSPECTED IF AWEIGHT REDUCTION IS NECESSARY, REDUCE GRADUALLY OVER SEVERAL CIRCULATIONS MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGESHOLE PACK.OFF HOLE PROBLEMS MECHANICALLY STRESSED SHALE OVERBURDEN STRESS CAUSE: MUD WEIGHT IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT IB THE OVER BURDEN BS U0 WEIGHT IS NOT ADJUSTED AS HOLE ANGLE INCREASES, serrata lets. 1th eetueapstets Ge HOLE BRIDGING OR PACK OFF POSSIBLE RESTRICTED CIRCULATION OR NO “528 CIRCULATION POSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: ‘APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200-400 psi) ISE MUD WEIGHT NEEDED TO STABILIZE THE iS OVER BURDEN Bled INCREASE MUD WEIGHT AS HOLE ANOLE Same INCREASES Page 33HOLE PACK.OFF. STUCK PIPE sou peowuai MECHANICALY STRESSED SHALE caus! NATURALLY OCCURRING LATERAL FORCES INTHE FORMATIONS, STRESSED SHALE FRACTURES FALLS INTO THE WELLBORE AND JAMS THE ORILLSTRING ‘SANDSTONE SQUEEZES IN CAUSING UNDER GAUGE HOLE WARNING: MOUNTAINOUS LOCATION PROGNOSED TECTONICS ERRATIC TORQUE & ORAG BLOGKY SHALE CAVINGS CREATES ELLIPTICAL WELLBORE INDICATIONS: POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING CIRCULATION RESTRICTED OR IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 psi) APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM. TRIP LOAD PREVENTIVE ACTION: INCREASE MUD WEIGHT IF POSSIBLE CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY SWEEPS MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES MINIMIZE OPEN HOLE EXPOSURE TIME Page 34HOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF “DRAG TORQUE | PRESSURE OTHER increasing, eatie | heres ine insieate ROP toloned pricing [eee Eraser | ineeonng | by gradual decreas | Pretoure curges i Hoet overput of oi surge to ean [connection alae Geueee TRIPPING | incieesing, orate Swabbing OUT foveputtons increasing et Regine ai depth of TRIPPING || weight pretiom formation N He ten botom | BACK overulofaiga | tereating, | Increasing | Surge stot crewaten REAMING erste tceeofuaposme | PUMPING Jinciessing, orate increasing __| Suge sian creation Sine petonng our’ [Seas tose off possblo | Large, splniery or blocky shale cavings. Large volume of cavings. LOGGER | Large avant of stintery o bekycavings wth abiaions, Possible inition of TRENDS _| inicese n Gematon presure, Prognosed mecnericaly srved shale MUD mud weight and paste vous TRENDS pn ¥ Consicer offset wel ata andior comauter models which simulate shale feilue limits when planning the mud weight foreach hole section ‘Mud weight inreate with hole angle and TVD spectic tothe area to maintain hole stability Exploration wells, consul the Mud Logger for changes in formateon preseute. Increace the mud weght cautiously untl symptoms ere ne longer observed I possibla, increase mud weight stowly (0.1 100.2 ppg per day) unl the desired density for a given depths reached. Ths wil maintain an overbalance against hydrostatcaly sensitive shales AVOID MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION after 1 day exposure to hytrestaticaly snsitve shale. if mud Smet racine ecesey adie he mid nigh antral the re Use the Shaker Handover Notes to determine trends of eutings volume, size and shope Maintain must properties to ensure hoe clearing Use sweeps to help clean the hole Step ling uni the hole ie ulate clean Minimize open hole exposure time Pian contingancy to case-ofl he problemHOLE PROBLEMS: STUCIES HOLE PACK-OFF BRIDGE LITTLE OR NO FILTER CAKE LUNBONDED FORMATION (SAND. PEA GRAVEL ETC) CAN NOT BE SUPPORTED BY HYDROSTATIC OVERBALANCE SANDIPEA GRAVEL FALLS INTO THE HOLE AND. PACKS OFF THE DRILL STRING WARNING: LIKELY TO OCCUR AS THE FORMATION IS DRILLED SEEPAGE LOSS LIKELY INCREASE TORQUE & DRAG, PUMP PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS HOLE FILL ON CONNECTIONS & TRIPS SHAKER & OESANDER OVER LOAD INDICATIONS: GENERALLY OCCURS IN SURFACE HOLE CAN OCCUR WHILE DRILLING OR TRIPPING SUDDEN PACK-OFF WITHOUT WARNING CIRCULATION IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: [APPLY LOW PUMP PRESSURE (200 - 400 pi JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, APPLY TORQUE WITH CAUTION PREVENTIVE ACTION: CONTROL FLUID LOSS TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE FILTER CAKE CONTROL DRILL SUSPECTED ZONE USE HIGH Vis SWEEPS SPOT A EL PILL BEFORE POOH MINIMIZE TRIP SPEED Page 36HOLE PACK-OFF ies STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS “DRAG | TORQUE PRESSURE OTHER Increasing. erate | increas increas Probeure surges DRILLING crate " sTion | Ou of spe Surgetostan | MOM | CONNECTION ° areabtion TRIPPING | increasing, erratic swabbing OUT | Ovorpul ot sips r Irereasing sei dows | Begins at dopih of TRIFFING | |weoht problem formation N ole fl on bottom BACK — | Overpulloftsips | Ineveas inceasing | Supetostartcculaion erate ng piste eennine : ee PUMPING | ireraasing orate Increasing | Surgoto startceulaton ting piston Our, _ [Sanit ontie Lossoffuid possible SHAKER | reps uurmcrantonraaien samaacam ahora nue SHAKER | Lago vournotsans Ssnsemane nace | ogee Large quantity of sand in samples. Prognosed unconsolidated formation, MUD Increase in mud weight and plastic viscosity. High % sand content TRENDS oven an * © Provide an effective fiter cake forthe hydrostatic overbalance to ‘push again” and etabize the ‘ermation it possibie, avoid excessive circulating time with the BHA opposite unconsolidated formations to reduce hydraulic erosion ‘+ Stow down tipping speed when the BHA Is opposite unconscldated formations to avoid mechanical damage Start and atop the aril sting lowly to avoid prescure surges to unconsoldatod formations ‘© Control-dilthe suspected zone to ellow time for fiter cake buld up, minimize annulus loading and fo mrumize annulus fiction pressure Use sweeps to help keep the hole clean sender overloads © Be prepared for shaker, ‘+ Minimize seepage oss wit fire fost creulation terial through these intervals Pago 37HOLE PROBLEMS HOLE PACK.OFF / BRIDGE CAUSE: NATURALLY FRACTURED FORMATIONS. PIECES OF FORMATION FALL INTO THE BS WELLBORE AND JAM THE DRILLSTRING WARNING: PROGNOSED FRACTURED LIMESTONE SHALE ANDIOR. FAULTS. ¢ UIKELY TO OCCUR AS FORMATION IS DRILLEO| MUD LOGGER FORMATION EVALUATION BLOCKY CAVINGS AT SHAKER INDICATIONS: LIKELY DURING TRIPS, POSSIBLE WHILE DRILLING. SUDDEN AND ERRATIC TORQUE AND ORAS B LIKELY JUST BEFORE STRICKING CIRCULATION MAY BE RESTRICTED FIRST ACTION: DO NOT APPLY TORQUE, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUIA TRIP LOAD, CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY HIGH VISCOSITY SWEEPS SPOT ACIO IF STUCK IN LIMESTONE ' PREVENTIVE ACTION: CIRCULATE HOLE CLEAN BEFORE ORILUNG EE AHEAD 5 MINIMIZE SEEPAGE LOSSES : SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS SUSPECTED ZONE amaHOLE PACK.OFF / BRIDGE STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS: SEPA OEE ER DRAG TORQUE | PRESSURE OTHER Suden, cessing. | Sudien, | No chan DRILLING «rate TO Grae” | NEN ‘Overpull off slips: | Ne change Hole J CONNECTION | | | { TRIPPING Increasing, euatic OUT Overpullof sos TRIPPING ereasing eet own Begin al depth of IN wreght problem formation Foe fiton bot BACK Overpull off slips Increasing, ‘No change Diag decreases when REAMING —Increesing, site etraie puma | No change: Drag decreases when PUMPING —overpuiton si OUT | ncreseing: erate puming SHAKER Blocky oF angulal cock fragments: | TRENDS ae i LOGGER Sama. shaker ends. Possible offset wall data clues, Prognosed fractured TRENDS formation MUD Nockense TRENDS * NOTE. With fractured formations, maintaining a good qualty fiter cake can help to support the formation in some cases, Generally, fractured formations requie tee to stabiize. Prior to ths, the problam must be contoled wih adequate mud properties, exaepe and suicentcculton i o Keep te hole lan | ther recommendations: = cre te cant ng ahead © an in aps FA ere cd its wa aos '* Anticipate reaming during trips. Ream fiactured zone cautiously | ‘fe prepared forthe potential of lost crculation when driting fractured formations | + Problem ikely to staiize wit tne Page 39HOLE PROBLEMS. STUCK PIPE HOLE PACK-OFF | BRIDGE CEMENT BECOMES UNSTABLE AROUND CASING SHOE, OPEN HOLE SQUEEZE PLUG OR KICK OFF PLUG. HARD CEMENT CHUNKS FALL INTO THE WELLBORE AND JAMS THE ORILL STRING WARNING: EXCESSIVE CASING RATHOLE CEMENT SQUEEZE JOB CEMENT KICK-OFF PLUS. CEMENT CAVINGS AT SHAKER ANDIOR IN MUD LOGGER SAMPLES INDICATIONS: PROBLEM CAN OCCUR ANYTIME SUDDEN, ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG JUST BEFORE STICKING CIRCULATION POSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: ATTEMPT TO BREAK CHUNKS WITH JARRING & TORQUE JAR IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF STRING MOVEMENT PRIOR 7O STICKING APPLY JARRING FORCE & TORQUE GRADUALLY CIRCULATE HIGH DENSITY, HIGH VELOCITY SWEEPS PREVENTIVE ACTION: MINIMIZE CASING RATHOLE ALLOW SUFFICIENT CURING TIME REAM CASING SHOE AND OPEN HOLE PLUGS THOROUGHLY BEFORE DRILLING AHEAD ‘SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS CASING SHOE OR PLUG DEPTH Page 40HOLE PACK.OFF / BRIDGE HOLE PROBLEMS I SOFT CEMENT P cause: CIRCULATION iS ATTEMPTED WITH THE BOTTOM OF THE ORILLSTRINGINSOFT CEMENT | PUNP PRESSURE CAUSES THE CEMENT TO FLASH SET nese OUT SOFT CEMENT | a i | CIRCULATION HIGHLY RESTRICTEDOR =f IMPOSSIBLE FIRST ACTION: BLEED TRAPPED PUMP PRESSURE BB OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF STRING MOVEMEN JAR WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD IN THE 4 PRIOR TO STICKING t PREVENTIVE ACTION: | "KNOW CEMENT SET TIME BB i set OWN WeiGHT isoaserveowHite fi Bee BIH, PULL2 STANDS BEFORE CIRCULATION ff BE START CIRCULATING 2 STANOS ABOVE TOP OF CEMENTHOLE PROBLEMS HOLE PACK-OFF / BRIDGE POOR HOUSE KEEPING ON THE FLOOR, HOLE COVER NOT INSTALLED ES DoW HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE JUNK FALLS INTO WELLBORE AND JAMS THE ILL STRING B warninc: JUNK STICKING CAN OCCUR AT ANY TIME ES curin any oe RATION METAL SHAVINGS AT SHAKER © GENERALLY OCCURS WHEN BHA IS IN HARD BS FORMATION OR INSIDE THE CASING BE=Ee SUDDEN AND ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG LIKELY JUST BEFORE STRICKING MISSING FLOOR TOOL OR EQUIPMENT SB ciRCULATION UNRESTRICTED, DEPENDING ‘ON TYPE OF JUNK BSS iF MovING DOWN, JAR UP WiTH MAXIMUNE ‘TRIP LOAD, DO NOT APPLY TORQUE PREVENTIVE ACTION: GOOD HOUSE KEEPING ON FLOOR, INSPECT HANOLING EQUIPMENT KEEP HOLE COVERED HARD INSPECT DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FORMATION] Page 42,LE PACKOFF/ BRIDGE STUCK PIPE ove pponiens (CEMENT BLOCKS: © Lint casing ratte © minimize a source of cement blocks © Several squeeze jobs atthe casing shoe incieases the potential fr cement blocks © Alow suficient cement curing time befoe rating out ‘Ream casing rattles and open hole cement plugs stowly and thoroughly before ding ahead 1 Maintain suficiertcistance betwean the pains of platform wells to reduce the posstilly of cement blocks: ‘© Reduce roping speed when BHA is entering the casing shoe or opposite open hole cement plugs, '* Stat and sip the cil sting stowly to avoid pressure surges to the weltore mr re now the calculated top of cement (TOG) before inpping in note © Do not rly on the weight indicator 10 fine the top ofthe coment "© Bogin washing down 2 stands above the theoretical top ofthe coment ‘+ If set cown weght is observed when treping in hole aller @ cement operation, sat back 2 stands betore attometing cicuiaton 1+ Pro:teat the mud syatem with chemical pier to dnifing out coment '* Vonty coment compressive strongth with cement company before dling out 1 Conti! et when cleaning out son cement STUN TON Inspect slp and tong des regularly = Use good house keeping practices onthe rg oor Install il sting wiper rubber as quicky as possible © Keep ho'e covered when out of the hole * Mainizin ra Noor equipment in good operating condtionHOLE PROBLEMS: STUCK PIPE DIFFERENTIAL STICKING [A sticking force developed when diforential pressure (overbalance) forces a stationary el ting Into the thick fiter cake of 8 pormeabie zone SANDSTONE PERMEABLE FILTER an cae Sandstone | A cake of mud solids tractuted ie-stone| develops on the hole wall due to Fuld loss High tie oss neroasoe fiter cake thickness nck titer cake ESOS: |ncreatessteking greater tan potential Formation pressure | _stRING STATIC CONTACTS FILTER CAKE FILTER CAKE Static iter cake | angiea wettbore Increases cake unstabiized BHA richness increases potental me the etatc iter cake oats HSP fem the back side of pipe STRING MOTION Diterential force STOPPED begins o develop ‘No siring motion or Crowaten develops State cata, Low TIME PRESSURE PRE DEPENDENT With time, the area of pice seated in the An area of low iter cake increases pressure devetops Datween the pipe & immeciate action is ‘iter ace requires to tree the nk ong ‘Overbalance * pressure across the Contact ree dotemncs he ierental force Low DIFFERENTIAL FORCE Page 44DIFFERENTIAL STICKING. STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS DRILL STRING CONTACTS A PERMEABLE ZONE WHEN STRING MOVEMENT STOPS, A STATIC FILTER CAKE DEVELOPS. HIGH OVERBALANGE APPLIES A DIFFERENTIAL STICKING FORCE TO THE DRILL STRING CONTACT AREA War PROGNOSED LOW PRESSURE SANDS LONG /UNSTABILIZED BHA SECTIONS. INCREASING OVER PULL, SLACK OFF WEIGHT (OR TORQUE TO START STRING MOVEMENT InprcarioNs OCCURS AFTER A PERIOD OF NO STRING MOVEMENT STRING CAN NOT BE ROTATED OR MovED ‘CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED FIRST ACTION: APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH, MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD SPOTA PIPE RELEASING PILL IF THE! STRING DOES NOT JAR FREE DIFFERENTIAL a : TORE day) EVENTIE AoON MAINTAIN MINIMUM REQUIRED MUD 4,200,000 LBS. WEIGHT KEEP STRING MOVING WHEN BHA IS (OPPOSITE SUSPECTED ZONES MINIMIZE SEEPAGE LOSS IN LOW PRESSURE ZONES MINIIALZE UNSTABILIZED BHA SECTIONS, USE SPIRAL OC's & HWVDP 1. CONTROL DRILL SUSPECTED ZONESHOLE PROBLEMS STUCK PIPE FFERENTIAL STICKING. DRAG PRESSURE Possible increase | No chango | No change DRILLING. Increasing overpull ‘No change ——T CONNECTION] cf sips TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING Increasing overpull of sips Increasing overpull ot sips Increasing overpult | No change | No change PUMPING [itssne overpa No range OUT SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS MUD TRENDS Nochange High overtatance. Permeable formation depth, Pereabilty data to fetmate eincking potonta. Increasing mud weight. Increasing plastic vscosity and iow gravity solids. High API ‘water loss, thick ler cake, “+ asign the casing program to minimize averbalance to shallower open hole formations ‘Limit mud weight to minimum requled for hole abit and wat conto! “Maintain fad lose within epecicatons * Misirize BHA leneth when possible * Limite length of unsiabized BHA. Use spral dil colars ‘+ KEEP THE STRING MOVING. Consider rozating the string during oniling and tripping connections Wnle BHA is opposite potential sicking zones. ‘© Proplan to minimiza the down time for operations that require the etiing remaning static (surveys, miner repairs, etc) In zones with high sticking potential, minimize seepege loss with plugging agents * Keep a pipe releasing pil ready atthe well site when differential sticking potentalis high Page 46WELLBORE GEOMETRY STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS a —=== Hole lance ndor angle lave to BHA geomeiy anor fess wil nt alow passage che oaths ("BHA CHANGE | DIRECTION/ ANGLE CHANGE /HOLE ID DECREASE | STIFFASSEMBLY | Kev SeaT __IORO DOOLEGS \e0ses | MOBILE FORMATION UNDER GAUGE HOLE THE STIFF BHA CAN NOT NEGOTIATE HOLE [ANGLE / DIRECTION CHANGES AND BECOMES JAMMED WARNING: DOGLEGS PRESENT PULLED STABILIZERS OUT OF GUAGE ‘ANEW BHA DESIGN IS PICKED UP ‘SUDDEN SET DOWN WEIGHT POOH WITH LIMBER BHA‘ INDICATIONS: MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR WHEN RIM BHA AT DIRECTION / ANGLE CHANGE DEPTH UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION FIRST ACTION: IF MOVING DOWN WHEN STICKING. OCCURRED, JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, DO NOT APPLY TORGUE IF MOVING UP, TORQUE UP AND JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD ‘PREVENTIVE ACTION: RIH WITH MININZE BHA CHANGES, CONSIDER A STIFF BHA REAMING TRIP LIMIT COGLEG SEVERITY SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS SUSPECTED ZONE, PLAN TO REAM LIMIT SET DOWN WEIGHT. Page 47WELLBORE GEOMETRY HOLE PROBLEMS. DIRECTION / ANGLE CHANGE KEY SEAT ‘CAUSES: [ABRUPT CHANGE IN ANGLE OR DIRECTION IN MEDIUM SOFT TO MEDIUM HARD FORMATION HIGH STRING TENSION AND PIPE Bsa ROTATION WEARS A SLOT INTO THE Benes FORMATION Bees WHILE POOH, THE DRILL COLLARS JAM [a Se ro THe stor : HIGH ANGLE DOGLEG IN UPPER HOLE Bm SECTION LONG DRILLING HOURS WITH NO. WIPER TRIPS THROUGH THE DOGLEG f=" SECTION CYCLIC OVER PULL AT TOOL JOINT INTERVALS ON TRIPS DOGLEG DEPTH UNRESTRICTED CIRCULATION ES ScAT DEPTH POSSIBLE IF NOT STUCK [ie B FIRST ACTION: HW APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD ATTEMPT To ROTATE WITH LOW OVER PULLS 70 WORK THROUGH DOGLES fis! PREVENTIVE ACTION: LIMIT OVERPULLS THROUGH SUSPECTED INTERVALS Page 48WELLBORE GEOMETRY STUCK PIPE DIRECTION | ANGLE CHANGE HOLE PROBLEMS ‘CAUSES: HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS FREQUENT CORRECTIONS IN HOLE ANGLE (OR DIRECTION | BHA BECOMES JAMMED IN THE |] SUCCESSIVE MICRO DOGLEGS Cr ar | WARNING: | PROGNOSED HARDISOFT INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS: FREQUENT ANGLE/DIRECTION CHANGES DRILLING/SLIDING W'TH DOWN HOLE MOTOR ERRATIC TORQUE AND DRAG ON CONNECTION 4 INDICATIONS: 1 LIKELY WHEN PICKING UP FOR A CONNECTION, POSSIBLE ON TRIPS CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED {FIRST ACTION: | IF MOVING UP WHEN STICKING OCCURRED, ABPLY TORQUE AND {AR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD IF MOVING DOWN, JAR DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD, 00 NOT APPLY TORQUE “ pREVENTIVE ACTION | MINIMIZE BHA CHANGES { MINIMIZE DIRECTION | ANGLE CHANGES 4 BACKREAM FREQUENTLY WHEN DRILLING 5) HARDISOFT FORMATIONS: SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS. SUSPECTED ZONE Page 49WELLBORE GEOMETRY HOLE PROBLEMS. DIRECTION | ANGLE CHANGE (CAUSES: INTERBEDDED FORNATIONS. ISOFT ROCKS - WASH OUT HARD ROCKS - IN GAUGE FRACTURED / FAULTED FORMATIONS: [STABILIZER BLADES AND TOOL UPSETS [BECOME STUCK UNDER LEDGES BE FROGNOSED HARD/SOFT INTERBEDDED FORMATIONS, PROGNOSED FRACTUREDIFAULTED POSSIBLE W/HEN PICKING UP FOR A CONNECTION GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH MICRO DocLess CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED Ie F MOVING UP WHEN STICKING EEE OCCURRED. APPLY TORQUE AND JAR B DOWN WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD eee FF Movin Down, JAR UP WITH maximum I Be TEE LOAD 00 NOT APPLY TORQUE, PREVENTIVE ACTION: IMINIMIZE DIRECTION / ANGLE CHANGES IMINIMIZE BHA CHANGESWELLBORE GEOMETRY HOLE DIAMETER DECREASE HOLE PROBLEMS MOBILE FORMATION ee AUses: : BE OVER BURDEN WEIGHT SQUEEZES Bee PLstic Sat oR SHALE INTO THE BeeEE WELLBORE Be THE BHA BECOMES JAMMED IN THE Bl UNOER GAUGE HOLE JPROGNOSED SALT OR PLASTIC SHALE BES SUDDEN INCREASE IN OVER PULL OR SET ff BE OOWN WEIGHT {UDDEN TORQUE INCREASE WITH FAST MOVING PLASTIC FORMATION [DICATIONS: JCENERALLY OCCURS WHILE POOH POSSIBLE WHEN RIM AFTER A LONG PERIOD OUT OF THE HOLE POSSIBLE WHILE ORILLING IF FORMATION MOVES FAST ISTICKING OCCURS WITH BHA AT PLASTIC JZONE DEPTH CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED OR SLIGHT JRESTRICTION POSSIBLE IFIRST ACTION: i= MOVING UP. APPLY TORQUE AND JAR DOWN WITH MAAXIMUN TRIP LOAD i= VOVING COWN. JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD. DO NOT APPLY TORQUE JSPOT FRESH WATER IF IN SALT. (CONSIDER PLAN FREQUENT REAMING/ WIPER TRIPS [i JCONSIDER ECCENTRIC POC BITS. a BE sow TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS. ISUSPECTED ZONE i MINIMIZE OPEN HOLE EXPOSURE TIMEWELLBORE GEOMETRY Hol E PROBI EMS SIUC Ee HOLE. DIAMETER DECREASE ‘CAUSE’ DRILLING HARD ABRASIVE ROCK WEARS [BIT GAUGE PROTECTION [CORED HOLE SECTION UNDER GAUGE “NEW BIT |S JAMMED INTO THE UNDER {GAUGE HOLE SECTION PROGNOSED ABRASIVE SANDS {PULLED BIT AND STAGILIZERS ARE UNDER GAUGE ‘WHEN POC BIT FOLLOWS ROLLER CONE BIT RUN {UNNING IN HOLE AFTER CORING {OCCURS ONLY WHEN RIH © SUDDEN SET DOWN WEIGHT BT STUCK NEAR BOTTOM OR AF TOP OF CORE HOLE SECTION CIRCULATION UNRESTRICTED OR SLIGHTLY RESTRICTED [FIRST ACTION: [JAR UP WITH MAXIMUM TRIP LOAD. 00 NOT /APPLY TORQUE { PREVENTIVE ACTION: GAUGE PULLED BIT AND STABILIZERS NEVER FORCE BIT THROUGH TIGHT SPOTS REAM THE LAST 3 JOINTS TO BOTTOM. BEGIN REAMING 3 JOINTS ABOVE CORE HOLE SECTION ‘SLOW TRIP SPEED BEFORE BHA ENTERS. SUSPECTED ZONESTUCK PIPE WELLBORE GEOMETRY HOLE PROBLEMS: “The indications of Welbore Geomatty Problems are observed only when BHA is moving inthe hole section withthe geomatty problem TORQUE | PRESSURE ‘OTHER DRILLING [Ha erate | rrgaong, | Nectarge | Moanary ovr pul | Increasing, erate Surgote stan | Momentary over pul & CONNECTION 2 rab ‘Surgete stan, | Momentary over p TRIPPING Increasing erratic | ‘Momentary over pull & Dverpal wh BHA a setaonn __OUT _| proslem zone Increasing, erate Bag al depth of TRIFRING | Gaicounwaght | problen formation BACK Erratic Increasing, | No change Momentary over pull REAMING a 7 ie PUNPING | Incveating erate Ne change | Momentary over pull OUT | evermal | oer | _ | SHAKER Nochange TRENDS — LOGGER —Nechange TRENDS _ MUD No change _TRENDS © Optimize BHA design run only wnat ie required) and when possibla, minmize SHA stfiness * Plan arearring tip ifthe new BHI is locked up andlor a hole geometry problem is suspected ‘+ Stow down trip speed before BHA enters kickoff oF dogieg depth, depih of micro dogleg andlor jecges, mobile formation depth '* minimize dogleg eeventy to 37/100 or ese, Minvmize rotating hours below a sharp dogleg without 2 wher or coming tip © Consider using key seat wipers or cil sring reamers i ey seat ie suopected * Limit the length of casing rathole to avoid key seating the bottom ofthe casing. Do not stert angie bullaing operations foo cose tothe shoe © -mnimiza sharp, frequent welloore course changes ‘Avoid prolonged circulation in suspected micro dogleg section to prevent hale wash out and forming ledges. ‘With mobie salts consider using a sighily under saturated mud system to allow a contioled washout IWnecessary, increase the mud weight fo help stow cown salt intrusion. Consider dniing motile eats with accantne PDC bits. Plan regular wiper trips to Keep the hole secton open Use hard foced stablizers and select bite wth entra gauge protection if abrasive formations are dried © Gauge the old bit and stabilizers as wel as the bi and stabilizers picked vp ‘+ Bagin eaming 1 join! above a cored hole section. As siandard practice, ream the last stand or 3 joints ‘back to bottom on every tip 5) Page 63STUCK PIPE HOLE PROBLEMS IMTIAL ACTION. ; {ffatelig occured wate moving x app toe erie ON mito tptoed ‘mown dow don ay rab andar UP wth Stance naucmcssnion anon cacing Peja ara wen srg eon, Nore: ap prossur wit NCREASE the erste aap ow DECREASE ma down-blon 2. Contouring unt na rng oo an tora Secon mage. arn ce 10x haus may bo nsessay winetie a ting " Creito thane lean ‘STUCK WHILE MOVING LP Cou INTIAL ACTION: (cnn no RaARLRT OE Greate a axsnin aowatle a 11. Apply low purnp prosauro (200, 1, Apply low pump prossure (200- |] > work aXIMUM bmi crque down Io SEI itkaltrnaled sera meston | |= Nosema wet rae dom notmccasranewe || socuoanmmtcpeti: |] feces See | haem |h eet etae: sn] serene Mtsmtmaacers || fetweivaucbrome +: | Tena one = BeeCmmeringoeeswr|| Snir yore teat 1 Aen ‘ea anus Wesirg cesrot cm me | [3 tae stig dorearva tee, ||® Mca te aac Bonorianuri ver coum ||” OONOTUAR GOWN ru |] RumMele Er Calmoctegeoncetae ran || ute single re tan Shri ston mae, ‘teatvo arsenis move. Vhong dos ncaa tee ‘Serra down ior 10+ noursraay be |] | daring up ter 1G> hours maybe | | & {Le tang doesnot come te, bolt eon au fare com ihc Dn Wien cine fs esrastisnzo | | WHEN GING IS ESTABLISHED: T"Souy incase pump speedto ||" Son reiaase nmpspeeaio | | SELONOAPY ACTION. 1, gay ‘ranma ie, When posta fanrhe Unenpeestavere |] enahs peice Torethe ering and orc the ‘dergaraeveasetmarais || $010. Bows conn ‘es clon amt cop {an rom eth eee ‘ HPOOR wiog and’ oraneaana | |. Contre RH wit excessive oot tatu fobotom ang oredste be, || down wort ecboaned, st serait | ed | Foe aig: Le Geinmncbndd te TLIu nig tb Pipe mation ater stckhiy? Dn impossible The thee numbers 0, 0,0 are crc inthe Dewn Impossible ow. Pe rotten ater steking? Rot npossinla ‘Tha thvce numoars 0,0, 0.are cle inthe Ret. Impossible row. Cire press ater sticking?” Cre. Impoesbie The tree numbers 2,0, 0.are cxcledin the Ceo.impossbie rw. ‘Age pusnbers inthe cobb, Toras= 4.0.2 ‘The probable eticking mechsniam le the column with th highest total umber), Pack-of / Bridge ee Page 54LOST CIRCULATION HOLE PROBLEMS SSS SSS [Measurable loss of whole mud (Uquid phase and sola phase) 10 {tne formation. Lost circulation can oceur at any depth uring any loperation Loss of uid level Loss of drive /eonductor ‘shoe monitoring Loss of fuid level monitoring Loss of formation evaluation Hote cleaning problems |Loss of formation evaluation Hole cleaning problems Hole cleaning problems Hole bridge ‘collapse Hote bricge feotapse Stuck pipe Hole briage icolapse Extended wellbore exposure time Wall control event Extended wellbore exposure me ‘Stuck pipe Well control event Lose of wel ‘Stuck pipo Well control event Underground blowout Under ground blowout Adaiitonal casing string Additional casing sting Production zone damage \Welbore pressure exceeds fracture pressure ofthe formation causing the rock to crack open ((racture) (Over balanced wellbore pressure is exposed to a formation ‘with ungealed fractures or high permeabilly Excessive mud weight Unconsoldated formation ‘Annulus fiction pressure Fissures / fractures Wallbore pressure surges Unessied fauk Boundary Imposed / repped pressure Vugular/ cavernous formation Shutin pressure Low formation pressure, Page 65HOLE PROBLEMS: LOST CIRCULATION MECHAN! a: ‘CAUSE: WELLBORE PRESSURE GREATER THAN FORMATION FRACTURE PRESSURE, THE FORMATION FRACTURES ALLOWING MUD LOSS. WARNING. PROGNOSED LOSS ZONE EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT LOW FRACTURE STRENGTH POOR HOLE CLEANING )WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES CASING INDICATIONS: SHOE [MAY BEGIN WITH SEEPAGE LOSS, POSSIBLE TOTAL LOSS PIT VOLUME Loss, EXCESSIVE HOLE FILLUP FIRST If SHUT.IN, SUDDEN LOSS OF PRESSURE: INTERFACE IFIRST ACTION (TOTAL LOSS). REDUCE PUMP SPEED TO 1/2 PULL OFF BOTTOM, STOP PUMPS ‘ZERO STROKE COUNTER, FILL ANNULU! WITH WATER OR LIGHT MUD IRECORD STROKES IF / WHEN THE JANNULUS FILLS UP MONITOR WELL FOR FLOW [PREVENTIVE ACTION: MINIMIZE MUD WEIGHT/MAKIMIZE SOLIDS| REMOVAL, f “|CONTROL PENETRATION RATE LOW PRESS F awe wet.eone pressure SAND Sines {VOID IMPOSED / TRAPPED PRESSURELOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS, CAUSE: WELLBORE PRESSURE IS OVER BALANCED TO FORMATION PRESSURE MUD IS LOST TO NATURAL FRACTURES ANDIOR HIGH PERMEABILITY WARNING: PROGNOSED LOSS ZONE LOST CIRCULATION CAN OCCUR AT ANY TIME DURING ANY OPEN HOLE OPERATION INDICATIONS: MAY BEGIN WITH SEEPRGE Loss, TOTAL LOSS POSSIBLE STATIC LOSSES DURING CONNECTIONS / SURVEY PIT VOLUME LOSS. FIRST ACTION (TOTAL LOSS) REDUCE PUMP SPEED TO 112 PULL DRILL STRING OFF BOTTOM, STOP. CIRCULATION ZERO STROKE COUNTER. FILL ANNULUS WITH WATER OR LIGHT MUD RECORD STROKES IF / WHEN THE “ANNULUS FILLS UP MONITOR WELL FOR FLOW ‘PREVENTIVE ACTION: ‘NiMiZe MUD WEIGHT CONTROL PENETRATION RATE MINIM ZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES PRE-TREAT WITH LCMhowe LOST CIRCULATION GRADUAL Losses IMMEDIATE DROP INFLUID | RETURN FLOW STOPS LEVEL WHEN PUMPING iS | IMMEDIATELY ‘OPERATION NOT STOPPED INTERRUPTED PUMP PRESSURE SLOW TO REGAIN RETURNS | DECREASE POSSIBLE WARNING AFTER STARTING OF INCREASED LOSS. SEVERITY CIRCULATION ‘STRING WEIGHT INCREASE OPERATION SUSPENDED REMEDIAL ACTION REMEDIAL ACTION REQUIRED | REQUIRED. OPERATIONS USUALLY INTERRUPTED ‘Supcessful treatment of lost erculation depends greaty on locating the dopth of the loge zone ¢ TEMPERATURE SURVEY © OFFSET WELL DATA * GEOLOGIST LOGGER IDENTIFIES POTENTIAL LOSS ZONE © MONITORING FLUID LEVEL TRENDS: WHILE DRILLING * acousric Los RADIOACTIVE TRACER + SPINNER SURVEY + PRESSURE TRANSOUCER «HOT WIRE SURVEY © SURVEY TOOLS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE + CONSIDERABLE TIME REQUIRED TO RUN SURVEY © SURVEYS REQUIRE LARGE VOLUME OF MUD ‘+ RESULTS OFTEN DIFFICULT To INTERPRET * POSSIBILITY OF LOSING SURVEY TOOL IN THE HOLELOST CIRCULATION RESTORING CIRCULATION HOLE PROBLEMS Ne OES ION GUIDELINES Reduced welbore oressue (the Moro susocefu wth pressure Mme | Giving force psting mud no induced Fectures MUDWr | elossone Possibe wel conto event or hele inslbity probleme osm iy fs ze swt, | Moe cea fos wat mud Water of WHM predic a plugging act lost shale mations FORMATION a SEEN, “HEALING | Sot choles deformwn formation ese | eter results wen LCM Time" | ping to "nea" he troture Normal 6-8 nous wat tne wah atrag nesng ceany meio menue Tees efecive wah lige haces, Loss.cine | Saltormedur cures! faults MATERIAL | permeabily, ae Inofetve wih coverous zones Increate LCM bebbl wth oes seventy seis punpedino re xs zone | Can be used in production zones SPECIALTY | (lowed ya chomica acivacr eh TecHniques | Pevedby scenes sateor Increesed risk of plugging equipment Pug breaks down wh tine CComentslury is squeezed into the oss | Provides 2 “efor” soli pug at Feri decor ‘roar the ese ofthe surounn CEMENT ene RNP formaton * “The sur eves to solid plug In some cases. te only practical solution | Not 9 consieration where wel contol DRILLING — | Se aimwinoir returns potential ens BLIND’ Set casing inthe frst compentent ‘ermavon Locating the loss zone and accurate pill placement is vital Position the sting 1-100 ‘one, 39 nt Stop pumping Unb the pil cleas the bit © Ingure the base mud viscosty wil suspend the LCM volume added. Add fresh gal to a premxed LCM pill mmadiately bafore pumping, tresh gol continues to veld afer sporting ‘© Aneffoctive LOM pill bridges, metis and then seal tho lots zone, particle sze datibution and pil ‘ermlation must satily these requirements. Consult the LCM product guide prior te applying the pill Use large nozzle sizes ifthe loss potential is high. Keep te string moving during pil spotting © operation to avoid stuck ripeloLe pr LOST CIRCULATION RESTORING FINE (F) A potion of the material ill pase through the shaker GRADES MEDIUM (M) Monit of material wil screen-out at shakers COARSE (C) All material wil scroen-out at shaker Wil plug jets and ‘down hole tools. Recommended with open-ended pipe NNon-rgid materials that form a mat on the hole wall to provide # foundation for FIBROUS: a nora iter cake development FLAKED GRANULAR | Rigid materiale thet bridge and plug the permeabity ofthe lose zone LEM BLEND A combination offlbrous. flaked ard granular materials in one sack CELLULOSTIC Sizes wood deriva materia’ used! 10 preven! seepage Ipartat loss CALCIUM CARBONATE | SzOd Imestone or marie (ai stb) uted for seepage ipa loss in reduction SIZED SALT | Granulated salt (water soluble) developed for seepage /partial loss in production {one in sa-eaturates systams, © Reduce ROP to limit Ad LCM pilin 5 - 10 PPB increments. Evaluate results over 2 | ‘attnge bad ‘circulations before increasing to rextloval of LCM concentration. ‘Moc in 30 t0 60 bal batchee dictated by hole ee, Consider spotting © Minimize mud LLCH pil botere POOH, meoloy NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS. © Minmze Gem 1 wem: ‘BM SEM: © iron wore pocusemee — [LcmBend( §-15PeB — [eetiosle@an 2-25 78 LOM Biend(M) 5-15 PPB | + Mineizo mud nt Fed PNY 16-20 PPB © Consider puting to ~ PRODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED _ ‘casing and waiting 5 to 8 hours wes OBM/ SEM: Limestone (F/M) 5-30PPB | Colulesio (F/M) 2-25 PPB. stone (FIM) §- 18 PPB ‘THE LOM MIXTURES SHOWN HERE ARE INTENDED AS A GUIDE WHERE NO FIELD EXPERIENCE EXIST, SOME SITUATIONS MAY REQUIRE 2 - 8 PPB LCM. CONCENTRATION IN-THE TOTAL MUD SYSTEM, CONSULT YOUR MLD COMPANY FOR AVAILABLE PRODUGTS AND PILL FORMULATIONS BEST SUITED FOR THE AREA. Page 60RESTORING CIRCULATION LOST CIRCULATION, HOLE! PROBLE! ‘Add LCM pilin § 10 PPB increments, Evaluate results over 2 © Reduce ROP to Citculations botore incroacing to next level of LCM concentration. Mix Timiteuttnge load _| i" 30 to S0 bbl batches dictated by hole size. Coneider epoting LCM pill before POOH © Minimize mud mmeoegy NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS | wom: BM / SBM: © Reduce Gent LCM Biend (M) 15-25 PPB jllulosie (F/M) 10-25 PPB orm ai LCM Bend (C) 15-25 PPB |Cellunsie(c) 10-25 PPE inmize wellbore walnut (MIC) 10-20PP Walnut (om) 5-15 PPB, pressure surges © Misimize mud wt — _ PRODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED © Consiter puting into | NBM! jopMy sam: casing end waiting — LCM Blend (F) 5-15 PPG —|cetuosic (Fim) 2-25 PPB 8 tos hours LOM Blend (M) 5-15PPB Limestone (F) 5-15 PPB Cetulosic (WM) 5-15 PPB GUIDELINES. Formuéstions for the epecialty pill and coment are dictated by 1 Pullof bottom keep conditions of each event | song mewng - NON-PRODUCTIVE INTERVALS © Fitannuuswih ater — | Wem: ‘OBM/ SEM: ontigh mo 40PPBLOM Pit 30-40 PPB LCM Pill Specially Pill Speciaty Pill * Record sokos it Cement Squeeze Cement Squeeze ‘when annus fs up RODUCTION ZONE EXPOSED * Consider puting nto wew: oem sem: the casing 40 PPBLCM Pil 30-40 PPBLCM Pil Specialy Pil Specialty Pil © Mrimze wettore Cement Squeeze ‘Cement Squeeze Froseure surges ADDRESS RESERVOIR ADDRESS RESERVOIR | NEEDS NEEDS THE Low MIXTURES SHOWN HERE ARE INTENDED AS A GUIDE WHERE NO FIELD EXPERIENCE EXIST. SOME SITUATIONS MAY REQUIRE 2-6 (CONCENTRATION NTH TOTAL MUD SYSTEM CONGULT YOUR MUD COMPANY. FOR AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND PILL FORMULATIONS BEST SUITED FOR THE AREA. De al Page 61LOST CIRCULATION HOLE PROBLEMS 04 8 12 16 20 | mutshott ——Granuar 50% 3/15+ 10 mesh 2» 50%- 10+ 100 mesh Plastic Granular 50% - 3/16+ 10 mesh 20 50% 10+ 100 mesh Limestone Granular —50%-3/164 10mesh 0 50%-10+ 100 mesh Sulphur Granular —50%-3/8¢ 1Omesh 120 — B0% 10+ 100 meth | \ Nutshell Granda $0%-10 6mech 50% 20+ 100 mesh | | Expanded Granular 50% -2/18+ 10 mesh a Poreite 50% 10+ 100 meth |cetiopnane Laminated 3/4" fakes 8 = Prario Hay — Fibrous 12" patie ee Bark Fibrous warts — Cottonseed Granviar Fre > | Mas Prairie Hay Fibrous 316° particles 2 = Cellophane Laminated 1/2"fokes :_ —_ Shredded Fibrous 114" fibers 8 al Wood Sawdust Frous 1/18 particles | Page 62RESTORING CIRCULATION EOS) CIREGLATION HOLE PROBLEMS CE I et OEE ORL ENE Locate the loss zone '* ic 50 - 100 barrels of mud with 25 - 39 ppb bentonite and 30 - a0 ppb LOM "© Position the ait sting +/-100 feet above the loss zone "© if open-ended, purnp 1/2 ofthe pill ito the lose zone, Stop the pump, wat 15 minutes and pump the remainde: of the pl ‘+ If pumping trough the bit, pump the entre pil and folow with 25 barrels of mud © returns ate not regained, repeat procedure. If retums are not regained. wat 2 hours and repeat procedure © Hretums are not regained after pumping 3 pile, consider other options to regain eculston © Itpassble, rl trough the loss interval Pullout ofthe hole and return open-ended Postion the etrng +/-100 feet above the lose zone Clean the miking pit thoroughly. Mix 60 barrels of desired specialty pil ‘= Pump down the dil sting and place in the suspected zone. If annulus isnot fl, pump mud down, the annulus while pumping pill down del sting ‘© When annuius fits and squesze isn place, apply 180 - 200 psion annulus, This wit soft squeeze ‘the matonal into the loss Zone ‘© If possible, dil through the loss interval. Pullout ofthe hole and retum open-ended above the loss zone * Postion the string +100 f © Mx 100 sx of cament and 100 sx of bentonite with 50 barrels of clesel sluty wt - 11 9 ppg, yiel 139 cube Feet per sack ) Pump down the dil string, 15 bartels of water. iazel ahead and behind the gunk sluny ‘+ When the lead dese! spacer reaches the bit, close the BOP ard pump mud éown the annulus ‘+ Purp 4 bblsimin down the sting and 2 bbivmin down the annulus untl the ‘ail diesel spacer claars tha sing ‘© Recpprocate the string slows, co not reverse circulate ‘© Put the cil sting clesr of the squosze. Mix and ploce the squeaze with a cementing unt, # possibie ‘+ Wail 8+ hours forthe gunk to cure, repeat procedure if retuins are not regained “+ Ihmay be necaseary to dri out the gunk before repacting the procedure age 63HOLE PROBLEMS: LOST CIRCULATION PREVENTION OR PR RENTON |The cement sury formation shouldbe tested by the cemant company to detarmin the thekering ime ‘* 1fpossile, el rvough the entie los culation interval © Purout of tn hols and ratuin wih open-ended cn pipe '* Postion the open-ended dil pipe approxiataly 100 feet above the oss zene Mix and pump 50 to 100 bbls cf cement sury 1 Folow tne sluny wit sufcien volume of mud or water to balance the U-Tube Wor 6 to € ours anc attempt to fil the annus ‘© Repost he procedure it etuns aro not regained © may be nevescary to dill out the coment before repeating the procedure Prevention of lat circulation muet be coneidered in the wall planning, dniling and post analysis phases ‘© Design the casing program to case-off low prossure or euspectod let circulation zones, "© Maintain mud weight to the minrnum required to control known formation pressure... High mud ‘weight is one of the major causes cf lst cireuletion ‘© Pre-teat tne mud system with LGM when ding through known fst ciculation intervals © Maintain low muc theology values that are sil suticient to clean the hole ‘© Rotating the dil string when starting circulation holpe to break the gels and mnimize pump pressure surges ‘Start circulation slowiy alter conrectons and periods ef ren circulation ‘Use minimum GPM fow rate to clean the hole when dillng known lst circulation zene ‘© Control cit enown fst culation zone o avoid loading he annulus with cutbngs ‘+ Reduce pipe npping speeds to mnimize swabisurge pressure ‘© Pan to-broak culation at2 to 3 dopths while ping the hole © Minimize annuierrestitions © Consider using jet sizes or TFA that will alow the use of LCM pi | (92192° jets +) ‘© Be prepared for plugging pump suctions, pump discharge screen, cil string screens, ete i} ‘© 0 prepares for mud losses due to shaker screen plugging Page 64LOST CIRCULATION i DRILLING BLIND CGreumstances may ditate ring bind unt 60 feet ofthe next competent formation is dled ‘Casing is 80 0 solve the lost cxcuzton problom. A bind ailing oparaton must have Diiling Manager approval trsure an aseauate water suppyis avaiable Uso ono pum to sil ans he ther pump to contnucusly 2c water to the snus ‘Assign a person fo menor the Now ine at al mes Cosely monitor torue an diego determine when to pune viscous sweeps Closely monitor pump pressure whe cing for ications of pack Cont nt it posse torent parhour Pick up off batter every 15 fee! 2) ie to encur the hoo ot packing of Kose the pe moving ata times Manin a 400-500 bbl reserve of viscous mux Yeady to pump ‘Consider spottng viscous mud on Bottom peer to tipping er logging Stop crn arc conser pug fo he shoei pump repairs ar requed Ste end stop pipe slowly and mnimize pie speed Consider sporting viscous pil above the BHA pio: to each connection ror to each connection, create and wpa the nol thoroughly Do not run surveys when ding bind If circulation retuns, stop dling, the dil string to the shut position. Stop the pumps ‘and chock the wel for ow \fflow is ctserved, cose the BOP and observe shutin pressures: © No pressure -Stonly circulate bottoms up through 2 epen chokes © Pressure Observes - Siowly ceulate the ick wth the Circulation Method and present ‘mud weight. Be prepared for an underground Blows. corcstion Atal timos to pump coment fo tho well Page 65RIG REPAIR a ‘An intortption in planned operations caused by a breakdown in the etling ig ‘equipment. Running rig aqupmant to falue is not cost effective for the Contractor, Operator, or wallbore FINANCIAL PENALTIES HIGH RISK OF OTHER INCREASED WELL COST UNSCHEDULED EVENTS (COST OF EMERGENCY REPAIR DELAYED PRODUCTION EXTENDED EXPOSURE POSSIBLE PERSONNEL INJURY | TIME LOSS OF PRODUCTION EXTENSIVE EQUIPMENT LOSS OF HOLE SECTION DAMAGE LOSS OF WELL LOSS OF FUTURE CONTRACTS NO PERSONNEL INJURY NO PERSONNEL INJURY NO WELL CONTROL INCIDENT NO WELL CONTROL INCIDENT OPTIMIZE EQUIPMENT LIFE ‘OPTIMIZE DRILLING OPERATION MINIMIZE RIG REPAIR MINIMIZE UNSCHEDULED EVENTS CONTROL EQUIPMENT COST CONTROL FINAL WELL COST LONG TERM DRILLING CONTRACT (COST EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE ‘A program designed te schedule regular inspection, maintenance andior epait ‘of ering equipment prior to fare ‘The nstorical if expectancy of rg aqulpmant is based on the traquancy of mantenance ‘© Managernont to rg “Rig te management 1 oes defined © Rafining anc taienng the sysiem 1 Equipmant hietory * Equipment trends © Through hepections © Well desianed checklists '* Equipment maintenance, * Fellow-up plans/ Clear guitines ‘epons. Page 66RIG REPAIR a © MAIN ENGINES HIGH PRESSURE MANIFOLDS / VALVES / HOSES| ‘* GENERATORS SCR SYSTEMS HYDRAULIC OPERATING SYSTEMS. ‘© MOORING / STATION KEEPING SYSTEM © COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM. '* BALLAST AND BILGE SYSTEM © CRANES: ‘* TENSIONING EQUIPMENT PIPE HANDLING SYSTEM '* BOPE / CONTROL SYSTEM ‘CIRCULATING SYSTEM ‘RISER | OIVERTER SYSTEM = yuo puMPs © HOISTING EQUIPMENT © BULK MIXING SySTEM ‘© TOP DRIVE SYSTEM ‘© SOLIDS CONTROL SYSTEM © ROTARY SYSTEM RIG COMPUTER SYSTEMS ‘HOURLY EL MONTHLY ‘© EVERY TWO YEARS. * paity * QUARTERLY EVERY THREE YEARS + WEEKLY "EVERY FOUR MONTHS | * EVERY FOUR YEARS. * BLWEEKLY ‘© SEWI-ANNUALLY ‘EVERY FIVE YEARS MONTHLY © ANNUALLY © EVERY EIGHT YEARS ‘Ensure equioment ite expectancy Reduce down tine for unsshadued rg repr © Lower wel cost + Reduce severity of damage to equoment + Malotenance is ess cost than emergency repair + Less chance ofpersonna injury ‘+ Inereaeo conrastorproft margin 1+ Reduce rok of stuck poo, wel conta problems, shor unschoduied avant * Component falure frequency records defines rg and shore base spare part inventory + Increase opeiator awareness of he cotiaco’s operational needs "© Opportunty for contractor input /vaivement cunng weil ‘¢ WHO SHOULD GE NOTIFIED ‘ARE PERSONNEL OR THE RIG IN DANGER “© WHAT IMMEDIATE ACTION IS REQUIRED _* |S THE WELLBORE IN DANGER '* CAN NORMAL OPERATIONS CONTINUE —_* WHAT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ARE REQUIRED, ‘+ CAN PARTIAL OPERATIONS CONTINUE ——_* CAN THE FAILURE BE REPAIRED ON SITE ‘+ IS OPERATIONAL SHUT DOWN REQUIRED * PREVENTATIVE ACTION PLAN ee ————— PaRIG REPAIR Page 68RIG REPAIR {frig equipment failure shuts down a major ciling system, inmediste acton must be taken to protect the personne, rig and wellbore fom associated events STATION KEEDNG —®Raaifscrawes © Suck pine Step ition and erelaion sPscaien © BOP /nserdamage | Positon toon above ha ‘Dat sais shearog ot hangar ran * Dat stng droge '* Unper manne tee 1 Cioso hag of ras and lack ciacorunstotes © Suton oqupment” ofte mdiieminad wage ‘ane Samay | (tate iting convactors | “emergency procedres TOTALRIGPONER —(@Laceofuatontagpng ¢ Rig sutaaarage_|* Sart emergeney gener (Sossothosting, —# Suck pipe inte porary Sacer, ‘aaten Sreustion poseatee «Ras il sing of ction wth meson ‘scutsceoqupmen |" tomparslor ‘aie’ damage = cecum win cameron pure 1 Montoro fou TOTALORILINS | Popubislanct ——@Pussbie vg de-of!_|@ San emergency generator power orege «tae pita ascannect, sur ioe Drseaure wal con 1 Creal wi cementing pum 1 ¥pomibe state di seng wiv pws ong 1 Monto weitor Toronivesystem |e possbietoset | * Stuckppe 1+ poeablo, ipo casing sheer cs) ‘aston neetng, ‘abs Saiston # wet conto ' trocpossbl, set sos, te iD hanes ond ote pipe nips 1 pose. opp teste '¢ Montor wel fom HOISTING BvSTEM —@Camnotmienthe | # Stuck poe Suen | Recorocae ar tng wah "roion comoencator ROTATING SYSTEM © Cansotrottette | Stuck ape "Recerca dl sting Sars (Tope cating en or rpae © i posi cate cr sreg wth paver onge = watan ut exettion ‘CIRELLATING ‘*comoterctetne |# Suck poe 1 Tope caing shoe fo epar ‘Svetent vemore ‘* wotconval WELCONTROL ——#Cannotehatsnurng |® Persera py # Nonemergencyseaue he wall SySieM ker te mace oars © Ecuipmentamege * Bowcut ae ‘exer tnti evcan # Ervionmena damage, Page 69DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE Eee interruption in planned operations caused by driling evaluation tool failures ther than ceil ering failures. Down ho'e tool seloction and operations ertealin An the reduction of tel faure Dring '* Dring foreman orders equipment * Toolpusher inspectsichecks equipment * Diller picks upituns equipment ‘+ _ Rig team post analyzes equioment 1g engineer specifies equipment ROLLER CONE BITS. Lost cones (most common fishing job) LoscIns. DOWN HOLE MOTOR | Motor stops driling ‘SHOCK SUB. : Seal washout DRILLING JAR Unt ‘personnel ~ MWD I LD Dump vate, sofware, LOM plugging Last minute changes, inexperienced operators, no) maintenance ‘SURVEY EQUIPMENT Film, batteres, wireline falure, insumtcient bar weight ‘SPECIALTY EQUIPMENT Untrained personnel, unproven technology PACKER / DST TOOLS METAL FATIGUE IMPROPER TOOL SELECTION Leaks, packer does not release, incompatible with other tools, high angle holes Gyelic stress reversals Loeds exceed decign timite, Incompatible with other tools IMPROPER TOOL OPERATION Untrained personnel, inattention | EXCEEDED DESIGN LIMITS EXCEEDED DESIGN LIFE ‘TRANSPORTATION / ‘Accidental fitentional overload [Economic based, untrained personnel Unirained personne! HANDLING DAMAGE HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT 11S, CO, high temperature, corrosive mud, high angle, hard abrasive formations DESIGN / MANUFACTURING Quality conto tales Ne ad Page 70DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE ee ‘Selecting the right ool forthe job can significantly reduce too faluro. Following a standardized tool selection procedure encures the right tol is selacieg © WELLBORE CONDTIONS. UI NONMERT “Tomporature imkatons of too EANIRONMENT, H'S,CO,, Conesion rosstance Oiiteictnt rubber goods Hycrostate areseure imtatore Hole orgleErstations Hole size versus too sze TOOL PHYSICAL —_—_® DIMENSIONS PROPERTIES Length, 00, 10 ft) \Weght and grad Conecton 8 || Special make up torque requiremente, thread dopo Stese rele features ‘Connections compatite with other down hole equipment Wil ool work with other equipment © OPERATING PARAMETERS compan ‘OPERATIONS Minimum / maxenum How tata Minimum J maxmnum operating pressure ‘Torqua /tonsion limitatone Recommended operating hows Isa tool operator needed / provided ‘Special handing too'srequred [Are special operating instructions requitediprovided ‘Operating manual provided ‘Safely Recommendations ‘Settings /ealbration da Maintenance requirements | |'@ FISHING TOOL METHODS FISHING ‘Tool dimensions ciagram provided Requied fishing too’ / ease of fishing Fishing records avaiable ‘Too lostervole consequences Back up tons ready available celery tne suPPORT ‘Ara spare paris needed /reacily avatabie. “Transportation prebloms / hazardous €2rgo ‘Air traneperable Required dock space / deck load ‘Quauiry ‘© RELIABILITY OF TOOL CONTREE New or rebut oo! Hours since last ebuit!inspectionrecores Performance record of to on ofse! wells Performance record ofl wondwce Operating/standby renal rates! repair agreements soar Lestinhole charges neurones Suecesssfeled pertormance rate Depth / extemal pressure limitation LIMITATIONS San ees Diiting id - OM, LCM, Hematite Battery packs eee Page 74DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT FAILURE EEE Folowing a standardized check lst when the tool arrves insures the right too! has been shipped anct ‘was pet camaged intranet end types PAPERWORK | * Verify equipment quant ‘¢ Ensure serial / model numbers on the too! agree with the order frrn, cargo manifest and inspection report too! Locate ne operat manual specal nsictons tay), etrgs ‘and ealbreton shot, tool dimensions diagram a PHYSICAL | ® Damaged containers may indicate damaged tocl CONDITION | 6 ntssing or damaged parts and spare pats ‘© Thread protector instated on tools and crossovers (© Thread and sealing shoulder damage © Tool bore and other circulating ports are free of debris © Explosive / corrosive too's and materials are clearly market Comparianity | % Covet connections size. type and BSR: © Connection stess retetfectures match features ofthe cl sng © Handing / operating tools ere compatible with rig equipmont © Plugs / wireline tools wil pass through tool © Bott pattern, nalts. gaskets are correct OPERATION | 8 Functon test values, fappers, ete, before running tool in hole © Cross-over subs are correct, BSR's are checked Identity and mark new technology tools UNFAMILIAR NEW. TEM os axe sake mesg focsnedon the ste and proner operation of he a It an potter ovo. so he spesaat ores ponent | OPERATING ‘Make avaliable to te Orilar, an operations manual for each tool tat requires | SEBRING. | spabet Spore pronase coon) — = cs Sass Va GH AO | AWARENESS) | Pre-tour safety meetings with writen Tour Operations Plan, Driller Hand Over REFRESHERS Noles wih currentinent operations section. Discuss operston of unfamiliar! new technology tools TOOLFAILURE | When tool falure ecours, fle a Too! Failure Report to share knowedge of the REPORT {alr ac prevents acon ian. stata cata bate can be But wih ths information’ SERVICE! Inferior service and tools provided by supply companies can eocount for 8 EQUIPMENT | substantia! numberof tool felures, Included in the Teel Falure Report, is © Section on supply company performance ratings, An alternative supplier should be considered f raings indicate high tool falure rate and/or poor service —— | dS SS SS Page 72,DRILL STRING FAILURE begins ‘Accumulated metal damage caused by stress a PLANNING: “The minimum load (bs/0q in of metal) at which plastic deformation ofthe metal Fatigue damage is 2 naturaly occurring process that begins when the dril pipe is put into service and ‘accumulates wth ut if not detected by inspection ‘Stoce cracke form and continuo to grow which eventually recalls in string failure ATTRIBUTES | The dmensions andmechanical properias | Wil ichress, Viel eng, Dulin tne dil sting componenssAtrbutes | Toughness, Unset geometry Gaternine the lads that canbe applied DESIGN | The designed strength ofthe dnt sing must | Aiicatedloads, Conect tnovod lode reaured to cil he welt ‘sercion ard postoning of rating baw the decign mts extends tho | sing components Postrg Iie ofthe dll eting ‘masiram tension an toon — lms forthe Oto | INSPECTION | Examine he ail sting components to ensure inepecton, itmets meimum speeifeations. Inpecions | Elector rspodton bad on ‘atect woar before resus a down role falure| ai sing and cing coriors ‘OPERATIONS | Imoroper use, handling and storage ofthe dnt | Caect connecton makeup | sting recuts in prematre sting falure CCaltratrg gauges, Operatoral Useard handing practices ‘SURROUNDINGS | The chemical and mechanical envronmentin | Doles, Busting, Veratons, wich the cil sting operated. Ifthe CCrtosin, Hig angle welle Surtouncings become hostile, the inspection frequerey shoud be increased to minimize faivres Tia spe akon prover’ dl atng hess ne nm olatoran fama Wa compan, a] ona cise cbcaincns sotsnsi tren ea bs valet ora rotara honor ws © Dal Pipe Tube Fatque © Tension * BHA Connecton Fatigue © Torsion * Connection Leak . * Sutide Stes Cracking © collapse # spit ox © Bust © Mechanical Failure of Speciaty Tools © Welding Failure ‘Tension / Torsion Combination | Page 73ORILL PPE FATIGUE DRILL STRING FAILURE INTERNAL UPSET | 16°t0 24" fem pin ane nox end | Sharp change in wal thickness between tooloint and pipe tube LIP AREA Sio24 femboxend Using ane tong sorping the sting with | s cal boxend the sips, worn sips and bow! TUBEMIOBLE | Mle secion between pn and |Contact wih abrasive termaton while tor ‘ottageasng OD wear Fests siands above BHA ——-—Sifiress chang fom BHA al pe, | TRATION ZONE ‘possibility of compressional loading with EE © Sip cute ‘© Notanstton pipe Dogiegs and high angle holes | © Corrosive mud, oxygen, H.S, carbon dioxide, chlorides: [© Running pant pipe © Running dil pipe in compression ‘© Backreaming with high tension loads, torque and toncion in combination © Dai sting vibrations and vertical ouncing © Exratic torque, stipsick cling conction ‘Maintain hole angle changes uncer 37100" ‘Maintain sufcient levels of corrosion inhibitors and oxygen scavengers © Stop pipe, set sips and loner pips sloniy onto slips to prevent sp cuts © Atow ne mare than 3 of pipe lengih above the sips if possibie © Aways use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out connection © Ensure tongs are at 90° angle in two planes when torqung up connections © Donet run bont pipe, pipe with deep clip cuts or corrosion pits © Gostow when backreaming, minimize te overpull © Avways use transition pipe (HIVDP) betacen the drill collars and dil pipe © Move the bottom stand of él pipe (HOWE) tothe top ofthe dil string on each tip ‘© Rotate the connection breaks on each rip © Use adequate BHA weight to provide bit weight ‘© Check lp incert bow, mastor busing and rotary table for wear ‘Clean and inspect sip and tong dns frequentyDRILL STRING FAILURE DRILL PIPE & TOOL JOINT CLASSIFICATION BAN TOOL JOINT CONDITION STRIPE: ‘CLASSIFICATION (OF DRILL PIPE. BODY CLASS 1 PREMIUM CLASS . CLASS 2 CLASS 3... CLASS 4. SCRAP SHOP REPAIRABLE . ‘OR SCRAP FIELD REPAIRABLE . 2 WHITE BANDS 1 YELLOW BAND oT BLUE BAND DRILL PIPE FATIGUE 1 WHITE BAND, 1 GREEN BAND. 1 RED BAND 3 RED STRIPS. 3. GREEN STRIPScpa DRILL STRING FAILURE NOMINAL STD or SIZE WEIGHT TAWALL CODE 3-1/2" 13.30 STO 1 1560 TW 2 4 1400 STD 2 1975 TW 3 442" 1660 STD 2 2000 TW 3 282 TW 4 1950 STD 2 2560 TW 3 2190 STD 2 2470 TWO 6-5/8" 25.20 USS -Teojpint manufacturer 684 -Dato of too! joining (une, 1904) N~Tube manufacturer code (see RP7G) E —-Diil pipe gradeDRILL STRING FAILURE BHA FATIGUE ‘Tension from connection torque and BHA weight PIN NECK Bonding oad increasee nack tension onthe outer side of the bending radius Corrosion piting Bending load apples crcumferenial stress BOTTOM OF THE BOX © ox 00 wear reduces box strength © Corasion iting ‘Over under toquing the connection, under torquing is more common © Doglegs / high angle holes '© Corrosion rom caygen,H.S, carbon dow, ehloridos ‘© Unetabiszed ort cotrs In compression 1 Large damater noes or wasned out hos ‘BHA vieratons and verteal bouncing ‘High tension load or jarting on stuck pipe ‘No connection siress ret features * Damaged connection sealing sutaces * nconect Bending Senath Ratio (BSA) {+ Eratistraue,shpstick dling conditions |¢ Maintain hole angle change under 3/100 © Maintain sumcient lvels of coresion nnibtors and oxygen scavengers '© Apply rocommandad make-up torque with tongs at 90° angie in two planes and calibrate tong gauges frequent'y © Correct recommended make-up torque (RMUT) for dope friction factor RMUT...= RMUT x Dope Friction Factor ‘© Minimze BHA vibratonfoucing wih stablizers, shock subs 1 Inspect the BHA ot recommansed intorvals end after severo circumstances © Cold-rll BHA connection tread roots Specify stress relieved pins and bore back boxes © Maintain bending strength ratio (BSR) near value recommended for dl collar size on Page 77BHA FATIGUE DRILL STRING FAILURE ‘Stress relief features are designed to more ‘evenly dstibute the bending load through the connoction | eres 7H eae | stress. RELEF BROOME ww IENCICED| owe z cree 30K The ratio of box stiffness to pln stifiness. Aer applying proper torque, bending stength of ‘connection ie balanced when the box stiffness is 2.5 bmes the pin stifiness ABSR of 2.5 represents a balenced connection for the average size colar and connection type. ‘As collar OD decreases, BSR should be reduced to compensate for a weeker pin, As collar OD increases, BSR should be increased to compensate fore stionger pin FATIGUE LIFE (CYCLES) BENDING STRENGTH RATIO (BSR) Page 78DRILL STRING FAILURE CAREMANOLING DEVELOP A REGULAR HABIT OF DOING 5SECOND CHECKS. THESE CHECKS CAN BE MADE ON THE PIPE RACK, V.DOOR, RIG FLOOR, WHILE DRILLING/TRIPPING, AND LAVING DOWN THE DRILL STRING. MARK AND SET ASIDE BAD JOINTS 1 Use a softbrste brush and solvent to clean the threads and shoulder fora visual inspection © Calper tor minimum required OD. Inspect for cracks, eccentric wear (out. roundness), severe tong cuts or unusual damage Look for small or missing connection bevel © Viualy inspect the coaing shoulder and threade for impact damage, pting, galled suraces, coract Cconnecton type, and belled boxes ‘© Check the BHA connactions for bore-back feature ‘© Visuaty inspect the stp area for deep sip cus, severe piting, bent joint © Visuaty inepect the pipe bore for dasris, scale. Rabbit all dnt pipe before use ' Caliper the middle of the tube for minimum required OD and eccentric wear (out of ourdness) © Visual inspect the tube for corrosion pits or unust | damage (Check pipe for etraightnass when roling on the pipe rack ce a soft ratio brush and solvent clean te threads and shoulder fora vival nepection * Check pipe weight grade etonae.on pin nock fat Compare grooves on toojint fr pipe isentfeaton 1 Calper minimum requred OD «Inspector eccentric wear (outotspundness), severe tong cits cr unusual damage ‘© Vieualy inspect he sealing shoulder and threads for impact damage, piting, galled surfaces, correct connection ype, stretched pin © Lock for small or missing connection bevel © Check the BHA connections for stross relaf groove foature Lock for abnormal connection ID's thal are net consistent wth the string Page 79CARE/HANDLING When failure occurs, cthers may fotow Dil ering history ie urknown Pulling o ering on stuck pipe Picking up unfamiliar equipment Keep the mauschole and rathole clean ‘Visually inspect kelly saver sub at frequent intervals Clean and inspect tong and sip dies at frequent intervals ‘Keep handing subs clean and tree of damage ‘Atow no mote than 3 feet of pipe above slips ‘when makingroreaking Use correct dope compound forthe specific Connection, Dope threads and shoulder ‘generously © Do not rll the pin into the box, pick up anc revsiab ‘© Aways use 2 tongs to make-up end break-out connections Use 2 pipe spinner to soin-up and back-out connections Use proper mak-up torque fo he specitc connection Torque connections with tongs at 9D'anglo in ‘wo planes Correct recommended make up torque (RMUT) {or dope fiction factor RMUT.o: {MUT » Dope Friction Factor Use a steady pul to torque-up the connection DRILL STRING FAILURE ‘Mud corrosion lavas high Dogiags are present ‘Abrermal torque, drag, vibration ‘High angle hole ‘Alrnate and record the break on @acn tip (Do net lt the slips ride the dil sting ‘Stop the pie, set sips, slonty st pipe weight (on slips to minimize sis cut depth Allow ro more than 3 feet pipe length above: sips ‘Always use 2 tongs to make-up and break-out connections. Use a pia spinner to spin-up ‘and back-out connestions Never apply the tongs onthe dil pipe tube Ia connection requires excessive break-out |” torque arte connection has dry or muddy threads on break-out, clean and visu Inspect the pin an boxtor damage Watch for thece cigne on tps + Shoulder damage * Wor or missing bevelo * Beledtox + Galled or burned threads + Sueiched pin * Evcentic boutube wear ‘© Keep pipe set back area clean. Rinse mud off cutsice and inside of pipe Install pipe wiper as soon as possibie Do not use a hammer or pipe wrench to move stands on the pipe rack, ube a pipe jack Do not ral the pin into the box, pick up and ‘essa the conection Monitor both make-up and break-out que, break-out torque shoulé 69 80 - 100% of ‘make-up torqueDRILLING JARS [A criting too! designed to deliver high impact “nammmer” blows to the stuck DRILLING JAR [Esty Higher probabitty of recovery with immediate and correct application of jar blows BASIC JAR SECTIONS _ INNER ‘Oren MANDREL ‘COCkED OUTER Verosep BARREL SPLINE DRIVE LATCH MECHANISM. LOWER SEAL WASH PIPE HYDRAULIC JAR LATCH ‘COCKING JAR ‘OVERPULL APPLIED JAR LATCH TRIPS. ma one, tn me Bike be * —<=€T>S——“e8SCSCSCS~S>> saroown ‘STRING MOVING UP when stcking occured >>> varvown ‘STRING MOVING DOWN when steking occurred >>> neve 1h 70% of sticking occurrences, down jaring ls aquired Jar /acoelaralor placement programs ‘are available trough jar service companies DRILLING JAR ASSEMBLIES (<60 HOLE ANGLE) JAR ASSEMBLY JAR / ACCELERATOR ASSEMBLY — WEIGHT FOR WEIGHT UP AND DOWN FOR DOWN JAR BLOW JAR BLOW EQUAL To 4.24 OF pow eran DOWN-TRIP| LOAD WEIGHT FOR UP \JAR BLOW (0.2 OF UP. TRIP LOAD Page 87DRILLING JARS (ig) Susi Wd AONWLONG | quay eputs—— » —snpes mn s —wrar + 90 x —com eurznen | BYP | aauow sues — = — es ¢ war = sr —— som "owoz90N—Lovgraone Saas | Seren DORE RE RR EERE © {90 se1e0)5004 ‘cose uo3998 vig eta 40. GO 98.0. jeuwore)}soje9@c0e BUILE YZ soak aren ser sopsiaeone nue fea oie 0S oe haved yr anogy aut! HoaWe SaNvS (eons 1 sobu0 2010, vado-dund 4 ene n9~8 }8U" 9CU SF < pee dut-uwoa eon dut-én “{yuarind-tono Buigs o 3409 p20a%9 jou op) sBumDs po0| da popuowNNoDD: yeo4By 19195 (exoas Jef 208u0, 8030) Vedo-duind yooubly “oxy sue8 B10} VOU) Jef jeaUeyDous © j20)98 BUC SOY >.Sp 5 ores Mm = £6 X av x “38 nay atuy a1oH Page 89DRILLING JARS volvem300v ‘nu3es1¢n09 pug — ‘20 em paepueis STONY 3TOH 09 “Tara poo BRIANA oBLEHloeaUNS DOANE KTR ARIES =) ois se-ug—— asm + spueig Guwer 'beo| du e-uwep wnwrrew au J0 z:0 01 enbe Jel ew anove JMH e0eId Aawesse amesoers ata jo dor au! ie 4e/ aun Boer (Fea 80H + (voyersjoooe oxp pus 09 64 wooneg Gesp-umop payewnse sid) p29} di Juno 1) iam epmoid oy ejue Bey 09 8 BFORe AON! (wadep pojedinque wnuswew 63136 ¥q 214 Buuopicuco) = upgoes aBue ecy_o9 840} sree}9008 oy wo edid UP yeN-pIepUE;S UT) “spUE}S Buse ow oroge JxEseRDE oy oad *¢ “NOD = 6 + 1usaT+ 20x “QM 948 J0.d0 94101 dO .0e19;8008 pue Jef a “EA “PaLinbod s1eneI9;A09e SUI ONLLDY-FIENOG Vs 100 10}e2410007 * sons p07 atu, ‘qover {aynesphy eas Page 90WELL CONTROL The control of formation fiuid flow (kick) into the wellbore PRIMARY Control of kicks with hydro- | Drill to total depth without rst Line Of Defense _| static pressure (HSP) only | a well control event SECONDARY Control of kicks with HSP | Safely kill he kick without | Second Line Of Defense | assisted by blowout the loss of circulation preventer equipment TERTIARY ‘An underground blowout —_| Avoid a surface blowout, | Third Line Of Defense Regain primary well control The ultimate goal of well pressure control is to prevent a surface blowout) The pressure developed by the height and density of a non-moving fluid column PPG = Pounds per gallon fluid density 0.052 = PPG to PSI/FT conversion factor TVD = True vertical depth (FT) HSRpg, = MUD po, x .052 x TVD, 10.0 x .052 x 10,000 3200 psi HSP To prevent formation fluid flow into the wellbore (kick), hydrostatic pressure must be at least equal to the highest pressured permeable zone of the open hole HSP 5200 PSIPRIMARY WELL CONTROL SSS The piston affect of up- ward string movement causing a decrease in Maximum swab pressure occurs at the bit and is equally imposed to the bottom of the wellbore PRESSURE —=> swaa wellbore ee which | as, string motion is started, additional caninduce:a klet ‘surge pressure is imposed to break the gel strength of the mud and accelerate the mud column TWarginal overbalance —| The hydrostatic pressure overbalance TRIP MARGIN | pressure (i-¢., 300 - 500 | is more often dictated by hole psi) to compensate for | instability (i.e., 800 - 2000 psi) Swab pressure ‘The piston affect of down- | Maximum surge pressure occurs at surce —|wardsting movement | the bit and is equally imposed to the ‘causing an increase in bottom of the wellbore WwelBore Pressure WIEN | sting motion ie started, adsitonal men all surge pressure Is imposed to break the gel strength of the mud and Accelerate the mud column pump |The pump pressure | Pump surge prescure to break SURGE Tequired to break the | circulation may be greater than the gel strength of the mud and accelerate the mud column i er normal circulating annulus friction pressure Page 82WELL CONTROL ‘The mud weight equivalent to the sum of hydrostatic and annulus friction pressures at a true vertical depth of interest : Ann Fric, ECD,,." |= pap) + MW: Poa (rwonx 08 vo 200 400 . (sooo0 082 #100 _ = 10.850 ECD HyDROSTATIC PRESSURE 2 2 ee 6 ee PRESSURE (1000 pol) —> Built-in safety factor during a kick killing | Penetration rate decreases as ECD ‘operation increases Safety factor if circulating near or Increases potential for lost circulation, slightly under balance to formation differential sticking, wellbore instability | pressure Casing shoe drill out True vertical depth increase Mud weight increase Indicates the next casing depth to maintain well control safety Input to risk analysis if decision is made to drill ahead Page 93PRIMARY WELL CONTROL | Weigh and record mud weight in and | Shaker Man Driller ‘out every 30 minutes during any Derrick Man | Mud Engineer | circulating operation rile Geologist Monitor the wellfor signs of changing | jqudLegger | Driting Engineer | formation pressure seis Company Rep Ensure mud weight is correct before | Company Rep Geolocist Grilling into known high or k Mud Logger griling into krown high or low pressure | Mud Logger Dring Egineer Ensure means of disposing of Mud Engineer Driller ‘contaminated fluids to avoid ‘Shaker Man. Toolpusher contaminating the mud system Derrick Man Company Rep Ensure proper mud weight is used to fill the hole during trips Maintain pit valve seals to avoid Shaker Man Driller | accidental dilution Derrick Man. Mud Engineer Maintain degasser capacity to handle full returns Ensure proper hole fill during trips Use a calibrated trip tank. Appoint a dedicated trip tank man. Record hole fill volumes during round trip If correct fil-up is not taken (swabbing indicated), flow check the well. If not flowing, retum to bottom and circulate bottoms up Hf correct displacement volume does not retum while tripping in (lost circulation indicated), stop tripping and observe the well. If circulation is lost, pump fluid down the annulus. If the well is lowing, shut-in immediately Driller ‘Mud Logger Trip Tank Man Company Rep Driling Engineer Toolpusher Maintain mud box seals, ensure draii is plumbed to the trip tank or annulus if filing with pump strokes Maintain hole full during non-circulating operations. Floor Men Driller Company Rep Toolpusher Company Rep ToolpusherWELL CONTROL SECONDARY 00 psi UB, +300 psi HP, = 800 psi The loss of hydrostatic pressure control of formation fluid flow into the wellbore ‘The control of formation fluid flow by the use of hydrostatic pressure ASSISTED by blowout preventer equipment Kick caused by an increase in formation pressure above wellbore hydrostatic pressure | cause PERMEABLE ZONE IS DRILLED WITH MUD WT INSUFFICIENT TO. CONTROL FORMATION PRESSURE WARNING: PROGNOSED ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE OFFSET WELL DATA INDICATIONS: GEOLOGIST / MUD LOGGER ABNORMAL PRESSURE TREND CHANGES TORQUE /DRAG INCREASE DRILLING BREAK WELL FLOW /PIT GAIN FIRST ACTION: SOUND KICK ALARM POSITION DRILL STRING FOR SHUT-IN ‘STOP THE PUMPS /SHUT-IN THE WELL PREVENTIVE ACTION: ADJUST MUD WEIGHT PRIOR TO DRILLING KNOWN ABNORMAL PRESSURED ZONE OBSERVE ABNORMAL PRESSURE WARNING SIGNS,SECONDARY WELL CONTROL Kick caused by a decrease in hydrostatic pressure below formation pressure of a premeable zone 0 psi UB. +300 psi HSP., NOTE: Akick was swabbed in & the drill string stripped to bottom CAUSE: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IS REDUCED BELOW THE FORMATION PRESSURE OF A PERMEABLE ZONE (SWABBING, LOST CIRCULATION, LIGHT MUD) WARNING: PROGNOSED LOSS CIRCULATION POTENTIAL HIGH MUD WEIGHTS INCREASE. POTENTIAL FOR SWABBING INDICATIONS: LOSS OF CIRCULATION DURING ANY OPERATION HOLE NOT TAKING CORRECT FILL-UP DURING TRIP WATER/GAS-CUT MUD WHILE CIRCULATING WELL FLOWING, PIT GAIN FIRST ACTION. SOUND KICK ALARM POSITION DRILL STRING FOR SHUT- IN, STOP CIRCULATION SHUT-IN THE WELL IF OFF BOTTOM, MAINTAIN STRING MOVEMENT WHEN POSSIBLE PREVENTIVE ACTION: MAINTAIN PROPER MUD WEIGHT KEEP HOLE FULL PROPER HOLE FILL-UP ON TRIPS. MINIMIZE LOST CIRCULATION POTENTIAL Page 96Page 97WELL CONTROL SSN RNG CS Lost circulation Light mud pumped down hole ‘Swabbing while working the stringy making connection Core volume gas cut mud Drilling into a permeable zone with a ‘mud weight insufficient to control formation pressure LOGGER TRENDS|¢ exponent decrease, Shale Driller INDICATE FP. density decrease, Spiintery shale |Mud Logger | Co Rep INCREASE ‘cuttings, Connection /background (Mud Logger gas increase Geologist Indicates a new formation exposed] DRILLING BREAK |to the well. Under balance kicks | Driller | CO REP are usually precedes by an abrupt [Mud Looger [P5100 ROP change, increase or decrease} Driller Dil Crew WELL FLOW Kick fluids dispiace mud from the IMtud Logger jToolpusher wellbore increasing the return flow shaker Man | CoRep Jor causing well low with pumps off |berrick Man | Mud Eng Driler | Dri Crew As kick fluids flow into the wellbore PIT VOLUME GAIN|the volume adcition is detected by |Mud Logger Toolpusher the pit volume totaizer (PVT) | perce Man| Mud Eg PUMP PRESSURE |Lower density kick fluids decrease DECREASE / SPM [annulus hydrostatic pressure Driller [;gctpuahe, INCREASE allowing the dril string mudto Mud Logger Mue Eng U-tube into the annulus. Page 98WELL CONTROL DRILLING KICKS SECONDARY PUMP PRESSURE [Lower density kick fluid decreas DECREASE / SPM [annulus hydrostatic pressure Drier Toclpusher INCREASE allowing the dril string mud Mud Logger |Perrick Man [column to U-tube into the annulus ng Kick fluids displace mud fromthe | pier | Dil Crew WELL FLow [wellbore increasing return flow | nud Logger |_Ce Rep Jor causing well flow with pumps | Shaker Man | Toolpusher oft Derrick Man | Mud Eng As kick fluids flow into the well- Dritler | On Crew PIT VOLUME GAIN pore, the voulume addition is bid boaeer Po See " ldetected by the pit volume Shakes Man | Topper totalizer (PVT) Darrick Minh ng Loss of hydrostatic pressure may | | Driller Onl Crew MUDCOLUNN | rauce a Kok Mud Logger | Co Rep Shaker Man | Toolpusher DECREASE: __ [Derrick Man_| Mud Eng ‘© Drill 3 to 5 feet into the break, ‘observe for flow + IF flow is detected, initiate shut-in procedure + Raise the kelly /top drive to the shut- in position + Stop circulation and observe well for flow 5 to 10 minutes + Maintain slow rotation to prevent sticking + IFflow is detected, initiate shut-in procedure Drill 3 to 5 feat into the break, observe for flow If flow is detected, initiate shut-in procadure Raise the kelly /top drive to the shut- in position ‘Stop circulation, line-up trip tank and observe well for flow 5 to 10 minutes Maintain slow rotation to prevent sticking Ifflow is detected, initiate shut-in procedureSECONDARY WELL CONTROL 10K: '* Sound the kick alarm * Raise the kelly top drive to shut-in position ‘= Maintain full circulation ‘= Open down-wind diverter line and close the diverter '* Open pump suctions to the heavy mud reserves and pump at maximum: rate '* Build additional heavy mud volume + Prepare to abandon the tig = Sound the kick alarm ‘+ Raise the kelly ‘top drive to the shut- in position |+ Stop circulation '* Open the choke line valve '* Close the upper pipe rams or annular preventer © Record SIDPP and SICP every 2 minutes * If necessary, adjust annular preventer closing pressure for stabilized SICP Page several hours or days * Sound the kick alarm © Raise the kelly /top drive to shut-in Position * Maintain full circulation * Prepare to abandon the location ‘+ Monitor the sea surface for gas. Move, the rig up-wind of surfacing gas + Fill pits with sea water + Continue pumping the heaviest fluid available at maximum rate Gas zone depletion may take Sound the kick alarm + Raise the kelly ‘top drive to the shut- in position ‘+ Stop circulation ‘© Open the choke line valve ‘+ Close the upper annular preventer ‘+ Record SIDPP and SICP every 2 minutes * Ifnecessary, adjust annular preventer closing pressure for stabilized SICPDRILLING KICKS SECONDARY ‘+ Occurs only while driling ‘Abnormal formation pressure produces an under UNDER BALANCE] + KICK balance kick pressure INDUCED KICK Induced kick WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD WITH BALANCE KILL MUD WEIGHT, * Aconstant bottom hole pressure method to prevent second kicks ‘+ Minimizes kill pressures imposed to the wellbore and equipment * Kills the kick in one complete circulation WAIT & WEIGHT METHOD WITH BALANCE KILL MUD WEIGHT] ‘The kick type must be identified to determine the proper kill procedure. Using the incorrect kill procedure increases the potential for loss of circulation SIDPP is some value above standpipe hydrostatic Can occur during any open hole operation All formation pressure classifications SIDPP is equal to standpipe hydrostatic pressure n produce an CIRCULATION METHOD (DRILLER'S) WITH PRESENT MUD WEIGHT ‘* Aconstant bottom hole pressure method to prevent second kicks «Minimizes kill pressures imposed to the wellbore and equipment Kills the kick in one bottoms up circulation ‘CIRCULATION METHOD (DRILLER'S) WITH PRESENT MUD WEIGHT AT SHUT-IN | If shut-in pressures are contained without formation fracture, the probability of a successful kill is Greater than 90% ‘AS GAS REACHES SHOE The depth of the influx at shut-in is seldom known. Actual bit-to-shoe strokes cannot be determined, Follow Circulation Method kill procedure Page 101WELL CONTROL Kicks ‘SECONDARY. 3) # IOLLWddO) 33S-Y3A0_KILL METHODS WELL CONTROL Monitor shut-in pressures for gas migration while making preparations for the kill operation IF observed, bleed mud from the annulus to maintain SIDPP at stabilized shut- in value plus 50 - 100 psi safety factor Calculate kill mud weight (KMW) ‘Over balance in the KMW or additional choke pressure is not recommended or required for a safe kill operation Construct a drill pipe pressure schedule ‘When preparations are complete, start the kill operation ‘Surface Stack - Hold casing pressure at shut-in value while increasing the ump to kill rate ‘Sub Sea Stack - Hold kill line pressure at shut-in value while increasing pump to kill rate Hold pump speed at kill pump rate (KPR) and adjust the choke for proper drill pipe pressure schedule ‘When KMW reaches the bit, continue holding pump at KPR and adjust the choke for final dril pipe pressure until KMVV returns ‘Sub Sea Stack - Remove gas trapped in the BOP stack, displace riser with KM (Open the BOP and check the well for flow. Condition the mud system, Monitor shut-in pressures for gas migration while making preparations for the kill operation If observed, bleed mud from the annulus to maintain SIDPP at stabilized shut- in value plus 50 - 100 psi safety factor An increase in the present mud weight or additional choke pressure is not recommended for a safe kill operation When preparations are complete, start the kill operation Surface Stack - Hold casing pressure at shut-in value while increasing the pump to kill rate ‘Sub Sea Stack - Hold kill ine pressure at shut pump to kill rate With pump at kill pump rate, record the observed circulating drill pipe pressure Hold pump speed at kill pump rate and adjust the choke to maintain the recorded dril pipe pressure value until bottoms up strokes are pumped ‘Sub Sea Stack - Remove gas trapped in the BOP stack Check the well for flow, condition the mud system value while increasing the Page 103SECONDARY WELL CONTROL KICKS * Close the lower pipe rams to isolate the wellbore from the stack gas clearing operation * Open the kill ine fail-safe valves. U-tubing pressure from kill mud weight (KMV) in choke line will be observed if choke line fluid density is greater ‘* Displace the kill line with KMW pumping down the choke line and return through the kill ine - Hold kill line pressure constant and increase pump to kill rate Record circulating pressure - Hold pump speed constant and adjust choke to hold circulating pressure constant until KMW returns, + Displace only the choke line with water. Allow pump pressure to increase as water is pumped © Close the kill ine fail-safe valves © Open the choke line compietely to allow the trapped gas to expand into the choke line © Line up the trip tank to maintain the riser full * When expanding flow from the choke line stops, open the annular preventer completely to allow the riser to U-tube into the choke line © When U-tubing stops, close the choke line fail-safe vaives * Close the diverter and open the down-wind overboard line or flow line degasser * Open the kill line fail-safe valves and displace the riser with KMW. Displace choke line with KMU © Open the lower rams and check the well for flow ———————— WELL CONTROL ‘secant ‘Swabbing (#1 cause of kicks) Improper hole fill procedure Loss of circulation Filling the hole with light fluid Weighting material sag The volume of steel pulled from ineroe weeaertantemcs| oner — lawe HOLE NOT TAKING |e reroll he hole [rp tank Men ORES [Mud Logger | Toolpusher Overpull usually associated with swabbing Kick fluids displace mud from Wacieec zeta tow | ower [Bring iow WELL FLOW | with pumps off Hip Tank Men) Ren Primary well control is lost when|MU¢L°98€"_ | Tojo sher the well begins to flow | As kick fluids flow into the well- | Driller Drilling Crew) PIT VOLUME GAIN | bore, the volume adcition is [Trip Tank Man| Mud Eng detected by the pit volume —_|viud Logger |Co Rep totalizer (PVT) Topusher + Sot the top toaljoint on the slips | + Set the top toojjoint on the slips ‘+ Install and close the full open safety |« Install and close the full open safety valve valve * Observe the well for flow 5-10 * Line-up the trip tank and observe the minutes well for flow 5 - 10 minutes ‘+ Maintain slow rotation to prevent |» Maintain slow rotation to prevent sticking sticking *+ IFflow is detected, initiate shut-in | If flow is detected, initiate shut-in procedure procedure Page 105WELL CONTROL ‘SELON TNS HHS + Sound the kick alarm ‘Sound the kiok atarm + Set the top tooljoint on the slips | + | * Install and close the full open safety | » valve ‘+ Open down wind diverter line and | « close the diverter + Make-up kelly /top drive and open safety valve . * Open pump suetions to the heavy mud reserves and pump at maximum rate * Build additional heavy mud volume ‘+ Prepare to abandon the rig Set the top tooljoint on the slips Install and close the full open safety valve Make-up top drive /kelly and pump the heaviest avaliable fluid at maximum rate Prepare to abandon the location Monitor the sea surface for gas. Move rig up wind of surfacing gas Fill pits tanks with sea water Continue pumping the heaviest fluid available at maximum rate Gas zone depletion may take several hours or days ‘+ Sound the kick alarm . ‘+ Set the top toofjoint on the slips | + ‘+ Install and close the full open safety valve ‘+ Open the choke line valves ‘+ Close the annular preventer with 1500 psi closing pressure = Record SICP every 2 minutes ‘+ Adjust annular preventer closing pressure to stabilized SICP. . ‘= Maintain string movement to prevent sticking ® Sound the kick alarm Set the top tooljoint on the slips Install and close the full open safety valve Open the upper choke line fail-safe valves: Close the upper annular preventer with 1500 psi closing pressure Record SICP every 2 minutes Adjust annular preventer closing pressure to stabilized SICP. Maintain string movement to prevent sticking Page 106TRIPPING KICKS. WELL CONTROL SECONDARY The weight of the dril string is greater than the hydraulic, Heavy pipe | fotce of shut-in pressure acting to push the string out of the hole ‘The hydraulic force acting to push the string out of the hole is greater than string weight The dil string is pulled out of the hole before the kick is detected LIGHT PIPE NO PIPE IN HOLE STRIP AND BLEED Strip the al string to bottom and kil the kick using the Circulation Method with present mud weight SNUBBING ‘Snub the drill string into the wellbore until string ‘weight is sufficient for stripping operation SNUBBING ‘Snub the dill string into the wellbore until string Weight is sufficient for stripping operation VOLUMETRIC METHOD Aliow the gas to migrate to surface. Kill the kick using the Dynamic Lubricate and) Bleed procedure | VOLUMETRIC METHOD |VOLUMETRIC METHOD Allow the gas to migrate | Allow the gas to migrate above the bit. Kill he kick | above the bit. Kill he kick using the Circulation using the Circulation | Method with present mud | Method with present mud weight weight HEAVY MUD CAP | LUBRICATE AND BLEED BULLHEAD Circulate kill mud weight | Pump present mud weight | Use only under special Of sufficient density to kill | across the wellhead, conditions, the casing pressure through the choke and 7 Open the BOP and run | Back lo# small calibrated to bottom Decrease casing pressure Killthe kick using the | by PS/BBL equivalent per Circulation Method with | barrel of mud loss in the present mud weight pit Pump present mud weight to fracture pressure and inject influx into formation If shoe fractures first, an under ground blowout will occur SSS Page 107scones WELL CONTROL sex Calculate the maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to avoid formation - MASP = (Fratyeg = MUdppq ) X 052 X TVDahoo + Calculate the maximum casing pressure limit (MOPL) fo determine when to stop stripping and circulate 8 portion of the influx out of tne wellbore MCPL= MASP x 8 + Calculate displacement volume per stand of pipe stripped into the hole Bbis/std = (Pipe disp + cap) X Stand Length + Route the returns from the choke manifold to the trip tank. Sub Sea Stack: If necessary, displace the choke line with present mud weight + Agjust the annular preventer closing pressure for stripping. Route the lubricating mud volume to the trip tank ‘+ Apply 100 - 200 psi safely factor Hold the choke closed and strip 1 - 2 stands until safety factor is reached (SICP + SF). If necessary, bleed SICP to safety factor value * Strip in a stand and altemately bleed out the bbi/std volume. SICP will retum to the safety factor value ifthe bit is above the influx + SICP will increase as the BHA enters the influx and decrease as the BHA moves below the influx. + Continue stripping to bottom. Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight to kill the kick Overbalance restored as bit reaches bottom i. —“Tnfiux disp DC annulus hole by pipe disp Biton bottom > 6 e 8 9 10 4 12 13 14 Stands Stripped + itmaximum casing pressure limits reached (MCPL), stop stripping operation, Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight and 100 -200 psi safety factor to circulate a portion of the influx out, Continue stripping fo bottom —e—— = Page 108WELL CONTROL SECONDARY * Route returns from the choke manifold to the trip tank * Calculate the maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to avoid formation fracture MASP = (Fracppg- Mud ppg) X 0.052 X TVDgnoe + Calculate the required barrels to bleed (B/BBLs) before allowing casing pressure to increase by 50 psi BIBBLs = BDIS/Ftopoq noje X 50 + Mud yog+ 0.052 + Hold the choke closed and allow the migrating gas to increase casing pressure by a 100 - 200 psi safety factor. If accessible, drill pipe pressure will show an equal increase + When calculated casing pressure is reached (SICP + SF), bleed mud through the choke to maintain casing pressure * After bleeding the calculated barrels (B/BBLs), hold the choke closed and allow casing pressure to increase by 50 psi + When calculated casing pressure is reached (SICP + 50 psi), bleed mud through the choke to maintain the new casing pressure + |f shut-in off bottom, continue repeating this procedure until shut- | in pressures indicate the gas has migrated above the bit + Use the Circulation Method with present mud weight and 100 - 200 psi safety factor to circulate the gas out of the hole + If shut-in with no pipe in the hole, continue this procedure until the gas migrates to surface + Use the Lubricate & Bleed guidelines to remove the gas —--———--—- - MAGE = 1100. o6)_-_________--_-. A bverierres Guha nate pn Safety Factor Time (Hrs) Page 109,SECONDARY, WELL CONTROL sis ‘+ Line-up returns from the choke manifold to the gas buster and on to a small calibrated pit. The cementing unit is ideal for this operation ‘+ Line-up the pump discharge to the kill ine + Calculate the barrels of pit level decrease required before allowing the casing pressure to decrease by 50 psi (LUB BBLs) LUB BBLs = Bbls/Ft..,x 50 + Mud,,, 0.052 + Construct a schedule for barrels \ubricated into the wellbore versus casing pressure decrease. A 50 psi safety factor is recommended + When preparations are complete, zero the pit level indicator and start the kill operation: Adjust the choke to hold casing pressure at i's shut-in value while increasing the pump speed = Increase pump speed to 1 - 2 barrels per minute. Maintain SPM constant during the kill procedure + Apply a 60 psi safety factor. Adjust the choke to maintain casing pressure at it's ‘shut-in value unt the pit level decreases by the LUB BBLs + Continue holding the pump speed constant and allow the casing pressure to decrease. As the lubricated mud volume increases hydrostatic pressure, casing pressure will decrease accordingly Total LUB _,: BBLs 50 psi Safety Factor 15 30 45 90 105 120 LUB BBLs + When the total barrels are lubricated into the well and casing pressure has decreased fo +/-50 psi (safety factor), stop the pump and allow casing pressure to bleed to zero 60 75 435 150 165 180 195 + Open the BOP and check the well for fl Page 110UGB WELL CONTROL TERTIARY An underground diversion of high pressure kick fluids Methods employed to contain an underground blowout and regain primary well control Kick fluids from a deep zone flows upward into a lower pressure shallow zone CAUSE: WELLBORE PRESSURE EXCEEDS FRACTURE STRENGTH RESULTING IN LOSS OF CIRCULATION KICK FLUID FLOWS UPWARD TO ZONE, WARNING: PROGNOSED LOSS CIRCULATION EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT SHALLOW LOW PRESSURE ZONE LOW KICK TOLERANCE INDICATIONS: POSSIBLE WHEN SHUTTING IN FOR A KICK OR DURING KICK KILLING. OPERATION LARGE PIT GIAN ‘SICP STOPS INCREASING AND/OR BEGINS TO DECREASE FIRST ACTION: KILL THE KICK ZONE BEFORE | ATTEMPTING TO TREAT THE LOSS ZONE ‘PREVENTIVE ACTION: MINIMIZE MUD WEIGHT MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT KICK TOLERANCE MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES HIGH PRESSURE KICK ZONETERTIARY, use | DOWN-FLOWING UNDER GROUND BLOWOUT (UGB) [Kick fluids from a shallow zone flows downward into a lower pressure deep zone LOSS OF CIRCULATION OCCURS IN THE LOWER SECTION OF THE OPEN HOLE a B es a B= REDUCED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE | Sq INDUCES A kick SSF FORMATION FLUIDS FLOW DOWN- Ei WARD TO THE LOSS ZONE _ WARNING: S| PROGNOSED LosSCIRCULATION B EXCESSIVE MUD WEIGHT 5 LOW OR SUBNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE. Ba E> POTENTIAL KICK ZONE ABOVE LOSS SLZONE _ POSSIBLE WHEN SHUTTING IN FOR A [a KICK OR DURING KILL OPERATION = & PARTIAL OR TOTAL LOSS OF RETURNS SS Minimize Mup WEIGHT MINIMIZE WELLBORE PRESSURE SURGES. BEFORE DRILLING INTO POTENTIAL LOSS ZONE LOW PRESSURE LOSS ZONE Page 112bee WELL CONTROL TORY See + Shutin pressure build up begins to | + Total loss of circulation decrease + Electric wireline surveys can be used + Casing pressure fluctuations during to determine if a down-flowing UGB is, shut-in stabilization period occurring + Shutin casing pressure continues | + —Shut-in pressures are zero initially to increase while shut-in diil pipe pressure remains constant + Partial or total loss of circulation + Shut.in pressures fall to zero psi The loss zone must be repaired before remedial action can be taken at the kick zone TREATING THE LOSS ZONE + Consult your Mud Engineer for the most applicable “flash setting” lost, circulation plug(s) + After pumping the LM plug in place, start filing the annulus with the present mud weight to control the kick zone + When the annulus fills up, stop the pump and check the well for flow H possible, keep the hole full If flow is observed, shut-in and record pressures KILLING THE KICK + Use the Circulation Method (Driller’s) with present mud weight to kill the | kick zone Page 113TERTIARY WELL CONTROL idea Kick zone pressure must be controlled before remedial action can be taken at the loss zone HEAVY PILL + Determine the true measurement between the kick zone and loss zone va.) + Determine or estimate the formation pressure of the kick zone (FBio,) * Determine or estimate the formation pressure of the loss zone (Fass) + Calculate the kill mud weight required to kill the kick zone (KMW9g ) (FRack” FRogs)) KMW,,¢ = TWH, x ‘Poss ) + SAFETY FACTOR prc, If KivW\peg equals the density capacity of the weighting material, refer to the Heavy Pill /Gel Pill Guidelines, If KMAWppg_is greater than the density capacity of the weighting material, refer to the Barite Plug Guidelines * Build KMWppq volume equal to 2 to 3 times the open hole volume. if possible, remove the bit ets * Pump sea water at maximum rate, 3 to 4 times the open hole volume ahead of | the heavy pill Pump the heavy pill at maximum rate HEAVY PILL / GEL PILL COMBINATION + Pump the heavy pill down the drill string at maximum rate while pumping the ge! pill down the annulus to increase injection pressure at the loss zone + Adjust the annulus pump speed to place the gel pill at the loss zone as the heavy pill reaches the bit. Continue to pump the heavy pill at maximum rate BARITE PLUG * Abbarite plug works best with gas blowouts. High flow rate salt water blowouts wash the barite into the loss zone. Bit plugging and/or stuck pipe may occur * Consult your Cementing and/or Mud Engineer for detailed recipes and application ProceduresOPERATIONS WELL CONTROL BM Gas that has dissolved into the base oil of oil base mud ‘The pressure /temperature condition that will allow gas to break out of solution The sensitivity of the pit volume monitoring system commonly does not detect volume changes under +/- 5 barrels. A small kick volume can enter the wellbore completely undetected ‘Gas expansion allows kick detection | Solution gas does not expand until a well before the kick reaches surface | near-surface bubble point pressure is reached Gas solution in OBM does not hinder detection of large volume kicks (> 5 bbls), normal kick detection applies. After shutting in the well, normal kick killing procedures applyWELL CONTROL ‘Seepage /partial loss of circulation Mud weight adjustments and transfers while driling Solids contro! and degassing the mud system Spills and leaks in surface equipment Loss of volume on connections /trips Pump start-up and shut-down volume change Kicks of 5 barrels or less can occur completely undetected under normal operating conditions rt of operation and circulate bottoms up strokes through the choke manifold + Open the choke line vaives and open one choke completely + If the position of the gas in the annulus is not known, close the BOP and circulate bottoms up strokes through the choke manifold | + the position of the gas in the annulus is known, circulate 80% of bottoms up strokes, close the BOP and circulate the remaining strokes through the | choke manitole Drilling operations have the greatest potential of circulating solution gas to surface * Adjust the high /low level mud monitoring alarms as sensitive as possible * Stop drilling for mud wt agjust ments, coordinate mud transfers with connections + Use recommended procedures to circulate bottoms up after flow-checking @ suspected criling break and for all unaccountable pit gains “Tripping has the least potential of solution gas erupting at surface as solution gas will not migrate, Use recommended procedure to circulate bottoms up afterall shor or round trips If rapidly accelerating well flow occurs, the Driller must respond immediately * Regardless of kelly Nop drive position, slop the rotary and pumps, close the annular preventer (Sub sea, close the diverter) + Sittip the dril string to the proper shut in position + _ Use standard well control procedures to kill the kick. Page 116WELL CONTROL pauvea! 454 nun wawies>.1 Hans «9| Wol = 01 #(d04- 400) see bis 200 1S oeaisd sod eseeicep eanssord oct sis mun yawos0u1 yoed ot Sut ousas =o1siea1sns wwawaiou Jad asea.ou sexons ane Z pajeaipur ‘soneds Ug 01 SG PUE dod AOI PCS | 'S PRN SNOWLONULSNI | ob O |auassaa| ssxoms sinaaHios Bunssaud Sig TMG (a) ‘nay 20} ¥0049 Pue GOA 941 UEdO "9 3951 1D, Pus dog wey seB 12019 - EIS 29S qNS seunsseud ‘Usinys 90uD pue ey0U9 eu; oBojo ‘duind oy, days °s ‘suinyes 1y619NA EnV dung 01 19)@1 ‘eyeidisoa exe suonesedaid ‘anjea uranus ve dacis were 0 pnw poeiq Aiessa20u UUoREIBIU S26 40) Seunssexd u-inys sowuON -Z ‘anjen 1yBienh BPW Uy OF vw IYBKOM pry 28104 SuNGSIONd LHOISM F LIVM (a) + x =o4 MMO + MM % euneeoied dina Dt = JOS = ] €d04) aunssag Sumerian eu > #01 dais + e:nes0%g dung 14 = JO! ys80ie) Buein2s:9 JONI +) = uBiea PhWN jeulBO + (Zs0 + GAL + dais) = AWD (aa) 2481900 BUA snouwanoqws (9) (cos) eeaig BUS Uns — {aa1s) enssaig sdeing Ua viva 99D () wees ‘se7005 99 03 e98HMS wee (aa oe duns 14 “—— Keep) eunseoig dung 14 — YONA) Wid8q 158A Oni, eas 1469p PMY eB viva 174M (v) Page 117WELL CONTROL ‘ainpeyas einsseid oddii sadoud aut 303 ay049 841 1SNIDE “Md SeyoRa) diund ayy Uy (F) f * Coed done ‘sinpoyag aunssoig Oddi sodoid ou) 30) 2049 04 snipe "alah souseas duund aun uum (p) fen Bus 10 oe = Cee (Gus cosa duwind iy au — 5 01 suiBaq aunssaid ou = sunton Being sta won ® eunsseud eur 1114 89 Guinesqo a : m a -co~« ‘SIUM ANUBIS BUD au ETO (1) oe = suovis vas Ens —> na l f § - co4*o 4 e@| |r - 54 amos PON xo IPS) SUIFION oUF OHOUD (ce) C4 J «G44 1 ‘yo dung — lip} 01 peseesour Amols si poods dwind se anjen uianys ie Buse sus 0} Oy ‘869 10 dnd of au ye7s ‘eseorap 0 suiBoq ainssoid Buisea se isnt (z) benno ‘einasoud Buleeo Buniosgo ‘nt RnyBus ox049 oun Edo (1) SyOvLS 3OvsUNS cs (sree) a sainawav> cuionan Page 118CASING /CEMENTING Bipe designed to mest the requirements for seting aia specified depth | The ress of dasa he casing amuuewin cement provde | hygraulic integrity and zone isolation Se CEMENT "API provides nine classes of cament to allow for various pressure [depth [temperature Class Depth Range (ft) A.Ba&C 0 - 6000 > 6000 - 10,000 E 10,000 - 14,000 F 10,000 - 16,000 GaH 0 - 8000 J 12,000 - 16,000 Cement classes are modified with accelerators or retarders to adapt to job requirement DENSITY RANGE ‘A wide range of cement slurry densities can be obtained using various additives 25 8 lurry Density (pp) Pre Heavily eric) FOAL QUALITY CONTROL Training | Technology Techniques Operator | Rig | contractor attitude] Commitment _|Dedication| CommunicationCASING /CEMENTING IMPROPERLY __ | Small hole ID, doglegs, washouts ‘breakouts, wellbore unstable, DRILLED HOLE | incorrect casing seat selection POORMUD —_| High gel strenaths and yield point, high luid loss, thick fier cake. CONDITION high solids content, loss circulation material, mud ‘cement compatibility Lost Loss zones not sealed before cementing. Excessive circulating CIRCULATION | annulus pressure causes cement loss, Scratchers remove protective LOM ABNORMAL | Complicates well planning /driling. Heavy tubulars reduce PRESSURE clearances, high density slurries require more control, pipe movement more difficult, liner problems SUBNORMAL _| Differential sticking, cement fitrate loss, low density slurries, PRESSURE __| feduced strength WATER: ‘Sands with clay sensitive to fresh water fitrate, water block in SENSITIVE dry gas zones FORMATION HIGH Mud gelatin, flash sets cement without retarder, casing TEMPERATURE | elongation /contraction problems, down hole too! limitations, ‘cement strength retrogression + Condition mud to stabilize wellbore and to achieve optimum but safe rheological values + Continuous pipe motion during mud conditioning and cementing operations + Pump as much spacer as practical ahead of the cement + Utilize as many centralizers as practical to center the casing in the wellbore + Properly design cement slury theology + High displacement pump rates improve cement placement. Formation condit determine the pump pressure window ‘+ Prevent cement /mud contamination + Know wellbore formation fracture pressure limitations + Shoe pressure test + Tracer survey + Temperature survey + Production test + Cement bond log 0 Page 120CASING /CEMENTING RUBBER PLUGS (Top & BoTTOM) ms ‘SCRATCHER | FLOAT COLLAR o CENTRALIZER GUIDE SHOE Page 121CASING /CEMENTING eS SS + Ensure thread protectors are installed when handling casing * Ensure casing is racked safely. Use adequate stripping for each casing layer to prevent bending /buckling. Rack casing with collars toward V-door + Grades N-80 and higher should not be handled on metal racks and catwalks + Place casing on the racks in the proper order of running in. Verify mixed weights and grades are in the proper running order. There must be no doubt as to the weight and grade of the casing. Unidentified joints should not be run + Ideally, the casing should be cleaned, inspected, measured and drifted before the next layer is placed on the rack + Remove thread protectors, clean the box and pin and protectors. Clean any ebris from inside the casing . Reinstall ean pin and box protectors hand tight + Any damaged joint and those that do not drift should be marked and laid aside red paint * Four persons are required to measure casing. One person on each end of the tape, another in the center to prevent tape sag and a fourth to visually check each call and record the measurement + Measure, record and number all joints, crossovers and in-string components to pormit ready identification + Two or more of tha heaviest weight joints should be held out to run at the top of the casing sting to serve as a gauge ring and for wear purposes + Measure several pin and threads of thread and coupled casing to determine the average thread length + Casing should arrive on location already electronically inspected and pressure tested Page 122CASING /CEMENTING Nee EEE Record boitom hole temperature on fogging runs, trip back to bottom after logging ‘operations prior to running casing Circulate hole until shaker is clean prior to pulling out ofthe hole o run casing Make a wiper trip, above hole problem depths and check for cavings, tight spots, hole fil on bottom. Circulate bottoms up checking for gas or water cut mud and, mud losses, Stabilize any losses if possibie before running casing Measure the drill string while pulling out of the hole to obtain an accurate depth measurement Condition the mud as required. This generally consists of lowering gel strengths, plastic viscosity and yield point, removing drilled solids, lowering the fluid loss and improving wall cake properties If a hole problem is encountered on the trip out, the problem must be corrected before running casing. Reaming and mud conditioning unti the hole stabilizes is the proper treatment Record drag /set down trends on the trip out to run casing. These values will be used to evaluate the drag /set down trends when the casing is on bottom and. reciprocation begun Requirements for successful wellbore cementing are: - Wellbore that has a diameter at least 1-1/2" (preferably, 2" - 3°) larger than casing OD. = Near gauge wellbore without washouts = Wellbore without severe dogiegs - Stabilized wellbore without hole problems, lost circulation, gas, water flow or well contol problems Select a competent casing shoe. Consider the casing strap and space out accordingly {At casing point TD, conaiton hole with GPM rates atleast as high as the expected cementing pump rates Page 123,CASING /CEMENTING — + Install proper casing rams in the correct position in the BOP. Test the opening and closing of the BOP. * Verify rating of substructure and traveling equipment is adequate to handle casing and cement load + Verity rating of substructure and traveling equipment is adequate to handle casing and cement load + Ensure elevator bails are of the proper length for the job + Ensure good condition of the drill line, Ensure proper number of block lines are strung to handle the casing hook load in air + Visually inspect dead line anchor, hook, traveling and crown blocks. Magna flux ultrasonic inspection should be considered for heavy hook loads, + Inspect breaking system on the drawworks + Visually inspect derrick pins and bolts for wear. Plumb derrick if necessary | + Ensure mud pumps and centrifugal pumps are in proper working order | + Rig tongs should be checked for correct head size and new tong des installed if necessary * Visually inspect the slip bushing /bow! for proper operating condition * Ensure stabbing board is available and in proper operating condition + Ensure adequate size casing fil-up line with control valve is rigged up + Ifnecessary, clean a mud pil for spacers or pipe releasing pill + Ensure adequate water storage available for cement job and possible loss of circulation + Remove wear bushing before running casing SEE Page 124CASING /CEMENTING Casing cleaned, tallied and drifted Casing joints numbered in order of running by thread type and weight Crossover subs checked. Damaged joints laid aside Calculate the casing strap for landing joint space out. Casing collar should be ten feet minimum distance from casing head flange. Ideally, cementing head should be 5 - 15 feet above the rotary table. Rathole below the casing shoe should be +/- 5 feet for surface wellheads, 15 - 20° {for sub sea wellheads and mud line suspension operations ‘Maximum safe tension load calculated on weakest upper casing joint /coupling Cementing head on location. Proper thread type and function tested Guide /float shoe, float collar on location. Proper thread type and function tested ‘Stage cementing or liner hanging equipment on location. Proper thread type and function tested Centralizers /scratchers on location. Type /size inumber /spacing determined from electric logs /well plan ‘Cementing plugs on location. Type /size and rupture pressure on bottom plug verified ‘Casing head ‘slips hanger /ring gasket /pack-off on location. Size itype /pressure rating verified. Flange bolts size /number checked Casing slips /elevators on location. Size itype verified Power imanual casing tongs on location, Heads /dies /condition checked Stabbing boards on location, in good operating condition Proper casing thread compound and thread locking compound on location All snub lines checked for operational safely Clamp-on thread protectors /size /number on location Pipe rack area /pipe handling equipment inspected for safely Combined casing /drill string /eement loads within rig's rating. not, string up additional lines or lay down set back weight Wear bushing removed /casing rams installed All service companies notified for timing sequence of events (cementing and ceasing crews, ispection services, nipple-up services, test companies) Page 125CASING /CEMENTING = Clamp-on thread protectors are recommended when picking up casing + Observe correct make-up procedures. Ensure torque gauge on tongs is accurate. Use API thread compound ‘= Ensure casing cementing head is properly dressed with top /bottom plugs and proper cross overs = Install centralizers /scratchers according to predetermined pian ‘+ Utilize a casing running schedule to monitor casing displacement trends for losses /gains + Run surge /swab pressure calculations. Communicate the proper running speed to the Driller. Running speeds of 0.75 - 1.5 ftsec are typical + With conventional float equipment, break circulation after running the first 2 - 3 joints to verify proper working order + Apply thread lock compound to the pin ends of float equipment and shoe joints + Pick-up /set-down weights for casing string should be recorded for each joint for early detection of sticking * Bring casing string to a complete stop betore setting slips. Do not allow elevators to get ahead of casing through tight spots + Ensure proper stabbing procedures are used to minimize thread damage + Fill casing every five joints minimum depending on casing size. Communicate fill up schedule to casing crew * The casing should be landed no further than 20 feet form bottom + For surface wellheads, measure the last joint of casing in the hole to prevent a casing collar being located across the wellhead Page 126CASING /CEMENTING SS + Determine maximum allowable cement density to prevent formation fracturing. If allowed, cement density should be atleast 1 ppg heavier and preferably 2 - 3 ppg heavier than the driling fluid + Determine bottom hole cementing temperature from logs + Design cement slurry for specific job using company or industry specifications + Design preflush /spacers to be displaced in turbulent flow. Contact time at the top of the pay zone should be a minimum of 10 minutes + Use same mix water and cement in testing that will be used on location + Check compatibility of coment slurry, driing mud and spacers at room and. bottom hole circulating temperatures, + Go to cement company bulk plant to check quality control on cement blending ‘operations, + Batch mix all cement slurries if possible using ribbon or paddle type blenders, Do not use conventional jet type mixers for cement slurries: + On location, collect 1 gallon samples of dry cement and 2 gallon samples of mix water. Hold until out come of job is determined + Calculate cement volume to be pumped and volume of mixing water required to mix cement + Calculate time, volume and strokes to pressure equalization point after start of displacement + Calculate time, volume and strokes to bump plug. Same calculations should be made for stage collar cementing * Calculate the theoretical weight of the casing in 1000 feet intervals | + Calculate time, volume and strokes required to displace pipe after casing is on bottom and to circulate one complete circulation + Calculate the volume of mud required to displace cement + Estimate the annulus cement velocities anticipated during the various stages of the job + Estimate the top of cement in the annulus. + Double check all volume calculations with cement company representatives on location prior to cementing aaa >= nn Pago 127CASING /CEMENTING SSS + Drilling Forman should identify top and bottom wiper plugs. Make sure the plugs are properly installed in the cementing head + Cementing head should be installed in the V-door if possible. All connections to the cementing head should be in place and ready for immediate hook-up + Pressure test all lines from cementing unit to casing head to 3000 - 5000 psi + Begin reciprocation and mud conditioning immediately after the casing reaches bottom. Casing reciprocation need not be fast. Select a stroke length between, 45 - 30 feet that will not position a coupling in the wellhead. Take 1 3 minutes to complete a stroke cycle depending on hole conditions. + Ensure that full returns are present or rate of mud losses are consistent with losses noted earlier + Condition mud such that gel strengths, plastic viscosity, yield point and mud density are as low as possible without dropping out solids or creating a wellbore stability problem + Condition hole with GPM rates equivalent to anticipated cementing pump rates + Circulate and condition mud /hole for a minimum of 100% hole volume or 4 - 1-1/2| casing volume. In-and-out mud weight should be equal and the shakers should | bbe clean + Monitor pick-up and slack-off drag trends while reciprocating. Stop reciprocation with casing near bottom if drag trends indicate sticking tendency + Batch mix the spacer and cement slurries if practical. Observe mixing operation, collect wet and dry samples. Weigh and record slurry continuously using 2 pressurized balance and an in-line densitometer during the job, Observe surface setting time and free water separation of wet samples + Record surface pressure /pump rate on a continuous recorder for the entire job. Record total cement mixing and displacement time. + Atypical cement job sequence of events: pump the spacer, release the bottom plug, pump the cement, release the top plug, clean cement from surface ines and displace cement until the top plug bumps + Assoon as all cement has been pumped, drop the top plug, Check valves / indicators on cementing head to verify plugs did release. NEVER ALLOW THE CEMENT IN THE ANNULUS TO STOP MOVING WHEN PLUG IS RELEASED + Observe mud retumns for losses, gains, retum of preflush or cement to surface + Slow the pump rate to bump the plug on the float collar. Bump the plug with the proper pressure, 500 - 1000 psi over circulating pressure or sufficient for a casing pressure test. Hold 5 -15 minutes, release the pressure and check the floats + Iffloats hold, leave casing open during WOC time. A small amount of backflow is expected due to heat expansion + Ifplug does not bump at the calculated pump strokes, over displace the plug by no| ‘more than the volume between the float collar and shoe a EE Pago 128CASING /CEMENTING If float fails, shut in and apply approximate pressure the plug was bumped with | Hold pressure unti initial coment strength is developed, monitor shut-in pressure. Heat will cause pressure build-up, bleed ifnecessary to maintain intial pressure Center surface casing strings in rotary immediately after plug is bumped and Woe) For mud ine suspension systems, land out on the mud line hanger, open wash | ports and circulate the annulus above the hanger with sea water Casing normally should be landed with the same hook load as cemented. The only slack-off weight should be what is necassary to set the slips or hang the casing For mud line suspension systems, the casing should be overpulled to a pre- determined value prior to setting the slips to prevent buckling the landing joint (Check mud pit and BOP for cement contamination, address immediately Engure landing joint is compatible with slip and seal assembly, caliper casing OD ‘Awellhead manufacture's representative should be present for slip, packoft and casing head installation. Test casing head prior to nippling up the BOP equipment If temperature survey is run to locate cement top, check with cementing company for the recommended WOC time before running Clean casing head and flangos. Ring gasket and groove must be clean, dry and free of burrs or nicks. Do not grease the ring gasket All nuts and bolts should be clean and the correct size. All nuts should be tightened evenly for a proper seal Check all nipples, valves and lines on the wellhead and BOP stack for correct, pressure rating and proper test procedures Cement drill-out practices should not jeopardize the integrity of the cement job Do not impose any forces on the casing that would alter the cement bond. Do not center the casing until the desired cement strength is reached Calculate the top plug depth and communicate data to the Driller before drilout Drill the plugs, float collar, cement and shoe with reduced weight and RPM to | ‘avoid shock loading the casing {A formation equivalency or leak-off test in the new hole is necessary to determine the effectiveness of the cement seal and the formation fracture gradient Page 129,CASING /CEMENTING Monitoring cement jobs by continuously measuring pump ‘ate, rate of returns, surface densities and pressures can provide early detection of some cementing problems * Mud poorly conditioned before start of cementing operation + Cement free-fall period ends before anticipated due to higher annulus pressure + Surface pressure higher than expected *+ Lower rate of returns through free-fall stages CEMENT CHANNELING * Cement free-fall period remains longer than anticipated due to UNSUSPECTED decreased annular pressure WELLBORE | face pressures ar over han articpated ae ef + aducad ral of olme whan weehutencounered otowed by increased returns rate in near gauge annulus ‘+ Erratic returns after free-fall period + Well comes out of free-fall later than expected inet + Surface pressures are lower than anticipated CIRCULATION + Rate of flowiine returns is lower than expected + Free-fall inside casing is strong due to reduced annulus hydro- static pressure. Might be indicated by strong vacuum at cementing head INFLUX *+ Well comes out of free-fall later than anticipated CONDITION | Surface pressures are lower than expected + Rate of returns are higher than anticipated during and/or attor free-fall period + Well goes on free-fall later and comes out of free-fall sooner than expected DOWN HOLE — J+ surface pressures higher than expected RESTRICTIONS P . ~ + Rate of returns lower than anticipated during free-fall stages + Erratic rate of returns. First are higher than expected during deceleration, then level off before coming out of free-fall + Free-fall starts approximately when expected but ends pre- CEMENT ‘maturely due to higher frictional pressures SLURRY + Surface pressures are higher than expected DEHYDRATION e ‘on = + Rate of returns normal until dehydration starts then begins to decrease Page 130HORIZONTAL DRILLING HORIZONTAL WELL | A wellbore drilled parallel to the bedding planes of a production zone WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS Limit PRODUCTION OF UNWANTED. FLUIDS MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION PENETRATE VERTICAL FRACTURES, INCREASE PRODUCTION TOW PRESSUREHORIZONTAL DRILLING Page 132HORIZONTAL DRILLING D EMBLY _MEDIUM RADIUS DOUBLE BEND MOTORHORIZONTAL DRILLING GEOLOGY DRILLING FLUID] HYDRAULICS WELLBORE STABILITY + Formation type Formation pressure J+ Rock strength /stress = Formation dip angle = Porosity /permeability = Wud type * Rheology + Inhibition + Hole cleaning sud weight = Drill string size = Formation type + Down hole tool restrictions + Pump capacity > Over burden stress» Hole closure Trajectory profile + Lost circulation /Gas influx J+ Washout /oreakout = Cuttings bed RIG + Top drive = Solids contro! equipment = Pump capacity + Drill pipe size = BHA design = Drilling jars: DRILL STRING |, Down hole motors + Inspection frequency = Torque /drag BOP equipment Kill calculations. WELL CONTROL = Kick detection "Gas behavior WELL LOGGING =~ MWO 7 LW + Drill pipe conveyed /Coil tubing + Pump down method Saaine * Slotted liners + Predicted pick-up /slack-off weights CEMENTING |" Slurry design © Centralizers + Mud condition * Pipe movement + Casing design = Contamination SSS Page 134HORIZONTAL DRILLING LL OTR FAIR NT | Hoe ae Oar ih bi sth ahs a Ih ey 1h ft a ‘ a i i Gas will migrate to the high side of the wellbore and become trapped. To flush out the iM ae i i Caan li Ha ie i then ih gas, AV must be increased to turbulent flow. 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HOH = ina S] Gan) einsseses Bureaus urs (on) WC POINESEH GOH cio arena cura (sot 2 (ea (400 onneaeig woreinov'o YeMut — - fanaa een ou, + (eso + + = at uoIOAA BOW EUIOUO + (SO + OAL + dacs) = NW | avon 1810" BME HD SNOLLWAINDTWS (9) orb ° [Bunosaus| eaxouss auokenn pry eu viva 173M (wv) sinasHos aunssaud adic MRI0 (3) Page 136HORIZONTAL DRILLING ef wos oiens ~ sere = Soyer woneynou “e} wRI29 [ = Jos anpuy 987 C as uon29s o-9904 un Jo 37AGIN syeuurxoudde ou 199]9g, Cc) ‘dog poinseew of |x [ weorsns " —wseg “Ten bung = Gn9/S19q) nding dung Page 137INVESTIGATION PACKAGE aS wi DATE: RIG: DRILLER: AID: lastcscop; __mp;___SHOEPPG: _HOLe size; PUNP #1 i ‘SPM PRESS CLFP|SPM PRESS CLFP |SPM PRESS CLFP|SPM PRESS CLFF|SPMPRESS.CLFP BPM PRESS\CLFPINVESTIGATION PACKAGE DATE: LOW SPEED SHAKERS | HIGH SPEED SHAKERS HYDROCONES: SHAKER #1 | SHAKER #2 | SHAKER #1 | SHAKER #2 |DESANDERIDESILTER CENTRIFUGE OVERS RUNS RIN FRE RONHRS HRS ON NHS FON FEN om Meer [WES [ESR [UES [uESe (EST [MEST VES jSCOmR| cover |x coven CATING TPE LA HALE 9D) GRAVE LESTOME (5) AL (CEMENT URE RU. 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