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    Quals 2009 Sec 5

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    Columbia University Department of Physics QUALIFYING EXAMINATION Friday, January 16, 2009 1:00 PM - 3:00 PM General Physics (Part I) Section 5. Two hours are permitted for the completion of this section of the examination. Choose 4 problems out of the 6 included in this section. (You will not eam extra credit by doing an additional problem). Apportion your time carefully. Use separate answer booklet(s) for each question. Clearly mark on the answer booklet(s) which question you are answering (e.g., Section 5 (General Physics), Question 2; Section 5 (General Physics), Question 6, etc.) Do NOT write your name on your answer booklets. Instead clearly indicate your Exam Letter Code You may refer to the single handwritten note sheet on 8 ¥2 x 11" paper (double-sided) you have prepared on General Physics. The note sheet cannot leave the exam room once the exam has begun. This note sheet must be handed in at the end of today's exam, Please include your Exam Letter Code on your note sheet. No other extraneous papers or books are permitted. Simple calculators are permitted. However, the use of calculators for storing and/or recovering formulae or constants is NOT permitted. Questions should be directed to the proctor Good luck!! Section 5 Page | of 7 1. A star of radius R, = 10" cm and mass M, = 10 moves on a parabolic orbit toward a black hole of mass M = 10" g. The angular momentum of the orbit is L = 10° em? /s (per unit mass). The black hole can be approximately described by the gravitational potential r>T, where ry =2GM/c?, c= 3x10 cm/s, and G=6.67x10-Scmi/s%g is the gravitational constant. Does the star's orbit have a pericenter (point of minimum radius r)? Will the star survive the interaction with the black hole? Section 5 Page 2 of 7 2. In condensed matter some vibration properties are represented by those of a linear cchain of identical atoms of mass M that are joined by springs of force constant K° (this is a simplest form of the harmonic approximation). The equilibrium length of each spring a. The vibration modes are represented by plane waves that have propagation vector k and frequency w. Here ll = k = 21/2, where 2 is the mode wavelength. Assume that the chain has NV’ atoms. Consider the ‘longitudinal’ waves that have displacements along the direction of the chain (a) Write the classical equation of motion for displacements 1 along the chain. (b) Obtain the mode dispersion w(%). Why are modes with k and — k degenerate? (©) Use cyclic boundary conditions to obtain the density of states of modes. How ‘many modes are inthe first Brillouin zone of the linear chain? Explain the result. (@) Consider the long wavelength limit of k-+0 and \/a—+ oo. Show that the equation of motion for the displacements obtained in (a) reduces to a continuum elastic wave equation @°u/dt? = v?(0"u/d2”), where x is the position along the direction of the chain, What is the speed v of the waves? (€) Describe the Debye model for thermal properties due to vibration modes. (® Obtain the expression for the thermal energy due to vibrations in the chain within the Debye approximation, What is the low temperature limit of the specific heat due to these vibrations? Section 5 Page 3 of 7 1¢ steady-state flow of a fluid is specified by the fluid velocity @(7) at each position F. Consider an incompressible fluid (V - = 0) undergoing irrotational flow (Vxi = 0) ‘An impenetrable solid sphere of radius F is fixed in position while the fluid flows around it, Far from the sphere, the fluid flows uniformly in the z-direction (# = v3 for r-+00). For this azimuthally-symmetric problem, find the # and 6 components of #(r,@) for all r>R Section 5 Page 4 of 7 4, Imagine an antenna at the edge of a lake picking up a signal from a distant radio star (see figure below), which is just coming up above the horizon. Write an expression for the phase difference, 5, and for the angular position of the star when the antenna detects its first maximum, Express answers in terms of a and a. Section 5 Page 5 of 7 5. (a) A box is filled with Planckian radiation of temperature KT > mye2, where m, is electron mass. A population of e* pairs is maintained in equilibrium with radiation through the reaction e* +e +--+ 7. Find the number density of positrons in the box. (b) Consider the same problem but now assume that the box is also filled with neutral electron-proton matter at the equilibrium temperature 7’. The proton number density ny is given. Find the electron chemical potential j. assuming ps < You can use the following integrals: n= f oe fy eI where ¢(2) = 12/6, ¢(3) = 1.20. Section 5 Page 6 of 7 6. Consider a liquid and its vapor — both at the same temperature ~ in equilibrium with ach other. Let the equilibrium vapor pressure be P. An inert, insoluble gas is added to the (closed) container holding the liquid. Find an expression for the new equilibrium. vapor pressure of the liquid in terms of V', the volume of the liquid, P, the pressure of the inert gas, Pj, the vapor pressure without the inert gas, and T’, the temperature of the system. Assume the gas phase of the liquid obeys the ideal gas law, and that the liquid is incompressible, ie. V'(P) = V!(P8), vapor at pressure P? a Before | [* Inert gas ~ pressure P | T+ vapor at pressure P? | liguia v After Section 5 Page 7 of 7 Belborrdis - Ate SOLVITONS Stes bent. Sechm& Goble # 4. Giro Gat Z Belebavdov GENERAL: A star of radius R, = 1077 em and mass Mf. = 10" g moves on a parabolic orbit toward a black hole of mass M = 10" g. The augular momentum of the orbit is L = 10 em®/s (per unit mass). The 1° approximately deserihed ly the gravitational potential oM ne - r>ty : Wie, ¢= 3% 10! em/s, and & Does the star's orbit have a pericenter (point of minimum radius r)? Will the star survive the inter- action with the black hole? back hole o where > 1078 cm/s is the gravitational constant Solution: ‘The star's velocity at the pericenter is v = L/r, if exists. Then the pericenter radius is found from LGM B- =0 (parabolic orbit) Denote 2 = r/ry and 1 = L/ery: then the equation gives P-Pr+P=0 3 vin ae 226M.) 2>2. (The root is chosen so that the Keplerian limit {> 1 gives the correct pericenter radius r = ‘The orbit has a pericenter. Le. does not plunge into the black hole, if) > 2. In our case 5 10! eas The pericenter radius is » 2 3.50: ‘The star is on an escaping orbit but it will not survive, because it will be disrupted by tidal forces ‘The star is stuetched in the radial direction with tidal acceleration 2GuR, ob OM ag ge re on ere 27 [Near the pericenter, this acceleration is much larger than a, = GiM./ RE ar RY)" 3. asa (*;) aad ‘This tidal acceleration is created for time At ~ r/o where w isthe star wlcity near the perienter v?/2=GM/(r—rg). The velocity imparted by the tidal forces, ur ~ apr/t, is larger than the escape velocity from the star, v. = (2GM./R,)!?, Sees GL Probym # 2 ® Finczuk ee) eee ACen eee The deehous 3 Wu ctouns ave Kye Wea M29, 1 eee The dis peece Weds ore MAK 2 AL (HRY The Speedin gy ween 2S det for ~ tee em bibn 7 Mil lke) = - BV “QUn) Veak & [ue y\* ei K 4 m)> Kes) The chien 7 Luin £5 MK) a-k peu): KOC) ~ AL, y| Lock fac SbEinns Hat ove. = ECR X_- wt) Uka) = Ae ; — ~ w) wk) = fete) He des wih kh ae -h ax Lpemitte besnte Cu dicdlion 0 prepepcln das Ut change Hu dante fqn - Ce) Cbic boundary erndih ons tusem wk) 2 ke Ola ne) Ths degucces tle kh. or 2 pe Onl a oN The fast Bebo sine les “Nie gk < Te Tt kes see tee A deques Y fretom for out pe dew ay tee dis frbcce mat Lt (X), = The deuce shkte 4 ko Spee xs Fee) = Ne amr ir freee repos ahis aw) = T9 (iw /dk) The eter taretes 2o fee 1 Ba Moen ~ pe as we fee tk ew ~The (2) Wate Hee pd handcide Uhr 29,06 C2 -K {2 WO) KO) HOLY | Ve [Goad ug.) - (uu). 4 Ge0)) | = Ente Lut Aree AOE OZEe Ct py PUCK) ee OXuss Wlk)- Mw) 2 DUO) 2 OK oo Ht Ho aflt bed SAO oe 4 iu AY is Ka | QW und ~ JUn) \ Ike WKXaas 2 a zu - ka | Mae = | - Ka Da Ke KE Tle Jelue b; Ue ebook, 13 ] Vee ee mB 2) The Debye rode — ascumes C2) A dishumm wild) =k Gi) A wet - 3h wane veto Wy pm wy Hn Cech f (quddkew hes (4) D The The Hernenk ment vs ~n (QgT)* _ © Spefbe Luts lye T Bla - Geroed Fleids Sec 5 Gevw LT Goblin # 3 Blaer Qualifying Examination Problem Allan Blaer Fluide Becenber 2008 OOS The steady-state flow of a fluid is — ee aT specified by the fluid velocity (#) at each position Consider an incompressible fluid Ee (div ¥= 0) undergoing irrotational flow (curl W= 0). An impenetrable Bp solid ophore of radius R is fixed —>— aE position while the fluid flows “7 around it. Far from the sphere, the fluid flows uniformly in the z-direction (W= v,2 for r—» =). For this azimuthally-symmetric problem, find the # and €W? (r,6) for all rR. 0) We _- a ~ hbilin aut ao pee VB. dewet0 = VB=0. & FEM oc 8 WEO. gm, Els8)= 24 Blnbd)r Z BX “Lire ©), Ae oS ee 3 jae agg so tgrenn = Mn), a 2A Rime) ie wpe Place). * Ya + Foyt & tos & Db ne R, 20 lmpeudableygdon) GB) se? es ped 4G? Blob) = 0 fr-ole- Ap a 4, = e)= 8 ra Ge +i) Pls) — secs bene Ca (A blym HY Hughes eo Oetey re lectron de ke-kx + f sina 22 = ooo teas SS => Zeina x S40 -2K sine = > X= zZsine= sin(40- 2%) Zsin aA cos QL Zsink cos 2) + Tr os 2r Maximum eccurs @ 2na sink Sine ka (incosta). ke sity 2 ka sin = First Maximum @ ole en)] Belsvereder Stu + mark Sec © GENE Problem ° Beleborod ov MODERN: {a) A box is filed with Planckian radiation of temperature kT 2 myc. where me is electron mass. A population of e* pairs is maintained in equilibrium with radiation through reaction e* +e" — 9-44 Find the munber density of positiaas in the bos (b) Consider the same problem but now assume that the box is also filed with neutral electron-proton, matter at the equililyinm temperatme 7, The proton awimber density n, is given, Find the electron hetuieal potential je assuming je < 7 You can use the following integrals: fe nlgin +1), where ¢(2 6.48) © 1.20. Solution: (a) The ¢* are relativistic (kT > mec?) and theit energies are E = ep where p is the particle momen- ‘tum. The occupation mumber of e* is deseribed by Fermi-Dirae funetion where jy and je= ate the chemical potentials of e* and e~. ‘The number densities of e* and e~ are Aer Since e* are in equilibrium with photons (which have zero chemical potential), jus + = 0. By symmetry, j2y = 41. and henoe iy = je =0. Then equation (1) gives ? a 3¢(8) 08 _ a A my Jaw wre OG, (b) Electrons and positrons are still in equilibrium with radiation, therefore p

    my An = p40. Using » < AT, one can expand the integral in equation (1) in /KT, keeping the linear term. ‘Then one finds Secs Gene Prblen 6 Hailey yr toms | Tyand ml 905 phase pra in Spur ko Te Gath fren enemies Ona a eae cer je ee aT Oi peje ays dpy aah P°V9= QT WEIR = Vip = aT IPs 2 pp) Ct a = 1? Sor J e tl e {p= Dre P22) TT Pe = Scanned FUP) = To S —

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