Answers To Exercises PDF

Answers to Exercises
Chapter One 3(a) x2 + 5x + 6 (b) 2a2 + 13a + 15 (c) x2 2x 8

(d) 2b 13b + 21 (e) 12x + 17x 40
2 2
(f) 30 71x + 42x

2
Exercise 1A (Page 2)
8x + 4y (b) 3a2 + 4a (c) 5x2 12x 3 5(a) x 2xy + y (b) a + 6a + 9 (c) n 10n + 25
2 2 2 2
1(a)
(d) 9a 3b 5c (d) c 4 (f) 9p 12p + 4
2 2 2
(e) 4a + 4a + 1
(g) 9x 16y (h) 16y 40xy + 25x
2 2 2 2
2(a) 6x (b) 20a (c) 5ab + bc
(d) 2x 5x y + 2xy + 3y 6(a) a 4b (b) 1017x20x (c) 16x +56x+49
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
3(a) 2x (b) 4x (c) 6a (d) 4b (d) x x y 12y (e) a acb +bc (f) 27x +1
4 2 2 2 2 3
4(a) 2x 2x + 4 (b) 3a 5b 4c (b) t 2 + t12 (c) t t12

2 2 2 2
7(a) t + 2 + t12
(c) 3a + 2b 2c + 2d (d) 2ab 2bc + 2cd 8(a) a b c + 2bc (b) x 2x + 3
2 2 2 2
5(a) 2x 2x
2 2
(b) 6x y + 2y
3
(c) a c abc
3 3
9(a) 11x 3 (b) 4b + 8c 8
(d) 4x 5x 2x x + 2
4 3 2
10(a) 10 404 (b) 998 001 (c) 39 991
6(a) 10a (b) 18x (c) 3a (d) 6a b (e) 8x 11(a) 2ab b (c) 18 6a
2 3 5 2
(b) 2x + 3 (d) 4pq
(f) 6p q (e) x + 2x 1 (f) a 2a 6
3 4 2 2
(b) 24a b (d) 8a b

5 6 4 8 6 12 3 2 2
7(a) 6a b (c) 9a 12 7x + 16ax + 4a
13(a) x 6x + 12x 8 (b) x + y + z
3 2 2 2 2
8(a) 18 (b) 2
(c) x y z + 2yz (d) a + b + c 3abc
2 2 2 3 3 3
9(a) 59 (b) 40
10(a) 5 (b) 7x (c) 12a (d) 3x y z
2 3 4
11(a) 2 (b) 3x (c) xy (d) a

4
(e) 7ab
3 Exercise 1C (Page 6)
2 6
(f) 5ab c 1(a) a(x y) (b) x(x + 3) (c) 3a(a 2b)
3 2
12(a) 3a
2
(b) 5c
4 2 6
(c) a bc (d) 6x(2x + 3) (e) 2a (3 + a + 2a )
(f) 7xy(x 2xy + 3y)
5 5 4 3 2
13(a) 2x (b) 9xy (c) b (d) 2a
14 x + 3x + 7x 8 2(a) (xy)(a+b) (b) (a+b)(a+c) (c) (x3)(xy)
3 2
15 b + 11c (d) (2a b)(x y) (e) (b + c)(a 1)

(f) (x 3)(2x a)
2
16 8d 14c 2b
17 18x y
25 22 3(a) (x 3)(x + 3) (b) (1 a)(1 + a)

18(a) 0 x 2 (b) x 3 or 0 x 3 (c) (2x y)(2x + y) (d) (5x 4)(5x + 4)
(e) (1 7k)(1 + 7k) (f) (9ab 8)(9ab + 8)
Exercise 1B (Page 4) 4(a) (x+3)(x+5) (b) (x1)(x3) (c) (a+4)(a2)
1(a) 4a+8b (b) x2 7x (c) 3x+6y (d) a2 4a (d) (y7)(y+4) (e) (c3)(c9) (f) (p+12)(p3)
(e) 5a + 15b 10c (f) 6x + 9y 15z (g) (u 20)(u + 4) (h) (x 3)(x 17)
(g) 2x + 4x + 6x 2x (h) 6x y 15x y
4 3 2 3 2 4
(i) (t + 25)(t 2) (j) (x 15)(x + 6)
(i) 2a b + 4a b
4 4 5 2
(k) (x 2y)(x 3y) (l) (x + 2y)(x + 4y)
2(a) x + 4 (b) 8a 3b + 5c (m) (a 3b)(a + 2b) (n) (p + 8q)(p 5q)
(c) x 25x + 10x + 13x 6x
5 4 3 2
(o) (c 11d)(c 13d)
(d) 12x y + 14x y 13x y
5 5 4 6 3 8
5(a) (2x + 1)(x + 2) (b) (3x + 2)(x + 2)
(c) (3x 1)(2x 3) (d) (3x 1)(x + 5)
ISBN: 9781107633322 Bill Pender, David Sadler, Julia Shea, Derek Ward 2012 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
Answers to Chapter One 539
(e) (3x 4)(3x + 2) (f) (2x 3)(3x + 1) x

(f) (x1)(x2)(x3)
(g) (3x 1)(2x 1) (h) (3x 5)(x + 6) 8(a) 1 (b) u v (c) 3 x (d) ab 2
(e) 1
1
(i) (3x 4)(4x + 3) (j) (12x 5)(x + 3) (f) 2x+ y
(k) (4x 5)(6x 5) (l) (2x y)(x + y) (f) tt 2 1
2
9(a) 13 7
(b) 13 (c) 11 3
(d) 15 (e) x+21
+1
(m) (2a b)(2a 3b) (n) (3p + 4q)(2p q) ab
(g) a+b
2
x +y 2
(h) x 2 y 2 x2
(i) 2x+1 (j) x1
x3
(o) (9u + 4v)(2u 3v) 2x+3 x 4 y 4
11(a) x+y (b) 3x1 (c) ab+c (d) x2 y 2 (e) x 216x16
6(a) 3(a 2)(a + 2) (b) (x y)(x + y)(x + y )
2 2 ab
4 13x
(f) x+2y (g) (x+1)(x+2)(x+3) (h) (x+1) 22 (x1)
(c) x(x 1)(x + 1) (d) 5(x + 2)(x 3) 2
12(a) x + 2 + x12 (b) 7
(e) y(5 y)(5 + y) (f) (2 a)(2 + a)(4 + a )
2
3n m
13(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) (d) x1
(g) 2(2x 3)(x + 5) (h) x(x 1)(x 7)
2
(i) (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1) (j) (x 1)(x + 1)(a 2)

2
Exercise 1E (Page 11)
(k) m(4m n)(4m + n) (l) a(x 5a)(x + 4a)
3(a) a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 (b) x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
7(a) (9 x)(8 + x) (b) (a b c)(a b + c)
(c) b 3b + 3b 1 (d) p + 6p + 12p + 8
3 2 3 2
(c) a(a 4b)(a 6b) (d) (a b)(a + b 1)
(e) 1 3c + 3c c (f) t 9t + 27t 27
2 3 3 2
(e) (x 4)(x + 4)(x + 16)
2
3 2 2 3
(g) 8x + 60x y + 150xy + 125y
(f) (2p q r)(2p + q + r) (g) x (3x 2)(2x + 1)
2
(h) 27a 108a b + 144ab 64b
3 2 2 3
(h) (c + 1)(a b) (i) 9(x + 5)(x 1)
2
4(a) (x + y)(x xy + y ) (b) (a b)(a + ab + b )
2 2 2 2
(j) (2x 1)(2x + 1)(x 3)(x + 3)
(c) (y + 1)(y y + 1) (d) (g 1)(g + g + 1)
2 2
(k) (xy 16)(xy + 3) (l) x(x y z)(x y + z)
(e) (b 2)(b + 2b + 4) (f) (2c + 1)(4c 2c + 1)
2 2
(m) (4 5x)(5 + 4x) (n) (2x 1)(2x + 1)(x 3)
(g) (3 t)(9 + 3t + t ) (h) (5 + a)(25 5a + a )
2 2
(o) (2x 3y)(6x + 5y) (p) (x + a b)(x + a + b)
(i) (3h 1)(9h + 3h + 1)
2
(q) 9(x 7)(x + 5) (r) (x x 1)(x + x + 1)
2 2
(j) (u 4v)(u + 4uv + 16v )
2 2
(s) x(5x 9y)(2x + y)
(k) (abc + 10)(a b c 10abc + 100)
2 2 2
(t) (x + 2y a + b)(x + 2y + a b) (u) 4xy
(l) (6x + 5y)(36x 30xy + 25y )
2 2
2 2
8(a) (a+b)(a+b ) (b) (a+c)(bd) (c) 4ab(ab)
5(a) 2(x + 2)(x 2x + 4) (b) a(a b)(a + ab + b )
2 2 2
(d) (2x + 3y )(2x 3y)(x + y)
2 2
(c) 3(2t + 3)(4t 6t + 9)
2
(e) (x y)(x + y)
3
(d) y(x 5)(x + 5x + 25)
2
(f) (a b c)(a + b + c)(a b + c)(a + b c)
(e) 2(5p 6q)(25p + 30pq + 36q )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
(g) (x + y )(a + b + c )
(f) x(3x + 10y)(9x 30xy + 100y )
2 2
(h) (x + ay)(x by) (i) (a ab + b )(a + ab + b )
2 2 2 2
(g) 5(xy 1)(x y + xy + 1)
2 2
(j) (a 2ab + 2b )(a + 2ab + 2b )
2 2 2 2
(h) x (x + y)(x xy + y )
3 2 2
(c) a a+1
2 2
6(a) x x+1
+x+1 a5
(b) a 2 2a+4 2a 2 (d) x1
Exercise 1D (Page 8) 2
x 2 3x+8
4y 7(a) 12a+12
a 3 8 (b) x 3x1 (c) (x4)(x+2)(x 2 2x+4)
1(a) 12 (b) a1 x
(c) 3y (d) a3 (e) 5xz (f) uw2 v 2
ab
2(a) 1 (b) 12 3
(c) x (d) 2b (e) 3x 1
(f) 1 (g) 2a (d) 3a
a 3 +b 3
2y
2 2 8(a) (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 + 1)
(h) 2c
3b (i) 6a 5c
(j) 2a (k) xy z (l) 2a1 2
(b) (x 2)(x + 2)(x 2x + 4)(x + 2x + 4)
2 2
(f) 45
3x2y xy
3(a) 7x
10 (b) a6 (c) 24 (d) 13a6 (e) 15b
(c) (2a 3)(a + 2)(a 2a + 4) (d) 2y(3x + y )
2 2 2
3 25 ba x2 + 1 a2 +b x2
(g) 2x (h) 12x (i) ab (j) x (k) a (l) 2x 2
(e) (s t)(s + st + t + s + t) (f) 2t(t + 12)
2 2 2
5x+ 7 x17 9x+ 26 12x+3
4(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 5
(g) 9(a b)(a ab + b )
2 2
(e) 2x16
15x (f) 1
x(x+ 1) (g) 2x
x 2 1 (h) 5x13
(x2)(x3)
(h) (x 2)(x + 1)(x + 2x + 4)(x x + 1)
2 2
10 x2 + y 2
(i) (x+ 3)(x2) (j) x 2 y 2 (k) (x+axbx (l) x 22x
(i) (u + 1)(u + 1)(u u + 1)
a)(x+ b) 1 2 4 2
x+y
(j) (1 x)(1 + x + x )(2 + 3x )
1 3 x 2 3
5(a) x+ (b) 2b (c) x2 (d) a+ 3
(e)
y a+ 4 xy
(k) (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 2x + 4)
2 2
y 5
(f) x+ 5
(g) c+ d
(h) 2y + 1 (i) 3a+ 2b
(l) (a + 1)(a + a + 1)(a a + 1)
x+ 4 a 3x+ 2y 2 2
3x c+ 2
6(a) 2(x1) (b) a (c) c+ 4 (d) x (e) 3x1 x7
(f) 3(x+3) 6
a+ b 9(a) a3 (b) 1 (c) a2 (d) x 3 27
x
(e) x 3 31 (f) (1x)
1
2
7(a) x 2 21 (b) (x2)2x2 (x+ 2) (c) 3x
x y 2
2
x+1 bx
(d) (x2)(x+3)(x+ 4) (e) a(ab)(a+ b)
540 Answers to Exercises CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICS 3 UNIT YEAR 11
10 (A + B)4 = A4 + 4A3 B + 6A2 B 2 + 4AB 3 + B 4 , Exercise 1G (Page 16)

(A B)4 = A4 4A3 B + 6A2 B 2 4AB 3 + B 4 , 1(a) x = 3 or 3 (b) a = 2 or 2 (c) t = 1 or 1

A4 + B 4 = (A2 2AB + B 2 )(A2 + 2AB + B 2 ), (d) x = 32 or 32 (e) x = 12 or 12
A4 B 4 = (A B)(A + B)(A2 + B 2 ) (f) y = 45 or 45

11(a) x(x + 1)(x 3x + 1)(x + 3x + 1) (b) c = 0 or 2
2 2 2
2(a) x = 0 or 5 (c) t = 0 or 1
(b) (x y)(x + y)(x + y )(x + xy + y ) (f) u = 0 or 13
2 2 2 2 1
(d) a = 0 or 3 (e) b = 0 or 2

(x xy + y )(x 3xy + y )(x + 3xy + y 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
(g) y = 0 or 3 (h) u = 0 or 5
2 12
12 13 3(a) x = 1 or 2 (b) x = 4 or 2
(c) a = 5 or 3 (d) y = 5 or 1 (e) p = 2 or 3
3
13 8x
15 a + b (f) a = 11 or 12 (g) c = 3 or 6 (h) t = 2 or 10
16 1 + a a (i) u = 8 or 7 (j) h = 25 or 2
3
(k) k = 4 or 15 (l) = 22 or 2
Exercise 1F (Page 13) 4(a) a = 13 or 2 (b) x = 5 or 21
1(a) x = 10 (b) x > 23 (c) a = 5 (d) x 4 (c) b = 23 or 2 (d) y = 4 or 32 (e) x = 15 or 5
(e) x = 1 (f) y = 50 (g) t < 0 (h) x = 16 (f) t = 4 or 3 (g) t = 2 or 3 (h) u = 45 or 12
3 5
2(a) x = 9 (b) x 5 (c) x > 4 (d) x = 7 (i) x = 35 (j) x = 32 or 32 (k) b = 32 or 16

(e) a 75 (f) t < 30 (g) y = 16 (h) u 48 (l) k = 3 or 2
8 1
7

3(a) x < 4 (b) x = 11 (c) a > 12 (d) y 2 5(a) x = 12 (1 + 5 ) =
.
. 1618

(e) x 9 7
(f) x = 5 3
(g) x < 6 23
(h) x = 52 or x = 12 (1 5 ) = .
. 06180
.
(i) There are no solutions. (b) x = 12 (1 + 13 ) = . 1303

(j) All real numbers are solutions. (k) x 19 or x = 12 (1 13 ) = .
. 2303 (c) a = 3 or 4
6
.
(l) x = 143
(m) x > 1 (n) x = 17 (d) u = 1 + 3 = 07321
6
..
4(a) x = 4 (b) a = 8 (c) y < 16 (d) x = 13 or u = 1 3 = . 2732
. .
(e) a = 5 2
(f) y = 2 3
(g) x 8 (h) a 1 78 (e) c = 3 + 7 = . 5646 or c = 3 7= . 03542

(i) x > 14 (j) a = 45 (k) t = 35 (l) c < 92 (f) x = 12 (g) a = 12 (2 + 2 ) =
.
. 1707

(m) a = 1 (n) x = 5 (o) x = 17 (p) t = 26
1 7
or a = 12 (2 2 ) = .
. 02929 (h) x = 3 or 5
2
27

5(a) x 15 (b) a > 15 (c) x = 92 (d) x = 16 1
(i) b = 4 (3 + 17 ) =
.
. 02808

(e) x = 12 (f) x > 6 (g) x > 20 (h) x = 23 or b = 14 (3 17 ) = .
. 1781
2

(i) x = 73 (j) x = 56 (k) a > 11 (l) x 2 1
(j) c = 3 (2 + 13 ) =
.
. 1869

(m) x > 34 (n) x = 73 (o) x = 52 (p) x 43 or c = 13 (2 13 ) = .
. 05352
57 69

6(a) a = 3 (b) s = 16 (c) v = 23 (d) = 21 1
(k) t = 4 (1 + 5 ) =
.
. 08090

(e) C = 35 (f) c = 14 5 or t = 14 (1 5 ) = .
. 03090 (l) no solutions
7(a) x = 1, 2, 3 (b) x = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 6(a) x = 1 or 2 (b) a = 2 or 5 (c) y = 12 or 4
(c) x > 4 (d) x 2 (e) x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (d) b = 52 or 23 (e) k = 1 or 3 (f) u = 43 or 4

(f) x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 (g) 0 < x 5 7(a) x = 1 + 2 or x = 1 2

(h) 1 x 4 (b) a = 2 + 3 or a = 2 3

8(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 36 (d) 80 litres (e) 15 min (c) a = 1 + 5 or a = 1 5

(f) 16 (g) 30 km/h (h) 5 hours (d) m = 15 (2 + 14 ) or m = 15 (2 14 )
pq t
9(a) b = a+ d
(b) n = ta+ d
(c) r = t (e) y = 1 + 6 or y = 1 6
c d

(e) a = 2b
3 2f h
(d) v = u 1 3 (f) g = 5f h (f) k = 14 (5 + 73 ) or k = 14 (5 73 )
2x 4a+ 5
(g) y = 1x (h) b = a1 8(a) p = 12 or 1 (b) x = 3 or 5 (c) n = 5
w u w
(i) d = 5c7
3c+ 2 (j) v = 1+u 1u 9(a) a = 2b or a = 3b (b) a = 2b or a = 3b
14
10(a) x = 5 (b) a = 4 10(a) y = 2x or y = 2x (b) y = 11 x
or y = x2
11(b) x = 6 11(a) x = 15 (b) 7 (c) 6 and 9 (d) 4 cm
(e) 25 or 9
6 (f) 3 cm (g) 2 hours, 4 hours
(h) 55 km/h and 60 km/h
12(a) a = 73 or 3 (b) k = 4 or 15
Answers to Chapter One 541

(c) t = 2 3 or 3 Exercise 1I (Page 22)

(d) m = 13 (1 + 2 ) or m = 13 (1 2 ) 1(a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 25 (d) 81 (e) 94 (f) 14 (g) 25
4
13(a) x = 2c or x = 11c
14 (b) x = a or x = ab
a2b (h) 81
4
2(a) (x + 2)2 (b) (y + 1)2 (c) (p + 7)2 (d) (m 6)2
Exercise 1H (Page 20) 2 2
(e) (t8) (f) (20u) (g) (x+10y) (h) (ab12)
2 2
1(a) x = 2, y = 4 (b) x = 1, y = 3 2 2
3(a) x +6x+9 = (x+3) (b) y +8y+16 = (y+4)
2 2
(c) a 20a + 100 = (a 10)

(c) x = 2, y = 2 (d) x = 9, y = 1 2 2
(e) x = 3, y = 4 (f) x = 4, y = 1 (d) b 100b + 2500 = (b 50)

2 2
(g) x = 5, y = 3 35 (h) x = 13, y = 7 2 1

(e) u + u + 4 = (u + 2 ) 1 2
2(a) x = 1, y = 3 (b) x = 5, y = 2 (f) t 7t + 494 = (t 2 )

2 7 2
(c) x = 4, y = 3 (d) x = 2, y = 6 2
(g) m + 50m + 625 = (m + 25)
2
(e) x = 1, y = 2 (f) x = 16, y = 24 (h) c 13c + 169 4 = (c 2 )

2 13 2
(g) x = 1, y = 6 (h) x = 5, y = 2 4(a) x = 1 or 3 (b) x = 0 or 6 (c) a = 4 or 2

(i) x = 5, y = 6 (j) x = 7, y = 5 (d) y = 5 or 2 (e) b = 2 or 7

(k) x = 12 , y = 32 (l) x = 5, y = 8 (f) x = 2 + 3 or x = 2 3

3(a) x = 1, y = 1 or x = 2, y = 4 (g) x = 5 + 5 or x = 5 5
(b) x = 2, y = 1 or x = 4, y = 5 (h) no solution for y

(c) x = 0, y = 0 or x = 1, y = 3 (i) a = 12 (7 + 21 ) or a = 12 (7 21 )
(d) x = 2, y = 7 or x = 3, y = 2 5(a) p 2pq + q = (p q)
2 2 2
(e) x = 3, y = 5 or x = 5, y = 3 2 2
(b) a + 4ab + 4b = (a + 2b)
2
(c) x 6xy + 9y = (x 3y)

(f) x = 1, y = 6 or x = 2, y = 3 2 2 2
(g) x = 5, y = 3 or x = 5, y = 3 2 2
(d) c + 40cd + 400d = (c + 20d)
2
or x = 5, y = 3 or x = 5, y = 3 (e) u uv + 4 v = (u 2 v)
2 1 2 1 2
(h) x = 9, y = 6 or x = 9, y = 6 2
(f) m + 11mn + 121
2
+ 11 n)2
4 n = (m 2
or x = 9, y = 6 or x = 9, y = 6 6(a) x = 2 or 3 (b) x = 2 (2+ 6 ) or x = 12 (2 6 )
1
4(a) Each apple cost 40 cents, each orange cost (c) no solution for x

60 cents. (b) 44 adults, 22 children (d) x = 12 (4 + 10 ) or x = 12 (4 10 )
(c) The man is 36, the son is 12. (e) x = 32 or 12

(d) 189 for, 168 against (f) x = 14 (1 + 5 ) or x = 14 (1 5 )
2
(e) 15 (f) 9 $20 notes, 14 $10 notes (g) x = 13 or 3 (h) x = 3 or 52

(g) 5 km/h, 3 km/h (h) 72 (i) x = 12 (5 + 11 ) or x = 12 (5 11 )
5(a) x = 12, y = 20 (b) x = 3, y = 2 7(b) a = 3, b = 4 and c = 25
6(a) x = 6, y = 3, z = 1 (b) x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 (d) A = 5, B = 6 and C = 8
(c) a = 3, b = 2, c = 2 (d) p = 1, q = 2, r = 5 3 2
8(a) x + 12x + 48x + 64 = (x + 4)
3
(e) x = 5, y = 3, z = 4 (b) u = x + 4, u 18u + 12 = 0

3
(f) u = 2, v = 6, w = 1
7(a) x = 5, y = 10 or x = 10, y = 5 Exercise 1J (Page 27)
(b) x = 8, y = 11 or x = 11, y = 8 1(a) innite (b) nite, 10 members
(c) x = 12 , y = 4 or x = 2, y = 1 (c) nite, 0 members (d) innite
(d) x = 4, y = 5 or x = 5, y = 4 (e) nite, 18 members (f) innite
(e) x = 1, y = 2 or x = 32 , y = 74 (g) nite, 6 members (h) nite, 14 members
(f) x = 2, y = 5 or x = 10 3 , y =3 2(a) false (b) true (c) true (d) false (e) true
8(a) x = 1, y = 54 (f) false
(b) x = 2, y = 4 or x = 2, y = 4 3(a) false (b) true (c) true (d) true (e) false
or x = 43 , y = 6 or x = 43 , y = 6 4(a) true (b) true
9(b) x = 1, y = 2 or x = 1, y = 2 5(a) , { a } (b) , { a }, { b }, { a, b } (c) , { a },
or x = 73 , y = 23 or x = 73 , y = 23 { b }, { c }, { a, b }, { a, c }, { b, c }, { a, b, c }
(d) 16(a) Every subset of a four member set can be-

6(a) { m, n }, { m } (b) { 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 4, 6 } come a subset of a ve member set in two ways
(c) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, { 4, 9 } leaving it alone, and adding the fth member.
(d) { c, o, m, p, u, t, e, r, s, f, w, a }, { o, t, e, r }
n
(b) An n-member set has 2 subsets.
(e) { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 }, { 3, 5, 7, 11 }
8
17 2 = 256
7(a) students who study both Japanese and His- 18 The set whose only member is the empty set
tory (b) students who study either Japanese or is not equal to the empty set because the empty
History or both set is a member of the set whose only member is
8(a) Q (b) P the empty set. It is true.
9(a) { 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 } (b) { 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 } 19 It is true.
(c) { 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 } (d) { 2, 5, 9 } 20 A B
(e) { 2, 5, 9 } (f) { 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 } 21 If A A, then A A. If A A, then A A.
10(a) III (b) I (c) I (d) II (e) IV Hence A is not well-dened.
11(a)(i) (ii)
0 3 x 0 3 x
(iii) (iv)
0 3 x 0 3 x
(b)(i) (ii)
1 0 2 x 1 0 2 x
(iii) (iv)
1 0 2 x 1 0 2 x
(c)(i) (ii)
3 1 0 1 4x 3 1 0 1 4x
(iii) (iv)
3 1 0 1 4x 3 1 0 1 4x
12(a) |A B| is subtracted so that it is not counted
twice. (b) 5 (c) LHS = 7, RHS = 5 + 6 4 = 7
13(a) 10 (b) 22 (c) 12
14(a) (b)
P Q P Q
R R
(c)
P Q
15 4
Answers to Chapter Two 543
Chapter Two 11(c)

.
=
. with error less than 104 .
333
106 ,
1 1
12 1 + , 1+ ,
Exercise 2A (Page 33) 1 1
2+ 1+
1(a) 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 1 1
2+ 1 2+ 1
47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 (b) 151, 2 + 2+ 1 + 2+
157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199 1
2+
2(a) 2 3 (b) 2 3 5 (c) 2 3
3 2 3 2
(d) 2 3 7
2 1
4+
(e) 2 13 (f) 3 5 (g) 3 7 (h) 2 3 7
3 3 3 2 1
4+ 1
(i) 3 5 7 (j) 5 11
2 2 4 + 4+
.
13 = . 311
3(a) 8, 98 (b) 6, 14 15 (c) 26, 34 (d) 16, 79 (e) 24, 79 p+1 p+1 p
14 14(a) Clearly n > a. n = n + n1 < a+ba = b
(f) 21, 15 2001
5 (b) n = 63 293, p = 2000 (c) 63
4(a) 24, 24 (b) 90, 13
90
1
(c) 72, 72 (d) 210, 173
105
293
5 401
(e) 216, 72 (f) 780, 780
Exercise 2C (Page 40)
5(a) 0625 (b) 06 (c) 04375 (d) 05 (e) 015
1 The graph is steeper there.
(f) 0583 (g) 464 (h) 536 (i) 2875 (j) 283
2(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 2 3 (e) 3 3 (f) 2 5
3
6(a) 20 (b) 79 27
(c) 250 2
(d) 11 (e) 78 (f) 60 (g) 53
25 11 (g) x 6 (h) 2y 2 (i) 22 (j) 5x (k) 6 2 (l) y y
40
(h) 33 (i) 19 98
(j) 15
3
90 (m) 4 (n) 7 (o) 2x (p) y 4
7(a) 183 (b) 1083 (c) 046 (d) 0432 (e) 0074
3(a) 6 (b) 2 3 (c) 3 5 (d) 5 (e) 6 15 (f) 84
(f) 05416 (g) 3142857 (h) 12142857 (i) 2076923
(g) 15 3 (h) 12 (i) 6 15 (j) 20 21 (k) 36 6
(j) 1238095 2
2

(l) 420 3 (m) 6 2 (n) 2a (o) 336x 33
8(a) 25 (b) 28 (c) 169 44
(d) 101 (e) 21 (f) 52 (g) 137
33 27 37 90 4(a) 20 (b) 27 (c) 72 (d) 150 (e) 48
(h) 129 (i) 257 5
(j) 44
55 36 (f) 32 (g) 567 (h) 68 (i) 275x 2 (j) 216 2
9 The digits of each cycle are in the same order,
(k) 117y 3 (l) 864a4
but start at a dierent place in the cycle.
5(a) 2 (b) 34 (c) 15 7 (d) 52 (e) 73 (f) 14 7 (g) 32
3 3
10(a) 2 , 2 = 16 (b) 2 3 , 2 3 = 24
8 4 6 2 3
(h) 43
(c) 5 7 , 5 7 = 35 (d) 2 11 , 2 11 = 44
2 2 4 2 2
6(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 5 (d) 2 3 (e) 12 (f) 25
11(a) HCF = 2 3 11, LCM = 2 3 11
2 2 3 3
(g) 23 (h) 67 (i) 2 2 (j) 15 7 (k) 13 11 (l) 12 7
(b) HCF = 7 13, LCM = 2 13 7
4 2 . . .
7(a) 2 2 = 282 (b) 2 3 = 346 (c) 2 5 = 448
(c) HCF = 3 7 , LCM = 2 3 7
2 2 3 3 .. .. ..
(d) 3 2 = 423 (e) 3 3 = 519 (f) 3 5 =. 672
(d) HCF = 2 5 7, LCM = 2 3 5 7
2 5 2 2 .. ..
(g) 5 2 = . 705 (h) 5 3 = . 865
12(a) the primes < 250, namely 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13
8 If a = 3 and b = 4, then LHS = 5, but RHS = 7.
(b) It is prime since 22 > 457.
If one of a or b is zero, then they are equal.
(c) 247 = 13 19, 329 = 7 47, 451 = 11 41,
9(a) 2 2 (b) 20 3 (c) 3 7 (d) 6
503 is prime, 727 is prime, 1001 = 7 11 13.
10(a) 2 3 1 (b) 6 (c) 0 (d) 2 10 (e) 2 5
14(a) 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28
(f) 4 3 5 2 (g) 3 6 + 6 2 (h) 3 3 13
15(c) 3000 300 03 = 3, showing that some fractions
(i) 6 2 2 7
are not stored exactly. (The number you obtain
11(a) a = 192 (b) x = 275 (c) y = 15 (d) m = 24
may vary depending on the calculator used.)
12(a) 6 + 3 (b) 5 + 5 3 (c) 6 3 12

(d) 3 21 7 2 (e) a + ab (f) 4 a 4a
Exercise 2B (Page 37)
(g) x2 + 2x + x (h) x 1 + x2 1
2(a) rationals: 4 12 = 92 , 5 = 51 , 5 34 = 23 , 0 = 01 ,
4 13(a) 15+ 6 102 (b) 10+ 15+ 2+ 3
4 = 21 (b) rationals: 27 = 31 , 49 = 23 ,
3
(c) 6 3 2 + 1 (d) 3 2 + 2 3 6 2

3 = 3
1
4
1 , 16 = 1
2
(e) 26+6 6 (f) 19+ 7 (g) 4 52 15+2 33

ad + bc p (h) 6 3 3 10 30 + 5
3
2bd
, which is in the form , where p and q
q
14(a) 2 2+3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 42 3 (e) 5+2 6
are integers.
(f) 2 (g) 1 (h) 14 8 3 (i) 4a + 1 4 a
8(b) 11
(j) a + 6 + 4 a + 2 (k) x 2

(l)2x 1 + 2 (x + 1)(x 2) (m) 32 + 12 5 (c) x = 7, y = 1, z = 10

(n) 32 12 5 (d) x = 20, y = 10, z = 3

15(a) 2 (b) 2 3 (c) 5 2 3 (d) 3 (e) 5 (f) 5 (g) 2 5(a) a = 2, b = 1 (b) a = 2, b = 1

(h) 5 9 7 (c) a = 12 , b = 12 (d) a = 12 , b = 12

16(a) 3 (b) 15 (c) 4 (d) 2 15 (e) a = 3, b = 2 (f) a = 95 , b = 15 8
17(a) ab (b) ac 6(a) x = 2, y = 3 (b) x = 52 , y = 8

(c) x = 92 , y = 32 (d) x = 12, y = 6
2 3
18(a) xy y (b) x y (c) x + 3 (d) (x + 1) x
2
(e) x(x + 1)y (f) x(x + 1) (e) x = 1, y = 12 (f) x = 13 , y = 12
(g) x = 2 and y = 5, or x = 5 and y = 2
Exercise

2D

(Page43) (h) x = 52 and y = 12 , or x = 12 and y = 52
3
1(a) (b) 2 7 7 (c) 5 1111 (d) 5 (e) 2
(f) 6
7(a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = 2, b = 1
3 2 2
15
(g) 3 (h) 7 510 (c) a = 1, b = 2 (d) a = 32 , b = 1

2(a) 4, 1 (b) 6, 4 (c) 2, 1 (d) 10, 1 (e) 2, 11 8(a) 3 6

(f) 2, 6 (b)(i) 5 3 (ii) 7 + 17 (iii) 12 + 1 = 12 + 33

3( 5+ 1)

3( 5+ 1) 3
3(a) 1+ 2 (b) 1 2 (c) (d)
4 4
3( 11+ 6 )
(e)

3 2
(f) 5 3
2 (g) 4+3 7 (h)
5
Exercise 2F (Page 50)
2 5
4(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 2 3 3 (e) 721 (f) 35 14 1 a, b, d, e, g, h, j, l

(g) 17
2 (h) 6 11 2(a) domain: all real numbers, range: y 1

11
5(a) 2 2 + 5
3 2+4 (b) (c) 2( 5 + 3 ) (b) domain: all real numbers, range: y > 1

(d) 3 159
2 (e) 2810 7
(f) 2 2 3 (c) domain: all real numbers, range: all reals
3
(g) 1 + 3 (h) 9 2+ 213 427
(i) 2 3 (d) domain: all real numbers, range: y = 2

3 x6
47
q+ p
(j) 4 + 15 (k) x4 (l) q 2 p (e) domain: all real numbers, range: y < 2

(m) x + 1 x 1 (n)
x+y 2 xy
(o) a+ b+ 2 ab (f) domain: x 1, range: all real numbers

2( 5+1 )
xy
ab
(g) domain: x = 0, range: y = 0
(p) 2 (q) 21 15 (r) x2 + 2x x
(h) domain: all real numbers, range: all reals
6(a) 3 (b) 1

(i) domain: 0 x 3, range: 3 y 3
7(a) 3 (b) 45 (c) 2
17
(j) domain: x < 4, range: y > 0
x+ h x
8 h (k) domain: all reals, range: y 1, y > 1
2
9(a) 2 2 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) x1 (l) domain: all real numbers, range: y < 1
3(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) a 2 (d) a 2 (e) a + 4a + 2
2 2 2
10(b) 2 5 (c) 18 (d)(i) 6 (ii) 14
(f) x 2x 1 (g) 1 34 (h) 9t + 12t + 2 (i) t 2
2 2 4
11(a) 2 3 (b) 3 11 (c) 3 + 2 2 (d) 7 2 6
2 1
(j) t + t 2
1
(2 3 + 3 2 30 ) (b) 12 4
3
12(a) 12
3

3 4(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 8 (d) 0 (e) t 2t (f) t + 2t
2 2
(c) 4+ 2+1
(g) w 4w + 3 (h) w 2w 1 (i) w 1
2 2 2
14(a) 833 (b) 812
(j) x 2x = g(x)
2
Exercise 2E (Page 46) 5(a) 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 (b) 3, 0, 0, 1, 4
1(a) a = 7, b = 2 (b) a = 2, b = 3 6(a) all real numbers (b) x = 3 (c) x 0 (d) x > 0
(c) a = 7, b = 4 (d) a = 3, b = 2 (e) x 2 (f) x < 2

8(a) h h+1 (b) h +h+1 (c) h 1 (d) h 1
3 3 2 2
(e) a = 57 , b = 12 (f) a = 23 , b = 3
2(a) a = 2, b = 18 (b) a = 1, b = 2 (e) 13
16 (f) 34
(c) a = 3, b = 2 (d) a = 5, b = 20 9(a) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 (b) 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4

(e) a = 43 , b = 12 (f) a = 15 , b = 43 (c) 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, 12
3(a) x = 7, y = 28 (b) x = 4, y = 12 10(a) 3 x 3 (b) x 2 or x 2
(c) x = 39, y = 12 (d) x = 11, y = 5 (c) x > 0 (d) x = 1 (e) x = 3 and x = 2
(e) x = 9, y = 6 (f) x = 14, y = 180 (f) x = 3 and x = 3

2 2
4(a) x = 0, y = 3, z = 2 11(a) 64 (b) 28 (c) (x + 3) (d) x + 3 (e) 64
(h) 3 2
3x x
(b) x = 20, y = 10, z = 3 (f) 12 (g) 2
13(a) all real values of a and b (c) (d)

y y
(b) all real values of a and b (c) no solutions
(d) no solutions (e) a = 0 and b is any real num- 2 x
6
ber, or b = 0 and a is any real number.
x
14 It approaches 272.
2 3
15(b) s(x) = 12 c(2x) 1
6
Exercise 2G (Page 56)
(e) intercepts: (1, 0) and (0, 1)
1(a) (b)
y y (f) intercepts: (1, 0) and (0, 2)
(g) intercepts: (3, 0) and (0, 1)
x (h) intercepts: (4, 0) and (0, 2)
(i) intercepts: (6, 0) and (0, 4)
1 x (j) intercepts: (6, 0) and (0, 1 12 )
(k) intercepts: (2, 0) and (0, 5)
2
(l) intercepts: (3, 0) and (0, 7 12 )
(c) (d) 3(a) (b)
y y y y
1 1
3 x
1
1.5 x 1
x 1 1 x
(e) (f) (c) (d)

y y y y
2 2
2
x
1 1
1
2
1 x 1 1 x
1 1 x
(g) (h) (e) (f)
y y y y
2
x 9
2 2x
1
3 3
1 x x
3 4
2(a) (b) (g) (h)
y y y y
1 1
2
4 x
1
2 2
1 x
2
1 x 2 x
4(a) (b) (e) (f)

y y y
y 1
1 4
3 x
2 4x
8 1
1 3
3
1 x
2 4 x 8
9
1
(c) (d) (g) (h)
y y y y
4
16
6 3 3x 14
4 2 x 12
4 12
12 2 7 2 x
2 6 x 9 6 14
(e) (f) (i) 6 The curves are all
y y y sketched in the notes
4
of Section 2G.
4
1 12
2 12
3 x
4 1 x
2 14
2 1
4 2 2 x
The ranges are: 7(a) y (b) y

(a) y 1 (b) y 9 (c) y 4 (d) y 16 3
1
(e) y 2 14 (f) y 2 14
5(a) (b)
y y x
1 3 x
3 2 4 (c) y (d) y
4 x 3
2
1 2 x 1
2
(c) (d)
y y 1
2
x 3
2
x
5 11 1
1 x
1 2 x
11 (e) y (f) y
2
36
1 1
2 2 x x
(g) y (h) y 9(a) (b)

2 12 y y
3 3 3
2 12 2 12 x 3 x
1 1
3
1 x 1 x
(i) y (c) (d)
y y
10 10
1
2
12 x
12
1 1
1 x 1 x
The domains and ranges are respectively: (e) (f)
(a) 1 x 1, 1 y 1 y y
(b) 3 x 3, 3 y 3
1
(c) 12 x 12 , 12 y 12
2
(d) 32 x 32 , 32 y 32
(e) 2 x 2, 0 y 2 1 1 3 x
(f) 1 x 1, 1 y 0
(g) 2 12 x 2 12 , 0 y 2 12 1 x
(h) 0 x 3, 3 y 3 (g) (h)
y y
(i) 12 x 0, 21 y 12
8(a) (b)
y y 1 1
2 1 4 x 1 10 x
1
1 1 x
1 x 1
1
2 For parts (a)(e), the domain is all real x, and the
range is y > 0. For parts (f)(h), the domain is
(c) (d) x > 0, and the range is all real y.
y y
10(a) (b)
3 y y
2
10 18
1 1 x 7
x 4 12
1 1
2 14 x
2 2
3
1
2 3 x
1
2
9
Each domain is x = 0, each range is y = 0.
(c) (d) 13(a) (b)

y y y y
1 2 13
13 x
2 1
7 25
1 x
1
16
1 2
3
x
1 x
(e) (f) (c) (d)
y y
y y
16 3 15
2
7 3
1 1
12 x 35 x
4 5 x 3 4 x
1 12 3 12 1
5 1
11(a) y = (x 2)2 1 (b) y = (x + 1)2 9 (e) (f)

y y y y
1
4 2x
3
1 1
1 2 8
x 9
1 3
1 x 1 x
(c) y = (x + 1 12 )2 1
4 (d) y = (x 12 )2 + 3
4 The domains and ranges are respectively:
y y (a) x 0, y 1 (b) x 0, y 1
(c) x 4, y 0 (d) x 4, y 0
2 1 (e) x 0, y 0 (f) x 0, y 0
3
1 1
2
4 14(a)
y
(b)
y
1 2 3
2 1 x 1 x x
4 2
12(a) (b) 1
y y 3
1 6 x
1
1 + 6 x
3
(c) (d)
( 27 , 437 ) 7 + 37 y y
2
6 3
5 x
(1,6) 7 37 3
2
1 x
(c) (d) 2
y y 5
( 14 ,4 18 )
4
2+ 7 x (2,6)
2 7
3
3 1 3 x
1
( 23 ,2 13 ) 1 33 1+ 33 x
4 4

(e)
y
(f)
y or y = (4x2 1) 1 x2
(b) 1 x 1
1
(c) (1, 0), ( 12 , 0), ( 12 , 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 1)
1 2 x
(d)
1 y
1 1 x
2
1
1
(g) (h) 1 1 x
y y
1
4 1
3
1
34 x 1 x Exercise 2H (Page 62)
1(a) (b)
1 y y
intersection points: (a) (0, 0), (1, 1) (b) (0, 0),

2 3
(3, 3) (c) (0, 0), (3, 6) (d) (1, 3), (3, 5)
(e) (1, 0), (0, 1) (f) (1, 2), (2, 1) 2 x 3 x
(g) (4, 3), (3, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3) 2 3
(h) (1, 1), (1, 1)

15(a) r = 5, (2, 1), (1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1), (c) (d)
(2, 1), (1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1) y y

(b) r = 2, (1, 1), (1, 1)

(c) r = 10, (3, 1), (1, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1) (1,1)

(d) r = 17, (4, 1), (1, 4), (1, 4), (4, 1),
1 1 x x
(4, 1), (1, 4), (1, 4), (4, 1) (1,1)
1 2 2
16(a) y = (b) x + y = 2
x
y y (e) (f)
y y
2
2 2
2
x x
1 1 x x
2
(d)
y (g) (h)
y y
1
2
1
1 x
1 4 x 1 x
2

17(a) (0, 2 2 2 ) (b) r = 2 Original is a function: all except (f)
2
18(a) P ( 2b , 2b ) (c) 2 units
. .
Inverse is a function: (a), (c), (d), (f), (h)
19(a) a = 14 , b = 34 , c = 1 (b) 2=
.
23 1
16 , =
.
11
x+2
2 16
3(a) y = (b) y = 2x 2 (c) y = 6 2x
20(a) y = (4x 1) 1 x
2 2 3
(d) y x + 1 = 0 (e) 2y + 5x 10 = 0 (f) x = 2
4(a) (b) (e) x = y2 + 1 (f) y = 3x

y y y y
1 1
(2,2) 3
2 1 x 2 1 x 1 1
2 2
1 x 1 3 x
(c) (d)
9(a) x = y2 (b) x = 2y y 2
y y y y
6
1 2
1
1
3 (2,2) x
1 1
x
1
x 1 1 x 1 2
3 6 1
(e) (f)
y y (c) y = x2 , where x 0 (d) y = log2 x
5
y y
2
2
( 107 , 107 ) 1 1
2
1
1 x 1 2 x
2 5 x 2 x
5(a) y = x1 (b) y = x 1 (c) y = x1
1 1 2x+ 2 1
2x
(d) y = 3x
(e) x= 4 y2 (f) y = log 32 x
6 Each inverse is identical to the original function.
y y
Therefore the graph must be symmetric about the
line y = x. 2
8(a) x + (y 3) = 4
2 2
(b) y = log2 x 1
y y x
5 2 2
1 x
2
3
1
10(a) It fails the horizontal line test, for example
1
f (1) = f (1) = 1, so the inverse is not a function.
1 3 5x 1 x
1
(b) f (x) = x , where x 0.
2
(c) (x+1)2 +(y+1)2 = 9 (d) x = y 2 4 (c) It fails the horizontal line test, for example
y y f (1) = f (1) = 1, so the inverse is not a function.
2 2 1 1
(d) f (x) = (x 1) 3
4 (1,1) 2 2 x (e) It fails the horizontal line test, for example
4 2 f (1) = f (1) = 8, so the inverse is not a function.
x
2 1
(f) f (x) = 9 x
(g) It fails the horizontal line test, for example
4 4 f (1) = f (1) = 13 , so the inverse is not a function.
1 1 3x
(h) f (x) =
1+x
1
1
(i) f (x) = x (j) f (x) = 1 + 1 + x
x+1 y = log2 (x + 2) y= 1
(k) f 1 (x) = 1
1 + x (l) f 1 (x) = (c) (d) x3
x1
y y
12(b) The inverse of the rst, x = y , is not a
2
function. The second is a natural restriction of

1
the domain of the rst in order that its inverse

y = x is a function. 2 1 x 3 x
13(a) 0 x 2 (b) x > 0
y y
y= f 1
( x) y = f ( x)
2
(e) x2 + (y 1)2 = 9 (f) y = (x + 1)2 4
2
x y y
2 1 y = f 1 ( x )
y = f ( x)
4
2
1 x 3 1 x
1
(c) x < 1 or x 1 (d) 1 x 1

3 3 x
y y 3
2 (1,4)
1 1
y = f ( x) y = f 1 ( x )
1 1 (g) x(y + 1) = 1 (h) y = x + 2
1 x 1 x y y
1 1
y = f ( x) 4
y = f 1 ( x ) 1 x
x0 1 < x < 1 2
(e) (f) 1
y y
y = f 1 ( x ) 4 x
& 1
y = f ( x)
y = f 1 ( x )
2(a) y = x2 (b) y = 2x
1 1 x
1 1 y y
y = f ( x)
1 x x
2
14 log3 (x ) = 2 log3 (x)
2
if x < 0. Instead we must
write log3 (x2 ) = 2 log3 ( x2 ), and neither of these 1
functions has an inverse that is a function.
1 x
Exercise 2I (Page 66)
(c) y = 2x (d) y = x1
1(a) y = (x 1)2 (b) y = 2x 3
y y y
y
1
x
2
1 1 x
1 1
1 2
1 x 1 x
3
(e) x2 + y 2 = 9 (f) x = y2 4 (d)(i) (ii)
y y y y
2
3 2
1
1
3 3x 4 x
x
1 2
1 1 x
2
3
5(a) From y = 2x: (i) shift up 4 (or left 2)
(g) xy = 1 (h) y= x (ii) shift down 4 (or right 2)
y y (iii) reect in y-axis and shift up 4
y (i) y
1 x 2 4
x
1
1 x
2 x
3(a) r = 2, (1, 0) (b) r = 1, (1, 2)
(ii) y (iii) y
(c) r = 3, (1, 2) (d) r = 5, (3, 4)
(e) r = 3, (5, 4) (f) r = 6, (7, 1) 2
x 4
4(a)(i) (ii)
y y
1 4
1 2 x
3 3
1 2 4 x 2 1 1x (b) From y = x2 : (i) shift 9 down (ii) shift 9 up
1 1 (iii) shift 3 right
y (i) y
(b)(i) (ii)
y y
9
2
2
x
1 1 x
(ii) y (iii) y
4 3 2 1 x 3 2 1 1 x
(c)(i) (ii)
y y 3 3x
1 1 9
2
2 x
9 3 x
1 1
(c) From y = x2 : (i) shift 1 left
1 1 2 x (ii) shift 1 left and reect in x-axis
(iii) shift 1 left, reect in x-axis and shift up 2
y (i) y (ii) y (iii) y
1 12
x
1 1
3 2 x
x
1 x
(ii) y (iii) y 6(a) (b)
y y
1
1 2 2
x
1 1
1
2 x
x 12 x
1 1 1 2
1 + 2 2

(d) From y = x : (i) shift 4 left (c) (d)
(ii) shift 4 left and reect in x-axis y 1
y
2 2
(iii) reect in x-axis
y (i) y 2 x 1 x
2
2 2 1
2 12
4 x 4 x
(e) (f)
y y
3 12
(ii) y (iii)y 3 23
4
3
4 4 2 13 2 34
x x x x
2 3
2 2 7(a)
y
(b)
y
5+ 5
1 1 1 x
(e) From y = : (i) shift up 1 3 + 10
x (2,5)
(ii) shift up 1, left 2 3
(iii) reect in the x-axis or in the y-axis 5 5
y (i) y x 3 10
(c) (d)
y y
1 1+ 2
8
x x
1 x (2,4) 1 2 2 + 5
(1,2)
4 x
2 5
(x 2)2 + (y 5)2 = 9, r = 3, centre: (2, 5)

(a)

x + (y + 3)2 = 10, r = 10 , centre: (0, 3)
2

(x + 2)2 + (y 4)2 = 20, r = 2 5 , centre: (2, 4) (i) (j)
y y
(x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 6, r = 6 , centre: (1, 2)
4
8(a) (x + 1) + (y 2) = 25 (b) On the line y = x,
2 2
4
3
so ( 1+ 2 41 , 1+ 2 41 ) and ( 12 41 , 12 41 )
2
9(a) The parabola y = x shifted left 2, down 1. 2
4 4 x
y + 1 = (x + 2)2 1
4
(b) The hyperbola xy = 1 shifted right 2, down 1.
y + 1 = x2 1 1 1 x
x (k) (l)
(c) The exponential y = 2 reected in the x-axis, y y
shifted 1 up. y = 1 2x
2 2
(d) The parabola y = x reected in y = 0, then 3 4
shifted 3 right and 1 up. y = (x 3)2 + 1 x 1
1
10(a) (b)
y y 2 1 1 2x
3 4 1
1
1 2 x (m)
y
(n)
y
1 1 2
4 4
2
5
x 2 4
1
1 1
(c) (d)
1
y y 2 x
1 x
4 1
2 4
(o) (p)
3 2 x y y
1
2
3 3
2 1 1 x 1
(e) (f) 3 3 x
y y 1 23 4
2
5 x
2 1
2
(q) (r)
y y
1
1
2 2 1 x
1 1
1 1 x 1 1
(g) (h) 1 x
y y
5 1 1 x
1
2
(s) (t)
y y
2 5 x 13
1 x
13 1
1 1
2 x
1 x 1
1 2
(u) (v) 2(a)(i) (ii)

y y y y
1 2
1
1 1 1 2
1 x 1x 2x
1 1 1 2 x
1 2
1
(w) (x) (b)(i) (ii)
y y y y
4 4
3
2
2 1
1
4 x x
1 1
2
2 4 2 2 4 x 2 1 1 2 x
(y) (c)(i) (ii)
y y y
1
2 1
1 1 x
1
2 2 4 x
1
1 1 2 x
11(a) x + 2y 2 = 0 (b) x + 2y 2 = 0 (d)(i) (ii)
y y
(c) Both shifts yield the same result.
12 y y1 = m(x x1 ) is the line y = mx shifted 1
1
right by x1 and up by y1 .
13(a) y a = f (x), y a = f (x), y = f (x), x
1 1
y = f (x) 1 1 x
(b) y = f (x a), y = f (x a), y = f (x 2a),
y = f (x 2a)
3(a)
(c) x = f (y), x = f (y), y = f (x), y = f (x) y y
(d) x = f (y), y = f (x), x = f (y), y = f (x)
1 1
Exercise 2J (Page 71) 1
1(a) (b) y 1 x x
1 1
y 18 1 1
6
2
2 (b)
8 4 x y
3 6 12 x y
4
4
8
2
1 2 1 x
2 1 2 x ( 21 ,2 14 ) 2
(c) (c) 6(a)

y y y y
1
2
1 1
1
1 2 x 1 x
1
1 1 x x
1 1
(d) y y y y
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
1
2 2
(b)
4(a) stretch horizontally by factor 2 y y
(b) stretch horizontally by factor 2,
vertically by factor 4 2
(c) stretch horizontally by factor 12 1
1 x 1 x
y y 1
1 1 (c)
y y
1 x 2 x
2
1 1
y y x
1
4 1 1 x
(d)
y y
2 x 1
2 1 x
1 x
5(a) (b)
y y 1
2 x
1 1 1
3
1 2 x 1 x y
1 1 y 7(a)
2
1 x
4
1 x
(b) y (c) y y
y 2
2 1
1 x 4 x
1 1 x 2 x
2 1
1
2
(a) reect in the x-axis and translate up 2
(b) stretch vertically by a factor of 2,
and translate down 2
(c) reect in y-axis and translate right 4, or trans-
late left 4 and reect in y-axis
8(a) (b)
y y
1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2 x 2 2 x
1
1
9
y
1 1
1 x 1 x
10(a)(i)stretch vertically by factor 2, y2 = 2x ,

or translate left by 1, y = 2(x+ 1)
y 1
(ii) stretch along both axes by k, = x ,
k k
2 1
or stretch horizontally by k , y = x
k2
(iii)reciprocal, y = 31x ,
or reect in the y-axis, y = 3x

11 stretch horizontally by factor 3 and vertically

by factor 3 3
12(c) (1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0) (d) a gure eight
2
(e) (x 1) + ( 2 ) = (x 1)2 ( y2 )2
2 y 2
Chapter Three (e) x< 1

2 or x > 5 (f) 4 x 53
y y
1(a) x>1 (b) x2 20
5
1 x 2 x
(c) x > 2 (d) x<3 1
2 5 x
4 53 x
2 x 3 x
(e) x 1 (f) x<2 6(a) 3 < x < 1 (b) x 1 or x 4
y y
1 x 2 x
(g) x<2 (h) x3 4
2 x 3 x 3 1 x
(i) x3 (j) x 2
x x 3 1 4 x
3 2
(k) x>2 (l) x 2
(c) x < 4 or x > 2 (d) 2 x 3
2 x 2 x y y
2(a) 2 x < 3 (b) 3 <x5
4
2 3 x
x
4
5 x
2 3 3 8
(c) 12 x 2 (d) 12 x<4
12 2 x 1
2 4x
4 2 x
3(a) x > 4 (b) x 2 (c) x < 2 (d) x 1 6
(e) 2 x < 1 (f) 6 x 15
(e) 1 < x < 1 12 (f) 1 < x < 4
4(a) 0 < x < 4 (b) x 1 or x 3
y y
(c) x 0 or x 2
1 1 1 x
5(a) 2 < x < 4 (b) x < 1 or x > 3 2
y y 4
2 4x 1 3x
3
1 4 x
7(a) 1 x 1 (b) x < 0 or x > 3
(c) x 12 or x 12
(d) x < 0 or x > 0 (or simply x = 0)
(c) 2x5 (d) x 3 or x 1
(e) x = 3 (f) 1 x 3
y y
8(a) x < 0 or x 12 (b) 3 < x < 5
(c) 4 < x 2 12 (d) x < 32 or x > 4
2 5 x
(e) 1 < x < 3 (f) 53 < x 3
9 The curve is always above the line.
10(a) false: x = 0 (b) false: x = 12
3 1 x
(c) true (d) false: x = 12 or x = 2
(e) false: x = 1 (f) true (g) false: x = 1
(h) true
13(a) 12 < x 3 (b) 3 < x < 2
(c) x < 1 or x 3 (d) x < 17 or x > 2
Answers to Chapter Three 559
14 The two lines are parallel and thus the rst is (b) (c)
always below the second. y y
15(a) (b) 1 x < 2. The
y solution to the inequa- 2
2 tion is where the diago- 1 x
2 4 x
1
nal line lies between the 4
horizontal lines.
1 1 2 x (d) (e)
1 y
y
16 5x 4 < 7 12 x, with solution x < 2
17(a) x 3 (b) 0 < x 3 (c) 4 x 4
(d) x < 4 (e) 0 < x < 8 (f) 25 1
x 625 x
2 2
18(a) true (b) false: a = 2, b = 1 (c) true 4 2 2 x
(d) false: a = 1, b = 1 (e) true
(f) false: a = 1, b = 2
19(a) 4 4t < 12 (b) 3 < t 1
(f) 3(a) x 0 or 1 x 2
y
(c) 6 t + 7 < 10 (d) 3 2t 1 < 5
(b) 2 < x < 0
(e) 0 12 (t + 1) < 2 (f) 2 12 (3t 1) < 4
or 2 < x < 4
(c) 0 < x < 3 or x > 3
(g) 12 2 < 8 (h) 0 t + 1 < 2
t 9
(d) x = 0 or x 4
20(a) 7 < x + 3 < 19 (b) 3 x + 3 12
2 2
2 2 (e) x = 3 or x = 3
21(b)(i) Either x > xy > y ,
1 3 x (f) x = 2 or x 0
or x y = (x + y)(x y) > 0 so x2 > y 2 ,
2 2
or otherwise. (ii) n > 0

4(a) f (x) = x(x 2)(x + 2) (b) f (x) = x2 (x 5)
22(a) Put x = a and y = 1a .

(b) Put x = a and y = b .
y y
2 2 2 2 2
23 x + xy + y = 12 (x + y ) + 12 (x + y)
or otherwise.
2
25(a) 2(a + b + c ab bc ac)
2 2 2
2 x 5 x
(b) 2(a + b + c 3abc)
3 3 3

1 2(a)
y
y (c) f (x) = x(x 2)2
y
1 3
1 1 x
2 x
3 1 x
5(a) 2 < x < 0 or x > 2 (b) x < 0 or 0 < x < 5

(c) x 0 or x = 2
6(a) x < 1 or 3 < x < 5 (b) x = 1 and x = 3
(alternatively, x < 1 or 1 < x < 3 or x > 3)
(c) 2 < x 4 (d) 3 < x < 0 or x > 3
(e) 3 < x < 1 (f) x < 0 or 0 < x < 5
(g) x 0 or x 5 (h) 2 x < 0 or x 2 (b)(i) y (ii) y

(i) x < 3 or 0 < x 2
7(a) y = x(x + 1)(x 1), x = 1, 0 or 1 1 1
(b) y = (x 2)(x 1)(x + 1), x = 1, 1 or 2
(c) y = (x + 2) (x 2), x = 2 or 2
2
1 1 x 1 1 x
8(a) y (b) y 1
2 (c)(i) (ii)
y y
1
1 1 x x
1 2
1
1 1 2 1
2 2 x 1 2 x
(c) y 1 1
x 4(a) even (b) neither (c) odd (d) even

2 2
8 (e) neither (f) odd (g) odd (h) neither
If a function is a sum of multiples of odd powers
of x, then it is odd. If it is a sum of multiples of
9(a) zero for x = 0, undened at x = 3, positive even powers, then it is even. If the sum involves
for x < 0 or x > 3, negative for 0 < x < 3 even and odd powers, then it is neither.
(b) zero for x = 4, undened at x = 2, positive 5(a) y = (x + 3)(x 3) (b) y = (x 1)(x 5)
for x < 2 or x > 4, negative for 2 < x < 4

y y
(c) zero for x = 3, undened at x = 1, positive
for x < 3 or x > 1, negative for 3 < x < 1 5
10(a) x 4 or 3 < x 1
(b) 2 < x < 1 12 or x > 12 x x
3 3 1 5
(c) 12 x < 1 12 or x 2 12
9
Exercise 3C (Page 84) (c) y = x(x 5)(x + 5) (d) y = x2 (x 2)(x + 2)
1(a) x = 1 (b) x = 32 (c) all real numbers y y
(d) all real numbers (e) x 0 (f) x 1
(g) x 7 (h) x 4
5
2(a)(i) y (ii) y
5 x
2 2 x
1 1
2 1
2 1 1 2 x 1 2 x (e) y = x2 (x + 5) (f) y = x(x2)(x+2)(x2 +4)
1 y y
2
5 x 2 x
(g) y = x(x2)2 (x+2)2 (h) y = x(x 3)(x + 3)2 5(a) (b)

y y y y
2
2
x 1
2
3 3 x
1 1 x 2 2 x
x = 1 (b) x = 4 (c) x = 1 (d) x = 2 1
6(a) 2x, for x 0, 2 x, for x 0,
(e) x > 4 (f) x > 1 (g) all real x (h) x = 3 y= y=
2x, for x < 0. 12 x, for x < 0.
7(a) x 2 or x 2 (b) x < 2 or x > 2 (c) (d)
8(a) 2 x 2 (b) 2 < x < 2 (c) 5 x 5 y y
(d) 5 < x < 5 (e) x 2 or x 2
(f) x < 2 or x > 2
9(a) even (b) even (c) odd (d) neither 3
10(a)(i) even (ii) even (iii) odd (b)(i) even (ii) odd 1
(iii) in general, neither
1 x 3 x
11(a) Suppose f (0) = c. Then since f (x) is odd,
f (0) = f (0) = c. So c = c, and hence c = 0.
x 1, for x 1, x + 3, for x 3,
(b) It is not dened at the origin (it is 1 for x > 0, y= y=
1 x, for x < 1. x 3, for x < 3.
and 1 for x < 0). (e) (f)
1
12(a) Let y = f (x). Then x = f (y), from y y
which it follows x = f (y) since f is odd. Hence
y = f 1 (x), and thus f 1 (x) = f 1 (x) as
required. (b) The graph will fail the horizontal
x 3
line test unless it is a single point on the y-axis. 1 1
13(b)(i) g(x) = 1 + x and h(x) = 2x
2
1
2 x + 2 x x
and h(x) = 2 2
x
(ii) g(x) = 2 2 x
(c) In the rst, g(x) and h(x) are not dened for y=
y=

all x in the natural domain of f (x), specically at x 1, for x 0, x + 3, for x 0,
x = 1. In the second, x = 0 is the only place at x 1, for x < 0. 3 x, for x < 0.
(g) (h)
which g(x) and h(x) are dened.
y y
Exercise 3D (Page 89) 2
1(a) For |x 2|: 3, 2, 1, 0, 1.
For |x| 2: 1, 2, 1, 0, 1.
2 2 2 x
(b) The rst is y = |x| shifted right 2 units,
the second is y = |x| shifted down 2 units. 2 x
2(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 3 (e) 3 (f) 3 (g) 16 (h) 3

3(a) x = 3 or 3 (b) x = 5 or 5 x 2, for x 2, 2 x, for x 0,
y= y=
(c) x = 10 or 4 (d) x = 5 or 7 2 x, for x < 2. 2 + x, for x < 0.
(e) x = 6 or 5 (f) x = 2 or 3 13 6 An absolute value can not be negative.
(g) x = 75 or 11 5 (h) x = 2 or 87 7(a) even (b) neither (c) odd (d) even
4(a) false: x = 0 (b) true (c) true 8(a) 1 < x < 5 (b) 13 x 3
(d) false: x = 2 (e) true (f) true 1 x
1 5 x 3 3
(g) false: x = 2 (h) true
(c) x 9 or x 5 (d) 2 < x < 1 (f) false: x = 2

14(a) x = 1
5 9 x 2 1 x 1 1
(b) y = x1 , for x > 1, and y = 1x , for x < 1.
(e) x > 2 or x < 1
3 (f) x 2
5 or x 2 17(a) (b)
y y
1
3 2 x 2
2
5
x
1
9(a)(i) (ii) 2
y y x
1
2 2 x
3 3 3
1
y = y =
1 3 x 1 3 x x + 1, for x 1,
x2 2x, for x 0,
3(x + 1), for x < 1.
x2 + 2x, for x < 0.
(b)(i) y (ii) y 18(a) An absolute value must be positive.
2 (b) x > 1
19(a)
3 y
4
1 2 x 12 3 x 1 1
3 x
(iii) 10(a) The rst holds
2
y
when x is positive, the 4
second when x is nega-
tive. 4, for x < 1,
y = 2x 2, for 1 x < 3,
(b)(i) 2 < x < 2
4, for x 3.
or 10 < x < 6 (b)
1 1 x y
(ii) 3 x < 4 12
or 12 < x 2
11 y (a) y is undened 1
for x = 0. 1 2
1 (c) y = 1, for x > 0, and x
2 3
y = 1, for x < 0.
x 1

1 2x 3, for x < 1,
y = 1, for 1 x < 2,

2x 5, for x 2.
12(a) y (b) y (c)
y
2 2 3
4 1
1 x
1 x 1 x
3
y = 2x, for x 0, y = 0, for x 0,

y = 0, for x < 0. y = 2x, for x < 0. x 4, for x < 1,
13(a) false: x = 2 and y = 2 (b) true y = 3x, for 1 x < 1,

(c) false: x = 2 and y = 2 (d) true (e) true x + 2, for x 1.
20(a)(i) (ii) (a) (b)

y y
y y
3 1
1
2
1 2 x
1
4 x
x x 2
1
(b) 21 (c) (d)
y y y
y
1
1
1 1
1 x x x
2 1
2 1
1 x
22(a) |x a| + |x b| = (x a) + (b x) < c 5(a) x 4 (b) 0 < x < 1 (c) x < 1 or 0 < x < 2
(d) 1 < x < 0 or x > 1
( x a) (b x )
6(a) 2 solutions (b) 3 solutions
a x b y y
(b)|x a| + |x b| = (x a) + (x b) = (b a) + 1
2(x b) < c
( x b) x
(b a) 2
2
a b x
1 x
(c)|x a| + |x b| = (a x) + (b x) = (b a) +
(c) 3 solutions (d) 3 solutions
2(a x) < c y y
(a x )
(b a)
1 1
2
x a b
1 x 4 x
(d)The result follows directly from parts (a), (b)
and (c). (e) 3 < x < 7
Exercise

3E
(Page 93) (e) no solutions (f) no solutions
. . y y
1(a) 2 =
. 14, 3 =. 17 (b) y = 2 and y = 3
(c) x = 1 or x = 2 (d) x < 1 or x > 2
(e) x = 2 or x = 1, 2 x 1
. . 1
(f) x =. 162 or x =. 062
2 1 x 1 x
(g)(i) Draw y = x, x = 0 or x = 1.
. .
1
(ii) Draw y = x + 12 , x = . 137 or x = . 037.
(iii) Draw y = 12 x + 12 , x = 1 or x = 12 .
2(a) x 3 (b) 0 x 2 (c) x = 1
3(a) x < 2 or x > 1 (b) 0 x 1
(c) 1 < x < 0 or x > 1
4(a) (4, 2), x 2 = 3 14 x (b) (0, 0) and (1, 1),
x = 2x x2 (c) (1, 2) and (2, 1), x2 = x 1
(d) (1, 1) and (0, 0) and (1, 1) x = x
3
7(a) y (b)The graph of (c) 2 < x < 2

(d) x < 4 or x > 23
3
. .
y = |x + 1| is always 16(a) x =
. 11 (b) x =
. 12
1 above the graph y
y
of y = 12 x 1. 2
1 2 x
1 2 1
1
1 2 x
8(a) (4, 3), (2, 3) (b) (1, 1)
y y 1 2 x
. . .
(c) x=
. 05 or x =. 19 (d) x = 0 or x =
. 18
3 y y
2
1 1 1
4 1 2 x 1 2 x
2 x
(c) (1, 2), (2, 4) (d) (1, 0) 1 2 x

y y
17(a) 1 x < 1 or x 2 (b) x<2
2
(c) 3 < x < 1 or x > 2
4 y y
2 2
1 1 x 1
1 x
x 1 2 x 2
1 2 1
9(a) 4 x 2 (b) x < 1 (c) x 1 or x 2 2
(d) x < 1
10(b) The right-hand branch is y = x, which gives 18(a)
solution x = 3, and the left-hand branch is y y
y = x, which gives solution x = 3. 4
2
(c) 3 x 3
3
11(a) (b) x = 2 or 2 1
y 2 x 2
(c) x < 2 or x > 2
4 1 2 x
2
2
2

1 1 3x 8, for x < 2,
2 2 x y = x, for 2 x < 1,
1
3x 2, for x 1.
2
(b) 3 13 x 2 13 or 1 x 1 13
19(b) b < m (c) p m p and b < p
qm
12 (c) c > 12
y 2
13(b) b < 92 20 x 2 or 1 12 < x 2
y
14(a) 2
1 (b) The solutions are
1 12
not integers.
1 1 1
x (c) x = 11 or 73 2 2
1
2 x
1 12
15(a) x 2 12 (b) x 4 or x 0
21(a)(i) (ii) 2(a) (b) y

y y y
1 1 1 x
2 x
1 x 1 x
(iii) (b) 0, 1 or 2 (c) y (d)

y
y
2
4 1
x 2
2 2 1 x
2 4 x
(e) y (f)
y
Exercise 3F (Page 98) 3
1(a) y (b)
y x x
3 2
1
4
x
x
3(a) (b)
y y
3
4
(c) (d)
y y 2 4
3 x x
3
x
1 x 3
1 (c) 4(a)
y y
2
(e) y (f) y
2 1 12 x 2 x
1 3
2
x 1 x
(b) (c)
y y
2
1
1 x 2 4x
2
(d) 5(a) (c) (d)

y y y y
5
1
1 1 x x
1 x
4 2 x 1
1
(b) (c) (e) y (f) y
y y
1
1 3x 1
x
1
2 x
1 x
(d) (e) 7(b) y (c) y
y y
1 x 1 x
1 1
4
(1,3) (1,3)
3 x
2 2 x
(f) (g) 8(a)(i) (ii)

y y y y
x x
1 5
1 2 x x
(h) (i) (b)(i)

y y y y
x 1
2 3
x 2 2
1 1 12
(1,1) (1,1)
2 x x
2
6(a) (b)
y y (ii)
y y
1 1
2 x 2 x
1
2 2
x x
9(a) x 0 and y 0 (b) x 0 and y 0 y 1 or

16(a) (b)y + 2x > 1 or
(c) x 0 and y 0 (d) x 0 and y 0 y 1 y + 2x < 1
(e) x 0 or y 0 (f) x 0 or y 0 y y
10(a) y < x and y 2 x
1
(b) y 12 x 1 or y 2 2x 1
1
(c) y < x + 2 or y > 4x 1 2
11(a) y (b)(i) y x 12 x
1
1
(1, 2)
1 1
1 1 17 18
x x y y
2 2 (1, 2)
(2,1) (2,1) 2
(ii) (iii) 5 x
y y
(1, 2) 5
(1, 2) (1, 2) 2 x
1 1
1 1 The curve is
19(b) 20(a) The curve is
x x undened for x < 0. undened when x = 0.
2 2 (c) (b)
y y
(2,1)
12(a) y 13(a)
3 y
x
1
2 x
1
1 3x
12 x 21(a) (b)
y y
3
2
(b) whole plane (b) no intersection
14(b)(i) (ii) y
y x x
4 2 2 3
4
4 3
4 x
x 22 23(a) 6 (b)(i)
y y
1
x < 2 and
15(a) (b)x y 2 and x
x > 2 x y 2 1
x
y y
2
2
2 2 x 2 x
2
(ii) (iii) (a) (b)

y y
y y
2
x x 3 x
1 x 3
1
24(a) (b)
y y
(c) domain: x = 2, vertical asymptote: x = 2,
y as x 2+ , and y as x 2
(d) domain: x = 2 12 , vertical asymptote: x =
+
x 2 12 , y as x 2 12 , and y as
x
x 2 12
(c) (d)
(c)
y y
y
1
x 2 12
2 x
x 1
3(a) x = 2 y
25(a)A region is connected if every pair of points
(b) x = 0 and y = 0
within the region can be joined by a curve that
(c) y 1 as x and
lies within the region.
as x . 1
(b) A region is not convex if there exist two points
(d) x = 2 is a vertical
in the region which may be joined by a straight x
asymptote, y as 2
line that goes outside of the region.
x 2+ , y as
Exercise 3G (Page 105) x 2 .
4(a) x = 3 (d) y
1(a) f (x) 0 as x and x
(b) x = 1 and y = 3 1
(b) f (x) 1 as x and x
(c) y 1 as x and
(c) f (x) 2 as x and x 1
as x ,
(d) f (x) 12 as x and x 1
y as x 3+ ,
(e) f (x) 0 as x and x
y as x 3 . 3 13 x
(f) f (x) 0 as x and x
2(a) domain: x = 1, vertical asymptote: x = 1, 5 6(d)
y y
(b) domain: x = 3, vertical asymptote: x = 3,
2 x
1 x
7(a) even (d) y 13(a) (b)

y y
(b) y = 2
2
1 x
3 3 x
x
8(a) x = 1, x = 3 and y = 2
(b) x = 13 , x = 31 and y = 49 14(a)
y
(b)
y
(c) x = 1, x = 4 and y = 1
(d) x = 5, x = 2 and y = 0
9(b) x = 2, 2 and y = 1 (d)
12
y
(c) y = 1 2 x 2 2 x
1
2 2 x
15(a) (b)
y y
1
3 1 x
10(a) y (b)(i) y 2
4 x
1 3
3 x
2
x 3 16(a)
y
(b)
y
2 2
4
(ii) y (iii) y 1 1
3 1 1 x 3 x
1
2
1 1
(c) (d)
2 1 2 x y y
1 1 x 1 1
2
11 y 12 y 1
1 2 x
4 1 2 x
1
1
1 2 x (e)
y
(f)
y
1 3 x
2 (1,2)
2
2
1 2 x
2 1 2 x
17(a)
y
(b)
y Chapter Four
2 1
x 1(a) 04067 (b) 04848 (c) 07002 (d) 08443
4 1 2
1 (e) 49894 (f) 09571 (g) 29238 (h) 14945
4 1 (i) 06745 (j) 18418 (k) 26372 (l) 10119
2 3 x 2(a) 76

(b) 27

(c) 39

(d) 71

(e) 10

(f) 21

4

3(a) 41 25 (b) 16 42 (c) 46 29 (d) 77 3
18(a) (b)
y y (e) 40 32 (f) 75 24
1 4(a) 12
13
5
(b) 12 (c) 13
12 (d) 125
(e) 13
12 (f) 13
5
1 5(a) 6 and 17 (b)(i) 15
17 (ii) 5 (iii) 4 (iv) 17
4 3
8 (v) 53
(vi) 15
x x 8
3

6(a) (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) 2 (f) 3
1 2 3 2
7(a) 1 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 1
1 . . . .
8(a) x = . 44 (b) a = . 104 (c) h = . 190, j = . 162
. .
19(a) (b) (d) k = . 174, = . 126
y y . .
9(a) = . 58 24 , = . 31 36
. .
(b) x = . 31 47 , y = . 58 13
. .
(c) = . 57 16 , = . 32 44
. .
(d) = . 54 19 , = . 35 41
10(a) 061 (b) 286 (c) 026 (d) 031 (e) 109
1 x (f) 365
x
11(b) 3 (c)(i) 13 5 , 23

(c)
y 12(a)(i) 12 22 (ii) 32 2

14(a) 71 34 (b) 2198 (c) = 54 19, = 35 41
. .
15(a) b = . 8452 (b) = . 8476
. .
(c) s = . 10534, h = . 17001
. .
(d) a = . 16314, b = . 7607
1 x 16 73

17 11

18(a) P QR = 20 + 70 = 90 (using alternate
angles on parallel lines and the fact that due west
is 270 ). (b) 110 + 39 = 149

19(a) 51 cm (b) 16 cm (c) P Q = 18 sin 40 , 63 25

20(a) 69 5 , 69 5 and 41 51 (b) 04838 (c) 60 31

(d) 3172 (e) 64 1 and 115 59 (f) 02217
2
21(b) 16 3 cm
23 457 metres
24 158 nautical miles

25(a) y = x tan 39 and y + 7 = x tan 64

26(a) 108
Answers to Chapter Four 571
Exercise 4B (Page 115) The curve is called a rectangular hyperbola,

(c)
2(b)(i) BD = a cos B and is the same curve as the curve y = 1/x in the
3(a) QP R = 90 , so RP S = . two-dimensional coordinate plane.
(b) ha and hb
Exercise 4D (Page 125)
5(a) OT P = 90 (radius tangent)
and OT A = 90 (angle sum of OT A), 1(a) + (b) + (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
so AT P = . (h) + (i) + (j) + (k) + (l) (m) + (n)

6 12 q, 12 p 3 and 12 (q + p 3 ) (o) (p) +

8(a) If RBQ = , then RQB = 90 (angle 2(a) 36 (b) 30 (c) 50 (d) 20 (e) 60 (f) 30

sum of BQR) and so RQP = (complemen- (g) 60 (h) 70 (i) 40 (j) 60

tary angles). Therefore QP R = 90 (angle 3(a) tan 50 (b) cos 50 (c) sin 40 (d) cot 80

sum of P QR) and so QP C = (complemen- (e) sec 10 (f) cosec 40 (g) cos 5

tary angles). Thus RBQ = RQP = QP C. (h) cosec 55 (i) tan 40 (j) sin 85 (k) sec 80

12(a) If OA = OB = x and OP = y, then (l) cot 20
AP P B = (x + y) (x y) = 2y = 2 OP. 4(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 0 (e) undened (f) 1

13(a)(i) N SO = 90 (angle sum of N OS), (g) 1 (h) 0 (i) 1 (j) 0 (k) undened

so QSR = 90 (vertically opposite) and so (l) undened

RP Q = (angle sum of P QS). (ii) N R = 5(a) 1 (b) 23 (c) 1 (d) 23 (e) 3 (f) 23
2
M Q (opposite sides of rectangle M N RQ). (g) 2 (h) 1 (i) 2 (j) 1 (k) 2 (l) 1
2 3 3 2
So N P = N R + RP = M Q + RP . (m) 12 (n) 3 (o) 2 (p) 23
6(a) 042 (b) 091 (c) 091 (d) 042 (e) 049
Exercise 4C (Page 119) (f) 049
3(a) 320 (b) 250 (c) 170 (d) 70 7(a) 070 (b) 122 (c) 070 (d) 052 (e) 192

(e) 300 (f) 220 (f) 052

4(a) 310 (b) 230 (c) 110 (d) 10 (e) 280 8(a) 1 (b) 27 (c) 34

(f) 170 10(a) (2, 2 3 ) (b) ( 3 , 1) (c) (1, 1)

5(a) 70 , 430 , 290 , 650 (d) (5, 5 3 )

(b) 100 , 460 , 260 , 620
11(a) 53 8 (b) 138 11

(c) 300

(d) 213 41

(c) 140 , 500 , 220 , 580 13(a) sin A (b) cos A (c) tan A (d) sec A

(d) 200 , 560 , 160 , 520 (e) sin A (f) sin A (g) cos A (h) tan A

(e) 240 , 600 , 120 , 480 (i) sec A (j) cosec A (k) cot A (l) sec A

(f) 340 , 700 , 20 , 380 14(a) y = sin and y = cos have range 1 y
6(a) sin = 5 , cos = 5 , tan = 43 ,
4 3
1, y = tan and y = cot have range R, y = sec
cosec = 54 , sec = 53 , cot = 34 and y = cosec have range y 1 or y 1.
(b) sin = 35 , cos = 45 , tan = 34 , (b) sin , cos , cosec and sec have period 360 ;

cosec = 53 , sec = 54 , cot = 43 tan and cot have period 180 .

(c) sin = 25 5 , cos = 15 5 , tan = 2, (c) sin , cosec , tan and cot are odd; cos and

cosec = 12 5 , sec = 5 , cot = 12 sec are even.
(d) sin = 13 5
, cos = 12 13 , tan = 12 ,
5
(d) The graphs have point symmetry about ev-
cosec = 13 5 , sec = 12 , cot = 5
13 12
ery -intercept, and about every point where an
8(a)(i) 05 (ii) -05 (iii) 095 (iv) 095 (v) 059 asymptote crosses the -axis.
(vi) 081 (vii) 089 (viii) 045 (ix) 081 (x) 059 (e) sin , cos , cosec and sec have line symme-

(b)(i) 30 , 150 (ii) 120 , 240 try in every vertical line through a maximum or

(iii) 64 , 116 (iv) 53 , 307 (v) 53 , 127 minimum; tan and cot have no axes of symme-

(vi) 143 , 217 (vii) 204 , 336 (viii) 107 , 253 try.

(c) 45 , 225 15(a) cos (b) cos (c) sin (d) cos
10(b) A circle of radius r0 . (e) tan (f) cosec
.
16(a) 1 (b) tan (c) cot (d) cos 4(a) = . 5 44 or 174 16
.
(b) = . 95 44 or 264 16 (c) = 45 or 135
(d) = 270 (e) no solutions
1(a) sin = 45 , tan = 43 (f) = 45 or 315

(g) = 90 or 90

5
(b) sin = 13 , sec = 13 12 (h) =
.
. 243 26 (i) = 150

(j) = 210 or 330

2(a) cos = 17 or 15
15
, cot = 15 8 or 8
15
(k) = 60 or 300

(l) =
.
. 18 26 or 198 26

17
(b) tan x = 13 7 , cosec x = 47 7
(m) = 360 , 180 , 0 , 180 or 360

3(a) cos = 13 3
13 (b) cot = 12 21 (n) =
.
. 16 42 or 163 18

(c) cosec = 12 5 or 21 5 (d) sec A is undened. (o) =
.
. 224 26 , 315 34 , 584 26 or 675 34

4(a) cosec P = 34 2 (b) tan = 0
(p) = 157 30 or 337 30

(c) sin = 13 5 or 13 5 , cot = 25 5 or 52 5
5(a) = 0 , 180 or 360

(d) cosec x = 15 34 or 51 34 ,
(b) = 30 , 150 , 210 or 330

sec x = 13 34 or 13 34 (c) =
.
. 72 , 108 , 252 or 288

q 2 p2 p
(d) = 45 , 135 , 225 or 315

5 cos = , tan =
q q p2
2
6(a) x = 15 , 75 , 195 or 255
k
6 sin = , sec = 1 + k 2 (b) x = 67 30 , 112 30 , 247 30 or 292 30
1 + k2
(c) x = 20 , 80 , 140 , 200 , 260 or 320
2t 2t
7(b) sin x = , tan x = (d) no solutions
1+t 2 1 t2
7(a) = 75 or 255 (b) = 210 or 270
1k 2

8 tan( + 90 ) = (c) = 345 or 165 (d) = 285 or 45
k
8(a) = 45 or 225 (b) = 150 or 330
9 Hint: tan = a 4a 1 1
or 4a a
(c) = 60 , 120 , 240 or 300

Exercise 4F (Page 131) (d) = 45 , 135 , 225 or 315

2(a) cosec (b) cot (c) tan (d) cot 9(a) = 0 , 90 , 270 or 360

3(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (b) = 30 , 90 , 210 or 270

2 2
6(a) cos (b) sin (c) sin A (d) cos A (c) = 0 , 60 , 180 , 300 or 360
.
2 2
7(a) cos (b) 1 (c) tan (d) cot A
2 (d) = 135 or 315 , or = . 63 26 or 243 26

8(a) cos (b) cosec (c) cot (d) tan (e) = 90 , 210 or 330
.
2 2
9(a) 1 (b) sin (c) sec (d) 1 (f) = 60 or 300 , or = . 104 29 or 255 31
.
10(a) cos (b) cosec (c) cot A (d) 1
2 2 2 (g) =. 70 32 or 289 28
2 2 2 2 .
x y y x (h) =. 23 35 , 156 25 , 221 49 or 318 11
14(a) 2 + 2 = 1 (b) 2 2 = 1
a b b a (i) = 0 , 60 , 120 , 180 , 240 , 300 or 360
(c) (x 2) + (y 1) = 1 (d) x + y = 2
2 2 2 2
10(a) x = 60 , 90 , 270 or 300
15(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 0 .
(b) x = 135 or 315 , or x = . 71 34 or 251 34
17(a) y x = 1 (b) x + 2xy + 2y = 5
2 2 .
(c) x = 210 or 330 , or x = . 14 29 or 165 31
2
(c) x y = y + 2 .
(d) x = . 48 11 or 311 49
.
(e) x =. 56 19 , 116 34 , 236 19 or 296 34
Exercise 4G (Page 137) 11(a) = 90 , or =
.
. 199 28 or 340 32

1(a) = 60 or 120 (b) = 45 or 225 (b) =

.
. 63 26 , 161 34 , 243 26 or 341 34

(c) = 135 or 225 (d) = 120 or 300 12(a) A =
.
. 48 11 or 311 49

(e) = 210 or 330 (f) = 150 or 210 (b) A =
.
. 23 35 or 156 25

2(a) = 90 (b) = 180 (c) = 90 or 270 13(a) x = 45 , 180 or 225

(d) = 0 or 360 (e) = 0 or 180 or 360 (b) x = 120 or 240 , or x =
.
. 19 28 or 160 32

(f) = 90 or 270 14(a) x = 71 34 or 251 34
. .
3(a) x = . 65 or 295 (b) x = . 7 or 173 (b) x =
.
. 75 58 , 116 34 , 255 58 or 296 34
. .
(c) x =. 98 or 278 (d) x = . 114 or 294 (c) x =
.
. 21 48 , 116 34 , 201 48 or 296 34
. .
(e) x =. 222 or 318 (f) x = . 80 or 280 (d) x = 0 , 135 , 180 , 315 or 360
Answers to Chapter Four 573
15(a) = 54 , 126 , 198 or 342 (c) 2:1

.
(b) =. 13 41 , 121 19 , 193 41 or 301 19 24(a) Combine the formulae DC = c/ sin C and
.
(c) =. 33 41 , 63 26 , 213 41 or 243 26 = 12 ab sin C.
. abc
(d) = 45 or 225 , or = . 18 26 or 198 26 2
(c) DC : DI = abcs : 4 , DC DI =
s
(e) = 30 , 45 , 135 , 150 , 210 , 225 , 315
or 330 (f) = 120 , 225 , 300 or 315 163 s2
(d) ,
(g) =
. a2 b2 c2
. 78 28 , 228 35 , 281 32 or 311 25

(h) = 60 , 180 or 300
Exercise

4I (Page 148)

(i) = 45 , 120 , 225 or 300
. 1(c) 13 1443 cm 10
(j) = 135 or 315 , or = . 161 34 or 341 34
2(c) 57 101 32 15
3 115 km
Exercise 4H (Page 143)
4 167 nautical miles
1(a) 19 (b) 92 (c) 89
5 20
2(a) 49 (b) 53 (c) 43
2 2 6(a) 94 48 (b) 84 33
3(a) 5 cm (b) 22 cm

7(a) 101 38 (b) 78 22
4 42 24 , 137 36

2 9 13 10
5(a) 49 46 (b) 77 53 (c) 370 cm
10(a) 19 cm (b) 37 38
6(a) 69 2 or 110 58 (b) 160 units or 110 units
. . . 11 cos A = 34 , cos B = 16 9
, cos C = 18
7 Either B = . 62 38 , C = . 77 22 , c = . 115 . .
. . . 12(b) 108 km (c) ACB = . 22 , bearing =
. 138
or B = . 117 22 , C = . 22 38 , c = . 46.
13(a) DAP = DP A = 60 (angle sum of isosce-
8(b) 28 metres
les triangle), so ADP is equilateral.
9(b) 6 cm
So AP = 3 cm. (b) 3 7 cm
10 32
15(a)(ii) 9 3 units
2
11(a) 3 6 (b) 3 2 (c) 2 6 (d) 6 2
abc
12(b) 793 metres 17(a) DC = ,
13 110 cm 2 s(s a)(s b)(s c)
2 (s a)(s b)(s c)

14(a) P JK = P BQ = 20 (corresponding an- DI =
s
gles on parallel lines).
But P JK = P AJ + AP J (exterior angle of Exercise 4J (Page 152)
triangle). So AP J = 20 5 = 15 . 1(a)(i) 44 25 (ii) 98 cm2 (b)(i) 116 cm (ii) 49
(d) 53 metres 2(b) 1061 metres

17(a) QSM = 36 (angle sum of QRS) and 3(a) 985 metres (b) 530 metres (c) 1252 metres

P SM = 48 (angle sum of P SM ),
4(b) 87 nautical miles
so P SQ = 48 36 = 12 . SP Q = 24 . 5(c) 34 metres
So P QS = 180 24 12 = 144 (angle sum
6(a) 34 35 (b) P DA = ABP (base angles of
of P QS). (c) 473 metres isosceles ABD) and ABP = P DC (alternate
18(b) 12 km (c) 9:52 am angles on parallel lines), so P DA = P DC and

19(a) sin BM A = sin(180 ) = sin P DC = 1 ADC.
(c) 65 35

2
31

20(d) 7(a) 46 59 or 133 1
2 2
21 If the related angle for is and the known (b) 664 metres or 527 metres

angle is and < , then = is one solution 8(a) 12 37 cm (b) 25 17
and = 180 is the other possibility. 9 P1 by 25 min
But (180 ) + = 180 + ( ) > 180 , and 10(a) 42 km (b) 78

so = 180 is impossible. 86 sin 60 45

11(a) (b) 66 metres
23(a) 8 3 (b) As the triangle varies, the circle sin 65 45

13(a) CQ = x tan 48 , P D = x tan 52
remains unchanged, because A is an angle at the
(b) QD = x tan and CQ CP = P D QD
circumference standing on the chord BC.
(both = P Q). (c) 42 42 Chapter Five

15(a) cos

16 120 Exercise 5A (Page
159)

21(b) 17 52 1(a) 5 (b) 13 (c) 10 (d) 8 = 2 2 (e) 80 = 4 5
22(f) As d 0, the quadrilateral becomes a trian- (f) 13
gle whose circumcircle remains the original circle. 2(a) (3, 2 12 ) (b) ( 12 , 1) (c) (1, 1) (d) (4, 5)
(e) (0, 1) (f) (2 12 , 6)
3(a)(i) (3, 3) (ii) (5, 4) (iii) (9, 6) (iv) (9, 6)
(b)(i) (0, 12 ) (ii) (2, 12 ) (iii) (3, 2) (iv) (5, 2)
(c)(i) (1, 1) (ii) (3, 1) (iii) (11, 5) (iv) (37, 18)
(d)(i) (6, 3) (ii) (4, 1) (iii) (10, 11)
(iv) (8 12 , 8)
4(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 1 (or 3 : 1)
(d) 1 : 3 (or 1 : 3) (e) 4 : 1 (or 4 : 1)
(f) 1 : 4 (or 1 : 4)
5(a)(i) 2 : 5 (ii) 5 : 3 (b)(i) 3 : 5 (ii) 5 : 2
(c)(i) 3 : 2 (ii) 2 : 1 (d)(i) 1 : 2 (ii) 2 : 3
(e)(i) 4 : 3 (ii) 3 : 1 (f)(i) 1 : 3 (ii) 3 : 4
6(a) (13, 7) (b) (7, 3) (c) (1, 0) (d) (15, 8)

7 AB = BC = 10 and CD = DA = 5.
Such a quadrilateral is sometimes called a kite.

8(a) XY = 2 13, Y Z = 2 13, ZX = 2 26, so
XY 2 + Y Z 2 = 104 = ZX 2 (b) 26 square units
9(a) ABC is an equilateral triangle.
(b) P QR is a right triangle.
(c) DEF is none of these.
(d) XY Z is an isosceles triangle.
10(a) (0, 4), 2, 3), (4, 2)
(b) (0, 6), (2, 9), (4, 12), (6, 15)
11(a) Both midpoints are M (2 12 , 2 12 ). It must be
a parallelogram, since its diagonals bisect each

other. (b) AB = AD = 5. ABCD is a
rhombus, since it is a parallelogram with a pair of
adjacent sides equal.

12 17, 2 17, 2 17, 17
13(a) (x 5) + (y + 2) = 45
2 2
(b) (x + 2) + (y 2) = 74
2 2
14(a) S(5, 2) (b)(i) P = (1, 17)

(ii) P = (7, 7) (c) B = (0, 7) (d) R = (12, 9)
15(a) Check the results using the distance formula
there are eight such points.

(b) y = 4 or 10 (c) a = 1 + 2 or 1 2
16(a) P (1, 2 12 ) (0, 1)
17(a) 7 : 2 (b)(i) 3 : 5 (ii) 2 : 3 (iii) 5 : 2
18(a) AB : BM = 2 : 1 (b) AB : BM = 4 : 3
(c) AB : BM = 11 : 4 (d) AB : BM = 1 : 1
(e) AB : BM = 2 : 3 (f) AB : BM = 1 : 3
Answers to Chapter Five 575
19(a)(i)2 : 1 (ii) 1 : 3 15(a) OA has gradient 12 , and OB has gradient 2.

20(a) (11, 5) and (17, 7) (b) R( 41 , 3) Their product is 12 (2) = 1, thus they are per-

21(a) P ( 1+ 2k 42k
1+k , 1+k ) (b) k = 2, P (1, 0) pendicular. (b) OA = AB = 5 (c) D( 32 , 12 )
22(a) (2, 1) (b) M = (4 12 , 1 12 ) (d) C(1, 2) (e) square
23(a) Q( 2t , t12 ) 16(b) W Z = 5, XY = 10. It is a trapezium, but
(b)(i) S( ra2 , rb2 ) (ii) S( a 2 +
a b
b2 , a2 + b2 ) not a parallelogram.
3
24(a) x = 2 a, a vertical straight line through the 17(a) P = (2, 1), Q = (1, 4),
midpoint of AB. (b) (x 4a)2 + y 2 = (2a)2 , R = (3, 2), S = (0, 3)
a circle with centre (4a, 0) and radius 2a. (b) mP Q = mR S = 35 and mP S = mQ R = 1
25(a) Q (b)(i) k > 0 (ii) k < 1 (iii) 1 < k < 0 18(a) P = (2, 3), Q = (3, 5)

(iv) As k (1) , M moves innitely far along
+
(b) mP Q = mB C = 2 and P Q = 5
the ray QP . As k (1) , M moves innitely 19 12 (p + q)
20 x + (y 1) = 5 , a circle with centre (0, 1)
2 2 2
far along the ray P Q.
and radius 5.
Exercise 5B (Page 165) y2
21(a) = 1 (products of gradients is 1),
1(a) 2, 12 (b) 1, 1 (c) 34 , 43 (d) pq , pq x(x 4)
2(a) 1, 1 (b) 2, 12 (c) 12 , 2 (d) 12 , 2
and (x 4) + y 2 = 1
2

4 , 4 15 ) or Q( 4 , 4 15 )
(b) Q( 15 1 15 1
(e) 3, 13 (f) 2a b
, 2ab
23(b) They are collinear if and only if = 0, that
3(a) 027 (b) 100 (c) 041 (d) 308

4(a)(i) 45 , upwards (ii) 120 , downwards
is a1 b2 + a2 b3 + a3 b1 = a2 b1 + a3 b2 + a1 b3 .
(b) x = p p1
4p
24(a) x = 1p 2
(iii) 76 , upwards (iv) 30 , upwards

(b)(i) 45 (ii) 30 (iii) 14 (iv) 60
. . Exercise 5C (Page 169)
5(a) m = 3, = . 72 (b) m = 21 , = . 153
. . 1(a) not on the line (b) on the line (c) on the line
(c) m = 4 , =
3
. 143
2
(d) m = 3 , = . 34
. . 2 Check your answer by substitution.
(e) m = 45 , = . 39 (f) m = 52 , = . 112
3(a) x = 1, y = 2 (b) x = 1, y = 1
6 Check your answers by substitution into the gra-
(c) x = 3, y = 4 (d) x = 5, y = 1
dient formula.
(e) x = 2, y = 3 (f) x = 4, y = 1
7(a) 373 (b) 100 (c) 241 (d) 032
4(a) m = 4, b = 2 (b) m = 15 , b = 3
8(a) non-collinear (b) collinear with gradient 23
(c) m = 1, b = 2
9(a) mA B = 12 , mB C = 2 and mA C = 0,
5(a) x y + 3 = 0 (b) 2x + y 5 = 0
so AB BC.
(c) x 5y 5 = 0 (d) x + 2y 6 = 0
(b)(i) mP Q = 4, mQ R = 41 and mP R = 53 ,
6(a) m = 1, b = 3 (b) m = 1, b = 2
so P Q QR. Area = 8 12 units2
(c) m = 2, b = 5 (d) m = 13 , b = 2
(ii) mX Y = 73 , mY Z = 25 and mX Z = 25 ,
(e) m = 43 , b = 54 (f) m = 1 12 , b = 2
so XZ Y Z. Area = 14 12 units2
7 The sketches are clear from the intercepts.
10(d) square
(a) A(3, 0), B(0, 3) (b) A(2, 0), B(0, 2)
11 In each case, show that each pair of opposite
(c) A(2 12 , 0), B(0, 5) (d) A(6, 0), B(0, 2)
sides is parallel. (a) Show also that two adjacent
(e) A(1 23 , 0), B(0, 1 14 ) (f) A(1 13 , 0), B(0, 2)
sides are equal. (b) Show also that two adjacent .
8(a) = 45 (b) = 135 (c) = . 63 26
sides are perpendicular. (c) Show that it is both . . .
(d) =. 18 26 (e) =
. 143 8 (f) =. 56 19
a rhombus and a rectangle.
10(a) y = 2x + 3, y = 2 x + 31
12(a) 5 (b) 5
(b) y = 52 x + 3, y = 25 x + 3
13 = 12
(c) y = 34 x + 3, y = 43 x + 3
14 k = 2 or 1
11(a) x y + 3 = 0 (b) 3x + y + 1 = 0

(c) x 3y 2 3 = 0 (d) x + y 1 = 0
12 The angles of inclination are about 61 and 12(b) 3x 4y 12 = 0 (c) OB and AC are vertical
119 , so the two lines make acute angles of 61 and hence parallel, and from their gradients ( 34 )
with the x-axis. OA is parallel to BC.

13(a) k = 13 (b) k = 3
2
(d) 12 units , AB = 2 13
14(a) 2x y = 4 (b) x y = 3 (c) 5x + y = 3 13(b) 4y = 3x+12 (c) M L = M P = 5 (d) N (4, 6)
15 (x a) + (y x) = a , (f) x + (y 3) = 25
2 2 2 2 2

where a = 2 2 or a = 2 + 2, 14(a) (0, 2)

(x 2 )2 + (y + 2 )2 = 2, (d) gradient = tan(180 ) = tan = 2 so
2
(x + 2 ) + (y 2 )2 = 2 2x + y 6 = 0 (e) R(3, 0), hence area = 8 units2 .

16(a) From their gradients, two pairs of lines are (f) QR = 2 5, P S = 85 5
parallel and two lines are perpendicular. 15 k = 2 12
(b) The distance between the x-intercepts of one 16(a)(i) = 4 (ii) = 9
pair of lines must equal the distance between the (b) = 4 (c)(i) = 8 (ii) = 0 or 16
y-intercepts of the other pair. Thus k = 2 or 4. 17(a) 2x 3y + k = 0
(b)(i) 2x 3y + 2 = 0 (ii) 2x 3y 9 = 0
Exercise 5D (Page 173) 18(a) 4x 3y + k = 0
1(a) 2xy1 = 0 (b) x+y4 = 0 (c) 3xy+8 = 0 (b)(i) 4x 3y 8 = 0 (ii) 4x 3y + 11 = 0
(d) 5x+y = 0 (e) x+3y8 = 0 (f) 4x+5y+8 = 0 19(a) x = 1
2(a) y = 2x2 (b) 2x+y1 = 0 (c) x+2y+6 = 0 (b)
y
(d) 3y = x + 13
3(a) 2 x = 1, 2x y + 2 = 0
y
(b) x2 + 3 = 1, 3x + 2y 6 = 0
y
(1,0) x
(c) x4 y = 1, x + 4y + 4 = 0
(d) x3 3 = 1, x y 3 = 0
y
3
4(c)(i) No, the rst two intersect at (4, 7), which
does not lie on the third.
(ii) They all meet at (5, 4). 20 Stretch horizontally by a factor of a and verti-
5(a) y = 2x + 5, y = 12 x + 6 cally by a factor of b.
1 1
(b) y = 2 12 x 8 12 , y = 52 x + 4 15 21 ( p+ q , p+ q ) The two lines are inverse functions
(c) y = 1 13 x + 3, y = 34 x + 6 12 of each other, and so are reections in the line
6(a) 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 (b) 2x 3y 8 = 0 y = x.

7(a) x y 1 = 0 (b) 3x + y + 3 = 0 22 3x + 4y 24 = 0

(c) x y 3 4 3 3 = 0 23 y2 = m(x+1) (a) 2xy = 4 (b) xy = 3

(d) x + 3y + 2 + 5 3 = 0 (c) 5x + y = 3
8 1 2 , and 3 4 , so there are two pairs of 25(a) bx + ay = 2ab (b) bx + 2ay = 3ab
parallel sides. The vertices are (c) bx + kay = (k + )ab

1

(2, 1), (4, 7), (1, 2), (3, 4). 28(c)(i) 1 (ii) 13 13
9 mB C mA C = 1 so BC AC,
AB: y = x 1, BC: y = 12 x + 2, AC: y = 2 2x Exercise

5E (Page178)
1(a) 12 10 (b) 4 = 4
5 (c) 520 = 12 5
10(a)(i) x 3 = 0 (ii) y + 1 = 0 5 5

(b) 3x + 2y 6 = 0 (c)(i) x y + 4 = 0 2(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 17 (d) 12 10

(ii) 3x + y 4 = 0 (d) x 3 + y + 6 3 = 0 (e) 0 (The point is on the line.) (f) 32 5
. 3 1
11(a) mA C = 23 , = . 34 (b) 3y = 2x 2 3(a) D is distant 10

. (b) C is distant 4 10 .

(c) D(4, 2) (d) mA C mB D = 23 23 = 1, 4(a) 3 is distant 5 10. (b) 1 is distant 17
3
13 13.
hence they are perpendicular. (e) isosceles 5(a) = 15 or 5 (b) = 12 or 1

(f) area = 12 AC BD = 12 52 52 = 26 6(a) h > 4 or h < 6 (b) 6 k 4
(g) E(8, 4) 7(a) They do not intersect.
Answers to Chapter Five 577
(b) Once, the line is tangent to the circle. 6(a) 2x 3y + 6 + k(x + 3y 15) = 0 (b)(i) x = 3
(c) Once, the line is tangent to the circle. (ii) 4x+3y24 = 0 (iii) x6y+21 = 0 (iv) 3y = 4x
(d) They intersect twice. 7(b)(i) 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 (ii) 3x + 2y + 7 = 0

8(a) 7 = 10 7
10 (b) 1017 = 10
17 17 (iii) 2y + 5x + 13 = 0 (iv) x y + 4 = 0
10
9(a) x 2y 1 = 0 (b) 2 5 (c) AB = 3 5 so the 8(a) (4, 1) (b)(i) (0, 4) (ii) (3, 7)

area is 15 square units. (d) 10 square units 10(a) 10 (b) 2y + x 4 = 0
10(e) AC is common, AO = AB and both triangles 11(a) 2x y = 0
are right-angled, thus they are congruent by the (b) Using (x + 2y + 10) + k(2x y) = 0 yields
RHS test. (f) 50 units2 (g) 2 25 k = 1, hence the line is 3y x + 10 = 0.
11(a) centre (2, 3) and r = 2, distance 4 12(a) y = 3x 9 (b) 4y = x + 8 (c) 5y = 4x 1
5
(b) 4 (d) 2x + 3y 6 = 0
5
12 The distances should dier. Since the distances 13(b) = 32 and the circle is
dier, the lines are not parallel, and must inter- (x 32 )2 + (y + 32 )2 = 13
2 .
sect. 14(c) They are all 1 and 1. (d) When = 1
13(b) x + 3y 4 = 0 and 3x y 2 = 0 the equation reduces the straight line to x = 0.
|3m 1| (e) = 19 , giving (x 52 ) + y = 29
2 2
14(a) y = mx (b) 2 4 .
m +1 15(b) k = 5 , giving y = 4(x 1).
3 2
(c) Using
(d) y = 15 (3 + 2 6 )x or y = 15 (3 2 6 )x
|2q q 2 3| (h + 1)y = x (h 1) 2x(2h 1) gives h = 1 and
2
16(b) (c) 2
5 the result is y = x, which is not a parabola.
5
17(a) (x 7) + (y + 1) = 25 (b) 7m 2+ 1
2 2
m +1
(c) m = 43 or 34 Exercise 5G (Page 185)
(d) 4x + 3y + 6 = 0 or 3x 4y + 17 = 0 1(a)(i) M = (4, 5) (ii) OM = P M = QM = 41
19(b) Substitution gives (p +q )(r q d ) = p r .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (iii) OM , P M and QM are three radii of the circle.

2
Rearranging this, d2 = p 2 r+ q 2 . (b) M = (p, q), OM = P M = QM = p2 + q 2
2 2 2 2
2(a) P Q = 5, RS = 25, P S = 17, QR = 13
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Exercise 5F (Page 182) (b) P Q = p + q , RS = r + s , P S = p + s ,
2 2 2
1(a) QR = q + r
k =1
k=2 y k= 1 3(a)(i) P (2, 0), Q(0, 2)
2
(ii) mP Q = mA C = 1 and AC = 4 2
4
(b) P (a + b, c), Q(b, c),
k = 12
2 mP Q = mA C = 0 and P Q = a
k = 1 y
1 4(a) x3 + 4 = 1 and 4y = 3x, thus C( 48 36
25 , 25 ).
x 12 16
(b) OA = 3, AB = 5, OC = 5 , BC = 5 ,
2 1 2 4
k = 2 AC = 95
2
6(a) AB = BC = CA = 2a (b) AB = AD = 2a

(c) BD = 2a 3
(b) k = 2: 3x + y 4 = 0, k = 1: x = 1, 7(a) D is the origin, AB = (a b) + c ,
2 2 2
k = 12 : 3x y 2 = 0 BC 2 = (a + b)2 + c2 , CD2 = a2 , BD2 = b2 + c2 .

(c) k = 12 : x 3y + 2 = 0, k = 1: y = 1, (b) The sum of the squares on two sides of a trian-
k = 2: x + 3y 4 = 0 gle equals twice the square on the median to the
2(a) x + 2y + 9 + k(2x y + 3) = 0 third side plus twice the square of half the third
(b) k = 3 gives y = x. side.
3(a) x2y 4 = 0 (b) 2x+y 3 = 0 (c) y = x3 8 Both midpoints are at the origin.
4(b) k = 2 gives y = 3. (c) k = 1 gives x = 1. 9 The condition reduces to x = q, so that R is
(d) (1, 3) vertically in line with Q.
5(a) (1, 1) (c) 3y + x 4 = 0 10(a) P = 12 (a1 + b1 ), 12 (a2 + b2 ) ,

Q = 12 (b1 + c1 ), 12 (b2 + c2 ) ,

R=

1
+ d1 ), 12 (c2 + d2 ) ,
2 (c1

Chapter Six
S = 12 (d1 + a1 ), 12 (d2 + a2 )
(b) The midpoint of both P R and QS is 1
1(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 12 4
(d) 21 1
(e) 49 (f) 64 (g) 81
M 14 (a1 + b1 + c1 + d1 ), 14 (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) . 4
5
27
16
(h) 25 (i) 1000 (j) 1
(c) a parallelogram
2(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 4 (e) 8 (f) 27 (g) 81
12(a) P = (1, 4), Q = (1, 0) and R = (3, 2),
(h) 125 8
(i) 27 (j) 32
BQ: x y + 1 = 0, CR: y 2 = 0, AP : x = 1 8
3(a) 169 (b) 98 (c) 12 (d) 4000 1
(e) 900
(b) The medians intersect at (1, 2). 2 9x 2 y 2
4(a) x7 (b) x33 x
(c) (y +1) 2 (d) t+3
s2 (e)
13(a) The median through B is 8
y 6 2 2
3a(y + 6b) = (c + 3b)(x + 6a). The median 5(a) x 2 (b) 21
x (c) ys 9 c
(d) 5d 3 (e) 21m2 (f) ba
p2
through A is 3a(y 6b) = (c 3b)(x 6a). (g) 2x
y2 (h) q 6
(b) The medians intersect at (0, 2c). 6(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 13 (d) 32 (e) 12 (f) 21
14(a) perpendicular bisector of AB: x = 0, 7(a) 12 1
(b) 128 (c) 25
4 (d) 343
64 (e) 16
81 (f) 125
8
of BC: c(c y) = (b + a)(x b + a), (g) 25
36
1 2 125
(h) 8 (i) 3 (j) 27
7 3 (b) 5 4 (c) 51 x 3 (d) 11 5 a 2 (e) 7y 5
1 3 4 1 1 4
of AC: c(c y) = (b a)(x b a) 8(a)
1 1 1
(b) They all meet at (0, c + bc a ).
2 2 2 3 5
(f) x 2 (g) x 2 (h) 2x 2 (i) 18 x (j) 7(3x + 2)
1 3
(c) Any point on the perpendicular bisector of an 9(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 20 (d) 10
(b) x 14+ x494
2 25 4
interval is equidistant from the endpoints of that 10(a) x +10+ x 2 (c) 9x12+ x4
4n n 1 6x+1 15n 2n 12
interval. 11(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 11 (e) 7
3x5
15 A suitable choice is A(0, 0), B(2b, 0) (f) 2
and C(0, 2c). 12(a) x = 31 (b) x = 14 (c) 23 (d) x = 12 5
2
a2 b
16 C has coordinates ( a 2ab + b 2 , a 2 + b 2 ).
(e) x = 4 (f) x = 2
1 1 1
13(a) b = 343 (b) 11 (c) x = 81
14(a) x = 3 and y = 4 (b) x = 0 and y = 1
(c) x = 2 and y = 2 1
ba y x2 y 2 ab
15(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
ab y+1 y x2 ba
x3 y 3 1
(e) 3 3
(f)
x y a+1
6n 3x 2x 2x
16(a) 2 (b) 81 (c) 2 (d) 2 3 (or 62x )
4n 4 4n 5 x 1x
(e) 5 2 (f) 2 3
n 3
17(a) 50 7 (b) 26 (c) 124 5
n
(d) 7
2n 1
(e) 7 2
n
(f) 2
n 1
(c) 2 3
n n
18(a) 32 (b) x
3
19(a) > (b) > (c) < (d) < (e) > (f) >

20(a) 1 12 (b) 4 12 (c) 5 (d) 4 (e) 6 (f) 7 2
11 15
22(a) 12 < 2 3 < 13 (b) 13 < 2 4 < 14
x 0
23 lim 0 = 0 and lim x = 1
x0 + x0

1(a) 3x = 9, x = 2 (b) 2x = 16, x = 4
x
(c) 5 = 125, x = 3 (d) 10 = 10
x 1
, x = 1
(e) 7 = 49 , x = 2 (f) ( 3 ) = 81 , x = 4
x 1 1 x 1

(g) 5 = 5, x = 12 (h) 11 = 1/ 11, x = 21
x x
x
2 For y = 2 : 18 , 14 , 12 , 1, 2, 4, 8.
For y = log2 x: 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
Answers to Chapter Six 579

y (b)x = log2 S + S 2 1 ,
2
x = log2 D + D2 + 1
1
1 1 2 x 1(a) 21, 25, 29, 33 (b) 24, 48, 96, 192
1 (c) 1, 10, 19, 28 (d) 3, 1, 13 , 19
(e) 1, 1, 1, 1 (f) 64, 81, 100, 121
(g) 45 , 56 , 67 , 78 (h) 2, 1, 12 , 14
3(a) x = 43 = 64 (b) x = 131 = 13 1 2(a) 3, 8, 13, 18 (b) 5, 25, 125, 625

2 (c) 1, 8, 27, 64 (d) 5, 2, 9, 16
1
1
(c) x = 9 2 = 3 (d) x = 10 = 100
1 14 12

(e) x = ( 16 ) = 2 (f) x = 7 = 1/ 7 (e) 12, 36, 108, 324 (f) 4, 12, 24, 40
= 216 (h) x = 8 3 = 14 (g) 1, 2, 3, 4 (h) 3, 9, 27, 81

2
15
(g) x = 36
3
4(a) x = 27, x = 3 (b) x
1
= 17 , x = 7 3(a) 5, 17, 29, 41 (b) 34 , 32 , 3, 6 (c) 1, 2, 6, 24
(d) 28, 14, 7, 3 2 (e) 37, 13, 11, 35
1
1
3
(c) x = 1000, x = 10 (d) x 2 = 3, x = 9
2 (f) 2 2 , 4, 4 2 , 8 (g) 5, 15, 30, 50
(e) x = 25, x = 15 (f) x2 = 49 , x = 23
1 (h) 12 , 34 , 78 , 15
4
1
(g) x 3 = 16, x = 8 (h) x 2 = 9, x = 81 16
5(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 2 (f) 12 1 4(a) 77 = T10 , 349 is not a member, 1577 = T260 .
(g) 0 (h) 1 12 (b) 63 terms are less than 400, T64 = 401.
6(a) 3 and 4, 346 (b) 3 and 4, 301 5(a) 60 is not a member, 80 = T4 , 605 = T11 .
(c) 2 and 3, 221 (d) 8 and 9, 864 (b) 14 terms are less than 1000, T15 = 1125.
7(a) 2 log2 3 (b) 1 + 2 log2 3 (c) 1 log2 3 6(a) 0, 2, 0, 2 (b) 50, 100, 200, 400
(d) 1 + log2 5 (c) 36x, 18x, 9x, 92 x (d) 5a, 3a, a, a

. (e) 4a, 8a, 16a, 32a (f) 1, 5, 19, 65
8(a) x = log2 13 = . 3700
(b) x = 2 + log3 20 =
.
. 4727 (g) 3, 1, 5, 9 (h) 1, 2 2 , 8, 16 2
(c) x > log7 1000 =

.
. 3550 (i) 34 x, 3x, 27 4 x, 12x
.
(d) x < 1 + log2 10 = . 2322 7(a) Tn = Tn 1 + 5 (b) Tn = 2Tn 1
(e) x < log5 004 = 2 (c) Tn = Tn 1 7 (d) Tn = Tn 1
(f) x = 1 + log 1 10 =
.
. 4322 8(a) 10 is not a member, 15 = T9 .
2
.
(g) x < log 1 100 = . 4192 (b) 106 terms
3
. 9(a) 28 = T7 , 70 = T10 (b) 5 terms
(h) x > log006 0001 = . 2455
9(a) 33 powers (b) 14 powers 10(a) 1 12 = T4 , 96 = T10 (b) T7 = 12
x 3
10(a) 6x (b) x y z (c) 3y + 5 (d) 2x + 2z 1 11 From Q2: (a) y = 5x2 (b) y = 5 (c) y = x
(d) y = 12 7x (e) y = 4 3
x
(e) yx (f) x+2y2z1 (g) 2z (h) 3xyz2 (f) y = 2x(x + 1)
11(a) 3+log2 5 (b) log2 5+ 32 log2 3 (c) 12 log2 3 (g) nothing simple (h) nothing simple
(d) 12 + 32 log2 3 32 log2 5 12(a) 1, 0, 1, 0, Tn where n is even.
12(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) n (d) y (b) 0, 1, 0, 1, Tn where n is odd.
13(a) 3 = 2 2
log 3
(b) u = 3 3
log u log 7
(c) 7 = a a (c) 1, 1, 1, 1, no terms are zero.
(d) u = v
log v u (d) 0, 0, 0, 0, all terms are zero.
14(a) 12 (b) 49 (c) 15 (d) x

n
(e) 1/x (f) x 5
x (e) 1, 0, 1, 0, Tn where n is even.
(g) x
x
(h) x
1/x (f) 1, 1, 0, 0, the third and fourth term in each
15(a) x + y = xy (b) x = 1000y (c) x = y

4 group of 4 is zero.
2 3
(d) x y = z
4 x
(e) 2 = y (f) x = yz
n 13(a) 11, 15 (b) 4, 8
3
(g) 64x = y
2
(h) (2x + 1) = (2x 1)
2 3 14(a) 45 (b) n +1 n
(d) 301
= T5
15(a) 09 = T10 , 099 = T100 (b) n : (n 1) (d) n1
2 2
16(b) 2, 2, 2
2x
18(a) SD = 14 (2 2 16(a) The Fibonacci sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
2x
), S + D = 2x ,
x
SD =2 , S D =1 2 2 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, . . . . The Lucas sequence is 1,
3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199, 322, . . . .
The sum of two odd integers is even, and the sum 13 The 13 terms T28 = 19, . . . , T40 = 17 have
of an even and an odd is odd. squares less than 200.
(b) The rst is 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, . . . , which is 2Fn + 1 . 14(a) a = m + b, d = m (b) f (x) = a + (x 1)d
The second is 0, 2, 2, 4, 6, . . . , which is 2Fn 1 . 15(a) a = a1 + a2 , d = d1 + d2

(c) 12 + 12 5 , 32 + 12 5 , 42 + 22 5 , 72 + 32 5 (b) A(1, 0) is 1, 1, 1 . . . , A(0, 1) is 0, 1, 2 . . . ,
A(a, d) = aA(1, 0) + dA(0, 1).
Exercise 6D (Page 201) ad2 a2 d ad1 a1 d
(c) = ,= .
1(a) d = 3, Tn = 5 + 3n, T10 = 35 a1 d2 a2 d1 a2 d1 a1 d2
(b) d = 6, Tn = 27 6n, T10 = 33
Note: a1 : a2 = d1 : d2 ensures a2 d1 a1 d2 = 0.
4n 1
(c) not an AP (but Tn = 2 , T10 = 64 )
(d) d = 4, Tn = 4n 7, T10 = 33
1(a) 1, 3, 9, 27, Tn = 3n 1
(e) d = 1 14 , Tn = 14 (2 + 5n, T10 = 13 n 1
(b) 5, 10, 20, 40, Tn = 5 (2)
(f) d = 17, Tn = 29 17n, T10 = 141
(c) 18, 6, 2, 23 , Tn = 18 ( 13 )
n 1
(g) d = 2, Tn = 5 + 2 2 n 2, T10 = 5 8 2 n 1
(d) 6, 3, 1 2 , 4 , Tn = 6 ( 12 )
1 3
2
(h) not an AP (but Tn = n , T10 = 100) n 1
(e) 1, 2 , 2, 2 2 , Tn = ( 2 )
(i) d = 3 2 , Tn = 2 (7n 12) = 72 n 6, T10 = 29
1 1
n 1
(f) 7, 7, 7, 7, Tn = 7 (1) = 7 (1)n
2(a) d = 3, Tn = 85 3n, T25 = 10, T29 = 2 n 1
2(a) r = 2, Tn = 10 2 , T6 = 320
(b) d = 8, Tn = 353 8n, T25 = 153, T45 = 7 n 1
(b) r = 3 , Tn = 180 ( 13 )
1
, T6 = 20
(c) d = 54 , Tn = 14 (103 5n), T25 = 5 12 , 2
27
(c) not a GP (but Tn = (n + 7) , T6 = 169)
T21 = 12
(d) not a GP (Its an AP with Tn = 20 + 15n,
3(a) x = 23, d = 9 (b) x = 4, d = 18
T6 = 110.) (e) r = 4, Tn = 34 4n 1 , T6 = 768
(c) x = 10, d = 8 (d) x = 2, d = 4 n 1
(f) r = 14 , Tn = 24 ( 14 ) , T6 = 128 3
4(a) cost = 200 + 300n (b) cost = $4700 n 1
3(a) r = 1, Tn = (1) , T6 = 1
(c) 32 windows n 1
(b) r = 2, Tn = 2 (2) = (2)n , T6 = 64
5(a) 2120, 2240, 2360, 2480 n 1
(c) r = 3, Tn = 8 (3) , T6 = 1944
(b) An = 2000 + 120n, A12 = 3440 (c) 34 years n 1
(d) r = 21 , Tn = 60 ( 12 ) , T6 = 15 8
6(a) 667 terms (b) 44 terms (c) 81 terms n 1
(e) r = 12 , Tn = 1024 ( 12 ) , T6 = 32
7(a) 11, 15, 19, 23, a = 11, d = 4 n 1
(f) r = 12, Tn = 38 (12) , T6 = 27 36
(b) T50 + T25 = 314, T50 T25 = 100
4(a) r = 2 (b) r = 3 or 3 (c) r = 19 or 19
(d) 815 = T202 (e) T248 = 999, T249 = 1003
(d) r = 23 (e) r = 01 or 01
(f) T49 = 203, . . . , T73 = 299 lie between 200
(f) r = 2 or 2
and 300, making 25 terms. 1
5(a) r = 4, a = 16
8(a)(i) T63 = 504 (ii) T106 = 848 (iii) 44 terms
(b) r = 3 and a = 19 , or r = 3 and a = 19
(b)(i) T91 = 1001, T181 = 1991, 91 terms
(c) r = 2 and a = 32 , or r = 2 and a = 32
(ii) T115 = 805, T285 = 1995, 171 terms
(d) r = 12 , a = 128 2
9(a) d = 4, a = 1 (b) d = 9, a = 60
6(a) r = 2, Tn = 6 ( 2 )n 1 , T6 = 8 3
(c) d = 3 12 , a = 4 12 (d) d = 2 5, a = 7 516 2 n 2n 1
(b) r = ax , Tn = a x , T6 = a6 x11
10(a) T8 = 37 (b) T6 = 2 2n n 2
(c) r = y/x, Tn = x y , T6 = y 4 /x4
11(a) d = 4, x = 1 (b) d = 6x, x = 13
7(a) 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, a = 50, r = 2
(c) d = 3 3x, x = 2
(b) T50 T25 = 5 2 , T50 T25 = 2
4 75 25
12(a) d = log3 2, Tn = n log3 2
(d) 6400 = T8 (f) T6 = 1600, . . . , T11 = 51 200 lie
(b) d = loga 3, Tn = loga 2 + (4 n) loga 3
between 1000 and 100 000, making 6 terms.
(c) d = x + 4y, Tn = nx + (4n 7)y
8(a) AP: x = 48, d = 72; GP: x = 6, r = 4
(d) d = 4 + 7 5, Tn = 9 4n + (7n 13) 5
(b) AP: x = 60, d = 36;
(e) d = 188, Tn = 324 188n
GP: x = 48 and r = 2, or x = 48 and r = 2
(f) d = loga x, Tn = loga 3 + (3 n) loga x
(c) They cant form an AP. GP: x = 9, r = 2
(d) AP: x = 2, d = 4;
GP: x = 4 and r = 3, or x = 0 and r = 1 (b) a = 6, b = 12, c = 24

n 1
9(a) Tn = 7 2 , 6 terms or a = 6, b = 12, c = 24
n 1

(b) Tn = 2 7 , 5 terms 5(a) 5 , 2 or 2 (b) 38 2, 12 or 12

n 3
(c) Tn = 5 , 7 terms (c) x, x2 y 2 or x2 y 2
(d) x + y , x y or y x
2 2 2 2 2 2
10(a) 18 terms (b) 7 terms (c) 11 terms
11(a) T9 , . . . , T18 , 10 terms (b) T5 , . . . , T7 , 3 terms x 1 1
(e) 2 , or
(c) T8 , . . . , T11 , 4 terms x y2 x y
2 2 x2 y 2
12(a) P 107, P (107) , P (107)
2 3 (f) 2 log2 3, 2 log2 3 or 2 log2 3
5

(b) An = P (107)
n
(c) 11 full years to double, (g) 2 log2 3, 3 log2 3 or 3 log2 3
(h) 5 logb 2, 4 logb 2 or 4 logb 2
35 full years to increase tenfold.
13(a) Tn = 98 ( 17 )
n 1
, 10 terms (i) 14 5 , 12 or 21
(b) Tn = 25 ( 5 ) 1 n 1
= ( 15 )n 3 , 11 terms 6(a) 0100 01, 0002 or 0002
n 1 (b) 0150 005, 0100 01, 0050 015; 002, 0002,
(c) Tn = (09) , 132 terms
14(a) W1 = 20 000 08, W2 = 20 000 (08) ,
2 00002 or 002, 0002, 00002
x2 + y 2
W3 = 20 000 (08) , Wn = 20 000 (08)
3 n
7(a) , 1 (c) x = y
2xy
(b) 11 years
8(b) The sign of the AM is the sign of the larger in
15 152 sheets absolute value.
16(a) Tn = 2x , x = 1 or 1
n
10(b) (a b) 0, so (a + b) 4ab, so a + b
2 2

(b) Tn = x
62n
, x = 13 or 13 2 ab. (c) When a = b.
16
(c) Tn = 2 24n 4 x = 24n 20 x, x = 6 13(b) XP = AM
17(a) a = 6 4 and b = 2 12 , or a = 4 and b = 2
1
14(a) c : a = 5 : 3 (b) c : a = (1 + 5) : 2
3
(b) a = 1, b = 0 (c) a = 66 (d) a = 16 (e) a = 28, 15(b) T8 /T1 = ( 12 ) 1 2 =
7 . . 2
. 06674 = . 3
d = 1 (f) a = 3 and r = 3, or a = 23 and r = 3
1 4
(c) T5 /T1 = ( 12 ) 1 2 =
. . 4
. 07937 = . 5
18(c) r = 1, 12 + 12 5 or 12 12 5 (d) 1, 2, 4, 8, . . . 5
(d) T6 /T1 = ( 12 ) 1 2 =
. . 3
. 07491 = . 4,
83n
19(a) Tn = 2 3
T4 /T1 = ( 12 ) 1 2 = . . 5
. 08409 = . 6
a d
20(a) rst term = 2 , ratio = 2 2
(e) T3 /T1 = ( 12 ) 1 2 =
. . 8
. 08908 = . 9,
(b) rst term = log2 a, ratio = log2 r 1
T2 /T1 = ( 12 ) 1 2 = . . 17
. 09439 =
(c) No, it can be any positive number except 1.
. 18

16(a) = 12 + 12 5 (b) = 32 + 12 5 (M to the
21(a) a = kb, r = b (b) f (x) = ar
x1
left of A), or = 32 12 5 (M to the right of B)
22(a) rst term = aA, ratio = rR

23(a) rst term = a1 a2 , ratio = r1 r2 Exercise 6G (Page 212)
(b) G(2, 1) is 2, 2, 2, 2, . . . , G(1, 2) is 1(a) 75 (b) 55 (c) 10 (d) 40 (e) 404 (f) 0 (g) 31
1, 2, 4, 8, . . . , = log2 a, = log2 r (h) 10 (i) 10 (j) 1 (k) 1 (l) 80

40
40
1
20
12
3
Exercise 6F (Page 209) 2(a) n (b) (c) (n + 2) (d) 2n
n =1 n =1
n n =1 n=1
1(a) 10, 8 or 8 (b) 20 12 , 20 or 20 k

13
k
(c) 12 12 , 10 or 10 (d) 15, no GM (e) 2n 1 (f) arn 1 (g) a + (n 1)d

(e) 3 34 , 3 or 3 (f) 25a , 7a or 7a
2 2 2 n =1 n =1 n =1

10
10
(g) 0, no GM (h) 2 (a + 1), a or a
1
(h) (1)n n (i) (1)n 1 n
(i) 40, 2 or 2 2 or 25 2
5 5 5
(j) 72, 2 n =1 n =1
1 + x6
2k +1
(k) 12 a (a + 1), a or a , 1 or 1
3 2 4 4
(l)
2x3 (j) (1)n 1 xn 1
2(a) x = 2 (b) x = 4 (c) x = 13 (d) x = 1 or 6 n =1
3

13
3(a) 14, 21, 28, 35 (b) 18, 12 (c) 36 12 , 33, 29 12 ,
1 1 1
3(c)(i) (3n+1) (ii) (3n5) (iii) (3n20)
26, 22 2 , 19, 15 2 , 12, 8 2 (d) 10, 10, 10 10, 100,
5(b) 3
n =0 n =2 n =7
100 10 or 10, 10, 10 10, 100, 100 10
6(a) 125 (b) 0 (c) 873 (d) 56 700
4(a) a = 14 14 , b = 25 12 , c = 36 34
Exercise 6H (Page 214) (d) n = 18 or n = 2, but n must be a positive

1(a) Sn : 2, 7, 15, 26, 40, 57, 77 (AP with a = 2 integer. (e) n = 4, 5, 6, . . . , 12
(f) Solving Sn > 256 gives (n 8) < 0, which has
2
and d = 3) (b) Tn : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 (GP
with a = 2 and r = 2) no solutions.
2 They are the partial sums of the AP 2, 6, 10, 10(b)(i) n = 3 (ii) n = 10 (iii) n = 40
14, . . . . For further explanation, see your chem- (c) 21 or more terms (d) Solving Sn = 50 gives
istry teacher. n2 + n 100 = 0, which has no integer solutions
3(a) 3, 8, 15, 24, 35 (b) 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 because b2 4ac = 401 is not a square.
(c) Tn = 2n + 1 11(a) 20 rows, 29 logs on bottom row
2
4(a) Tn = 52n (b) Tn = 6n8 (c) Tn = 1110n (b) Sn = 5n , 7 seconds
6(a) 2, 8, 26, 80, 242 (b) 2, 6, 18, 54, 162 (c) 11 trips, the deposits are 1 km apart.
n 1
(c) Tn = 2 3 12(a) 10 terms, 55 loga 2 (b) 11 terms, 0
n 1
7(a) Tn = 5 2 (b) Tn = 16 5 (c) 6 terms, 3(4 logb 3 logb 2)
n
n 2
(c) Tn = 3 4 (d) 15(logx 2 logx 3)
8(a) Tn = 6n, 6, 12, 18 13(a) d = 11 (b) = 22 (c) a = 71 (d) a = 3
(b) Tn = n + 1, 2, 3, 4 (c) Tn = 6 2n, 4, 2, 0 (e) d = 2, a = 11, S10 = 20
(d) Tn = 4, 4, 4, 4 (e) Tn = 3n 3n + 1, 1, 7, 19 (f) a = 9, d = 2, T2 = 7
2
n
(f) Tn = 2 3 , 23 , 29 , 27 2
, (g) d = 3, a = 28 12 , T4 = 19 12
n
(g) Tn = 6 7 , 7 , 49 6 6
, 343
6
14(c) a = 27, d = 2 (d) n = 15
(h) Tn = a + (n 1)d, a, a + d, a + 2d 15(a) 37 + 45 + + 101 = 621 (c) n = 11
2 3
(i) Tn = n , 1, 4, 9 (j) Tn = n , 1, 8, 27 (d) 666 667 or more
n 1
(k) Tn = ar , a, ar, ar2 16(a) n(43 n), n = 43 (b)(i) 32 n(41 n), n = 41
9(a) T1 = 8, Tn = 2n + 3 for n 2 (ii) 3n(n + 14), n = 3 (iii) 14 n(n + 9), n = 6
n 1
(b) T1 = 7, Tn = 14 3 for n 2 17(a)(i) 14 850 (ii) 30 000 (b) 150 000
1 (c) 149 700 + 150 400 = 300 100
(c) T1 = 1, Tn = for n 2
n(n 1) (d) 322 multiples, sum is 442 911
(d) Tn = 3n n + 1 for n 1
2
18(a) n = 17, a = 32 (b) n = 11, a = 20
The formula holds for n = 1 when S0 = 0. 19(a) 300 (c) 162
n
Exercise 6I (Page 216) 20(a)
n+1
1 185 3 2n + 3 1 1
(b) and
2(a) 222 (b) 630 (c) 78 400 (d) 0 (e) 65 (f) 30 4 2(n + 1)(n + 2) 4 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
3(a) 101 terms, 10 100 (b) 13 terms, 650
(c) 11 terms, 275 (d) 100 terms, 15 250 Exercise 6J (Page 220)
(e) 11 terms, 319 (f) 10 terms, 61 23 1 2186
4(a) 500 terms, 250 500 (b) 2001 terms, 4 002 000 2 2800 kits, cats, sacks and wives
3(a) 1023, 2 1 (b) 341, 13 1 (2)
n n
(c) 3160 (d) 1440

5(a) Sn = n(1 + 2n) (b) Sn = 12 n(5n 23) (c) 242, 3 1 (d) 122, 12 1 (3)
n n

(c) Sn = 14 n(21 n) (d) Sn = 12 n(2 + n 2 3 2 )
2 2 (e) 1023 , 16 1 ( 1 n
) (f) 341 16
, 1 ( 1 n
)
6(a) 12 n(n + 1) (b) n (c) 32 n(n + 1) (d) 100n 64
2
64 3
2

(g) 27 , 2 1 ( 3 ) 1 n
(h) 27 , 4 1 ( 13 )
364 27 182 27 n
7(a) 450 legs. No creatures have the mean number

of 5 legs. (b) 21 835 years (c) $352 000 (i) 1820 135
1 ( 13 )n (j) 11 111, 19 (1 10 )
n
27 , 2
8(a) n terms, 12 nx(n + 1) (b) 60 + 190d
(k) 9091, 11 1
(10)n 1 (l) 211 , 4
( 3 n
) 1
(c) 21 terms, 21(a 50) (d) 40 400b 24 3 2

4(a) 5 (12) 1 , 2596 (b) 20 1(095) , 8025
n n
(e) 6(13 + 24 2 ) (f) 20 terms, 230 3

9(b)(i) 16 terms (ii) more than 16 terms
(c) 100 (101) 1 , 1046
n
(c) 5 terms or 11 terms
(d) 100 1 (099) , 9562
n

5(a)(i) 263264 1 (b) 615 km3
(ii) 6(a) 76 (7
+ 7) (b) 4(2 2) (c) 5(5 2 5)

cx(3n xn 1) xn 1 (d) r = 13 10 > 1, so there is no limiting sum.
6(a) Sn = (b) Sn =
3x 1 (x 1)xn 1 (e) 13 3 (f) 12 ( 3 + 1) (g) 2 5 + 4
cx 1 (3x)n y n xn (h) r > 1, so there is no limiting sum.
(c) Sn = Sn = (d)
(y x)y n 1 7 37
1 + 3x
7(a) Sn = ( 2) 1 8(a) The successive down-and-up distances form
n
2+1 ,
a GP with a = 15 and r = 23 .
S10 = 31 2 + 1
(b) S = 45 metres
1
(b) Sn = 20 1 ( 5)n 51 , 9(a) r = 12 , S = 14 (b) r = 25 4
, S = 25
29
S10 = 781 51 (c) The rst GP has r = 15 and S = 5, the second
5
GP has r = 14 and S = 6 23 , so the total is 11 23 .
8(a)(i) 121 13 (ii) 9 loga 3 (iii) 765 3 9 129
32 (b) 4 + 2 +27 = 4
11(a) r = 45 (b) 18 + 6 + 2 + or 9 + 6 + 4 +
9(b) n = 8 (c) 14 terms (d) S14 = 114 681
(c) r = 56 (d)(i) r = 12 + 12 5 (r = 12 5 < 1,
10(a) 41 powers of 3 (b) 42 terms
so it is not a possible solution.)
11(a)(i) 001172 tonnes (ii) 1199 tonnes 1
3 (ii) r = 12 (iii) r = 12 2 or 12 2 (e) r = 2 3
(b) 49 10 g
12(b)(i) 96 (ii) 32 (iii) 64 (iv) 32
(c)(i) Sn = 10P (11 0 1) (ii) $56.47
1
13(a) 1 : 10 (b) 45th year
12(a) 34 010 and 26 491 (c) 330
n+1 3 14(a) 66 667 (b) 882% (c) 12th month (d) 98%
13(a) (b) n
n 2 +1 15(b) r = 3, which is impossible. (d)(i) S > 3
14(b) n = 6 (c) T12 = 708 588 (ii) S < 4 (iii) S > 2 a (iv) S < 12 a
1
(d) S13 = 1 594 324 ar

16(a) First term is , ratio is r, it converges
15(a)(i) 2 097 151 (ii) 6560
4374 (b) r = 4 and n = 4 1r
(c) n = 6 and = 1215 to zero because its ratio is between 1 and 1.
3n
16(a) r = 2 or r = 2 (c) r = 3 2 or 3 2
1 1 (b) Dn = 3 , D5 = 19 , 16 terms (c) 10 terms
1
17(a) 3 3 + 6 2 9 (b) 2 2 + n + 4n 2
n n n 2
17(a) 2 < x < 2 and x = 0, S =
2 x2
(c) a = 1, d = 3, b = 3, Sn = 2 n + 2 n 6 + 6 2
3 2 5 n
1
18 112 (b) 1 < x < 3 or 1 > x > 3, S =
3 x2
19 694 5x
(c) x > 15 or x < 15 , S =
5x 1
Exercise 6K (Page 225) x
18, 24, 26, 26 23 , 26 89 , 26 26 (d) x > 2 or x < 2, S =
1 27 , S = 27, x+2
S S6 = 27 1
1 + x2
(e) x = 0, S =
2(a) r = 12 , S = 2 (b) r = 12 , S = 23 x2
(c) r = 13 , S = 18 (d) r = 1, no limiting sum 3x
(f) x > 4 or x < 2, S =
(e) r = 109
, S = 1000 (f) r = 15 , S = 53 4x
(g) r = 15 , S = 56 x2 + 1
(g) x = 1 and x = 1, S =
(h) r = 101, no limiting sum
(x 1)2
n 2 n
(i) r = 099, S = 100 199 19(b) Sn = 4 ( 12 ) n 1 (c) S = 4
1 2
(j) r = (101) , S = 101
ax dx
(k) r = 16 , S = 108 (l) r = 14 , S = 64 5 20(b) Sn = + 1 ( 12 )n 1
175 3 x 1 (x 1) 2
3(a) x = 2 (b) x = 3 (c) x = 3
1 2 2
a + (n 1)d ax dx
4(a) a = 43 (b) a = 83 (c) a = 23
(c) S = +
(x 1)xn 1 x 1 (x 1)2
1 1
5(a) 0 < x < 2, (b) 2 < x < 0,
2x x
1 1
(c) 13 < x < 1, (d) 1 < x < 13 ,
3 3x 3x + 3

Exercise 6L (Page 228) (b) ( x y )(x + xy + y)

1(a) 07 + 007 + 0007 + = 79 (b) 23 (c) ( x + y )(x xy + y)
(c) 027 + 00027 + 0000027 + = 113
(d) 26 1
33 5(a) (b) x y (c) x + xy + y
5
(e) 11 1
(f) 37 5
(g) 37 (h) 27 5 x+ y
2(a) 12 + (04 + 004 + ) = 12 49 (b) 7 11
9 1
(d)
(c) 84 + (006 + 0006 + ) = 8 15
7 x xy + y
2 2
6(a) 2n + 1 (b) 4n (c) 3n + 3n + 1 (d) 2(3n + 1)
(d) 02 + (0036 + 0000 36 + ) = 13
55
(e) 4an (f) 35(n + a)(n a)
4(a) 09 = 09 + 009 + 0009 + = 10109
= 1 2 2 3 2 2 3
7(a) u + x (b) u + ux + x (c) u + u x + ux + x
(b) Zero is the only number that is not negative,
1 1 u+x
but is less than every positive number. (d) (e) (f) 2 2
ux u + x u x
(d) 74 = 739, 7282 = 72819
8(b)(i) (x + 1)(x + x 3 + 1)(x x 3 + 1)
2 2 2
29
5(a) 303 25
(b) 101 3
(c) 13 (d) 37

(ii) (x1)(x+1)(x +1)(x +x 2+1)(x x 2+1)
2 2 2
(e) 025 + (00057 + 0000 057 + ) = 211
(f) 14
1 135 (iii) (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)(x + x + 1)(x x +
825 2 2 2
1
(g) 3690 (h) 7 27

35 1)(x2 + x 3 + 1)(x2 x 3 + 1)
1 13 27
7(a) 4 , 16 , 64 (b)01, 011, 0011, 01011 9(a) 2 1 = (2 ) 1, which factors when a > 1
ab a b
(c) 23 , 57 , 15 ,
1 (d) 001, 01100, 0001 and b > 1. M2 = 3, M3 = 7, M5 = 31, M7 = 127,
8(a) Notice that 19 = 01, 991
= 001, 9991
= 0001, M11 = 2047 = 23 89
and so on. If the denominator of a fraction can ab
(b) If b is odd, then 2 + 1 = (2 ) + 1, which
a b
be made a string of nines, then the fraction will factors. F0 = 2 + 1 = 3, F1 = 22 + 1 = 5,
1
be a multiple of one of these recurring decimals. F2 = 24 + 1 = 17, F3 = 28 + 1 = 257, F4 =
(b) Periods: 1, 6, 1, 2, 6, 3, 3, 5, 4, 5
216 + 1 = 65 537, F5 = 232 + 1 = 641 6 700 417
2
(c) The divisors of N less than N are 1, 2, 2 ,
Exercise 6M (Page 230)
...2 p1
with sum 2 1 = Mp , and Mp , 2Mp ,
p
1(a) (x 1)(x + 1) (b) (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
2 Mp , . . . 2p2 Mp with sum (2p1 1)Mp . The
2
(c) (x 1)(x + x + x + x + 1)
4 3 2
combined sum is N . Some perfect numbers: 6 =
(d) (t 1)(t + t + t + t + t + t + 1)
6 5 4 3 2
2 3, 28 = 22 7, 496 = 24 31, 8128 = 26 127
(e) (t + 1)(t t + 1) (f) (t + 1)(t t + t t + 1)
2 4 3 2
(d) Fn +1 2 = (2 + 1)(2 1) = Fn (Fn 2). The
n n
(g) (x + 1)(x x + x x + x x + 1)
6 5 4 3 2
result now follows, since F0 2 = 1. If n > m,
(h) (x 5)(x + 5x + 25) (i) (x + 2)(x 2x + 4)
2 2
then Fm is a divisor of Fn 2, so since Fn and
(j) (x 3)(x + 3x + 9x + 27x + 81)
4 3 2
Fm are both odd, they are relatively prime.
(k) (x + 5)(x 5x + 25)
2
(l) (x + y)(x x y + x y xy + y )
4 3 2 2 3 4
Exercise 6N (Page 234)
(m) (x + 2)(x 2x + 4x 8x + 16)
4 3 2
1 1 1
(n) (2t + 1)(16t 8t + 4t 2t + 1)
4 3 2 2 + + + = 1,
12 23 34
(o) (1 ax)(1 + ax + a x + a x + a x + a x +
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 1 1
+ + + = 13 ,
a6 x6 ) (p) (3t + 2a)(9t2 6ta + 4a2 ) 1 4 4 7 7 10
2(a) x +xy+y (b) x +x y+xy +y (c) x y+1 1 1 1
2 2 3 2 2 3 2
+ + + = 14
(d) 16x 8x y + 4x y 2xy + y
4 3 2 2 3 4 123 234 345
5 n n is divisible by 24, for odd cardinals n.
3
x + x y + x y + x y + x y + xy 5 + y 6
6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4
(e)
x4 + x3 y + x2 y 2 + xy 3 + y 4 n
7 2 > 2n
3
, for n
12.
n n
x x y + x4 y 2 x3 y 3 + x2 y 4 xy 5 + y 6
6 5
1+ 5 1 5
(f) 17(d) Ln = +
x4 x3 y + x2 y 2 xy 3 + y 4 2 2
3(a) (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)
2
(b) (x 1)(x + x + 1)(x + 1)(x x + 1)

2 2
(c)(i) (x + a )(x + a )(x + a)(x a)

4 4 2 2
(ii) (x 1)(x + x + x + x + 1)(x + 1)(x x +

4 3 2 4 3
x x + 1)
2

4(a) ( x + y )( x y )
Answers to Chapter Seven 585
Chapter Seven 5(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) u + x (d) u + x 4 (e) u + x + 3

(g) 4u 4x
2 2
(f) 2u + 2x + 3 (h) u + ux + x
3 2 2 3
Exercise 7A (Page 240) (i) u + u x + ux + x (derivatives as before)

1 The graph of y = f (x) should approximate a 6(b)(i) 6, 80 32 (ii) 0, 0 (iii) 1, 45 (iv) 1, 135

line of gradient 2 through the origin; its equation (v) 4, 104 2
is f (x) = 2x. 7(b)(i) (3, 6) (ii) (2, 6) (iii) (5, 0) (iv) (0, 0)
2(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 0 (e) a (f) 23 (g) 45 (v) (2 12 , 6 14 )

(h) 10 (i) 0 8(b)(i) x = 2 (ii) x = 2 (iii) x = 2 3
3
3(a) 72 (b) 12 (c) 0 (iv) x = 2 3 (v) x = 23 3 (vi) x = 23 3
.
4(a) 43 (b) 34 (c) 0 (d) 43 (e) 34 (vii) x = 2 tan 37 = . 1507
x x x
10(b) f (0) = 5, y = 5x + 6, whose x-intercept
5(a) (b) (c)
1x 1x 4 x2
2 2
is 65 . (c) At (2, 0), f (2) = 1 and angle of
6(a) (b)
y y inclination is 135 . At (3, 0), f (3) = 1 and angle

1 1 x of inclination is 45 . (d) 71 34, 108 26

1 11(b)(i) 4 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 201
x 13(a) It is the dierence-of-squares identity.
1
14(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 1 (d) 5 (e) 6 or 6
15 The line is a tangent when the two points coin-
2 cide, that is when m = 2a, so the gradient of the
(c) tangent is twice the x-coordinate.

y 16 They meet at x = 12 m + m2 + 4b and x =

1
2 m m 2 + 4b . The line is a tangent when
these coincide, that is, when m2 +4b = 0, in which

case the tangent at x = 12 m has gradient m, which
is twice the x-coordinate.
x
x x 7x
7(a) (b) (c) 1(a) 7x6 (b) 45x4 (c) 2x5 (d) 6x 5
9 x2 16 x2 36 (x 7)2
(e) 4x + 3x + 2x + 1 (f) 3 15x
3 2 2
x1
(d) (g) 2x 2x + 2x (h) x + x + x + 1
5 3 3 2
2x x2
(i) 4ax 2bx (j) x
3 1 2 3b1
(k) 3b x
5a
Exercise 7B (Page 243) (l) (5a + 1)x
1(a) 2x + h 4 (c) 2 (d) 0 at C, 2 at B 2(a) 0, 7 (b) 0, 45 (c) 0, 2 (d) 5, 1 (e) 1, 10
2(a) 5, 5 (b) 3, 3 (c) 2x + h, 2x (f) 3, 18 (g) 0, 2 (h) 1, 4 (i) 0, 4a 2b

2
(d) 2x + h 4, 2x 4 (e) 2x + h + 3, 2x + 3 (j) 0, (k) 0, 3b (l) 0, 5a + 1
3(a) 3x + 1 (b) 6x 6x 16x
2 2 3
(f) 4x + 2h + 3, 4x + 3 (g) 8x 4h, 8x (c) 2x + 2 (d) 8x
(e) 4x + 12x (f) 3x 28x + 49 (g) 3x 10x + 3
2 2 2 3 2 2
(h) 3x + 3xh + h , 3x
(h) 2a x 10a
3 2 2 3 3 2
(i) 4x + 6x h + 4xh + h , 4x
2 3 4
3(a) 5, 11, y = 5x + 1 (b) 3, 2, y = 4 3x 4(a) 3x (b) 10x (c) 4x
3
(c) 4, 14, y = 4x + 6 (d) 0, 4, y = 4 (d) 4x 4x9
5(a) 2/x (b) 15/x (c) 2/x
3 4 5 6
(e) 7, 12, y = 7x 2 (f) 11, 14, y = 11x 8 (d) 3/x
(e) c/ax (f) 6/x + 8/x (g) a/x + 2b/x
2 7 9 2 3
(g) 16, 7, y = 16x + 25
(h) 7n/2x
n +1
(h) 12, 8, y = 12x 16 (i) 32, 16, y = 32x 48
3 1 7 a
4(a) none (b) none (c) x = 0 (d) x = 2 6(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 2
x 3x2 3x2 x
(e) x = 1 12 (f) x = 34 (g) x = 0 (h) x = 0
3 5 7 7
(i) x = 0 7(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 x x 2 x 2 x

8(a) 1, 1 (b) 1, 1 (c) 6, 16 (d) 1/ 3, 3 y = (2 ac + b)x and y = (2 ac + b)x

9(a) 45 , 135 (b) 135 , 45 (b) Points of contact: c/a , 2c + b c/a and

(c) about 99 28 , 9 28 (d) 30 , 120
c/a , 2c b c/a ,
10(a) y = 6x+14, x6y+47 = 0 (b) y = 4x21,
whose midpoint is (0, 2c).
x+4y 18 = 0 (c) y = 8x+15, x8y +120 = 0
(c) 2 c3 /a square units
(d) y = 1, x = 4

11 f (x) = 3x , which is positive for x = 0 and
2
zero for x = 0.
1(a) 4x3 2x, 2 (b) 2ax + b, b 2a
12 2x + y = 16, A = (8, 0), B = (0, 16),
(c) 4x 5, 9 (d) 3ax 2cx, 3a + 2c
2
AB = 8 5 , | OAB| = 64 square units (e) 27/x , 27
4
13(a) (2, 8) (b) (2, 8) and (2, 40) (c) (2a, 4a )
2
(f) 6/ x, undened
(d) (0, 0) and (1, 1) and (1, 1)
(g) a/x 2a/x , a
2 3
14(a) y = 3x + 12, x 3y + 16 = 0
(h) 11/2 x, undened
(b) y = 13 x + 4, y = 3x 16 3
2(a) 9x 5 (b) 5x + 83 x (c) 2 + 6x
2 2
15 y = 2x + 5, y = 2x + 5, (0, 5) c 2d
16 y = 2x + 10, x 2y + 15 = 0, A = (5, 0), (d) a 2 + 3
x x
B = (15, 0), AB = 20, 5 1 12 3 1 1 23
3(a) 2 x (b) 12 x 2 (c) 3x 4 (d) 10
3 x
| AKB| = 80 square units (e) 6x
16
17 y = 3x 2, x + 3y = 4, P = (0, 2), 1 3
4(a) 18x 2 = 18 x (b) 10x 2 = 10x x
Q = (0, 1 13 ), | QU P | = 1 23 square units 3 15
3
(c) 3x 2 = (d) 15 2 x
52
= 2
b 4ac b2 x x 2x x
18 f (x) = 2ax + b, , 4
2a 4a (e) 3x 5

19 f (9) = 14, f (5) = 14 5(a) y = 6x, y = 16 x (b) y = 14 x+1, y = 4x+18

2
20 f (x) = 3x + a, x =
a/3 and (c) y = 2x + 2, x + 2y + 1 = 0 (d) y = 0, x = 1
x = a/3, a 0 (but no restriction on b) 6(a) (1, 1) and (1, 1) (b) (1, 12 )
21(a) 9 (b) 14 (c) a , a , 2a
2 2 2
(c) (1, 2 23 ) and (1, 3 13 ) (d) none (e) ( 14 , 12 )
22 The tangent has gradient 2a 6, the normal 7(a) (1, 6 23 ), (1, 7 13 ) (b) (1, 23 )
1
has gradient . (a)(i) 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 3 14 (c) ( 12 3, 1 34 ) (d) (3, 2 3)
6 2a 8(a) 1 (b) 0, 3, 3 (c) 1, 1
(b)(i) 2 78 (ii) 1 (iii) impossible (c) 2 12 (d) 3 12 3
9(b) At (2, 4), 71 34 . At (3, 6), 98 8 .
(e)(i) 3 13 (ii) 2 14 .
10(a) x = 12 (tan 22 3) = . 1298
23(a) y = 2ax a , U = ( 12 a, 0), V = (0, a )
2 2
.
. 05782
3 1
(b) x = 4 tan 142 17 , x =
(b) T = (5, 25) or (5, 25)
(c) This is impossible, because all the tangents to
24(a) y = 2x0 x + 9 x0
2
(b) Put the x-intercept
y = 1/x have negative gradients.
equal to 0. (3, 18) and (3, 18)
11(a) y = (2a10)xa +9, a = 3 and y = 4x, or
2
25(a) ( 12 , 2) (b) (2, 12 ) (a cannot be zero)
a = 3 and y = 16x (b) y = (2a+15)xa2 +36,
(c) (1, 1) and (3, 13 ) (d) impossible, as a = 0
a = 6 and y = 27x, or a = 6 and y = 3x
26(a) 2y t = x + t 2 t
(c) y = (4a 7)x 2a + 6, a =
2
3 and y =
(c) t = 4, x = 4y (t = 0 is not allowed, because
(4 3 7)x, or a = 3 and y = (4 3 7)x
there is no tangent at the endpoint.)
12(a) b = 7, c = 0 (b) b = 2, c = 3
27 The tangent where x = t is y = 2tx + 5 t .
2
(c) b = 10, c = 25 (d) b = 1, c = 2
To pass through O, t = 5 or t = 5.
(e) b = 9, c = 17 (f) b = 5 23 , c = 7
The tangents are y = 2x 5 and y = 2x 5.
2 x x 3 x (b) 48x
3
2 2 13(a) 15 (c) 36
31 The tangents are y = 2axa and y = 2bxb . 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
(d) x + x (e) 2 x 2 x 2 2x 2
9
They meet at K = 12 (a + b) , ab . 1 3 3

(f) 12 x 2 12 x 2 (g) 2x 2x (h) 32 x
y = (2ax0 + b)x ax0 2 + c. a and c must
32(a) 2 5
(i) 4 4x (j) 4ax 4ax
3
have the same sign, or c = 0 (b is arbitrary).
14(a) a2 2a (b) a a1 (c) 2 12 (d) 0 (e) 4n4 (c) 15(2 3x)6 (d) 4p(q x)5 (e)
1
(f) 21 (g) 21 (h) 3 12 (i) 2 n
n (2 x)2
dP dP 5 15 1
15 = 2tx + 3u, = 6tu + 3x, (f) 2
(g) 4
(h)
dx du (3 + 5x) (x + 1) 2 x+4
dP 3 m 1 1
= x2 + 3u2 + 1 (i) (j) (k) 12 (5 x) 2
dt 2 4 3x 2 mx b
3(a) 4t, 4 (b) 1/t , 1 (c) b/a, b/a
2
16(a) 12 metres (b) x = 6 (c) 36 metres
(d) 94 t, 94
(d) about 85 14
4(a) 6x(x 1) , (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 0)
2 2
(e) The gradients are 12 and 12, so the acute
(b) 8(x 2)(x 4x) , (0, 0), (2, 256), (4, 0)
2 3
angle with the ground is the same.
(c) 10(x + 1)(2x + x ) , (0, 0), (2, 0), (1, 1)
2 4
(f) about 82 52
(g) The gradients are 12 2a and 2a 12. The 5
(d) , none (e) 14(x 5), (5, 24)
acute angle with the ground will be the same. (5x + 2)2
(f) 6(x 5) , (5, 4) (g) 2a(x h), (h, k)
5
(h) y = 12x, HA = 3 metres, HB = 36 metres
1 2x
17 At (1, 3) the tangent is x + y + 2 = 0, at (h) , none (i) , (0, 1)
3 2x (1 + x2 )2
(1, 3) the tangent is x + y 2 = 0. x1
18 The tangent is y = x. (j) , (1, 2)
x2 2x + 5
19 At (2, 1) the gradient is 2, which is perpendic- x1
(k) , none (x = 1 is outside the domain)
ular to x + 2y = 4; at ( 12 , 94 ) the gradient is 3. x2 2x
20 y = 2(a + 1)x a 8, (1, 5), (3, 7)
2 5(a) y = 20x 19, x + 20y = 21 (b) y = 24x 16,
dy dy x + 24y = 193 (c) x + 2y = 2, y = 2x 1 12
21(c)(i) y = 12 a2 (ii) y = na2 x2n 1
dx dx (d) none (x = 1 is outside the domain)
22 y = 2( 3)x + 9 2 , A = 12 ( + 3), 0 , 6(a) 2 12 and 1 (b) 2 and 1 12
7(a) y = 13 x + 15 (b) y = 3x 4
B = (0, 9 2 ), M = 14 ( + 3), 12 (9 2 ) ,
8(a) 5 or 7 (b) 4 or 8
=1
9(a) x + y(b 4) = 2b 4
2
2 (b)(i) x + 4y = 0
23(a) cx + t y = 2ct, A = (2t, 0), B = (0, 2c/t)
(ii) x + y =6
(b) 2|c|
11( x 3)10 3
24 10(a) (b)
(e) AB = t + c2 , 2 x 4 4 12 x
|t|

2|ct| 3 2
perpendicular distance = (c) (d) 12 (5 x) 2
1 1
t4 + c2 (1 x 2 )2
25(b) y = x 6x and y = 81 x + 29 x
2 25 2
1 1 1 1
(f) 14 b(c 12 x) 2
2
(e) 12 a (1 + ax) 2
(c) y = x x 6
2 3
1 1
26 The equation of the tangent at x = t is a cubic (g) 16 1 2 x+
x x
in t, and every cubic has at least one solution. 5
1 1 1
(Why?) (h) 6 x+
2 x 2x x x
11(a) a = 16 1
, b = 12 (b) a = 19 , b = 10
Exercise 7E (Page 258) 13(a) 12x + 5y = 169, ( 169 169
(c) 169
2
12 , 0), (0, 5 ) 120

1(a) 12(3x + 7)3 (b) 28(5 4x)6 (c) 8p(px + q)7 (d) 13
3
169 169 169
60 + 12 + 5 = 2
(e) 64x(7 x )
2 11 2 3
(d) 24x(x + 1)
14(a) 4x + 3y = 25, 4x + 5y = 25, they intersect at
2 8
(f) 9(2x + 3)(x + 3x + 1)
(6 14 , 0). (b) x0 x + y 25 x0 2 = 25,
5
(g) 18(3x + 1)(x + x + 1) (h) T = (25/x0 , 0), OM OT = 25 = OA2
2 3 5
2 5x + 4
15(a) P = (7 12 , 3 14 ), Q = (6 12 , 3 14 )
1 7x x
(i) (j) (k) (b) area = 12 P Q = 12
2
3 2x x2 + 1 9 x2
b2 x 16(a) At P , x = h + 12 m. At Q, x = h 12 m.
(l) 2
a2 b2 x2 (b) 14 m(m + 1)
17(b) The vertical distance is a( h) .
2
2(a) 25(5x 7) (b) 21(4 3x)
4 6

(c) = h2 + k/a or h2 + k/a
dy dy du dv x Exercise 7G (Page 263)

18(a) = ,
dx du dv dx (1 + 1 x2 )2 1 x2 2 4
1(a) , none (b) , none
(b)
dy
=
dy

du1

dun 1 (x 1) 2 (x + 2)2
dx du1 du2 dx 13 x(2 x)
(c) , none (d) , 0, 2
(x + 5)2 (1 x)2
Exercise 7F (Page 261) 4x m2 b 2
(e) , 0 (f) , none
1(a) 2x2 (2x 3) (b) 4x 9 (c) 4x3 (x2 + 1)2 (bx + m)2
2(a) 3(3 2x) (1 4x), 1 12 , 14
4 2x(a b)
(g) , 0 (provided a = b)
(b) x (x + 1) (7x + 3), 0, 1, 37
2 3 (x2 b)2
(c) x (1 x) (5 12x), 0, 1, 12
4 6 5 6nxn 1
(h) , 0 (provided n > 1)
(d) (x 2) (4x 5), 2, 4
2 5 (xn + 3)2
3
(e) 2(x + 1) (x + 2) (7x + 10), 1, 2, 10
2 3
2
7
(3x 2)2
(f) 6(2x 3) (2x + 3) (6x 1), 1 12 , 1 12 , 16
3 4
20
3(a) y = x, y = x (b) y = 2x 1, x + 2y = 3 3
2 4 2 2 2 3 2
(5 2x)2
4(a) (x +1) (11x +1) (b) 2x (1x ) (311x ) 5

(c) 2(x + x + 1) (7x + 4x + 1)
2 2 2 4(a) y = , y = 5x 12, 78 41 ,
(5 3x)2
(d) 6x(3x 2) (3x + 2) (27x 2)
2 3 2 4 2
x + 5y + 8 = 0, 168 41
5 10x (x 10) (x 4), (0, 0), ( 10, 0),
3 2 2 2
x2 2x + 4
(b) y = , 4x 3y = 4, 53 8 ,
( 10, 0), (2, 3456), (2, 3456) (x 1)2
3(3x + 2) 4(3x 1) 1 3x + 4y = 28, 143 8
6(a) , 32 (b) , 1 x+5
x+1 1 2x 3 5(a) , none (b) 3 , none
2 x( x + 2) 2
10x(5x 2) 2(x + 1) 2
(c) , 0 and 25 (x = 5 is outside the domain.)
2x 1
1 2x2 c2 + 2c
7(a) 1 x 1 (b)
6(a) = 3, c = 12 or 1 12
(c + 1)2
1 x2
12k
1 1
and 12 , 12 (b) = 1, k = 3 or 27
(c) 2 , 2 (9 k)2
(d) y = x, y = x
7(a) y = (b) The denominator is posi-
8(a) y = a(2x ) (b) y () = a( ) (x )2
tive, being a square, so the sign of y is the sign
y () = a( ), M = 12 ( + ), 12 a( )2
of . (c) When = , the curve is the
(c) V = 12 ( + ), 14 a( )
2
horizontal line y = 1, and y = 0 (except that y is
n 1
9 f (x) = (x a) n q(x) + (x a)q (x) . undened at x = ).
The x-axis is a tangent to the curve at x = a. dy (t + 1)2
8(a) = , T = ( 23 , 2), 3x27y+52 = 0

10 y = x (1 x) (3 8x)
2 4 dx (t 1)2
x dy 1
r rr ss (b) y = , = , 1
12(a) P = , . 2x 1 dx (2x 1)2 9
r + s (r + s)r + s
(b) When r = s, P = ( 12 , 2
2r 2
). 9(a) f (x) = , f (8) = 14 (b) 3

13 y = u vw + uv w + uvw
x( x 2)2
10(a) domain: x = 1, range: y = 1
(a) 2x (x 1) (x 2) (3x 5)(2x 1),
4 3 2
(c) I = (1, 0), G = (1, 0) (d)(ii) Substitute (c, 0),
1
0, 1, 2, 2 and 3 5
then c+a2 = 0, so a = c or c. For 1 <
(x 2)3 (11x2 x 2)
(b) , c < 0, they are both on the right-hand branch.
2x + 1
1 1
(1 89) For c < 1, they are on dierent branches.
2, 22 (1 + 89), 22
12(b)(i) 54, 32 , 9 37, 32 37 (ii) 12 , 8, 12 17, 2 17
14 y = u1 u2 . . . un + u1 u2 . . . un +

+u1 u2 . . . un
Exercise 7H (Page 266) (b)(i)y 12 (ii) y 13 (iii) y 0

dy dx (iv) y is undened for x < 0.
1 = (3x2 + 1) (a) 65 (b) 14 3
dt dt 2(a) 4 (b) 27 (c) 1 (d) 6 (e) 2 (f) 0
2 1
2(a) 240 cm /s (b) 12 cm/s 3(a) y 12 (b) y 75 (c) y 4
3(a) 2/ cm/s (b) 5/ cm (c) 50/9 cm/s +
(d) y as x 12 , y as x 12
2
4(a) 840 cm /s, 6 2 cm/s (e) y 0 (f) y 1 (g) y 12 (h) y 5
2

(b) 1200 cm /s, 6 2 cm/s 4(a) y (b) y
3
5(a)(i) 1350 cm /min, 180 cm /min, 6 cm/min
2
8
3 2
9
(ii) 600 cm /min, 120 cm /min, 6 cm/min

(b) 10 2 cm
dA ds dh ds 4
6(a) = 12 s 3 , = 12 3
dt
dt dt dt
2
1
(b) 95 3 cm /s, 20 3
3 cm/s
32 000 2 x 2 x
7(a)(i) 241
cm/s (ii) 1 12 cm3 /s (b) cm3
3 (a) lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (2) = 8,
8(a) 24 1
cm/min, 83 13 cm2 /min x2 x2
2
continuous at x = 2, domain = R, range: y 8
(b) 8 litre/min, 200 cm /min
(b) lim f (x) = 9, lim f (x) = 9, f (2) = 4, not
9(a)(i) 40 m/s (ii) 160 m/s
x2 + x2
continuous at x = 2, domain = R, range: y < 9
(iii) travelling horizontally
(iv) 100 m/s or 100 m/s
(c) y (d) y
2
(b)(i) 1955 metres (ii) 1755 metres
dy
(c) = 20, angle is about 87 8
dx
(d) 2 km high, 20 metres away
dV dh 1 2 x
10 = 3h2 (a)(i) 160 1
m/min 2 x
dt dt
3 dA dh 3 2 2 4
(ii) 160 m/min (b) = 6h , m /min,
dt dt 20
3 2 96 3 lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 12 , f (2) = 12 ,
x2
20 3 m /min (c) 25 m /min x2 +
1 4 2 4 2 continuous at x = 2, domain: x > 0, range = R
11 125 cm/s, 5 cm /s, 5 2 cm /s
3

12(b) 0096 m /s, 125 3
( 17 + 1) m2 /s lim f (x) = f (2) = 2, lim+ f (x) = 0, not contin-
x2 x2
dy x dx uous at x = 2, domain = R, range: y 2
13 = (a) 125
cm/s (b) 1 15 cm/s
dt 169 x dt 2
5(a) (b) y
y
dV dh 1
14(a) = h(20 h) , cm/s
dt dt 6
(b) radius = 2hr h2 , 83 cm2 /s 1
2
1
15 4 6 cm /s
16 0246 cm/s. Some exact forms are 1 x
3 1 1 1 x
2 and 2 .
(27 + 9 3) 3 (3 + 3 3 ) 3
(a) y = x + 1 where x = 1,
Exercise 7I (Page 271) domain: x = 1, range: y = 0
1 4/x + 3/x2 (b) y = x where x = 1 or 1,
2
1(a)(i) y= , y 12
2 7/x + 6/x2 domain: x = 1 or 1, range: y 0, y = 1
2/x 5
(ii) y = , y 31
15 + 11/x
1/x + 1/x2 + 1/x3
(iii) y = ,y0
1+ 1/x +1/x2 + 1/x3
x x 5/ x
(iv) y = ,y
1/ x + 1
(c) y (d) y (i) y (ii) y

3
1 1
2
1 3 x x
x
1
1 x

1 x, for x > 0,
(c) y = where x = 3, (iii) y =
x1
undened, for x 0.
domain: x = 1 or 3, range: y = 0 or 12 x 2, for x 2,

(d) y = 3 where x = 1, 2 x, for 0 < x < 2,
(iv) y =
domain: x = 1, range: y = 3 undened, for x = 0,

6(a) (gradient of P Q) = 2x + h 1 2x 1 as x 2, for x < 0.
h 0 (b) (gradient of P Q) = u3 + u2 x + ux2 + (iii) y (iv) y
x3 3 4x3 3 as u x
7(a)(i) 2c
2
(ii) 43 c (iii) 53 c
2 2
xn an
(b) = xn 1 + xn 2 a + + an 1 , 1
xa 2 x
lim = nan 1 2
xa
2n + 1 2n + 1 1 x
u +2
(c) = u2n u2n 1 2 + u2n 2 22
u+2 1
+ 22n , lim = (2n + 1) 22n 12(a) They are all . (b) All are examples of
u 2 2 x
8(a) a = 5 (b) a = 2 dierentiation by rst principles (using the de-
9(a) zeroes: 0, discontinuities: 3 (b) zeroes: 0, dis- nition of the derivative as a limit).
continuities: 7 and 1 (c) zeroes: none, discon- 13 All except (b) are continuous in the closed in-
tinuities: 180n , where n Z (d) zeroes: none, terval 1 x 1.
discontinuities: 360n , where n Z (e) zeroes:
14(a) zeroes: 135 + 180n , where n Z,
180n , where n Z, discontinuities: 90 + 180n , discontinuities: 45 + 180n , where n Z

where n Z, (f) zeroes: 1 and 1, discontinu-

(b) zeroes: 45 + 180n , where n Z,
ities: 0, 3and 3 discontinuities: 135 + 180n , where n Z

1, for x > 0, 15(a) 14 (b) 14 (c) 91 (d) 250
1
10(a) y = 1, for x < 0,

undened, for x = 0.
16(a)
y
y
1
1
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x
x 1
1
(b)
y

1, for x = 0, 1
(b)(i) y =
undened, for x = 0.

|x|, 0,
for x =
(ii) y = x
undened, for x = 0. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
(c) 3(a) cusp at x = 0 (b)vertical tangent

y
at x = 0
y y
1
1
3 2 1 1 2 3 x 1
1 2
2 1 x
1
2 1 1 2x 1
(d)
y
4(a) not dierentiable (b) not continuous
1 at x = 2 at x = 2
y y
x 2
2 1 1 2
1
1 2
(e) same as (a) 2 x 2 x
Exercise 7J (Page 275)

1(a) dierentiable (b) continuous but not (c) not dierentiable (d) not continuous
at x = 1 dierentiable at x = 1 at x = 1 or 3 at x = 1 or 3
y y y y
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
1
3
1 x 1 x 1 2 3 x 1 2 3 x
(c) not continuous (d) dierentiable (e) dierentiable (f) dierentiable
at x = 1 at x = 1 everywhere everywhere
y y y y
4
2 2
2
1 x 1
1
1 1
1 2
1 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x
2 continuous but not dierentiable at x = 1 (g) dierentiable (h) continuous but not
y everywhere dierentiable at x = 2
y y
1
1 1 x 1
1 1 x 1 2 x
dierentiable
(i) continuous but not
(j) rational number p/q with odd denominator q, in
everywhere dierentiable at x = 2 which case (taking q positive) B is above the ori-
y y gin for n < 1 and p even, or for n > 1 and p odd.
2 9(a) q must be odd. (b) p 0 (When p = 0
9 it is reasonable to take f (0) = 1 and ignore the

problem of 00 , because lim x0 = 1; thus when
x0
p = 0 the function is y = 1.) (c) no conditions
2 x
on p and q (d) p 0 and q is odd. (e) p 0
x (p = 0 requires the qualication above.) (f) p q

3
5 and q is odd. (g) 0 < p < q and q is odd and p
y y
is odd. (h) 0 < p < q and q is odd and p is even.
1
1
Exercise 7K (Page 277)
1
x 1(a) 4y 3 y (b) y + xy (c) 1 + y y xy
1 2 2 2 2
1 1 x (d) 6x + 8yy (e) y(3x + y ) + xy (x + 3y )
1 y xy
2(xy y)
2
(f) (g) 3(x + y) (1 + y ) (h)
y2 (x y)2
1 + y x + yy
f (x) = 15 x 5 , f (x) as x 0 and as
4
(a) (i) (j)
2 x+y x2 + y 2
x 0+ , vertical tangent at (0,0).
3 x 3x x
(b) f (x) = 25 x 5 , f (x) as x 0 and 2(a) y = (b) y = (c) y =

y 2y y
f (x) as x 0 , cusp at (0,0).
+
2
2x2
2x + 3y (x y) +
6(a) 3, 4 12 , 6 34 (b) 3, (1, 8) (d) y = (e) y =
1 3x + 4y (x y) + 2y 2
2

(c) 1, 3 3 , 9 3 , 3 3 , 19 3
1 1
2y raxr 1 y
(f) y = (g) y = (h) y =
3x sby s1 x
(d) 13 , 94 , 32 (e) 21 , 2 , 1/ 2 (f) 1. There
y
are none, because all the tangents have negative (i) y =
x
gradients. (g) 0. There are none, because the
x

tangents have gradient 1 for x > 0 and gradi- 3(a) y = , tangent: 5x 12y + 169 = 0,
y
ent 1 for x < 0. normal: 12x + 5y = 0. The normal to a circle at
2

(h) 0, (0, 0) (i) + , 12 ( + ), 14 ( + ) any point is a radius, and so must pass through

(j) 1/, , 1/ when and are the centre.
169
(b) A = 169
positive, , 1/ when and are 5 , 0 , B = 0, 12
2 3
(c) | AOB| = 169 120 (ii) AB = 13 60
negative, impossible when and have opposite
y
signs. 4(a) y = , tangent: 3x + 2y = 12
1 4 x
7 The tangent is y = 43 ka 3 x 13 ka 3 , A = ( 14 a, 0), normal: 2x3y+5 = 0 (b) P (2, 3) is the midpoint
4 4
B = (0, 13 ka 3 ), G = (a, 0), H = (0, ka 3 ), of the interval joining (4, 0) and (0, 6).
|OGP H| : | OAB| = 24 : 1. 1
5(a) y = , tangent: x 6y + 9 = 0,
8 Thetangent is y = nkan 1 x (n 1)kan , 2y
(n 1)a normal: 6x + y = 57 (b) (0, 1 12 ) is the midpoint
A= , 0 , B = (0, (n 1)kan ), G =
n of the interval joining P (9, 3) and (9, 0).
(a, 0) and H = (0, kan ). dy t2 + 1
6(a) = 2 , tangent: 5x 3y = 8,
|OGP H| : | OAB| = (n 1)2 : |2n|, and the dx t 1

rectangle is bigger when 2 3 < n < 2 + 3. normal: 3x + 5y = 15 (b) x2 y 2 = 4
B is on the other side from H for n > 1 and on dx dy
7 x +y =0
the same side for n < 1, so for a > 0, B is above dt dt
2
(a) The top is slipping down at 15 15 cm/s.
the origin if and only if n < 1.
14

The number a can be negative provided n is a (b) The bottom is slipping out at 15 15 mm/s.
dS dV dS dV 13 y
8(a) S2 = 24V or r =2
dt dt dt dt 1 3 1
3
(b) 10 cm /s ,
2 2
9(a) The symmetries arise because the equation is
unchanged when x is replaced by x, or y by y,
2 2
or x and y are exchanged. (b) Neither x 3 nor y 3 1 1 2 x
can be negative. (c) As x 8 , either y 0+
and y 0 , or y 0 and y 0+ .
(d) 10(a) 1
y y
8 8 (x2 + y 2 )(x + yy ) = x yy , the tangents at

( 2, 0) and
( 2, 0) are
vertical, the tangents at
1 1
1
3 , , 2 3 , 2 , 2 3 , 2 and
1 1 1
8 8x 8 8x 2 2
12 3 , 12 are horizontal.
8 8
(b) (c)
y y
2 2
2 2x 2 2 x
2 2
11
y 2 2
( 23 ,23 )
2
1 2 x
1
(a)The tangent at (2, 0) is x = 2, the tangent

2 2
at (0, 2) is y = 2, and the tangent at (2 3 , 2 3 ) is
5
x + y = 23 .
12 y
2
2 1 1 2 x
1
2
(y 2 x)y = y x2 , the tangent at (1 12 , 1 12 ) is

1 2
x + y = 3, the tangent at (2 3 , 2 3 ) is horizontal,
2 1
the tangent at (2 3 , 2 3 ) is vertical.
Chapter Eight 5(a) x = 2 14 (b) x= 5

3
y y
Exercise 8A (Page 283) 5
1(a) axis: x = 1 (b) axis: x = 1 12 1 x 23 4x
y y 2 (2 14 ,15 18 )
3 1 3 5 8
x x (1 23 ,16 13 )
(c) x= 56 (d) x= 7
8
( 65 ,4 121 ) y y 3
(1,4) 3 ( 23 , 94 ) 2 4 1
(c) axis: x = 2 (d) axis: x = 1 x
y y 3
(2,9) ( 87 , 161 )
2 12 1
x
5 2
x 2
1
3
1 5 5
x 6(a) y = (x 2)(x 8) (b) y = 2(x 2)(x 8)
(1,9) (c) y = 16
3
(x 2)(x 8) (d) y = 3(x 2)(x 8)
(e) axis: x = 0 (f) axis: x = 2 12 (e) y = 3 (x 2)(x 8) (f) y = 20
4
7 (x 2)(x 8)
y y 7 y = (x )(x 1) (a) y = x(x 1)
3 3 (b) y = (x 1)
2
(c) y = (x + 15)(x 1)
x 6 (d) y = 2 (2x + 3)(x 1)
1
8(a)(i) y 1 (ii) y 3 (iii) 1 y 8

2 3
x (b)(i) y 9 (ii) y 9 (iii) 8 y 27
(2 , )
1 1 (c)(i) y 1 (ii) y 8 (iii) 8 y 1
9 2 4
(g) axis: x = 2 (h) axis: x = 1 9(a) y (b) y

y y
(1,4)
3 3
x
3 1
1 3 x
x
x
(2,1)
(c) y (d) y
2(a) x < 3 or x > 1 (b) 0 x 3
4
(c) 1 x 5 (d) 52 < x < 12
(e) x 3 or x 3 (f) 2 < x < 3
(g) 3 x 1 (h) 1 < x < 3 x 2 2 x
3(a) any positive multiple of y = (x 3)(x 5)
4
(b) any positive multiple of y = x(x + 4)
(c) any positive multiple of y = (x + 1)(x 3) (e) y (f) y
(d) any positive multiple of y = x(x 2)
9
4(a) x = 5, y = (x 4)(x 6)
(b) x = 5 12 , y = (x 3)(x 8)
3 3 3 1 4 x
(c) x = 1, y = (x + 3)(x 5)
1 1 x
(d) x = 3 12 , y = (x + 6)(x + 1) 1
10(a) y = x(x+3) (b) y = 4x(x2) (c) y = 32 x2

(d) y = 14 x (e) y = 25 x(x 5)
2
(f) y = 2x(x + 6)
Answers to Chapter Eight 595
c b (c) (d)
11(a) a= (b) a=
+ y y
2 x = 1
(c) a = x=5
(1 )(1 )
23
12(a) y = (x + 1)(x 2) (b) y = (x + 3)(x 2) 4
5 2 5+ 2
(c) y = 3(x + 2)(x 4) (d) y = 12 (x 2)(x + 2) (1,3)
13(a) b, c, x = 12 (b + c)
a+b b x
(b) 1, a , x = 12 (a 1) (c) 1,
2 2
,x= (e) x (f) (5,2)
a 2a
(d) c + 1, c 1, x = c y y
x=1 x = 2
14(a)(ii) f (x) = 2(x 3). The graph is tangent to
the x-axis at x = 3.
(b) The graph is tangent to the x-axis at x = q.
2 x
16(a) y 1 3
36 x
(g) (1,1) (h)
(2,1)
y
x=1 y
x = 12
x 5
1
3 2 2 3 (1,4)
( , )
1
2
3
4
17(d) y
x = 1 12
x
(i)
x
y
x= 3
2
72
1
x
3+ 5
6 4 1 3 3 5
2 2
(e) y x
b+c
( 23 , 54 )
x= 2
2(a) y = a(x1)2 +2 for any a > 0. (a = 1 is okay.)

(b) y = a(x + 2) 3. (a = 1 is okay a must be
2
(c) y = a(x 2) 1 for any

2
larger than 34 .)
a b c d x a > 0. (a = 1 is okay.) (d) y = a(x 3)2 + 5.
(a = 1 is okay a must be larger than 59 .)
3(a) y = (x 2) + 5, x = 2, (0, 9) (b) y = x 3,
2 2
1(a) (b)
x = 0, (0, 3) (c) y = (x + 1)2 + 7, x = 1, (0, 8)
(d) y = (x 3) 11, x = 3, (0, 2)
2
y y
2 2
x=3 4 The graph of y = ax +1 is the graph of y = ax
x = 2 shifted up one unit. Put h = 0 and k = 1 in the
3
formula y = a(x h)2 + k. 2
(a) y = 2x + 1
(2,1) (b) y = 3x +1 (c) y = 3 x +1 (d) y = 4 x +1
2 1 2 1 2
6 x
5 Put h = 4 and k = 2 in the formula y = a(x
3 1 x
(3,9) h)2 + k. (a) y = (x + 4)2 + 2 (b) y = 3(x + 4)2 + 2
(c) y = 492
(x + 4)2 + 2 (d) y = 78 (x + 4)2 + 2
(e) y = 8 (x + 4) + 2 (f) y = 18
1 2 2
25 (x + 4) + 2
6(a) y = (x + 1)2 + 1 (b) y = (x 2)2 + 5 (f) y = (x + 2)2 + 7 (g) y = (x + 2)2 3

(h) y = (x + 2) 2
2
y y
1 10(a) y = 2(x 1) + 1 (b) y = (x 3) + 2
2 2
5
(c) y = 12 (x + 2) 4 (d) y = 3(x + 1) + 4
2 2
2
1 11(a) 2, 3 (b) 2 + 3, 2 3 (c) 2 , 15
1 x 3
(d) 32 + 10
1
5, 2 101
5
2+ 5
x 12(a) y
2
2 5
(c) y = (x 2 12 )2 + 1
4 (d) y = 2(x 1)2 + 1
4
y y
2 3 x
2
( 25 , 14 ) 3
6 1
1 x x
2 2
(e) y = 4(x 2) 3 2
(f) y = 3(x 1) + 6
2
(b) The vertex moves on the parabola
y y y = 4 x2 .
6 13(a) (b)
13
y y
4 3
3 a
2 2 2
4+ 3 x 1+ 2 x
2
1 x
3 1 2
a x
(g) y = 5(x + 2)2 3 (h) y = 2(x + 54 )2 15 18 2
y y (c) (d) y
2 y
a
x ( ,15 )
5
4
1
8 2
3 x
4
3
2
x
12
a x
23 2
(e) (f)
y y
(i) y = 3(x + 13 )2 8 13
y
2 ( 13 ,8 13 )
4
3
x
a
2
x a
2
x
8

b 4ac b2
14 vertex , ,
2a 4a
7(a) y 2, y 6, 2 y 6 (b) y 1, y 33, b b2 4ac
zeroes x = , y-intercept c
3 y 33 (c) y 5, y 5, 11 y 4 2a
2 2
8 y = (x3) +c9 (a) c = 9 (b) c < 9 (c) c > 9
15 y = a x 12 ( + ) 14 a( )2 ,
9 y = (x + 2) + k (a) y = (x + 2) 4
2 2
(b) y = (x + 2) 48 (c) y = (x + 2) 9
2 2 vertex 12 ( + ), 14 a( )2
(d) y = (x + 2) 10 (e) y = (x + 2) 2
2 2

16 Tangents drawn at points equidistant from the (h) 18 (3 + 57 ) or 18 (3 57 ), 1319 or 05687
axis of symmetry have opposite gradients. (i) 32 or 32
ck
17 y = a(x h) + k (a) a = 2(a) (b)
2
h2 y y
2k b
(b) a = (c) a =
(1 h)2 2h 5
k 4
(d) a = 5 1
h)
( 2
x
18(a) d + e, d e (b) 2 e 4 2 x
(c) e = 1. They have vertex on the line y = 1. (3,4)
(c) (d)
19 h1 = h2 , but k1 = k2 . The two curves have the y y
same axis of symmetry, but dierent vertices. (1,25)
20(a) 24 1 (1,2)
y
4 1 2
3 1x
6 x 1+ 2 x
(e) (f) y
y
1 3
2 5 2
3 x 1 + 3 x
2 + 5 2
(1,4) 1
1
(b) (2,5) ( 12 , 23 )
y (g) (h)
y y
(1,4) ( , 7 109
10 20 ) 3+ 57
8
3 3 3 57 x
8
7 109
10 3
7 + 109 x
10 ( 83 , 16
57
)
3(a) 5 < x < 1 (b) x = 2

3 1 x (c) x 4 or x 6 (d) 1 2 x 1 + 2
(d) 5(a) 16, twice (b) 5, twice (c) 0, once
y
(d) 31, no times
4
6(a) 4, 23 (b) 1+ 5 , 1 5 (c) 3+2 2 , 32 2
(1 5 , 1) 2 (1 + 5 , 1) (d) 2, 31

2 7(a) y = (x 3 + 5 )(x 3 5 )

4 2 x (b) y = 3(x + 1 + 13 3 )(x + 1 13 3 )

2 (c) y = (x 32 12 13 )(x 32 + 12 13 )
(1 3 , 1) (1 + 3 , 1)
(d) y = 2(x + 1)(x 12 )
4 8(a) (0, 3) and (5, 8). The line and parabola inter-
sect twice. (b) The line intersects the parabola
Exercise 8C (Page 291) once at (1, 9), and so it is a tangent to the

1(a) 1 or 5 (b) 2 (c) 4 or 6 parabola. (c) The line and the parabola do not

(d) 1 + 2 or 1 2 , 2414 or 04142 intersect. (d) (1, 2) and (2, 1). The line and the

(e) 2 + 5 or 2 5 , 02361 or 4236 parabola intersect twice.

(f) 12 (1 + 3 ) or 12 (1 3 ), 1366 or 03660 9 12 p(1 + 5 )

(g) 101 1
(7 + 109 ) or 10 (7 109 ), 03440 or 1744 10 f (x) = 2ax + b. The axis of symmetry of a
quadratic can be found by solving f (x) = 0.

11(a) x = h + k or h k (iii)
y
12(a) x = 12 b, vertex 12 b, 14 (4c b )
2

(b) Dierence between zeroes is b2 4c. 2 7 2+ 7
(c) b 4c = 1
2
13 y
1+ 5 x
2
x 2 2
1 5
2 2+ 2
1 (b)(i) x 3 or 1 x 1 or x 3

( , )
1 5 (ii) 2 x 21 6 or 12 6 x 2
2 4
(iii) x < 2 7 , 2 2 < x < 2 + 2

Exercise 8D (Page 293) or x > 2 + 7

1(a) 3, 3, 1 or 1 (b) 2, 2, 5 or 5 9(a) 1, 12 (3+ 5 ) or 12 (3 5 ) (b)(i) 1, 12 (5+ 21 )

(c) 2 , 2 , 23 3 or 23 3 (d) 1 or 2 or 12 (5 21 ) (ii) 16 (7 + 13 ) or 16 (7 13 )
(e) 1 or 3 (f) 14 , 14 , 4 or 4 (g) 3, 3, 4 or 2

(h) 2 + 2 2 or 2 2 2 (i) 1 or 2 (j) 2 or 3 Exercise 8E (Page 296)

2(a) 30 , 90 or 150

(b) 120 , 180 or 240
1(a)(i)4 (ii) 9 (iii) 14 (iv) 49
8 (b)(i) 4 (ii) 3

(c) 135 or 315

(d) 30 , 150 or 270
(iii) 2 (iv) 11
4
3(a) (1, 3) and ( 5 , 5 ) (b) (2, 1)
9 13 (c)(i) (ii)
y y
(c) (2, 3) and ( 100 , 45 )
13 1
13
4(a) 2 , 2, 2 (3 + 5 ) or 2 (3 5 )
1 1
5 7x
6
(b) 12 (3 + 29 ) or 12 (3 29 ) , 24

13 25
( 12 )
(c) 12 (5 + 13 ), 12 (5 13 ), 12 (5 + 17 ) or

1
2 (5 + 17 ) 2 3 x
35 (1,36) 3 2
5(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 11
3
6(a) 1 or 0 (b) 5 2 or 125 2(a)(i) 9 (ii) 25
4 (iii) 9 (iv) 18 (b)(i) 1 (ii) 54
pr qr (iii) 17 (iv) 17
7(a) x = ,y= (b) x = 67 , y = 87 4 8
p+q p+q (c)(i) (ii)
8(a)(i) y y
y
9 3 (1,4) 1 4 x
2 5
4 ( 13 89
20 , 20 )
1 3 x
3 1 1 3 x
3(b) 94when x = 32
4 225 when the numbers are 15 and 15
(ii)
5(b) 18 when x = 3
y 6 16 m
2
12 7 105 metres
8 2 machines, $7000
9(a) 2x 64x + 1024 (b) x = y = 16
2
2
10(b) 15 58 cm
11(a) x + 2015x (b) 1 015 05625 m
2 2
2 3 3 2 x
2 2
12(a) 2x + 5y = 40 (b) 1280 2000
41 cm and 41 cm
800
13(b) x = 3 and y = 200
14(b) 23
288 9(a) = 2 + 4 (b) = 42 + 48 (c) = 2 + 16

15 cm
4+ (d) = ( 1) + 8
2
m m 10(a) m > 4 9
(b) m = 39 (c) 1 < m < 2
16 8
4r 2(n + r) (d) m 1 or m 2 1
17 prot= 56 x + 15x 27, $40.50
2
12(a) 4 (b) 17 (c) 1 or 11
18(a) x(16 x) (c) 4 (d) $22
8
13 3x y 19 = 0
19(a) ( 92 , 94 ) and (0, 0) (b) 9x 2x ,
2 81
8 14 7 and 5
20 250 metres metres 500
15 y = 4x 4x 3
2
21(a) 11300 14300h + 4525h
2
16(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0
(b) approximately 948 minutes
2
17 If ac < 0, then > 0.
22 ( 13 , 13 ) 26(a) 1200 cm
18(a) (x 4) + y = 4 (b) y = mx
2 2
1 1
Exercise 8F (Page 302) (d) m = or m =
1(a) irrational, unequal (b) unreal (that is, no 3 3
(e) (3, 3) or (3, 3)
roots) (c) rational, equal (that is, a single ra- 19 m = 1 or m = 1 ,
tional root) (d) rational, unequal (e) rational, 3 3
P ( 3, 1) or P ( 3, 1)
unequal (f) unreal
20 43 and 34
2(a) = 4, two rational roots
21(a) 43 < a < 1 (b) b = 5 (c) g = 3 or 13
(b) = 31, no roots 29
(d) 1 < k < 14
(c) = 0, one rational root 2
22(b) b = ac
(d) = 32, two irrational roots
2
(e) = 361 = 19 , two rational roots

(f) = 36, two rational roots
1(a) x 0 or x 1 (b) 7 < x < 7 (c) x = 3
3(a) = 100 4g, g = 25 (b) = 16 4g, g = 4
(d) 1 34 x 1 + 34 (e) 2 x 13
(c) = 1 8g, g = 18 (d) = 44 4g, g = 11
(f) 32 x 5 (g) x < 12 or x > 52
(e) = g 4g, g = 4 (If g = 0, then y = 1 for
2
(h) There are no solutions.
all x, and so y is never zero.) (i) All real numbers are solutions.
(f) = 49 4g , g = 72 or 72
2
2(a) positive denite (b) indenite
(g) = 16(g 6g 7), g = 1 or 7
2
(c) negative denite (d) indenite
(h) = 4(g + 2g 8), g = 4 or 2
2
(e) indenite (f) positive denite
4(a) = 4 4k, k 1 (b) = 64 8k, k 8
3(a)(i) k > 25
32 (ii) k 25
32
(c) = 4 12k, k 13 (d) = 33 16k, k 33 16 (b)(i) 8 < k < 8 (ii) k 8 or k 8
(e) = k 16, k 4 or k 4
2
(c)(i) 0 < k < 24 (ii) k 0 or k 24
(f) = 9k 36, k 2 or k 2
2
(d)(i) 2 < k < 5 (ii) k 2 or k 5
(g) = k + 12k + 20, k 10 or k 2
2
4(a)(i) 4 < m < 4 (ii) m 4 or m 4
(h) = k 12k, k 0 or k 12
2
(b)(i) m > 98 (ii) m 98
5(a) 4 < < 4 (b) < 3 or > 3
(c)(i) 8 < m < 12 (ii) m 8 or m 12
(c) 5 < < 3 (d) no values (e) 0 < < 1
(d)(i) 0 < m < 2 (ii) m 0 or m 2
(f) < 6
5(a) 4 and 4
6(b) = 28. Since > 0, the quadratic equation
(b) 2. (When = 0, it is not a quadratic.)
has two roots. (c) 1. (When = 10 3
, the expression becomes
7(a) They intersect twice.
10 (5x 4) , which is a multiple of a perfect
1 2
(b) They do not intersect.
square, but is not itself a perfect square.)
(c) They intersect once.
(d) 92 and 2
(d) They intersect twice.
6(a) 2 < k < 18 (b) no values
(b) = (m 2)
2 2
8(a) = (m + 4)
(c) k 2 or k 18, but k = 53
(c) = (2m n) (d) = (4m 1)
2 2
(e) = (m 6)
2 2
(f) = 36m
7(a) y 3(a) 2, 5 (b) 1, 6 (c) 1, 0 (d) 32 , 12

(e) 1, 45 (f) 23 34 (g) m, n (h) q/p, 3r/p
1 (i) (a 4)/a, 3/a

4(a) x 4x + 3 = 0 (b) x 4x 12 = 0
2 2
x (c) x + 5x + 4 = 0 (d) 4x 8x + 3 = 0
2 2
4 2 1
(e) x 4x + 1 = 0 (f) x + 2x 4 = 0
2 2
5(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 21 (d) 6 (e) 20 (f) 32 (g) 5

(h) 52
(c) Whatever the value of k, every horizontal line 6(a) 52 (b) 12 (c) 1 (d) 5 (e) 58 (f) 10 (g) 21
4
y = k intersects the graph.
(h) 21
8(a) x 12 (5 21 ) or x 12 (5 + 21 )
7(b)(i)3, 1, 5 (ii) 5, 7, 53 (iii) 73 , 23 , 2 79
(b) no values (c) x 12 or x 4

(c) 5, 53, 53
(d) 0 < x < 2 (e) 34 x 2

b b2 4ac b + b2 4ac
(f) x < 3 or x > 3 9 = ,=
2a 2a
2
9(a) a > 0 and b < 3ac 5 2
10 6 , 3 3
(b) a < 0 and b < 3ac (c) b 3ac
2 2 2 2
11(a) 3x + 4x + 28 = 0 (b) 7x + 2x + 3 = 0
10(a) (b) 2 2
y y (c) 9x + 18x + 29 = 0 (d) 9x + 38x + 49 = 0
12(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
5 7 1
x 13(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 10 1

(d) 3
14(a) ac < 0 (b) If ca > 0 the roots have the same
x sign. If ab < 0 they are both positive, if ab > 0

they are both negative. (c) If ac < 0 the roots
(c) (d) have opposite signs. If ab < 0 the positive root is
y y numerically greater, if ab > 0 the negative root is
numerically greater.
15 305
27
16 8

x x 17 13 (2 + 2 10 ) or 13 (2 2 10 )
20(b) 6 (c) (3, 27)
11(a) b2 = 3c (b) b2 > 3c (c) b2 < 3c (d) c < 0 2 ) (c) (2, 2)

21(a) ( 12 , 12 ) (b) ( 52 , 11
2
(e) c > 0 and b < 0 (and b > 3c) 22 y = 3 x. It is the line through the centre of
1
2 the circle perpendicular to the given line.

(f) c > 0 and b > 0 (and b > 3c)

13 x 22 or x 2, y 15 12 2 23(b)

14

or y 15 + 12 2 24 5 2 units
14 (3x 4y + 1)(x + 2y 3) 25 2 m < 3
15 54 and 34 26 When m = 1, x = 1, and when m = 3,

2 x = 1.
16 9. Note that a cannot be negative.
17(b) (x 1) + (x + 3)
2 2 27 1, 12 (1 + 21 ) or 12 (1 21 )
Exercise 8H (Page 309) Exercise 8I (Page 313)

1 + = 7, = 10, the roots are 2 and 5. 2 It is true for all values of x, and hence is an
2(a) + = 10 1 identity.
3 , = 1, the roots are 3 and3.
(b) + = 4, = 1, the roots are 2 + 3 4(a) a = 1, b = 3, c = 3 (b) a = 1, b = 7, c = 12

5(a) 2(x + 1) (x + 1) 7
2
and 2 3 . (c) + = 1, = 1, the roots

are 12 + 12 5 and 12 12 5 . (b) a = 2, b = 16 and c = 35
(c) 2(x 2) + 3(x 2) + 1
2
Answers to Chapter Nine 601
6(a) (x+1)2 2(x+1)+1 (b) (n4)2 +8(n4)+16 Chapter Nine

(c) (x + 2) 4(x + 2) + 4
2
8(a) a = 2, b = 1, c = 12 or a = 2, b = 21 , c = 1 Exercise 9A (Page 318)

(b) 3(m 1) 3(m 2) + (m 3) y = 2 (b) x = 1 (c) y = 2
2 2 2
1(a)
1 1 (d) y = 3x or y = 3x (e) x2 + y 2 = 9
9(a) 7(2x + 1) 12(x + 1) (b) +
x+1 x+2 (f) y = x + 5 (g) (x + 3) + (y 1) = 9
2 2
1 1
2 (x 3) + (y 1) = 16
2 2
(c) +
2x 2(x + 2)
3(a) 6x 4y + 15 = 0 (b) 6x 4y + 15 = 0.
10(a) y = x 4x, no
2
The locus of the point P which moves so that it
(b) All four points lie on y = x 5x + 6.
2
2 is equidistant from R and S is the perpendicular

11(b) 961 (d) n
bisector of RS.
12(a) 1 (b) 1 y y
(c) (x 1) + y = 9, which is
2 2
4(a) ,
x4 x+2
a circle with centre (1, 0) and radius 3.
5(a) 2x + y 1 = 0, the perpendicular bisector
of AB (b) x2 + y 2 + 2x 6y + 5 = 0, circle with

centre (1, 3) and radius 5
(c) x 2x 8y + 17 = 0, parabola
2
6 (x + 1) = 6(y 32 ), vertex: (1, 32 )

2

7(b) C(2, 1), radius 5
2 2
8 x + y = 1, the circle with centre (0, 0) and
radius 1
9(a) x + y = 4 (b) 3x + 3y 28x + 18y + 39 = 0
2 2 2 2
10 3x y + 12x + 10y 25 = 0
2 2
11(a) P may satisfy x y + 12 = 0

or 7x + 7y 60 = 0. (b) The gradients are 1
and 1, so the lines are perpendicular.
12 x = 4(y 1) and y > 0
2
13 8x 2y + 3 = 0
14 10x 15y + 18 = 0

15(b) y = 3x + 2, y = 1, y = 3x + 2
2 2
(c) x + y = 4 (d) circle with centre O and ra-
dius 2 the circumcircle of the triangle
2 2 2 2
16(b) x + y + z = a , which is the equation of a
sphere with centre (0, 0, 0) and radius a.

(c) C(0, 0, 0) and r = 12 3

3(b) x2 = 12y
4(a) x = 20y (b) x = 4y (c) y = 8x
2 2 2
(d) y = 6x
2
5(a) x = 4ay (b) y = 4ax

2 2
6(vi) Only parts (a), (e), (i) and (m) are sketched
below. The details of all the parabolas follow
these sketches.
(a) y (e) y (a) V (0, 0), S(0, 18 ), directrix: y = 18

d:y=2 (b) V (0, 0), S(0, 1), directrix: y = 1
(c) V (0, 0), S( 19 , 0), directrix: x = 19
S(0,1)
(d) V (0, 0), S( 52 , 0), directrix: x = 52
x
8(a) x = 20y (b) x = 12y (c) x = 8y
2 2 2
x
(d) x = 2y (e) x = 4y (f) x = 12 y
2 2 2
d : y = 1 S(0,2)
9(a) y = 2x (b) y = 4x (c) y = 16x
2 2 2
(i) y (m) y (d) y = 8x (e) y = 12x (f) y = 6x

2 2 2
d:x=2 2 2 1
10(a) x = 16y (b) x = 2 y (c) y = 2x
2
(d) y = x
2
S(1,0)
11(a) x = 8y or x = 8y
2 2
x x
S(2,0) (b) x = 12y, x = 12y, y = 12x or y = 12x
2 2 2 2
(c) x = y or y = x (d) y = 2x or y = 2x
2 2 2 2
d : x = 1
12(a) k = 4 (b) y = 3x
2
13(a) x + y + 8x 8y + 2xy = 0
2 2
(a) V (0, 0), S(0, 1), axis: x = 0,
(b) x + y 24x + 24y + 2xy = 0
2 2
directrix: y = 1, 4a = 4
(b) V (0, 0), S(0, 2), axis: x = 0, In both cases, the distance from the focus to the
directrix: y = 2, 4a = 8 origin equals the distance from the directrix to the

(c) V (0, 0), S(0, 14 ), axis: x = 0, origin, being 2 and 3 2 respectively.
2 2 2 2
directrix: y = 14 , 4a = 1 15(a) x + z = 12y (b) y + z = 4x
(c) x + y = 8z (d) x + z = 6y
2 2 2 2
(d) V (0, 0), S(0, 13 ), axis: x = 0,
directrix: y = 13 , 4a = 43 16(a) focus: (0, 0, 2), directrix: z = 2
(e) V (0, 0), S(0, 2), axis: x = 0, (b) focus: ( 12 , 0, 0), directrix: x = 12
directrix: y = 2, 4a = 8 (c) focus: (0, 14 , 0), directrix: 4y 1 = 0
(f) V (0, 0), S(0, 3), axis: x = 0,
directrix: y = 3, 4a = 12 Exercise 9C (Page 326)
(g) V (0, 0), S(0, 12 ), axis: x = 0, 1(b) (x 3)2 = 8(y 1)
2(a) (x + 7) = 12(y + 5) (b) (y 2) = 4(x + 1)
2 2
directrix: y = 12 , 4a = 2
(h) V (0, 0), S(0, 01), axis: x = 0, 3 Only the graphs of (a), (d), (h) and (j) have
directrix: y = 01, 4a = 04 been sketched. The details of all graphs are given
(i) V (0, 0), S(1, 0), axis: y = 0, afterwards.
directrix: x = 1, 4a = 4 (a)
y
(d)
y
(j) V (0, 0), S( 14 , 0), axis: y = 0,
d:y=2
directrix: x = 14 , 4a = 1
(k) V (0, 0), S( 32 , 0), axis: y = 0, S(0,0) 4 x
directrix: x = 32 , 4a = 6 x
(l) V (0, 0), S( 18 , 0), axis: y = 0, 1
d : y = 2 2
directrix: x = 18 , 4a = 12 S(4,2)
(m) V (0, 0), S(2, 0), axis: y = 0,
(g) y (j) y
directrix: x = 2, 4a = 8 5
3
(n) V (0, 0), S(3, 0), axis: y = 0, x
x
directrix: x = 3, 4a = 12 S(2,8)
(o) V (0, 0), S( 14 , 0), axis: y = 0, S(8,7)
7
directrix: x = 14 , 4a = 1 8
d:x=2
(p) V (0, 0), S(03, 0), axis: y = 0,
directrix: x = 03, 4a = 12 d:x=4
7 Details rather than sketches are given: (a) vertex: (0, 1), focus: (0, 0),
axis: x = 0, directrix: y = 2 (a) y + 4 = (x + 3)2 , vertex: (3, 4),

(b) vertex: (2, 0), focus: (2, 1), focus: (3, 3 34 ), directrix: y = 4 14
axis: x = 2, directrix: y = 1 (b) x = (y 1), vertex: (0, 1),
2
(c) vertex: (3, 5), focus: (3, 3), focus: (0, 34 ), directrix: y = 54
axis: x = 3, directrix: y = 7 (c) (x 6) = 6(y + 6), vertex: (6, 6),
2
(d) vertex: (4, 0), focus: (4, 2), focus: (6, 4 12 ), directrix: y = 7 12
(d) x = 4(y + 12 ), vertex: (0, 12 ),
2
axis: x = 4, directrix: y = 2
(e) vertex: (0, 3), focus: (0, 3 12 ), focus: (0, 12 ), directrix: y = 32
axis: x = 0, directrix: y = 2 12 (e) (x + 3) = y + 25, vertex: (3, 25),
2
(f) vertex: (5, 3), focus: (5, 2), focus: (3, 24 34 ), directrix: y = 25 14
axis: x = 5, directrix: y = 4 (f) (x + 4) = 8(y 3), vertex: (4, 3),
2
(g) vertex: (2, 0), focus: ( 12 , 0), focus: (4, 5), directrix: y = 1
axis: y = 0, directrix: x = 1 12 (g) (x 3) = 2(y + 1 12 ), vertex: (3, 1 12 ),
2
(h) vertex: (0, 1), focus: (4, 1), focus: (3, 2), directrix: y = 1
axis: y = 1, directrix: x = 4 (h) (x 4) = 12(y 1), vertex: (4, 1),
2
(i) vertex: (5, 7), focus: (8, 7), focus: (4, 2), directrix: y = 4
axis: y = 7, directrix: x = 2 8 Only graphs (a) and (b) have been sketched.
(j) vertex: (3, 8), focus: (2, 8), (a) y (b) y
axis: y = 8, directrix: x = 4
(k) vertex: (6, 0), focus: (8 12 , 0),
axis: y = 0, directrix: x = 3 12 (0,0) S(1,0) S(2 12 ,0) (3,0)
(l) vertex: (0, 3), focus: ( 12 , 3), x x
axis: y = 3, directrix: x = 12
4(a) (x + 2) = 8(y 4) (b) (y 1) = 16(x 1)
2 2
d : x = 1 d : x = 3 12
(c) (x 2) = 12(y 2) (d) y = 4(x 1)
2 2
(e) (x + 5) = 8(y 2) (f) (y + 2) = 16(x + 7)

2 2 (a) y 2 = 4x vertex: (0, 0),
(g) (x 8) = 12(y + 7) (h) (y + 3) = 8(x + 1)
2 2 focus: (1, 0), directrix: x = 1
(b) y = 2(x 3) vertex: (3, 0),
2
(i) (x 6) = 12(y + 3)
2
5(a) (x 2) = 8(y + 1) (b) y = 4(x 1)

2 2 focus: (2 12 , 0), directrix: x = 3 12
(c) y = 6(x 3), vertex: (3, 0),
2
(c) (x + 3) = 8(y 4) (d) (y 5) = 12(x 2)
2 2
(e) (x 3) = 8(y 1) (f) (y 2) = 12(x + 4)

(d) (y 1) = 4(x 1), vertex: (1, 1),
2
(g) x = 8(y + 2 ) (h) (y + 4) = 12(x + 1)
2 3 2
2
(i) (x + 7) = 2(y + 5) focus: (2, 1), directrix: x = 0
(e) (y 2) = 8(x + 12 ), vertex: ( 12 , 2),
2
6(a) x = 8(y 2) (b) y = 12(x 3)
2 2
(c) x = 4(y + 1) (d) y = 8(x + 2)

1
(f) (y 3) = 2(x + 1), vertex: (1, 3),

2
(e) (x 1) = 8(y 5) (f) (y + 2) = 4(x 2)
2 2
(g) (x + 1) = 2(y 92 ) (h) (y 12 ) = 4(x 4)

2 2 focus: ( 12 , 3), directrix: x = 1 12
(g) (y + 2) = 6(x 5), vertex: (5, 2),
2
(i) (x 5) = 10(y + 2 )
2 13
7 Only graphs (a) and (b) have been sketched. focus: (3 2 , 2), directrix: x = 6 12
1
(h) (y 5) = 12(x + 1), vertex: (1, 5),

2
(a) (b)
y y focus: (2, 5), directrix: x = 4
d : y = 1 14
3 9(a) y = 2x + 3x 5 (b) y = x 5x + 1
2 2
(0,1)
x (c) x = y 4y + 3 (d) x = 2y + y 3
2 2
(3,4) 10(a) (x 1) = 4(y 4) (b) (x + 2) = (y 3)

2 2
x
(c) (y + 2) = 2(x + 3) (d) (y 5) = 21 (x 2)
2 2
3 34 3
S(0, )
11(a) (x 3) = 8(y + 1) or (x 3) = 8(y + 1)
4 2 2
d : y = 4 14
or (y + 1) = 8(x 3) or (y + 1) = 8(x 3)
2 2
(b) (y + 1)2 = 8(x + 1) or (y + 1)2 = 8(x 3) 5(a) 2x + y 7 = 0 (b) 4(y + 4)2 9(x 1)2 = 36
(c) (x + 2) = 4(y 3) or (x + 2) = 4(y 5) (c) y = x 2 (d) x + y = 2
2 2 2 2 2
(d) (y 2) = 6(x 3) or (y 2) = 6(x 3)

2 2
6(c) 7(b)
y y
(e) (x 6) = 20(y 2) or (y + 3) = 20(x 1)
2 2
1
12(a) (x 3) = y + 1 (b) (y 2) = 12 (x + 4)
2 2
x
13(a) x + y + 6x 18y + 2xy + 33 = 0
2 2
4
(b) 9x + 16y 34x 88y 24xy + 121 = 0
2 2
4 x r=2
3
14(a) (x 1) + (y 2) = 8(z 1)
2 2
(b) (y 2) + (z + 1) = 4x
2 2
(c) x + (z 3) = 14(y + 32 )
2 2
(d) (x 4) + (y + 3) = 6(y 11
2 2 x2 y2
2 ) =1
15(a) V (1, 2, 1), S(1, 2, 0), directrix: z + 2 = 0 16 9
8(a) (b)
(b) V (1, 3, 0), S(1, 3, 0), directrix: x = 3 y y
t 3 2 1 21 0 1
2 1 2 3 1 1
1(a) x 6 4 2 1 0 1 2 4 6 1 x 1 x
1 1
y 9 4 1 4 0 4 1 4 9
2
(b) x = 4y (c) (0, 0), (0, 1) (d) t = 0
(e) (2, 1), (2, 1), t = 1 or 1 (c)
y
y
x2 = 4y
t = 1 1 4
1 1 x
t=1
2 2 x 3
t=0
2(a) (b) 9(a) (x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = r2 ,
y y circle with centre (3, 2) and radius r
x2 = 8y x2 = 2y
(b) y = x tan (3 tan + 2),
t = 1 t = 1
1 straight line with gradient tan
2 2
t=1 t=1 10(b) P1 has parameter = 0. As moves from
4 4 x 1 1 x 0 to , P moves from P1 to P2 . As moves

t=0 t=0 from to 1, P moves from P2 innitely far
3(c) As t , x and y 0.
along the line. As moves from 0 to 1, P moves
As t , x and y 0. from P1 innitely far along the line in the other
3
As t 0+ , x 0 and y . direction. (c) 10
(d)(i) (x2 4ay2 ) + 2(x1 x2 2ay1 2ay2 ) +
2 2
As t 0 x 0 and y
y 4(c) y (x1 2 4ay1 ) = 0
4 3 (ii) (x1 x2 )(x1 y2 x2 y1 ) + a(y1 y2 ) = 0
2

2 4 4x 1(a) x + y 3 = 0 (b) 4y 5x + 8 = 0
1 x (c) 3x + 2y + 2 = 0 (d) y x 2 = 0
3 2(a) 4y 3x 12 = 0 (b) x = 12y, (0, 3)
2
2
4a
x2 y2 3(d) (0, a) (f) ( , a)
+ =1 p+q
16 9
4(a) P (2ap, ap2 ), Q(2aq, aq 2 ), S(0, a) when they are on opposite sides of the axis, it is
2 2
(b) a(p + 1) (c) a(q + 1) the negative geometric mean.
19(b) 12 a |p q|
2 3
5(a) The x-intercept is (4a, 0).
6(a) t = 2 or t = 1 (b) t = 3 or t = 1
8(a) Since a = 2, the line is y = 12 4x (5)a, so Exercise 9G (Page 339)
p + q = 4 and pq = 5. t = 5 gives (20, 50), and 1(a) y = x 1 (b) y = 2x 3 (c) y = 4x + 4
t = 1 gives (4, 2). (d) y = 4x 7
(b) The point of contact is (8, 8). 2(a) x + 2y 3 = 0 (b) x 3y + 33 = 0
(c) p + q = 4, pq = 5 has no solutions. (c) x 3y 18 = 0 (d) x + 7y 21 = 0
9 The midpoint lies of x = k if and only if k is the 3(a) (6, 9) (b) ( 12 , 23
4 )
average of 2ap and 2aq. 4(a) x + y = 3, x + 2y = 12 (b) (6, 9)
5(b) tangents: y +x+a = 0, y x+a = 0; normals:
Exercise 9F (Page 336) x + y = 3a, x = y 3a (c) 8a2 square units
1(a) y = x 1 (b) x 2y 1 = 0 2
6(a) y = 13 x + 23 (b) 2x3y+1 = 0, 3x+2y5 = 0
(c) 6x + 2y + 9 = 0 (d) y = qx 3q
2
7(a) (2, 10) and ( 45 , 85 )
2(a) x + 2y 12 = 0 (b) 4x 2y + 9 = 0 (b) y = 10x 10 and y = 4x 85 (c) ( 35 , 4)
(c) x + my 3m 6m = 0 9(b) m = 2 gives y = 2x 2,
3
(d) x + qy aq 2aq = 0 m = 2 gives y = 2x 2.

3
3(a) y = pxap (b) (0, ap ), (ap, 0) (c) 12 a |p| (c) y = x 2 and y = x 2, which are perpen-
2 2 2 3
4(a) x + py = 2ap + ap
3
dicular because their gradients are 1 and 1.
(b) (2ap + ap , 0), (0, 2a + ap ) (c) 12 a |p|(p + 2) 10(a) b = 6 (b) y = 2x 6 (c)(i) y + 2x + 4 = 0
3 2 2 2 2
5(a) tangents: y = xa, (c) (ii) 16y 8x + 9 = 0

y
y = x a; normals: 11 a = 14 , (1, 1)
y = x + 3a, y = x + 3a 3a 12(b) y = 7x 147
(b) vertices: (2a, a), a S 13(b) y = x + 1 and y = 2x + 4
(2a, a), (0, 3a), (0, a); L R 2
14(b) Since = 3 + 4 is positive, there are two
2
area = 8a (half prod- 2a 2a x possible gradients. Since the product of the roots
uct of the diagonals) a y = a is 1, these gradients are perpendicular.
6(a) y = tx t2 (b) 3 or 1 15(b) 3x y 27 = 0 and 3x + y + 27 = 0
(c) y = 3x 9 and x + y + 1 = 0 (c) y = x 3 and x 3y = 1
7(a) parameters: 5 and 51 (b) gradients: 5 and

5 ; points of contact: (50, 125) and (2, 15 )
1 Exercise 9H (Page 342)
8(a) A = (1, 1), B = (2, 4) (b) at A, y = 2x1;
1(a) y = 2 (b) 3x 2y = 0 (c) x + y 1 = 0
at B, y = 4x 4 (c) M = (1 14 , 1), D = ( 12 , 14 ), (d) 2x y + 6 = 0
2(a) y = 3 (b) x + 3y = 0 (c) y = x 1 (d) 5x +
AB and the tangent at D both have gradient 1.
9(a) t = 1, point of contact: (6, 3)
6y 24 = 0
3(a) x = 2y (b) (0, 0), (4, 2) (c) y = 0, y = x 2
(b) 5 (d) k = 2 or 2
4(a) (0, 2)
10(b) y + x = 3a, y x = 3a
(b) x 4y + 8 = 0, 3x 4y + 8 = 0, x + y 2 = 0
11(b) (0, 0), (24, 36), (24, 36)
5(a) y0 y = 2a(x + x0 ) (b) The point (5, 2) lies
14(a) (0, ap ) (b) (0, 2a + ap )
2 2
15(a) (2ap, a)
on the directrix x = 5 of the parabola.

2 2 6(a) y = x + 1 (c) 4 (d) (2, 3)
16(a) M = a(p + q), 12 a(p + q ) , T has parame-
8(a)(i) x = 2y (ii) x 4y + 4 = 0
ter 12 (p + q) and T = a(p + q), 14 a(p + q)2 , 9(a) x0 x = 2a(y + y0 ) (b) x 2x0 x + 4ay0 = 0
2
2
M = a(p + q), apq . (d) 2 : 1
x0
(c) (x0 , 2a y0 )
17 When the two points are on the same side of 10(a) x0 x = 2a(y + y0 )
11(a) y = 2a0 x y0
x
the axis, it is the positive geometric mean, and
12(a) x2 2x 1 = 0, sum is 2, product is 1 12(a) y = px ap2 (b) y = px (d) y = 2px 4ap2

(b) y 6y + 1 = 0, sum is 6, product is 1
2 2
(f) 2x = 9ay

13(a) M a(p + q), 12 a(p + q ) , x = 4a(y a4 )
2 2 2
(d) 2 10 units

13 10 2 units (b) A parabola, axis the y-axis, vertex (0, a4 ), focal
2
14(c) x0 > 4ay0 , which is the condition for the length a.
14(c) y = 4a (e) x = 16a(y 6a)
point (x0 , y0 ) to lie outside the parabola. 2
15(a) y = px ap , px p y a = 0
15(a) x1 x = 2a(y + y1 ) 2 2
16 x0 = 2am (b) y = a, for x > 2a or x < 2a

18(d) 4x + 5y = 25, (0, 5) and ( 200 45
41 , 41 ) 16(c) (4(p + q), 4pq)
2
17(c) x = a(y 3a)
19(a) xy0 + x0 y = 2c 2
(c) 8x + 2y = 50, (5, 5) and ( 54 , 20) 18(a) x + py = 2p + p

3 2
(d) N (2m, 4m + 3)
2
(e) y = x + 3
20(c) x = 3 and y < 34
1(a) y = qx aq 2 (e) N a(p + q), 14 a(p + q)2 (d) The points P and Q coincide, in which case T is
2(c) q not uniquely dened, but the limit of its position
2 2
3(b) B(0, at ), N (0, 2a + at ) (c) BN = 2a units coincides with P and Q.
5(a) T (2at, a) (e) A rhombus, because the diag- 2
21(c) x = 8ay
onals bisect each other at right angles. 22(b) x = 4a(y 4a)
2
3 2
6(a) A(2at + at , 0), B(0, 2a + at ) (d) 3, since the cubic equation in part (c) has at
7(a) It is a focal chord. (b) y = qx aq
2
most three real solutions for t.
= tx at2 (c) R(0, at2 )
8(b) y 23(c) y = 14 x x + 2
2
9(a) A a(p + q), apq 2

24(d) N (2mk, 2a + k + 4am )
2
12(a) (x1 , y1 ) satises x2 = 4ay. x
(e) y = 2m + 2a(1 + 2m )
(c) Q( x 1 , 0), R(0, y1 ) 26(c) y = a, which is the directrix.
2ay
1
15(b) Q 2a(p + p2 ), a(p + p2 )
2
16(a) M = (p, 1 + p2 )

(b) P = (2 3, 3) or P = (2 3, 3)
2 2
18(b) p + q + 2
19 P = (4, 4), Q = (6, 9), T = (1, 6)

22(a) q = (2 2 3)p or (2 2 3)p
kx +x ky +y
23(a) K = ( k1+ 1 0 , k1+ 1 0 )
(b) k (x1 4ay1 ) + (x0 4ay0 ) = 0
2 2 2

2
1(b) x = at, y = at2 (d) A parabola, axis the
y-axis, vertex the origin, focal length a2 .
at 2
2(b) T (at, 0) (c) M ( 3at 2 , 2 )
3(c) The locus of R is x = 2(y 2).
2
2
4(b) M ( 12 at, a + 12 at )
6(a) Q(2at, a) (c) x = 2a(y a). A parabola,
2
axis the y-axis, vertex (0, a), focal length 12 a.

7(a) y = px + a (c) y = 12 a (e) x = a(y a)
2
2
8(a) N ( 12 at , 32 at)
9(d) A parabola, axis the y-axis, vertex (0, 4a),
focal length 12 a.
10(b) T (at, 0) (c) y = 0 (the x-axis)
Answers to Chapter Ten 607
Chapter Ten (g)

y' (h)
y'

1(a) A, G and I (b) C and E (c) B, D, F and H
3(a) 4 2x (b)(i) x < 2 (ii) x > 2 (iii) x = 2 c d e x
4(a) 3x 6x (b)(i) x < 0 or x > 2 (ii) 0 < x < 2
2
(iii) x = 0 or x = 2
x
3 y 4 y 2 2
6 x (x + 3)
(2,4) 10(a) (b)
5 (x 3)2 (x2 + 1)2
2
11(a) x + 2x + 5
13(b) 1
4 x
14(c)(i) x < 1 or x > 1 (ii) 1 < x < 1, x = 0
1 (iii) x = 1 or x = 1 (d) 2, 2 (e) x = 0
2 x (f) 15(a)
y y
3
5(a) 2
x
(b) The function is not continuous at x = 0. (1,2)
6(a) x > 2 (b) x < 3 (c) x > 1 or x < 1
x 3
(d) x < 0 or x > 2 ( 1,2) 1 1 x
7(a) x < 1 or x > 31 (b) x < 2 or 0 < x < 2
8(a) III (b) I (c) IV (d) II
9(a) (b) (b) (c)
y' y' y y
1 3
x x 2 x 3 1 x
(d) (e)
(c)
y'
(d)
y' y y
x x x
x
16(a) (b)
(e) (f) y' y
y' y'
1
a b x 2
2 x
x x
2 1
17 18 2 < x < 0 (c) (d)

y 4x y y
19(a)(i)
(x2 + 1)2
4 (b) f (x) is increasing for
3
x < 0 and decreasing 4 ( 116 ,14 121 )
1
3
x
1 for x > 0. ( 54 ,6 18 )
4 3
2 2 x 12 x
20(a) (b) 2(a) (b)

y' y'
y y
(2,9)
3 3 2 5 5
x 2 x
( 43 , 31
8 )
x 5 1 x
(c) (d)
y' y' (c) (d)
y y
(2,16)
2 3
3 3 x 1 x 2 3
2 3 x
x (2,16)
21(a) (b) 4
y' y'
3(a) (b)
x y y
x (3,96)
15
2
x x
(2,29) ( 23 , 32
27 )
(c) (d)
y' y'
(c) (d)
y y
(3,43)
16
2 2 x 3 3 x
x
11 (2,27)
x
Exercise 10B (Page 365) 4 5
y y
1(a) (b)
y y (3,337)
(2,16)
3 12 x
2 40
x ( 12 , 27
16 ) x
(2,288)
1 3 2 6 x
(2,1)
6
y 7(a) Exercise 10C (Page 369)
y
( 25 ,268 2308 1(a) A relative maximum, B relative minimum
3125 ) ( 23 , 16
81
)
(b) C relative minimum (c) D horizontal point of
256 inexion, E relative maximum
(d) F relative minimum, G relative maximum,
H relative minimum (e) I relative minimum
4 2 x (f) J horizontal point of inexion, K relative min-
3 x imum, L relative maximum
(b) (c)
y y 2(a) x = 1 turning point
8
( 43 ,49 27 )
(b) x = 3 turning point, x = 12 turning point
( 45 ,8 1244
3125 ) (c) x = 0 turning point,
4
25 x = 3 horizontal point of inexion
(d) x = 2 turning point, x = 4 turning point
2 1 x 12
(e) x = 0 turning point, x = 1 critical value
5 x
(f) x = 0 horizontal point of inexion,
(d) 8 x = 1 critical value

y y
(1, 23 ) (g) x = 0 turning point, x = 1 critical value
2 3 (h) x = 0 horizontal point of inexion,
3 2
x = 1 critical value (i) x = 0 critical value
x
x (j) x = 1 turning point, x = 1 turning point,
(1,1) x = 0 critical value
108 (k) x = 1 turning point, x = 0 critical value
( 1, 23 )
(l) x = 2 turning point, x = 2 critical value,
0 (ii) 1 distinct root (iii) 2
(d)(i) (iv) 1 x = 1 critical value
9 8 3(a) x = 0
10 a = b = 1, c = 6 (e) 4(a)
y y
11 a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
12 a = 2, b = 3, c = 12 d = 7
(1,2)
13(a)(i) (ii) 1
y 2 2 4 36
y x 1 x
( ,
5 510
) (1,2)
4 7
( 114 , 411711 )
(b) (c)
x y y
1
x 1
1 4
(iii) (iv)
y y x 1
5 6
( 115 , 511611 ) 5 7
( 125 , 512712 ) x
2 1 1 2
1 x
1 x
(d) 5(a) x>0 10 11(c)

y y
y y
( 1, 12 ) 1
2
1
(1,2) x
2
5
1 x
1 x
x
(d)(i) (ii)
6(a) (b)
y y y y
4
(1,1)
1 (1,3)
1 x (1,2) (1,2) x
x 2
x
7 12(c) 13(a)
y y y
3
6
6
1 x (2,1)
3 x
1 3 x
(a) domain: x 0. (b) (c)
y y
horizontal asymptotes: x = 0

(c) (3, 16 6 ) is a maximum turning point.

(d) As x 0 , y 0 and y , so the curve
+
emerges vertically from the origin. (Notice that (1,3) (2,3)

y(0) = 0, so the origin lies on the curve.) 1 1 x
8(a) When x < 0, dy/dx = 1.
x
When x > 0, dy/dx = 1. 14
(b) 9 y
y y
c
3
2
c x
x 2 x
(a)When x > 2, dy/dx = 1. Exercise 10D (Page 371)

When x < 2, dy/dx = 1 (b) x = 2 is a critical 1(a) 10x9 , 90x8 , 720x7 (b) 15x4 , 60x3 , 180x2
value, because y is not dened there. (c) 3, 0, 0 (d) 2x 3, 2, 0
(e) 12x 2x, 24x 2, 24
2
07
(f) 03x , 021x17 , 0357x27
1 2 6 2 6 24
(g) 2 , 3 , 4 (h) 3 , 4 , 5
x x x x x x
15 60 300 1 2 6
(i) 4 , 5 , 6 (j) 2x 2 , 2 + 3 , 4
x x x x x x
2(a) 2(x + 1), 2 (b) 9(3x 5)2 , 54(3x 5) 5(a) x > 2 or x < 1 (b) 1 < x < 2 (c) x > 1
2
(c) 8(4x 1), 32 (d) 11(8 x) , 110(8 x)
10 9
(d) x < 12
1 2 2 6 6(a) x = 5 (b) none (c) x = 3, x = 2
3(a) , (b) ,
(x + 2)2 (x + 2)3 (3 x)3 (3 x)4 (d) x = 2
15 300
(c) , 7(a) (b)
(5x + 4)4 (5x + 4)5 y y
12 108
(d) ,
(4 3x) (4 3x)4
3
a
1 1 2 5
4(a) , (b) 13 x 3 , 29 x 3 x
2 x 4x x
3 3 5 x
(c) 32 x , (d) 12 x 2 , 34 x 2 a
4 x
1 1 2 4
(e) , (f) ,
1 4x (1 4x) 2
3 3
2 x + 2 4(x + 2) 2 (c) (d)
13
5(a)(i) 2 16 (ii) 8 3 y y
(b)(i) 8 (ii) 48 (iii) 192 (iv) 384
6 a = 12 , b = 3, c = 52 a
1 2 7 28 x
7(a) 2
, 3
(b) ,
(x + 1) (x + 1) (2x + 5) (2x + 5)3
2
a x
1x 2
2x(x 3)
2
(c) ,
(1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )3
8 (x 1) (5x 1), 4(x 1) (5x 2)
3 2
8(a) (b)
9(a) 1,1 (b) 13 (c) 34 y y
n 1
11(a) nx , n(n 1)xn 2 , n(n 1)(n 2)xn 3
(b) n(n 1)(n 2) . . . 1, 0
1 1 3 5
(c) 35 t , 25
2 6
12(a) 23 , 0 (b) , t
2t2 2t3 5 3 x 2 x
t2 1 4t3 3 3
(d) , (e) ,
1 + t2 (1 + t2 )3 2(t 2) 4(t 2)3
(1 t)2 2(1 t)3
(f) , f (x) = 4x3 24x, (e)
10(a)
1 + t)2 (1 + t)3
y
13 a = 3, b = 4 f (x) = 12x2 24
1
14
r 2 3 2 3
( 2 ,20) x
( 2 ,20)
Exercise 10E (Page 376) m = 16 2 m = 16 2
Point A B C D E F G H I
1 y 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 ( 6 ,36) ( 6 ,36)
11(a) (f)
y + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0
f (x) = 5 2x 3x2 , y
(1,10)
3(a)f (x) = 3x2 3, 4(a)f (x) = 3x2 12x f (x) = 2 6x ( 13 ,5 27
7
)

f (x) = 6x 15, f (x) = 6x 12 (e) 16 7
3
(d) (d)
y y
(1,2) (1,9)
x
(2,45) ( 53 , 14
27 )
3
12(a) y = 3x2 + 6x 72, y = 6x + 6
3 x x
(d) 75x + y 13 = 0

13(b) f (x) = g (x) = 0, no
(1,2) (5,99)
(c) f (x) has a horizontal point of inexion,
g(x) has a minimum turning point. (e) (f)

14 a = 2, b = 3, c = 0 and d = 5. y y
(6,442)
15(b) concave up when x > 3,
concave down when x < 3 5
(c) 16(a) (2,33) (1,21) x
y y 10
(2,186)
x
y = f'(x) (4,75)
1 A 2(e) 3(e)
C E x y y
2 2 3 x (3 3 , 3
3
)
3 ( 1
3
, ) 1
4 ( 3, ) 2
3
(b) 17(b)
1
y y x
2
(3, )
y = f''(x) x 3
( 1
3
1
, )
4
( 3 3 , 3
3
)
y = f ( x)
4(a) (b)
x 1 x y
A B D ( 4, ) y 9
8
y = f ( x ) y = f ( x ) ( 23 ,1)
1
2
18(a) f (x) = x2 + x + 1, 19(b) 1
2 1 x
f (x) = 2x + 1 y
( 6, 109 ) 2 2 x
(d)
y ( 23 , 18 )
5(a) (b)
y y
( , 1 5 x x 1
2 12 )
1 1
4
2 1 1 2 x
1 x
Exercise 10F (Page 379)

1(a) (b) (c) (d)
y y y y
( 12 , 29 ) (1, 31 )
5 ( 3 ,6 3 )
4 x
1 2 x 1
3 3 x
12 ( 12 , 49 )
( 3 , 6 3 ) (1,3)
1 1 x
(c) (d) (e) (f)
y y y y
(2,32)
(3,92)
(1,2)
1
2
1
(4,16) 1 x x
(2,59) 1
(1,2)
11 2
6 x
x
(g) (h) (c) 9(a)

y y y y
16
2 3 3
(5,10) 1+ 3 2
2
(1,2) 1 3 3
(1,2) (1,2) 2 1 x 2 2
3
x
x x
3163
25
(2,2)
(i) 6(a) (b) The x-intercepts (c)
y y and the x-coordinates y
y= f2
of the stationary ( 2
3
,9 13
27 )
points of y = f (x) give

( 12 ,6 34 ) (1,2) the stationary points
2 2 2 x
of y = (f (x)) .
y= f 3
1 x x
( 23 , 81
4096
3
)
(b) (c)
10(a) (b) (2 + 2 2, 1),
y y
y (2 2 2, 1),

( 2, 19 ) 1 (2 + 10, 1),
(2,2) (2, 2
)
4
(2 10, 1)
5 1 x
1
5
3 x x (2,9)
(d) 7(a)
y y 11(b) 12(b) x > 23
y or x < 0
a
1
x
a a x
x
a
(b) (c)
y y
3
4 +4
1(a) A relative maximum, B relative minimum
15 1 (b) C absolute maximum, D relative minimum,
4
x E relative maximum, F absolute minimum
1
2 (c) G absolute maximum, H horizontal point of
x inexion (d) I horizontal point of inexion,

2
8(a) (b) J absolute minimum

y y 2(a) 0, 4 (b) 2, 5 (c) 0, 4 (d) 0, 5 (e) 0, 2 2
(f) 1, 41 (g) 1, 2 (h) 1, 2
3(a) 7, 7 (b) 161
, 19 (c) 1, 8 (d) 49, 5 (e) 0, 4
3 (f) 0, 9
1
4(a) global minimum 5, global maximum 20
(b) global minimum 5, local maximum 11,
6 6 x
1 1 x global maximum 139
(c) global minimum 4, global maximum 11

5(a) 1, 5 (b) 1, 5 (c) 15 5, 1 (d) 25 5, 12 2 1000 3
1(b) m
7(a) 2, 19, 181 (b) innitely many 27 3
(c) As x , y 0. There is no limit as x 0 2(c) 20 10 cm
+

however close one goes towards 0, the function 4(d) 272
s3 3
takes every value in the interval 1 y 1. 180( 2r)
5(a) =
(d) The global maximum and minimum are 1
r
R2 h(r R)
and 1 respectively, and they are attained 8(b) 4
(c) 27 r2 h
r
innitely often.
rh
9
2
Exercise 10H (Page 384) 11(b) V = S2 r 12 r
3
1(a) 2x2 16x + 64 (b) 4 (c) 32
12(b) 30 cm 40 cm
2(a) 11x 2x
2
(b) 11 (c) 121 2
4 8 13(c) 2R
1
3(b) 3 8 metres

2
14(a) y = ab a2 x2 (c) A = 2ab, x = 12 a 2
4(b) 5 (c) 25 cm
17 4:3
5(c) 20 (d) 200 m
2 2
18(a) 4 3 cm
6(a) R = x(47 13 x) (b) 15 x + 32x 10 (c) 30
8 2
2
19 12 a . This problem can be done very easily
7(a) 20 and 20 (b) 20 and 20 (c) 24 and 16
without calculus the triangle has area 12 a2 sin ,
8(b) 24 cm
where is the apex angle, and sin is maximum
x 10 x 2
9(a) , (c) 5 (d) 258 m when = 90 .
4 4 2
10(c) 40 000 m
2 21 3 3r
11(c) 4 4 2 22 There is only one such cone. Its height is 48 cm

12(c) Each of the 6 rectangles has dimensions 34 23 . and its radius is 12 2 cm.

13 27 9 18 23 414
x 2(7 2 2)
14(b) 80 km/hr (c) $400
15 12 8 8
7 2
1(a) 17 x + C (b) 32 x + C (c) 5x + C (d) 12 x10 + C
16 32 sq units
7 1 13
(e) 3x + C (f) 39 x + C (g) C
17 72 units
(h) 3 x + 8 x + C (i) x x x + C
2 3 5 8 3 4 5
18 8 units
xa+1
19(b) y = 2ax + a + 4 (c) 23 3
2 4 3
(j) 14 ax + 13 bx + C (k) +C
a+1
20(b) ( 12 , 14 )
2
axa+1 bxb+1
21 64 cm (l) + +C
a+1 b+1
22 width 16 3 cm, depth 16 6 cm 2(a) 13 x 32 x + C (b) 15 x + 23 x + x + C
3 2 5 3

23(b) 23 a 43 a 3
2 x 4x + C (d) 56 x x + C
3 2 6 4
(c) x + 11
24 A(10, 0), B(0, 6) (e) 5 x + 3 x + x + C (f) 4 a x 2ax + 92 x + C
4 5 4 3 1 2 4 3 2

25 5 2 metres 1 1 1
3(a) + C (b) 2 + C (c) +C
26 8 km x x 3x

27 2( 10 + 1) 4( 10 + 1) 2 1 1 a
(d) + C (e) + 2 + C (f) +C
28(a) 103 (b) 16 (a + b a2 + b2 ab) 15x3 x 2x bx
ba+1
34
30 2 39 1 x
(g) + C (h) x + +C
(1 a)x a1 ba+1
3 4
4(a) 23 x 2 +C (b) 2 x+C (c) 34 x 3 +C (d) 43 x+C
8
(e) 58 x 5 + C
2 3
5(a) y = x + 3x + 4 (b) y = 3x + 4x + 1
3
(c) y = 23 x 2 16 6 The rule would give the
primitive of x1 as x0 /0, which is meaningless.
This problem is resolved in Chapter 12.
Answers to Chapter Eleven 615
7(a)
4
y (b) y c = 1 Chapter Eleven
c=4 2
2
c=0 8 (b) 24 (c) 8 (d) 25
1 x 1(a) 4 (e) 30 (f) 15
1
c>0 c<0 2(b) When a = 14 , the integral is 192 1
.
1 x 1 1 3 9
c<0 When a = 2 , it is 24 . When a = 5 , it is 125 .
4 64
When a = 5 , it is 375 .
1
y = 2x2 + C, y = 3x + C, 5(a) 13 + (b) The lines P0 P1 , P1 P2 . . . lie above
6n2
y = 4 2x2 y = 3x 1 the curve. Therefore the combined area of the
(c) y (d) y
c=1 trapezia is greater than the area under the curve.
2 c=0 2
c=1 Exercise 11B (Page 406)
15 (b) 41 23 (c) 19 (d) 62 (e) 30 (f) 3. The
1(a)
1 x 1 x 7 7 7
c<0 c = 1 notation dx means 1 dx, which is x .
4 4 4
c=0 (g) 4 (h) 33 34 (i) 66 23

1 5
2(a)(i) 10 (ii) 36 (iii) 3 34 (b)(i) 12 (ii) 15
32 (iii) 7
y = x3 + C, y = x1 + C,
3(a) 4 (b) 32 23 (c) 32 (d) 13 13 8
(e) 15 (f) 27 12
y = x3 + 1 y = x1 + 1
4(a) 1 + 2 (b) 2 12
4 1
8(a) 14 (x + 1) + C (b) +C 5(a) k = 5 (b) k = 49 (c) k = 5
3(x 2)3
6 The function is discontinuous at x = 0, which
(c) 211
(3x 4)7 + C (d) 28 1
(1 7x)4 + C
1 2 lies in the given interval.
(e) (ax b)6 + C (f) +C 7(a) 4x 3x +x1 (b) (76x) (c)(i) (ax)u(x)
3 2 4
6a 81(1 9x)9
8 The function dened by f (x) = 0 for x = 12 ,
3 3
9(a) 23 (x + 1) 2 + C (b) 32 (1 x) 2 + C

3
(c) 13 (2x 7) 2 + C (d) 23 2 3x + C and f ( 12 ) = 1 satises the conditions. This func-
2 3 tion, however, is not continuous, and so a slight
(e) (ax + b) 2 + C (f) 34 4x 1 + C
3a extension of our denition of the denite integral
10(a) 18 (2x + 1) 98 (b) y = x + 2x 5x + 6
4 3 2
is required.
5
(c) y = 15 4
(3 x) 2 + 32 3 x + 16 3
2
a+ b+ 1 ab+ 1
x x Exercise 11C (Page 410)
11(a) + C (b) +C
a+b+1 ab+1 1(a) 14 (b) 92 (c) 6 (d) 8 (e) 32 (f) 8
ab+ 1 b+ 1 a+ 1
x ax bx 2(a) 3 34 (b) 0 (c) 36 (d) 0 (e) 12 (f) 0
(c) + C (d) + +C
ab + 1 b+1 a+1 3(a)(i) 23 (ii) 2 (iii) 45 (b)(i) 14 (ii) 96 45 (iii) 4
5 3 4 3
(e) 25 x 2 + C (f) 2 x + 23 x 2 + C 4(a) 32 (b) 2 23 (c) 1 19 3 1 3
5 3 32 (d) 143 4 (e) 3 3 (f) 42 4
(g) 25 x 2 + 23 x 2 + C (h) 12 x x + C 5(a) 2 2 (b) 1 2
1
12(a) y = 35 x 14 x +x (b) y = 14 x +x +2x2

5 4 4 3
6(a) k = 3 or k = 5 (b) k = 2 or k = 85
(c) y = 20 (2 5x)4 + 21 (d) y = x 4x + 4
1 2
20 (c) k = 1
14(a) 121 (b) y = x + 4x + 3
3 2
13 30 7(a) 0 (the interval has zero width).
15 25 seconds (b) 0 (the interval has zero width).
16 $4.08. Since p = 10 t 3 +4, and t > 0, the price will (c) 0 (the integrand is odd).
always exceed $4 (but by a decreasing amount). (d) 0 (the integrand is odd).
17(a) x = 72 (b) x = 18 23 18 3 seconds (e) 0 (the integrand is odd).
1 (f) 0 (the integrand is odd).
19 f (x) = + 1 for x > 0,
x 8(a) The function is odd, so the integral is zero.
1
and f (x) = + 3 for x < 0 (b) The integral can be split into the sum of the six
x
integrals. Each odd power is an odd function, and
so has integral zero. Each even power is an even
function, and so its integral is twice the integral (c) 15 (4 x)5 + C (d) 15 1
(3x + 1)5 + C
over 0 x . x 4 1
(e) 54 (1 ) + C (f) +C
9(a) The curves meet at (0, 0) and at (1, 1). 5 2(x + 1)2
(b) In the interval 0 x 1, the curve y = x is
2 1
(g) 111
(2x 1)11 + C (h) +C
always below the curve y = x . 2(4x + 1)4
1
10(a)(i) 5 (ii) 25 (b)(i) 25 (ii) 17 12 (iii) 27 12 (i) +C
2
5 20x
11(a)(i) 2 (ii) 18 (iii) 8 (b)(i) 12 (ii) 18 (iii) 8
1
3 3
6(a) 23 (x + 1) 2 + C (b) 13 (2x 1) 2 + C
12(b)(i) 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 73 (iv) 10 (v) 60 23 (vi) 33 3 4
3
(c) 16 (7 4x) 2 + C (d) 16 3
(4x 1) 3 + C
13(a) True, as the function is odd.
(e) 23 3x + 5 + C
(b) True, as sin 4x is odd and cos 2x is even.
x 3
(c) False, as 2
x 2
> 0 for all x. (f) 34 (1 ) 2 + C (g) 2 x + 1 + 2 x + 2 + C
x x
2
(d) True, as 2 < 3 for 0 < x < 1. 3 2 3
(h) 32 (4 x) 2 2 4 x + C (i) (ax) 2 +
(e) False, as 2 > 3 for 1 < x < 0.
x x
3a
n
(f) True, as t > t
n+1
for 0 t 1 and hence 2
1 1 ax + C
. a
1 + tn 1 + tn + 1 7(a) 242 (b) 0 (c) 121 13 (d) 1 (e) 13 a + ab + b
2 2
5
1 (f) 13 (g) 2 (h) 45 (i) 46 (j) 6 23 (k) 112 (l) 8 25
14(a) The integral is +1, which converges to 1 6 4 9
N 3
8(b) 3 x(1 + x) 2 15 (1 + x) 2 + C
2 4 5
as N . 1
1 dx dx
(b) The integral is 1 + , which diverges to as 9 Here is one clue: 2
= = 1 (an ex-
x 1 x2
0 . + tension question in the previous exercise explains

(c) The integral is 2 N 2, which diverges to the meaning of in the limits of integration).
as N .
(d) The integral is 2 2 , which converges to 2
1(a) 2 u2 (b) 21 2 u
2
(c) 92 u
2
as 0+ . 2 2 2 2 2
2(a) 9 u (b) 6 23 u (c) 1283 u (d) 6 u (e) 14 u
1 2 2 2
Exercise 11D (Page 413) (f) 57 6 u (g) 36 u (h) 60 u
9 2 2 2 2 2
1(a) 4x+C (b) x2 +C (c) x3 +C (d) C (e) 23 x6 +C 3(a) 2 u (b) 34 3 u (c) 18 u (d) 2 u
4 2 27 2 81 2 2 2
(f) 57 x
14
+ C (g) 12 x14 + 13 x9 + C 4(a) 3 u (b) 2 u (c) 4 u (d) 46 5 u
9 2 4 2 45 2 2
(h) 4x 32 x + C (i) x 2x + 75 x + C
2 3 4 5 5(a) 2 u (b) 3 u (c) 4 u (d) 9 u
2
a 3 b 2 1 6 8u
(j) x + x + C (k) xa+ 1 + C 2 2 2 2
3 2 a+1 7(a) 11 23 u (b) 128 12 u (c) 4 u (d) 8 12 u
2 3 2 5 2 3 2 2
a b (e) 16 u (f) 6 4 u (g) 11 6 u (h) 32 4 u (i) 17 3 u
(l) xa+ 1 + xb+ 1 + C
a+1 b+1 (j) 21 15 2
u2
1 1 1 8(a) 13 u
2
(b) 2 12 u
2
(c) 9 13 u
2
(d) 2 u
2
2(a) + C (b) 3 + C (c) +C
x x 10x2 9(a)(i) 64 u
2
(ii) 128 u
2
(iii) 12 3 (b)(i) 50 u
2
5
1 1 x1a xab+ 1 2 32 2
(d) + C (e) + C (f) +C (ii) 18 u (iii) 3 u

4x 4 x 1a ab+1 2
10(a) 4 u (b) 1024 u2 (c) 2 3 u2 (d) 53 5 u2
a xba+ 1
15 2
(g) x + C (h) x + +C 11(a) (2, 0), (0, 4 2), (0, 4 2) (b) 16 2u
ba+1 3
3 4 5 13(a) f (x) = 3 x x 3x, relative maximum at
1 3 2
3(a) 23 x 2 +C (b) 34 x 3 +C (c) 2 x+C (d) 35 x 3 +C
(1, 53 ), relative minimum at (3, 9) (b) 16 56 u2
4(a) 53 x 34 x + C (b) 43 x + 2x + x + C
3 4 3 2
15(a) 2 : n + 1 (b) 1 : n + 1

5
(c) x 3 x + 5 x + C (d) 2 x 25 x 2 + C
2 3 1 5 3 2
2 4
16(b) a = 12 (3 + 5), a = 12 (7 + 3 5),

3
(e) 12 x 4x + C (f) 2x 83 x 2 + x + C
2 2
1 a5 = 12 (11 + 5 5)
(g) 12 x + C (h) 16 x3 16
2 1 4
x +C (c) Areas are 15 u , 10
2 1
u2 and 10 1
u2 .
x
2 3
5 3
17(a) 3 ah + 2ch
(i) 25 x 2 + 43 x 2 + C
6 4
5(a) 16 (x + 1) + C (b) 14 (x + 2) + C
Answers to Chapter Eleven 617
2 3 1 3
18(a) (d) 13(b)(i) 35 u (ii) 10 u
1 3
y y 14(b) 21 3 u
r2 (b3 a3 )
15(a)(ii)
4 (12,2) 3h2
6
2 3 2 3
10 16(a) 43 ab u (b) 2ah u
3 3 3 3
3 10 u 3 6 x 17(a) 2a u (b) 165 a u
18(a) x 9, y 0 (c) 18 u
2
8
(6,4)
(12,6) (d)(i) 81
2 u
3
(ii) 129 35 u
3
15 3 3
19(a) y = 3x (c)(i) 7 u (ii) 25 u
(b) maximum at (3, 6), minimum at (10, 8)
20(b) 72 92 u
2 3
(c) 1000 45 u
(c) 0,6 (e) 24 u2
1 1 21(a) relative minimum at (1, 2),
19(a) (b)
n+1 n+1 relative maximum at (1, 2) (c) 94 u3
3
22(a) (0, 0) and (1, 1) (d) 13 u

Exercise 11F (Page 421) 23(a) maximum turning point at ( 13 , 29 3)
1(a) 20 56 u2 (b) 36 u2 (c) 16 23 u2 (d) 94 u2 (e) 9 13 u2 (c) 158
u2 (d) 12 1
u3
1
(f) 12 u2 (g) 16 u2 (h) 43 u2 24(c) 8u
3
2
2(b) 4 12 u 25(b) 6 u
2 3
2
3(a) (1, 16), (5, 4) (b) 36 u
2 2
4(a) 20 56 u (b) 57 16 u 4
(c) 15 u2 (d) 32 1
u2 Exercise 11H (Page 430)
5(b) 36 u
2
1(a) 8x(x2 + 3)3
2 2 4 2 4
6 5 58 u (b)(i) (x + 3) + C (ii) 18 (x + 3) + C
1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3
7(a) 4 2 u (b) 12 u (c) 20 56 u (d) 21 13 u 2(a) 12(x + 2x)(x + 3x + 5)
3 2 4
8(b) 13 u
2
(b)(i) (x + 3x + 5) + C (ii) 12 1
(x3 + 3x2 + 5)4 + C
3(a) 7(2x + 1)(5 x x)
1 2 2 6
9 53 u
(b)(i) (5 x x) + C (ii) 17 (5 x x) + C
2 2 7 2 7
10(c) 108 u
4(a) 15x (x 1)
1 2 2 3 4
11(a) 4 2 u (b) 169
u2
12(a) 1 < x < 1 or x > 4 (b) 21 12 (b)(i) (x 1) + C (ii) 15 (x 1) + C
3 5 3 5
1
u2
1 2 2x
13 16 u
5(a)
14(b) y = 2x 7 (c) 12 7
u2 +3
2x 2

1 (b)(i) 2x2 + 3 + C (ii) 12 2x2 + 3 + C
15 1
3
2 3( x + 1)2
6(a)
2 x 3 3
Exercise 11G (Page 426) (b)(i) ( x + 1) + C (ii) 23 ( x + 1) + C
1(b) 81 u3 2 3
7(a) 13 (5x + 3) + C (b) 14 (x + 1) + C
2 4
3 1 3 6 1 2 5
2(b) 36 u (c) 6 (1 + 4x ) + C (d) 30 (1 + 3x ) + C
(e) 18 (x 4x 5) + C (f) 32 (1 x4 )8 + C
3 3 3 3
3(a) 16 u (b) 9 u (c) 32 5 u (d) 6 u 2 4 1
3 3
(g) 3 (x 1) 2 + C (h) 15 (5x + 1) 2 + C
16 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 2
(e) 3 u (f) 7 u (g) 9 u (h) 16 u
3 256 3 3 3 3

4(a) 3 u (b) 3 u (c) 618 5 u (d) 12 u (i) x2 + 3 + C (j) 14 4x2 + 8x + 1 + C
1
(e) 85 3 u
3 243
(f) 5 u
3 16
(g) 15 u
3 16
(h) 3 u
3
1
3 3 3 (k) + C (l) 25 ( x 3)5 + C
296 5
5(a) 3 u (b) 19 6 u (c) 104 6 u (d) 105 1 16
u3 2
4(x + 5) 2
1
6(a) 3 u
3 28
(b) 15 u
3 81
(c) 10 u
3 1
(d) 2 u
3 p r
(m) (qx2 3)4 + C (n) (px3 + q)5 + C
1024 3 3 3 3 8q 15p
7(b) 5 u (c) 256 u (d) 128 u (e) 128 u
32 3 3 50 3 5 3 a2
8(a) 5 u , 8 u (b) 3 u , 3 u 8(a) 32 15 (b) 3
64 (c) 12
1
(d) 936 (e)
3 128 3 3 1 3 2(a3 + 1)
(c) 8 u , 5 u (d) 24 5 u , 2u 38 3
2 3 (f) 3 b
9 682 3 u 2
2x2 1
10 5270 25 u
3 9(a) x 1 or x 1 (b) (d) 16 2u
9 3 x2 1 3
11 2 u
2 3 3
12(b) 43 u (c)(i) 65 u (ii) 245 u

10(a)

horizontal points of inexion at ( 7, 0) and Chapter Twelve
( 7, 0), relative maximum at (1, 216), relative
minimum at (1, 216) (b) 600 14 u2 Exercise 12A (Page 440)
8 16
11(b)(i) 136 15 (ii) 105 1(c) reection in the line y = x
(d) For y = 3x , domain: all real numbers, range:
Exercise 11I (Page 432) y > 0. For y = log3 x, domain: x > 0, range: all
2(b) 10 (c) 10 23 , the curve is concave down. real numbers.
(d) 6 14 % 2(c) reection in the line y = x
1 3
3(b) 10 10 (c) y = 12x , which is positive in the x
(d) For y = 10 , domain: all real numbers, range:
interval 1 x 5, so the curve is concave up. y > 0. For y = log10 x, domain: x > 0, range: all
4(b) 247 real numbers.
1 1
(c) 24 23 . y = 14 x 2 , which is negative in the 3(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 2 (f) 3
interval 9 x 16, so the curve is concave down. (g) 3 (h) 2
27
5(c) 1 260 4(a) 14 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 10 (e) 15 (f) 2 (g) 9
6(a) 0729 (b) 3388 (h) 49
.
7(a) 07489 (b) = . 2996, the estimate is less than 5(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 12 (d) 10 (e) 35 (f) 2
the integral, because the curve is concave down. (g) 2 (h) y
8 92 metres 6(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 56 (d) 45
2
9 550 m 7(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 3
3 3
10(a) 38 u (b) 36 u , 5 59 % 8(a) 3 (b) 16 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 4 (f) 3
3
11 180 u (g) 9 (h) 13 (i) 0
7
12(e) 876 400 9(a) 158 (b) 317 (c) 172 (d) 189 (e) 100
(f) 397
Exercise 11J (Page 435) 10(a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 2, y = 3
1(b) 25 (c) 73 (d) 11
18 90 5 (c) x = 178 , y = 15
8 (d) x = 54 , y = 34
2(b) 280 11(a) 32 (b) 23 (c) 53 (d) 43 (e) 52 (f) 3 2
3(b) 14137 (d)(i) 12294 (ii) 13392 (g) 4 (h) 5 6
4(b) 32 (c) 32
3 3 14(b)(i) 13 (ii) 23
7
5(a) 15 (b) 22
9 15(b)(i) 73 (ii) 83
6(a) 7740 (b) 09376 (c) 660 (c) x = 2, regardless of the value of a.
7(a) 07709 (b) 3084
16(b)(i)log2 3 (ii) log3 2 (iii) log3 5
8 6 19
30 metres 17(c) 23222
2
9 613 13 m
18(a) x = 3 (b) x = 3
3
10 11519 u

11(a) maximum turning point at ( 23 , 49 6) Exercise 12B (Page 448)
2 3
2 4 3
(c) 145 u (d) 419 u (e) 16
15 2 u , 3 u 1(a) x1 (b) x1 (c) x2 (d) 1+ 4
(e) x1 (f) x1
x
12 465 units (g) x3 (h) 12x 2 1
x
2 3 1
2(a) 2x+5 (b) 3x7 (c) 3+22x (d) 4x (e) 4+77x
1
(f) 25x5 1
(g) 1+ 1x (h) 3x a
(i) axb
(j) x+1
2
(k) x2 (l) 2xab
.
3 e= . 27
4 Check the answers using the calculator.
5(a) e (b) 1e (c) 6 (d) 12 (e) 2e (f) 0 (g) e
(h) 1 (i) 0
6(a) x = 13 (b) x = 3 or 4
2x
7(a) x 22x
+1 (b) x 2 2x+3
+3x+2 (c) 2x 2 (d) 2x+1 x
2 1
8(a) x (b) x3 1
(c) 2x (d) x (e) 4+12x
Answers to Chapter Twelve 619
1 1 1
(f) 1+x + 1x (g) 3x+ 3 (h) x1 + 2(x+1
1) (e) (f)
1
9(a) x log (b) 1
(c) 1
(d) 5 y y
2 x log 10 x log 2 x log 3
2x
10(a) 1 + log x (b) 2x+ 1 + log(2x + 1)
2+
log x 1
(c) 2x+
x
1
+ 2 log x (d) 2 x
11 x e2 y + e2 = 0
2 2e x 1 1 x
12 ex + e y + e 1 = 0, ( 1e e, 0)
2 2
1
13(a) 2x2 x 22x+ 1 (b) x2x2
2 2x + 2x
1
(c) log
1log x 2 log x
14(a) x(1 + 2 log x) (b) x 2 (c) x
4(log x) 3 y0
(d) x (e) 1
x(1+log x) 2 (f) 1 all real x
2(a) (e) (f) all real x,
2x log x
1 y ln 2
(g) x8 (2 log x 3)
3 1
(h) x(log (i) x log
x) 2 x y y
log 3 log x1
(j) x(log x) 2 (k) (log x) 2
log 3(log x1)
(l) logx 3 (log x) 2 =
log 3
(log x) 2
1
15(a) ( 1e , 1
e ) (b) (1, 1) (c) ( 1e , 2e
1
)
1 ln2
17 x = log 10
1 1 x
1
18(a) 2x4x3
2 3x
14x
(b) x12x 2 (c) 1 1 x ln2
x(1 + log x)
2+ x
2
(d) 2x( x+ log x) 2x+x
(e) 2(x2) + 2(x + 1) log x 2 3(a) x>0 4(a) y = 1 x1 ,
312x7x 2
(f) 2x(3+2xx 2) (b) y = x2 log x, y = x12
20(a)
x(x+ 5)
(b)
(x1) 2 (x+ 2)(x 2 15x4)
(x3) 5
y = x22 (1 log x) (b) x > 0 (d) y 1
2 x1(x+ 2) 2
x(2x 2 x2) (x1)(3x 2 + 6x1) (c) y 0
(c) (d)
(x1) 3 / 2 x+ 1 2 x(x+ 1) 2
1 1 y y
(x+ x ) (x 2 1) 2
(e) (f) 3x + 6x+
2
x(x 2 + 1) 2 x x+ 1 x+ 2
x log x1
21(a) x (1 + log x) (b) 2x log x
1
2
(c) x x (1 log x)
22 2 28
39
1 1
23(d)(i) 2 (ii) 25937 (iii) 27048 (iv) 27169
(v) 27181 1 e x 1 x

5(a) x>0 (b) y = x1
x 2 and y = 2x
x3 (d) y1
Exercise 12C (Page 452) y
1(a) (b)
y y
1 1
1 1
e1 x e 1 x
1 2 x
6(a) x > 0. y 0+ as x so the x-axis is
(c) (d) a horizontal asymptote. y as x 0+ so
y y the y-axis is a vertical asymptote.

(b) y = x12 (1 log x) and y = x13 (2 log x 3)
3
3
1
1 e
3
(d) (e 2 , 2 e 2 ) (e) y e
3 3
x 2 3 x
y y
(1 5 )
1 2
e
1 e e3/ 2 x
1 1 (1+ 5 ) x
2
x = 2 + 2
7(a) y 2 log c = c (x c),
2 2
c = e (b)(i) c = 1 or e 14(a) x>1 (c) y = 1
x log x , which can never be
1
(ii) e zero, y = (x1+log
log x
x) 2
8(b) e (d) The value is outside the domain.
5
y
t x 2 log t + (log t)
y = 2 log t 2
9(a) (b) 4e
10(a) x > 0

1
(c) y 0 as x 0 , y as x 0 ,
+ + +
hence the graph becomes vertical approaching the

1 e ee x
origin. y e1 .
y
e 1 15(a) log a (b) For the graph of y = log x a hori-

e 1
1 x zontal enlargement of factor a1 is equivalent to a
1 translation of log a upwards. (c) The change to
base b stretches the graph vertically by a factor
1
log b , otherwise the result is as above.
2c
16(a) 1+c
11(a) x > 0. Minimum at ( 1e , 2e
1
) (c) y
2
18 y = e for all x in the domain, which is x > 0,

0 as x 0 , y 0 as x 0+ , hence the
+
x = 1.
graph becomes horizontal approaching the origin. y
(d) y 2e
1
e
y
1
e 3/ 2 e 1/ 2
1 x 1 x

x
19(a) y = x (1 + log x)
1/e
(b) x > 0, y e and y = 1 when x = 1.
12 x > 0, x = 1, y < 0 or y e. x = 1 is a ver- y
tical asymptote and the curve becomes horizontal
approaching the origin.
y 1
e e 1 1 x
y = x2 x x (1 log x)
1
1 e e2 x 20(b)
13(a) x > 1, x = 0
(c) x = 2 is outside the domain.

(d) one at x = 2 + 2
Answers to Chapter Twelve 621

log x + 1, for x > 0,
y (b) y=
log(x) + 2, for x < 0.
e1/ e .
. 041 (ii) log 2 = 1 2 + 3 4 + .
15(d)(i) log 32 = 1 1 1
x2 x3 x4
1 (e) log(1 x) = x 2 3 4 , log 12
. .
=. 069 (f) Using x = 12 , log 3 =
. 10986.

1 e x 1(a) 1 u2 (b) 2 log 2 u2
2(a) (6 3 log 3) u2 (b) (3 34 2 log 4) u2 (c) 1
2 u2
Exercise 12D (Page 456) 1 . 2
3(a) 2 log 5 =. 0805 u
1(a) log x + C (b) 2 log x + C 4(a) 2 log 2 u (b) (1 log 2) u2
2
1
(c) 3 log x + C (d) 15 log(5x + 4) + C 3 2 2
5(b) 2 u 6(b) 4(1 + log 2) u
5
(e) 2 log(3 + 2x) + C (f) 14 log(4x 1) + C y y
(g) 12 log(2x 1) + C (h) 32 log(2x + 1) + C
(i) log(2x 1) + C (j) 15 log(3 5x) + C
1
(k) 27 log(5 7x) + C (l) e log(x + 1) + C
1
(m) e log(2 ex) + C
1
(n) 32 log(3x ) + C
(o) a1 log(b ax) + C (p) ac log(b cx) + C
1 e x 8 x
2(a) 1 (b) 1 12 (c) log 5 (d) log 3 (e) log 2
(f) 3 log 2 (g) 23 log 2 (h) 32 log 3 (i) 12 log 3 7(a) ( 13 , 3) and (1, 1) (b) ( 43 log 3) u2
3(a) x + log x + C (b) 23 log x 13 x + C 8 log 6 u
3
2
(c) 3x 2 log x (d) 3x2 + 4 log x + x1 + C 9(a) log 2 u
3
(b) log 16 u
3
(c) ( 25
3
6 + log 36) u
4(a) log(x 9) + C
2 2
10(a) x 4x x + 4
(b) log(3x + x) + C 3 2
(c) log(x + x 3) + C (d) log(2 + 5x 3x ) + C

2 2
(b) (1, 4), (1, 4) and (4, 1)
(e) 12 log(x + 6x 1) + C y
2
(f) 4 log(12x 3 2x ) + C
1 2
2 4
5(a) y = 14 (log x + 2), x = e
(b) y = 2 log(x 1 1
2 + 1) + 1
(c) y = log x +10 5x+ 4
+1 1 4 x
4
(d) y = x + log x + 12 x2
(e) y = 2 log x + x + C, y = 2 log x + x,
y(2) = log 4 + 2 (c) (12 4 log 4) u2
11 (log 4 12 ) u
2
6(a) log(x 5) + C (b) log(x + x 5) + C
3 4
12(a) x log x x (b) e u (c) (e 1) u

2 2 c 2
(c) 4 log(x 6x )+C (d) 2 log(5x 7x +8)+C
1 4 2 1 4 2
15 3 3 3
13(a) 2 log 4 u
3
(e) 23 log( x3 + 1) + C (f) 13 log(x 2x 2 + 1) + C
3 (b) 2 + log 4 u . There
2
7(a) log e 2 61 1 (b) log 14 2e
(c) log e+ is a dierence because (a b)2 = a2 b2 .
1
14 4(2 log 2 1) u
3
2
8(a)(i) x log xx+C (ii) 2e (b) 10 log9 10 (c) e4
15(a) M = log 3 (b) x =
2
(d) 2 x(log x 2) + C log 3
9(a) (n 1) log a (b) t12 log(s + tx) + C 16(a) The upper rectangle has height 2 ,
n
(c) b12 log(b + 1) the lower rectangle has height 2n 1 ,

10(a) log 54 15 (b) 16 log x3
x+ 3 + C both rectangles have width 2n +1 2n = 2n .
11(a) log 9 (b) log 2 (c) 12 (d) 9 log 2 17(d) 2715
2
12 log(x + x2
+ 1) + C 18 log 2516 u

13 2 log( x + 1) + C
a
14(a) They are both . log 3
ax + b
y
Chapter Thirteen
2e2x (b) 3e3x (c) 5e5x (d) 12 e 2 x (e) aeax
1
1(a)
k x x 1c x
3 (f) ke (g) e (h) 1 c e
4
3x+4 1
(b) e (c) 9e
2x1 1x x+4
2(a) 2e (d) e 2
x px+q 2x 3x e x +e x
1 12 (e) pe (f) 2e + 3e (g) 2
bx
(h) e e
ax
19(b) (2 log 3) u2 3 x
(b) e3 (d) 3
x
3(a) 2e
2x
(c) 12 e 2 e 2
3
dx x2
3x
1x 2
2
x 2 +2x
20(a) Using symmetry, = log 32 u2 . 4(a) 2xe (b) 2xe (c) 2(x + 1)e
2 x 2
3x 2x+1
2
(d) (1 2x)e (e) (3x 1)e
6+xx
(b)(i) 3 u2 log 3 u2
(ii)
x
(g) (1 x)e
x x
(f) (x + 1)e (h) xe
(c) (2 6 log 43 ) u
2
21(b)
3x4 2 x 2 +1 2 x
(i) (3x+4)e (j) (2x +1)e (k) (x +7x)e
y x
(l) (x 4x + 2x)e
3 2
6 e x x
6(a) (2x 1)e
2 2x1
(b) 1e (c) ee x +x+1

x
x (x1)e x
(e) ee x e
x
x
(d) e log x + x1 +e x (f) x2
3 (g) xex (h) (e x2e1) 2 (i) (x1)e
x
(j)
x
4
2 x x
(x+1) 3
x
(e x +e x ) 2
7(a) 2 log 2 (b) 10 log 10 (c) log
x
(d) a log a (e) 2
3x1
3 log 2 (f) 52x log 5
1 2 3 x x2 bx+c
(g) a log a (h) a b log a (i) (x log 2 + 1)2x
x 3x
log 3 = (x2 1)3x 3x+1 log 3
3 3
(j) (3x 3)3
(e1) 3 2
23 e u
8(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 3
(1+c) log(1+c)c
24 ( ) u3
1+c Ae
x2
d
25(a) 3, 0, 3 (b) The curve is concave down. 9(a) e1 (b) The common ratio is e .

5 or 2 (ii) 1+2 5 or 12 5
10(c)(i)
1 x1 x log 3 1
12(a) x 2 e (b) (x + 1)e (c) x 2 3 x
1

13(a)
2
or 12 (b) 2 2 and 2+ 2 (c) 1x2
15(b) The secant has gradient 1 and the tangent is
less steep. The gradient of the tangent is 069 to
2 decimal places.

(d) log 2 (e) y = 2 lim 2 h1 = 2 log 2
h
x x
h0
17(a) y = ex log x , so y = (log x + 1)xx .

(b) y = e
(2x) log x
, so y = x2 1 log x x2x .
lo g x
y = e(log x) , so y = 2x x log x .
2
(c)
(d) y = e
log x l o 1g x

, so y =
0.
b+ b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
(b) when b
2
18(a) 2a or 2a
4ac < 0
x
19(b) f (x) simplies to e .

1(c) reection in the line y = x (d) For y = ex ,
domain: all real numbers, range: y > 0. For
y = log x, domain: x > 0, range: all real numbers.
2(d) The x-intercept is 1 unit left of the point of
contact.
Answers to Chapter Thirteen 623
y = xe 2 x ,
1 2
3(a) (b) (f) 8(a)
y y y
y = (x2 1)e 2 x
1 2
e e e (d) 0 < y 1
y
(2,2e 2 )
1 1
(1, e 1 ) 1
x
1 2 x 1 x 1 1
(c) (d) e
y y
1 x 1 1 x
y
(a) y = x e ,
x
9
1
1 y = (x + 1)ex
1 (c) y 1
e
2 x 1 x 10 3
(e) (f) ( 1,2e 1 )
y y
1 e 1
1 11(b) The gradient of y = ax at x = 0 is log a,
x which is 1 if and only if a = e.
x
(c) The gradient of y = Aa at x = 0 is A log a,
1 x which is 1 if and only if a = e1/A .
1e
13(a) y = e (x t + 1)
t
1
(g) (h) 14 y e
y y y
x = 2 2
e
e
1 1 ( 2, e 4e 2 ) 1 x
x= 2 2
2 x 1 1 x
4(a) y = x + 1 (b) y = (1 e)x 1
15 y0 16 y 1
1 2e 2e
5(a) xey+e +1 = 0 (b) x = e 1, y = e+e
2 2
y y
3 1
(c) 12 (e + 2e + e ) x = 1 2
1 ( 1
, 1
) x= 3
2
6(a) y = 1 e ,
x
7(e) y e (1,4e 1 ) 2 2e
y = ex (d) y 1 x = 1+ 2 1
y y 1 x
x e ( , 1 1
)
2 2e
1 x = 23
( 2,2e 2 ) 1 1 x

t 2
y + t 2e2t 1 = 0
2
17(a) x 2te
( 1, e 1 )
2t 2
(b) t 1 2e (c)
log 2 log 2
2 , 0 and 2
1 x 18(a)A(p1, 0), B(p, 0), C(p+q 2 , 0), D(0, (1p)q),
2

E(0, q), F (0, q + pq ) (c)(i) 2q (q 2 +1) (ii) p2 q + 1q
19 x = 1 or x = 1

20 y 21 x = 0, y < 0 or y e (l) 2e
1 1ex
e + C = 12 eex + C (m) 3 e3x 2 + C
( 5,12e 5 ) y (n) e
bax
+ C (o) ab ebx+c + C (p) ea x + C
5 5 3 1 2
x= 2 3(a) e e (b) e e
2
(c) e e (d) e2 (e 1)
2
ab
(g) e(e 1) (h) e b (e 1)
1 ab
e (e) 1 (f) 12
5 + 5
x= 2 2 1 2x
4(a) 2 e
x
+ C (b) x e + C (c) 2e 2 + C
x
x 3 x
x (d) 2e 2 + 23 e 2 + C
1 2x 3x 5 x x
2 1 x 5(a) log 2 +C (b) log 3 +C (c) log 5 +C (d) log +C
6(a) y = e
x1
, y = e1
22 x = 0, y > 0, y = 1 23 (b) y = e + 1 e
2 2x
, y = e2 + 1
y y 12 x
(d) f (x) = e + xe 1, f (0) = 0
x
(c) y = log 2
ex +3 +C (b) e5x 2x +C (c) 12 e3x +4x+1 +C

2 2 2
e 7(a)
x 3 3x 2
(d) 13 e +C
( 21 , e 2 ) x 3 2x 2 +3x5 3x
8(a) 2e + C (b) log x + e 3 + C
1 1 x x 2
(c) 2 x + 12 e + C (d) 12 e2x + 2ex + x + C
2x
e 2 x 1
(e) 2 2x 2 + C (f) e x + C
e

x (g) 23 e
x x 3
+ C (h) x3 + C (i) kx2 + C
24(a) y = ek x and y = k1 log x 2
9(b) e + 1 2 2
x x
(b) Since y = a and y = loga x are inverse func- 10(a) e e
x
(b) log e +e2
tions, they are symmetric in the line y = x. The 11 log(ex + 1) + C
common tangent must therefore be the line y = x, 2 2x ax
ax 2
12(a) x + 2 log x + log 2 +C (b) log a + 2 +C
which has gradient 1. Note: This assertion is un- x + 2x 2
(c) 3 log 3 +C
true if there is more than 1 intersection point.
y = 2(x x3 )ex (b) 2e2e5
2 3
kx 1 13(a)
(c) k e = 1 and k1x = 1 (d) k = 1e , a = e e 4
x
x 14(b) (x + 1)e
so y > 0 for all x.
1 2
26(a) 0 (b) y = e 2 x x
x
15(a) y = 2e 3 +1 (b) y = 2 3 , y(0) = 1
(c) y is an odd function.
17 log 12+ 1
(e) y 0 as x . This does not imply an
20(b) 11276
asymptote. For example, y = log x has gradi-
ent y = x1 , so y 0 as x , but y = (d) e05 = + 2 1, e05 = 2 1
log x clearlydoes not have a horizontal asymp-
tote. (f)
<y<
2 2 1(a) 1 e1 square units (b) e(e2 1) square units
y (c) 3 square units (d) 3 12 square units
2
2 3e square units
2
3(a) 08863 square units (b) 08362 square units
2
x 4(a) 1 + e square units
1
(b) 2 log 2 1 square units (c) e square units
2
(d) 3 + e square units
2
5 e 1 square units
1
6 ex 1 x dx = e 2 12 square units
Exercise 13C (Page 473) 0
. 1 . 1
1(a)(i) e1= . 172 (ii) 1 e =
. 063
7 (ex )2 dx,
(e2 1) cubic units
2 . 3 . 2
(iii) 1 e = . 086 (iv) 1 e =. 095 0
(d) The total area is exactly 1.

8(b) e 1 13 square units
1
2x x 4x+ 5
2(a) 12 e +C (b) 3e 3 + C (c) 14 e +C
1 1+ 3x 1 4x2 x1
(d) 3 e +C (e) 4 e +C (f) e +C
(i) e
3x+ 2 2x1 3x
(g) 2e +C (h) e +C +C
1 72x 1 x1
(j) 2 e + C (k) e +C
Answers to Chapter Thirteen 625
y 3(a) 1
k = 10 log 52 P
.
e =. 0092
(b) 823 million 2.5 10 6
(c) during 2000
1 dP 106
(d) = kP
dt
=.
. 916 000
10 t
1 x
9 e2 3 square units 10 1 12 e1 square units 4(a) k = 41 log 32
10 S
.
y y =
. 028
.
(b) t =. 808 hours
e e . 10
=. 8 hours 5 minutes
(c) 2 kg/h
1 1 3.2
4 t
2 x 1 2 x 5(b) V0 is the value of V at t = 0.
7 . .
11
1
[ ee2 1] cubic units (c) log 10 = . 036 (d) k log 20 =
1
. 9 years
. 2
1 2 2
12 [2 + 2e (1 e ) + 12 e (1 e )] =
4 . 6(b) k = 13 log 2 = . 023 (c) 252 cm
. 8491
cubic units (d) 21 hours 50 minutes
.
13 (1 e ) =
4 . 7(b) h0 = 100 (c) k = 15 log 25 = . 018 (d) 64 C
. 3084 mL
14 intercepts (0, 7) and (3, 0) and area 24 log7 2 8(a) 72% (b) 37% (c) 7%
log 2 . 4
square units 9(a) k = 1690 = . 410 10
log 5 .
15(a) x = 12 log ab , y = ab (b) a + b 2 ab (b) t = k = . 3924 years
.
square units 10(b) k = 3 log 32 =
2
. 027
16 2 (8 log 2 3) cubic units (c) 5 min 57 sec, to the nearest second

log 2 . 4
17 area = e 12 1e m , so cost = $2980.
2 11(b) k = 5750 = . 121 10
N 1 100 .
18(a)(i) 1 e (ii) 1 (b) 1 (c) t = k log 15 = . 16 000 years, to the nearest
N
1000 years
2xex dx = 1 eN , thus in the limit
2 2
(c)(i)
0 12(b) 8 more years
as N this
is just 1. 13(b) k =
2 log 2 .
=. 046 (c) 10 hours
3
19(a) 2(e e ) (b) It approaches 2(e 1).
4 4
14(b) 1 = 121 10 (c) 2 = 1.16 10
20(b) eb(e1b
b
b 1) (c) 12 square units; the triangle with (d) The values of dier so the data are incon-
vertices at the origin, (1, 0) and (0, 1). sistent. (e)(i) 6255 millibars
N
21(a) 1 (1 + N )e (b) 1 (c) 2 (ii) 11431 millibars (iii) 19 205 metres
15(a) 34 minutes (b) 25%
Exercise 13E (Page 482) log 2 .
16(a) k = 5730 = . 121 10
4
, C0 = 153
1(a)(i) 136 (ii) 112 (iii) 474 (b)(i) 139 (ii) 322 (b) 2728 years old (c)(i) 15 847 years old
(iii) 358 (c)(i) 4 (ii) 5 12 (iii) 16 (d)(i) 82789
(ii) Further tests should be carried out.
(ii) 12345 (iii) 4330 1 . 6 .
17(a) p = 10 log 54 = 1
. 0022, q = 10 log 5 = . 0018
. . dy
2(a) y = . 6026 (b) t = . 06931 (c) = 3 log 2 .
(b) t = p+ q = . 1710 years, that is during 1997.
dt
dy 18(b) t = 1 log(1 + D P )
(d) = 2e (c)(i) 147 10
11
(ii) 500 million
dt

20(b) z = y y
t
(d) z = A e
(f) Only the last step would change, with
et (y y) = A and hence y = (At + B)et .
Chapter Fourteen Exercise 14B (Page 493)

1(a) 12 cm (b) 2 cm
Exercise 14A (Page 490) 2(a) 32 cm2 (b) 12 cm2
1(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3 (e) 2
3 (f) 5
6 (g) 3
4
3 4 cm
(h) 5
4 (i) 2 (j) 5
3 (k) 3
2 (l) 7
6
4 15 radians

2(a) 180 (b) 360 (c) 720 (d) 90 (e) 60 5(a) 24 cm (b) 44 cm
2
(f) 45 (g) 120 (h) 150 (i) 135 (j) 270 6 8727 m
2
(k) 240 (l) 315 (m) 330 7(a) 8 cm (b) 16 cm

3(a) 1274 (b) 0244 (c) 2932 (d) 0377 (e) 1663 8 84
(f) 3686 9 116 cm

(c) 3(2 3 3) cm
2 2 2
4(a) 114 35 (b) 17 11 (c) 82 30 (d) 7 3 10(a) 6 cm (b) 9 3 cm

(e) 183 16 (f) 323 36 11 43 (5 3), 43 (7 + 3)
(b) 080
2
5(a) 091 (c) 007 (d) 155 (e) 299 12 15 cm
(f) 097
2
13(a) 4( + 2) cm (b) 8 cm
25(4 )
(c) 23 3 (e) 1 (f) 12 2
6(a) 23 (b) 1
2
(d)
25
14(a) 2 cm (b) 2 cm2
(g) 1 (h) 1 15(a) 43 (b) 5 cm
2 3
7(a) x = 6 or 5

(b) x = 2 3 or 3
4
16(a) 21 rad/s (b) 6 m
6
17 43 (4 3 3) cm
2
(c) x = 3 4 or 4
7
(d) x = 2 (e) x = 6 or 11 6
7 2
(f) x = 6 or 6 (g) x = (h) x = 5 4 or 4
7
18(a) 138 radians (b) 10 cm
3 2
(i) x = 4 or 5 4
19(c) 3 55 cm (d) 24 cm
2 2 2
8(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 5 (e) 5 (f) 7 (g) 13 20(a) 3 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 2 cm
9 8 5 72
(h) 263
720
(d) 3 cm , 2( 3) cm2
2
9(a) 15 (b) 72 (c) 400 (d) 2475 (e) 306 21(a) 12661 radians (b) 492 cm
2
(f) 276 22(b) 9 cm
10(a) 3 (b) 5
6
24(a) 1 radian (b) Since OAC is equilateral,
11 4
9
chord AC = the radius = arc AB, so B must
12(a) 0733 (b) 0349 lie on the minor arc AC. Since AOC = 60 and
13(a) 0283 (b) 0819 AOB = 1 radian, it follows that 1 radian < 60 .
2
14(a) 0841, 0997, 0909 (b) 10 25 254 cm
15(a) sin x (b) cos x (c) cos x (d) cos x 26 36 seconds
(e) tan x (f) tan x (g) sec x (h) sec x

16(a) 12 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1 (e) 1 (f) 2 Exercise 14C (Page 501)
2 3 3
17(a) x = 8 or 9 (b) x = 6 , 2 , 5 3 1(a) period = 2
8 6 or 2 y
3
(c) x = 2 , or 2 (d) x = 0, 3 , 4
2
3 or 2
5 7 11
(e) x = 6 , 6 , 6 or 6 (f) x = 3 , 4 , 3 or 7
3 4
1
4 2

18(a) x = 12 or 12 5
(b) x = , 3 , 3 or
2 x
(c) x = 2 or 2 (d) x = or 2 (e) x = 3
1
4
(f) x = 3 or 3
2
(b) period = 2
19 6 11 15
y
20 169
1200
21 2 3 7 4 1
5 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 5

22(a)The solutions of sin x = 0 are x = k where
2 1 2 x
k is an integer. Since is irrational, k is never
an integer when k is an integer. (b) n = 22 is
the rst positive integer solution of | sin n| < 001.
. 22 .
Because = . 7 , sin 22 =
. sin 7 = 0.
3 7 11 19
23 = 10 , 10 , 10 or 10
Answers to Chapter Fourteen 627
(c) period = (e)period = 2 , 6 y

y
no amplitude
1 y 1
2
2 x 1
1 2 1 1 2x
2 x 1
y
4 y = 4 sin
1
2 y = 2 sin 7
y
1 3 (c) sin(x + 2 ) = cos x
2 2 y = sin x

1
1 2
2 y = sin
x
4 1
3
y y = sin( x + 2 )
y = cos 4 y = cos 2
1 8(a)3 (b) 3 solutions, 1 positive solution
(c)Outside this domain the line is beyond
2
3
the range of the sine curve.
. .
. 19 or x = 0
2 2
9 x= . 19, x =
1 10 y
y = cos 4
4
y 1
y = cos(t 4 ) y = cos(t )
1 x
1 2
2
3
2 2 t
4
1
11 12(a)
y = cos t y y
5(a) period = , (b) period = ,
4 1
amplitude = 1 amplitude = 2
3 x
y y
1 2 2 2
2 1
x 2 x 2 x

1 2
(b)
y
2
(c) period = , 3 (d) period = 4,
amplitude = 4 amplitude = 3 3
y y x
4 3 2
2 3
x 2 x
4 3
(c) 18
y y
y = 4 cos 2x y = 3 sin 2x
6
1
2
2
x x
1 4
y = 3 sin 2x 4 cos 2x
13 (c) amplitude = 5
y
19(a)(ii) 1 (iii) 0 < k < 1 (b)(ii) 13
1 (iii) AOB = 2 =
.
. 26 radians (c)(ii) > 300

20(a)(ii) 255 (b) 146 (c)(ii) 205
21
y
4
2 x
2
(a) 0, 12 , 1, 12 , 0 (c) period = , amplitude = 1
2 2
14
y 1 x
2 2
P
1 2 22(a) x = 2, x = , x = 0, x = , x = 2
(b) each of its x-intercepts (c) translations to the
2 2 x
2 right or left by 2 or by integer multiples of 2
(d) translation right or left by (e) translation
to the right by 2 or to the left by 3 2
(c) 3 (d) P is in the second quadrant.
(f) x = 4 , x = 3
4
15 y (a) 4 (c) the origin
23(a) There are none. (b) each of its x-intercepts
2 (d) m > 14
(c) translations to the right or left by or by in-
1 teger multiples of (d) x = 4 , x = 4

24(a) 63 (b) 218 (There is more than one answer.)
1 2 3 4 x Exercise 14D (Page 507)

16 y (c) 4(d) x = 6
1(a) sin x cos y cos x sin y
(e) 6 < x < 5
(b) cos 2A cos 3B sin 2A sin 3B
2 6
(c) sin 3 cos 5 + cos 3 sin 5
or 7
6 < x < 11
6 tan A +tan 2B
1 x (d) cos cos 2 + sin sin 2 (e) 1tan A tan 2B
tan 3 tan 4
2 (f) 1+ tan 3 tan 4
2 2(a) cos(x + y) (b) sin(3 + 2) (c) tan 20

(d) sin 3A (e) cos 50 (f) tan( + 10 )
17
y 3(a) sin 2x (b) cos 2 (c) tan 2 (d) sin 40
y = sin x + cos x
1 (e) cos 100 (f) tan 140 (g) sin 6 (h) cos 4A
y = sin x (i) tan8x
3+1 31
3 7(b)(i) (ii) (iii) 2 + 3
2 2 2 x 2 2 2 2
7
1 8(a) 25 (b) 19 (c) 120 (d) 43
y = cos x 169
63 5(1+ 2 3)
9(a)1 (b) 65 (c) 12
2 14 11 3 8 7
(c) (d)
13(a) 1 3
2 2
(b) 1 3
2 2
(c) 32

17(b) 3 16(a)AB 2 = 2r2 (1 cos x), arc AB = rx
2
19(a) 1 (c) 2+1 (b) The arc is longer than the chord, so cos x is

20(b) 21 larger than the approximation.
21(a) sin cos + cos sin
Exercise 14E (Page 511) 1 y = cos x

(b) sin x
2
1(a) 37 (b) 41 (c) 33 2(a) cos x (c) sec x (d) 2 cos 2x
2(a) 45 (b) 45 (c) 45 (d) 90 (e) 30 (e) 2 sin x (f) 4 sec 2x (g) 2 cos 2x
2
(h) 2 sec 2 x (i) 3 cos x 5 sin 5x

2
(f) The lines are parallel and distinct, and so do
not intersect at all. (j) 4 cos x 3 sin x (k) 5 sin(5x + 4)

(l) 21 cos(2 3x) (m) 10 sec (10 x)
2
3 3 11

(n) 2 sec ( 2 2x) (o) 3 cos( x+1
2
4 36 52 2 )
32x
5(a) (1, 1) (c) 53 (p) 6 sin( 5 )

3(a) 2x cos(x ) (b) 3x sin(x +1) (c) x12 cos( x1 )
2 2 3
6(b) 63

7(a) 30 , 150 (b) 45 , 135
1
(d) 2 x
sec2 x (e) x cos x + sin x (f) 2x(cos 2x

8 A = 71 34 , B = 56 19 and C = 52 8 . x sin 2x) (g) 2 cos x sin x (h) 3 sin2 x cos x
The sum is 180 1 . The error is due to rounding. (i) (1+sin
cos x
x) 2
1
(j) 1+ cos x (k) 1+1
sin x
9(a) m = 3 or 13 1
(m) tan x (n) sec x.e
2 tan x
(l) (cos x+sin x) 2
(b) Let A and B be the points where y = 3x and 4(a) The graphs are reections of each other in the
y = 13 x meet y = 2x 4. AOB has two 45 x-axis. (b) The graphs are identical.
angles, so the third angle, AOB, is 90 . 5(a) 2 cos 2x.e
sin 2x 2x
(b) 2e cos(e )
2x 2 cos 4x
(c)
sin 4x
10(b) 3x + 2y 5 = 0, 2x 3y + 1 = 0 4 cot 4x (e) 9 sin 3x(1 cos 3x)2
(d)
11(a) (2 3)xy+ 3 = 0, (2+ 3)xy 3 = 0 (f) 2(cos 2x sin 4x + 2 sin 2x cos 4x)
(b) x y + 1 = 0, 7x y 11 = 0 (g) 15 cos 3x sin 3x (h) (3+4
4 20 sin 5x
cos 5x) 2

12(b) 75 58 at (0, 0) and 17 6 at (1, 3)
(i) 15 tan2 (5x 4) sec2 (5x 4) (j) x cos
x 2 +1
x 2 +1
13(b) 3 x
7(a) 180
(b)(i) 180 cos x
(ii) 180 sec (x + 45 )
2
14 At (0, 0) the curves are perpendicular. At (1, 1)
(iii) 90

sin 2x
and at (1, 1), tan = 47 , so the angle is 29 45 .
10(a) logb P logb Q
15 x = 0, y = 3x 1
11(b) 2 (m+n) cos(m+n)x+(mn) cos(mn)x
Exercise 14F (Page 515) (c) 12(cos(m + n)x + cos(m n)x)

1(a) The entries under 5 are 0087 27, 0087 16, = cos mx cos nx,
09987, 0087 49, 1003, 09962 2 (m + n) sin(m + n)x + (m n) sin(m n)x
1
(b) sin x < x < tan x (c) 1 and 1 12(b) sin( n2 + x)

y cos xsin y sin(xy )+cos(x+ y )
(d) x 00774 (to 4 decimal places), that is, x 16(a) cos x
sin y (b) x cos y +sin x (c) sin(xy )cos(x+y )
. .
4 26 18(b) sin 1 =
. 08415, cos 1 = . 05403
2(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 12 (d) 32 (e) 53 (f) 8

3(a) 1 (b) 75 (c) 15 7 Exercise 14H (Page 525)
1 1 1(a) 21 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) 1
4 (f) 8
4(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 6 2
5(a) 2 (b) 32 (c) 57 2(a) y = 2x +
(b) x + y =
2 +
3 2
3
6(a) 1 (b) ab (c) 0 (c) y = x + 2

2
4
8(a) cos A cos B sin A sin B (c) 2 3(a) x y = 4 12 , x + y = 4 + 12 (b) 32 units2
. 3 5 5 7 3

(b) sin 2 = sin 90 = (c) 00349 4(a) 2 , 2 (b) 6 , 6 (c) 6 , 6 (d) 2 , 2
9(a) 90 . 90
10 87 metres 5 12 3x 6y = 2 3 3, 6x + 12 3y = + 6 3

11 26
6(a) y = sin x+ 3 cos x, y = cos x 3 sin x
14(c) 23

(d) 4924 metres (b) maximum turning point ( 3 , 2),
15(a) sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B (d) 6 minimum turning point ( 4 3 , 2)

(c) ( 5 11
6 , 0), ( 6 , 0) (d) maximum turning point ( 6 , 3 2 3),
y
6 , 2 )
minimum turning point ( 5 3 3
2 y
3 3
11 2
6
1
5 3
3 2 6 2 2 x 5
6 x
2 2
6 2
7 y = sin x cos x, y = cos x + sin x, 1

3 3
minimum turning point ( 3 4 , 2), 2
7

maximum turning point ( 4 , 2), 12(a)y = ex (cos x + sin x), y = 2ex sin x
points of inexion ( 4 , 0), ( 5
4 , 0) 1 4 ),
3
(b) minimum turning point ( 3 4 , 2e
y
2 maximum turning point ( 4 , 12 e 4 )

(c) (, e ), (0, 1), (, e )

1
2 (d)
y
7 x ( 4 , 1
e4 )
4 2 4 2
1

1

2

2
x
8(a) y = 1 + cos x, y = sin x (b) (, ) and
(, ) are horizontal points of inexion. (c) (0, 0) 3
( 34 , 1
2
e 4 )
(d) y
2
minimum turning point ( 4 , 12 e 4 ),

13
3
maximum turning point ( 3 1
4 , 2e
4 ),
2
2 2 x points of inexion ( 2 , e ), ( 2 ,e2 )
y
2 ( 34 , 1
3
e )
4
2

9 y = 1 + sin x, y = cos x,
horizontal points of inexion ( 2 , 2 ), ( 3 3

2 , 2 ),
( 4 , 1
2
e 4 )
2 , 2 ), ( 2 , 2 )
points of inexion ( 3 3
2
2
y x
2

2
14(b) 9102cm /min (c) =

19(a) The angle of inclination is and so

2 1 2 x m = tan( ) = tan .
(b) P = ( tan1 + 2, 0), Q = (0, 2 tan + 1)

20 minimum 3 when = 6 ,
2
maximum 2 when = 0
10(a)y = 2 cos x2 sin 2x, y = 2 sin x4 cos 2x
21(a) maximum turning point ( 2 2
3 , 3 + 3),
(c) maximum turning points ( 6 , 32 ) and ( 5 3
6 , 2 ), minimum turning point ( 3 , 3 3),
4 4
minimum turning points ( 2 , 3) and ( 2 , 1) inexion (, )
(d) y
y
( 23 , 23 + 3 )
1
x
2
6

2
5
6
3 ( 43 , 43 3 )
11 horizontal point of inexion ( 2 , 0), 2 x
point of inexion (, 2),

(b) 26(a)Domain: x = 0, f (x) is even because it is the
minimum turning points ( 3 3 7 7
4 , 2 +1), ( 4 , 2 +1), ratio of two odd functions, the zeroes are x = n
maximum turning points ( 4 , 2 1), ( 4 , 2 1)
5 5
where n is an integer, lim f (x) = 0.
x
y
4 x cos x sin x
(b) f (x) = , which is zero when
( 54 , 52 1) x2
3 tan x = x. (c) The graph of y = x crosses
2 the graph of y = tan x just to the left of x = 3 2 ,
( 34 , 32 + 1) of x = 5 and of x = 7
. Using the calcu-
2 2
( 4 , 2 1) lator, the three turning points of y = f (x) are

2
3
2 2 x approximately (143, 0217), (246, 0128) and
(347, 0091).
22(a)maximum turning points ( 3 , 54 ), ( 5 5
3 , 4 ),
(d) There is an open circle at (0, 1).
minimum turning points
(0, 1), (, 1), (2, 1), y
cos 1 51 . 1 y = 1x
x-intercepts
2 =. 22, y = 1x
+ cos1 512 =.
. 40. y = sinx x
y
5
4
1 2

x
2.2 4 2 2
2
2 4 5
3 3 3 3 2 x
1
(b)maximum turning points ( 3 , 3163 ), ( 4 3 3
3 , 16 ), 2(a) tan x+C (b) sin(x+2)+C (c) 12 cos 2x+C
minimum turning points ( 3 , 16 ), ( 3 , 3163 )
2 3 3 5
(d) 3 tan 13 x + C (e) 13 sin(3x 2) + C
horizontal points of inexion (0, 0), (, 0), (2, 0) (f) 15 cos(7 5x) + C (g) tan(4 x) + C
y (h) 3 tan( 1x 3 ) + C
1 1
3 3
16
3(a) 2 (b)
2
(c) 3 (d) 1 (e) 34 (f) 2 (g) 1
2 (h) 4
3
3
4(a) 2 sin 3x + 8 cos 12 x + C
2 x
(b) 4 tan 2x 40 sin 14 x 36 cos 13 x + C
3 2 2
5(a) cos(ax + b) + C (b) sin x + C

3163 (c) u12 tan(v + ux) + C (d) tan ax + C
(c)minimum turning points ( 4 , 1), ( 5
4 , 1), 6(a) 1 + tan x = sec x, tan x x + C
2 2
3

(b) 1 sin x = cos x
vertical asymptotes x = 2 , x = 2 , 2 2
2 3
x-intercepts 0, , 2, tan1 2 =
.
. 11,
2
7 The integrand y = sec x is undened at x = 2 ,
1 .
+ tan 2 = . 425 so it is not possible to form the denite integral
y over the interval 0 x . In any case, the
tan 1 2 + tan 1 2 result could hardly be 0, since the integrand is a
square and can never be negative.
2 x 8(a) loge f (x) + C
(b) tan x = sin x

cos x , tan x = ln cos x + C
( ,1)

4 ( 5
4 ,1)
(c) cos xesin x , e 1 (d) ef (x) + C, e 1
23 ( 2 8)x (4 8)y + (32 8) = 0 2
9(a) 2x cos x , sin x + C
2

24(c) f (x) = x cos xsin
x2
x
(b) 3x sin x , 13 cos x + C
2 3 3
x
25(a) y = e ( sin nx + n cos nx) 1 2

(c) 2 x sec x, 2 tan x + C
(c)(i) They approach kn where k is an integer. 10(a) 1 (b) 24 5
(k + 12 ) 4 5
(ii) They approach n , where k is an integer. 11(a) 5 sin x cos x, 15 sin x + C
4 3
(b) 3 sec x(tan x) , 13 (tan x)
2
+C
2
12(a) 29 1
(b) n + 1 (c) 0 (d) 2 n + 1 1(n + 1) (e) 10 18 17(c) 34 3u
1
(f) n + 1 18(b) The curve is below y = 1 just as much as it
13(b)(i) 14 (ii) 14 0 (the integrand is odd)
(iii) is above y = 1, so the area is equal to the area of
14(d)(i) 12 x sin 2x + C (ii) 4
1
4 a rectangle n units long and one unit high.
(e) sin 2x = 12 (1 cos 4x), 4 19(a) 0 (b) As n the period of the sine curve
2

1
(f)(i) 12 (2 + 3 3 ) (ii) 18 ( 2 2 ) approaches zero, and so the area approaches zero.
2x 2x
2 2 3
15(a) 12 sin e + C (b) 12 cos e +C 20(b)(i) 2 2 u (ii) u
21(b)(i) ( 4 12 ln 2) u (ii) (1 ln 2) u
1 2 3
(c) 3 loge (3 tan x + 1) + C
(d) 35 loge (4 + 5 cos x) + C 22 7162 mL
(e) tan x sin x + C (f) 23 23 12
16 sin 2x + 2x cos 2x, 2 8 24(a) We know that sin x < x < tan x
17(b) 43 for 0 < x < 2 . Since x2 > 0, the result follows.
18(b)(i) 12 tan2 x + loge (cos x) + C 2
25(b) cos x and (1 + sin x) are both positive in the
(ii) 14 tan x 12 tan x loge (cos x) + C
4 2
given domain, so y is negative there.
19(b)(i) 5 (ii) 7
6 6
26(a) 0, since the integrand is odd. (b) 0, since
sin(m + n )x sin(m n )x
20(b)(i) 1 15 (ii) 0 (c)(i) 2(m + n ) + 2(m n ) + C the integrand is odd. (c) 2, since the integrand

sin(m + n )x is even. (d) 6 3 , since the integrand is even.
(ii) 2(m + n ) + C
21(b) sin x = 12 (1 cos 2x), so 12 sin x + C (e) 6. The rst term is even, the other two are
2 2
3
= 14 14 cos 2x + C = 14 cos 2x + (C + 14 ) odd. (f) 23 + 4 . The rst term is odd, the
= 14 cos 2x + D, where D = C + 14 . other two are even.

22(a) A = 5, B = 3 27(b) 241
2 (12 ) (c) 24
( 3 + 1) and 12
2
23(b) y = (1 )ex sin x + ex cos x

1(a) 2 u2 (b) 1 u2

2(a) (2 2 ) u
2 2
(b) 1 u
2
2 4 2 2
3(a) 2 u (b) 2 u (c) 3 3 u (d) 2 u2 (e) 12 u2
2 2 2
(f) 4 u (g) 4 u (h) 1 u

4(a) y = sin x + cos 2x 1 (b) 1 (c) 12 3
(d) f (x) = 2 cos 3x + x + (1 2 )
3 3 3
5(a) u (b) 4 u (c) 4 ( + 2) u
2
6(b) 4 u
2
7 38 m
2
8(b) They are all 4 u .

9(b) 16 (1 + 2 2 )
2
10 4 u

(b) 3 (3 3 ) u
2 3
11(a) ln 2 u
2
12(a) log sin x (b) log 2 u
(c)(i) The calculation is valid. The regions above
and below the x-axis have equal area, so the inte-
gral is zero.
(ii) There are asymptotes within the interval at
x = and x = 2, so the denite integral is not
dened, and the calculation is therefore invalid.
2
2 3
13(a) 1 u (b) 4 u

3 2
3
14(a) 2 u (b) 24 (4 + 3 3 ) u
2
16(b) 12 (3 + 3 ) u

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Answers to Exercises

Chapter One 3(a) x2 + 5x + 6 (b) 2a2 + 13a + 15 (c) x2 2x 8

(f) 30 71x + 42x

4(a) 2x 2x + 4 (b) 3a 5b 4c (b) t 2 + t12 (c) t t12

(b) 24a b (d) 8a b

11(a) 2 (b) 3x (c) xy (d) a

15 b + 11c (d) (2a b)(x y) (e) (b + c)(a 1)

(e) (3x 4)(3x + 2) (f) (2x 3)(3x + 1) x

(i) (x 2)(x + 2)(x + 1) (j) (x 1)(x + 1)(a 2)

10 (A + B)4 = A4 + 4A3 B + 6A2 B 2 + 4AB 3 + B 4 , Exercise 1G (Page 16)

2(a) x = 9 (b) x 5 (c) x > 4 (d) x = 7 (i) x = 35 (j) x = 32 or 32 (k) b = 32 or 16

(c) a 20a + 100 = (a 10)

(e) x = 3, y = 4 (f) x = 4, y = 1 (d) b 100b + 2500 = (b 50)

(g) x = 5, y = 3 35 (h) x = 13, y = 7 2 1

2(a) x = 1, y = 3 (b) x = 5, y = 2 (f) t 7t + 494 = (t 2 )

(e) x = 1, y = 2 (f) x = 16, y = 24 (h) c 13c + 169 4 = (c 2 )

(g) x = 1, y = 6 (h) x = 5, y = 2 4(a) x = 1 or 3 (b) x = 0 or 6 (c) a = 4 or 2

(c) x 6xy + 9y = (x 3y)

(e) x = 5, y = 3, z = 4 (b) u = x + 4, u 18u + 12 = 0

(d) 16(a) Every subset of a four member set can be-

Chapter Two 11(c)

17(a) ab (b) ac 6(a) x = 2, y = 3 (b) x = 52 , y = 8

Exercise 2E (Page 46) 5(a) 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 (b) 3, 0, 0, 1, 4

(c) a = 7, b = 4 (d) a = 3, b = 2 (e) x 2 (f) x < 2

(c) a = 3, b = 2 (d) a = 5, b = 20 9(a) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 (b) 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4

(c) x = 39, y = 12 (d) x = 11, y = 5 (c) x > 0 (d) x = 1 (e) x = 3 and x = 2

(e) x = 9, y = 6 (f) x = 14, y = 180 (f) x = 3 and x = 3

13(a) all real values of a and b (c) (d)

(e) (f) (c) (d)

4(a) (b) (e) (f)

The ranges are: 7(a) y (b) y

(g) y (h) y 9(a) (b)

(c) (d) 13(a) (b)

11(a) y = (x 2)2 1 (b) y = (x + 1)2 9 (e) (f)

intersection points: (a) (0, 0), (1, 1) (b) (0, 0),

4(a) (b) (e) x = y2 + 1 (f) y = 3x

function. The second is a natural restriction of

(e) x2 + y 2 = 9 (f) x = y2 4 (d)(i) (ii)

y (i) y (ii) y (iii) y

(x 2)2 + (y 5)2 = 9, r = 3, centre: (2, 5)

(u) (v) 2(a)(i) (ii)

(c) (c) 6(a)

10(a)(i)stretch vertically by factor 2, y2 = 2x ,

Chapter Three (e) x< 1

or otherwise. (ii) n > 0

Exercise 3B (Page 81)

5(a) 2 < x < 0 or x > 2 (b) x < 0 or 0 < x < 5

(g) x 0 or x 5 (h) 2 x < 0 or x 2 (b)(i) y (ii) y

x 4(a) even (b) neither (c) odd (d) even

for x < 2 or x > 4, negative for 2 < x < 4

(g) y = x(x2)2 (x+2)2 (h) y = x(x 3)(x + 3)2 5(a) (b)

(c) x 9 or x 5 (d) 2 < x < 1 (f) false: x = 2

20(a)(i) (ii) (a) (b)

7(a) y (b)The graph of (c) 2 < x < 2

(c) (1, 2), (2, 4) (d) (1, 0) 1 2 x

21(a)(i) (ii) 2(a) (b) y

(iii) (b) 0, 1 or 2 (c) y (d)

(d) 5(a) (c) (d)

(f) (g) 8(a)(i) (ii)

(h) (i) (b)(i)

9(a) x 0 and y 0 (b) x 0 and y 0 y 1 or

(ii) (iii) (a) (b)

7(a) even (d) y 13(a) (b)