You are on page 1of 1348

(' & :& 

 !$%  !"#    -  :    -  

 
 

! - ./ 012
! 012  56
>(" < 6 ( !6#7
<= 6 5 -
/  6 >?6  6 27
-(6 E  0 D B
5 &F G !H   27
L6 7K(6 7%  6 $J 0 7 
K  27
K  6 (
6 # & 27
2 6 
KQ7 (  27
S - 6 7-  !6
S 6 (T2 J H 7 5
S (U% 2 V
6 H % !6W  H
 6 
6 H> -  27!
2E D
6 ! DB !X
6 H (Y6 !6 6-T 0 27
2 ( 7-  !6
K   
 Q\ 1! K[Z
Q  27$ ]
S $ 7  %( ^6 !H =  5
 _( S 6 !H 7 =  7%H
S 7-  !6
`[ ! S
 a = Bb
6 0a K6 ($ cde
6   ]e 
6 D%(  hH  27 "g
-= !e( 6 B( !67 F 0B
   B !b
 `H 7%K 27%
6 ( 6 &6 J5
6 hH/
6 %H =7 ."K76 6
 G
  J
-(6 E !% 7%7%H  !g6 D
- eVB ]6K%
 6 (7$] 7  !6 bj! bH
= >(= 6
= 7 ' !"e
= 6  HB
=J \- 7%  $ 6  (  ([$
=  
= = 0?-
=  H !m .-
= !6 &m  6
=> 6 -   !H %H !m 6
=> 
= =< 56
=  & 7 5 7% h"-
= -% h- H
=0?- -% h-
=< 6! 27
= 6 6 ! 27
=  !6 !j  #% p6
= 0"6 D -   ( 7 7 7
= -! B 27 6B!61- 7%H
=  (Z 7
= & . h-
= H  ?!7%
=  B 7 7 (H ZWB 27  !Z ( g7
=    7 2
=  ?$B F 6 B7
=  6 .& !H 7( B- 0 H/ -
= 7%&B s  -...2
= 0 27 !6 ?$B6 !
(? (V L6 H 27
/ Y %m 
-/ B %H 7%H
 d ( 7%H 7
($ < `H 6 76
($  J 
`B 1- 7%H
$ B 567
$    6  6
(7- g
 T2 H T56
T 27 $67
- $K B (& 7%H
B $d   ]2
 h6 27  6
 6 1% 7%H
 
K  !6 51- 7%H
-(!"v ]/ E
-( E H6 6 
- =  
-  0
- 
m !6 ]e
e K6 ($ 6 &]
e K6 J p6 K
e K6 K - J p6
 b1%6 ( ZW27
  %$p6
 ?$B TF  v 7%
  6 %H T567
2  b # J  ( %&6 / 0!
...76 H- 2
B 2 1H 7(27   6 m bF H 7%H
$127
  F7
 & 7%6 .!!7
 H 6
  a !6 7%H
  
  !  !6 56
  (eVB !m .7
% &H L5
( ?- 0  %H
!6 7Z6 L7K
B -! 76
B6 0
7  277%7
 2  06 p6
# ( B% 6 h-%
7 7%
76 !5%> !!
6- / 7L6
 6 &6 !m .H 7
56   6! 7
$e 6 !"e/ 2 B .7%H G
DH 6 !( =
0 65 0?- !2 0
(7e  6 $ 7%H
6 H H (6 6 7 76 -
6 [m 1
6 6 5
Y6 0 !"F 
7&?$6 7%H
7&?$6 T $67
76 &F / 7%H 27
76 !7%$6 D%
- 6  
- 6
6 7 F 7 67 F ]w 7  H!
6 6 7
6 7-  !6B 0 ( 7%H
6  !6%H L
6 H !m  7 %H
!6m L
!6 7 B  %H
!6%- 6 %$ L : 6 HH = ( 2V
!6 : L   > m D  27 
L62 0 $27
 56  H
! 56
`B ! 56!
m 56
= !6 !H !m7%H  7
!7 !( 0XF LK pB !6
 !6 ("$% 7L6 7%?$
e !6 B L "-!
 0  s !6
= 7=  s !6  6 -/ ( % -
! 6 ?$B DmH
 6dV 0 %H ( !H 7%
0 6 (  &6
6 " 7X6
67K 7 (... %H 0
K 6   
7%6& 56 V( by-
F- bH
TF ( gZ- L
>-F#  0  06 p6
HF [  =
F 
K` ( !"F !"F  6
!"F = - !6>
F - !6 "F
6 !e( {%F  !6 DH d6 p
{%F  0 6 6 -/
F > = ?$B
F -
 - !6 >F
( 
(  !26 !
( "0" 6 7H =2 !j" B6 &]=0
("  1 6  -
(~ 75 7m   -
(7 (  !6 677
(  [1
(  7K  D7 277
(L B %  67
( 2 V
(6 V ( 2 V
(Z H 06 27
(Z  (   !227
(Z  6   = !6 6-
( 0Z   "g 27
(g -7
(1  / 6 6K m
( 76 1 76
(! m 6
( ]$% ?! 7%
( %  ( %H
( - Q !6
(5  !5m7& 7%
( !6 ]6 0 H
( !e 6 K6 ($ H=7
J  7"H ?$B
6 X ! 6
 5 W  &   2 L  7~
 6  ?-
` ]  K 6 
% !  7 $#  6-  !
 %F !$% ?$B
m s6
m =K $ B $K 7%%H
m   B7
m B $ $K  !%H
m 6 75 &?$6
m   7%%
m    .7%
m %H  Z- `B y6L
m  
m   .
m  7Bm !5m
Z !Bm  -
Um B !6 76 L5 ( [!6 .$ L ] %H
Um 7 F 7
Um  <" p7 5 (%H ]d
Um ] ] 7%H
Um  bB  %H
Um %H &B 6 6
7m 6/ 6  7%H
7m ] H D 7
7m 2   7
!6 h[? 6 J( 55m2 !"- H
!5m% "( K
012 "!" !5m 6
!5m 6!
!5m($ K6 %H
!5m  6 $w - !6 1e ] %H
!5m 7 B " %H
 %( 6 !5m  %H 6
6 !5m B6 76 %H
%H   6 !5m
 v 06 !5m H BZ( 2 K6 %H
"$%( !5m B %H
cW( !5m
 "( ( 7 !5m
T !5m 6 6
B !5m 76 -
!5m 6 ($  76
!5m   6
!5m< 5 (&? 
!5m - %H d
!5m 27 ! 6
H - !5m  "( 7
 !5m  %H 27
6 b !5m
 !5m( T# B !!! 7%H
B .& !5m 7%H 76
7 < !5m LL ( 6
 !5m  h B & 6
 !5m d . 
  !5m  Y 6 $de  G %H hH
 !5m s 75  B ( g
( !5m (Z  06B 27 2 B "g # %H
%6 ! ! !5m
56 ! !5m
56 ! !5m !! !! !!
K 7%m = Z
/ 6 !m   ( 7%%H
[ !m TZ B %H
= H !m  7"6-
( %H !m5  !6 7%%H
!m 7&?$6: 56!
!m 56 -
 m   .
Y/ B  - !6  - 7
/  L6 7%"6!
/ b/ & 27
b/ 527
 !6 / 
/ 5 7-  !6
6 !5m  B&  7%%H
7B
e LK pB 7%
6 UB 06 D  1 .
."B # = 27
B( (56 V & 6 :7  %
B( 5 H-7
?$B 2 (- V
?$B  X !6 XB7
K= yB !K
 07 !6  %Z 277
 !
0 h"K
 ZK  !  7%H
02  !!!
 X 27
-? 7%H
 X 27
 X 27
 - 6 ?$B
 - 6 27
 &
 5 m  27
-  ! 6 6!7
- -
1- 
K  $7
$  27 7%H D"H  0
  !-
`[ 7"H 6 1 
- !m 77! ( 567
-! 6
 (6 !e ( 0
 6 7e V? 7
27 22 6 ?$B
7  0-d %H Zh
7 7 =  27 `[ 7"H ($
 &! B !7%&6
!U6
 - !U6
/
J(% 77 5 F"v ]
?$B   .7- !67-
 0
1 h"K !6
 J(7% " B!B-
 J((7% 0  
 6 -
bF ?-
 7-  ]g !6 s
  V? hH
  7K hH
$ 6 -- !X H/ 6  &6
H 6   Z[K
- % ?$B
H H % - ?
 7- !67
 `& 6 !"6 27
 6 `& ]/
 - 6 (&6  Z
.& F H 27 1H
7- =  !6 & (  
    5% B7
 B Y! 
 !H !U6 6  06
  - H ]d
 !  ZK 
 
$w F- 6K
 6H L X
  L 07m :-  2!7
 L  7"H 0
L  -% 27   $w7>
  K
$  p6
 ! h"K
 0Z 27
B6 6`B s
  (   -  D 77
 012 0?-
  <" b/ 6 !$$"[ 6K
  6 H c h"K D
 6  6 !
F"! (K
6  7%&H
 7 !7%H
7 6 !H B -
= 27 (&1 !
B 27 ( g7
 27   (
 27   ZK
 27 66 &2K
 27 Ty
 - 27
 27
e 27!K
"U 27
 277%! %H
 27 D %-
$ ( 7%H76 $
-2  67 p7
-2 =: -! :
?-( 7%7%H 27
%?- 6 (Z$
%?-6 W ? 7
- 76 2
`- 0H `!
0 $H( B-27
] - G%
 !6  76$ B ...7= 7 ! &!
 6  7
 7%H 27
  0 %-
 7 H/ S
  7%H  7%H 27
6
( %H 27
  6 6
  27
  !-
 ( 7%H  !H  7%6
 [` ! 76
  d ! 6 
 7m 7K ( ]d 6 7
 7m   7
  ( 6B7
 [ Z$ (76 0 p 7%H  ]2
6 X  6
- 7e  7%H
[6 / 
[ B6 6  !H (7%% d
[ 1/  L6
[ !6 6% 1
& .[  .& !6
&76 . /  TF -
& . . H
&. 2= >%H!  B=2
&....
<  # 7
H TL 6
{%2 c
{%2 c
{%2 c
  F - !6
 H " &" J- H
 e 6  5
  6
 T 6 (`UZ
 %
 `Z H D6 s%  0
 - Q p B 
 B p ?67%
 p2 D ...5
 512 0  0 G ?
m Z[K = !5m B ( %H
]$K =!   !H H !6 76 7&- 56 76 7 67%
7K ( 2 V 
7K &m7
7K 6 = !5m - 7% !66 =
7K 7K !6 (  7  &F
UK B p"6 277
`K !
K 7 -0
K   0
K= !B 0
K !<6 K 77
H =
H H
`H 7K  7
7"H  -#%
7"H [` 6 K6 ($ .
7"H [` 6  B !H ($  6 . B !7%
7"H 
7"H  - -
H B !6( y67
%H =7 6
2 K !  6 012-
T2 TF !U"- Z[K
T2 !B 06 H ]d
2 67 6 . . .%
2 L  ( % 6%&%
L2 !% : !
 6 512 ( %  ($ -
%12 0  H ( 12 H
2 Z
2 %-
2 L6  7% K6 ([$
2 7-y6 7%$6 7%H
2 !6 y6!
2 F! ($ \ 6 J5
7%?$ d 7%H
T  dB5
T 6 27
!7$ 7%1-2 1U
$d "Kh 67
 7% " D 7%H
 2 V( $
 $w7&
 $w7&  V? 27 H
 $d&! 27
 $d -
$d  76
?[dh (!
7 5
7 
 m ]/  !2 [1
5% !B !B  D 5
 ?   -7%
 v ( %H
& 6  - 27
1 &.
 6 6
 0 ! 7 F(!
  > 0 bF ,
 0 15 ! ( !6 L2!L2
 1% $w 1%
K6 G ($
 G !6 6-H
 G

 = H !H - . %7
 >F 0  F !U !6 ! - 7-
L6 2= 0 &6
  L
 7 -
  !6 
  B d6
  B=2
   6
  2 m = !5m B ( %H
  2 H
   (6 [$ 7-  !6
   K6 ($ "U
   (!
   !H 27 =-  7%%H
 ( 6 X 
 (   B $ 6 .7&?6
 (  ([$
  K6 ($
 (  $ !B
 B 56 !!
  27 H( ! K6 7%H
( ( 56 V!
B %H &F
B  6
15 J L5  
? 0- 6 0(1 27
]  ! D$-27
s! %6 5%
1  % B% 6
> 7e K  p6
 
! 6 L>  (  ("%1
 5`- B !6 "B L 7%B
5 g( 
! - ./ 012
 L6 7&
ZK
-`[ K
- K !7 K
 (Z . ( B7H 0B B 7%H
2E  ! .
2E  B
7 T2 H6 B 6 ( =K` 7% 7%H
7 6 ( H 
7! B  h-%2 ! -
7! ?$B27
7! 6 h-% =K
7! B !6 !H &?6
 - !m (GH !6 - 
 ( - ( K 6  6
  ?- -
B  !6 bH
  2...
&  6 
& K 6 " 7
& 2 B& 0
6 D%( 1  hH 27
1 6 $ 6  ] 2
1 6 s 6 7 T2 76 6]
 1  
 6B $de? 7%H
j  H!
7 7/ 
!  B !6  B!
&! 0:56 ! 7 F(!
&! TB 7%H
"6 %
% (%
% 6
 % 6
 % 0
2 %
012 ! %
 7e Kj 7e Lm 7% `6
]H F D
[ D  L6
B !"H D!
2 D ( ?$B

http://vista.ir/?view=pdf  D%" :


 

 2 = !-  !6 !H 7Z  0%m ]6B-

 7 "(   = 6  7%H X 66 0/

B 7% 0 7?6 -76 7m !H 7  !H 5%

! 012 (  c2  !"6 7.7

!  6 6  ZK K !2 ! !"H 012 !H

6  6 6 .- w  6 (`UZ  2 6

- 1- D( h(( /- 7 7  0 !

6  7K !m !H 7 /  6 !B  7 dB

B .7 7% bX# H &6 GU D ["h

 / 7%H =!  6 = !6 - H 0Z( ]$K .7

-   B !H 7(  2 7 [ D (B !H d = HH !6 -  .7%H DH$ D B &F7

7B   - 7 e  = K  V? .7%H 6  > L% !6  / 7%H =!  ] !6

= 6 7  .7  2 = !-  !6 !H 7Z  0%m ]6B - 7 "(   = 6  7%H

X 66 0/ B 7% 0 7?6 -76 7m !H 7  012 ! !H 5% (  c !"6 7

2.7
  05 - - ([$  J 5 =7 = !6 $-6%6 .76 p6 0([$ B "( 7%%  7%

 !H 7%H !6 !$[   X  .76  !66 7%  6 !m ! 012/ m 7%H  %2

 = !B6 7 % = h- H !6-/ 5B !- B .7&6 -

6%6 0/    v $K -/ ? V5 2 7%H  " ./ !6  =  2  .-

76 0 h(( 0  -/ !6  = 1 6 7%H ] BB B7  76 7  !6 !26 !H 77

7H 76B  756%6 .7 >6  0 B(  bF ! 5  7 K  (  XW  0-

/  7%H UK $ !2.7

0   h$- ( /   6 7%H 5 = !H 76 e ? 1 L26 W( 0%m  & .!  %

 -/ - 2 F(  !H 7% 7% = ]  7.7%%H !"B

  ! 012 !H =- (  -

H 0 6 !H 7# ?&( -/ - 2F 6 !H -  - 6 .7 w 2-  B7

(  ]$ 6 K 1- !6 0  !m ! !"H 012 6 7%H{  1% 7%H  %6 >F

=  (H !6 7- B 76 1% '-F= 7 %H67 H( 7- !6 2- B 76 1% '-F= 7 s 7

 F 0 = 7%H hH  bF 76 s  L= !Z! ?&( 012 7 2 = 7Z6 s 6GK

6 &6 5  6 .7%H w  0B !6 -( 7X5676 1% '-F 2 6 !m - !H 0( ]$ !6 K

7  0&6 /  [B !6  - !5%]   / = [B !6 Y/ ! !"H !H e !6H !6 / 6

7/ 6 &6 B ]XK.7 7

 0H -  !6 W/ !H 0H !W &7 dB  ; 7$ K = H !W 6  0! 6 - %

 ! 6 .-H 6 K  !H] !6 7 >#  7%H Y/ B(   /.7

 0 0%j - 7#6 5   05&B 7  !5% e !6 ! !"H <- `HH  !6 G

 ]X !6 55% /  G  2B .  7 ]d( h$- 05 B !- !H -5  

B 7% 0   h$- =   !6 $6 B - < B U% (&.7 .

bF =! 6  B  !6 H h( ( U%6 7 = ! !"H 0127F 2  7%H 0 / 6B

 !6  -7K .7  !6 ! !"H 012 7Z6  [ !6  ]6 !2 !6 - Z[K !H 7e  

  0vU .7L6F 7  < `H "H %- .7%

= ($ K6 &m  7%H = `H 0d   B F TB - != [?6 H 0%- H  "( !6

7 6 GU H ! !"H 012 - Z ?76  H 6  B6 76 . = 0B- -!"/ 0

 ZK F UB !H 0 '-F 012 7  1% =< .7%H

VB !6 ! 0vU `H  ! !"H 012 ./ !H 7 6 .7( 0 0[% B !6 B %6H 7 ( L !"H 012

!  ZK &] ( B -76= 7 . BY6  !H ZK B !6  7 0vU( 06 h$- 0 [% 

[ !6 . Z B6 !6 ! 012  = - 5 - Y/ 0 6  - L< D !$ B  .7%K

ZK D 7%H %6 >F ( !H 7%H 0 = B !m ZK ! !"H 012 .12 7 [ !6  e( c 0.7

 !"H !6 $ B `H 0d !65% .76 2= 1% !" 012  ZK &] (  !6 $ !H

B '-F 55m  012 6 7 0vU !6 !" 05(  : 6  7 %H  B B 56by- .7

-/ B 6 !m 7%H - 7 s    Z ! 012 !6 . ! !"H K 6 6 7 [ ]6

%j B6 !- e 7   ! !"H 0 &.2 7%

 6B 1 ? 6 7 &F = .7%H = !-   "( -= !6 !H 77  =7 $V 2 7 
6 Y/  = !( 7 U6  7%H h" J 56  = !6 7 H 1 ? 0 s% ZK ? 1 !6 .-< F !5%  m

6  - 62  UZ TF L6  7 [B !6 5 B !- B  T2 ?&( .   ! 0 !H -

 0 B B!  - .

 ./ ! !H 7 H !6 $6 7 H 0 / 6B! .76 7K !6/ ? V B !- B (! .7%H

!6 !"6 0125 / W B &6 7%H 7.

 : G$%! 6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=294372


 

=      hL> cU- b1 !6

>    UBF . 0  / -! B6  

 6 =     27 B 06  

6 ] ZW .7

     TF !Z 6    

d !6 7%! =  7%  c e  -  7  !Z

 d   "  276 . %Z 0!

   2 V( !5m 72 7%% (`B 1 

! !5m 7%6/ TF  v B L> 7%

!   ( d !5m  6 h-%Y  .756

   "e   27( `- /  

-  [  !6 7 =  6 L>

B=2 1( ! ~ ]/ 2 V(  `B 1( %

#    .72= 0  &6   -

]X 6 2  !6    .= 0%j 

>F B6 d6 ]X 6 = 5    

 .-

 Z !6 !( 6 &  ]X d6  >F W Z 0 -! 7K  ( -- >?6 0# .

6 0! 6- = - L 6 & ( Q  %L  1> = &# & 5 - [ >F d( !T2

   K 27 !2 7  6 L ?6 0 [    6- !6 27 !B  pd  &  (
 &6 Z   cde 27 B6  .7 h$/ Z 7 7 ]  5&F = h- 

6 W [     &  2d( :7 &  7! S 7e  ! =     277

 7 B6 `& 6 6  &6 b1 !6!  7.7

`[ ! ~ !6    7%  26 :7- = 7e [`  - S= 7e  L - S 27

(1  `& 7 . [`  !6 L ] 72= 0  27 .- ^d6  L  ( 6 7- 

5 [ B U6  p"( h-% .76    2  L6 > 27 > - L>   b1 !6 .

!12 !6 = 7      (L . 0  6  -! !6( `- B2

   .7%

! %B= 012-

    ( "e 6( ^/$ 0 -! - 7 0 6 =  !67 =  !B Z . ?

% !6 -   ` - 7 ?2 0 6 =<     .-

  7# d6% ~( 6 6 7W 0  2B !6 ! 012 :7 !- $ U Z < U%[ 

   =     276 .- 7   #B 1% '-F& 7% !6 '-FB - Z

- B    $w 7%  !#m &` 6 .7  27

(~  76 :7%   !6 ] ( &? 7% ?  - !6 - Z   7% 6 !#

- 6 2 !6  L( ( ]Vd B& -  .7%%

!12 !66 d6 6 06 d6 F >F #% # => F>  ?V  d% < 67%

L>      !Z 7 6= 0   = 7! 6( 6 #%  B !- Z !

56 6 .7% 0! !6  / 5 ( Z6 / Z !6  / 7 mm W p6 ?

 ]g = 7%  p 27  !    2   .- `  6      6

7 0 6   ("  7%  2 :7 7 0 6 ( "e > 0   2    .7 76 0 7 (d

! ( Z$7 [ !6 B 7 7%% (V  7%%! 6 -  67  / 0 h  %- $ = 

7  .

!12 !6 0%  (1 1[ p ( 6 2 ?-  [$ ( "Vd? ! 7 (6 "d- !"-

7F  ! 7Z- ( 7 B- h 2 >   b1 !6  7.

!B > !6 d6 7 !-  7%  2  :7   !B - 76 !- F   ("  

`  = 6 !- 2 6 E ("L =      (6 7% - 7%6! ~ B6 !1- 2 

($   ^d6 6   (  .7%%

` 7 6 !- 2   B = F % !6        <  < ]6K 76

# (    2 !1 F ( B 7!  v" 7%6 ( ? 7% 6%6= 6 0

   - !6 27(  2 6 = h-  5&F.

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=243063
>   
<  

>(" <  6 /`Ue -! 6 ( eT56 7 T56

!B   51-   .B6 "( 0 6K 6

( %  ]6    27 " .- TF )%

=7 =  >F !j= 6 (7 F `( !6  6 .-

<" !$% 6 h  27 2 ! %  B 7%

) - 7e <& s ( !  7%F -" ! 2

  6 6   6 1%  !   ! 

=  7  7  Lm $V 5%   .(5 /

  =  %! ! 1 Lm 6  .B B

  %  6 ! Y/ 0    !# 

  :-!  "X!   = !6 $/   27 !6 % ] .7%  K67 K !m 2

&  Lm 7K !6 /  (  g .7 !"Z >(= /( <" h (76 = !j! 6  .7%

(" B %Z !6  6  0B6 51[ 6 %Z !6 ( "$%  ( 6 TF %Z !6 !"6   h-% -

0! e 7! 6K G[ !6 27  0Z 1 = !j! ZK !1" .7 0-   :-= 7

) 7%  ( GK! (76!  1 = !j 76    0%m 5j=  = . [  7%! 6 .7%6 7 

 1 h"U 0  0! (g  (/`e !6 6 " .7 7  !    Y   7 0 # .7

=s% !j  s 0 -/   27 -!  7 K (K1 6 .   .76

( !6# ("  6  (  ]X<= m  `w .5%  0  L ?6 U  67 0B 0

 !6$J  !=  !6 .7-   B F !6= 7%$6 766 0 (1 !sd 0 )!  ! 7

(-  TF7 L6 !"v . 2 7 $V !6  (7-  p . TF $d 6 $K  / :

&6 ! \- .0 0/ :-  !m7% &6 !   (6 !6 7 B & = &6 5

7%&6 = 76  !$% / 0 ! !   V ` !s/w !7 6 ]6 " 5  (7

.76  0?- ]6  / !  0  - 6 ?-F  !6 7  Z- 0 '-F 7% 7K 1 76`w .7

 ]6 ( !  =-  !1 Z- 7% = - !6T56 2 7 6 = -! .76s 0!

-! U  7 -  b  ]Z $K = s! B !6 56  .6 2 7 >% ( [ ( g 7!

'-F !$"[ c"e 6! B 76 7 7! ! - !6 Lm !6  2.

 L% "!  ! !j6 = -  .7    0 6 6 6B (  6 "( e .-K

7%  Lm (1 76  7 !j6  2 7&F hB :7=  >F -$ !6 !7  6 `( 5  !m7

eV? -- 0 J\ 5% -!   L6 2 L%  K .- 6 7  1 - = L%

6 .! =  6 !%-2 7  0%  s ]$K ]   .  05% 7e  (" 01  L 7e !6 =.7
 !sd  7 ]& !6 -  = 7!  &6  b1 6 . = W " 6 0 !  (

#  ( !6# ("  6 = by- 6 02 h  !"v . 0 -! &!  0%m = != d !6 2

(`  6 -&7 ! = Lm .7

2 0 d 7% { = B d !6 .7 7 ! = (   7-=  27 (  27&(  !6 / 7

 1% $%- (76 !$% 0   6 1% >F =! 6 e 7 7jF 7F &6 B K 7% 7 . = !sd

7K 6 ( 0  !j ` 7B !6#( 7 7 !VK < 6 L5  B 27 7 bF . 

 7% Z- !6#( 6 7% (" ?-  6 =- .7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237504

()  & 


$

? ! L2 !m 7 7(  K 7(1 0 .716-

/ T2 6B Dg& <T B D-7K

!$ 56 D  / B 6 >6- 6H 7! 2 

F7>   . B  s 6/ !H $ "H h

- 6 7  $de6 bF .7 % 0s H !m B7

H 67K 7 T2 >F! 6 / .7L6

2  !5 !6 !5m !H 7 B `B !K L D  7 0

%m K7 0 "  !6 7 !X ( !6/ 67

6 ? B ($ K6  !6 .7 0  `Ue

"?& "0[` B H.

`- e"  % -2 U$ TF B6 7 >F .  6 ?&( 7 !H 7  !mK U 2" :7" 

"-".

2 ZK 5% !H -   (! K  6 - D `H/ 7%) X &m 6  ( m L$- &

 .-

- ZK  %= !H - 6 "$K 7! 0 B6 0  d  2 . !6 ( ]& H ZK 0s

m 7- 7%K` !6 !H B !6 $ .7 0vU

%H !6?& 0 y:



B( 6 7%H Z cW ( .- H! B !6  ! 7% Z  ? .7 7&! - 6D

- Z e   2( .7V" 6 7K 6! B  Z.7


567

" = 0  . 7 ". dB

"= 0  %  .75 ".-%&6



6> =?6 6 !m 7 - !m 76 - !m !$ 56 ?&%  ZB 7 D%B 7 D

6  .7$ 2- ?6 7 D7 `$K !H !j= 6 !6& 5 L / 7 = 6 )  B  27

h% F "B  6 7&6! 6 7 B !H  / B = 6 ( 7> 6 %- . 7 0 !( 6

/ T<H  !6 L 6 $"U  ("B 01 L .7%H 0 2- 6?H 7! / !6 [` = !H 7  7 [ .H

5% B 7 %H ]d  L ( (H 1K B .7%H Z  !6B6 0  !#76 - 6 .&B

567

" 7 T 7 6 ".76

" 7 0 `H  .!% !K   B ".



# 7-y6 -  . B BB 7 !6 !H -W 0 $6 Fm bF 7  67 -\  7%H 6 ! 76

!H 0   U# H/ D! - .2  B (6 y 7/ !%  ( $w  ] ( cWB &6 77

 7 ! 2"" B6 7 6 6 ( !- .  e B6 0 Y -&!  e 6 .76 /  L 6

e/ B6 7 .2 21 H! #   B ! 6 7$ 7%K` &6 2F .7 7-7 < D= !H !$

-   s% !"e`6 B 7  =  - !2 ( $Z B 066 7.

567

" ]$K !%7 !H - B !5%&K !6(! B  -y676 - # 7"

"7% B  b # !H 76"



F 6 76[ 0 B6 6 -  H! "6 7%&  % e 6%6 /7K .7 6[ !6 0 D &

e / F 6(  2 !6 7% T D .7%H ] K 7%%H  0 -  b1%6 &! 6 6

H $de 7"K .7%H

567

" $ ! 6 6 6 H &5 $de  7F Lm  .= -! !m  -"

"   7 &6 .d"  !6 !2"

 a

 pd[ ( 7%H e !6 #H B6 F 7%H  mL  B 7 . =  6 6 H $de -1-

%H pd !6 .7[ B H 5 W  $ 6 512?  .7 0 H 7d !6 5 . 2! 77

  - H ]d T2(  7 7"! 6! 56  &%( !H 7 5B (%> 6 .7%H ^6 0

2 H! B -$ D - $de 6 6 .7%H/ 0 K$] Z! 6!  Uv 0- !H 7 " .7$

567

" 0= 0  5% !5  7%"!5%&K "B

" !H !- s%6 6B "B" ) !2 6 7- s%6 !B 2 %H! !6 56(7
 S

\-  &2- ( ]& 7-y6 K 0 D?&6 0 2 = 6 =<  d 7Z6 !J !H -  7

Ty !(B6 . " 2 0%mWZ K7 6! 7-F \-  H 7! F-?> 6! " "!"6 "B "B & 7 / p6 !6

&6! .76

567

"B2- m0"

"B B= !1 Um B &g %"

 Q

?6  7 !6  7 D 6 7%H% e !6( ! 0B- h#Z ^6  7 T 6 L 7F

B 7.

567

"m 5  6  Um ?6 ! %H   7"

"&! (  6 0 !H  !1V% !H&! 6 0 H 7 ?6 bF ? !H$%   %H   %

K 7 $ 1U "%H



(Ze 1 !K %6 6 75 "Z !H - - 7 (Z (K 7# 6 .756/ 0 =  6 /&?( 7%

e !H 7% !K =  (Z &  H !T2 . !% !mK U 7&! 6$K ]6K W 7 6 (Z

("7F . .7%H 0 !6 !6 76  Z( ( L= [? 7#  B .76

567

" ! !H !$ 6 "B... 7"

" 7%B 0 T 6 "



`- 7%HU !H = =  6 7 [ 0 B6 5 F &m YZ D-`H .<" h  !"e`6 `- 7%!H 7

(V  7%% L HU% #  6 .7%d%  `-  ( 7 6 =< -?6 0 2`- .7 7%%H -

^6 !H -#  6 6 512  =& %.

56`-" 7!"



7%?$ !6  7 H 6! 7%?$ 6V -= L#Z 0 ^6' B .7 7  . !H 7%

67%?6  = 7%B .7% &T ^6 6 &6 6 &.

567

"  7%6   7%?6 !J S"

" - !  6 L6 (Z "%H

H' 7%&6

B H -( g& !m 76 6  / 2 0 6 - B `B !K 6  .7! 06 p !H -7

76H !m 7 !m #  .7&! = e .76

 2   !6    7& 7 6 !6 &6 b1%6$   `B !K 56.7


- : G$% D(6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=331454

    +,&  


* $

2  27 (]Z   6 6  B6

 !H %H/  %H $de  &6 /)  = 6 %

  !6 (H (7   7&?6 6.-

!6 0-F 0 (7$] 7 !6  H >?6 7%m

&"   . ( 6 7 ( DmH   !$

 27 ! B !6(  !6 7Z6 !"/5  27

.7&?$6

.& (  $d / 7%H

/ 6 & . ( $d 6 $ [ !H 1% !1! 

= 6 06 .6 05&B  6 H 2 B $d !6 H

 7% 6 7K !% # H 0%m  7F  (H0

.7%H  / 6 H 2 ># L $V  = 7  6 7%m

'-F $d 6 2 H H !H 76 0vU 7 !/ 

( 7%H g 7  $V  !-H.

7K ( % L5-y- 76

 &6[ 7K !# >?6 -% L5-y-  .7% 2 0 / B 27 ! 7627 &6 !

6 B( 6 F  %Z F .# 0 / 7( $w  27- &! 7K% L2 .76

#%H ( 7%H

B 2 7  27 7 &F (7%H !6#  56 7% 7H D #%H H .76H  !5m 7%  7%%H h#Z( Lm

!6  = $d [B 0   2 .B 2   H 7 G #%H .76#%H 2 76! 2  H

   #%H [B !6 H !Z U !6 7 77 " ("$%  7 " !1K 1- !6 0 !H

&! = ! 7 =% = 6 ( 6#%H .7 B ( ( 7%He !6  27 !Z U F6 T

>?6 =.7

 (Q # ! 76

 # !6 Lm  7&?6   &" 7$(   e !6]  7%H j   TF   27

>6 - 6  " !6 >F .7 !5m 7-F 2 B  # # B  !6 %H !H 12#  7% L
#  $d 2 y- #%H 6  %( -56 V( 7 0%m !H -/! 6 !6 " H V( 0

 B 1- - 7%H[B 7%H $de (G (V % &6 - 6 - # s76 7 B   !H

B6 7 H/ !6 7 = 0& !6  %( 7 ( 1( 6 .7% 1H 7 2  ]$ 6= 7  7&6 b1 7%H $de !%[ 6

 !6 L2# =.7

(S Z[K 56 77

! "VB 6 !H 7%  "VB !H?6 2 7    0 6 7%H ."B= 7 /

! .76 0/ 2  !6`& 6 !5m !H 7 / !  7 ~ B- 2 [6 .7%H (V

%Z1- 7K 6 = 7 Z( - L6 . #  H H> ( !2  "g 2 F   67K 7 

( V! ( .76 H  .72 !&m- G$% 06 !H 0 # H (56 G[K V[ !6 7 BH 

" 6 !H 7- !67 Y 76#  .7B 7%H ] V( 6 2 !67  7 Z "L  7%H !  5

!6 B 7%6 .7 < e 0 6  L~ ?H 7 . 2  ( V B( [ !6 76 /

( 7 5 B(  7%&6 [  B  Y .7%H  &!  B 2 %H H5 - !6

_m B - 7%6 ( &F !H ?7F 7 1 .%H  !$  7%   Lm 6 Z[K -

 = - UZ  .7%H H

(aUZTF  Y -

 %( 2T6 D 6 B [B 6 7 = T6 76   0W T6 UZ TF > .- 0 ^6 2E 

6s 7 B 7 `e ( .7%H Lm !H   s[ F 7 "( 1%   !H 7% !6UZ

TF   .7%HUZ TF ?$B ]  .-

!  [ B 27  !6B 6 U %H !H =  B  B 7  0 "6K pUZ   e 6

%Z !6 !H  Lm H  (  0W  % 7 Y - L !H  012 !6    !6

!6 ] 0 .- 5% ( B 7%% ?- !B  7 B .7%  -

(   b1 !6-

 (L LTF B !6& 0 -/ !H -!  = !6   .B 2 7&! / 6 !H U 6 0 = 6

! 7 B !6  !  %( 76  0 .-%H [ 1  !H!  - = s 7 = !6 0

! .76  #   B !6( 0 .-B !H5%B 7 !6# H 6 7%H  !6 7

(7-  b1 !6 B .7%H K

B ( 76

 06   7%?$ (1  B .-   b1 !6   27 Ty(  7%H  h$-

[  dB L(  .7 B( = H &B 2  2 / ( ( 7/ ]

 .7%H ( !H K1 [  716  &" !H# 7K " B "B {H GW ?  6H 7 . 2 ! 0

 7%H&!  B B6 7B . %Z !6  B 6 `& 02 7  !& !"6  !6

 6 p"( b1V   Z  .- !H5%/  (  6 7%H`& 6 7 B6 .7%H

7%( (76 -

 2 hKB  GW 7$ &] ( 7/ B  .7%H 6 &!  7 !5  - 7  s!

 !H 76 !U-! [ / d( >$% .- L>  7  ^6 B F ( / .7%H

d( JEH Lg !6 &6V - 7 76  7- (7% - F !6 . 7%( $ - 

( 6  ! `& 6  6 = 27 .7%H


DH ( BB

 -/ Ty(  !H  0  H 76 !H 7%H 56 Lm p !H 7    G% B c V( 7$

!"6 L 27 [  /  !H H 27 $w J( 7-% `e! 6  .76 !6  %(! 7B 27

!6 !"6 275  %H !( L 0 / BB !6 DH5 B !6 = .[ 2 B !6 $ 5

76 !H 76 7%&?6 7 J  27    71B - 6 &65 ( p$ 76 / ?  b1 !6

7F .7%H

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=275696


 &3& 
 2 /0

 27 ? hH h/eH D 6 - D ` (K

/ ( d 7F s1. -  K B6 0 & 6

 UK B ! B  76 !H 7  2 - 67

.# ] 0 B6 0 ` bF  (K = 6B !6=-

  -  7K .`( - $   ?- / .

 B 6 7%H 1/ 7Z6 0-( E =-   D

 6 . 6. 7

( V? 2 `K  6 7%H.7

 0  !6  h[? ? 6 !H 7 6 7/ DK 6

567 K6 6 .7 B  7%e  6 gF V( " !% 

!6 ]6 ? !H 7%H7    ( H / !

" 76  . 7B 2 (  !H 7%6  ZK7

6 7% ) 7 7"2 &F !H !B 6 L6 (!! 7

T B 7%H( cW6. 7 w  (56 7 : 7  7&?$6  26 .7"2 0  G. 7  0 7

. 7L6 7%?$ (

-/   2 ( "H   !H 7%H 5 d !6 . 7%6 `K 5 76 (! = !6 !H Lm 07

7%-B6 . 7 ? !H V(    7%?$ 7 e 6. 7

( ( &m! . 76

H 5 !6?K`  !H e  !( 56 7%H" . - = !6  s h  5 2  6 76 5  7%H
!6 !H$ ? $&F   5 ] ( . 7

6 (Q B Z. 7

(SY K ] / - !H !%6 7 . 7%H

 !6 !H  H 56`- " :7  0.  L ".[` 76 &6`-": 7  0  L 6 0. ... H

". %H   Z

(a- 76 -. 7

%Z6 / ?- !H V? .7%H76 B -   7/ =- 2[%  >?6 !H 76 0vU . 7

/ L  !/ d !6 . -7 - !H 7?-  B   ] "B7 - . 7 2 -  B 6

=K 7 !my- 7 = . 7%H s !e

( 56 !5m !H 7Z D! ! . 76

hHH  &! ? 6 H !6?    . 7%H  Z H 0 !6 h(( 0 !H -76   

!6 7%H H$ = "H 6 ] ":  "... %H Z by-  5  0vU .7%H H $ U !H 76  ? 567

( 5 76m 7% =    Z 77 [` B 7 7H 6 !H ?   512 !6. 7

?&( (7H !H 7 ?   . -

&   hHH   %&B !6 p. - bX B bX 7 &m! . 76

!6 ( - ` !(  (K. 7

6 Z B  Lm !m 7%H  !H -56 7 7 !65 ( . 7% LHLH(  2! 76  !H 5% 

%( 7 (Y6 b 7%H ]$K. 7

( DmH -? e 6 !H  !Z  6 7%6 B 6 6. 7

! ?  B 7% " 76 e !6 <  6. 7 7 - -  - ( 7%H $ !%5 6

m m . 7L67  7%m 06 !K76 `K 6? 5 /  = !6 /   -?6  = !H -6 7%

 H . 7%%H6  K = B6 d6 76 K 0 5 7%%H   7%H D 6 d D($ -

>?6 7 B 7 .

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=258468

 456 7 8  / $ $

%H ( 0   "? 7   1 $de 

 H /    6  0 (  !5m !H7


B 7   $ 6 27 ( g6 7  B6 .

  !H 7% 5  <" U  7%6  27 V( 0

 !H %= !6 6 5 ! 7%m !H 76 7-  0

?[K h  Z-   = G! .6

 776   5  7F  0"Z ` -"( L - !-  .72  ] Z !H

  (V L6 !H % 2 &6    !6 7%%H 0 ]  !m 2  !H6 7%  %H  = !6  .%H

 L6 !H  2  !6  V?  - B !6 7F  %H 6  0  &?6 !H

(1 5   5j6   2 .76 K6 K B  !   !H  0%m D 7.

! 7%m K 0  ! 7%m  h-% 6 %H  H = !H 7%$6  0 2 0%m D>    7

B

( 2 H  ?66 7 77

0(1  0 - ( [ ( "Vd  6 "g  (1 .716! s   !H 7&! 76 76 76

6  .6 7 7 0 B 0 F  !H 7 Lm 2 d H 7 =  B6 77= 7 = ( !6 ( 7%H

"U !# 7F - H F  .7 !H 76 7Z  2 2 H  B6 K= 7 76 bF 776 7 6 !H 70

(( 1   6d 7   6 .7 0%m D B p( &F !%de   !5 .7 D 7 0 L50

.7%H p"< 1( 0

( 2$ m  g( !6 (%H g

s%  0 [B !6 !H  0 g( ]e (d B 27 ( g# 0 s !"6 .7%H 0 !H - 6 %( &F 6 7

B  . =  &6  6 H B 6  .7$66 ( %H g( 7 6 >F " !6 27#= ( .  !H

( 7  - !6 !H (]  7 ( g (d &B  =F 7 .7%H L  g( ! 2(  !H 7 7 27

 &F# = / 7%H d .7%H

!6 ( (7   H 7 !H = bF 66

 bH  27  76 !67 H H   7 Y6! ! BY6  D H B  H.7 V( 27

H #  bF 7  Y/ 0 !6 7%H 0 ] Lm "B !H  =   h"UB !6 7 - 7$ / .77

7 &5 ! 6 ( 76 7  H 7 6 66 .77= 7 (` !6 ( 7%H7 B G6% .7-6 L#6 5& 5

(  !H 7% 7%[`  71  !% ?" B  K 6 p .7% 7  h-% 7F .7%HH 2

!6 -#  7  -  7  B 5 H - !6 7 /5 ! (   B.7 7%

6 (Q  H ( "B 7

 05 0- 6 F =K S 6 B .- 0K  ( $ F  6& $ .7 !$ 0 K 

/ L> -  7 0- 05 !H 7-6  - !6  LL> 7F .7%H76 0  !H -%Z 6 K 

H (    . H D  ( !"Z   $-% !H -B 0 Z  !5 .7 0%jH 0  ( 7 Y

6 # - H  L B  K !6 .7 /  H %- D   ?6 2 s% 7  B 7%&%6

= !6 K H  p bF 7- H ( d 7%HU% T 27 B &66 7.

TF (S ."U $

 0 !H 7B 27 %H  7%H  bH(  5 7H 0 76 B -   # 7B .7 7

  !1 -    (  .7%H  !H  B7B   %( ! 7 7 =   !6B !"6 7( !6

D .7%H  h<(  6 27! [" 7%H  >&?6 h B( B  >&?6 .7 bH     (7
>%H  %H .7%H 2 7 7 0%m D 7 !6UB  0 $ .7%H !6 7 Lm  bH %H !H 7

27 6 .756 7  !6 B(  7%H 27 !65  !H 7%H DHH 0 # .7%

7K (a 7d  K 

 !H / 0 7 7   ^6 7%H  27 !H  D 16 Vd% 6 .B  2 7 ( ]/

 27 5 6 76 (66 7 = 7&6 / (` .7%H!  7Z- (  B !H 7%  = 

7 $B .7! Lm d Lm BY6 ( 7%H = !6 !H ` !K7F 7 7 !6 0 .7%H  g( !6 (d Y / . 

!H ( [  B (  %H D (  .7%HH 27 B =7 ( g ( 7 !6 !% !H 7-6 = h"K e -

 .7

  ( [  (7%H  g

  (&]  .7  6 !H HB H 0 7%H  27 D 1 B 0 ( . %6  0 7%

 0   ( 7% "B  6%6 .%6  5 0! Lm  56  !656 0 !6 Y/ .6 :7 ( g B

7VKH !m 7 # 7

(  bH $K 7

  !6 0[%   0 s  7 s     bH  B( 6 !H 7B !6 7  d !6 .7%H

B !6 !%(  7F H 75   !6 7F  7%%H B 7%H Z-( s !6 5 .7% !6

0 ( (  K 7 F "B 

 0 !" 0 6 6 6 5  7% .  0 7K F  = !Hs . 0 2B !6 X 56" :

  7 6 0 !H " F 6" % 5$   2 !H [= . 6 "  ( F = -76.

!H    `e  ( F 7%"6 7/ !m! / 76 !j !6 2 7/ 7- ]K D7 7 7 H ."B .7

( H  0 =  6 -7

=2! (   !- !$% 7 ?" B 27 ( g B6 .7   ( 7% 5 0%m D B 0 #

7%H !"v 0 ZK = .- 0 27 -  6  ! 76 ( 2 V   

B 7  ( ( g! Lm 76 .7 !H 7 B 27 B  !m !m 7%$6 7 "/ 6 7%H [ 7 7Z6 ! Lm

( g.7

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=324434

@ ?> & =< *


 ; & 

=   -(E 6 $J 7  GK(1  = 


7  2  1%6 bF - 7! .76 7 Lm

T2 76 !H 7%  !2[` - B 0= 2

 7%# !6 by- 7F - .7& 7 7 5j!6 5

([B .7

m K`B V? !H(Charles Cave) H L5 -" :7 7

[   7% =  - "B 7% G  7F6 .7 77

 !6 $ [  TF .76  (1 !H 7

 &?6 512 D &% 7  .7%$ $  ` D!H 2

 =   $J 76 7%m 0 !K B 06 7V( . !H 7%H 7  F 7%!  6 !6 !H 7% F

 !6  .7%%( D /  = ( 7 56 7 T5 7 ".7%%H

!?$B 7  2 -= !6 H $J .L6   -    !H 7 =  6 7 H B

(1 7 1- .7%H ( #% { ( 0 (J !6  = 0  7 &V = 7.-

( 

    6 0  $J 7  7% Y/{ ( 0L6 H 0  .7%$ 0  0%j (? L=  !j

v `w 7% j% (  L627Z 0 0 67e !H 7  6 7& [  B  F.7

Z6   !H 7% pB ({ 76 7% E?6 !H 2g 7%  .7%%H5 `B !H (d1e 7 pB 6

(7 c 7% =B 5( 7% ( ($H ?" 1 g[  (V .7%%H $J YVd  !6 Vd% !H 

g [ 6  Beinfang notesketch !H  7 % pB .[% 6 (d1e ] - .pB 6

:7

 $ KUZ TF ]/ ]6K .7 0%j - !6 =  6 $J 7 1- `B6 . (yH 7%m !H0

[ !K & 7Z6 ( 7 7 0 = H  7  = !"e`6 $J 7  .7%

:

] "6K !H 2  6 Y6    -  !6 7%L6 ? 71 7%%H $J6 7%` !6 . 0  7 !6 !H

= - ! -  !H %H #& h 0 H6 =  6 7 $J  7 7d .

(  ? V#  PDA

PDA    `6 0 !K $J 7  0 .7%&! B 6 H-P iPaq D .% ]/  !H !Z7&!

 7L - 6 iPaq  0- !m= ( G  "H = 7"H 1- 7Z6 by- .%H PDA !% ( _ !6 )(Laptop

? V H ]V B ( !H 7 .%H ( .

:7

(yH iPaq 7% - 6 Palm ] ]/ ]6K`B 6 .7% B6 5L6 PDA 7%%H $J [ [( 7%% /

6 / 2   h .  = !H 5% = 7% 0 H !6 ( 7% F $J !B (yH 7%  = . 7  Z

[6 Y  / 7 .7 L62L 0  0 = $J !H  7 & ^6 "B # ] !H

( / T<H# 2.

:

PDA 6 g $J 7%$-% "B  7 V( !H  .7%$ ZW 7 0%j =PDA &6 !H # !6"K D

- B 6 6 H !    6 0 bF 7B pB -  K( ^6 &  K`B . = BPDA D

2 ( 0L6 6 $J 7 7% 0 s !6 -! T2 .7


H (  B

- 0  0 1- H  B B "B  H .  6 B  7% 7Z( ]/ =  =-

- 76 h(( 0( 7 $  #H( 7 .7%H $J 0%j7Z( !H 2 7 H  H $J B7

  = 7 H/ 7%H >?F L D7 7 ( p$ 2 .7%H $H( 6 !% (H K1  d( ^6 D 7

 5.7

:7

H   DmH B6 7% .]/ ]6K6 0%j g $J (V !6 D7   = .7%$ h-% K

 7% ( $   = 7 ?6.7

:

6 !% $J - 0 71- $6 &6 7/ !H - 7  H  B T<H !6 D

  7%F D g 5  .7H !H = [?6 0H 6 7  D # = - .-  !H 5%

  H   B = G B 7%7F !H 7  7 H  6  =  L6 > m D .-6 0 0

(1  -  " 7 ^6 !H - 5 0 6 $J 7 1- .%

e p$W (Q

e p$W  (J 0L6 $J 7 H .- 7Z  =  !B-K !H 7 7  .756   h

!H K 7 =  7 p$W 7 - !6 6 7  / .7%H >$J 7 2  !1V  h 7 -< = 7 !%

( B 76 = 76 7 .7%H $J 6 !$ 0 !H = 6 GK 7/ cW !7L6

:7

e $W  DmH "B ]/ ]6K  bF 7%= 7   B !H$6 7-.7

:

61- 0 7 e !6 e 6 .7& B 6  6 !#  = 7 D  F ]B 5[`( ( (yH

 !H 7%H 6 .- D  TF e p$W !H % # ?6 !H 77e 7 (yH !6 7 6 by-

 L  (&? 7e  Dragion Naturally Speaking 7% 7$( ! !6 IBMs ViaVoice] .7

(S5 0

B !H 5 0  = 7 7%H -  !6  L  MindManager 7% Inspiration1- 7%H  6 0

 $J 7 .-H  = !H = [B !6 0 B Z e !6 1 7K H   Lg # 7 .7% !6 0%j 0 ]

 !H( 5 0 ("H 6  % 6 7% F 7"H  7 (Lg !6e D b ]6K - G B J6 7.

5 0    7KF 7 6J !H 7% 7% 7 [`  6 !6 5 T56` !6 .7p  =

!"6 7% !"- !% & !H 7% 7 06 7% 7 !m( ([$ .

:7

!6 5 0 ]6K / 2 7%  - G 6 ] - $J 7  e !6 2- $ K # 7%%H .7%$

:

5 0 !6 7% `eL6 ( !H #% H ]w 77   PDA B e p$W .7% ]/ ]6K

gF (a B !6 (e

 5  -  6 J $J 7 gF !H % 6 (e B( T56$ !6 .7  5B 7 6

7%e ( (e F ? 7U & !H ( 6 T5 .7 !H 2  BH 7! 76  !"- 5

6 $J 7$ -   "B D%( 0.-


:7

%( 0( &6 !H -  = 1-  2 7% 7%%  . #%1- !K`B =  7 .-0

( D%   01"( !H -  766 7 2.7

:

!K( 7 !6gF D 7 2  %( 7  !H 7 =  1- 7%H  = !H % %6 7 ( (yH&y .7%H

  0%j&!  -- 7 01"( !66 ( 7 7B 7 7%e (e .7%H $J

 (

 Lm !H&! (  1%H( b  7F &  .- 0 (% !6 $ DL6 6 $J 7 &

 [ 2 % 5 " 6  .7$ 0H !"- B "B # 7 !H 7 ( K  ( !6

- 7& 7%%H $J 7 !6 .7%%$6 H 56  !H !6 7%  7-m :%  D  B

7!  = 76L -H L D( - 6 !% 2 7 = $J 7 .7  !6 ]d 7% DH  !6

!H 7 " B ! .766 0%j $J 7 [ DmH !" D h-% "B 1 !-.-

:7

1-   "B / K H $ - 7%"Z H ) .7! !H Lm/ 7  D - !& 7%m

T2  $J - . (5 7 B "B .- D%( 0 D 6 J "B (& . 2  7%%H H !H -

 7% 7 7 7 6 =  !H ]$K  ! %6 7.7%

:

L ( J1- 6  D $J 7  06 !H V? !6 "B -  0? & 56 B6 .K !H 2

2  7%H 7  (  7%%H 7 7%  = H - !6 7 %6 .7 0%j D 0 !6#( H 7%-

7 U !H% 7& !X !6 .7 ] 7d  g e( D 7 7%  !6  7$( g Q] &.

  !% 7% 75% = 0 B ] .6U %6 .7  B6 !#   0 7 -  0 2 7%.

[B !67 (= !H  0  DmH $ " L66 2 6 m B ( !"e7 "H & ?-  5%

!H 7   H 76  . 2 7 ]H !H !6 ( 1%H ( L b! K= 7%%$6 7 !H 5%

5 6  0 ? 7  .7 7% 6 7 ]& 0= . !6 7e 0 !H D L 6 5 0_ D

( FH 6 ( 7 K 7 U  7= - !6 7% !H 7%H $J 5 0 F >  &  B7

 7 ! B 7% .7! 7 & ]6K !d1eB 76 7% 0L D L6   !6 $ .-

=$# H B !H -! 0 7 !  7 e !6  (7$] !H 7%H 2 7  6 76 6.-

 0%j 0  ? !H H !H 7 7  7%H ]% [  0 7%$(  ( h.

T<H ( H"6

"6 0 T<H  6  7e !6 !H 7%  !  L6  .7% =  e !6   7%"6 !6 ' H.

`B 6  7d  !H 6 $J 7  D L6 6 H"6 T<H    #  !H 7% 7 %6.7

H B6 T<H 0 H"6 !6   =L H $ !H H ( 7 &( 7%% !"v 7 . ?6 7% 7

& %6 .7% 0-( 6B EH ( -%H &6 6 (  7 7.%H 2

:7

T<H  6?6 H"67 7%  ( ]6K 7 B  F !m 7% L6 "B 2 7 ( H "$K L

    !H 7 7 7 7  .7%H  ( !H KF 7 [ % H ]H  7 6 71-

B  H 5%H 6 !6 7 &6 !H - 7 .7%H


:

"6 T<H! 7d  7%%H $J T<H 6 :7 !6 T2 0 7 ( 6 H 7 7  = 7

# .7%H !  0%j T<H 0 !H 7% ]/ ]6K "B1- TF =  % !6 L6 ? 7%%H $J V7d 7

 [B !6 .7%7 7K 6 p  = ZK H 2  h-%.-

B (H   $

D%( 0 5   ` 0 !K .- [ 0  -  ?" 1 BH  !m  $1- H .

6  = !m / .75  h

:7

BH  !6 "B $ !m 2E 7 DL6 7%%H $JL 7 D6 :7% ]/ ]6K 7% 6 /   h

 756 !H %Z 6 = !6  ?6 !H. "& 7

:

 !6 7%L6  T<H?  Y/ !H 7 ! - e !6  # .7%H B !6 0%j  !m

? !H 71- d1e 7%H  0F -  7 = (76 .7%%$6 h- = !d1e  ]  0& h !H 7 2 -

  ! $   ! D ( 7 06.

D6 (7

0 $J 5- ] 7! L6  &  !H6 7 H B 7  D 01- :7%H Lm ]$K

 !$Z 6 H   !6 ( B  L  ]wH bH .- 7 0 ( !H % 7   D

7 !5 !H =6 7%6 7  = / 6H / .7%H 6   BW !6 7%  (  7  !6 .7D

D6  !6 7 7( - !6 7 7  !H 7%H # 07e K  L  7! L 76 L6!6 2

/ .7

:7

6 wH 7 B(  6H 0  = !H % -  7%H ] - & e m .7 !H 7 K GK !m 7 D7

! ]$K  a !H 0 7 -= !176 7%( ?6 . D6 D 7   !e m 7%   # 

 7F H 7 !H D >F !1 - D 7= >F - $ 6  .7&?$ L 7K "B InfoSelect 7%( 7%7%

 !m K  7 7 e !6  = % h K D 7%H B "H h/ 6 # by- 7"H

= # 5.

:

6  6  6 0  6 76 s% "B 7 7 - ! .7%H B

 2 !#

U  !H 7%$6 7L6  ( D%    !H 76 7 $J 7 1- e !6 B6 .7%H 1

 h-% - B6 !H  / ( h-% 5 Z6 .- =  / "Z !6 -! H 7 Z6 ! /7jF 5

 .7% ! =  D7 &  7%%H DH  !6 ( :7 7 T2( ( 7%H $J = 7% =  $6  6.7

 %&F  0 !H % 7H D%( 0  !H 7d 7%H (7H !H 7%H 0Z 6   ( h-% - =  % !6

&?6  B K`B -  !5!76 . .7

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=273113
/?  A4/  $

`~( ]e/ !  0 (# D&% % 6  e 

KY 7 6 7- !67 B!- .-

Lm B !H =  7 = hH !6 .  7  .

7/ bF .7B Z- wH L ( 7%6  . !H 76

.7

(&?   !HH !m !H 7% 6 7- B !6!-

6 7# 7% 6 V?& !6 H 0 H 7 &" .

6 7 .  H 76 6 7[` Y 6 7- !6

B(!- =G .7%H 0[`   6  

W = hH 6 .7%Y 2 6 H 055m 7%H Z-

6 K= 7 7F .7%H

!6 L =G [`( !H  B(   -  = 6 !H - H 7  [`( 6  p  ZW .-

 B !6 =!6#( 7 B bF 7( 6  v 7(27 Ty6.7

 ( 7   vm !% !5m(27 !20.7%H  B ! -

 > L2 6K D 6  7% K6 !T2 G B - ! 6 .7%

 ? `w 7%H !H 6?  = !6 !H 7& 7 {  $K .7%  !H   eB ?

 7%H B /  { = hK ? H.7

 H #  G1 !H 7% - 6& ! 6%6 76 !H 7%H ?& 0  6 Z% !m (  

5 6 Z% !m 

(76 / 0  0 Z%  7 2  7%H !H -  Z1%(7 = " 7  #

.7

 ]e/ G% D V?6 &? m 7%H  ( 7 ( 5 7%H !%  ]e/ G% =  =2 7F .7%H

0 !H 7%H K -  ( [B !6 [ 7  g( " .76 H =-( -   67%H Z- 7

Lm (  d 7%H   72 7 6.7

( !6 !"v K   ( 76= 7 ( g 7%H Z- bF .7 ($ 6 27 B 6 ( e c 1

.76

? 2 7  2= !H 7! !6  1%2E ? V 5 (27 K  ! ( bF 767

=  ( g.7
K  H Lm !6 "- / B !6( !65%  ! 6 ZK -  !H 0L !% (  H

FB !6 7( 2 7  7%H 7(  / Z 2.7

 p m  "Z ZK B 2!6 7 L6 - (27 ! 6 bF 76 ZK 7 "Z p

(27 [ !6 1  .7%H ?& 06  27 (H g  76 "B ZW "B  & 7.-

F !H - ] !6 27  V( bF ( 6 K(? 7%H 7%H ] by- !6 ! !6 !H 76

 76 ]   0   .

=2   B  Z !6 7 %Z6 -7$ 7 7%H <e0  ? 7B . 5 6

- B!-  !12  6 !"6 7% 6- " .7%H 6

6 !% !H ZW / W/ = 6 - !6B 7  7  !6 B !H ?- 7-6 7 / (.7%H ]d

 s! !H 76 0 D B [B !6( TF !H -m 7 K    6 06.7

= !j   !"6  d ZK   = ZK !H - #%F bF .  !j  !H [= . !6

0  7-%&6 7%H 5 B !T2 76 %H d( `H !% = K 2Ty6 7.7

  p [   .  B( !H - 0  7-% ( 7%H !6# ( H 0  LB !H 7( 55m

B  !ZK ? .7%H

m !   [#%F . ?B V  %6 0 $Z( 55m 6 (  1 K G '-F  '-F 

T2 J(  !6 76%6 . 0"  6 !H [  J  56 ( 7-%&6 7%b 7 $-% ]Z B6  = 6

& .7

#%F 0  !j ? $H( V  6J 7    1% !H -   5  27 .7

6 6 2 -  627 s "$K  B 7 7# -7 7%H 7 >%6B -76 7= 7.

7 27 H bF - 56  v !H 7(27 56 7  !6.7

 7 B 27(  !H 77  H  d !6 27 !H -{ 6B 6! .76

7  J !6 27 %Z 0  !H - = !"/ 7 6 7- !67 %H B %H -/  ! 6

-   !"/  ! ( 6 - Z6 >6 B !6 >F(  7 6 7/ 6 - 7 Z( wH 7 !H

( 7# .7

7 7"H  27 0 D-( E .-!6  2  0 1  7 Z( # 0%j  Y 6 0-( E

! B . 76.7 7

  !6    6 !5m !H   !6 bF .7%%H H[  v   B 6( 56 7  !6.7

 !6 7    6 !5m !H 76/= L 7%%H  7H 0  .7676 0 %Z 0 7/ (  !H -

v   h-%5 B 6( .7

 2    6 $-%H !m  !H 7%$6 7 # = !H 7  ( H  = ^6   7-

m B 6  v( ( - 7   GK 6   (7(!U6 6.7%H %6

   >&?6 &m bF B 6 7%H 7H J( d( 7%$6 &B K !%H !2 .7  B

^6 !H H7  >#6 756 bF.7

( $V 1% !%H 7%%H 7% Z( ^6 ( h"K ]"d  = 6 ZUK !H 7>  / 

% .7

 >&?6 ( $V 1% !%H -  %( . e`B J  1%!U6  h !H /  7  >#-

02 DH K`B H >&?6 h !H - / =7  2.7
]$K Lm !% ?66 7 7= - 76 !6 bF 7W &? B !m !H 7%H.7

7 "e(27 ( B!- (Y 76 -B !m !H 7.7

Z( 6 .K7( ?    B 7 7 B( 7  ? Y 6 7- !67(

&? .7%H

6 7- B !H !j= !6Y   7 ! .76 06GK p !$ e( B !H Y . B !j= .d7

76Y   7 B hHH 7.7

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=273521

/?  A4/  $

K ( " "Z  !6 Lm "  6 . 7  "

  "Z 6   "  "Z "  eV?6

!m =  [` ! 7 !m 76! !6 Lm . 76 -(1

 7 .

K ( 0! "  "Z  % . 7%  (7$]

!6 . 7  ZK  = 7%%7$(  . 7] !6 Lm

  !H 76 = . 7%H   &6&! 6 Lm

  !H 7%H= h [ ZK  7  H 6 Lm

B !H- =  7% . 7%H

K (  % 0%  F  (L "#  H . -  "e  27 0 !H - 27

`B !K B . 7%H ."B 27= 7 B ( 6 XL =  7%H # V( 0 % (  !H  F

 (7F .d . 7%H 1/ 7%H

K (Q  !U66 27  6(  27 [ 06 . -  -/   [ D "

(# 6  [ 5  !U6 .

K (S 6  Lm 6  !H ! 6 76 !676 ZK   !j=  . 6 7%6  !H  = !"6 7%H Lm

 % !6 `$K !H 7%6 6 D ? H 6 bF . 76 - : 7  7d 7%%H   G !H-% 7% - . 7%H

=  $6 06. 7

K (a  " d  &! 6%6 ( 0     %6 !j= . - -  !HZK

= !6  6 7  7%H   !12 !"6  ?   !6 E 5%  /  $V. -
K (  L5 2  !m 7 #   7 (`  B !- <2  !&m-  L .H 0  0V6 -

B= 2 B= 2#  .  L Lm: -

0Z( -7 !66 L =  .

H ?& -  L5 .

K (   ZB 0= 2B 0=  h  2 ! !12    6 .6U 5 # TF V( 6 !H %

6  %6   % . -B 0= !6 !6  2= !5m !% !6(  7%H L  7 $6 >F !6 

6 &F .

K ( s 6 2 b1 !6s K Lm ! 76   F(  K 7F   . 7%H&! 6 %

s( ]  7%H s  6 [ B6 [ (T2  J .

K ( ( LH !H LmB 0 = !6 &g - 7  277F ZK  . 7%H !H Lm = ( 7%H LH (= !6 $ 

7%H  272  ] ZK 2 7F  6%6 . 7%H6 0B  7 Lm 6  !H 7%H LH  27= h [ ZK

7

K (  7/ %S ]K H !H#   7  B -    71 B    (   .7

   !H ( 7%H  0 B F  !6 . 7e 0 ( !H !H 5%  e !6 s (( D <

# &( 7 0 ( =2! 7 = ! . 7

K ( T  ( $ 7  ZK 6 !H <  h %B !6 7% T  B 7%H  1%

B  (   . $w  6 7 !%J 76 7( ( 7% %H 76 (  &6! m 76  (7

 < B h ( g7

K ( ?  !#  27?   ( !sd 0m . - &! ?  B = %H 7 ]H27

( ( =6 !j (1   7 . - -

K (Q (6 $w 1   (  !$%  $w 1( 27 W &  1(  . - 7%

  s . -

K (S ( ]6K < g( g% - m 6> L ( % &F !67   K ]6K < - 6 6

!T2 / H/H . -  0 !H -- (= 6K ! 76 g .

K (a %H 7/ !m ( !H 0  B(  !6 56 7%H   $w 0 7/ !m ( 7%H   !H( 27 (%H d

 `- . 7 "   [%H . ]H  F p !6  =. 7

K (   v  !H 7  !H !m= [?6 7 B !H -( U% B !- !H !j= ]H  v . 7 7

== -76 !H !j 7 =B !H !j 7 B 7  6 . -

K ( F    s (Z 6  - !6 ]H  .&! F ]H   2 . 7&!   !H -

 7  2  - . 7 2   &6  !6 7%H 0 ] 7&?6  &6 !H -

K ( F 7B  !H 2  27L 6 7 !6  7B5  !U6 . 6 &6 !m $ 6  27

Z- 5 H  7%H !Z U (  B L>  7  !e ?" B 27  !6 &6 &F L=  -7

K ( (`( J ! 7  7  =   2 . - H ?- `( &6 !m ?6 7%H

$K 7F  6  . 7%H   $ 7 .

K ( = b 2 !6 GK ZK 0-F = 2" . - B = !# ]H 2 !H -= hH ]/ <"h

!1   -  <= ]$K   .  / ( . 0 =   !H 7% ! 6   .K
&6 e = hH6 2 # H  . 7%%H

K ( ( 7/  6 K # ! H H K 7  &! 6 #  H 0 H K . - !

H &6 H 7%H 7F &6  . 7%H ?6 2 >6 7 ( 7/ 7/ #  ?" 56 7  !6 !# 7  L? 07

 ( 7 16 !H  6 # H 7/ .

K ( (6 V V 2E --  . . -   27  &   &F ]e/ 5%

 !H  ( V. 76 !2 %

K (Q K`B(   0 !6 7 6 !H Lm> ]6K 76 = 6 ! 76 - . 76  &F 27

( 6 D<= 7   m (  ."B 7 77d  7 = -7d L  7% ? 7 .

K (S UZ TF ( 0Z7 B Z[K! 76   = !6 6-UZ TF . 76 Yd( V

- G7 6K 7 7 !% H 7 ! LmUZ TF -2  p  --. -

K (a Z -  B !6 (  - 6 ?- 6     7 . - - 2E--

 . - !6  27 H- Z$[ 7%H -#   .. 7

K ( 7e ?$B K " 0   - !6 5%   =56 V( !H 7 7 6 %(Y 0  ( .0

 B  . 7%H 27&! = 6  6 6 0 0 !H e - . 76

K ( /   H  H (7e 02 V 7e 6 . 7%H  ] -/-/ (2  V 7 6

" (!  . 7%H =# %H !H ( B -( L !6 56 L  ?$B -   %H

( .

K ( 1H ?$B( 27 /   7%H  0Z( !sd /  (  1 KF G ( 0Z

B ! 7%H K . G6 L2 B !6#( !% H H! 76  H . !T2 -  7%H  !H

6 (6#( 1 B ! g( 7. 7

K ( L5 %B 0=  2 = (  p 7/ 7  D B  7  $w (   . 1% 6 7L5H 0

   !6 $w  ?$B !6 1%7F - . 7%H <6 7% 0 !H - =   ]2 7 " 

K (   !12 (T2   !6 J . Lm K -  / 6 / B !6(  2 7 7

  6 % "H 6  = p . 7 Lm !6 G  = h [ !H 7%H  7 = h [ !H !j= !6 G  7

. 7%

K (  b ]Z -/  ( 7%%H 0Z  -   B !6 !6 L ( 7%%H 0Z -/

 . -B6 2 B $w 7% B !%6!  76 B $w 7% B B 06 . 7

K ( ( # F  (V  V( . - = !6 !H % &g  7 -/  

(K J( d  . 7 !6 !H Lm % ( 6  (  7%H #  !6  277F  ZK .

K (Q ( 0 Lm ( $( !H7$( 7%H 0] !6 D 7  7 (   . 7  (   1H ?$B

 B y6 !6 7e 0 K !H  0 6 B =7 ( XL ( 7%H ?. 7  V

K (S ( .& 1H 7 Z [ 7 D - 7 Z( . 6  !U6  1 B  !H 6 7%7 5 !U6

! 6 !H H !6 $ . 7%6&   K]  7 h"K e 7K 6  . 76 7 Z

K (a  &!  6 !H H - !6  6   & H 7 (  = 6 .T 7  . 7

&H .  .

K ( (1 L (1  6 !6 56 bH 0 7/ !m ( !H   7  6 & H. 7

K ( ([$ 1H  p6 1H H([$  65 ( . 7%H  0Z# 1/B p6  e !6 K .
K ( (!  = !H 7%H  !( Lm !6 6 - 7 6> ]XK 6 . 72 K H !65  ^6

  =  !H 7% 16 - 7 H 0 ^6# [%   %Z !H Lm- D($ !-. -

K (Q L  b1 H !H  27#  6 7 1/ L> L  b1  . - %H H/  ?$B

  ^6 !H 7%H /  7%H  7%    . 7 L !H 7%H Z- &6 !m  b1 5 L> B 7(

 &6 LB - 7 6 B( / B ]XK &6. 7 7

K (Q (` < 6 p65 <  ] H    ^6 &6 6 . !% DB - !

6 76 7 DB - . 76B  2 7 5 (T56 J6 7  7 5 (56 J6 . 7 # 1/ p6!-

6 7 B(  D -. 76 %

K (Q (` Z  `( &6 !m !6 !H 7%H 6 6B !U65 # B . H 7%H6 . 7 7 # D !U6

B H p -B 76 /( 76 6 !H (sd5 T 7 $6. 7

K (Q  >6 -/ 7/ ?H V  ]X Y] 6 "e &] K6 6 p65 p . - [.

<?H V 7 H B  ]X  05 D  % (  !%6 GKB 7 ] 7%H 65 K6 J p6 -7

K (QQ `- >&?6  56 K !6(  7/ !m ( !% H 7 6 !H & h-=  !6 d !6

7-6 76 . 7&?$6 /  / ?676  ( 7&?6 5 . -7 0 ( V !6 #%

 5 / !%H 1    = !6 $ .

K (QS TF  ZK (  = . 7%%H  g  [ !HTy6 7% 7% Z- .75  7%H s ! 76

(5 !#  . 7%%H g B(  7"H . 7%6 0B p6 65 TF =  !6 e( !H -. 7%

K (Qa !j= 7%H  Z- &6 H H B  !HH 6 7 `( 0 = -76 0 .! &F &6  !%

( % GK  &6 !6 6-6 0 H 6 0 6%6 . - 0!  &6 7%"$%( --  !6$

=- ( 0 6 0 # H . 7%

K (Q 7/ &6 wH&! 7%H  Z- $K e F K `(  / B &6 !# 0 . 7%H ]e/ ? H 06

  &6&! &6 ?  6%6 . %H  0 Ye #  H /  . 0B ! !1  2E -

! . 76 p 0 D ZK. -

K (Q   d"V&! 7%H  Z- -Z 0  0 -= 6 0 !67  7-6  !6 H hKH 0 (!

 . 7  H !H#  ( 7] !H 7  1- !H 7%H - &` H# . 7%H

K (Q 6  52  H !H#   7&!  0 ]  !X: 7

- " !H  s !6 -7-

- ] ZK " !H  s !6 - 7- " / 6 L5  7%! . - ] ZK 0 !H - !H?

H 7 / - /Z 0 =- ( 0 6 7- !67 . -

K (S ?  H !H#   6 7-  < h = !sd / . - H    ? . -

 !H 7  !H H !6 7 ] ?  ( V ( !H - !2 !sd 07

K (S ZK  Lm 7%%6 &m6 . -  Lm 7 0Z( >F  7 L .   6 Lm

W/ H !H -6 -> y6 W/ !H H . - ! 65 (Y6  6 0 6 y6 Lm   = (0Z

 . 7%H

K (S (  ]#Z&! (  c !H 7( = !6 ( 7-6( !6 . 0 ] !H - (  !e ( 27 6

K . 7
K (S   (  6 7%%H 0Z "e Vd B= !H % & 0 6 =B 0`K = 7 K6 7m 7W/

y6. 7

K (SQ  !W ( W7 !H 5% YH  ! 7d -L> H !6 #% K> (  W &( . b6.

^6L> (H ^6 !$%>   .   Z (   7  7%%H  ] !$%( /   Z < (  7

- L % !6 F ]  . 7%H

K (SS (Kohen) 0 H! ^d6 ]6K Lm T H !m . - B 7 !m    %&F K  U - [0

 !"Z e(  6 %&F 0 6 !H - = Ty6 .&! 6 7- . 7%H $de  6 K !6

K (Sa (Davson) 0-76 2 6 !6 !5m 7 d 0 T H 7&!  (  6 !"Z 7#  . 7&! &6

= !j  s . 7%H !$ U 7 L2  %&F K 0 Ty 7% !"# . 7  6 K by- B. 7%H -

K (S ( "  0Z( "  0Z  !$% W  !"Z . - %&F 2  6 7  $K =  " (. 7%H 0Z

 [ 2 6 ]6   " ( H 7%H 0Z56 - " : 7 p 27K 0 K   1% 0. " -

K (S F p BF p B !"Z D -  / p   K(  YZ  . - 7 K Ty6 72

F p"U B . 76

K (S =  % 2 `Z !6 56 0 7/ !m ( !H B ]$K = ]$K . 7%H  / !"Z[` Y G

= H 7%H  (7 #  7 W de B [% . 7%H ]e/

K (a #6 ]$K B !"Z [  !6 T56 ]6 7 !H 7%H %6 >F 7VK !"Z !5m $6 >F . !H 5%

[ ZK  ]6 7F - HB  6 7( 7  !"Z B G1 !6 !6# . 7-6

K (a  [ != !"Z 0 B  & &6  7 6 H = -76  6 K 0  %(  .

e(  ( !"Z 7 # 6 !H 7 7 e "U 6 K T56 !"Z B. 7

K (a ]  ]6 (   7% 7W/ F `6 7%H   = !6 !H 1U ]6  76 . 7%  6 !"Z

 (  DmH 7   L6= -76 2. 7

K (a 7 !"Z B  !"Z (  .  7 2[` 7= -76 7 7 ^6 !H 7  !"Z p 7$ W

[ 6 !"Z 57# -  p (. 7%H W

K (aQ    Z   -  Z !H   %H  27 = s !%#%2 J 6 ( = h [ !H H

 7% 6 . !6 6-`-    0 6 L> J B (56 V 7 by- H # !H 7

5 >F  6 7- !6 07 #  . 7

K (aS ZF !W Z !"-7B !W ( 7 1 D7B 6 - ( 7 ? L . 5 =  7   6(

 !H -5 6 H  ]XK. 7%

K (aa -! -! $   (  !H - 6 ( F 7  7 = 1- H 6 . ( 0  (

hH= 7  G6% . - % `  $( !H /  7 ( g- -! ?. - V

K (a bF7 &! ! B ./( 76= . 7   = H !H -&! 7/ ]K 7e =B 7 bF

7  . 7%%H(  2F 7 bF7 7%H7Z- J(7 7% 77

K (a 7 5 7m !% = 7      ! !"6 7 !m !H % =  ( !5 7 . 7  .K

!H= 6B 7 bF 77  7%%H  !# K= H 7   2 &F 7.7

K (a F%H ? 7= YZ L> 7F  ( 7%HL !6 !% = !6.7-6 7 0 ] !H - wH 5%

6&  56 .7% J !%( 7%6 7? 7 H =(7 76 7K6 bF7 .7%H

K ( -! T2 ]$K -! T2 (d Y = ] !6.7g& !H 5% # (d 6 (7 -! T2
 7e H K H 0 7%H -U bF !H -! T2 6 F = e K  .7%HB L2 U6  2

2- D! T2 < .7% &26 ]6K

K ( = G hH  6 F L> = [ !H hH  6 . !6- ]e!  - !6 = (2  ."Z 

J( .7%H  7% L - !6 6`-   [ bF .7 0F !H - %H T56 7  !6 L2 " = !6 .7L -

K ( =6L6    7% =67e 7% !"6 L`( DmH 0 !H - - H p-( L2 7 (7& 0d

6 .76 J(7 7%   - G = - 7.

K ( T = G F   h F !H T  - !6 &6  . = G 0/ F $w 1(  = 

(7$] = !$ Lm !6 0 6 7%H  61( 0 F  !H B - !6 T  .7%H

K (Q  6 J(7 7% 6 7 76 7 H 0 ! . 76 K 7 ` !K ?7 . H V

`B !K  (& 6 7B   Z 7 = . 7#%6 J 6   Z 0(7 7%  5%  !

K (S 7 ZUK7 <= !U J(7 7% 6 .- J(7 7% 656 V( 7 !H 7B  !m K= .7 

7%H 6 by- -= !6 6 !6( . 7%H L   . =  T<H.7

K (a J(H 7% ( J  F7 [J .(H 7% 5   ?" 6  = .7 ( &6 !m !H 7%H 0 Y6

6 1H 275   -J 7(7 7%    0( &6.

K ( H=( 0vU % 0 6 J(7 7% 0H !H -  6 B [ 7%H L !"/ !6 =. 7

H 6 bj H 6 5 J(  7%7 ( .  7B  H  %( -  6 7e $K ( 76 6 J(7%

7   .7%H

K ( B 6 5B- 0 ( 0vU 0 6  7 H D 7 7 076 !H - -!  7 6  7 7%H by-

 6 !"/ !6 !"/1- - 6 >F !"e/F 6 !H H .7  H "B  7%%H ! F 6 !H H 6 "B

  7%%H/  &6.7

K ( =6 2  =6  2  B Z  %( ( ZK]  6 J(7 7%  >F  .-

 L6 . -B  2- 7 . ( G= 7B  2 6.7%H 6

K (  D  H L 06 TF D /   !U6 H .=%  H .6 !H 7%

- UB &6 H (L#! ( 7%%H  ]"d 7/ !6  ]K7%-

K ( B B #6 %6 >6 %6 & 7% 7/  !H - 7  !6   #%  !6 . (#

 H 6 7%H   !j= 6L !% 6 !-7 6  [ !6 7%H  %6 >F !H  .7#

K ( $J 7K 2  J(7 7% !67 $J H 7K ! 76 76 (B . 7 .7 7 !H Z H 0/ 

  "F    !6 - =!   7  56.7

K ( 7 (# 7 #( -- 7F H & 1/ -  (#( 6   Z !"H 6 7 07 - .76 LH

7F !# H 6 & 1/  !e !6.-

K (Q - #( !- D  hH 2  6 !H - (  %7 B !H 7F H & 1/]&( -

 7 . -  7H H%H 66 7 #  W !- .76

K (S W & (#  g& H 1/W & - &! & 6 ./  g& .-( %

 .7B !X & !6  6.-

K (a & & &! !6$  6 0 &6 0F 6 -( 0 .0 K 0 !6 DB L (# #  !H 7%H

  !( & V? G% !6 = 6 ( 7H! .76

K ( = 1H 1H Lm2  & !H - 7 & !H -  YH 7B (2  V( . 
L YVd !6  7B B (   7%%H 0Z 6 .-

K ( 5% H  !H Lm 1- K 2 B !% HYVd .7 7  7B   %( ] 76 F 6K  76

=7 !% H 7% K  27 L#Z . 7 Vd 7K !H  7 6 !6 - 6m 7

K ( 6 6     0 DB 7 ( Lm  %= !6 !H -  &F .7 (#  !# 0 

- ( G (  6 =6 - # H D .-

K ( ] W   H  (#( >6 ( {%F& ] W 6  7 . 0]55m 7%%H 0Z(

"  H .7%  !6 #% !H     7%H 0Z( 7 2  6 6 by- 0[` 6 0

"  6   !6 !%.7%H L

K ( 6 K ZK  6 YH W/ & !H -6 - = YH 6 = !H 6K = - YH &L !6

 y6 .&! 6 6 ./ -

K ( (?H VV 6  (# 6 776 Vd  7B eV?6 ? 7%H ( by- ( B 6 #

H  6 6 0 H !6 2 . 7 Y]  "e (# < (?H VV H . -

K ( ( L 6 D YVd 6K  7B 6 6  hH 7  B  !6 Vd% 2E ! ( 7%6 -

YVd 7B & !62 L6 . 7 6K 6 6  YH (6 !( ]6K 7 H "$( ]6K 76 6 !H 76 Lm

= [B !6 76 W/ F F. 7%H B

K (Q (B 0Z7  (# 2 (2 0Z  !H - 6 B 7 ( 7  7B  & - . 7% 

H !m K 7% #H - 7% B " - m  = 7

K (S (6 LH  6 2 ( 6 ]H LH & eV?6(  !H - 7% 2E B YH !H 7B

 !X&6 7 01- 0Z( . 7$6 H LH (`  2 0 B "e- L -

K (a 6 (6 (6  % " 7 ( (6 (6 7B F     6 (6 . H 0 7 0Z( $ 6 7&?6 !6

/ (  !H - 7 = . 76 (6

K ( Y/  7B L !6  %Z/ K 6 . L> / K 7B  B s 7Z(  L> . 7

 7m H &6 !6Z &6d 7%H/     &6 L .

K ( W 7  7m 6W 76 &6B  !m !H 7 7 W/ !m 77K( 6 = !6 6- #  7/

7 . 7- B  !j= !6  &6 7 .6 0 7   !H 7%H  ] [%g 7% s$K - !6

  . 7&H

K ( T   27 7  ZK B - !6 T  6 !H 7%H <  h % . 7%5%

!H7   b[%g   -  Lm !6 77F -   !H 7%H = !6 2  b. 7%

K ( (ZK 7 2 ( GK! !H 76(K1 B 6 L 7 B b  27L>   . 7 (

<= !" 0  " : 7%H  D(1   6  " . 7

K (  6 e e 0 <" h (  Z ZK 0 F L6 . -2 !6  e 0/  >F -

- F H !6#( ]Vd( !/  `.  "Z .

K ( b "6K 5%  = !H 7 2  ZK  G  D .   !%  7m (  &6

! 76 =  F &6  b 77- ZK !6 "U 6 L    &6 .

K ( >   !% !H V? >   2 ( ! !6 $ &6  b 765 .>

  2  = !B- 2 7%m m W 7%H  $B 6  e !#> L>  . 7

K (Q  >F   >F   -&!    Dd   . 7%  >F  B ! . 76
TF !%/ W >F  76 $ 6  >F 0  7 7 22 Y 6  Lm 7%H !H

< e 0 ? -76= 7

K(S -% K -% K! Lm . -= 2Y 2 B # 7%H 6 h-%   B 7 " . 7-

 [`( F 27&!  (   !H= 6 2  7%H H/  ?$B ]/- !6) ". 7-" ( y

K (a   7m   &6! 76/ h-% ZK !% (&?  7 = 1- &6 7%H

   6 . 0 7  `B 7Z6  (7- / => =  -76. 7

K ( p6 !m &6 !H 7-%&6  !6 $ $w 7 ZK 7 !6  6B -= 7 . !H

 -  !6 7 7 7  7 7%   6  6  . 7%%H

K (  5 K  7 7%H 5 ZK !6 5<" hK !6 7  ]/ 7F -  F  = !6 `$K !H 7%H

$ 6 h( . 7 B(  !H 7-y6  !m !6  7 B  !m 7%   Um  ( 7 B !- =  =6 . 7%H

K (  7 2 /  bF 7  7 7    . 7 2 !6    6 bF 7  (76 7 . 7 2

X 7 7   XL !6! B 27 K . 7

K ( ( ( 0 ( = -76  6   Lm . - 7 !H (( h  e !6 7%H  D 7 7 % "

 = . 7  7 / W %&B %H !# T2 0  !T2 L5H 0 ( 0   77

-

K ( &F DB 27 &B  !# L (` w !H - bH =  " .  $B6 L6

(H c !H (1  7%%H  1/ 7 !H= !6 !$ D  7- . 7 5%  h !H  /& !1B6 7 

`( !6 B 6 &F !  ) ". 7% % ( "15Y

K ( B   ( 7 !m 6 !H 7- !67 (B 7 0Z = !6  6 7 = . 7 =  !H7

( . 7%

K ( 7Z-   !# 7Z- (   !1 !H - 2-% - H !6  7 !2 K

 - !6 ( 7 !H 7  s. 7-6 7

K !m H( T &6  6 7 =  B "B #   7

 : G$%  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=315028

&  5  $

B !6 (   ( 7 / . 76 B 27  

H hH !H 7 -!  76 76 T $6 7 


   !L B -  7% :!H 7Y  K

.  B Z K !H - - = 7/

6 #/ -/ B 0 (7 .7%H b/ 2

B T T 7%H hV 6 27 %Z Dd ]H 27 H

.76 !H -#%B 6 7  7%$6 7 7 = 0 h !H -0

F B !6  76 !H 7  7%F Lm 7 T $6 .7

& [7F Z$ .7%H

 ( & [7F Z$ = .7%H 7K !6! B <

& !H 7 $   [ <]  .7 !H Lm

7Z-  76  66 7   = 76 ! 0 -

 !/B 27 7 K . 7

!6 ($ ] "e#  &  ( 7$ s% .76 !6$  6 !6  !"6 7$ # H !6 !H 76

27 & 7 76 %ZB `w .7 0  !6 !H - !6 D6 27 B !6 .76 !H = ( !H 7

 =   L5 &  .7% 7 .& ]$K 07 6 Y6 `- cU- & !j6 (d

p66 !-  # ]6K (! 2 6 0vU  !6#( H  = 76 h(( 0 0d F 27

!6 ( .a .S .Q&7    .7%H !( >?6( 0 H !H 7% B 7F 27 H  7  Y

6 7- !6&7  hH !m  6 p  s / !m  !6  s= - % !6 .7 w 2 "g ZK

B =(7 [ 7 W !H !/ H L5 - 7F 0   6 !"6 D (  DmHB 7

 s( / H B  L5#  .7%H .7%H ."B# H B L% ? s%( B  F /B

e(d  L% "! H  "6K ( 7%%H  DH  !6 !H 7% B 7F 7%H B b/ !66 7-6 0

T b/ $676 . 7  h(( 06 7( 0  mB W 7F H .7%$6# 7e  B = .%

[6 G$( !  ?6 >?6 [7e . T b/ W  27  0H ]%W 7e 6 7%"66 6 0H Z- 0H

5 7%?6  76 !6 L25 ? .7% (  ( 6 .%H  65  ( = 7 .&?$6

 - = 0 !H 5  27$  %H 0 !H -&! "6 ? %H  Z- dB .%Hd 7%H

B 7 !m !H 7/  !6 6BB - 7.

( . . . .   !6 y6  .7   / [ !6 Z Y6 !6 FF  0 !m 2)7 2/  7%H#

H 0   7  m 7%H  W ! !H(  / 0   !H 7 5 ^6 !H W  /

6 W %&B H hH . 76  2 F  76 K   6 !H (( 7%-] 7F  ( 7%%H 0

  7 D %Z    .756 $w 2 7 B 7 7F  &m bF 7%H7 ( g &m .7

B 76 Lm !6  !6 !H 7   $w 7 < e 0 7 B 7 ( g= !H 7   ( 7H D DmH

L6 bZ 6 .76

% !6 w 0 :$<6 D  . 0 <"/ !6 h   57 !6s% 0 H !m !H Y ( -#  H 0

.& 6#   # >   2 H ? ]$K 7%H B "   H (H  !B B

... 656 7 7% !K` L - !6 0 !H  D =(  ( &m7  0 ]2 !B D 6 B -  60

 = L% = &m7 DmH - $    %6 T  62 . Y / !H - B 7 2

%H 7 &` 6 7 = ( LH! 76 H  6 LH( 0/ 6   !6 !H "X   $w6 7

&] <"F - !6 >F .7%H !$ 2 . K (   !H = 7K T2!  7 7%%H -  5  7m !H 7%H
H/ 7%H - 5 - .- GK .H  7  7 -F- 0 [ !H % 5= K !H 7- 7 7

 27 56 >F 7 6 !6 6- 0  6 !6L6 2 0  6 !"67K D !6 DmH7 7K H D  (

d( 0 # H6 . 7 F !6 6- 7%%H h<( !6 D 7 7 H( 76  ?" L% !6 6 6 7!

 7 %= 7 .76 7 7 56 H 6 .7 - !H 7 1  6 . -

  7d  7%?6 2(  7 7  L 5 & 6 .7 B LB6 d !6 .7 c$e !% B 76 

 !6 7  !H Lm 0  7 dB 7%H  7%H .7L6 7%?$- 7%?$ D  ( b/  !6 77 7%%H !6 $

!H >F76 7 .7 ]$K H !% !  !6 7%H6 L$-  D 7 = !6 7%H 27F 2 76 7%H0

(((   h 7 76  ]6-  $6 Y6 7 -76 % ( L 7%H  0W !627

6 !6 .7$  !6 0 1 .76 !6  2 ! !K& !H 76 s  76 >#s # =  (7

 (  GK# = H & 6 )7%H F  .($w$ !6 0" !6 / 7 (  !"6 76 #/ 7 D DF D

BT< 6 2 B 6 DB -  !e`B7/ . ]K !- !16 D 1( !6 D d %%m 0 (  7%H $J

 ( 7 s  6 (.7%H !6#

 : G$%  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301658

 & A4/

6 ^6 K`B  L6    - YZ?(0

 !"/ !U .- L6  &F - !6%

   0 6 !6g =!6 6 . 2  e!

6 K 0    ( 7 (# L6

67 !1-  .7B 0 !6# 0 

7 . 0  h$- ( ( B 6  0 6!

(V (?` - K !#7 (?] B !6

5 !6 . 0 ] e &6 -= !6 -

 .7 6L d"  6 ?& V

26 .76 7! - 5%6 7  1 => "U !# !6 ( 7% 7F - 7 .7% 6 !6  05B 0 =

[ !6 %&/ b/6  B 0%m 7%%  ^6 B  6 !6 5j .7%&%

(  !Z U7%

 076 7% 6 !%7F 7  F  76( 7% 0 (d - ( !m  6 %  B72= 6 .


s 5 F  5dU-  "? ]X % T2 7 6 W !6  7 ?" 5.7

e ( 7 -7

6 7 6  ]X b !6T2 V( .7%   - .- Z6 7 b/ GK 7%! (Lg `e 7%

 b "Z B &  7  ZK  ! % 7K!6 Z -! B 7 0&% !6 6K

 ]&  %( .7% 0 -! 0 [`  ZK!  = !6   7  . ! 0 /  ( -

= #! ( !6 7 B F 6 .7

(  !m !6 ! 76

5%!  !6 s6UB  0  7%% B =  [% ]e/ [B .7% 0 !6 %7% 1

  0 !6 - - y-  Z- .7 7%&!  !m  ! .76

(Q  5 #6  67

0 6   75 B !6 !6 L 6 $-% 2 7 ?U 6 .- V 7 ^d6 

= G7K  %&F ?"  7% !  =   !6 L2  0 !6 .77-[ 0(  . 6 7 !6

-  1  (2 2V 6.7

g( (S(  pd[ B # 7%

2 K ( Lm  %!  ^6  !B 0 6 !6 7 g(  GW  pd[ .-&m 27 F

 ( g 7%e !6 L  0 B= - !6 2 7 27   g( 7 6%6 .7( 0F 7 56 !6 7%

 6 7% = 7%&%6 ] !6  77K 7 T56 ( 76 L  0= 7! ( !6 0 (` y6.

(a   ] `U6 pB 7&6

0 ((    = .-  7% &(-/ [& .  - & 7  !6 .- 15 6

 75 L6 7%( F B VZ 7 -.7

- 6 5 ? - & L 0 7  = .7% ( 6 >F `& 0 ! 7 7 = 6 -  !#%F .7

(&(6# =7K - 7% 6 -!  K ( = T2.

!6 (B .  !Z7%

!  - !  s !6( 7- ( !6 '-F  ]X &`  m . (  %  &` ? V 

B7 2  76   L (  ]X  #6.7

( !6 ( B ( 7%

K 7 e " 6 !sd !  7 .7% 0%  B  71 7%  0 7% - ] 7%$&m

 7K  0 7 G-  756  7 &m7 1 7  !6 .7%2 B 7K K 7%6= 0

(  .7%76 7 (! !6  -= !6 !T2 76 6   ( 7   B s 2 6 .7

 B !6  7 -  "Z  - $6.7

( !U/ B y6  Z !67

B "B -! !6B 0  = 7! 2 !6 y6  2 0 6 7 !U/>  # TF . 2 [ 7

Y  6 "/ &` VK 7F .7%  (  % ! !   B 7   7%% - ! !#

6$V !6$ B 7% . 2 !6 "K !6 5  6 7 ]$K -   6 ?& V 7%  #

"!  !6 - y6 6 ( 71- > (?B V ] .7%

!6 (B 0 = ] 7

= ( 60 { 27% =% 7 =  6 $ 7d 6 6  h L267 p .7 "K -
<T2 T!  = !j! % - <6 T( .7 7 &`  7% !6$  !2( [$ !%-

B     .7$! ( ^$ 7/ !m Z  s !67Z6 .7%- ( ]w 7 7 (%  = 6 -7 7% =L B

 Lm !67F - 7%!  6 6 76 p6 Lm! LX/ ^d$ 0 - 0 -!  !6B 0 

< 7  "? ]X  7 B 0  d  . b 7!# !6 7 7-6! - = s%

6.7

(7 !T2  67

   ]w (y .7% 7%m K 6  -! ?-L = (  .77 L6 !T2 >F B T56 7

=  " - #   = .7 `e 7% 6 $ 6 =  (` Y XW .7% 6 L (   = !6 &6 !m

L16 .7 0 (  0 6 7 ! B < T  s 51= !6% #  s !6   .7s% bF 7-

!m7  6 - # = ( ]#Z.7%

( ! (  ?67

= =  %  ? B  ! /  ( # 6  B6 7% !6%  j 7K

(   .7  (` 6 7- = !6 !   %( .7% Lm 0%m  7%!  - !66 76 G%

- .7  = #6  6 7   ( 7 [` = !6 1 7%  0 26.

2E L6 7  y L6 !6= E !-! [ s "X / (g"$  - 7%%!T2 

e s  !6 ( 7%%% B = 7%! ( !5m 7%B 0 = !&m- ( 7%%7 L6 "B .7%6 = 

7% B -  !X 517  .7%% % !6 Lm Ud 0%m  76 7 Z6 p 7 B 7%

6%6 $ B 0 F ( 7%s !6  0!F  7% "K -6 2 =7K .7 2?! 7%F ( 76

 7%"6 !6 F  2.

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253593

?G    $

 27 $  !6 !H -  7 - ( K 7

 277K  . =  7 !H !6  7 !6

F  D 7$ 7%B !6 !6 !H [ !6 .%H 27

15 =T !6   7`(  {  )(!"6

56.

 7K =  !H7F 7  >?6 27 B


! 6 =  6 B H p .%H ."B!6 V( -

(56 g .56 V( 2   .& 6 !sd %Z %H 27  1 /   0  6 B H = T

B 6.

 27W X6 bF - &m   ( !6 < -6 7 (1 !%H %H . 1

T 56   7 - W %H  pd  /  h"K5 !6= -.

 m 0

  B T [" h .- L2 0  & ?$B 6  & . ?676 0%m 2

6 J(7% 6 7( 0  (?676 0 7%6 !H  /&! ( . 0%m   T & 6 Ts% 27

H`( 6 !H - ( 1 B !6 & 6 0.7%-

& 6 L  -  6 p  "# H !H &  .76 ><6 0  7 ( 7%%H 27

&!  &6 7%6  7 7% 6 27 -!12 !H -:7

 !6 276 7 ( h Dm 7 B !6B - 16 B 27   6 .%H 0 -  `-!

6 `- ./ ! B 76B 6 . ` 6 B B Ty6.

76 - 76 !H 7"H  LH( 7%-B/ sd 6 0 .-  %( !sd 0 !H - B 

6 Lm  6 !sd = !H   .- 6 ( 7 L62$ 0  6 .76 27  6 6 6 7 

(.%H LH

 hH/  27

( L2 H >-F 6 :

 2 # H  7 !B B ( !5m -y6 H -  6- (G(-= ( 2- (7%%H#

 ( !67   .-6

(/  7 B :%H

2   27B 7 -~  &  %  L2 !2 >F !HB= 0 !6 !-F .-$

 m 6 5  $K :!H 7% 7%6.-

ZW ( B Ty6:

ZK 0 !H - ZW bH   !6 7 ZW B 2 7 ~  6 7TF 6

ZW 6 <" %H !$ !6$  .6

 (Q K B ( :%H

 !# 7Z- 22 ( !H --% 6 7  7 F = H !6 ( &H 6 .7-6 B

FH !6 0B  !K` !H $w&6 T 0 27 $6.

(S 2."U :%H

 2 $ `( .%H 27 %H  ( !H $ !6 Lm 2  6.

6 bH &! ( K 7 &6  bF .`( 0 #   !6 !#B .6 7%-B 7= - F  

&.

B 6 (a e :6 -

e $ B 6h-= -( / T5B !6 0  .- B 6 !H $ - %6  e 6 6

6UB - B "6( .66 7e 6 K e 6  !67 6 L.

!6 &6 (:-6 27


"2 !j<6 7"2 6 = !627 (& %H !$[  !H 7 !6 ]2 27- F  B 27

B   !6( $K F  ... .

( !T2:% 27

 76 <$ !T2 !  L  7 (2 !T2 2 6 % = 7%( B  .7 7

 !T27 - 6 .- !T2 7 HF 7&H >-F !6> 2 5> = 6 V% !6w !6 F

?= 0 7% !  0 / .2  6

( / :%H %

!T2H 27  B 6 !"6 7%H 7 !T2 H = 2  %6  /

FH L= ( 7%  >F 0 ! .6 27  /  ^6 ` !H 6 %6GK  !H

&6 0  6 01- T $6.

(  %H !H 7& LH :

K  !H "X %H 7/   ( !j= 6 % y- %H H DH 7% %HL5-y- HH H

B77%B 7  7%0 &6 LH.

(j H- :6

/ !6   B =2 7F %H 6 -`( .6 H  = !6 6  L -K/ !6 6 &?

 .7%H ` B 27 $ =  5676  F !7  !H& = 6 " !H.%H 6

( 2  :%

 Lg!j - 7% !j .-Lg 2 6 2 7&7 7  76 . F   6 Lg= - 6

Z H [ . 2.%H 2

( H DH !65 7&F !6 DH :6% !1     H DH .- !65 0/  !6

 = !H  6 - ( !6 7 275  .7&?$6 %Z 0%j( !H %6 K! 2 H 5

X&56 B /  .%H Z

T2 (Q! :6 U !H !20  7B 6/ ] 7  >27%6B !m L  - UB $

5 F&m  =  dB 0W ( %H H = B   6 L ?!%H 0 = !6>  -.6

5% 67 6K2 G `( pd 6 p"( 6 L  %H -! 6 ]1d !6  !e( !H %H 

 %&F :

 H < <B !V B !V< -   7%H 7 7 . 6 !H  /H  J  6 G

5 7F .

  !H / pd  76 ( F H .%H

H/ & J= . 2  7%m / 6 - 6B    / !H 7H /> .76

 !6  $wB 7&F) !ZK.%H  L (7%

<   2 .-  !K K7 % -5    7 /[0  K  m 6

5   bF .5%   6 / G - ( H 7K .L6

!T2 L2 =  7% ` 6 !H 7%m 6 7(   !H %H F !6 ?676 7- ?$B

  .

  0# = !j -  . -= 0 Lm !H -# .


 : G$% = F 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=292581

I; ; &   A4/

 0V( - 7%!   = 6 !-  ! !-F

6 (  ]e/ 7%%  .7$ 0 !$ = -

( ! 7%6!  = 7K  7 &! !6

! %B=  :76 - (1(  %   = 6 0-

! =  &!   B !6  77%6 ^6 0

6 .

  0 G :-   277%! . !6 #%

 7%m  0  :

6 ($ K 7y6

]$K ( L% ]d - !6  e m  $

7F B 7% [% ]e/ 7%! = $  0( !6 h-%7

 0 .BZ6 - 56 7%! $ 6 = = 

7 0 $ .-  (# ( 7/ !  0

.7Bm

]w 2  $ . 7y65   ]w   6 .

B6  bF .7%%  $ 7F (7# s7.7%

76 ]w ( 7%6&7

 B ?L6 > 2 > .27 $ 7 ]w 5j B B .76 -! &F

- !  =  (`  7% 6 B  # .7%&! !  F  .7%$6  &!  Z$( .

61% ! 7%%.

XL ( 2 76

 wK  2 .- L"2 ($  %( !6 K (  7 h 6 .7% 7 

?" 2 !6  = - .7 2 2   ( 7% ! ( 7   B  6 !60 d 0

#  7 5  L 0s ! .76  / 0 -! B ..7 7

F (Q&76 5

 !    76 7"6 7! ( s% 7  ? 1 7  Lm K K .7%  . 0
6 7 ?6 51 = 7 B( !66 > $ .7  ]X  L !6 GW% 0 B .7 "( s% .-( !6$ 

.76 B  L5# 7% !6$ F 7 76 7  Lm !6 -  7.7

(S-/ B !66 % 7%

K! 7K !66 K Lm  %( 7!  0 G -7-    !6   ( [$B .-

"!  (V .7%X  Bs   7% K 7! 6 !m56 7 ]/ ]& ( 7  6 = L.7

7e "( 7j  (  .7%% -#%! !    bF .7%%   02 ( [$ e

! .-

(a&!  !# 0! 76

  ! #  ZUK " 6 7- !# !6 &? -! ! 0 #  .  ]d  67

[0 .76  B 7% ! $# !6 ># 7 6  !# 02 s 7 !6 K#  .7  !6 0L5

 .7

76 (Um 7 $de 01"( &F7%

     01"( 76 !m&!   ( 0L6 6 / .-  (y  ( m - !"- -! = 6

($ K6  .% ! =U pB6 - 7[%  76!  K (! Y !6 .75% $de 01"( 6 B

=7 = b7 B .7%

76 s% (

5%   F7K 7K !6 !  ]/ !6 [ K6 .7%  B [ !6! .76 K 2  77

56 %vU 7( ? !# !6 7.7-

( 7%

2  6 p  02 - 0 27  .7%%U%  7$ 2    & 7 ]w 7  !6 "Z

L2 .7% ?  7% >6  7/  7%   !  ! -> 0d( -.7%

 ( 76

Z- 7% B6 65 &!  & ` .76 7%!K   B6 d 6 K  = 6 B .7%% ."B

76 ( `e .7%

( 2   &" 56 7  67

 B6 `& 6  6 .7 !mF - 0 6 ]/ 6 06 ]& 0 0 -!  2 7%m   [6

 &] 2 6 56.7

6 ( 5  B6 6B !6 7%

K    7%76 $Z G$% 7%$6  .B / -!  756 7 7 B >F 56[ 7 / 6

 B -! B 5 2 U ! 5  .%$6 7%%6  5  7% (!e 5 7.7

( 76 5

&!  [ #  7! s 75 # .7% 0 6 (T2J - ]  Z 7F  .7%2

&!   6 !6 d 0#  7 ( ! B 7 7 5 % !6 L .&-  F .7%%

$e (Q 76

!6 Lm  - !$  !$ ! - 7e 0 7  = / .!  s !6  76 0vU L 77 . !Z!

6 7- !6  0 [`( Y  .77-   !6T2 7%  6 .-$e 7 76 &! 7

%  5.7
Lm (S 76 77

Z- 7%&!  !% ( [`  $B6 7 " 7 ![6 7  56 .7 2&! cU-> B (Y6 5

 5B . 7.7 7

6#  0 "B B 7 7! (! 5 - !6 UZ  [ #( h !"Z   7  6 K

 / 0%m#  7 . %Z.7

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=250647

I & = K& 


8 JA 

  !H 7%6 (  !H 7 7 H !H

? !6 7 7-# H ?  H!6 0< .7

=  s7 656 7 =7   !H  %H ?- 7.

   ]w$  27% 6 0 (& 

T2 .7%7& 6 - -.-

7K K 0 7 !6 !H 75 7%H / - 76(  77

6 # H 0   & B% !H 1- .7%H !$

 !6 !6 D L .K -- H .7  !  0

B   6 !H %H Z  !61- =   (7

 s5 ( g.7

- !% 7%H 7%j6 !6

]$K ( 0Z   "B Z$[ !H -  "6

.7 16H 0 L :

(  (  = 6 7H  7 D !U6K6 -/ .7%H

(   6 ( 7YY7- B 6 7%H s !H 7%H 6J  = !6  ( -  = .-

7Z6 =    1- .7%H

  H 7 5

( =  "7%H h

 B B !6  ]6 B  !Hs 7%(& ( g 7%&!   !6 .7%%H 0 ] h" !H - =  

 7K 0  &6 . !H 7%H 6J  = !6 7 6 e  7 s  716 .7 ]H p"( 7 $de B
! .76

7F & !U ( 7%H

    ]X W ?" s !U &  6B 0$[? !6 .7 &  !H 7 7   6 = 

-2 6 .-B 7(  =  T565 7  =  7 16  !6 $&(-/ 7 & .7

B ( B- 7%H 7%6

 7%%H 7 ^d6 !m %?- D !m 766 !  DB- 7  0! s% .76 B- ( h-% 

T2  .- KY] m !%  62  !6 7 76 7%    7%H 0Y] 6 =T56  B ( 7 Lg

27%   h U .76 K6 6 7%m ( .7%H

(Q  !$% &  = !6 7

  $w !$% s 1%(  .7%H ZH 0 6 Z !/ .- !H6 #% 7L6 7 0 !H -  !$%  $w

cW( .7%H 7H( &6Um !H 7  !$% s 76( =7  7% 76 L   6  = 7 1% h <" !$.

 Kj   = 1% 5m 7 0$[? 2 !"v 0 !   = !H 7  h 7  B 05&B.7 7%

 Kj6  !6  .7%%H

&V? G% (S  = !6= 7

V? G% K D cW(  = !6 76 &6 b 7 H 7 =  m .7 = !j =   = 2 s 0= 7

Lm !H -! = !6   6 .7%%H # !"v 076 6 7 ?[%$   = !( .76  012 6& "h

H 56  = !6m !H 7  (  = 7 .7%H W

y6  = b1 !6 (a7

!6H 0 -"Fm (" .-(E D  2H 0d( .7% H 5-- 2 -# Lm .76 7 7F !H 7%H

?[%$ = !6 ?  6 !m 7%%H !67Z-& 76 &( g& !m .  K (& 7%H  0d 

( !H 7  =   !B% 6 .7H 0 =  ] 7% !6 &6  / B 7%.

(  G1- 7%H

!  ? V - .7H 2 Lm -%  56 W/ / 7 - / .-  B / 6 

? 0VV H-%  .$U( ![6.7

(W   7%H hH

wH (H J( d 5 H .7% 6 !H 7%6 7 0& !H -  7 6 / $K w .7  !H 7L6

Um 7 s(  H 56 6B! .-

( 6B 7%$! 76

6 B H 7%$  & b/ !6 .7 !H ZK Kj  - & /- 7%<&  .7K

- =  6 !H 76 / / !6 7% 2 .7%

 !6 Vd% ( 76

0K D - ( D( !H Lm  !6 Vd% ( (Y6 K - B .( 7 s(  !6 Vd% (& D

 6 .7H 0  7% B &6 .7 7%H 0  (& 6 7 !%[` "Z    !"v 7#

.7

F 6 ( 76  b1 !6! 76

 0 -!  6 #  H !e( 0 m !"6 .76 7%   !"v ZKB  .- 6 !6 7 7 s(

 ! 6 ( 76 75  $K !6 7 =  .7%H


h  ( 76 hj

6 K% 7% H H 7%H $de B B - 76 . 6 7  & 7%H $de h B !H 7( 

s( !6# = 7.7

Z ( 76

 -Z 7 " bF 7%%H &U% H .U% .7%H H 6   %?- .- 6Z $ K 7 ! .76

B !6 -- (Q 7

27% 6  [ 6 7 !H 7%H -  6 7  7%H $de h-% 0( 6 .  = - & 7 7e L2

$ Y6   .7H !%  !H 7%/  6  = !6 - !6 .7 ! B   !H 76! 7%H 512  = 6 7

& ./ T2%$[? !6 0 $ 7 .

 (S(76 0

H BB g 7 - / .76 2 7  6  s !H 76 0vU 0 -B 2 06 BB 76H 5

 / !6 2 ? 7 . K   "B !H 7% H 7 !6 . =  B 7 7 76 06 GK &! 0

/ 76?6  !H 7.7

bF7 ...7%H

 ( .7 -- 0 7 2  T2 J(" :7  ]w/ D bF7 .- H !m = 6- 7 &6

>  =76 ".77K !H 7 B #H Um 1- ( H 6 .7%HB 0( 7 B "B !H (2 V   (J

T2! =  .7%H 7

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=304553

I $AL> & M

(   >?6 2V  27 (&]   7

 B 6 $# 2V( !6 DmH L6 .

6 #H :7% ?6 !m -$ !m ?6 ` 6

/ !5m L6 H !m !6 76 5% $V

%6 !m "g !m -   ? %H

(V   27 ]   7 [ .?

(V 7K 2.

(K 2V ? 06  Lm 7%m   ]/-


!H bH  V? 27 H pd  B 6

   76 !H#  7 ( 26 7

  !& 2V( .76 (/ 7 "6 TF  v  .-

( 2V -  h 7#%- /    7 -2  b1 !6 L>  7 !  / 0

(  % ( !"6 72V [> T2 $w J! 7 6    B (.7%H 0

( 2V % 6   B  B% 1[ " 7    0%m !6 !H H 767- 7

7%6/ &6 !H 7%5 6 = (.7%%H 2V

=  B 2V( !H   d 27  S !6 !  0 ( 2V -  U%

.

 ( 2V - :U%

( (  6 2V 6 - = V? 2 & !6#( 6 .

(  (V 2  B  6 2 ( s - 2  L .

6 ( B %H Z- 6 6B 72 V( !H 0 =2 B L> .

(Q   1/ 6 V? ]X (  b1 !6 7 5 6  (.756 V

7F  v (S (B V ?56 7 6 V.

7 6 (a %H # B (V 56 (U% . [ / !H ")(  :75% !$%( ! V( ! &B

! -.

( ( 2V B ( !6 W h (! .%H

]$K %H Z- (  (B V 7F  $w = 1% 6 %H -  76.

( $w 5 ( 1( 6  ^6 B% V( !H (- 56 (U%.

2V( e ( 5 !6 E7 % = !6   6 ]X B !6 ( 2V( 0!

.7%6

2V(   ( B 5 ( .%H

 !6 (]  J ( 7% 2V[` & J~( - 2 - #% ) !ZT % (h!-  Z

 !( ....

s% !6 ( " !( h7 7F !6  ( 2V  B6 ?[ =(LV( 0   = 6 .%H 512

(Q7T2  2V( !7 27$ !6 .- 5 !H7 (H 7 7%"6 B v !"H 27

&? H 7%6 (/ .72 V( (h-%

!Z U (S !27  .  " !e VK ( ... 7 2V( !%  (h-%   

-.

 : G$% "5

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=279801
& 8 $>4 P O 8

2  #  7  ? %Z 5 7.

6 0! !6 27/ 7&?$6  6 7 / 7!

6 76 7   !6 27 7%$6 .7 #% (

7 7 6 0!  5 !BF 7%% L 

/ 7F  6 !6 7% 7%$6.7

(B -( 76

Z- 7% [ ! ( e 6 0- B6  6 7%

B(  L .7% K! -  ! !6 ` !K 7

ZW6  - !6 76 /    B6 7 !m

 7%

 B5 ( 7  !6 .7$  2 7- / 7% B-  !6 2 7% 7%  >"& !6 ...

 / 0 0 B !6(  L ( !e .7%6

(/ F 7%

 K 56 7! - => 6 . K (V 7F 7%  7! =- Y% / F .- !5!

6 =- /  Z- 7%%`& 7% " &m $  .7 0  !6  7! 6 [B !67

&` $ ]6K T2  7% &! %  ?.7 7%

( #

  7K   L  6   6 ! ( p- -%  7 !B% .-   6 > -

6 =>  = !61-   7   . -%  7Z 7%!   ^6 #L> %$B b/

 = b 6 .- 0! 0/  %   ]2 !B 7%m # 7"2 T56 7 5  = !676( .7%

  #   !6 0   !6 L/   .7% ! ]    ( 7  7$- B 5

 (F T56 L.7

B (Q7

!  7  . K5% B 756 1?( 7  7 6 0!  b/ B ( 7% ( B 77%

 F bF7 ( 7% W GK !6( 6 7 6 7 =   / =>  .7%

` (S ?67

 B !6 ` V?6 ]$K  ! ` 7% !K 7% (d &  ! `   ^6 Y/ / 

( g` .7% L -( 0 7B 0   7% 0   ^6   Z- .2 7% ` ?67

( 0/  ( .

`& (a 6L7

 !m ! (s !6  = 7  h 27# &] 6 /  7 <%6 T ( ( by- .7 ?6 7

= 7&6 LK pB by-6 K (   7F  7< T  ! j 7% 7%6.7


B ( 76 06

`& !6 !2 !6 5 5 6 .7%6 0 76! (  / ?-  5 6 L 5 .7 !6 7 27! .76

-%  77Z / 2? 6 6 `Y B 7 7 -6 6 7% B m Z- .7 7% 7% ?- GK

!6  0 7%!  ! 6 ZW (   7 %( B6 .7%  `& 6  G 6( 7

/ ?$B6 .7%  0B 276 7  $w! .76

(  (Z 7%

 ! #  !   pd ` 7 !B 7   ( 6  7 Z- - 7L6 7%?$ 7%

56 7! / 6B .7 sd 0 [ B 1e 6B! Z( 7 B .7% 7 7! 7Z6 (sdg(  !/

B 7 /   !6 B.7= 7

!j= ( -%6 77

 Lm !  `( !K - = !6 &  . 7 <%6 T .7 0 B  !6 6B b/ 7 . !  7

! [B !6 &26 6 !T2 !j= !6 =  ! %(  27  7/  $d! .7

/ ( 7%

7Z6  %  /   6 .7% 0! / [   h F7F L 7% - #%

 ]B / 6L 7 = = 6 2 F G 6 .7%  UZ! %  T2= 7> 7F eB  .7%

2 - ( 7%

Z-6 7% 2 - (sd (  - 6 .7%= !6 7> 7-6 % &`  / .7% 7 2 0

6 K % B 27 6  06.

(- /7%

K! #  ?" 7 !B 7 (& d  K !2(  %vU 7 7 7%! !6`& 0 F .7

 0  6 GK - -  7&6 76 7 7 7&6  B !67 .7% 0 7/6 ]K - !

 7#  !6 ( 7J 6 \= J  K.7

6 (  6 7%

- !6 7 2 5 6=   6 7   = ]w  !6Y/  .7%  ( 6  27% U

!    6 L/ B & 6B !6  6 6 .7  6  / =>   !6B -7

= (Q 76

Z- 7% ! (] !6# = !6 7 /#  .7 ]w - ! - = ?6 7    #B b

& .7 2 = B7 T  676 7 0! = 7&6  #B ?6 .7 2 # 0 " 5   7-  = ("B

?6 - .7 (?"! -/ = 62 B  (  s% 7% /   !6 6B.7

7B (S y- 567

!6 (B=  !- 716 L5-y- 6 L2 7B 7 &7  . b1 &6 B.7%

BB (a 7%

  !65 = !6 $ BB 6 / B 7% !6  .7&?6 0/ 76 F   7%!

/ 6B  &6 !6 .7%  7%! [    K 7% 7%! L  0   76 !m

0 -! BB .76

b !6 ( 7K  57%
= $  7L6 b !6- K  5 6 .7%7 = !j! 6 !T2 [B -  7%?$ ]$K h

 B & 7 / 6B ( B F6.7 7

gF ( 7T56 %1"( 77

01"( 2 (  ("( !B 01 gF 2` 7 7 1( = T56(  .7 7 gF 0 56 26 :7 

    !6 0  7Z6 7% 7e 6 gF T56(  !7 7 (Z 7% "! [ L% gF (2 p$W.7%

0B !6   ! 01"(  !6   .7&?6

6 (  =0

Z6 6 6 ( g/   7 !B% ]2 .77Z !66    UZ % 6 "! 6 0  .7%6 0 !6

% $B 7%% UZ 7%%   1- K .7

- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=257620

; & A4/

( 2 0 B / -%.-

76 B% 7%H Z- - B 2E K`B ?V

B 7%H hH !6 !( 6 !H 0  ]H bH 2 

&" B !H 7  %( !6 K !6 0 6 $-% ]/ !"6

= 6  7 ? 6 /`e ]6K & 7 7 &

??6 DH 0VV.7

( (( D 0 L h( D 0 c$e 7y- !6.-

!" 0 y6 [B !6 7 mH 6` 0 (` B -

76 7 - !6B 2 6.7% "( 7

76 ( (! H !# !6 ( B H !6 2 v ( 7

 6 !6 - 7  !6 !H d 0# TF . GK  07

# 1 6 7 07 H K (` 6 .76? 0

/ 5  !6 2 & ]X 77 =- B 7

!U !6  b1 !6 ?.77

(Q&! 7 .76 7%

B 2 !- "B - =  s !66 7 ( = .d


!6 !"/ 7%m [ 7%H /6 %Z B 7 7 (H

? 7%H  / 76 0vU 22 D DmH 6 -7

2 0 !6 6-7    6 B J67  !"e GK !67 ? B ( (HH7.

(S sd !H ?-/ ( % 6 [B !6 7%H  7 7K !5 Z %H 7B !6 .- ( d 7%H ]H

- 2 6 7 bF  L2 .76

(a 2 7 7 6 1%  6B  - 7  0  .7%%H

2 H - 7VK !H# = 7[%  ]e/ 76 7  = K !6# 7-6 T5 !6 H 7  ""B

.7%H

(  B ( !7B ^6 !H L= 0 B V? 0B-( 65  B .7%H

( (  B 5 H - 77Z- B 6 ! 76  76 0vU T %   6  $

?"K  7& 7  ( 6 7 &F  !6  7d -.76

( sd ?- F& K B 6 "B 7%H  7%H Z-]  5 7 ( 7F H 7e = G ] =6.7

 7 7  !6 1%% # 6B . 7 76 7 (56 V`( 7  B 56 -.7

H !6 $ (H B >6 7$ 2 ?- 7/ = 6 &B 6  .7%

B 06 7%H Z-( = !U6 !- K6 - 7 e( UB !H #  HT( 6 7% #6 = !- .7%H !$%

]$K ( #  H  !6= !"e/ hK B  7%H e  !6% 6  $w7> 2 GK =& 2 7%H

# H < U% <(  !H  e  !6 7 -> 5   %y6 L.7

(B 2- / !65  7 B( B !6( / T56.7

H !6 0 ]-( 6 7% Z- ( 7W <B !6 .7%H hH  L2 7%H  !H 2 !U

#- !6  7K 76 F7 .-

H pd (Q  !6w !6 D DmH 7 ZUK .- /   !H s   #  7  2 !6 =

B7 bF .7- hK %?- B  .76 7/ D  7#%  -  !U6 6 &! 6B - 

!   GUK 7  K L2 $ !6 B 0 .7$ %Z

6 (S / & 0676 .7%

(a 2  2E   = ^6 !H(   !6 6 L - =  e B `w .7%H 27 

6 7#   T< - 7 B .7%H h-%

(B  2 7 B &F [` B 7%H ]e/ B !T2 !6 $( ! 6 ! 7%H5.

(&! !  F =  B ! ! 7%$6 6 .  7/ ]K6 D  7 !H !" 0 $  7% %H Z- . 0

"!% !6 $w D%( D7& 1- .%H

(!   6$ 7 ?" !6 ."Z !H F  - !6 6 !6 . B  ! 76 L2

 7 7 7  = 5  7- !67 6    H/ .7%H 7%H

(`& 2 !/ B  ( %( !6 7 7%H ]/  76 DH !6#(6 & ?6 7 > !/ B

2  7 \- H 7 -! .76

- : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=294304
& 8 +
  $

/!6 ( / (&?  !H 7-  V? W.-

=6 !j  (TF]d [ 0 --K6 - 5

  h   " !m !%-  #

 7%H ( H 7 56 !H& 0 B -.

 !  !6 6 H> - F !B - 7%H Z-

 6 = 1/> B = 27( - . #%

]/ <"( 6 !$ &B  27!  .%H

B( - 7L6 K

= B!6 ! 0( ( / !H 7%H DH  !6 7

ZK  Z -B B > 7% Z- .7%H 1/ & < L5 6 .7%H "& K-

= >FB!6 7( 56 :7 !7- B= !6H 0 6 ( 7%H DH  !6W (" p.76

65 ( !67-6 .

$K  !H 7%H 7&! B !H Lm !67- 7 TF 0 - H> .7

 L- ! 76

(1 6  06 L-  6 ./ 0 <" h 0 6 6 .7%%H $  1/  6 Y6 !6

7e  F  (1 0 7 ?&( 5 7 !6 h(( 0 - B 6.7

6 B  ]XK7

(  0 ! 0 %H - %Z .-> 0 !H - 56 !6 75  7  !H 7 2 7 ( 7%L6 .7%%H 7 27

6 !5m !H ]& 0!6  7   = !H (56 DH 7%H 0d .7 6 !5m  = !H 7%H KW ("7F p  7%%H !6

 !j= 6 d !m %H 7 =.7%

e - 76

VB!6  -/ B 6 7  H H[!6 .7 w  6 6 2 0B - `B7F s HH 7 >6 $V !6

.7& 7/

"! B 6 B >F( ( 7%H

!H K/ (  -  7%H !" 0 ! 7e 6 !"67%"6 B 0 ( 7%m .7%H6 0 ( =!6 !" 0 !6 ZK

 B ( 7%H DH B .7%H 1/

! !"H 66 =7

 ( !H !6 7%- B B ! 56 H 7%- !6 !H 7% 2m -  7 6 B  e
 h-% p   0B= .7%%H76 1% '-F !5m !% 7 6 6B6 - B!6 !%( [% .7&?$6

B!6 76 &6 e7

7  W "/ 6 - ]$K - !%    ]g H L6 2 Ty6( !5m !H 7%$6 76 7  !H

B d!6 7!6 0/76 ( 7%H L  !6 !"#! H B .7-6

-7%H /

 ] 6   6 H> - 7- = !6> .- ]/6 "e 7- = !6> ]H 0 !H -B 0

 Lm.7%H  B 5

( cde b1%  7%

Km -    %H b1%( cde d !6 !H % 6  / 0%mb1 7 6W ( &6 . 7 h"K

 76 L EH B & H 6 & b - ]Z G  h-% !sd -= 7&6 . b1 !- L by-

] .7

]$K 7 2 7%H $e

!H Km -  $V-!6 7%H 2 B  - !6 7 0 ] ]$K 56 Lm !%= !6 7 ( 

&6 .7H 0  !6  ]$K 7 /  7%H !6 ZK 6 h(( 0-  m.7

H !6 B  s ((7&?$6 h

 Y] "e# -    s (( h .-e( 76 [B !H %  = 7 K6 %6 .7 !H 7%H

  H $# !H !6# =   7 !6 .7%H= h(( 0 H  ?H 7.

 5 B 7d 7%H

K 5 B 7d 7%H K 0 6 B T56 !6 !H 7 "  p 7%H  !K 7Z6 2 T27 0  "/

7F B!6 7( - / 7 7Z6 6 W !6 26.7

c$e 6 &] B  7%H

5 6 - [ 6 h 76 - (!B "B  Y = 6 !H 7 1( 7 -! 76 J

0  B6 .7%H

(56 Vc$e !H 7 &] B .7%H ]/ 2 [ B h6 6 5 B %6 T<H 7 !m ( !H 7%$67 !6

 => .7

&6 7%H

0 c( ^6 [ Z$70 76   !H /-  7%H !1 !- = 7%H  7!6

5B !K UW  .7%H

/ !6 5 2 7

 7/ 0  h# < 7-6 s!6 h  D  !67 / !6 H 5 2  !6 %H 0 ] &!  wH

m -(1  . B  / 0 B %H 1/  ZK  #%- !`K 7F h-% "/ .%H

!67 ?6 H76

  6 - 7 ?6 .76 &6 2 H 7 0 ?6J~( !6 $  %(! 76 - &6 -/ B &

( !"6 7 m (B7% .7

 <T  - 56 >F7

B >6 T< 7/ 7%K !H <T  H7 ^6 7 ( L  7%K 76 - !6L> 7F 6 .7%H 70

7 7%K H> Z( !6 = 6 H 0 67 7   ?6 L$-.


7!6 !K 6 6B &/  7%H

(K %H !H B  - 7 m  &/ .7 B!6 !K(  e 7&6 . b1 7 >F by-

B( 56( 0 :7 H 0 #  2    B= !67-  27! .

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=306945

 2 $ 3
A

    7jF W 6 .- !6 7  !H

 "g  Z  . H ! & !  !H -

{ "U( !6 . !"- 6 - L5

== !Z-( 0B # $( K U6 [`J(

T2 0 66 .0?5 7% 6 { d- L5

" = !e( 6  56.7

($-  :  "g !6 1( .(

  !H 7%H b76 "Z    H .76

 !6 / ( F!  6 6 7!/  $w

 $- H =   $ 6 H B 1- .7%H (!"H  %  1 !H -  6  L 66%6 . 0 %Z

 {  .6 7K 6 TF $ (  $w6  H %6 7 =  K  !H 7 .76  7

 6  !H 5 =  h 7%$6  $w 276  (  (` . ]$K [`( !H -

 h 0 7     >   = 0 !6 7K .7 ]& H  6 6(  .-

6 7 5 ?6 7   e .7%%H !K = = s !6 !H 7-y6  ( !5mH 7  6# .7

[!6 ( -(E D >F :7%H !% 7%H- 0Y B [!6 :7-y6 Lm !m .K B 6 %H Lm !m

B ( g  L56 0 d 6 0 m !m ]/ 7 eB ( ! %H 6 ZK

< !H %6>F ]6K b !6 ]Z  6 !m H 7 >F  H  -  - 0 -(E D B

!5m :7-y6 0[` U !H %H TF =  76

$ 6 (2 :76 6  $ 62 :F    ! =  !6 .7%H 7%H !6 !%= B 56 :7 !

 " 1ZW56  :76 7Z6 !Z > [` 71- .0H F :( h !H 7 

b1 !6  [% 6 .  . !H 0H %=  !6 !% " B !T2  ( 6 7%H  6

$ 6 " =( B> (`  7%H   H-  !62$ 6 2 .


B 1/( Q6 ( !5m : 75%    hK/ B 6 76 L ? "H  ->=L

1- 76 !H 7% B "( L=d( D 7 7  6 H  = $w .7 K6 B 1/ 6 !%6 

( 7 ? V  !6 .7%H1- $ /p"</- 7 $(  7%  7 h"U 0[`

7 /) 7 !H 7%H  2[` ! (-1- V( .7%H  % !6  ]6K Z[% s !H !

(! K7F g( -  6 .7%H 0  6 <= 6 7Z6 $- .7%H

"H( S cde? :7%H ! [% !j= 7%H ]e/ 2 7 Lm !H - 0 .7 6 g( GK

L "H1( h  L6 2 . 25%  56H :7   7- [!6 - 76 h GUK 7

b/  . !H  /56 2H :7   6 H p7-  (1  / 0 !6 =  !6 .

 L2 &! %&F  2 K 1-  !"H . !H 5{ ? F$ 6 7!"H .-

( => .7%H

( a B  !6 p :7%H 7 ] !% [` 6 B  K  7 61- =  (B 7 H

B> $ 6 ( 7&?6 7   !6 !H  H !6 7%$6 .7 -m p 5 D B -/

 !7B !B- - ]  - !6  !H  56 7 !6 .7 / 26  7%H  -

(6 7  6  71 GK6%6 .6 0 -- 7 !6 6 76  ! -2E  s

:

6 !6 7 ! !H 76    !6 !( 6 !"6  6J   5  !H Ud = !  7-

(.7%H g

!6 !  !6 $  !K` !H 76 /`e !& 6  H   0%j-/  !6 $  1%D

&   ] 6 $-% !12 02 7 = (" .

'-F J~ !H (` !6  -/ p - ZW .7%%H (B

B h[? ( = 7%  H H :7 ?[ h = 7% 6($  ]6 6  $w DL !6$

6 . w 0 7e  !6  - -(  6 %$#  7 H 6 - B  ZK ]/  

6 .7%H1- ( %6>F D% H!6 6 `(  7% 0 s 0 .-  !$ 0 !H1  s - B 76

 !   7  76 . # (g .7%H DH

76 ( ) ( 5  HT :7 %Z 65 1H66 6 . 6 !"H 76 0?-

($ J  $w B 066 7 . !"H !H  / (F 6 1% J >F B T2/ ( !6 $w J$ B7

  !6  h[? .B  0 :7%H  !% B !6 2 :7  $w H  0 B6 2

Lm  " %H - B  6 0 !m2 .7 71- /  !6 ( s !6 mH g 7-  (J =

77K F .-

56  = !6 ( B Lm !m !H 7 6 :7!  ( 0B h[? 7 `e   " .7%H DH!e( 0

(6 7 ?[F h &?  %! :76 (" g 2 !6K ]$K  "! H  % B  -

H GK !6#  6 (` 5 K ($w ( %H B p6 6 $ 6 .&?6

( %K !m :76 6   (h-%- =  6 - "B  %H G 7K!m 6 ( 76 s% 7

  7-  $V 6 2 H  7%  0 -  ( J(d-/( K 2 . K/ 

&F U d 7 -/ 7 $V 7 ! $ 7 pK- (B J  - .72

 $V !H 7%  K 7g( h$- $V .7 L   7 Lg  !# B 7 !?--

 .7%H B = :7-y6 (h-% Y/ 0 6  - = W !H -Y  %H =  p $-% /
'-F>-F 0 ( 7%H DH  !6%K .7

( -Y -[ 1- 6 :7%H (&s% !6 h[? .  0 7-F - 1-  . !H5%

]/ B 7F  7%%H (  = b1 !6  7 /  5 7K  0/ .7%%H= 5 0m !H -

?[ hB ]/   7%H/ !%7K   7Z6  L$ 7%HL> .76

("H K H-  :7% K   6 /   ( 56 Lm !=  !6 H 7 #

:7

&? H  [ !6 !H  6 H.7

 56 >F h[? !H 7 $# .7%H g( !6

7K( - ! .76

]& 2%j 7 K6 7& ]/ 5 H !6 2.7

(  B $6  6 :7   .7%H (6# % !6 !T2 F! Z 1- .7%H GK( 2!H 7

27%  L  - = 7% 7eL> 7%  (6# & !T2  6 !H 7L 0 L> 

6 7e 6%6 -  0 B 6- Z < GK( D H %6.7

7V( (Q !H 7%H .  % :- V? 2    12  7 0 s !6 1U - / T56.7

/ 6 2 % ZK- 76 0 6 !H - % K 6  D   B [!6 .- w

H ( 6  6 7#   ( = !6 6 !H 6B  6 7( ... 0 % !6 U ZK  7 - !H  /

=  (K  %   0 .7% -5 6  WK  5! .7%6

(S  B L5 K :7 2 ?[$  bF ( ] $ 6 !6 H  7 !  76 Y/`H L5

 $-% 0U6   !  !6 h[? !H -/ $ / (] & .7

(a  ?[$ B 1- :7%HZ-  !6  7   ?[ h6 !H 7 %Z .762

?[ !6  h ` !K Z-  1- .7%H

(  :76 5F 76 5F 76 5F ( 0 5F 7 0  !H 7  h[? !H - 7VK ZK !6 7 .7%H DH

[%  76  (` [! 6 $ 6 6 &ms  B  7Z66 77 &F ! != d !6 .7

[!6   6 7K .7%H $de  H ] $w Hd 7% ?[ h K -  6 !H .7%H ] >F

Z ( B 6  :7-%&6  .U% 56  6 .- !H   s !Z 

7-  &? 2 .7%%H K  6Z - B & 6 .7 w - $# 6 6 !% 6

 67% 7H 7 !? 7%H 6H !H B 27>  565 - H 7 66 - Z !6

?[B h &   7% D$- - B =.B- 2

B !6 (( 2  :7  =B !6 !j 2s 7 H = 7%$6 7%%HDH 7% = h- .7% 7 !6 {%F6 !K

=> &! 512 !6 !H = !sd   0 2 -   .7( 0 0 7 !6 D !1!  .7

ZK 6 5% "   7% 512 B ( .7%H LH7% 2B !6 !H 7 2:7

B 7 -> 7%H= J 6 :7%H w%B !" 0 ZK  #H  7 B p56 0 !6 7H !5m 7  6

#  . D B 6 ( :0] 6 B (&2 !j= !6 0H c2 7 ( 0H 0Lm ZW 

56 >6 . b1 D L6 !( h !6.

B (=  :76 LH6 2%H  5?5  HYm 7$ 7B %  - .7$ 76 h[? 2

!6 ]1K !6 $ 76 7% 227 B 7 ?- -   .- 6 ./ 7%H  0 : 2 7%%H7

 ($V U( =  !H 7 B ( 7&6 . b1 .7%H B .7%H 1/ 0( % = >?6.-
(= % >?6? 7%H = 7 !6 (.7%H 0

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=333505

 
R &  2/0 Q

5%!  B 7 W "! ) 6 (7Z

 cW( (7%% 7  L2    Z#  7

F !X 7%  /  G $de !- %vU 7%

B ?- 7 (V 7%m 7% &m 1 0m/ 0

  s 7 7%m2 1 0 / / !6    7%

6- 0 7  7%    $ U!  !X7%

K  7%% -L"  5 !6%K =   

"(  /$J B(  7  5 ! K 7

  K  7% K UB ZK !2 Z- bF .77%

 6 76 0 6 ]e     7% (" p] !6

 $ U!  B 7 !X 7 B 1/ =>6  .

 0 ]e (! ( !6! B F` 7=7 6 !X

B "! $ L26  .7%

$[? ( -% .7%

 " cU-  2 5% $[? V? / 76 7($ = 6  6 K6  7% = !j ! =  - 7 

B 7%&6 7%  !X 7 0 %ZT2J  6 .&6

( F &? ! .76

]$K !% ( ! B h U  F 7% "B 7 &? .7%F GK  66 7$[? 7 !6  &?

%  ( 1  5  -.

6 (  (V  0( = .7%

 (V ) 0  (b!   >?F !e`B . W = 6 7 !X .(  !e`B 01 7 76 e !6 b

 !X .B ^6 0 ( 77  !e K .

h U (Q 1 B !6.7%

 $ U ! (6  = cW TF ?[ h &6 &? .7%


]$K (S "!( 0.7%

B- (a 6 &?6J [ !X /.7%

[  !"v = ]/  6 0 6 7K !X( 7%  h"U .-  !"v 6 7Z6 7% ]/ !X 7 = 6

w ( cW.7

(! (L  7%  .7%

! ?[$   (L  Z- bF .7% h U 7% - "B < 7jF !X 7%  $de -  Q

!  .7

d ( B  .7%

 B  (  0 .7%   ?" 1- 2 7% /  !VK [B  Z6F GK!6 0B

( h"U ]e 7 .76 6B

(  m 1- .7%

6 ?[$   ( 7%L  67 = 7 !X (L#! ( ]"d .7%%  - ( 7%W !6 Z -

7F 7%%  6 .7

F (  6! .76

6 ?[$ =B $"U 0 !   2y-  [B !6 7 0vU 7 7! =B $ U 0! 2 7   7%!

 B$[? 7 = !6 !( &6.7%%

 6 (   (" p! .76

  2   76 7(  (/$[? 7 GK 7% ` = 6 = 6> 76 - B67.

B ( ( b1%.7%

( &m 1- .7%

/ &m 6 K6 ($ h[? 61- 6 7% 0 ?[$ / B  6 7%   (J( 7

 $de .7%$6

L #( (Q  h-% = .7%

 "!  7 ( 7% eBL #( .-  )!  ! ( ]$K 5-> 6  (y ... = .7%

L #( (S d .7%

]$K  "! (L #( ! K -1- 7%$ d B 7% 6  7   h-%7 5-  ) /

  6(  (6 J( 7   h U 6 1%! .76

76 (a 7!   !( L.7

]$K  "! 7e p    7%  /  ( h[? 6  J!  (  !" 7 ($ (

( 6 .7  ] .7%

7%?$ (  .7%

(5% B !X( .76

7% Z- /  %V1- 7%7K ( Z%V` B 7  7( 76 T56 76 76  [.76 Z$

Z- ( 7% ! ?.7

B7  h"U !   ^6 ! ($  $[? 6 m 2 !7B -  L T2J 6  (  7 7

  m  (V 1- .7%

$[? ( ^d6 2.7%


&!  ($[? 7 ^d6 .7% =  - 7%  ?6 7 e (  7% 7 -   6 L &

&6  =  1- K !?( F 0) .7% X  0(...

(  B .7-

  ( 6 71- L  / pd m T( .7%

B ((  ?[T56 h.7

6 !& h[?  !6  2  / !m 7= 7 2(  pd h-% ...6  .-  = !6 7 76 E( 7

 6 .7%%

( ( 6B ! .76

  (   /6 7B 561 7   $   "! !%&-F - 1- 6 ( 7% 7 = 7%(

$ 6 .7&?6

H !Z-( LH : G$%=%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=255083

 $8& 
KO T  $  $

6 H (Y6 !6 6-T 0 27

6 "B  7 6 F p 27 / 6 6 00

!B 7(7 0( . ]$7 6 27 "B  p

?$B.?$B -

Z6 =   0 ( ?$B - 5 !6 = 7%6 7

6T 7%  27 ( H 6 .7$6 !6 -!6 0

7%m ?$B  -  6 %Z =  U% !6 L

& 7.-

 !6 ]w  % L g( ]6K 5(   .-7

61- ( !H 6 !  0 %  !6 %H27

 %6(Y6 ( 7 0! ?$B =  .

 Lm !m 7%$6 dB  .7%H ?" Lm 6 ?"dB 1   .7  2 ^6 Lm !m !H 7 

 Lm  ?" d  .7%H   ( 7 6 6B .76

[ 6  .7%H F ?$B 2 %H   $V   !6 76 / B ]%H .7 7 

? !B-  -6 7 . 2 %H   dB  76 =  L  !6   76  =   !2 ]w
=  !6(K1 76  >%H .7 "B &!  (J  1% 27 7 7%H  =  $w B.2 7

7K 7%H Z- .7%H  7K !6 T2 VB  !6 .76 !H 7%H  0 Lm !m 66 7 H !m

T2 76 H !H H 6 6B H [ !6 7 (& 7K .7%H

!6 H   !6 .7%H  ]/ `& !66 7Z6 !"/ !6 :7Um !%  (= 7 .7%H ]/6 2 7&! !6 ]/

&`  7%H [ 0%m  B  76 %vU 7 ( B 27H 7.

65 ($ K6 ( .7%H (  !H !H 6 7&- 7T6 K .7 0 7 01"( D -  K` D (H

H 7%H 512  = 6 .76 6 #  7 K6 e .7%H

 ]X Ty6 0 .7 YZ -  = = $ 2 ? YZ B [ Lm [ ( g . 0

?676 !6 ZUK B #% /m 7 7  K  !6 H %H  6 . Lm ! 7 =U !H Ty6%H Z-

 =   %H  / /&- 76B .(  6U= 7 !HTy6 7 7 B !6(  B p !H 7( 76

B 7%H Z-(  H -! - 6 .76 0 B6 0 ! .76

6 7&m [ Z 27T56 KF  !6 .77 !B !6 !B D 5 !"# 6# H56 V( !H 7 H

H # K 7`K  T56 H 7 5= ... H = ( LH( 6 &6 /#  7 7%H Z-  /

7 - 7 =   1- T $6.7

XL !6 .7%H K !H/ 6B 7   LmT< 7 / LB ZK  7%H  L  / $U

5 (&?  .7H K !6XL 0 - 7%H  DH  !6  /  LH.7

B !6( 76 L .7 7%m !K 6 7 !H  L B !6( T56 K .7 0 L (  Lm 76 7!( D

` / D 2  6 F 6 0 !% 0m /  /m D .(H

6 0T56 7 . K(K1  76 7  6 $K = &] 7U 5T2 !H   HB 6 7(  :7%H 0

6T56 7 . = !H 76 0vU (1 76 !T2   !6  - B6 7.

.7%H >&?6 !6 K5 F !m 7%H  >&?6 76 !H "X-= !6 5  7 7 /K  & ( B7

 .7 0 % d 1( !H 76 0vU 7%H  5 27 B ]e/.7 7

` $ .7%HH 2 #  !H 7= !6 ZK ` !K!  %vU 76( B6 7 . 0  6H 0 -

 !H6 7 L7 D !6/  ?$B#  .7 s !6 0< 2 7-  & .75  H 0 #

   !H 76 0vU bF 7  (.7

!6- 5 7%6  !6 .7H !6 !%  (  H !6 !H =  B H !6 7%H 5 7 6 !H

 F !6 7- "B .7%H  7 K H 0 &6 "B = LmB !H -   .%H

7%?6- ] .7 7%B7  %( !6  (  7 ( .7%H 7%B " D 56  7%H 5H 7  [ L%  ?6 7

( 7%?6 7.7

!H 7 16 >Kd-   .7!  ?$B .7- !" 0 6 "B    m = 

(V  !H 7%%H ZKd-  6 ! .7%6 2/  V( 0%m L  7%H B 6 7 7 !H 7 160

(V  - -  Y(Y6 . 0  .7

H( <[!  .7 ZW !H =  B( H <  7%H  [   .7%HH 0

 h 6 6 B Y6 6 .7 7 6 06 Lm F ^6 !H 7 B-    H D &] ) ]6K

#(  `B !K  ( 7 !6 77F - .7%H

7 ! .76 07    6 !6 #%  2 . D7 6 B ? 7%H =  LH .7 6 7-

= !6 ( `( 7 .7%H7- !67   h &  ?$B.


 56H .7   !H (`# -   =6 L H !6 ? !H 7#  ! 7 7  .7%H !Z U%

 !6    .7

&56 0 .7H K -#   7H K F !6  7- /  7%H H !# WB !6 7(

76 L 7 &56 0.7

B? 7/ 7%H Z- .7 ]K   !$% B 27 B?  .7 2 H !%( 6 !H 76   B6 7 

2U% $  5 7F ]w 7%H  2- D  Z D6 .  6 6%H 7 H B -( .76

6 # H !H - 7T56 KH H 6 .7 Z6 (7 Z( 7%m !K` !H !6# = 7 7 L5H 0 = 6

H = !6 !H `7% !K 7 (.7%H !6#

  .7%H 6 [ !6 7%H Z-  !6[   .7%H 6  0   7%m 6 ]w 76 DmH H 6

5 7%?$  = !6  ^6 ]$K 0 7   .

.7%HF D (H  ( 7-  H>  ( !/ ( .7%H H . ?-

  1% $6 06 .7( (%H d ! .76 !6 K  1%7-=  !6 7%H Z- 7 B Lm !6  .7%H

/  "B .7%H   !6 H   7&! !6  .  / 76 0vU .7%%H%  !6

/  !6 .7- #H 7 6 7%H Z- =  dB 7Z6 .76 B( H $w (.%H LH

7 2 !6$B B  .7%H 7(s !6 0  %&F 6 h# 7  76 0vU 2$ = d 7%Hj

&F ?  !6 .7 7$B  (H 7  ?6 7 2 - !6  !H 7( !/ ( .7%

7 Lm D 7 56 h# .7 "B !H -  d H H 7 7!  Lm K   "B 

TF .    02  7 7 [` (  T ( >?6H 0 (  !H - 7# .7

Z$[ !6 =6 .7 ( ["  < B6 7 6= .7 ( !m 7%H !m 76 !B !mK .6

-  ( / !6 .7%H = !6 .7%H 5   .7%H 5 ! [ Z$  567

7%?6 &6 .7 K  ZK D 7%%H / !6 7[ 5 7%67 F 6 =  7%H 7%?6 p76 0vU .7

6  bH ? 77%?6 bF . 7  .76

- : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=282385

    A4/

!   B  .7

Z6  76 !H c$e   7 (` 6 7- = !6

 7% 0 W !6 7W/ /  -  H L .7%%H


6 -  0 < s !6  hH 0V(  = .7- 

p !H 7%%H K H= !6 7 - 7%6 6 !6 !6 7 Lm

!H 7 .7%6 W

/ 0  "B . ZK 7VK 6  2 7 F

 !6 $$  76= !6 5j ? 7 ]w .7-0

76 !H - -<   !6 !& 0.7%H 1- h

`5  2 " :77 ]/ D(1  2

" ". D ! -".7V D

  0 6 ..." :7%H  e( !5%[ !6 7

 6 ! 7 !6  !%$ = ".76

= &! H - =7

$6 7 !6= - =  7%H !"# 0  76 !6 L b 6 !H 7=  -  .7 !6 H  6 7 

(= 7 !6 56 H.7

6 6  !6 6- 7 [7 !6 Y `( ?- .7%H= !6 6- K 2 K 6 >K .-Y6

 YZ wH = 2 ( F B K 0 7.7

"B !H 7%6  2 K  -   76 7%H 0 !H 7 -7 6 - .76

6$K 7 :!H 7%H

6 ( 6  !6 6- 77 "/ T56 - $e !H 7   [" .7$  6 $ 7- = !6  7.

 6 !H 76 <  !6 <6 !V  !6g 6 T2 7%7 = ]/ .- = [ !H 

7K B %H T2! ( 77F 7 .7%H 0 6 7 56H !6 Lm !m !H 7  = 7  6 Lm !m 7.-

676 7  B y6 ]H 7 !GK -

.7% !"# bF

6 ( "B - !6  h(Y   !H -  eVB E .7%H hH

6    1 !m  7%H Z- 6 B  .7%H %Z 6 7%$6 7- !6 07  !m  (eVB

 7 7 B !66 K.7%H -

!6$   hH(  6 !H 76 7- = !6 7   .- 566 !H 7 7-  !6 B  !H 7-6 7&!

H # 6 !H 7 7# .

7%$6 = !6 !H 7 ?   7 ]X (eVB !m .7H !m 7 #  7% H !m #  7% 2

  L H #  7 =  = !j%  7%%  !6 %vU 7%H  = !H 7-B 7 7.7-

 F 1  B( 7F !6 !H 7%H7 ?  eVB .7%6 7- 2E  (  =   Z- .7%H

7%H 0 2E (" .7%H 7  0  !7%H

!  76 !m 7 7%6 7Y 5 !6= - .7 0 - !6  !H - B  .7= 7 L H

 = 7  Y/ !6 !H - $  e #%F .- ?" &2  - !6  7  = 6 !6

= %m =  .7

6 (6 7 H 1-   = 76 !$ wH GK6 1- 0 %( !6 7 #   7 1:7 !12 .7

"  Z6 GK$ H 7 !  K  2 (g( !H 0 7  #   7 !"v 0

2= - !6 >F !H  7V  .... B 7  (   0"!..-


7F =   B  !H !6 7-7 LB7 =  [B !6 77 $- 6  ` !K "& 

T2 7 =  (<H  h6 !H 7 !6= - = B " .7%&6   $- 6 6 6 !H  0  = !6 !ZL5

   B 7- !j =  H ( K   7=  = !6 7  .7(  = K !6 7%$- 6 LB 7%-67

6B !6 6 !2 bF .7 =  = (  5 !6 7%  6 7V  6 !H 676 / 7  !6 $- 6  /

76  ! !6

 7V 5 7F H H 66 7   =  !H 7 0 ]/ T56 !5m.7%

w 0 6   - !6  1- !6 !$ .- 0  !H -  -  (  eVB Y 6 !6 6-

  56.7

/   !H(  Y !6= -  ]/ T2 7 F 7 .7%H  hH  F 6 2 7- !6 !"# !U 0

H 7 Y ]/  T27B   %vU 7 .7 6 &!  !"F  7.7

!  (  7% 6 B H %Z !6$ = 6 .76 2 !6 77 Y (` H B . %vU 7%H !&F $e7

 .7  !6 (7$] B  !6 !H 7 7 !6$ B  B !6 !6 "B h.7 7

76 `H  .-6  K  = 2 Y ! 76 76 = `( !5j B - !6 T BH 7 .

= 27 2! 76   B 7 7 6 - !6 !H$ = 76= !6 7 ? 7.7-

6 !H Y/ T H  = 7 %m 7 1- 0 =<  7%H !  ( 7 . 7%  !1- = !6 H 

.7%-  06 !H 7 7? (   .7%H !6 7 !m = 27 77F - .7%H 6= 7F 2= K B

! .76

6 7% Z- bFd H    $ 7 6 .7 !6 7$  .76 "e

 0   .7%H = !-

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302518

/? A4/ $*U

K ( :L5

 2  !m 7 #   7 (` B !- 

2  !&m-6 bF . 7- 6  !6 7 L5

&? H ( 6 !6 D L !6  e7 .7-

K ( s:
6 2 b1 !6s K Lm   F ! 76

= !6 LmK  7F  .&!  6 %s ( ]

 7%H 0s 6 B6 55m [ (~ J

T2.

K ( (:LH

 Lm !H = (H LH = !6  7%H  27 !2 ] ZK 2 7F  6%6 .7%H6 0B  7 Lm 6

 !H 7%H LH= h [ ZK .7

K (Q :

7/ S ]K 7e H !H#    (  bF .-     !H ( 7%%H  0 B

F  ( !H 5%  e !6 s (( D < # &( 0 ( =2! 7 = ! .

K (S ?:

 !#  27?   ( !sd 0m .- &! ?  B = %H ]H 27 ( = 6 !m

(1   7 B - .-

K (a (:$w 1

6 7-  !6  $w 1(  W &  1(  .- 7%   s .-

K ( (:g

( ]6K < g% -  6 7- (= 6K ! 6 g.

K ( %H:

 `- " - [%H . ]H  F p !6  =.7

K ( \ :

 !m  !H #H= [B !6 7 B !H -( [ 0 B !- .7  = ]H !H !m= 7 !6 !H !m= - 7

= B !H !mB 7  6 7 7 .-

K ( F:

  6  - !6 ]H s  F ]H   2 .&!   !H -  2  - . 2

  &6  !6 7%H 0 ] .7&?6  &6 !H -

K ( : 7B

F  !H 2  27L 6 7 !6  7B5  !U6 . 6 &6 !m $ 6  27 Z- 5 H

7%H (  B L>  7  !e ?" B 27 .7%H  &F &6

K ( " "Z:

 !6 !m "  6 .7  "   "Z - 6   "  "Z "  eVB !6 !m =  [` !

7 !m 76! !6 Lm .76 -(1  7 .  27 H ?6 !H(  7 7#  !6 7 = 56 V( !H7

!HB  !m K 7 .7%H ] by-

K ( :0

 (7$] !6   Lm !H 76 = bF .7%H   &6&! 6 Lm  !H 7%H= h [ ZK .7

K (Q  % 0%:

 F  (L "#  H .-  "e  27 0 !H - 27 `B !K B .7%H ."B

 27= 7 B ( 6 L =  7%H # V( 0 % (  !H  F  (7F .d .7%H 1/ 7%H
K (S : !U6

6 27  6(  27 [ 06 .- ( 1 -/   " (# 6 (  !U6

. p6   ZW   p    6(   .-

K (a 6:

 Lm 6  !H ! !6 767$( ZK]  =  . !m 6 7%6  !H  = !"6 7%H Lm  `$K !H 7%6

% !6 6 ? H 6 bF .76 7 7d 7%%H   G !H-% 7% 7%H =  $6 06.7

K ( :

" d  &! 6 %6 ( 0     %= .- !H !m

 !H= !6 ZK  6 7  7%H   !12 !"6  ?   !6 E 5%  /

 $V.-

K ( (~`( J:

!  7  7  =   2 H ?- .- `( &6 !m %H  B hH &6 H.

K ( =: 2

 / ( . 0 =   !H 7% &6 K e = hH6 2 # H  " .7%%H B !#

= ]H 2.-

K ( ( 7/ :

6 7 # ! H H K 7! 76  &! 6 #   (H 0 H K . H &6 !m %H

H 7F &6  .%H 6 7 56 7  6 !H ( 7/ .76

K ( (:V

6 V 2E --  . .-  27  &   &F  ]e/ 5% !H  (V

.6 !2 %

K ( :K`B

(   0 !6 7 6 !H Lm ! 76 - . 76  &F  6 27 D<= 7   m (  ."B

7 77d 7 = -7d L 7% ? 7.

K ( :-

Z  B !6(  - 6 ?- 6    7 . - - 2E  -- . - !6 27

H- Z$[ %H -# B . .7

K (Q 7e:K

?$B - !6   =56 V( !H 7  6 %(Y 0  ( . 0 B  .%H 27 6= 6 7

 6 6 0 0 !H   e .6

K (S UZ TF :

( 0Z7 B Z[K! 76  -= !6 6  UZ TF .76Yd( V - G 7 6K7

UZ TF W .-

K (a :?$B

1H  27 -/  7%H  0Z( !sd/  (B 1 KF G &?  -B ! K.G

6 L2 B !6#( !H 0 H H! 76  H . !T2 -  7%H  6 !H (6#( 1

B ! g( 7.7


K ( (: ]#Z

  - !H !m( = !6 !6 -6 ] !H - (  !e K 6 27.

K ( :e

 6 e 0 <" h (  Z ZK 0  27 !6  =L6 bF .72 e 0 !6/  &! -

.-

K ( B :X

  ( 7 !m 6 !H 7- !67 (B 7 0Z = !6  6 7= .7  =  !H( 7 .7%

K ( : 27%&?6

 76 &6 !m s F !65 B 7%H 7B    !6 &6= 7-   !H `es 7 %(  .7

e( B ?$B / !H 7 7/ !6 7%H ] !6 7B5  6 .7

 D6 : G$%[` = F 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=277690

 GOX  ?WV

Z[K !$% ]6K`e ($   .-  0

( 7 B6 6 Y6 - 6 -  .7

!6  HY D  %? 6 y-Z[K

 m \ !1.-

( (W

$d h" (5 U H B- B

(6 -/  $w 1%

 (Q ! 512 !(B

(Z Z[K

!6 H Z[K b6 7% -/ Bg( -  H 6B e !K {% .- 77Z 6H

$ Z[K - B ./ 02 6  -/  B>  h-% d !6 ee !6 !K( / !H

5 T2 F! & 6 Z[K . TF !%  ./? %H B 27 <=  6 %Z !6 Z[K .

&H 5  sd %Z !6 !"6 B B G6% H6) - .( (Z !H 1  Z[K$K K2 67

= 6 / / !6 B 5 (~ 7H  / 02 B F H / 5 (K L] .7

 ]/ Z[K
6 & Z[K DB GW Y  [ !"/ {%F - .5% 6 7 6 D ]d( GW  :G[K

= ( GW U6 .7%%H e( %

(& 1[ >%H .7%

6 ( GW5 .7%%H  7

 = by- (Q 6 ! ~ ]/.7%%H !X

7F (S ) $w  !H (1%# B 7 7 6 .7%%H 2 H [ !$ 0 !"/ {%F 0 - ( Y p  .7$ 0

2 !"/ {%F ( e(  % GW !X W ]/ 6 . 2 5 ]/ 0 !6 7% &] 06 p6 56

HH Z[K

   !6 Z[KB  7%m ZK7 =6 -[ !6 . "H1- !  !6 Z[K :!H 7%H DH

" F 7 / B 56.

(W Z 5 .7%H

6 7 5 B-   Z! .76

1 ? 6 Z 5B6 - \.7%6 J

/ 5 !6.7-%&6 -

 5 6B 6 (g.7

 5BF! <W B .7%H

  B GW 6 b1 !6 =! U -.

/  Z[K Z[K ^d6 = 6 !H -  /  6 !H - 7 / B6 .76 0

/ h(( !6 :-

6 ./ ( 7&! 27  6 !m2 75 g .76

./ (6 -/ TF   v6 = .

7 g( ./ ( TB  60.

./ (QH $   v 0 $K =.

.012 ! ./ (S

./ (a !6 $w '-F5.

 012 ./ (.7

.7 ! 012 ./ (

H W( ./ ( =B !H !j ./ ( .7 / 6 !65 / T2.0

./ (Y7- H.

7 7% ./ ( %?- H "( 7 = -5.

 7 Z[K Z[K 0 H -  6 ZK !- Z[K.-

( K/ [ 7%H  ]6 ? !V [ !6 .- w K - "<  7  7?&F !H 70

- ( H ( - B6 7 ZW 56 7) 7 7Z6 !H H !6  = 7 -( .(7%H 27-

$  / 0& Z[K 7  F 7VK H  ./ 7! & .- Z[K- 6 L .7

0  / 0 !H (`& !6 -   [ !6 6 K% .7%H

(5% (6 ? 6 ]Z /  2/ 2 h  Z[K 7%H! H    !6 ? !"/  6 -
& Z[K 7 !6 7 E 2 0  0 =BB6 0  6 .76

( ! !H 5%B $ 76 .7 w bF ( 1"?( !6   6 27% - 6~ 6 & Z[K b"F 7 .7

0TZ GW B  6 0 ]/  !6 .- !%7e `e  (! ] B =6H 6 7 B !6B $  .7%H

6 7 s !H&! 7[ !6 . h-% Z[K 0 Z 7 2  Z[K 0 7$ 5BF !6 

 /  7%H7 K[ 5  -1- K2 5 6%6 .756 7  6 0 -  76 ( ]Z

& Z[K .7

(Q 6 !H 5%  !U"- `e & 7! 2 .7 6 ! %H !H 7 =7  = 6 ( H .-7 0

Z[K 6 6 0?    >%H = 1% F B6 .  7K !6  B 7% !H -

B6 H  = 6 7 - 2  !H 7 ! 6  !H / =  6 H.-

 2 !#

 Z[K $  B6 !H  h# = B6 B6 = !# !"6 7%6  66   !H - H 

(( 0= !6 7 -( {  .76= Z[K !$% 0 bF !H - hH  0 2 ! ( 776 7 !2

/ %2 ! 56B .7!- B [ !6  U 7%H 6 (/5 ($ K6 - .7 !  ( =! 

b1 !6 7 !6 6 Y6 6 Z[K .L> 6 6  p6  0 6    6 7%H B G% F

B> 6 7 76 UW (&> 6 !6 /-/ eB !K 6 7%H ./ / ?B V 76  ./

5  5BF .7%H !$ U 1 Z[K  !H 7%<" 6 h  7 !2 $ F %Z !6  %( ! Z[K H

/ 5 / !"6 !  d  !B% Z[K .!"- 6 7% 7- !6 b1 !6 %H B>

.-

 : G$%! [`

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=339966

G  $</ Z J

(? :5

$ ] &/  71  7% LHF  .7% ( [

 5& ]2 p .-$ ]2 ( 7% ! ("' ]2

2  2 .7%%H ! ( 7 ]2 6 <T   ]2 7 6

 1 .7%%H -6  2 !6= - <T 

B B 5 ! 6 6 &`   ]/

( -1- H:
mH p-( ]2 ! 0$ ] 2&   $

[ = K 2 = !6 $-= !H 6%6 .7-  0

( B6 ( 6 ]Z% B [ ] !H %H K

&" !6 .

Vd (  ] ] $:-

6%6  0 ( 66  B {  (0 ] !

6  e( K !H  !Y# < U%!  6{ =J  6  ("'( ! B Lm6 7.

` (Q UZ TF :

$ ] 7 (  7%H$ 7< c( 6  - !B  - = ]B ] L . 67%% "B !%

` -  2 -  ( 7 6 6B 7 5 ] .76

- (S $e :

&! $ ] m B {- 1- - 7%H $e 6 .- ( ! 2 S !H ] .K D  m 76 L

$ 6L ]2 `K 6 7%%H   H 06 !"e  0 F6 .7% ( ! " S ( ] "H ]2 67

2& .7%%H

H?- (a (` TF5B:

7 D $ [ S   6 ]V (6 L -( F - .7%H# 66 J  )m Q !Z  !J

6  "H S 7 F - D 7 "H 76  !1K( 6 6 # 76 B B =  >  !6

=.7%H "( 0

(w (" 76 (:GK

K 06 !"e 7%H Y & " .- D$ 6 !B 0( 6 7 F !H ] V?6 B 2 (6

F 7%H  7 %(  D ( (]2 7 ) ] D  K F7%H 0 $[ !6 - h  .7-6-

76  6 (6  7%H ( 06L $  / B Z  & ] 0 2  .W.-

- (7 ( :

 YZ D$ H 7Z6 2 ( 7  $ 5 -F "!   s 7  !6 7Z6 . ` 6  7

H Z  -7% %6 6 7# .7 !- %Z 6 !B6 7#/ 6 DmH H2#/ 6 p- $

L6 #/ 6 !$6 % F "! !H `Ue = !6 "- "!  B 2 7Z6 .7% $ HS ( 7 6 2

F 6 .7%H ( !  2 7  6 = F  Z !6.

    Z 0 >?6J 7%H $ H) 2 6( #  .7%$  6 p >eB 6 "!  %H( .-

-%&/  !16 5 $  ` . 7

"! $ ] 7%H  / !H - (?T5  7%H .?( S 1/ !" !1 ] 6%W .-

"! 2 B = !6 !H 7%H 7V   s 7% 2 L .7%2 0  h ( !H $ !6 B !6

.7%%H ] 6B

(w "! 7%H ]:

7/ Q ( [  ( 7&H7$( !" !6 ?( D]  ( !" . 7Z6 ( = 7 ?V   =< 7 27 7 B.7

 7Z6 YZ  D = 6  6 ]V "! 7 7 7%H B m 7 6  $B  UZ >6 - $  6 7-

!6F !" hZ( !6 > e6 !" .7  6 !%E 0 ] = !6 7% = =- Y% Ze  7%H 2.

 !H ( 7%%H hZ bF 5 F =.7%


m !6 ] F 5B &1 Y6  !6 67= !" . 2 !H 7F( 5 7 =  F L ( 7%H>/

 YZ . (1 6 H/ Y6  -= ZW e  0 &m!  B= % 0$   !H 7K

  $-%! 76 K` !6 =6 7 7 27 7  7K 6 "! ( 7Z6 .7%H s% 0$ 7Z6

D!K B   ]w !6 %- 0 7 "! L  7 6K  7%H !6 B 2 6 ( =B

7%H Kj (  5 7%H !j6 p- Q ( !"  . .-$   7%H y- 6 !H

! 6 !2 (  B 6 . 7%H

6 71 ( $ ] 6 B 5:

    7 7 $#  - 5 $6 06  B  7e GK e 6 06  L$ ] 6 !H 7 -

B H -  L  5  76 7%H - L !% / ^6 06 0  . %Z$ ] 6

] 2&  h ( YVd 7 1e <6  7T< 0%j  0 0$5 ] (  7%H 7  

6 7 - B TF   % B 6 /7 7 6 0&H ]w %H 6 -7 27F 7%1-2

2<  "K6  ...

2= (V6 7&:

(  V?6  `&) UdK GK % ] 6    = % K (]- ! L!  L 76$ ]

)  7 7 &H   - V?6 &H  =  ] 6 7   h-%(.-

 $ ] $H GK 2 ]2  B !" !6 7 [`  7 "! (?6 L  ( 7> m 5%-2

( .7& UdK !H ]2 ZW   7 &?( !" 77d L  d !6 .7%H 7 ]2  76 "!

 ?( !6 L .7%H  Z

G ( 6 2 ( !H $ ] :76  6

  0$5 ] 2 ]2  !

[ 27F2 :& h ]2 =56- !$%F L"H 7F 727F " &/ = .76  6

GK ( 6 h# $ ]:

$ ] 7Z 7Z .-  !%m 6 =G 7  ]/ !H -$ bF = ]/ 7%H !6  7Z  !H

" #/ ]B " !H 06 . 7%H  B  7Z  7Z !j !H - - - D ]   7

!j  7ZB "e H=   B- - B V  .7%H Kj B ] B V 6!  -

B ./ !6 .7%H GK .- %K B6   G$[ % .-

%6L( (Q  $ ]:

 $ !  p ^/$  !( h !"6 - d 7 c"U L 7  .76   DB $ ] SL

K ! 1/ 76 !H !2 !"- c &-  7%H  7K !6 ! 1/ 0  !H -$ ] 6]2 D

p) h- ]2 D(  "H &-  .7%H$ H hH &m 2 L - &m - ( !H 7 !$Z =

bF 7/ F (( 7  `B pd X 7%$6 -% &!T2 7%H !6 &26 GK ( 7%H> .7% $

[ (S HF:

 $ 7 ./  wH =  !j%m .7%&%6$ 6 - wH F =  ) (b# 7%H  $ 5 p-( !"e`6

0&B 76  7 6 !6 7 !B ( $ 6 5$ .76 2  G  0 F  =

 - d 71 5 ( 7% 7 7%%H

(a 6 $ ]:

$ ] &! 6e !6 7   G6 ( 7%H 27 6 ]Z( 6 75 L => !  .76  7
 27  ( (2 .%H ]d & 7 !H -`B6 7 K  66 - = 

= h  5 !7

  2 D$ ]  6 0 `- p = !K  %( !6 D(  7 5 !$Z D 7Z6 7%H 7%m = /

 .  !$  5%-2  - !"6  2 ( % 7 b 0 7  y-.

7 (  d"V:

  $ ] ( "$% (F0 H  ! 6H 7 !6 .7%%H6   0 B1 76  ([ / .7%%H

( B :5T2

 6 ]V 7%H Z [ !6 !6-6   [ h !H H !H K2 de  Z 7% 7%H ]B 

6 -7F / m .7%%HB !H 7 7%H =- = B !6 m 7 h  6 - - 7 5 =  !H

6 7%H B6 76 6 7 h - J  06.7

2= ( Z:

"! $ % !6 H/ D 7 = 2 /  27 7  7%H K $ !H    7 L ]2 de (

76 !H K 7 de  ]2 -   7  .7%H

([ :G

!" !H K 7 F H/ (T2?( 7 !6 7%H / H !H 72 "! 7 7 !6 = 7 / >-

.756 G d GU H/ #% -  e !6! 7 /.

(7& :]   0%H-

$ ] B !H K F !" 7%  &6 0 ? 6 7%%H/ 7& (   B= !sd[% 

"!  7 5  7%%H e( h?% !" !H F B m ?[  L5 0! ( (.76

6- 7Z- (:

"! $ ]  !1 D %H-   .$[ 67Z- =  "Z  7%H  H !6H D 2.

!6! -F - ?( !H 7 Y 1  -F K .7%

7 !6! - -F B  !H 7  .7%6

Z6 $  ( !1! 7%H 2.7

Z6 $ % !6  0-7% H2 %6 H YZ !H 7% -!B .-

Z6= !1 ($ e 76 !H 7  !"- - 7%H 7 .7%%H 0H !12 -H 0%j2

6 ! / $ =   7%H 6 D  7   (.7%%H 0

( 7 6 ]X = B:!K

"! Z6 !6 H2 - 7 !H 7 D7- ] !H 7%%H 7 7- 7 01Z = " 2 K

] H s"< !6 #/ 7- 6) 77%$6 (. Z6 H2  7%17%H ]B ( 5 L .7 !Y 2$  

! e 766 d 7$6 $ !6 !567%H ]B ".7%%H 2

(Q7 Y  7%:0

  6 (6  %6 [" = ( < =  D $ >6 SL 6 F  7  ( 7%%H 2 =G .7%%H

- 0= !H - 0$ 6 B 5%-2 G 7Z( 0 F # 7%  - 0 656 7 B(  %7%

6 /F D !67  B <T ( ! .7%%H  &/ 0  7%7 (Y6  G B .7

  (S 6 (] &F5 : $ ]   6  (1  m.   &6  6 #

B> - 6 !6= -   6 (/ (  &B % UdK 5%-2 - ] [ Z$ <[Z$
)(.

 $ ]  (> 6 ] 6 Z-  5 m .- 76  = " !% ( 76= !B 7%H 7 F ] B 

H 6w B7/ 5T2 L  1  ZL 7%H 1 B ( H 6  !%  0[? -(

>F! 76  H 0 H 7%H =6 F = !K    7   1 H2 ( !6 = 7%%H ( 7 B

7 27 7 !B !H6 - 7 =6  7%%H 7%%H

 H !H -$ - &m hH &m  .7% D &m  hH ( aL cU- -7/ %Z

L = !%X 6 !H 7 !$Z(  = &m 6 7%$   eB F B .7%%$6

(a22 X` 0:

$ ]  7%m = .7

=  -

=  &Z Z-

=  !J =% <= )  GK "! )(

= 7%6H ]K GK) &B (

 h76 - $ ] 7e !6 m %H 7 (  !H !6 U67  = 27  (  7 7 7e 6   B 7%H

B  Z .7%&H -

:G$[ %< (

$ ] < G$[ % !6 ] !% 7Z6 2   5%-2 d 76 -    # ?6 DH 7%

7%H !6 B 26 !j%m .7 ?676 !Z  6 $   6 >F 7   !6 L2 6.7%%H &2

7e 6 (1  $/e 7%H 7Z6   $   !2 L   D   .7  =  5%-2  -

 7 !H 77& W/    !H 7= !d  &-  7&6 7 e( ( !H =   6 !6  = {-

=6 7.

= ( :0

( H !H$ ] #  7 = ! .- = 0B !H -= ] 7 7% /.7%H 27

-%!1 ( .K !e:

$ ] ( H/ e  Z>  .U% K .- (  B 7 !$ .  Z !677 U%

B> ! .7

 ( s (&`:

(  7K $ ] 7K K  s (&` !6 - 0 ] 7B " 7 - )$F !6 ]d(

H 7 $ ] 6 !H H] ( 1 !& 7% = 7B 7.-

-!% 6 ( :

<T $ ] ]2 ! !# - ] 1 h !H - [    ]e/ 0 7 6 5H

L6  h#$ h  .76 -  ]H D$ ST< . &6 !1 ! D$  H ]2 ( 7 - e( !H

 $  ]2 -  7 = 7$( ] !6] .7%H

6 ]Z( (7:5

 YZ$ !H K de 7%H !6 2 6 !B 7 7% !6B DB !"- 7K 66 7Z6 .7%%H $de 7%H 7

(! B ]2  !H 2  !6 76V? 0 ]/ ]  ( 7 $  B.

=G ( (! 6  - ?-:


$ (6 ( 6  61-  B ]2 7  7  0?= 6 B= !6 7 =G bF7  ( 7%%H 

- F L  =-  .7%6   ?- >F !H !6  - . 7%6

6%67/ !6 !(6 0^   L! =B 6 -6 7  =(   =B (!  h-% (  $e ."B 0/

=K 6 b )( .%H G6 0%j !  27 B d 5  $ B - - !6 bH L %

B b1 !( h .%H 1/ !H -$ 76 !sd D- /! d !H K !6$ ?V ]/ ] (d] 7

!"e`6 76 ( !6 K$ H B .

-F (Q ! %:

Z6 $ !H!1 -F (?Y 1 "! 6 Z - 7 QL (?Y  1 "! -F 7%%H0

B ]( ]6K.-

2 (S7 &: 0

 YZ$   B &7 0H  72 D  p  6 & 0= -   0   6 !H -

  ] B ] B= 7   p B {- ! 5 . 0 $ ]  >  dB " !6 .7%= `e

7K  #  !6 !H 7%B 0 (!  6 .7%%H $ !6 6 /( - !j6 7$ 56 7$-

6 !$ZL.

( :HT  !" K B !6 7 6 F !" 7 H/7Z( K $ H7/ 2 L 7 B 6   7%H

   7%%H e !6 !B !H 7 G  D `Ue = !6 !j6$ 2 .7%6= !B Z 0 F ] B

6  ] = 7% H B 6 H - 7 !B= 7 - .77%H h/e 2 ! !j6$   !B$

 =  7%H D 7%H  B7 %"H D !6 7 = 7 e( !H$ =  5 $ 7Z6 - 7%m!6 5

 "! H/ !6=B 7  ?e H 0 H B 6 !B?  7%%H &g -!B =G ]

 (a.7  H/ !6 $ :$

$ ] (?- 0 p "! B  Z6 .7%H sd GK(1  !H 7L $ !6 ] ] ?"  7 

"!  !Y $ !  7 7 - %Z D 7 ( 7%%H - "! B  .7%%H sd UdK GK

( =BB ] UK 0 B !" !6 7% B 7 5%-2  T2 !H 7 6.

6 !" 2  1  $ 7e ?V B !6 = !H 72 !$ K! -  / ( %&6 .

7 $ 2! $   / . - H  7%&H  Z  h  .7%%H 2!/ - / 6 Z !-

 B= UdK 0  !H "! .-

 "!  Z6 0 GK] - " !6 -5 $ 5% 6 7 K "! K 06 76 !%$ 6K !H

/ 6 77%H - &F 7%H 7%"6 - ! 716 !" 76 " 06   6 F.

!"  2$ 66 $  7 7 H 6  7% !" 2 6  = !62 $    7%%H 

 7%  ]6 - H 7 Y6 5 7 Z6 =  - T2 0 7  F !6 7%%H 7%"6 =

/  7%VK = B.7%

!6 .& ([:0

$ ]  K 7%H  5( . (`> 0 !H -  ! d 6B !6#  !6[B 0> 26.

V?6 $ $ 5  L2  !H 7%$ 5 / 5 / =  / !j%m .   ]w  D 

7%H  !"e`6 !&H = 7  = h  = 01Z( ( 7%%H & 0%H-.

Z (  :-7%

$ ] %m ?& !& 67K #/ 0B- !6 "- 6 !H 7%H !  -7%!B 0B- 6  = .-
7 H c V 0 -!B H !6  76 [  !d1e =  7K ]B !H 72 2  K !6 W

 F  0-7% !6 = .7   = !H %7K -!B !6     7%%H H  >$ >$ !-  1

7 ( K cU-  1- .7%%H

7- ( =  !65:

67Z( 0  Z7/ %Z L 7 $ 7%H D !H! &K %e  7%  H/-F $ 5 %6 $ ...

 [ 7 6 -2 ( ]Z !H 7 !6 K7= 5  !"6 7%-! 7 5 .7%%H DH

5%- 0B- (Q  ]6:0

[ B] &/ !H - (= !6F  -$ 7%H ]6 !6 !"- [ D # [ !6 7%%H !H

B ( 7% 06 "! H $  7% =(F L6  !H 2 K $ !6 = .

(QUZTF :

"! % F  2 ]2 7F &m W  Lg 7  Z  DmH  ]6"-%( 5-

6 L6 2 H2 T &e .  7%%H s   7%%H7 ("-% DmH Lg L6 

%  6 F 7%%H ]2 .7%%&%6

$56 7 H $ ]  p < L ]  = !"6 -  H Y6  .7 $ ( 7%H D  %Z

)(? ) (Y( B !B 6 6 7 !B76  5 !6 .7% <T ?V  ! ) %U"- ! ( ?67$ ( 7% !6

 B %U"- "! .

H2 ]$K  Y  !6 7 776 !B 6 ] !6 = !6 !H % B  "- "! 2 7% 7/ 7%6 D &5-

- ?( .7  Y !6= ]B  ]% T< by- ?V ! "- 0 7%%H F  6  bF .77%6

Y 0 (7$]  !" !6 .  = 0%j !" 7%  (? T2  ?( D ?( D.

H2 (?  "! 6 7 !" B- 71-  !6 .7%%H   Y  !6 !$ -  (&? $ (Y6 0

!H - .7%%H $  Lg$ ] !$( Q 76 (D$-.-

 (Q &H

7Z6 !6 !" !H 0 (7Z  $     7%H B  2 $ % !6  &H   !6 6

]5%!y(  H [   7  K  h-% 7F H2 6 7 $B !" !6 7.7%

& (Q

 &H  K 7 7 -% !" !6 7%%H[`  0 .7% 7%m - ( p- -%  %&F

 . GK 0$ & !" 6 6 .7%%H ?  & 0  0 / - 7%m - D [ 7Z6 .7&6

V( !6 K 7/ 77- 52  D 6 .7%%H H/  7 7 `Ue !62 0 $ 2 &/ 7%%Z

6 Z$[ - !6!&2.7

(QQ K :] -

$   K 7%H 77 !B 0B-   7 7 7  #/ m 7%%H !"# "!   (?T2  !"# /

(?  0 7%H H %Z L .$  e 6 " B 6 !H = !6 $ 7 F T1% 06 7K

 6  .7%H

6 ( 7H $ ]  p <H L  ] !"6 7%H   m . 6  K # 7 !B  = !6 7 

=  !"e`6     #/ B- 1-  7%  .7%%H p 2  B 1- 0 7%%H -  [ 7&6

( 7 !B 7 6 7  (  DH 6 7% D!B !1 .7%%H ]H

= (QS  s 6 > &H7 :


$ d !6  !6 7 pd 7 -%  .7%%H!  %6  !U% 6! B Lg &! T2

 ( YZ.7%%H [ Z !6 Ud ( 7&H "H T2!& K .7%%H 06 0 ]2 2 L !"e D !

 76 !J 7%m$ = 7F H  6  = 7 =2 7F  7Z6 .7%%H 7%m 7  !K 2 7%H !6 .7%%H ]/

( (Qa #   22:

$  7%m H - !6 K  72  B % B ( ! ( ]w 7%%H 0 6  B

&!Z &H  7 ( ] 7 ( =G 2  6 7 ( ]2 7 ( ! .

 ( - Z6 -  7  ! (`Vd &5 [  7%%H    ( 0 B 27 7 7 p

7 %6  b  bH  .7%&H 7 7H 0 ?6 D 2 ( B !7%$ 7"6  2(

   0?F  <T B .7% 7"6 2 D <T 7% - !7 ]e 5%-2

s%( (Q 6 !U65:

$ ] ! 76 !H ( 6 ]Z5 (-= 7> => ! .76&! 6 27  >%6 0    5

B s 7 K .   Z6  GK ( % ( cB . !Z 6.6 %

m $ !B& - Z"W a7 $ 6 d- !B!e   c V ( !%  /  " D

W 7! 76 5B !% -! ]  7%7H 6 !6 7% / !B& HL ( 7%%H /5

&!B 7& - Z"W a.7

(Q/ L6 !6) 2(:

 76 !" !H$ !H / /  7% B !6  7%%H d !H - D$ [ 6 &F !H 7 !6

[ "! .76  !" !H ZK  !6   !H 7-$  ( g GW 7% H &F !" !6 bH B GW

`e  7 B .7%H !" !6

 : G$%!  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=259325

I
<;   *> [J 8 )* 

= 7 H! 6 !6 #%K 65 !U 7B 7! 7

7 = 6B  6 H! = =2 --y

& . 7 7  !&2 77

2 B 1 0 B >H  %  7 0!%

7%m 6 ! - 0 7 -= K !H 76 7-

6 27 $ 7#( / .& ##6 .7%H s 7


{%F 6 >?6 07 $  6 && %= . .72

6B 0Y] 6 =% 6B  -> p .7%

76K !H 7 6 &6  7%$6 76 !H 7 6  6 ( g.7

( .& !H 7%H  2  L2 7F ?H 7B L 0%m 7

6 7  7  & =   7 !H

6 %!   $d (! 5 K e !6 756 ( Lm

&  75 `w  = . 0 6 !& / H" :7% !%H

 B= ( !H %vU (".  %

U6 0%m cW  0 7%  ! L- &.

L-  !"6 ) .7%!(  =  &? !V ( %-

(  !H 7%66 7 -   &7  %( ^6 25&F" : $H?> ". %Zv"! ZK  m 76 

s ZK> ! !56  H 7%%! ^6(1  = 25&F .   >?$H 5 h$- (

([$ - !6  6 ? Hd6=%= .7 6 D  -6 .U L6  -? T5 K6 .  7K

 56 &6 0" 7? & L2  "/ K 0%ms L> 66 .7U   7  .H 27

%m 0 " -- 76 % =  6 [(  / !H7F 7 B H" 5&F -- = 7% D  LB %7

6.

L  2 H !H 7  7 F-6 -  !"# :7 ( .7%H b- Lm-

 % B( %6 .7H 0  !6  =- ( B(  / .7 7 B6 6 7 - L D K B  

6  = ( 7 7%Y" H   !H ?$B ^6 7%% D 65  0 6  " .7%B W( 0 6 = 

6 = 7%H   L Y/ H DH dB  !6 B .7 7%2  %1  !6 !"/% K = 2  6

 $wL5 0.7

(6 76 7 !  H 75 7%H

B $B ] : B % & 7  = .-% U6 G- & .7! 0- H! 6 7 D ! 

(&?  7  ?6 d- .7 - 5 0%m" :77- 0 T  &7  !H&  H 6 0 .

7%6& "Z 6 .( 0 6 7%15 K 5 7 5jH 0 # 7 h( 7<  !6 !/ $7%12  7%

 !H -- !6 7Z6 7   5%/ .7  =   B 6 - 0 0 -  76 - h( d- ".7%H>

 H! !U6> " (" h $ 6 :-   (B 7 6 ( .76 !%  - -B

> H H . -" :12  ] 6  0  - / ] ?$B 6 dB H B 27H 7.

6 K  0 -&m % - 76  B  !H 6 7  6 = % !H5 0 !6 !%#%2 7%

".7%H

d- !1K B p6 #  6 - >  !6 $ F 1( !6 H 76 .B 57F" :7 = T5B

% !6  D 7F D - 6  \ 6 .- K   ( H 7Z6 . = 2 !2 !H 776 "h

(! m " D .6 K  06 F -! 7 H 6L 7V6 # 6 ($ K6  H H!

K`B 7F 6 .7! B !6 =7  7 H !m !H # 76   6 7 %j= !H  K6

< ]6K[% $".7

 L d- V? -- (_ - . 5 " :7 6 = !H %H ! K  6 (" H !H 7% D 6

0 6  .7 = m   %   7K !H B= 0 !6  D B U6 76 /".


7Z6 ( ( 0  .& :7%H 6 !6 02 -

- K 2 D ! - B !"# 6 L B =% 2 7  .-F / !6 (V - L

$ 7Z- ! H 6 # 7Z- .7 71 7( - . V( " :15  !6 K 7-6 7Z-

"6 6 !1 6 L  7Z6 H B 6%H >- BT2 7  ]g .= K  6 2  K6T.

$ 7 0 K 7 (" 5 ".

!%  DB 27 6?- Q 7 1! 6  6 72 GK! %V1! 6  0 %- 7

6   2  ! H `w) 7%6  "B  !(  !H !"-66U! 6! =  7F ] G

/  5 ( % 27.7%

- - 7%  !6 7 #% 7Z- !%/ 2 7%H (d 6 K 5B . 7 K !H7 7m  6

6 ]"# 77 ? BY6B 7  06 .7 0 7 # &.

 ( 0  6  7 !6 07 5 7&H b1  .7%7K 7 F  = 27( ) 76  !%

&<] 2-  -( $# 7%-  6 K B6 7% 7 &6 67.7%%H  ( 5

& 1[ %7  h( (Q7

(/ 0 !H - D27   !H 76  L 6 H   6 .7%H  H ( 2 ` !K - 

" 6B "!T2 7 6  -    B (Z 7%H56 !B !6 K6 7 ( K6 Lm !m

B7 7  0 !6 !`K -s - 7 K     E - 7  = D6!U

7( ^6  2 -- 2  K  B  6 e 5 U6 7%H !6  6B !U6B 2 B !ZU 76 .= (7

- H! (-6 pK 6 !U6 D -     [% ( B "- h 67 6 6 h(( 0

= = .7 - Q Ly=- D ! 5 7Z6" :7 - a T2   7/  0 6! e"! 2 0.

&] 7 7  5 1  $ !H K(B K1   76 6> (Z  . 0?  hV W! 

6 7".

= 5j 6 W 7 % !U6  =  !U6 e =< H 6= `w 7 6 !12 7Z- !6  !H  6 %V

- 5T -Z 7W 0 % !6  !B! 5 %H 6 U / . 7$H - Y6 7% K

& !B!  X] eVB   !d H!  7 / H 6!  B .7 

6 !6    2  6L2 0  06 0  = .  ]X ]/ H ]V 7 = !6 2  6 !6L

=  !H 7 6 7 !U6 D 7"K >27 2.

(S !H 7%  2&! - 6 ./  $7

 K 0 D ! - B L 6 B " =dB 7 % 6 6 !H  & 6 . 6 ]H!6 7

 % -   .& {U .77 0%j --?! g F$ 6 .75 0" :7! " Lm

B 6 ]H L#66 h D L6 .&!   /6 . - ? >/ - B -- 7&%6 -H !6 7H !H 0

-   6 2$ B H7 D  6?[  "$K TB H= . "B !H Lm ! 7 6 0 0 !H

  6 76(  . $K  !H %H H gF   (" >%1 6! 67  B-! %] 7  ( !6

62  7 7 0 . -  6 W ]H 0 6 .  6 0 7 (7 c  (  ".

" (  ( c .2   (  L2 7B $ Ty6 0 7 mH  6H !6 -7F - 7%H

 L2W ZK ? -76= 7TZ . B &! .& !"6  ZW2 %Z 5 $# 56 7.71- !H 7

- : G$% D(6


http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=331453

 \ I&  8 )* & >8

 F (

 6 Y/  7% 27  =F( 6 !H !2! B"

L6 ( 76 D6 7 e !6 m) 7L6 - !$ [ .(h

$ 7F  6 &?  7%  b ( 6 

B  &m !$ B . 6  7   !Z  6 B e 7%H

&! T< !6 7%m = ?j  !H ?F -

 .76

m 6 7 :7%H

  (  K 6 7 %H 6 .7 2 0  . !1

 6 7$  &! [   2 !5m . 

`B  !6 :7 56 !H 7 7 -.7

76 ( -

 !H - 7F !H H   b B

7$m =F(> (7$] !676 56 D - H )  7%m

 ( bH56 0     ( . B !B ( !6

L6 -]  L # 2- .-

m 6 7 :7%H

  (  K 7 7%$6 ( B K T2  56 .7 7  6  L / 6  - !6

&! H G F &  ? -= ]w -  !H 6> B  &m !6.

!5m  `B :7

!6 56  [B !6 !H 7 .7%H s%e 56 !6 0

6 B (

]w  6B6 bF D  7%H &Z D s 6B .- $ 6 (6  % " B s h 6 !6 

H 0  .) .- ( !6 $  !H B 7-($ K6  6 (.7%H 0! !H B[  7%%H  F= [B !6 7

   6> ]& H.-

m 6 7 :7%H

! 6 <$K ]6K  7% (  2 6 7 ( K6 7%H (  gF  (" %1 >6 7  .7%
(  !5m 7  `B :7

!6 56 7`B  H 0! .-

Z (Q H !6

 0  "B   =   !6 L B  6   y - $ <T B  60

-  ]  7%H &! H  !6 $! Lm Z.

m 6 7 :7%H

6 7 6 7K ` K 56 .7  7   !6 $6 s 6   H !"v !H  !6  =  7 < 6!$

 (T2   %.

!5m  `B :7

!6 56B  0 7  56 VB  H 1- !6 %H  !6 ?"= . ( =  0 6

7 (S { H

- 7%m Y/  L6 2 - 6 7   !6 7 6B.7

m 6 7 :7%H

! H 2 0($ V(  %( !   !H 7%HH 0 6 p  02  6#   0 !"6 7 -

B ]g  L - -- %H 6 .

!5m  `B :7

!6 56 !H 7 D %  ( 7H 7 7VK ( L2  7 !6  .7

!$  !"H %w-  `w . 276 D -  7 76 !6 !H B (!  L  !6 7%H 76(  77

6B !U6 6 ! ) .76 ( !$ 6 !H 7 B bF !6 !H &m 6 6 7 (.7B 2  L L 

H F  7 !6$  g( !2 (  d B 27  2(  7 6 7 B !6& !H( -($ K6 .7%H 0

[(  . 7 %H  76 (! H !6 $ &6( ! 76  H 6  L %H  .7%H  y-

 2 7F !K`  !6 $  F 7%H F  !6 7 !(  !6! B 76 6 ...7 76B !U6

! Y .76 !6 H !H - _( 0 !6 !  6 bF 7%6  g( ]6K -  B  6 (" .7%

 6 0 (  !H  7 ! ($ 6 0%m D # 7e 7 K56  F .- >6 !H 7 7  !6 $

B (!  !6 .7% !H&! !6$ B 56 -B   !H 7 7 B 27 ( H  % ! !H 76 L

  p ! .76 7 !6  = !$ B 27   7%%H 6H 0  7/  = ]K ] B 6 7 `!6 !K

! ($ =H 2 .7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237479

I;   A4/
(Lg !6 (  H pd 06 !H 7 7&6 LK pB !B

 2 L%  X &` H pd  H7% ]X

H 7%H $de => -d /  7  F7

- !H 7e !6 B = 7  !6 h 6 7%%H

H !6 27 ("' .

6 bF ]/ ]& 0  76 !H H ]d( 6 7

 K 7K( ]/ !6 7%  y6 7   =  

6 7 H ]d !H ( H 7!  H T56 #.7

=# 5 B 56 7  &6 5H .7 W H

  7 %H B sd B 6 ( 7%H y-7

 = 6 7KF H B  =< .7%H

!B ( e!6  D  0=7

6 = hH> G &6 (# H( !6  !B!6 6 .7 6B!6 L  7H0 7X=6 !6B 27  s7

  6 27 K( B >F 7  5B W6 7.

7d ( 6 / 6 H 56 s7

/B 2 H ]d   6 p Z 7d 7 6 /  H K] B .7 H pd Lm !6

1( !6 7%H  5B c%XL( 7 L% "B7 " h U 1- F 7 ... 2- ]  7%%j  

 !6 7%%H $de/ / =  H GUK W  7%H  !#` !H 7 5]  7  H H7%

  $de.

L!6 (Q 6 5 K6 - 7%H

6 - 7 7 <  ^6 B !H H ]d H 2  H 76 e!6 27 2(

1- .7%H `H D  76 ]w % 6 ...`H D -!#  ]w % $J ... .7%H 6 = 0B

 0B- D 7&F  7 %H  % `H D (  Z  &7%H H -%  !H 76 0vU- % 6B

B 7    y-  6.

H 7%m (S 6 # 77

  !H 7% H ]d H 7%m 6 # H h( 0W `w 7% F7 (" 01  ! 7% 6-

 7%%H ..  !6 %vU D H !6 -m 7%- ( 6 H LH 7 D .7 L%  B6  /

( ("L!   B B (yH 7%  H L% #  7% " 7H  !6-

7%  Lm  H  !1V ! # 6%6 7%6 0 - .K !6 KH 5  !H 7%%H ^6 07  0

6 H .

 !$H 0 )j H 7%m 6(  #  7  7 = !sd/ &  .7% / 76 

 / !66V & =76 - 7  ?]  6  &`( 7F= 7   ">

 .7 7%H  ZK  ) !HH 7%m 7 6 #  (7  7  7%-6  dB 6

?6 W 7 6  (Z 7%H  6e ?6 7  H &  6 .7%H  0b !m  p & "Z

7 = !6  !H 7X2Y  >K 2 !6e B ! Um 7 / %H 5"e/6 6  7 B= -

 $V 7 5BF 6 B  7# 7Z6 H  Z B( &F  7 `  :!H 7

m   %H B - 7 $V ) !$%H  h U !6 !( 6 "!6 /  B $V "e 6 F.(7
%H 6 " 2 &  $V / H( (Z # 7%H H 7%m 6 # 77 6 2-  $!6 7

s% # 6 s !H (- L% T2!6 7H .7%H L 76 ( 1# 7 ( 7 & /  $V  76

=> =-> 6.76 1/  27

 : G$%U[ !%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=260696

$]W & 
R I

   0 . 27 - -     ! S

: %H  !e(  !6

]$K 7  7%H ?& 27 76 77 = 7

7 (H 7 7%"6  Lm !m  .7%  B(

-/  $w (1% 1e ?B V 7%H  `H

!# !6 7%H Z- - -.76

 Z ?  & -%  7

 & 27 %6 d   D F 27 76 =Y> !Z U

.7X

 6 K !H -  7 H 7e K  5

 7 7e 0 K - ( = B.7%H 1/ 27

? V !6 L26 !H 7%  s /1e K`B

? !T2 V  !6& `H 27  76 6

F s 5  B 2  ZKVK 5 T $ ?%- -- ( h-%! 76 1H75

.76

% K6 ($ 6.7

27  ( / !6 27 = 7 27 .7%H  ]X !6 L

(1  1% B 7%6 $w 7%H&.7

(1 < U% B 0 (1  U% L5= 0 .7

 %! 7! .76

( 7% B / !6 = 7 6 B b1 !6 L16.7

012 0?- K 7 7K "H <] &.7


B( .76

 / !T2 7%H 27= T2 L 7%%  7.-

6 <" p <B U% ( g.7

B 27 D&B 6  !"6 7$ & 27  6[T Z$.7%H (>?6

  !H ZK 6 7(  % 7  / .7%( 7 5 7 .76 >V? 1/

<5 "H !6 T/ 27 7%H &!   ]6 .7%H -

2 ( Z .   ( 6 7% d6 U  $d  1%  HT76 0vU 7

TF !H.

 s !"-( - 6K  ] 6 !"6 .7%  7#%6 .U% 2 -Ty6 7 7 < e 0 66  $d

- 7.7

T5 7 - 6 .7%H !$"<  27 B 6 $de B .7%

5% H $de 6 ( 0?- d 7 .7$ !U"-

    7%5 d- /  !2/ !6 $ !H  7%-B h B6 7.

 !6 $d B> < 7% "1  7% ( F   $d 7%  .- F !12 0   H !6 27

!H B $d  ]2.

&! [ .& h  7$ & .   U  B (7 GK! B .76   6B  - 7> y6 7

76 (T 7 - & .7 !H &H h"[ . .

2 $ !H 7 D =7 &! 6= 6 7> ( 76 ( >F K% .7   H 6%6  ."U 0

 7-/ B  76  7Z- !12 !6 .7 -6  % s  "2 !HB ( . F !6 27

- 71-.-

7&! B  7% 6 e- (V  7&F B (5 V!7

B( 6 56 V( 27 7 T5 >6 !( [B !6 7 s !6 7/ 5 ( 2Vm (L L  6 77- ]

 .U%  & 6  6 ? V56 G[K V( .7

76 !6 27 6 " ]e 7  s! B - !H 76 76% 27 & - !6  0/

.-

( 2V   6  T56 K6.7

 B / LY 2- B .7%H D

 B 6 cde! !6 76 p"< hm6 .7L 7%F

2  ) (B (   eB /B - B 67 " % 6 !"6 7 7 # 7%H  2

( )( B  ! / 0W -  ( 7%H ]d !6  e >(`& ( 7 .7%H ]/

(1 c 2- T/ 27  . 7% K 1( !6# B 2VB .7

B(  .7%

 H   6 B6 7%H Z- .7%H 1e B  6 7 by- B  %&F h K [ !6

-  U .7X

6B 1e B  &!  s! 76 eVB [B !6 2E B  (.7X 7#

 ZW F B6 6 7% ( h-% 7 0 ZW .7%H G

7%H Z-(  !H !2 Ty6.7


UW  B 6 ( 7 <& h <  6 U%.

( =( !H #T5 7 7 2  7%H !$"<  6 / (J !6( 7%m 7e B6 776 .  $B 76 !6

7.7

 s!  ]X !H 76 6 ( DmH`& 7  .  !6 7 =6%6 .7 0 /  XL B

B L (d K ("? B .7%H

!%Z[ 6 %H! 7% $de %!6 B 6 /`-  H (  %1- .7%

( B L%=  - Z  = 6 7%H =  = 6 7 ( ]  J  27 !6  .-- B

.d

 !B H ( 7 .7% !"B >6 Lm 0 ? /H 7 . [ 6 ! 76 .[B

    ]& D  27 / !6 .7

 2 7  7  7 B  = &m >F  7% 7K 7F  L  s7 H> 7.7

( H H H 55m B ]g T5 $B6 6 !m 7  6 "& 7 >"/ !H   s -

=- 7%H =  G % .7

 !B pd ( !5 L 7  !6 >F  s =B 5-  !( L! .76 e )(  :7 7B -$

$ -.

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=331755

^ J )& /0_

!6 6 =   !6 7 ( !-:7

Bb b762 .   27 7 2

7  B2 .7 B ]g =Y6 7  7 2

7 = !6 !B 0  7F !B6 7$-% ]g 7%

2 .7%66  =7 B ! 7 2 (%H 6 7%m

 & B...7

F K  D = 0 & %  !6 b/ 0-

F - !H 7   6& K - = 

0 p-H 6 .7L L  2 H !H 7

7%6 $UK B B !-b  b76 K

  6 776 - !H 7 7%H $ ] ($   L

<" U  b   - " d = !6 .-7


 B ( 7 Z   $K 5  W ( 7%H

6 `H  02 .  7%!62 2 - - L$-

H bF 7( B - 7 (b76= 0 B 06 7 !6 . 0 ! 7B !H 76  6 !H

7- !67     .7- 0 5 !H 7B  27 56 -!7

6 B7 b %H !m

6 B7 b Y  (!B  ]Z= h-L 7%H 6 H !w$B (!B  H .7y6 D

H 7%m - -  --# :7

 ]67%H " 7K "Z ZW

$-% ZW 7( !6 !H{ !6= - 7 h  .7%H76 -B 7b Z   Z %H( !H DH  = !6

H 6 " !6B 7  7%%H !6$ % 2 (G-T2 Lm .7 ?$B !H   = b 26.

ZK !H K B "g  !6 H 7%H Z-   7L 7 L6( 6 B 56 s 7%H  H .7 ( H

/ !6 7 76 7 (H &F 6 H 77 =B6 0 H (!/  B7 7K!m &F  !6 H

7   7% K H 0 7 !6 77 L6H  2/ bF 7 = !6 2 7 7-$ 7 7 !H 7%H

( 0 6  6B . 7 [`  b$/ !6 "g % L 6& 5 .7% 1H  2 &F 7%m

 - &F b/ 0   !H 7%H   !6 B &F 7- ?$B !"K .- hK 0  .76

!H H 6 `( &6 &F  7%76   7  h !6 7Z6.

B 2 0vU 7 !H 7 7   7 B- 0Y B !7-y6

= = !j !6 !H= -  77

e( !6 !H5 / 6 /  7%H 5   = !6 $/ 7 6B !6 7 0 ] B !6 $  !H - b/

7 6B .7 !6 0 0 ]  !H - 7 B ZK   7 =6 !H !j 7#  7 ( 7# 76 7 #

7 .7 - / / 6 7 >F !6.7

B !66 b B  7

%H 7%&% !B 567K!m 7  7%%H!B 27 7 !m .- 2  7%?$  !6   !6 b = 7%"6 . 7

 B 7%H Z- .7%H H/ 27   0  b (- !6 T .7%H

= 7Z( !H 7  7 - (G 5 67%H hH H /

 = !%  .-  2 (` `e 7%H ! (7 !6 ( gB g( / 7H 7.

= $ 27

 K `K  !H 7%H !/ 27 ?V  .2 -   7%H ]w L2 ? .6 7 2 K

 7 7%H $de "! "6  ... B ! L6  7 "6 !-  ... p6 K ! "6

 ... &6 >%- - (6# &6!

1- B  %( 7%H [B !6 H !B  .76 V B - ( 7  6 (` H !  !6 .7%H  B

( ! 67 (` ?6  7%H 7  . .7 6$ b 6 # 7 ] H b . =- !6 06 .7 !6

= - = 6Z 7 6 ( - G =-  !6.7-

aB 2Eb

 h76 -#%H 7% L b 7 "$%(  5  ... V? 2E !6 !H -B 7 0  ( 7

(K1   6 01- $6 bF .B L  2B 7 H 76 b - 0 6 hH 02E

?`( V .7%H B b !"6 7 7  b76 0 2E =  ] 2L .- !6 D d
(` HB h$- Lm !m 7% 16 7  76 D  .{ 6 0 : B!6 eVB a b

:7%

 ( H UB >F !6 0

 (  0 /

5 (  0 7 = !6 07%

2 (Q H p6

6 (S - p  0/ ! `& 6

] (a Z 6.

 "H/ 0 $K 7

 7 !6 ( "H ]F 0  !H 7= 7    ]g! !6 7%6 0  = !6 b !H 7%H .7L6 7%?$

!$/V - ` H !H 6 6 5 - a 0- " K = b b"#=b ( "

6 &6 .7%H  7Z- - 7 !6 ] 7Z-  !6 !"6  0 ] B6 b .- ZK 0!H -

"B  6 "H7Um  .7

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=369238

^ 4& ?& < `ab

K (: [$

!6W D y6= 0VV? 7   !6 `HK 0

  6  !6 .7% =  W  !67 H

 = !6 !H %H 27-  0$ p[ 6 7 6 ]X !6

!T2 -/ 6 L16.X

K (: [$

># !% H    `$K !H "X .7% 7  7#-

!67 H  = & ! 7 7# U  .7%

6 !T2 !6  0 7&! 27 & # 

 - 2( ^62 p6.

K (: [$

W B & !6 7%H Z- .75% !6 =7 &] [ !6 y6 !"v ]e 7 F!/ ]X !6 0B B
 7X 6 K( 6 W h-%(6 6 76 7%H ^d6 !H 7 W d% "e 7 7 7 5 ?

 / .7  0%m  6 U - / => K 56 7 = `H &] U K 0W H $de e !K

]& ]/ !6 .7

K (:Q [$

hm6 L- B 012  .7X L- !H K 2 7 2 !"e .U% .7-7& /  p 

 -  /  !H(-/ %H 7 `& 6 7%H B L.7

K (:S [$

[  B 7 !$ .7%H!     %H !$ 0 7%m !6 - =  $ G"U

 B !H 7% 6/ T56 ` !s/5 .%6

K (:a [$

 GK 6 / T2 0 ` !s/5 H K 7Z6= 0VV? !H - ( [$<"= h HT

 7  6 / T2 0  5 HH- &  - H-   %Z !6 L$

H =  ( - !H &B! =  6 D LT .  %&F   !6 %H !% B 7 !$ !"?( #

7%H  0 % !6 D6 % 2 ]/  1- .7%H

6 ]HK6 12 7 ($ ] ( 7%%H 0Z  .- 27 256 ] - !6% ZK - H DH ]/ !6

6 ]  #% 27[ . K6 ($ 65  = >%H&! b1 /! = 6 `6 T2 J.

($ e J !K  ZK 6 h-% ? .- F 0($  / L  7%H b1 65 ZK 6

- %H ( / = .7 0($ U Z[K -  %Z  > 1 0 !6 !H -? B =! /  7  ($

< - 6 (7 J> B ? H !"/ > L  b1 - B6 &  0 7%m -

& >%H %6) 7% -( 2 >%H 5BF! -[ 0 B6 !6   0 !H -%Z 0  (  

 2 >%H   Z1 -[ 0 B6 !6   ( !H -%Z 0   !j%m    0!Z[K >%H

!6 76 (! = e !K  !6   0 7% (    .

($  J !j= %Z B !H 7 BU 7 -Z( 7 (0d Ty6 7 76= GK !m 7 56 ! GK !m7

($  J %Z-/ B U h-%( !6 !6 .7%H F ]/ [7%6 0&/ 7 B B 76 ?& 7L6!-

B $ .7-%&6 7s ! !H 765  B!-  76B6 .7%  !Y7! .76

B6 ( !Y7 7UW  2 (? 1 7   ( [$ $ 6 B 6 .7&?6  6  %( 76 e 0

( !6 75   0VV? .7%H $d (   77Z [$ 7  6 !m ([$ 2 7% 6 7% 7  e 

.7%%H

2 !H  e6 7% !(  = !6 7! : 76

/ !e`B .7L6

e c / L .7L6

(  ( 0 -> y6L.7

hm6 B 7%BB b%76 !s/`6 .7%H

2."U 1- 7% ("H L2 &! B .7%

B 0 .7%

 Y !H -  W1- 0 W 7%H 6 $ .76 7% !H  e 7 .7%H

!% ( . 7F .7%H


$de 1% 0 ( 56 7%.7

B - .7%H

 0vUs% !H 7 (  H.7

[ !H 7%H $de( s%  `H .7%H

TB H  .7-

 F !6  (7$] .7%H

!2 !6 6 B !H 7%H $de/ / 7%H (! 2 .7

U `$K !HB6 d 7 H   & 6 1 $V -  0 p - &6  7%%H B 

 7   &6 p6 !Y7  7%%H # B6 7% - H / .7%L6

<" h  !H U  /- &` 6 - !6 / B `H 7% W - 6 7   !6

% B !6 .7%%H ( !e  !H U B DH - e !6% 7! .76 !

 6  B  7% 6  GK 6%  B !-     h >#  .7  !H ZK

B 7   7%H  ? B 6 U -  6 -  e !H  ^d$ = 7 .7%H

7Z6 ( 6 ^/$ K !6  ( [$  ! 6 !6 7Z6 " ^d6 -  h-% H   " B F. B

 : G$%  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=350431

 * Zb& A4/

!    (  ]/ !6 27$  -0

= !6 DmH L6 B   6(  !5m - !6

 -

6 -6   !6 0  B% !6]  J

F   F  . B  ( 6  

?" - !6 07  7 >F 6 H .

 hH= D  $K %H ? ! h-%

&5 B 7( ]$  s ... "! 7 !H 7%

7- 6  = !6  1  d   6%6 . 0

 6 m - !H7 =   ( 6 7% 

. 7%6  ( Z  6 ( (   


. 7%6  %

L B-%

B  %( ! -%   !"6  L 27 6   !6

  = . 7 B -% =" # ( !H - [

6  27  ZK V( "? p 7Z

(? H 7%m e 6 $ (V  L $ 7

m !H 6 h !6 L2  2  0  6 - 0 $7 - 0     / . 76   (

 6 V( 0 (? H %= !H B V? 6 $-% ! B% . 76/ K`B  7% !K` 7 (

  !6 ?   h-% 6 -  6%6.7%H  DH ]$K 7%H Z- 0  B !6 Lm y6 ( 7B  !%

 .7%H

( -7 (H 7 7%"6

7 (W 6  !H 7% 7- `(  = !6  %H / !6    = c GK  =6%6 7%6  076 7

(H 7 7%"6 !6$ Lm !m .7 7 (H  0  !6 - 6  D  /- D ]  7 7

7 7%"6 - D  &6 07  0W !66 ( 7  ^6  27  2 B !6  h-%! 76

2  67 B .7-6 ]K/ !6

B !m - 76  - 7 B = - &? ( V ( %H >F " !6  .%H H/

!6h-% L

7Z6 &? 7 7 (H 7 7%"6 Y !6 -  G 6 7%7 7-  ?&  = !6 . !6 0 6 L s

%H ZK 027 7% ] (T2 J &?    !HB 7% -%  B%] (T2 J F  . 76

0 !6 -! V6 -  51 V6 !  ] 6 [ 76 ( Y  e ?  !6 !6

7  s 7 ? !66 L  2 . 2  !67 H !6#( L 7 ?  6 0 V? 6 h-% !6

7 m ( 7  6 7 = UB1- U6 .7%H w 6 D  DB !1 !6 7%H L F !6

 7%6 G y6 2 !# ! ( 7 !m 7 !6 6 6 &6  (  !# 6 7? ( h-%0

2 !6 7%"6   6.7

&! " < %6 >F ]6K !6 L !6  = !H 7%%  TF 6%6 . 7%5 0 " &!6 ]H 7

!  B 51 m 7$ !H# 7 >6  !# 7 0Z( !6 "U `H  !6  =.7

 s $s

 0 -  5  s $s ] 7%m    s !6 7  L6 J( 0[6   B 7  .%H ( 7

- !H 76 7= >F !6$ !H 6H  B h-% K  & 7 -2 KB  $ - 7 !

?B V T5 ] 76     h"U h U h-% 6 #/ 06 H 2 h U Y6 . 7 s 0 $s  !6

 ( 7%H  DH B (H 0 [6 0 7%H 7  0B K 7 !6  " .7%H 2U6 0%j w

H !Z U  L L( !H ( 7 ! h6 - T ( >?6 (T2 J ( H  L s%  wH !H -

!6 ?! s (7 H p . - $s B !6 !6 L6 J( ! ( 7%H !W   27 ( = 

.7

(7$]  F !6

/Z !" 0  7%  ": 7F !% ! "

6 !m2 6 " " !"H   ?"( Z[ L !6  e ( gB 27 = !6 $  ( ("? = 7e
  67%m %6 0 6 K !

( H  %  H hH !6#( 2 = $ 5# 7 =B K 77%m  7  ("'  ! 

!H =  F !6 7$  ? B6%6 7 7 0   7  & 7 = %Z !6 ZK- !%

 B -.7

 ] H $J 7K

6 / 6 0 !6 0 (  !H ] H = !6  7$ !6 Lm? -Y .7= 7!   0 K

6 [ H   F &  h . -&! 7%H Z-  B 7K 6J 76 ( 7- !67   B -

(` 7 67

(7B !6 ]H

F 676 12 7 (7B !6 ]H -   77B !6 . 7$ >6 6 ( 0W ( 7%H ]H 7 UB L  !6

 7% 7  B  `( 6 .7%H 0( >H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365268

 2>R & A4/ e 8  4 $& $d

&6 (]  !H 7   !6 277F - 6  = .7%%H

B 7  7%%H  0Z 6 7Z6 7- 7 !6  = !6 (`

 7%  -  (  !H 0U !% H 0!H -

m  `e 6 GK 7   6  !H 

?"1  1( 6.

% !6 w  6 h/eL%6 _F D 0 0 !H -!

6 !6 7( ]$ L%6 &6 0 .7%H !X -!6 !H H 5

 !K` -  & $ = 0 eVB 

` .7%6 66 0 7  s  !H&! F 6  7F

B(   . hH 7B  D % D ]& -

76  H -  !e`B LB (` DH D.

!6 /   7  ?"   7%H

&! h"U D = 7e   :7%H`( 7% T2 K 0

.76

 0 - 7 B 0 $ 6 7%H 7- !6 07

 &6  sL"  7 ( h-% !H 7L2 0!%


 =  ? .7%H 7VK !  0 (  ! 6

( D% 7- H .%H %=  !66 6 !"H7 0

 !6 " s$J 7-   (B 6 7 / =  6 7- !67 - 6.7

(7Z- B  6 -% 7%H

s% !6 7-  !6   !%   ( !H 7 7- = !6  B % !6 .7%H &H w !K` 2!H 7

! B7   Z! 6 767e 7 6B ! .76 2/  7e !H 7%H 7%m 6 $-% H 0 77

 7U= 7 6 !H 7  7 0  !6 !%7F - w .7%H 5 !%H !6 2 B % ` !K 7 !6 /

(`& 7 (   L= "B  h 6 =  ( Z  7( 0 6 ]X !H 7 = !6 =

7%$6 !H  !6s 77F - .7%H

7% 5 !T2 !6 (

!  B 27  7%%H  $   1( (% !6#(  .7%B !6 7( 56 !H 7   2 D

L  - !6s% !6 .7%H  ( D 7- 6   !6 7 56 !H 7   B !T2 d !6 0/1-

H =  56 .7 2 B 27 [B 6 !T2 !T2 .7% 27 !T2 - = 7%  hs  

"B .7&H 7%H H/ " - !6 / ( V  ( !`K(?  7 !T2 56.7

B # ( F B L> 7

s% !6 7-    !6 7% F  02 .7  !H h"U 0 B  !m 27B 6 7( e

/ !H 7%$6 .76 - 7 = -76 Lm !m 27 7 Lm !m !6 7F - !6 .7%H%   77m !H

- L6 7& H B F .7

6 (Q B &! H [7%H /

!6 2$ 7- "g  !6 >F 7 #  H 66 7 B [ D  0$( G !6 !m .7$ 6 D H

B  !H 7 76 7%H !6 B / [ 0 !&   6 7- [ .76   !6   6 ]

%6 >F6 7  ^/$ 02 sVK 7K ]"d( $K-( E B6  6 L2 !% 6 / .76 &F

 !6 !H$ - D! T2   6 7  66 /[ 7 !X -! .76 0  Lm

&6 6 . !$%   2  `H (  H 7 e !6 F  7 (H $ 6 ( 7%H!6 7

"U ( !# 0.766 -

& "( (S7

6 7- 6   !6 7K 6J 6( / .   !W 0%m   H .! 6( _Y 0 

( ! H 6 >6 = !$( d H ( ( _Y D  7%H 0 7m 6 &6 ]X > m7  L5

6`( !H 7%H Z- 7 = !6w !6 L L> .7

B (aTF K( 5 - ! 76

67= 7 7 V( !6 0  = !6 $ !H 7&6 ] D B - 7F H e !6 D- 7$(  0]

[ !6 7  = !6 ( !H= 76 -  d( .7%&% 0 6 p/ !6[ !6 !H h"U 0  !6 %7F -

BH 7 6  02 sW 0 !H>  6 H 7- = !6 B (  !H   7( !6 7

B !- B ! ] .7y6

0Z( (7 (V= c

 6XL 7 ( .K 7 7VK !H7-  = !6 6 7 B  &(  !66 .7%H c 7%$6 7 !m   ( = !6 7

7F - 6 .7%H6 7 B(  !H 7%H 0 - 7 = 7% .76 ] !m !6  27[ 7% -#% !6 /
 "g 6 0 6 B V? 27 !6 % !1- .7%H  L  6 B 27  !6 !27 eB L.7

!6 0 ] &6 !H -J 0   (  % B %  = .- (V  !H 7%H 0   6 !H 7% B

7 (7%%H  0Z !  7  0Z6 7  = 7  .7%H ZUK

  $ ZUK - $( !H  =    7%H  =  B !6  5 (  cW .7 ! D = 

( !6 !$ Lm 7" :76 !" 0 T2  !H    6 s    6 ". B6 s !6 7  !&"H !" 0

F >F .76 H] H H B F $de ^d$ 0  $ U  .-  ! 6 !H( !6 0

 ( 7 .L L 6  EF .$[ .7%H>  ( !$( !" 0 6 [  ( 7  $V 

6.

 7Z%H ( !H -  bH  %6 !6 !"6 =  (  !5m !HB 7%   !"H .7%%H 7

F   0 6 -  .76

!6 /   ( 7% 5  $w B # 7%%H   .1% "! $ ((  1% 7H ! !6  H:

! (1 76 7 7 B 6  2" :7&! 0%m D(6 K1   0".7

` ( 6 7H 0 6 L5 0  5  !6 $w   1% 6 .7%( 5 !6 (  $w7K 7  

B L>  ? V B $ 6 L .7&?6 (Y6 (T 7-  !6 6 . 27$K 7 6 !H 7%H

7- 6  !6`( 7 H 7 !6 7&6 /  !  !67F - ( 5B 7%H (`  !H

#  7 76  = !# .7T ZK >?6 < 6 ]6K B6 7 .  Y/ 0H !6 -  7  !6B 27

 .7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=287938

) b/ &   0&6


0

!Z U ! ( p-( `2 > &5

 # &7 ! ($ ( !6 ."Z  0- !6 F !m

T56 !677 J `- 1/ .-([$ 6 K

 B( (  7 6L5 ( B hK Tg(76! cde

! 76 7% $K LF [!6  s%#

.7

 0%j B  ( 7%& J  27!

 w%B 7%% =  !6> .7%&?6 0W7B  `- 2

 m 7 !7BB-  6# $K   % 6  6 B (.6 7% Z U . 

L> 0- 7 F &  7! /  K [ ?" 6L> [  J.7


 K - 7! GK !6   6$K 7 6   .7% (& . 7%%!  7 6 ! `w 76

[!6 F s% 7% 5- ( .7

T2J( 6    % 6 !6 $  L>  .7%    6   " - / 7%

 `w  !BL% 7%% ] Y $-& K   "! / -! B -

 = ] !6.7

6%6 0 = #! ($ 6 6- 7K `K - 77 % ?- # ! %Z p6 -! (6 7

  %&F76 L >?6 6 %  B `- !6 6   :7%

!6 ( -! 7 6 -  $de.7L6 01"(7

(  `B 76 !T2 F $deZ( ( 7%W 7 ]/  !7 6 6   p6 .

(- 77F 7 7%! `!K &B !6( ! ( / .7%6 !6 7s% 0 !6 2  7y6 0#.7

Z- (Q  !T2 ]w 7%  B &- 76 =  / .7%

!6 (S 2 / 7y6 .72 0  6 &]  6 & ]&( !6 !  &`  ]/ 

6 B 67$( 5 s .7%%& 0 7 7  %!  2 /  7% % 6 B 0L

 (..7%

(a %Z 27 B / ( .7%(V !6 7K ( %Z  `- 7 ( 0 s!6 .7% 7-! 

B7%  7%% T - $  7%% 6 6 !"6  ( 7 7 7%% &6 27 .7% 7 & ]< 0W 7

7# !%"   %Z !Z Z$% 56 - /  ). !6 7 " 0 -!   6 &6

  TJ  h (

U6 ( [" !6 !$ L6( " .d .7["$ 5 7%$6 L !6 L 5 .7%

0  (hK 0 Z$[ 0 -! = : ! !6 &65   7%%  27( (?$B .7% 76G 7

 - B !6 B & 6 &6 0 ! (   % dB  !5 %   !5 7.

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=242037

$*U4 /0 _!

  5 7 !H&! B b .7% 0

H !H 7%  G 6 F>F! 6 H

5  7 7  s !6  !H 7-- !6 (/

=  =2 .7 ZK B (  = !6 $ =  = !$


H ?-  7%%H "H cW( 0  ]6 2  = 6

m "B !H  s !6 GK K !H 7-  5D

- 5 =  &6 .-V( B6 7 !H 7%%H 0

76 ( !6 7`Ue "&&F" B 6  dB 76

m7 de Lm 0%m !H H - 76 ( 7B K

!"6 B$K (  % -   !H 7 (  = 7

B 27 H !6 7%$6 7  b $K .7%H !6#( 27

: B$K b !6 7 !7B  6 d

( s% !6 . (  6HVB ">  b "

H !$/V( . $ D =  b !6 7 %( !"6 7%

 !6 G (K1 <H $de s%e !6 !H 7    = 27  s !6 .7  = !H 7-7 - 7%

"b" !"H1- m 7%%H !H e 0  6 %H =  7  =   !2%H !H 7  0 <0 s%

!H    .- 0   !"6 7 !m 0 !H - 0 6   .7

:(K1 6 76 =    7%m .7 6 B6 b  (71 . 0 Z( 0  e 0

&` .-&! &`L#Z  .! b L6 `& ]/ L6  !1 s !6 .7%!H 7-

(&? &`  -- (7$] =  !6 6 e DZ( 0 6 .76 b

- &6 - ( [B !6 H   .7%%H7 2 !H 77 . 7e 7m  !6 W/ 7/ !m ( - D

H ! = 7 "B  GK Lm B6 !H 7  !H =  % !6    %H GK  H = H 6

]$K .- !%?6  ZK  wH7K !6  GK `( H  %H  L2 ]H27  ZK ]d

H p   %H `( !6 B ! =. 6! (` 7-   /  &6

7  6 !H 76 0vU[ 0 ( 1(27  7%H g( !6 ( 7e  Y6 (b G$U 6  &6.

 m  - 7%6 67  6.7%H 7 B b- 7 7%%H 7%6   D 7%6

/  !7 0 d ?-- 7% 6 !5m !H 7%ZK 7 (&?  [ Lm !m.7%%H 7%6!$D

B ZK - 6H !H 7%$6 7( ^6 ]& D G 2  = !%  = !H &] 7W/ 7

F 6 H B ]& ]/ y67 - = !% ($ 6 = !H &] B  7 /-  m = !%  ]/ s

71 ZK- 2 ( !6 7- 0 '-F6 776 7B !H 7 B6 7   !6 b ?= 7.

 6 -#%FZK 0 b [ .5 ? !6 =B b .7 ( $ L2 ( % - !6  =.7

7Z( %vU   7 F  (]6K 6B  / !j<6 7F  7%%H &H!K .7 76 

 b<" h !6 e h K = .<" h D !6 #% !H h-% 7B b D  [B !6 6 W 5

 p 2 ]  0.

& B b - - !6  H = !HY 2  .7 % !6  !H 7%H 6 D(= 5 "d (v( D

&g = > !6 % .7L6 7%%H7 ( D h/ 6 %- D(1 (2 V !6 !H7 >  6 7 eB Lm 7Z6

6  K !6 #% !H 7%H &H `K  6  %&F by- %- ( D = .  6 ZK 0%m D

= H]Vd( 7    eB =6 !B7 !  (   % =< H 6 .7H  2 =< 7%H/ = !%

B #  7 .  GK2 D - !6 6! .7 2H 0 =< HB 7 ZK 7Z6

" 6 .

 - 1 (Lm 7 B T (.7%H / - h"U 0 7%H Z- !H - / e 76 766
  $ 6  .7!   . =B !j 7%%H LH( 7% `( 6  B !j= !6 7%6%6 7%-0

 b (V  . wH c$e . !H B 76  7%m 7 !K e  H !67 &

  v 7%H Z- .7%%H 76 "U B 27 56 7  6 .7 2%H  ZK7%%H/ 6 - !6 7L2

( (= g ? 7  5 !% ZK Ty6 !H 7(K1 76#  7H ."B  B !6 .7  !H 7Y$6

&`( #  7%H 05% (  !H -= 7  p ( g.7

 : G$%! = L

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=369196

; 8 >?]J > /

!   Z6 ]/$# 27 %?- !6 H  .

 !$/V 6 H 7(7 - %?- 6   7 v

H ]d H( - !"6! 0 %?-  6

   7%  (= 7%  7% T5 bF .7%L6 K !H 70

 e 6 -76 7  b !% $6 Y6.7

( !6 #%  !H %H5% %?- H 6

 !/ 27% ?6 V [B !6 7! .76

27% (  7%H 2

27%  - !H 7   ! 72 p !% 7%%H  !"e/ 6 -6  .6  = !6 7 & 0 2 !6

 / ] 76 ( .7 !K 6 ( 7  = !( 7 "(  .7%H h 7 (7K D%  H %?- 6D

 H !6 2 .7... 7  .7$ $  7

 %vU--7% $ %?- !6 L= B !$% D $K ]6K .- 2 !$% 0 e !6 "H %?- 6 7%H!%

%?- 6  D 6 7%H 1  6 bF .-= !H - 6- D =< .7%H6 D%( 0   m .7

27%  D%( .7%H  ^d6%?- Z6 p-( 2 !2 !H 5 H !6   !2 6  Z6 ? / 06

.-

- ( 7 6 76

 6%?- 0 H !m !H 7% &(H/ !m &%12 0?- 6 - 7B .7%  B !H - &F

 %F 7%H  p !2 .7-6 7Z6 !ZH 0 d :7%H6 K 2 D 1  %?- &6  0/ 7%H

H $de 27% 06  6 .7 2 7%m  - !  27% K  6 .7H 0 B ^67

 7 h" &6  !6  = !( !H 7  / !6 2 ( .K .7%%H


7e ( (T2J ! 76

B  !H Lmd( 7]  7 T567 GK( H .7 ]w !H2 D"( 7%L 6 7 66 .76 77e 7 B7%

2- d( 7%%H]  .75% %?- !6 m 0 ! (! ! 7e 0( :76  2 ( g 7! 7e Y6

F$6 0H $de - 7 ( g 7 2 2 6 (T2 J - &6 .7%H

(Q H F ^6 !H H / 27%   7%H

 !6 Lm7 H 0  ( 7%?- D B 7%m .7%H7 >F K 7 %?- !H  [B !6 pF 6 !%

B ( 6 >$  H - 7Z6 . %?- H d %?-  / ! !H 7%12  p

7m 7e  %F % B &6V B  7%H .- T2 0 0  H 2 !2 . ?-5% (%

%?- "$ 7%H = 7Z6  H  !6 F  =( 7% $66 ( 7= 7  %H T56.7

$ (S 7y6 h-%

6 7 ` H  $de 12  !H  !H Lm 0 B6 6 D = !6 (!  $ 7%H > 6 .-6 77

[ $ 7/ !H 7y6 ]K !"F D / >1H !H 76 ! .76 (Y6 "  0 "6  h-% 5# D

%?- $ !6 . 7F "B.7%H K

/ (a  ( 7L6

( H -  [B &F 5/ .7%H L  ( 7%H Z- .7L6 %?-   6 K G 6 / .7%H

=  = !1(1 7 7 !H -  / .7%H $de  ( h U 27% !B B !"e/ 6H 7.

/  7  = b6 7 <2 !6 h H (! .7%H  &6

( ( 0! 76

7%m( !$( 0H 0 %?-  ( ^6 7  m  YZ$K H 0 ?H 7% YZ .  7%m p]$K !K

%?-& 5 ! !6&  7 7 %?-  .&! 6 (= 0  T2  K .7%?- D ZK

!6 ]$KUm !H 7%H  L %?- B  7%H Um F !6  .7-6/ 06 GK !m !H 7%  6 7 -

! T56 H !m  .7 !m !H 7% - H !m (7e 0& ( g  .7%( 6 .7%%H 5 #H !6 !H 7%0

H %?- %vU  6B !X? 7.

76 .

6  0 B . %vU/ !( !H 7 7 27% B !6 `H UZ H %?-   (d] =  .7

- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308454

& =   
5
!  6 !" 0  7% !   e L26 6

(B J 65 B6 0 ? 7 .0%j

&-% 27% %?-   7%!   ( 06 p

!K K ! 5 (T56 J ]$K  7  = !%

 ]  !6 $ !12 >F h U !6 !(6 .7% ! 1

! (! = !6  (  !6 7 T2&6 0 J( 0 0

B6( 65  .7%

 6 0 6 #  $w J( 0 0 -! [ !6 & ]6  7!  ] L (! . ! -& 2 76 7!

  !( L  e 7 6 ]g - - p6 B - 7 .& 2  7!  [  ]6 d (!

K   7   7! 5 & 7 7#  B.7 7%

!65  $de eB !6 G 76 .7 !" 0  7% 7!  2 V? :7! B   $de 7% -!

 !6  $de e6 B 7 7  GKK  ( 7 ( J !    T56 7! & 7

 6B 7%.7

"   !6 $w 2 ]w 756 &6 1U !$  7Z6 7 !m7 ... ]w - !&F%  ` ( -

$6 7 6 0 `    $-  .7%

[ !6 <` ( 6  [ !6 &m & ]6  7!  7% .7

1-  ? 7[ !6 7  122  $w 56  .- 0 &   7! [ !6 !( ]6

! 7  Z 0W  y- [B !6 ` !6 .7  !  ? ( V e! (   K ! 7%m6 0 

[ 6] 12 ( 2 !6  6.7

 .76 B hK !m2  !1U  [ L%(  m 7'  b"# = .7% !66 ` %! = L!  (7

6 -/B 76 L5 m 7%  [  -/  7 2= ]6 ! ` 0 [ 0 L=L% - Z

($  !6 = !  5= .X  = 6 7.7

# ! 6? e! ( `K  (  7 7 !U6 ]$K !%#  $6 06 $e . ( 7%$( 6 5  7Z6 716

> m  = 6.7%

 = !-! .76 - -! 7- $ (g  !6 &/ = 7 .-  7%% %-

 $ 0 :12 6  "g! Y  "6 F! 6  "g!  B ! .F  6

% !6 ? V([$6  &[B - ! [ 012 0?- B6 0 6  J / - &6 7

=B   !j27% .   cU- - % ( 6  $"( !  ?  % 55m =

"K    !6 .7%% 7/ 7 !2 !6 ! 7% ]6K / $de 76 !6 .7%W (" 1 .7% 7e

( g 7 7e % B% d( .7% 7e UB (  m & 76 7 Z$[ -! .76

0 ! 1 y6 [B !6  %( !  = 7  B6 (#  6 = %>  !6 6 !"6 7% 2

=  / B6 0 T  6 7 ( !6  = !j!   7%  -.76

 : G$%67( !%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=223636
& e 8


/ ! =  B7Z 7% =  >-76m .7  !6

B m 12 ./ H 6- H !6 L27 &.

 6#  6 # - !- H  7

66  &F   6  /  GK7

%6  / .77 7%  K DB -y- #

/  7% XL 02 s  6 ( -  6 !60

 !# - ./  0%j 6  !U6  $

 . B " &? 6 7/ 6! %  !#

B .7 7  6 7&?6 - !6 0 7% -

/7K] 6 7 (H - [ B6 .   6 .6 w B

K ZK H 7! 67K 7 B 6 $67K ) 7 ! / 7K 6  5= ( 567  %Z /  !6

B U ] 76 ! 7 7 !% >Kd- ! 6 7"! 6! 7 ZK !H [B 0  7U% #  6 .7%H = H 

7% 6 0 7 D  ($! = b"F K7  -  H!  ( e(> =  6%7 6? ] 76

7- !% =   7  0T B 7%H " [?6" # H 0%m !B2 B H .6 0 

 -/ K ]X6%6 " ] 76 0" !6 B bX / T5 ! !H !j= [?6 #   .d/ 7 0

6 .-6%6 0 72 K 6 wH  L%6 ! ( U- 7 6 7e (  H 7K ZK( 7% 6 B

B7  6 . 0 !5m p 7 /  hH 6 K 0 ! 1 !H/ 

( 7%H  0    cde7 BH 76 !j= . [?6 7! 6= 7 !H - 0 $ p 7$ # 7

 by- 26 !"6 7% !6 7 &?6 D$- 27 (V 7 !H 7  s 76.7%

$ (  s !e 7y6 h-% !% H !m !T2 H 7m 7 F / B 6 !m ( 77 &   7

7m m  7 7 D?  -$ 6!  6 F !% H D  (! K 5 .   s% % $de -$

$ D 7  [B p-( !H - m - B!  7 .-%H  6  . D H - " SL

( ?6 S 5= 7L ( B s%6 7-H .7 " L ( 6? 7" B s%6 7 .7- 

H1>   $ bB 1 D  6= 0 6 B ( ! %H .7 mB- L   (( D  6 F -- 76  !6

- . B 5 !6!  ]- / !6...7

7 76 H- ( !H!  (V H 7%!  !g6 7 = K .7 !H - < V%  !6 L 7 dV 7

  6 !j H-   66%6 .m 0 % Lm  6 =B 0 6  - H!  5 !6

! 2 HB . 7%  6 m p L H! Y - 65 .7 GK Lm (  $# !H & 76 7 .7%

$ -( YZ p e 76 !H 75 "  h-%6 &2  $de !6 .7%7K  D [` H 

! 76/ 7  !"e d! B &6 .7 7H 0 K 6 6 0 `K  \ %H 6 !6

`- /  -F ( 7Z6 !K = 2  Lm .  0e"! =  -  ! - B 6 (Z H
- #H 7%H  27 6 >U6 !5m - H $> m ( !m7Z K 6  G&` >%

V  .7%  2   B = 76 0%j% B / H6 7 7Z6 = 6 !K  6 / 76 ]XK

( 5 7$# 2 7 012 0?- !6 !H !j= !6 7  ZK 7 .7%H 1H 6 012 (K J( d  " h/ 5

Z !# B 6 7 .  - Z <5 6 - /  7V?6  = !H <5 6

K/ .76 Lm 2 76 756 2 " 7 0  0  s 76 ". D -H / WZ

 B  TF .[ 2  5 76  = !H !j ( - B -  F e7 BH 7

H!   $de Lm !H 7 7%&( " 0 .7

(Q= ) 7L 7%?$ L2 6 ( 7 5 ( 7  K  7  !H %$ 57 > & 7 7&! (V D

( !6UB %  .7% D d D   L 7%?$ .   " 7 ?7  7  0-

5 (V  !H 7%%H D 7%( ]$ -  .7 7%?$ ( 7%H = s%6 76 !H 7/ (( dK J

5 .    [ `( ( ?- / ]6 BH 7 (   = -76 .  0!m !6 H !m p

H/  T2  !d" 7%?$ & 7  j e7 B 5% 6 !H  7

%.7

(S[% ( GW 6[% ( T 6 6& 6 $! !6  .7 0[% / 2 ]  g 0!

ZW7  h-% B`  ?V B V( 76 ?%H d( V   - 7 !HH !m 7 # 7 7

H 7 !6( .7-6 D 5 0vU " 76 7! 0  "6K "7%H " !12 !6  0/ T56!6 ".7

&m %H 5 H .7 D Uv 0j 1wH 5  &1H> &m 7% 7 !H s L2 F !6  0.7%

 06[% B %6 6 ! .76[% (Z ( 6 (% ( GW p .7$   ?  .7%%

 H  7% Z  2 ` K= " 7 ZK F >H -- " - H ". F-'  7

"/ 6 !/ (  0(  $  6 7 6- H !&H B(   H #  . D  %6 K

e !6 H !m ". Lm #  7  K6"  B 0d( 0W5 =  !m .7 ZW

7

\ (a - 76/ L H  `6 76  7 H K `K $ 7%L 6 6 7 H%?$ 7L67 [ 6 L

$d .76 7 6 6! Z= %  (  !H\ 7 .76 ! "B 5 "B  5K - D

 6K !VVB B /  .7$/ ( j ] 76  L H %> 6!  % ! .-

Z !6 0%j% (- 6 .

6B !s/ (! 76    ]X "H( 7 !s/m - ` 6  5 0 $  /

6^  &6  H (#  2 . 2  H!  Z !J   T2 6  7% 7= D !"6

 !6s B6 .7= 7?[ = - =& 7 !12  !6 !H !j 7% 0- H!  XL !6 !H 7 (! 7

 L6 .K    6Y .7  ?- D% [ Y 6 67 = [?6 D H - -  ^6 0

2 [   ]6/  6B ) 7 $"U 2  7> 6 = 7( 2  &6 ( .  !m BH 7

"  h# d >- . / - [?6F ". -  0 B 1 0 6 F  !HT D&%7

1-%!   :& 0 H` W c  0Lm B6 .- Y/ ]$K#   7 B6 !6 . 06

 5 0K 1 6! = %Z $# !H - D$- 7 27  d %= 6 7%mB ! - 0 ( g 7 2 B

/  6 7 6 7> y66 p .7 7%m 0 = !j 7 !12 !H# 1(7 &B 7H7 . D-

B 7K D -$ 6 T56 7 H  /! -( 6! Y6 - WZ 7  $-% L 7 ? H <T B

-1  .75% ? ! 7?&F  6! H! 6 = =% 7\- 7 h B= ( 7B >F 6 .7
 !6 7L /&" %w-" =  ! 6  m L = .7  B & 7 .7   = hj!

H! 7?&F   !12  !6 !6 (  .7ee 7(d % !6 Z 6K 6T5 .7  0- p

76 7?&F D <= 0  %2/ .-

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301405

& >8 )  ? 

6 !  - !H 7= >FH 6 .716 ."K76 0 

?" 1 Z6 .7 =  ]  ^d6 7% 76 Z6 0D

 7 $# $V   Um .7% 6 0%m 6 7 !H

(7Z( K1 H  %H 6 6 7[ 0 5 !  !6

= !H %H   $V   !6  = .7&6 7% !H 7%$

/ & .B  .7% 7%/   !H 7%%Hp 7%

  7% B  !j= hH -7H 7% !e( .- 

 ! 0%m 6 H !6(  =7

( d6 !/$d6 B 76 H/ 6 .76 K6 5 Lm.7

T56d6 7 B Z$[ - y6 / 7 =   7%H  Z- $V ? !H 6L5  ( 7  ]6 

7L6 7.

( 76[ 7 B  !m/ 7 .7L6 !6 B !B2 .7 7 =   p 0  B7% 2  = !6 H !%

76 !H 7/   7%%H .7%! &  B Z6 p .7%6   7 b/ 0 [ 6   b !# !H 7%

.7

e ( !K [ 27 B .7%H 5 !K !6 ]6  !6 T56 .7 5 K ( 77 6 / . %H  $ $ 

& 56 7 .7%H 7H(  = 6

(Q$ 0 ( J Z !"6 !"62  !m (    Ks% 0 ...!H -"H 0 [ !6 & ]6

 / !H 7  7% p  = YZ .7 0  B7%  B6 !H 7%&  ]XK .Lm Z6 - 2 (.

= 7%H =  $V  [  ]6   .7%

(S 12 2 2 76 !6 % 76  7&H 6 =  .7%H K - $6 Y6 "( ` !6 7 !Z[K = 6>

567 ( Y $V "B Lm  2 !H= ZK [   ) %H  D (B 7( !6  760 bF (7

B  - !6 TZ  B7Z6 . = K  6 7 7Z6 .%H  $de ( 6 6 7 [ ?6 7( ( .7%H
(a  2H $ - 7Ty6 G 7   = 2 !6 5656 .77 -( 6 `H ./ $ 6 0 6 0 $...

/B 2( 7& GK !H 7H $ 7/ 7 ]K  D (B 7 56 $w  67  0 0 -H $ 6 .66

W 6  .%H 0%m 6 bH ? .7%H  1

"H 0 7K  15 L5 !6 .7 h(( 0 [ s !6  ]6/ T2! 7  ( >%  H>  .7

B 7   ( g[ !/ (2  !H 7%H h#Z7 ( !"6 %H  $    Lm! .7%%H  $

  6 & !% 76 7 !12  -  H  $  ^6 7  &6 U"( 2 . # 20

! Ty6 !H 76[ 7 6 ./ 6 ]6 W &6 [B /   !H H YZ .7%H 6 !6   2

  h#Z $de 0%m ]6  T2  2 m 6 Lm 5  .7  K6 ^d6

( !H H 2 6 -H ]w 7 bX ( = !- 6 1%   wd6 = s -

7K (`B # 56  6.7

[ "6 e !6 !   !H 7%H #( 6 6 (7/ 7%H Z- .7%H  !6# ]KB !$% D 7%  766

&! >F  6 6 B 2EV( 7% .7%H6 =  !H "K76 -  = 6 !T2H  7%H  7

!m  = 6 7%$6 = .7 &! 7  !-- 7 16  = !6 7H  $ 7 H  Z-B 7( 7%H 6J =

 ( K! 7  =  7 16 ZK &  B/ !6 H 7 =  2 76  = 7 -! 76  = !6

/ T56 = ( / !6 7K (`B # d H 7

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263444

A4/ 7

2 &F ( 7

 0L ` !H6" 0 " =  & 7 " 6 7%0

` (! ( " !H 7%%H H> H ? 7"  "5

$ 6 K # > 6 H "-  6

&! B - 6 H Z( !67%6 ..7

H 2 7/ 7 "6K  !6 =  !6 ] T

! 6  H 7 # = = ]Z6 Z2 &F "ZUK 7

7 &] e" 6 62 G1( 7 ./  !H 7%H

B  -  H 5%! K  L D6 (

H 6# = 7 = !# B= !H 7 7 [ !H 76 (s 7 6 # ]  6 s B.7 7
( ( 

 G "e 5!  0  6 .- 0%m !%  "K6 !H 7% 7 .  Lm !m !6  7 ] 76

( 0  K !67- !67 B Y  .7% s &  F>  ? =h 5 .7$ = 7%

!  !H "X   2$ 2 B7 !6 #% 7 7 V6 67 =   2 ?[ ( #( 7 &7

B s%6 7.7-

(&? ]/-= ]& 0 ( B6 2 &F 6 7 6 .- H d  $e H7 $  !H TF

\  H! > !6 B 7 &/  7 p B G1 !6 ( g.7

(-

  . & eVB 7% = 6K" ( 6 LH7&! 6L 6 .76 6 (? 0%m27 &]

m - B !H 7d `H  !6 7 Z# H  XL  DmH`( .7%  6 # H  XL= m - !H

! 7 7d BH 7 .6 2 (  H 76 K6 V mHK L2 ?6 7 !67 B Y 7F - .7

!5% H ?- (`  Y! &27 !  L  B 6 H6 V 6 71  s%( .77%6.K

  7  [6 H  DH ]& 0 B 7.

 (Q%

 ZW %6 - "Z6 0/ % H 2 ]e/ &F . 7 Y] 7  !5%

 6  = "6 & 6 B  ( " .76 7 !1  7 [%  7 h ^6 = 

2.

(S[

 0  -! Y p 6  bZ%   . B 76 = -  0  7%%H

 0- =  27 1   &6 $ ! ) .7%6  "`e27 7! ( 7%6- !6

" (J  1% 7- 6!  6 ?-  .7%%

B6 [ 0 /F ! -] 7Z-    & 7 ^6B 0 2( 7 "6K (

2.7

7 (a G6%

  Lm#%(  0W  !H 6  0! "6K Y   -7 6!  [?6 p ] B

%H B &F 6 7 .7    G6%  $H  7 5 ] 76 B  \    5 7 ](K D.76 ZK

H 7  B  p  ( 0 L   !6 !H 7%= 7% 7% 6 1 = mH L! (V( 6 (-

B 7.

 ( !627 5

7 "Z D !- !$ (> -7 U6 7% ?" 1%6 . 6 .7  !% H  0T - 6 ! s%6

7-6 2   s = !6 5 %6 7 - .7K D7 6! 6 h2&! " 6- .7

B -  7%6 V B  (b1%6 7K !H 7%H K ded    !% 6 e 6 = -76 ZK

 (. 6 (7%%H W.7

- : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=291763
J  =/

v( %Z !6 TRIZ !6 !"v ]/ 76 %2 .-> = & 

6 6 0 - Qav( 0 [ 6 s 0! K !H0

 6 =  F !H 7! - =  !K`B7%

% &F !6  .7  #% 6K - 7L # 6 .

K !6 0 - !Z-( 5  D%( 0  =!H 7

(  !5m K`B !6 - =  = 7% %6 >F

H  = 2 6H.  1  ! J

1- H  U ( 7&%  6H 0 7 !%

 -%  !H - 7% = !6 1  J

 H !H -  d( - D  !-) V? 7 ( ( H 2  ([$ ) !- (  

6 - yH !m ! (  ) (1.7%

7 Z- ! 0 B6 -e 1 (v !6 !"v ]/ 76 6 1 7 H H  1 

 J ! (K $U 2.

!7

(v !6 !"v ]/ 76 ) (THEORY OF INVENTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING = TIPS - TRIZ $( !6 %Z 0 6

- TRIZ !Z-( .- - %2 p-( Qa> = &  ) (GENRISH ALTSHULLER >  <= .6-  7 /

L W/ 6   / H !6 2 2 ( !Z-.-

EF>  TRIZ76 6s 0!  K :76  0 =  F !H 7! - =  !K`B 7% !6

% &F  .7  #% 2K 0 !6 0-% - 7%6 !- T27H (  7 !6 7% 6 !5m !H 7

( = 7% H %6 >F  &6 !m  = 2 6 .d( 0 [ G U- ?"- S [ 1 e

TF >6 . " 7%-B)6 (PATENT - [ 7 7%6 !$ s% !6 by- (  = ]"d -% K= 0 cU-

 7%6] B K !Z U !# !- .2 "eEF 0& K !6 :-

 (]   =  "/ %e G " ?" (  7

( 5 (]  % %e G " 22 (TF7

= (  B #  7 / D " 6 !e 5  !% > (T2  J.7

H !6 2v( 0  !-! 6 # ( !Z-Vd D 7B  H !6 - .7  !2

L6  H 6 DmH TRIZ1-  .7%%H  H 0v( 0 U- ?" ]/ 7% 1] `& ZK

 "( %6 >F ( 2 V6   2  =% 7% H !6  .72v( 0  H m  bH
7( Y by" b% 7H &6 -  - "  7e yH 5 / .-

6F !6 !(6 v( 0  !   s% !6 =% = 2 6 [ (%= W .?  7 .- B6 ! 0

e 1 H 6 TRIZ 7  1   J ! (K $U !2.-

(v !6 !"v ]/ 76 K 0 5 6 ( - !Z-  Z .   0K  K 0 6

( 6 .- - ( ]"dK 0 Z( !6 F   -7% Q= ]e   #% .  (  -

]  ( ]6  F 7%m F 0 .- ( 6 !$"< ]/  H !6 L 2e  %&F 7 H

( -*. ( !6( b 6 TRIZ .- ] 7 F L Q-(`B E  7%H  Z 6

 ]/] 7 (-F b ( !62   6 76 - 76 (WIN-WIN)b.

d( - 

H  1   ! J1- H  76  6H (' V &! K ]61-  !%  -% 

.- (H !"e bF & m 0 H 0 - !?  " = -  -  !6 ! s% !6 .-

 6U 1 !j= 6 TRIZ H 0  7= 7%= -   !Z U 6B K  .

<"TRIZ h D 6 6 %  ]/] =  s !6 7 !6 0 ]  L K 6" p6 V( J  .

/ !m2 0 6U !H - &H 6 06 (& 7 c 1 TRIZ .  B6 H

0  6K -  .7

 1   !26 J H 1- H K !6 :7

] 6

 F 0

? !6  0 F0B

76 - 767&7

 7 7  by-

 L )%- (

 (HL )  &F 7% .(&F

H 0  1  d( - D  !-) V? 7 ( ( H 2 / /([$ ) !- !6 (7Z66 -

!  ) .7%%H  [ (1

  D  0(   6 %$(&[$ 6v( 0 6.%H  -

] 6 0? : ./ !6 !( ?   .- 0 %F 7 &F 0 0 !H -  D= !m ?& p

B 7% B !m %H 7% [ 7 s 56   ?  Um !H W 6 B6 H = !6 y6 .H 2

6B L6 D2 !6$ "  7jy6/  [B ? !6 $ $V  6  !?5 . (! ! !H 60

B >%H D? !6 .-%- H 6 >%H L2 (J >%%H> ? 6  b `B6 "Z   /

[ Z$6 .- 0   (  !6 $& $w Hd 1% Lm   27( (JF! .6

e H  6  $V( 2 <"6 !$ p 1  6 h < 5 7! F H/ 6 6 !"/ .- 5

!"/ 1  (V  71-

1 !"/Lm  (  !H - (  = g  . 5 !"/ Lm 6 !H -5 7& 6 7K 1

<"  = 6 !$ 7= ]w  7% !H   7%66 ] .2  !H 7K 5 !"/  ("  % =  !6 !"/

1 -%&6 = (76 !Z-.

 ]e 7$( TRIZ ] W - !6  1 726  ] 6 .- 1 0%j ( .$ 1-  G6%  L
( 6  0 % .%H

7$( . ]e] W - !6:

(/ DH !6 6 $w J 2 J 6  ]  6 Ud

(  6 0 ] D$ ( ] p- 6 5

B ( W  / 6L> !  6 .

 F  :0  (  0= !H %H %6 >F ( 7W 7% s B !5m6 7 = W 0 ]w

7K !H -  2B  #H 76 7 7!    7V !6 .7- % F  2 !j= !H 7

B76 7 7-6 ( .7%H # 7 6 = !H !j= TRIZ % 6  !#) IFR 7(   L -% =6 !H #

h - !6 H/ = !6 ( 7%  7V !6%  6 7%H !6 0 $   !# DH 6 !H Lm . 7

= !6 ( 6 &?6  %Z L $w  2E 76  h !2 W  Lm !H -1- H (& c

H B 6 ! .-

(Z   !#) IFR = 7(6 : # H DH B -  1(    ( - H !HH

  s #   6 - 7%H !6 !H -6 G6% 0 " B- 7 5  ! .76

-= 7 - !H - !2 L 7! 76 HH B "e # .7

? !6  0 F :0B - [ !6 &? !6   7- Z( #( !6  7  F !B !6 .-0

((H ] - !6 !H h 2  6 .  5  0 v( 6 !6 !"v ]/ 76 ($ 7 K  (Z b

 -UW !H H H (& 7 c6 - L TRIZ !6 D .- 7 "e 0F 0B ( 6 LH   eVB

 <UW .-

TRIZ  H/ !6 !H 5%  ]6K<  X !6  7-   !# !6 7  F6   K!6 .7

$ 5v( 0  !6 (&? ( L  6B $ 06  6B (&?    <UW .7%H  DH

B6   -7  6 !6 0 ]/ v( 0 7% L> ! 7  ( G 1-  G6% 76 L G$%

7 ?&( ( 7%%H  DH  !6 7 7H  ( K ]/ ( >?6J !6.-

76 - 767&7 :  s% D  ( 6 p$5 76 - 767&7 6 L TRIZ!6 D.-

  76 - 76 1( J7  [ !Hv( 0 !6 ( 7%H  DH  !6 !"-  s ! !6 76 - 76 ]/-

 .6 6 !H Lm !67L 5 D  ]V.7%

% !6 wT 06 H  7% - (V V( .7%H - = !H -   ]6 -  7%%&  L

12 !6F  2 .7 0  / !H - T D6 .U% 6 H 76 - 7 [ !6=  L - D 7% 0& 6 %H

 < !<7 e !% Z% !m D  57 B !6 7 72 .   TF %  G 

7  57&.7%

 7 7  by- : 7  F .7 16 7%H Z- by- 76H 0 - s !6   7 ]  .-

 ]e Z) TRIZ H( (6 $-% 0 F -  0 ( d 7F .- 0 TRIZ 6 [ .L6 &!

 ) (PERCEPTION MAPPING (SCREEN ) #%F  F( ]6K - .-

 2  #%F >F !H 7 (! !6B 27W !6 75 5%6 L.

Z . ]e H :

 !6 (7K  !"v !H!  7%H7K = b # 7

 K (  s - d7 B pd   d ( g 7 d >?6 6J 6J >?6 7%H d

 ( ! .7%H
 L :  L 1 !6 7% !K` 6 (7%  G #    D L (&] = 7% .-

 !1-  L !6 D !&"H (7$]  7.-

7 >F !H Z6% !6 6- = !6 0 -! & 7 -  !H 2 1 %H  K   !?$B

% D  J H= 7 !6 6- 7K  "/( 7% .-($ "e 0 TRIZ 61- e S= a .-

H 1- H  & H !6( 2  {%F 0&F6%6 .- 0 0  %( !6 ] ( L =    L.

27v( 0  0  5 < H - 6- S  "e TRIZ aK H/ !6 ( - D

( (7%m s% !6 !6 6- J  "/  (71.-

. S ]eyH !m:

( & !6  6 !H # " FF  7 !2 se !6 7  6 (7%H hH

" ( & !6 FF e !6  67- hH( 5 .7 Z . a ]e  s% !6 :  G  7%m !6D

  (" 7 !27%m ! .76

K H/ !6 ( - D( (7%m : % - D [  B6 B hH  6 &6 $w% - D

5  % -7%m 7 hH( 5 7 - 7#  2 by-  V?& !"/ L6 % - 7 !6 7

& % - D ( 1/ 6 B 7$( "$K 7 hH $w]  2

 (HL :  ( !6 %HL  2 !H 7 ! 7V 6 1- H1- 76 . 6 J-  0

 [ !6 !H 7% 7 6 5 - = !j #  7% = K s7  7F .7% "e 0 TRIZ 6

[ !Bm Z$  !"v ]/ 7%% !6 .- w 7( #  56 7 (  [6  "/ H =  % !6 L6

! - &F .-  (HL ! TRIZ 6 7%1- 7( #  !"v ]/ 7%.-

H !6 2! ( 

v( 2 76 !"v ]/ V  6 0   %H e 0 ( L  1 6 L 7 =  76 =!

6 7 !1" 0  7$ !6 .76 7 G # 5! = !j  1   J   7 !6  .- 0

(v 6 .  ^d6 7%6 G 7  6U !6 D 1 F TRIZ 7 !B:-

 2 !#

= %m !H = 6 Y6 h U(  7  D  1 7 H [ !6 Z 61- D  7%m ]e  K U 7

(Z( TRIZ p- H =   ]/] = %6 >FH !6 7% $ !6 .2 5= !H !j = % !6    J

 7Z -  v( 0 !HB 0  (2 7 Z 6 !1" 0 7  (2  X = U-

 !% ?" .76

F : G$% 5[` 7 - 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308826


 &3& > R> >8 R4 d 2
/( 7$ !g6 2 7 -( E   ]w U-

&6 0 ( 7K K`B   6(27 1- .7%

-(    E (& .F  !6 ( 7%7 

(V  6 = 7   71 ( 7%(`& ]/ B( !6

= - .7 0-( E%(  { !g6 06 " !e

% Z%e [ (' 6 .-

`& !6 (  5 "? h7%

27 7 7 ? 7%!  5 = 1- .7%%

v 7 j% ! 6 !6= - " 

&]6 7 56 7! Um = &] !6 ?" 6-

.7%

#( (!7%

& 0 ]/ !6 K &]   Z-  ( W B

61-  ?" [ 7%m !6 !  0 . .7%

]/ ( # 7 . ! " 7 = !6 ]

>       ]/ &] 7.7

(# !7%

 2E !g6 L 7Z- (  7  = .-

(  $J ./ B  . 6  !X (- 67 7%-] B B ( 0L6 .( 0&7%

!(J=  %  Z J= !"6 7%B- 76 !6 ?  ! B !  = .7  ( 77- =7K (` 7

(  !6 -.7%

( (Q$ 76 7.7

 7V(  7&! ( h 7% 6 ( h 7% =  e!6 ($ ?" = 7 7%m! [ Z$ h-%

K .7%$ ( ! " 7 7 F 6! = K   p-( 7 h-  27% 5 U  7! W  6

6 # " 7 6 7 ( h.

(S-!U6 7%

W 06 & !6($ # .7%K j% 6 7e 06  = ($ #  ]X- .7% ( & 6 75

]/" ( p- h-5 (7%% 6 %5- ("5 B .7%

 (a  7%

L7 Z "6 L  7 !  2 %  6B 7 7 7!  7&!( !"/ !6 7 ]% 7.

  ."Z  (6  !6 7 ."B ] 7 7 7%

(Z-  7%

U-Z-  `  6  7 !   !  $ 06 "K ` ?" 76

6  = 7 !6 p6 7  !g6.-

B ( 6 = b 7%

6 !m #  (` %  ?6g&  B 5  .7 0  0V( ]e !K`B  .-
(- 7 76 7%!  = !6 %!6  !6 .%  ]e/6 !# 0 7!1   = [! (  = g ( ]"d( %

m :7-y .-6 !# !6 B  0! !m :7-y6!

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253600

$ b/M0 ? Z>


U

0 !m2 1( - 0- [ B T >?6

 = !/ 76 7% 76  76 Z6 !H =  0

7% 0%m7 eB 0%m  %( ! %Z L b6 !"6 7

.7%6 - Z6 !H -  / B7 7% 

b6 Z6 $ L  6 ]   6 0 !6

."B g B ( pd J( d K G[ 6 .-/ 0

Z6 "VB 0 6J Z6 5  eVB ?V

 (6 7 = 7%  " !H (eVB .76 D -

[ B & 7%H  7 ( 1/ [B !6  % - 0

2  7 7  ((  7%H  ]d6 J( 7  1%

B 7%! .76

  `w B 06 7 B6 6 [ D

( !$/  !6 %676  - .7  0 -

5 = 7   !6 $ F B 76 B6 6

- ( J( d !/ / K/ -  !6 2-

Z6 .7 0 ZW  ( 1% J( 7 L- !6 27

 ! .76 !m2!    &]   Z6 `& 0 "VB 7 !6  6  = .7%

 !/ b1 !6  .7%6  -  27 ! Z6 !6 V? 0   %H ]  = 

(  cW.

(<] H ":h

   eVB 0 eB (" h .7 0 /  - "B !  h"( !Z[ !H 7 <] 6 = 

K !2 .7 0 (  "  D  H B 7BB -  .72 0  - !6#

H  ] .$[ !H 7%%H BB - -  !H /B  0%m ZK .7 ! = - = GK( !j 0!H -
(   [F  7 =  .7%%H H/

B ( : !1

0 [ !6 [ B !6   7%    !H 7   6 7 =  0 .7%Bj6 !6  = -7  2 !"/

7%$ -  B   !6 Vd%  7 =  0s 6  6 !6= -  =B  !j.76  7%

=   6 p  B ( 7%%H  LH B -  5   .72 7  7 H   7%%H ( /  

UZ  !6 B .7%

( 0676 !/ :5 1%

0 ( 7%   $w%&B 27 .7%6  = 6 2 !6 G$  %6 >F  = 7%H $de ` = =7%

LU D  .7%%HF $B  = !6 2 d  ( 76 7  ?-d F ( .7%%H  $de 0 T

! Lm ]  .7%%H !/7 7( !6{  5 1% 6L5 7%%H  0 0  /B  !H - ! g( 0

  %( 7 !   !H 7 !6 5 .7%H  5 $w Lm

(Q : dU-

  !H! Lm $ T  !56 `H  = 7%6 < T (V  .7%%H H 2 ? !6 Vd% V 767

=  F! ? >V  7%%H <"7%F  p .7 06 !/  !$  5 1% .7%   %( !H

 22   7 0 0 !/ ( p"< 1 - !H /  2 % B  D 6.7  7%%H !B "

6 2 L- (S B:

   B 7  = 7%H  $de  7 (  H " !% = 7%%H  $de !6 2 B -

= 7%%H  Z- 7 H " ? / .7% 0 &! Lm !m" !6"   (  Lm !m " ( 7%%H7

".76     b1 !6 ] H 6   B !6 G .76  06 &F !H / (  %( g (1

 H !H 7 7 7# .

(aH :

  6 !H 0  7 L2/ D 5  .7%H  e- 7%B (Z  7%H =  7%?$ !6

  .7% 2 / <  !6 76 05 / < (d]  7%6 / < ZK B !H(  !  .7

($ 6 0 - dU-  H!  .7%H    ZK !6 D - / H  = 7 %H  ?6 7%.

    !6 H-   = 7 6 .7%%H  $de  -1e( 0  (V( 7 (!6 / !m !H 7%H #

  -.7

2 ( 6:

0 H (76 0  0 (76 !6 0 ] 0#  2 !"/  .7%  ( 7 ($  = 6/ .7%H

 % !6 D -  B 2  0?-  = 6 7 =  7e 0  !" K1-  .7%%H 0  !6

-/ 6/  ( - Lm !m 7%%H (  0.76 7

 ( W ["$:

 (  L2 7 0 B W %&B  !5 .7s  6   !6 h(  = .7$ 0  !H 7% V

" 0  .7% -  e  = ( 7%H B %&B - 7  !6  0B -  (  = .7%H 

   B 7%   B 6Ke.7 76 !K !H 12 7 ( (H 27 0?6 !H - 6 0 

 =   2  6 bF . !H -6 06 GK e / ( !6 !H 7 Z - B 6K 0 p6 

= .%
 : G$%! = L

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370800

; & < Z   _Rg _8

/ 2  B F 7% L 7   7$ -!H 7

- D / .7 6 !sd 2Tm %6 7 -  

K H! B6 p  7 7    7%

-   !6 !H 7 6 bH6 H .7

!  - !H5  %-%&6 (   7%!  !6

/ T56 .7 K 6B " ! 7 H! !#

B "BK - 6 Z  - .  -Z H

 0 !#   -1 6$  ?6Ve

H!  B - 27- `w 7%%6 0 !6 E ]   - 

6H 15 !# 0! [ 0 =K ` 6 ! s(

- B"  !d 

!"6 - !H -  12 2 K !H 7=  >F - TF 6B !6 G!  .   (F !m

 6 ]X 0   H . 0 !$6 -  0U% m 76 6 5 / H !%  H 0 

.%H

 H 7%H 6   Y67

0 5 6 !6= - =B  !j $e 7% 7 !"e/ .7 - 7! 6 Lm& W/ = .76 &!

0 !6 ! !H 76  (7K 7 6 H K !H 7 16  6 bH  H $ .76 7%&%6 7 Y6

 !6 0 6     7%H 5 6 7 6 (  !H 7%  bF .76 7 !$ D ! - 7e!  !j= !6

Bm 7-6 7 7/ h 0- ]K [  .7&H

!6 -5  !m !H 7% 5 7 7 !m 7%$6 7 - B( m 6 !6= - = Lm 7 !H`( 7 ! 7%H

.$ B

!"6!   ( 6 -F 0 7K 6 B / H   27j 0 - $ !m 67

6 K6 bj !    ( 6  !6 bH! 7$( bH] .

 6   7

(  Kj 7$ L !    ("  7 &   / .7 2  b   ( %vU 76 7 #%

F .7 ( !6 #%  (  !H %H 6 71- =  6 B  H.7


F ( 67

 (6 7   7 F B 7%H  ?6 .7 F !m &6! 76 &6 (6 B G 7 7%  6

/  T2 .7  6 Lm (  0 76 7   7 56B " :7 F  B #% ".%HH 0 B ^67

 !H 7! (   h"  !6 . 0  K T2 6   7 .-

&F (! B2

H pB  0 !6 ."Z 2B D B  76   (" B .7 7 2 !mH 6 B [B !6 ( =6 $

! B DH  !6 76H 7.

(L6 H/ D 7%6

 ]w LmL6 H/ D !( h" ^65   !m . DB L6 76 %?- D  (  = 6 7 6

  Y6 - !6H .7 #  !H 7 H  ('  /  = %6.7%

(Q ! H% 7

!  2  7F  6 !H 7%%HH D% & H   = s    .7&! 7%H Z-  ! !H

 $B 7   .7 276/ ]H   7% (yH 7%H Z- 7 H( ( 7 Y6 !H 75  &m !6

H D%  .7%%H 5- H 76 p- 2< ?.7= 7

(S7%H D

0 !"6 -H D ?6 6 06 !6 7 ! Lm 76 - 7 "BK   6 0H D   !6

7- 7%H Z- .7 H 7/ !H 7%H UB - ]K! = ! .76

 (a B 76

 B7%H !( h" 7  B 7 [ ! - 2 76 (Y6 B Lm 7%H Z-  !6 Vd% ! !H 76

 = 6   (  .7%16[ 7! H 5H $de DB -   BLm H .76 5  !H 7%H 1

& !6 6 .7

(   ! 76

!"6 0 &      ( & ^6 7 7   . 0 `H 6 6  b1 !6 !6 ."Z

B Z  (  &F 7 e H ^6/   bF . ?   7%H K !6 !m2= - 0%m

 H  . H

 6 ( 7%H $de

($  6 0 W   !6 .7 !m &6  6 7-%&6 B 512 &6H 7   6 &6

Z 7 "  K B.2 7

7K ( ! 76

= 0( 0 6   !6 7- .- !6= - 7K H -    F 02 . (  H D- 7

( 0 6 !6= - 7K .76 66 7 02 F 0  .76 H

(`  H ( 7%H7

H 5  (  !H 6 7# =    h/e  .7 K J(  % T2  .7! H 0 d !6

L   !#H 0 !H Y6K 7 H  Z6 .72 0  (T2 J( 6 !6  !# !6 - !6 Z67-

Z6 !H ! /L 5 !6 [7 Y !6 .- / 7 H H -  . 7%H (` 6 .-

 : G$% F( 


http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=304576

)  ) +/J

-  Y6- 7 ]1K( BF & . [B

 0B pB -  7 7%6 56  6  5

(s !6 0  7- H !m 7 # T .7B

(  0VB!6 7-6 s !6 ]& -  - 6 !H

 6 W 7%m6 0 ? H 1 0 .76 - B (

1- 012  7%$  7  H H  !H !6 7

  7 H B &F  7 # .7

 7%m 0 6 TB U  7( !H -!6 7

`B F .7

 Ty67

2 / !6 ( W D   6 F  !6

 !6 ^d6  # ! !H  (V 6 ./ 7%H

 - &] 6 !6( .-

VB !6 0  7e  L `$K !H 7%H W - 6 "Z

H ^d6 .76

K   & 7%H / !H 7   7

!H !2s 7 7%H $de  !H 5% s% ! L( 6 .  B s 7%H( 76 7 7 d H "

6.7

B !6 - /7

# D !& B  Y6$"K >y(  &6  0Lm - 56L !H 7 6 =  s% 7.7

&! "B  !6  !H 7 =  7 = 7 !2  B  .7%H G !$ $V "B !H 5% 7

% % !6   1- 7K H 7%H Z- .7%  76 7 !BLy= !6! H  &! &6.7

 B UZ  Z  (71 - 7%H (7% / 0 !6 B 7  eB 6 ( 7 (!6 0&26 .76  %

^d6 # ! 7Z6 D- ^6 (H /  W 66 7(  =( 5%6 7 6 &6 7 7- !6D

 " !#  U%  # .

!T2 = 7%

B 2( !6 7 = 7%7F - 7&H >F 6 7%H !T2 !6 ? #H 7 !H    .7- 6 =` B Lm
!12   6 .712 !m  !T2 !H 7%H 7 !H Lm !6 .!T2%H / =>(= .7%H !( - 7 !HZ  !6

 ?6 7 6 . H !T2( ( !6B . 7.7-

-! 76

= !6 2   7%H ^d6 W ( 6 D 7e> 6 Y6 H  H >[ !6 -! = .7%H

T56 !H 7 16 7 p 0# D ! 6 -  6 7% $de %H ` !6 7 0 & 7%0

!6  !H -    0 .7

  h-%($ # 7%H

!H / !6  K  / !6( B 7 7%m  GH 0 m  6 7 7 ( ?66 7 ^d6

12L 2  6 .7 ( -- 6 !H K !"Z G U 0 6 h-% "d ($  s 7&! !

7(  /B !-H >Z pd .7 7[ (  J -/  $V . D/ 0&B -  6 $K

L= $d !( 6&! ( = %H H.

&]( !"H 0 !66 =7

T DB ( ZK 7 ( %&F 0 `B6 76 (V  !  K !6 !66 = /a !"H 0

6 1- ( / !6  7Z6 bH = 012 <>  ( .- >F 7 7 "( !% 56 ^d6 !6 1- 7 7

!  7  66 6 - = !"H 0 =(> ?! - "B !"X< (G V( .7%H B $2 !6 p 7 =K 7B

2 K B B L/ p 7% B 7%&%6 -H !6 (   !H 7= (H 7 TB VB !6 7%H

6 !H 5%  ( - !H 12 7Z  U%.7

"! Ty 567

# D ! (6 7 6 7%%H !B J X- -/ [ !6  !6 K ! 6 .766 !% 7 0 e 6

2 K 6 6 ^6 '"( /  !7e 7Z6 . # !  Y[ wd6(H K VB  !6 7 !6 !%75

= = !H 7%H  p D`B 6  Z s 0 !m2 B6 -  7( ^6 =    

6  0-d 5 B 7% & 6 !6 >& 7  7> - 7 e 0    !6 L/

 B ]w !6 !"6 !6 - 7.

2 K  H / = !H H 7% >- s !6 ]& 7 7- Z( ]6K Lm 2 = 6 L6 7 !6

7 6 !"v 6 =-( B.7 7

56 7 >-7

6 ( %H 7H&! &! &! B !H 5% =  / !6 7 26 c"e !6 7( 56 !H 7 >-.7

[% !%/  !6(  5j ( d ? g( UH 7 !6 6- L=c"e !# D 7

> 6 6 B 7.

6 !6 V7%H L

7Z6 !% !BW = 6 7 = 7 ( # !6 # 1(  Z D= d .7

2( 6 `$K %- "6  H( 027K H 6 0  >FH - H 0 #  7 (J( d

0    K B 2 7  e  !6 06 ( 7 7 g( 0 T $6.7

 0 - ( p-( = ( ]$% ( h UB K !2 W 0  H !76   ZW

1 6  = - ( ?-6 !H %?- 7%& 2 (  7 - &% B 7K>F 6 .7%%H7  %&F

1(  Z DVB!6 d 7Z6   %( ! ^d6B 0 &g  W !6 !"6 7%H 5(   !H 7% 

>- .7(K 6 T56.7


TB ( !6  %56 !H  %Z 0 71- 7 = (1 6 &!  .7%H  / 7#( ^6 76

(!U6 .

6T2 K6 0 ^d6 12 U% 2 =!  &`  !H  / 0[ 7 "6 -B 77

( `B s (7$] !6!"- 6 &F L6 = !6 .7%H 7 ! !H 76(  6 0  - .-

B = :7-y6 [   6 0 $de D -6 !2 076 7 = 5 = !6 7%`B !2 !6 B 55 7.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=362381

)  b4 h

  K B 27 m - 1"(`6  h-= /

  \(J 0  G= ]X 0 $de 6 !H -

$ !6 5 H 0# [6 .7%H

KVV? !H - 7K 77Z 6 -/ ( =  6

 $w ] 5( !H - 7 6B !6 =7

.76 =< K `  $de 7  %&F H 7e

- !H - 0 \ J%j ! .

K   27- !6 = 7  = 6 L 

7(!6{   (T2 JLF .   7e 6

22 6 ]w  2 $"K`& B  2

UW (&?  7%  77Z &6 0 ] "e

-  # / .- <" hK B -/

& 7 &`  !% H !%6 ^6 / `& 0 

  (  = "eB 7K -/ (  %( .-  0B = / !H - 6 $de

H -/ B 6 ( .7%%H

6  6  7%%H 27  = !%- 7& ]/ (-/  2 !H B e!6( & 5  .7

6 76 -/ 7 6 5 7%%H $de 7%mY] =  6 6 $de (1 ! .76 ( 7%%H $de K !

 7= >F !m !H 7 !m( (K1 = bF  .7L6 02 6 0 !H - 6 $de 6 .76 

K6 -/B  %( 7%%H $de E76 7% 7% 5( !H -/!6 7 6m 7  `w6 /

( 1% s 7% 16 < ( 7%%H $de 1 D m = 6 `e= 7  -  6 1%6  = .
H $de B.7%-6 2!# !6  !6 7%

wH 7 -/ B /  !6 ( 7% 0 !"-B !% H (    = . !6 ]e/ 7% D  .7

( 76 7e !H (-/ !sd D  7F= 7 7 -Z (6# - !T2 (  % 7e 0-/

7 7 ( .-

[  5 7% 6 $de 5!# !6 7 7 7%- 6 .76  6  K-   %( 7 7/

&(-/ 6 Y !H 7%%H -  [ ( 7s% &6 / ]6 . B 7 !6 56 !6  = .7[ 0 .[`

7 !6 7= -7 6 < !6 ( % B 26 7 7Z66 .72 V( ]& ]/

 !H 7 ?& bF ( 7%%H $de]/ 7 !6 7= - 7  ( 7%%H $de/ B ZK 6 7%

/  = .7%%H /!6 `e$  B p !"6 7% ]/d !6 7% .7 !"?( / ]e =   1[ s

B -/ (?"!  7%%H   !6 $w= - 7 7 =  1 `H .-  0 6 p 0 0!H -

&! 6 -/ B 6( .7%H $de]  0 76 ?- H -  K{ = $w 7B 7( !6 &6

! 0 < h.7

 $de &` H7

 = $de &`  = ZK 7%H ]/ '-F\- 0 $w !6 .- % 0(1  .7 " & -% `H 0

 (J\ !H - 0  !m 7 s  Y !m  6 s{ =H $de  %( 6  !"v &] .-

$de6 &`  ^6  "] - #  7 6 7%H - !6( h(( 0 76  H> =&6

 LH.

#%-s D !HB #  7 -  = 6 7Z 1  $de 7 H DH  = !6 -  H !m 6

6H $de 7 [ Z$ !H - 2 ($ 6 6B K6 H 6 L!6 7% W/ 7%67 6 5 56  ]X

&` B .7%%H $de 2 0($ [! K6 6B!6 & 76 7- 7 0[ !6 7  !e( .  !6

< 6 !%!$ %= / 60 !H) 7%H $de !$wH &" 7%%H ]/ = !6 !W  6(7%%H& D

12` ( 7%H 2 6 ]& "Z ]& G( 6  [$(  L .7%H G6 6 $de& D .7- `e

  7%7 7 7 K B 7( &" .7%H ]/ 2 60 & 6 7%H $de/ Y <[ 

= 7 ? V  .7%H 76  (2  $de !6 ZK  7   / K  .7  !6 !%

  7v ZK !mK G 7B B 27  7 "X !m%H d( `e   $ [B!6 7K =  B

-> .7%H

B $e !-H $% L

=J  $de 1% 6  ]X &`  0d( .- &  - 7= !H 6 &`(& 7%%H $de

( $e !-H $ L m &`  /  .7UW  5B 2  0L &`

2 0   76 .  0  (`& 0%m  7 ]& !H  /= "e !H -6 ]X

&`(& 6 .7%%H $de

L5 1  $de

 &6 GK (&[$ &] 6  = .7" 6 7% 7%%H $de &"& 0 !H -6 7 5   .7% !$

!6  = / D6 7%%H $de ]e7 =  H $de 1 !6 .- 0 ] 7%%H  !H6 7 5 !

 7  6 H 7%%H Z- !# .7%%H $de  = 06 !"e !"v 0 .7%H &6- =   &6 

 6Z !Bm D !H 7% 27 6 & 7$( %  !6]  .7%H 26 ( 7-%&6 0"& !%

? 7.
 76 !H 7%& ( 7%%H $de7 K ![6 G "X.7%-%&6 &6 !H &% T2 [7%%H 7%6!$

(   d 7 !"?( / /  6! 7%6 %W H $de 6B ]& 6 ( 7%%H

&-/ ]H 1( 6 6  ( 7%%H ($ 6 B !6 &6 e= -  = .7 &$de ! !6  ]/

K !6 ! 7  !6 p !"6 7 B p 7%&-/ 6 .7%%H (  6 !K  0%!6  GK D

 6.76 6B 7% p 7

6 7 7%H `e ]/7 !Xm 7 6  !"v 0   .7%H $V7 7%H Z- K !6

 & ]/  7   /  7%H !6 `e 2  .76 6B 7% p .7 H 0 .- 676 7 7%K

 6 !"v !6 7%%H $de$  = ]/  !"v &] 6%6 .7%  ]w  = 0 6 !6 ]H ]V1

-/ B 7 7 wH 0- GK H   ( 7%%H 7F "/ 7%%H !"v K  6  T2 7  

B ]/7%  p.0

  $e !H 756! ) ! 1(6( $de !6  2 7%  76 !H 7% H $de B !6$ 

]/6 ! 7% -/.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=349106

) $
$80  $

= 6 HB!  5 7H! .!  Lm !m

 Bm ( !Bm 0 7 !j ! 6 &2

 0 ( $    .%6  (  "-

!%H 1- ( B - !6 T  !%H ( 6`( !%

T6 !H %6 %H   7  6  0  

/ ( 6 (Y6.

!sd 0 ( .0H b/ / $ . m T2 ( 6(

6 D$- 7 &6 (D$-  .6 LH !U 0

7 76 F ! B 6 .0H /-! Lm

 !6$ B b%! ( . 6 !&6 ]/ !&6 ]H !67/ .!-6

7/ %Z7 -  5%  6B b%T . W ZK K(1 ! ( !H F   6

!H -( b% ! .! = UK !6 KK  L  ! /  s  .!%H 7%!5

( 06 = UK K  .%$6 !"e  !"e  Lm %Z ! .  6 !5  -
!"e 0# ->  .!%H !U 0 7 ! b/   2 ]w .2 !"e !H !H "K

6  7  2  h-% 6F 2  0  !H! 0

 ! UK< !H 0 = cU-  ! ."Z (! 6 =  - %( !&6 / 6  !( !%H L6

 !%H  ]w Lm D - .!2

!2/  %  B 05&B / !2/  2 %H mF dB !2  B y6 !m

Lm 676 g( 7 6 Lm !m 6 7 #H .&6 - 0 % F / <%H 6  0 7H ($7H &!7H

2 !"e B -#H 0 b%

( ] !6 7 6 ( .] 7F !6 7/ .  b1 [ !"e Z$# !!%H

( (  %/ K !H FD 6 !m 6   &?6 !H ( 7 7F 7 .%H GK !e`B

 = !m  L %6 K ( 6 6 . ( $ !"/ H  [B %XH  ( >

6 ( .!6 7  !U(V %H &H  !U !H X .]e !6 K F L6 -  ]H  L2/ (X %

? H.

bF  !H $ ( 0 !6 !%H$ B b% 2 . !2  1% !6 0&B  b% T  %H 

m !  (] $d !6 ]e / W ? H . !2  $w - & !6 .  T

 %H 0/ T ( !6  m ($    $d .  b%  .  .

!627  .0H 5  7 s6 6J = !H/  !67H #H .0H 5 27 K ( /- !m  B

B  7 #H    . 22 7F 0H   .0H

!2/  !m .%H % %Z >?6  !m ! B y6 Lm !m / 2 L! &  7H  !U$

.2

6 !2 /  6 !H !-F / 6! L$-  !%H ( 0 ?- !H 1TF  . 7= !2 6

  0%H !U !H X( 0 ]e ($ H 2 .

 Z !sd !( !sd B p .!6 !66 - $d / .0H! Lm   7VK 7-  !6

. B .7! Lm  6  =  .7%H  K !H X( 0 !6 =< 6 !H 6 ( 02 6 H &F 7 .

- "B 6    $d ! 6 UK D ! ( D 6! ! B !H .! L$- 7%?$  !H Lm

 b%  .%H

B  6  0  7%?$ K 7m "  . K -  - 6 7m &H L6( .

7m  H B p %H >6/  !sd 0   ( .0H  F !66 7 ( 6VK

! !6 $6.

7m ($ !HK H   .%HK K 7m .%H K 0&B .!&B   %! bF T6 .

"- ]e  6 !m . % Ty !  =< (   2 !6 p !2$  $d   6 K

m   ( b% ! B ]w !1  >(= 0 h"K 7 27 .!%H 0

(] !6 !6 !(7/ .!"e 0 & .0H ( 0H H-B 7 B!6 (1 !  %( .& ( !H !( 6 06

( T !6 Lm ( !H - 7B !6 L >&?6 .!%H (D /  !- 0! !g  .0%H

 H >?6 ( B % #H!5  .% - B !6 $d 6   L ( !6.&6 (D

 %( 0 7- !6.!(7/

!6 K #H 56 6  0 b% !m Lm !m 676 7 K  6  !& - !6 7   .!- Lm 7

/ / W/ ~( %6 ]w .!%H 7 6  2  6! 7e  (" 01 7% 7e = ( !H X%  6 (7e ]w .!5% 
H !B( DK !6 ! 7e 0 6 ( !2/ 7(  m ( 6 / - &.%H 7

7e !6B !m = X% 7%< 6 .!$ 7 %=  2 `- 6 . H !B - & ! - 7 m 7Z6 .

! F =7 7e !6 b1 B 2 H . &Fb1 0 ( 7e L6  ( .!%H7e 0 . (

% !sd % 6  b% 0 L6 6 0   %( ( . 6 UK D 5 5

 Y/ .  HB =6  5 7H! .!

 !"# : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267475

)= > X / *</ **& <$W

 \(J 0 s% !6 K6 ($ - 67-F 0

\-  1 .-# [ %2 p6  -(ED

- 0 !J 76 ($ s %Z ! ! !6

% YVd J 7-F \-Y !  !6   .72

 D  Y6  !U6 7! 76($ ZW

  - 0 6  =  !H 7($  Z

< cde >6 =6 !H !j 7 .7%H !6#( 7

m ( 7-F \-  !  Y6 B6  76

U H >-F 22  2 6 6 !H - = 

( H !6 [` 7y6 7 27  B 6U / 6  0%j [ !H %H ( 15 !5m -

  & s !U !m% 7 .7% 2 5% 6F -  1  \- !2  U  % 0/ 6  =7

!H5 ( [`( 6 !H ? !6     7$ s  >F . 7e/ 0 !H>   W

7m 76 % eB - H "B

7K 6 - H

  \- -- 7-F V( 0 2 0 7%#   !H 7%H / 2 $de !6 ) 7  !6 0%j

6 !H 7%H  DH2  6 7  .(7 0 B !6 !6 K 7F   - !6 !H -  6 2 ( d 5!  .7

56 s 7% !H 7 =  &-F !2 U  !m .7%H 0 -/2 !6 - 7%76 -7 !m H 

 ]6  s >  7%6 =  ( !2" K6 !6 2 p6 ( = 6 7% 7F  7%H [ 6 07 !H 512

 B 7%m / >-F" 0 U (  "7%H !6 7 /[` = -76 7% !H 7 0   !6 #%( H

( d !U6 H> - (1  &.


 --   $ 6 0     0 !H - B \- !6 !H 7-F  (Y= !U- 6 77

= 7% F  6!  L .7" !%j 7K Y !12  %(" :7 27d  7  0 ". !T2 0 2

B( \- B  !5m 7-yB 7( 7-%&6  7# H 0 !67 !66 => -  !6 7$ E %

 < !H 6 !6 - H  B ( 7% (& - 7 = ( 7%% LH !6 !( 6    !H 27

5 >F6  7 B( !6# H 0  76- .7 !6(  / 7 " 27 7 7jF %  

  !57 1( .6 7 !2 !6 7 ] 56 F 6 !H! V6 [ H >-F U% '-F  - 7

.76Y 0%j !6 H6 !H - 7 / 0    B 2 %?- !6 5  02 s/ =  >6 >F

L> .

(V  >-F --."Z 7"H (  !H -1 !H 7%H DH  !6 7W B % 27 [  !6 ]6 D

7$( ]H]  . p6 (`Z   F !W !H  % !6# - (1 s  #6-

h-= p6 7  & B '-F 6 6U . !6 !H Lm  cde 6 -= !H h"U 0 5  0%m D

 &  6(  7 !6 7 /  !2 1% hK s! F  7/ 6 % T/  V/ s% !6 .7%H # 0

H\- (Y 6U 7  !H 7%H [ !6 !H 7%H G [B ]H  W     1( ^d6= !6w !6 7 7K !6#

    % !6 .7 w  !H &-F s !6 7<" h - `H F >F =" :7-6 s !6 ( H 0 #

7 7"  (  !6 7[% [B[ !H 7 = ]H  v ]6 H !2 7  !6 5  $# !H 7%

( &g = .7%H !K  !"/ &  6  ]6    /  (s !6 !H Z  !B%

(  -= !6 7 7   ]6 7 5L>  / 0 1 (W 0 !H6 h - >6 -/

7  7   6.

($ -- cW \- ) 7& >-F '-F G$U 6 & 7% (7 D ]  !H 7%H  2  F  7% !6 .-

w (V !H 7%H  0Z\- H D &    = !H !6$ 7- !# !m !6 B  H !5m .7%!6 7

 !H 7 m 77F - 7%H (  0%j 7 0 !%H ( D g& !H # F 2 - s

56 .7  ( !H %H  7 6  6 $ $&F ( !6 "H cU-  7% e 0 7F 

 !H 7%%H7 B 7T2 5!  =  (  # 7%%&%6 ^d6 !6 L !H 12  =  !6 !$ -

7F &F Y 0  6 7%H Z- .7%H U H -  1! 5 H K 56 s .7 0 [ !6 "H

  H= 7  !%/ T2- !6 0 !6 0  !6= !U-  K`B  B6 &6  7

H%H !H 7  W/ B   7  & &6 .7%

HH \ -- (J %H [`( !H - 7 7 6 # H =  d !6 %/ B  7  !6

-  !6 !H  K`B    !6 (  / H H . !$  %(   0 -! >?F

[` =  -76 7 ! / [` . \ !1  HT[`   B =  -76 #H7 \- 6 H .!

7 !H B 0 7% 7"6  (1( 7% %5 7/ 6%6 .7%L6$ 0 7s ! 76 !H 76 B-

H [`  - !6!  .7 0 V? !1 !H -  Lm  !H\- 7% 7%-y6  bH5

 ( 7  0 H  ./# .7

7Z- [ -Y B #6 => 7%H

U H >-F ! !6  %( \- ` D T2 0   D  B V? 7 .76  6 7 >-F

H B( F 6 .7 !( 7! !H 76  0 s 6U H  7 6F  `H  .7%H

 62= 7 B !m !% \- ) 7 B( 7(  !6 $&F !% (`Z  7%H DH  LL>

.7
 7 ( 0 0 6 UZ TF [  (] 7Z- \- 7-F B 1- :7%H

>F / H  \- Lm .7%H "!  1%H >F 7Z6 b ?6 !%B V? s 7( `6 7%H Z- 7%H

\-Y - ( U$  W  U ^d6 .7%H   !6 !"/# H 0%m B  &  .77  "e

[ -  (= G :] 7 "Z &6H 0 !6  27? \- 5 H 6  K 02

 s !U  !H 5 "! H H  .76 7 0/# H 0 B( !   !H 7! "! 7m  h

( 7% g  !5m  ]6 ] 0 B & >%H 7 6) 7% 7   B(

=> (V !6 .!T2 (V( !H !T2 7 7Z6 !H 7 6J$ -7/ .7%H   S ]K >-F

!H = 0/ "! U 7 7%H !6(   = !U- 7 6 (V B - " 2 7 H 0 #

7 7 T<H !26 D .7%H

\- 7%H 6 U%-  .7% \- ! / 7-F   6 0   &6 2 ( "Z ? V -

6 7  s! !H 76 2? 7 -  !H 6 K 7% !756 L6 5(6 [$ !6 7 B s% !6

U H \- `H% !6) .76 2 w  !6?6 !% 6 7[ 7  75%#6 ]6 !6 !6 &6 7%H Z- 7%H !"/

27  7%6& .(7  0 (7e 0Y/ eH/ 76  d? 2  L  6  B6  .7%6

 !H 7K 76 Y/ 07/ :7 ]K  ZK !H = !1 7% 7 =     B &-F = !6>

T56K) .7%H 0Z 7 `K(  ("76 %1! 6 !  - ! !6 '-F   ( 7%! L  ZK

 %F   !6 (.7

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302923

) *$

     0B !6 !6 L = e --

6 !H !6 7 K ( 7 K 16  UB !6

 7 6 6L     =.7

  v 6L

B   $-% ? ( 6 B( - 0 7

(B V  0vU 0& 7 ( 0& 7 0& "Vd

7B s/...

(%H (_   B &? -< :7B) -( 

.-
 (( ' <= - .K F    &? .7%H

 6B   -  !Z h   h (L26 ]UZ . 7%H

(Q !6 7  D   6   ) -  !1

6 7   < H -  (-  !H"!6 7

  B  .7%H ! ( 7%H

7/ by- (S ]K D   !6 7 !1  - B

[ 01"( .  /  / .7%HH 0  #  7 # =  7  !6 T5 5 6 .7H 0    !6 B

/ T2! 7  !% 7 G"U H ]e/ 0( .7' & .K  (" 01   ]d .K <= - F

= ZUK !6[` .7-6

  !6 (a B 56= !H 7 =  # = !6 -    L 7%   !6 .B B  HT 7B 2 H 7%-

 B 6  / 7 ]$K   K =  ( 7%TF 2   B   - ! .76

! : (7Z( 0Z   B / Z- #%2> L% B d   ( 7%H  6 H 6 / B !

.7%6

! : 5 H (7Z( 7%%H 0Z   6!  .-&! 6 .6U! (   B !6.7%H L

!  !6 : B [` H !m !H 7 5   / B 7%.

6 .7%H Dm ( 7%H - = 7%$6 &6 H 5%m L !6  7%e7 H B .7(  0%m 2  = 7

- 5 B e !6 !2  6  .7%H

7/ ( ]K    7 !6 7  TF d  0vU .7 <T 6 1-  7  ?B ! ( VH 7.

(- g= ]U- T<H !6 DmH7 H ' H  5j .7%

( DB    !6 7 !1B 7 ( ! 7%H B   !6 7B 7 # .7

( >F   !B H s `H ( !6 .7%H h ! ( !H 76  &- "!  ( F

  B6 7 6%6 0 0 H L( `H 6e G&- L( ! / &- K  .7B 27-

(   ]d 7 6 ]2 6 D%H < (.7%H 0XL

>F ( -7-    B K Z  %F 7 - 7 !#%2 $ 7H B .7%H ]1K

= (  - ]d   7VK !H   7 =L26 # F 7%H  %H   6 H F (  ]$

 - 0 - -(`& 0   76 / B6 7 .  6 7& %6 >F Y s

 02 6 h-% F B ( 7 ]& 0 ( .7%H G 7 5 B B> B ( 7%H& ]d

5  FL% %H F .7%%H

(Q  !65 B [`  !H 7& h h((   D .7 ("B 01 = !6 76 ( 7 e( 7e !H

 -  - 7e   ?] =-> =  (  6 7 6 .756H 0 7%6 YZ  0 -! -

 !6 7 H  L% 6 7%  b"F - G"U.7

!6 (S 5-  7 7 5- G ( .7%&6 0 6 7  / !B 6 !5% 56 s.7

7e 7%"6 (a B - [   %H   !6 .7%H  77e 7  - >6 7  !6 .7%%H 7%"6

=-> 5 B .76 L

6 ( H> - 7e  -    0%jL>  % [   6 !6 #%F  [% .7%H ]e/

F 0%j .7&6 `H L

 ( ("- H( 7%m 01 b =B !"d b ( ! H - ! ( 765% (   =  6!6 &2
%  .7-

( 76   !6 B B =56 7 7   B !67.7%H Z 5

"d ( 6  !5 $ H `H - m  0&FH H <   B VB .7

[B !6 (!   `-  v 76 76 L% !6  ( 6% !6 &2 & 6L 7  !6 .-

(   B %6 6 - (`% [   TF .7%H

(sd $J 7VK 2 B   0 7 - 06 " 6 7( >F .7%$6

( 01"( (Q  b b"F - ! .76L 0%j(D 0L26 ]d !6 b   -% .7%H

(S ! /   (%H d B !  .76   Z H/ (   B (s d ! .76

(a7 ! 2 7   / 6    s 7%   ! B 6  7%76 HT(  = !67

e (7    = !%   6 7%6( 7.7% 7

  ( 6 - 6 T< 512 1 2- .7%H

>6 ( 7 L26 55m   - 5 7! 76 7%H Z-   T $6.7

  v  

( V( 2 H 7  B 6   !6 `$K / 7 6L  56. 7

6 ZUK (  V B =7 7/   !6 ]K ]$K   !6[` 6L .7-6

( !5 LHFL26 ]d 0   !B .76 H !6 L 7 !6B !JJ .7%

- 6 (Q   6/ B6 7%H / ?= V  .7%H

(S  B 7 #6 B .7%H

(a  !2# !  B ^d6 .7%H

"B ( /  !6 !j%m .76 <=   h -   6 : -  -   / .76

 0%j( F  0 K   ( .7%H

(76 5j 7B s/ 6L   ( .7%

(L 6 2 B    !6/ 7%H Z- 7 (! B !6 UZ .7%H 0%j !6- B .7%H Z

 !6 $ ( [ >F  B6 B 6 !6 6 .7%H K b # !2 06  V? !H - 5 =

 7 .7 [B !6

YZ (   B 6L  !6 y- 6%6 6L 6 &6 7%H Z- 0 ($ ! .76

512 (   6 V? (H 7 0&% ^d6 .76 7

6 ( 01"( 06 B 5 5 b.7

!j%m (Q -  B&6L e 7  / 7 (7 !   H h( 0%j bF !B   6L !6

.7%H DH

!6 (S ! e !6 76 !% <   D - B 7 ./  - 7 !H !2" 7 .7%H&! 7

 .7%H

%H (a 12  B [   7%H 1/   6 6K .76 K6 H/ 2 `  7% D$-

B .7%H

[B !6 (! !H %& 76 = / B= 7 0 ?  276 7 .  L .

6%6H 0  !H 7% =6 7% ( 6 !6 &F =.

(   !6 0 !H 6L = 7 H B% 7   !6 & L 5e 7 .7%H s
& (   .K !6 / 7 0  D -[` .7

 %( 7%H Z- (    !6 7 / D 0vU -  B $6. 7

 : G$%! [`

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=332470

) )4  ,

  Z L6 7B &6 !6 76 ( 012 0?-.-

76 ( = 012 0?- ( ($ 6 5  ! 

>  B> ( .- !6 012 0?- 0 

6 !H 7- !6 7 2 = 6 - 5($ K6 H >

[ -/ B  > .7%H ]%6 012 0?- 

( = 7 6 B6 !H -6 0 !H 7   012 0?- 6

7%H !H 7%m2 0?- 0  -  " 012 0?-

1 .- 7& !H 7% !2 &! 012 0?- 6 -

 ( 7%H  1  7& .7 0 B6 !H -7&7 !6

 012 0?- %Z!  7 ` !1- " > % .U% .U

012 0?- %Z !6  1 ( 1!   ]K B!6 7%

[H $Z( . !127  / [ ..-

!2 0 !H ->  %Z !6 .U%  1  ( 1

7&! - H 2  U% !6 !H 7%  -

( 7%H 1 " !6 > - 6 .76 0! =K 6 !6 012 0?-

"" =  (= L 6  !H 7%H7 6 = 0 /

 -7&7 012 0?- -  = h-

=   = !6 .- ] !6 012 0?- E

=  Z ($ (/ 6 5%(5% ]    p6

. 0 = 6 ( -  012 0?- - = L = 012 0?- =K s% ( .7%H 0$ =K !$ L 6 6

eVB   6  !6 012 0?-] m 5 d 0?- F  1 2 !H27% 2 0?- %?- 6

B> !6 5    !( L 7%%H !H 7 0]  D  B 6  - .  07 = >  %( ( -

L6 6 0?-   7e 6 h U  = = =  6 2.


 h"U 6 T2  s:

= 0?-

`H %Z !6 0?-K 12 6  7= .U ! g ) .-?7 =K (a 6 F !H 0 = 0?- ( $w J

- ?[ h T2  !6 7%  % !6 = 6 0?-  !H 7%H 76  0    .

`-

 ==K !H 6 6 6 012 0?-   7%H `- 6 0?- !6 .- !H %Z 0 =< h[? ? 012 0?-

L L 2  6 `- 6 B 0?-> =< .7%H  h 012 0?- !2 0 ( ? / => H

h[? !6 <= .7 `- 6 0?- %Z !6  1 = 6 !H %?- ? !H -6  =   7VK !6  $d - &.

`B !K  7% !6 $ !2 0   7%H [ -/ 6L52 6 . #  ?[!6 $ h

2 7% (d D[ -/ 2    " !( h  ?[2 !6 h 7% F  !12 !H - . = 

!H7 2 7% 012 0?- F 7% !66  - ? [ -/ F 7%H B - !6 " h !

- ( 6 7  - K 27% 2 !  / ! 2 .76 7% 0  0 !H -[

-/  >F 7% ! B 2K 7% 2 6 ( .d 07 `- H  ( 7-/ [ 6L5

! 2 .7%H 7% 0 5 !H - 7 B> $F 6  7% 7B 7 = - a   S L - S #/

 Q 0%m - S  76  H J( .-6  0 "= ( h[? h 7 7B !H - 7 =! - SQ Z

)$F(  B 7 ($  6 !6%\ E 2  6  0 >F = %?- !H !66 = F / -

7B2 !6 7 27% 727%%H B `- 6 7-6 =< 7%H %\ 2 - !6 =`- 6 77  =< .7%H

B

 0=K !H 6 6 6 2 0?-  &6 7%H 6 B & 2 7%`- .- 6 012  / 2 

- 2`- !H 7%  = ( 7H  7%H> & B &6 7%H ]% h[? !6  !6 62  -/[

 7% 6L5 . 0& !6 !H - - (!  7 6 (T2J 0?- 2B  7% 6 !H 7 B h[? 6

!  . 0 6 $F !H 76 ]  H ( $ L2  m .7  d

=< `H B $B 6

] 6 !H 5 L &6 - 2(  7%  L = 6 0&F 5 !H - 012 0?- = 6 =K

 77B .- 7 "! = 012 0?- =< `H 6$B B &6   2B  7% 7 2T &7  $B

 B  - `H B> &6 6 E   ( 7%H[ -/ ?[ h 2 - !6 7% h" 7% T

 . 0 !H - - 5 / 6)( = 6 6 !H T K  !66 7= 0 7 7 = 6 !H /

&6 ? 7% ( H 76 H - 6)( 6  7%%H  !6 by- B> ($ T 6 K   F.7

) =! 7Z6 !6 a  L =! ( Q = #/ L! (7Z6 !6 S

 : G$%!  H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=323693
)  $ 8 k 4/

(Z :

&6&7% 27% H Z-Z( 7  G

"H  !X ( 7% 1- 5 K 2

   Z( 0 B 2 h 7!6 ( !H -

/ ( e .K &? V !"H 0 7$ -

7 GK !H m  Ye  !m !6 6-

Lm  .

 Y] 7Z( 7 (Z 6 

6 22 !H  1 0  7 6 .- !6 !H

] B !6 6-!-&B  . H

7%F 7  0  s5 7%m $ 7 .    !H 7%/ 7 . 7%%H 7  K ZK

= (7F 7%%6 7%%H 1 7 = ZK  H  !H6%6 . 7  0 6 $ Z( L2 !6 7/

B TF.

=> [% 6  01 = - 0-

 swH    H .= !6 !H - B 7- / W [B !H B 0 `( ]e/ >H

7  .76 27 !$ 0  6 7 !H bj 76 ?$B != 5  . ZK H ?$B!H -

H  71 6 # .7

(  1 !6  12 B6 6  h - "! :  $  hH 27/L6 2 L H pd

 !e  5B- 2   . 6H7  27 -  B  6 [ h

 6Lm 0  !H 76 2 (= -76 7 0? .  6 0= 5 !H -  %H B   $?%

K B !H 7 7% 2 H .7%-

  7 = 0W !H - & =.( 7% &6 . GK  &! 0B- -.-

 >F 0  F !U !6 ! - 7-.

 m ZK

7H 0  0 7& "( L2  ZK- !H= !6 2 -( 6 6  / W B H.

Y !""- 0 !6 17K   6 !H %H# =   !6( ZK -:

 ^d6 !6 !  0   F.

 (  B = :7%H

 " )( :7

= 7%F mH  !H

!H  / (   L6 !1  2.-

B 6 (sd "B 7%H e !&m  7&!<  7   s /B >?6 = s!7

H EF>  W/ V   H/ = `B6 !H - =V( !j  7%%H H  >6  G6% B

 6 7B &  6 7% d 0 (1   = 06 &/ 7.


7 07Z- B  B> 7%%H &H 6 6 = 06  !6{  s  5 - 7%6 7 5

( B  6 1-  = B 6 2 !6 1( .76    . - 6   0.-

 = !H  %F    6 h-%B Ud p [s .  $V& >%H $ 7%( 7%:

Z =27K  .& `$ !K K`B&F   &B !%H  b1 !6 &<

7 ZW  HUW 5#%H -/    $d ...

 D  0  7%6 D 7    %Z !H 7%7   =  ?"  / 22 675

(1 . 0 Z L  7% (~7%m J  7= .7# 7%  0 !H - !/ "  ] 7

6 !6(  ]6] .7%H Ud

2 0 (d J~( d  6 pE =   7 7F s= 7 !H 7  B Z - 

6 [ !6 7%H 7% K !H B6 7 Z6 / H < 0.7%H 0

2 7     76 $w 6 = B 7 7    s% !6 $w - H/ 27 7 20

 !6 ] ( d  U    1% ?   5= 7 0  s   (? h 6  ]

 - .7%H ( "$% 2  H &B / &H &B  ]K Z!- 6 7 5 0

]$K.-

 &! 6%  $w# 2 = 7 6=  .-

0 (&V( c   - V? D:7

 0 - !s/` ]6K 2E ?  - V .-  27    .& .7   F

"K  7%H LH F( 0%m !6 - . H B !6 VB  7  1 5"e/6  H

 .7

 !#7 27 ]e/ -/ 7&!`(  e / - 2 7 B  76 U6 76  6

7 ( 61- K "{ 7   !6 $ >K.7%H 2" 27

2 !# bF !H 2 0 [ !6 - 7  6 $w7 7B !6 !5m 7 G 5 =.7%

/ = K !H -76  0 = H by-   6 $w 2 6 .H 0   6 7K( 7% K

B 6 B  27 B -> "K 0 2 -76.

 " )(  :7 ( ( -  ( 76 V6 7  (  L (76 ( 0 - =2 7 .

/ 27 " )(  (  B>  76 =2 Z 7 . K  6 6 --  

2=  ! / "  = !6 $ 7F .7%H  ! B ^d6 !6 7Z6  -%( X B !66 L =7%

 F.

 : G$% "5

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=280220
)  5k ; 

K "B !H H -   6 6

% =B/ 0 -7  6 ( %H %H

"B 7  !T5 6 .%6

2  $e !H ( ]d (   b !6 B

  =B 0 6 B ( = .

V( Y/ !6 7%H$ [B !6 `w  D H $# 7%m 6

!1  7%m %H  $  ....$ 77 [ D

 v 6 !H 7 7 0 56 7 !6 [ D ...55 6

 0  &F 7  B H 5 ( 0 7...

( ! 0-/ %H %H  !6  5% =

 $  6 !6 0 ] 0 27  %H 7%m

!6 &m !sd 6 &2 .6 6 h"U 0 -

- !6 27  !H  %H  %=

.

Z6 & !6 ( 7%%H !e 2  (7  .7%6 0  H  e 6 !6 5 ? V

  7%H   6 !6 %H 7 5 [76 0 .7%H

 (1 6 06 !6 7 L $  . GK !6 6 !H2 V( L  (7 

6 6 [6 H 6  !m -/ !6  !mH L . $  !60[ 7& L

6 !6 7$  U ( 7%%H ]d $H 6  0 %H 6 7% 2  $ .7%%H

 7  0 ( ]d 0 B6   !6  57 0 .76 !6  5 / 0( p 7 !6

7 ?- ]d( ]6K =- (7$] 6 .7%H =! 5  !K !6 $w! 6 ! 6 7" 6 ( %H ]/ 6

!6 L 76 `& 6 2 -/  27  6%6 .%H 0 ! !6\- 0  76:

-  !m- 5 6  0# 7%H  ]6( >-F 0 5 # %6 ]$K

 0 ] 6 6.%H -

m - (- 2 - L ]$K L 1- - 6  6 H =  '"( [B.-

6%66 0  =  0 >F 7% 1-  (  1- ]/ ( -  !H 6 -   0vU ( %H

UB ( 7.7%H 7 6 2H 0 = &7  DLy % 56 DH.

B 0 / H !m -6 7 7Z6  27  !6 B 2  0  1 .-  $ K7

/ L DH 7F ]w  B 6 B  56 7  = .&!  7% 0 B >6 >F

( =  56 DH.

 (s% 6 s% ]$K

 1- !H ZK (H7%m -  5 ( . g( H 6 !6 02 7 !6 !6 /

H - - 76 . 1- [ Y H p  7%H 6 !6 7 L ( .K! & !`H ( 6

!j6 [  6 .% !`H  0 ! 7%m 0 !6 y6:


&F - 6  6 - D !1 7%m ]$K  0  v  56 7 !6 H HB `w .L% 7 7-

!j6 7 !6 !-H !6 27- L% F ]w= $K B 6 !6 ... h(( 0  $ !`H - 2.

-!   v  2 %- !6  7 7-( !H - Z6 7  v 56 7 !6 v  ( H .%H

- !6y6 (  TF v  56  6 !%H 0 / L6 7%H  7 - =  H .7%H

6( 6 -L2 7K !122  - &F 7! 5 7 6%62  !6 0! 5"e/6 !6 

%H 27 -/   27 !656 -.

 = - 767% 6 6 !H6 7 ] eVBB 06 27 76 Z6K 6 ] L T2 $B6.

 7   6 %HH 0 L  = / .! 0 d  !6 .-  !H 6 7F 7 

B 6 B $    !6 .7 G"U h(( 0    0vU $  7 (  %

7% /6 = 6> !6 !6 .7-

!B - %H F >F 2 1-7/ 6 ]K D !1d L% ?6 = &?6 %H < !<7 5  [6 .

1( -& ]UZ( c 2 !6 (1!j6 c !6 E 0- 2 H .%H !( - 7K !m !j6 B / 2-( 6

6 .%H ]d( (/ 1( 0 c Y  6 / 6 ( B " D  6 2- L%  

( J .

2 (-/ ?

5 H K   6  < !$ . b/ 0B -   6 6 7($ ! 0/ $6 06.

[ K !H H-  !`H  $B6 -2 . 766 -/ 6K p !K7e 0 D

6  !6 !H 0  !6 56  !sd $B! 65 %H   6 < !$ m

7 5  !sd / # = H 6%6 .%H # 0([$ / % GUK 2 (H DF D!"H D .76

&` m L /  "H -  H - =6 6 .7H 0  pV !6 L

T2 H !6> / .7-66 !6 \- %H 1(6  .$   1- !%  !Z  H%&/

( !6 6 !6 L /! Lm %H . %H

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=330392

)  +
4 ; ;  8 >8 k 

 F- [`(F  %(  = h>  -

]6K-  TF .-

 7- = !6> K !6  : -
 (    $ !

-6  #-&% ( 6#d( L - 7`

!  7= - !-  !   $! ! ^6

 [B => =   7 -  7%% 7/ ]K S

 $ !1 6    !6 7%(= h ( ( / = 

 7%! 6 !- p !1 ] 0 #  .7%

6 " W 0  2 :7 0 ~ !  7 7%6   27%m .- K [ !6 %  # 7%

( GK 2  1  -  7 =  ! / 6 !1 0 #  7% K h"K    .

K B6 = 7 !   $B 27 / 6   6 !1$# 7  7%! $- V? 27

7 B = 6 ( .$U.7%

2 - !6 ( 7

2  &?6 - !6   Lg Z  7%  (  dB 7 26  !6 7   / ]%  !67%

! <T B T  6 6 .7 => 76 !6 67% J & - =  $V  .

6 - & !Z U  -!   0!  ] B &m / 2 - !6  7% / 

& B   7  !6  = h"K /(  6 h  ! 5% ] 2 - !6 /  7%  .7%

(% 76 -7

- 0%  ( 6 7 /  J  ! 76 $ ( !6  !/ 7% (d

 76 (  !  B - = !6 76>  ( 2  #% !/ d( !j%m  6-

 7 !6 ZUK 76  !65 (B #% >%.7 7

T !$% (Q $ B %Z ( (Tg! 7%

6&  -  -!  6 T !6 K $(  dB h  6 0.7%

 7 %   L  -%  { GK &5  2 :7 7B !6 / ^6  !6

 =7  b/( B  2 . 7B !6 b1%( 7  B 76 ( ]   .7% = ^6> - 76 >

    $V . 76 !6 1  7- 7B !6   Y !&m- !6L   ]V &F!

  %Z !6 .7&?6  &6

/ (S 76 !6

 ! - 7K 7 76 7L6 / !6 =B ( 7 ( !6 - 7  76 - !6 e   - 56 6  %( .

-!  (% !6 7 " $ !6  #% ( 6 B  -- LB6/ 6 7 L  ( 7  !6 6"U-

= 7 [ 0 `- . B 6 1/.7%

7%B (a 7%"6

 7F 7%! 7%B 67   &m   -d( . 6J !  e !6 2 &6  (7%"6

( 77%B ( %7%B .7 ^6>   E-  7 -76 % ( &6  7% [ ! 76

7%B7 76 %   ZW.

(  7% "1< B

 !   6 7 6  !  - &F  6 7 5 7   ! L 6  / B

7 6 - 6 7 5 ( 7 ]$K 7Z6  B .

 0 6 ! = >- 2   =  ]d .K B s  B 7# 6%6 7(  0 [ =
 27 ! - !6  2  6 !6-   < !$ !  7%   7%   L

B 7B   !6 ( - W.-6 /

  6 !65  ( 7 ( dB ( - !j%m 6 S 0 #   !6(  dB h ( W

=  B 6 ! !1 S  #  .7%

( 7&!  h=7   76 F 7B 7$

/- Z !   7% 7! 7 !Y b/ !6    . ! 7K 6(  Z !6 -  Lm

7$( `[ !6]   #= ( 7! 7 !B ! ~ 0 =   !6 27 6  .&2

6%6F 0  ( 7 ?$B h$-  = G  !6 . =! !6 - = 1- = p != ! % 7K bF7 %

!   B -  6 6    !6 p 6   6& 5 .6

= "Z K  ! = ZK 7% 7%m 6 . .76

6 (-/  $wB   !%  - (   dB  7 &6   - !6% - ( =! 

5 6.

 dB  (7  e 7 7 >F  K 7 (  7 6  &566%6 .7 6  %( 0 B= 

6 !6= -  !% 2 K   - !6 $w 6   dB  !# --/  $w.-

  !#] \ !1 6 m L `- [`  7%  B  [ .76  $w

B (  6J -%&6

(7(  ->  1/ % ( GK  =    6  !T2 5%  76  L 0 B6

7 e 7 5 6 / (  !6 %5 6 5   -.

( .d 67 -& 7  -  L !6 0m ]   %- 1/  !6( h/ &6  dB  [B

 / .7 = ! =  ! 0 B- 7 2  / - &6.7

&-% !  7 7 ($    $J 6 5%  L-/  $w = =  ($ " 

= B  &m !6 &6.

( [B dB % !6 7%% %1- :7% 56 7! 5-B !s/ 0- % !6 6[` [B

?6 V ( !/ (d 7Z- B  K`B>   1- $6.7

 0- [B 0 (  !s/ 66 !6 7  !s/ 6= % 6   6 7  dB ! "7

  27  - 1- $6.7

66 6   &%  7% B  6&  B&B 0> 0W! 2  Y6 h U = :7 !

 B( 7% (7% K U (  7B !T2 7% 0-= 7%% 7  ! K7Z-  7! ( !T2

! B =  &  6 7 ! B ! 65  ( $w6 76 .7 E! B bF !"/ 0 ! 65 K

B  . (  B $K 776 0$B (.

  %$B(  6 -  6 22 = h  .&% Z  = (  7% 

B %$B 6 L5 h"U !X  [ (B (d  2 :7 !-  (B %$B 7  h &

.7%

B 6 p"( : ]$K = ! (-/ !$"<  6 7%"6  2 .7% -  7K6 G 7  /! !  h !6

(- K Y6 / =!  ! 0676 7% =   2  7K(  - &! F 0 - $Z( !67%

.7%

0( : 7e 0d B  [ !6 .7% ! T "  .76


- : $(  " 7 7%%  K1- 7% .7%"! &6 > m&] !6 $6 7  !6 &6

   e   ( 7%   $w (~J  6 $w  Lg 6U- 6  = .7%   (>%

- (  !$"< 0 7%%   dB `  !6= .7%  Lg K B  .-  !6 ! ~ 0 

7%! a ( Q [ / !1 B  g( L 7 6 b1 !6 = !6 %$B 7% (  B 76 2  !"e.7

Lm ( 7 7 d 7%

7 B  !6 2 7%  !"/ 2 7% 0 L7 - 2 7 L6 7 - 7  K .7% 2 !

<"  h dB  7% 7 7 =< 7%j  &% & 5% bF  - 6 -L [B

S ! ! - Q (  [B 6! !6 - !# 0 7- -! =  ! (6# % 22 2

K &6 7% 1/ !6 6 -/  $w 7/ !6 L ]K7- -/  1% = ( 7% ! (6# 7d  .7

&% 66  & 5    %F ] Z U B !6-/ 6 F $w !2 . (d

= 7L - 6 -/ 6 !6 $w  1%  !6 Y6 F !6 0  .76

`& (Q B 65  T567

$de 6 / B  = 0W 76 ! 7 $- !6 6 &`   7%  dB  6 >?6   \J

/ .- ! ~ 2 = [ e 01"( pB 56.

=& 5 [ =&  %  7& -%j & 5%  -  7 ! { 0 !2

 :- ! 6-/  $w  1%  5 G5 e 7

  2Z( :7  - B 6 0 K! ?[$ 6  ?  ! 7%6 0  

( 7%- B [ !6 ?" Z 6 6  22 (Z .7%

 (S  6 ( !B # .7%

- -! =-  ]d27 = 6 - Z6 6   K  6 = B  5B -= !B !6 =- Y6 6

B ( (  6 .%#  B [ . % ] - B !6  GKm   02

"  7F !T2  7.

!2 0UZ TF & 7 7 7  B L%  6] eVB 276 7 76 71 B6 6 B65

&] -  .

- d &5& 5 !  = 77 !   B  L% B 7%6  K"B 6 &6 7%  B

($ .7

d T !2 0 2 !6  5 5 (   7  %&F   7!  B%7%6   h-% 

 L%  (  dB 6 7 &?6 !/ $ 6 / =  T56 J~( L.

(as (ZK !%6 GK! 76

- !T2   dB !& 0    !  7! [ =  !& 06 .7 GK 7 - "

(! 6 6- Z F 5 Z !6 6- - 27 % .7%

=  L LF"5  6  7 6> (`  7% 16 ( 7! m   ( W ( GK 7X-  

7`%  / 7% = ! & %  !%  7 B6.7

6 w F   $( G[K  $(  K F -  =  ] !6   1/

- / 0 <  F 0  ! .7

/ = !      ! W 6 GK 0%j F cU-B6 %.7

 5 Y] 6 W 6 GK 6! Y6  0 -! =  s (&(ZK Y6 L 6 6 !%6 GK
= & B6  .7%%  !# L  = %6 GK 5Y]   =  dB.-

(  <] &7

(  !Z7 6 7 0 &?6 V  !6 .7-6 5 !m(B K1 7  2 6 7%% 6 &6

  B ! B ( 7%6 B %6  !6 $1- = L> 7%

 0  -6 7% 0 G 6 06  2-  e 76! !6(` 7  #%  K  L B6

B -/ =  % .7%

 (   7% B %$B2  !?5 :7 0 s 7% - ( L - !BB K

 .76 -% 0  2   s (( h   7%! 6- 7 !%6 GK!  >F

V( h K L6 2 B6K [ !6 &  7!  .

(  \- &? 6    !6 !ZB >27%% s =   .7-F = 0 -!:

!m -/ 7 K! bF  - !-  7 &?   0Z#  7 6\- 0  j -B

! `K 2  & .7%% B by-  '-F 0%m -( :7 (V = 7% -/ ! - 7! .76

 0 -  6 h ( B 6 = Lm ( L 7%! " 7 &6 6 =  e .7%

7%?6 (7

! 76L 0 .7  / 7%B7   . 0  0  - -  dB 6 .- "  -% 2

/ 7%!  = !m! -/  !sd = 7%B !6 7/7 dB 7  = FT 7% L /K

/  7%! W 0 6  7%B 67    6 0 6 .7%6 % = !m <   7 !

[ =  (1  7%m 6 ? 7 7  0& >%  g( ( 7  <  / cdV( - !6

 -    7  6  K % 7%B 7% .77  ! Z6 0  K - s

5  76 h# !2! 5 =  s !6 h# L  s.7

 ( !e ! -%  = 7%%  -! / 7%B7 6   !6  dB  -B 7 7%B7

d  7% 6 % - (1  5 B 6 L  .7%

 : G$%! 7K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=265720

) + A4/

UW :  ] 0UW ^6 HUW  ^6 &6

 $V.

K = 
K ( 5 : H1-  ! HH !H   6H 7%

 1  \ J!VK D 6 !H ( 7%  7%

F = !VK . 0 !H - D(6   H/ -

5  -  "$K  .  7Z6 57F D 6

7K !j6  7K - H . =   -7e " H .7 ^6

/ B  7 0  K K H .7  !Z71 D

 $B  !j6 0  7% !6[` 5 .7- 0

7$( /] !6  7 <.77 05

)(6 - - -0 7e !j6 -7& H(  K   - (Z H  $ !H B 7 d$- 7d

  = 12 7&H  "B 07 / 7Z6  !% B7 B 6 -  %H7 !H B .7&H 0

 & !H HB -  K # :

( 6  Z !6 ! B DH = 7.-

( 2 5& ` 7 B - ]  B - B b6 ( 7 6.

 =]// (de 6 ]/) -

6 ( ( 1% ]"d7K) : 7( (~6 B  6 .

( (V HB DH -6 - `H -- #H - -L6 = "H  /.

(  7 ! -B 76 >6  7 !H 7  % = .7%H

=  !6> .%H H/ 7%%H 6  7 0BH 0 6  7 (Z .%H

)6 W 5F 5  !6 7%%H 5 6 7Z6 %H  7%%H / W (7%%H 5F

:

`( - `( :% ]$K 6 H/ 7-  7%e !6 ?6 0  7%e !H B7 1- ( #() .%H

`( - ) : 0H ( 7%e D -%H56 K -&6 /6 ( -  7%e ?6.

(` 6 % \ (J (`  .-= wH  < =  (` .-

= &6 (> = 6   ( 7 6- !6 2 ( H.

2 ( ( -7 ( ( 7%H7  B .

2 (  &m h 7%$6 7 % (V (7 !H 7%H  !6 !Z7 B.

7Z6  2 = 2 -7%2 % 2 ] %S 7! .7

- = ^d6 $6  = 0> # .7

2 6 ( H 7 (H 0 7Z6 7  &F %.7%

2 p ( ( %H 0 %S/ .7 7! .7

 7% 1 :  - (6 b% 1  - 6  % v- H 7 0 12 7%m ( !K6 %

/ D 7K 6 6 %H.

   ( &% 6  7%%H 6 7  wH   1%.7

%HV( - 6g - !B B - [- 0 !% 7Z . .7%H

" -7 ] 6( .  B ( ) ( Q] "(

" 0 12] 6 H  $ 0 12 . ( bX] K  2 ( >K  -$ ./ bX 7F

B H # !H ]  "B) . [- 6 - -2(5


HUB 0 (`  6 1% %.-

 6 :]/  $w  !ZK  (V 7 .76 7%%H

B~( !6 (7H B < UW  

 m    Z  27 . B !H 7 >K1- .7%H

( UW   :UW  )( = B= - B%?- !6 !B 02 >(= $B ]w (!1

( < UW   :UW  7  > Y6 ]w .- B7 .  -  ?6 6 .   !% -

B7 2 ]w .7  !%-% 7e .%w

( UW <   :  Z 0 = >6 H 27 H `w .7 " m (7%%H H) c$e : "!  .

6 .%H H 0

( < UW <  "( ( :L

  !"  :

( (    &F 2 # H  ) .- < %ZUW  ( =  6 . !H B 7

 !"v   "   7 = L6 "   .7 "H ) 6 (71- H 6 0) .7H 7 ( .(%H

(H 2  76 B~( !6 !6 .  ) !6 ( (7$] H !6  %ZUW    H 

 YZUW .-

 `w !Z7 & 5`  !H 7%%H !d1e d - D K  7 ( 7  !B !H %H $de5

& 6 6 0  6  7% !H %H $de  > 6 6 .  =  B-   T56 `H.

 !%-% 2 .  7Z6  "#`  !H .7%%H  b !%-% bH 6 !6 !ZUK D 0

 0- K= .7%  !6 G.7

 / 6 0 $ v 7e  !%-%.-

H 7 ( !BUW B = .  !H "( - L U6 7%H 5  p-  7/ -

- !- 2 / - %HH 0 H 2 - 0 1- H -= / .  .

 (Q! ]w :  !6 !H B$ - B 65 B ! .7%H

 m v- !6 '-F 0.B

=K B 2 7UW 5 Lm ! 7B !H 7%H    = !6.7%

!  F <  ^6 7%UW 7B (K) .2 7 = 7 Y6 !6 - S  = %6 !H%  -7%

=  !H -  & 6 7%.7%

 m   !B -  B  - -  0 !H -  . 7B7e -."B 0/ !6) 7 -K

HF -K - 7F !6 7B -015  ? -  .(7%

<B !V !H (yH !6 % ]e -  g !(m !6 0 66 ]e.

  6 0  6   0 !6 p !H !H .7%!  7%- 0 7   0 DY  7 . & H 6

 !H 7%H -B6 6 7 =  !6> .7%

 6B 7  H 6! H !H ( F ( 0 7% = . 56  6

H 7% (V - --F V? .%$ 6) . V( -% (%

L7 Z  2 F !6 {" 0 6 - D ! ( !6 H .-

(S/ ( % : H K/  !H 7%H  H 7 ./ !H  H !H 7%H - 56B !H . ^6

UW .
B 0 `w !H H 6 B K - .%H !6 K  !H %6 .%H !Z K " =.-( 0 7

6 0 H 7  B K   !H$ 0 6 7% 7%%H / ( % 6 %H ]/ ]H( 6 7 !"H= ]H= 7  !H

&" 2 ]H .  6 77B s ]H56 7.

F : G$% 5[` -`e

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=344802

) )(/ 

- 0 >F = !H ( >F  (7 -y6 B 7-F= .

 0 ( m 6.

 %  0 - B 76 (? V   76 eB

7 76 -! 76 F( 0 .  ( ]w H # (

6 - 6= ]g 1 K/ 6 7%! 6

(` `( ]w ( 6 ]e/ 6.

  0 ]w ( 7& $ # 7 !"y  / ]Vd

& 6 5  !6 6 W/ / 1 D H 1

%H  / 1 D F  6= .7%%H B H !6

/ 76H - 7%>     76 / 0 "B

 "B 7 ^6 !H / - H 7 h$- !6

$H  6 ]g7    7%6 GK 7 ( 6 7 /7

!67# !H 0  6 K  77%6 =  H 7%%H h"[ &6

0 "  - 6 %Z 7"K H  0

] (  !H 7   - 0 K &?6 "

7 !H - B E = !6  77 %Z

 G6% !H Z6% 7Z- (   "  >K`B

(7 7 ! (H  %= 7%H L J !"6 7 bZ6 05 s

7Z-  6   (? >VV 6 0B- L5 pd

- $ 7 H= 7 < J = G$[ !6 W 6 - pd !6g  = . >F =! - 

6  !6- 0   .0H

s% !H 0$ H  2 m 6 56 ( cW (  W !H  !  !6 F &6 7% .7$6 0 $de
 % !6 6 D !6$  !m !/ 7 ]  Z !6  !m -   H7

!! 7  6 Y/ e ( c   / ( 6 m  0 6 !H 6 !6e 0B 6 / / ( e 6B 6 /

/ L B 6 e $ ZK6 0 6 L !H ./ 5 (7 7 5.

B F B B 7%  K= B 7 !m Y/ H 7 !m   (  . H !m -y6 7"6   %H

7Z- H !m H !m !6 `e ` !K

  06 2 76 0 >-F !6 $w '-F Y 5  !  ! ?6 ?- .! $  . "B

 ]6  &-F 0  7 7 6 !6 !H 76 6 7 "B  6 <  2 0 K= 7  % !/

` ! T27 7 0 K=  &5 %m !  H !6- `  !% B "B .  .- !"F D

= B =K !H  ( 7(" 7$K 7!     ^6 !m 7 1(  = 6 7%m 7! 76

$ 2  m

- "B .-7 !6- 0 2 6  7%H  "B   !6 7$ H !m   !H  = .7 7% !6

` !K 7Z- B ZK 6 F 7 B GK 7F H 7 !  7Z6 !6 #% 2 -(  7% 7%% !Z U 7%

 B 2 77( 7 7%[ 0  !65 !H = B6  7% 767H .7% [  6  2  .

- 7%m  2 $  T2.

  B !m %H  27   7m (`Vd( cU- -  / B 6  7F 7m  

7j  %    6 !? 0H !H 6   !? D2  !H - " = !6 !H  H

`e (T2J     0 ( !H - ZKB 27 TF!  6 B B > 6 $

=2 ! 6 / 2 7/ ]K  d   %H Z- 6 ! $H -? !H `( %H

B 6   K ( !6    7  !# 6 H !H 0H    F !H 0H( 7   0H

7!  / L !"6 ( !H 0H $de Lm !6= ->   % 6 7 (  !H > 6-

7F %H  ( 0H LH 6 ! 6 (  !H .-6 > 6

 ( 676 7 !H Y LH( Lm !m = %H  2   6/ !6 ( . 7m  H ( / !6 7m B !6  H (

/ !6 7m !67Z- (  !H   B !6 7 e ( B  6  /> %H >-6 "Z !6

 H

B %&6

   ( !H - 6 !m %H  27 m 7 K7   K DmH Lm L66 2 (

 ?6 7 . !6 F !H 07Z- `B !K $6   2 6  H 7%m(  6 0 !Y# !H -

 !/ 7Z6 !H &6 - 7%m ! !H &6H $  h = !/ B ( 6 ZK = H !B-

&6 7 .

2 0(1 H 716 (   ( ?-m - ( 0-L> 7F H  !6 7H 27> 7F H   !Z p

 7 !6 ] B !H 0 67  !  %H/  27 h ( ZW m   bF .7%H -

( 56 V 76 V? -7Z- ( `B .  0H 6 2 !"F !"F 6 6  ($e %H  7H 6.

 7 = -  !H7Z-  !6 F 6  -7H !H 2 ? .%H >-

?6 B ]& 0  0 6 .- !H 07Z-  ! F U 62  7- 6L2 7 6

  0F7%"6 !H - = #6 $ B (76 %H T56 6  ( K 07Z- ? !H %H / 0 p

6 6 = 7Z-   ( 76 - ! 2 7Z-  - B 6 =  m 56 DH ( !6 Z 0 7

( (  = H !6 ? "1< !6 = . 2  07Z- &6 7 -  !K` 0  $ 7  !6 6   


.7-

 6 [B !6 ! 6 ( = !6 L6  2 ( -  !H = B DmH =< `( bF . 56 ( 66 7

0- - !H 76 !  2  ( !6 !H ( % !6 F7Z- ` !K $ H ( ?- "B - bF

%H  &6 0H Z- &6 ( "?  Ud B 6 7B ?6 ) .7%H U $e ( !6 !H 0 &! 7B ?6

$e  (.0H   .

(0H ]H

 "B  . - 7%m ?- m $ -( .& 7( .0 %& h .7 7! 67B !6 . ( 0H ]H

5 !B !6 !B 0L %m 5 7  H B   .0 7/ 0^  6 !H 2 H ( m &"

7 " !H 7< (`  !# 76 7& ]e/ 7 / d bF  7 !H 7%H !&F $e  7 K6 .-0

 !"/ !H  7 $de GK 227 2%Z( ! B ! 76L6 !H 7 72 0(  7!H 76 7

 6 = (`  .7%H7 B L  Lm -% 7"H!    L. 0

B bF =2!  76 !H B7B !6 -% -%B -   ( ]H( 6 0L 7  ( b1 !6

7%m  .7%H

= 51 (  

  !"/ F 7Z- ( ( !H -   6 =  $ s% . ( 6 H !6 H 7 $ s% !H

( .716 K1(1 B 6 p .%H ."B 7 B !6 p  6= .   % 5% % " %...

[ ?" ]6K -- .- 7H  6 p 6! ( -2( = - ? 0H !6 L! 66 . F7

7Z- B "Z !67- =  5 L$ !% m - !H 7%m7e = 7%7 B 7 7 ( !6L 7 B7

H ]( !H -#% ( &6 1 ( LHL ( 6 (   (? V !6g  = .$ L #%# 7 $ .6 7-

>6 7 ( B !6   ?-  = 0B !6= -   =    `B $ ( 7 ( .7%H 7

 ( ( 0  -! 6 (LH 7 - !6 6F  == L7%6 7%> 7 6.

6  6 6 07%m  2 !H 7B ?6 $e . 2 -? H 6 0vU 6   ( !H    # =

"Z %H  6 ?-F !H  &-F =  6 Z !  ( !H = ]/ .6

- !"/ 5 - ! ( GU 0 2 ! = .!1 !6 5$  H  -   H !6  

 6   - m B   6 !H !m 7 6 .%H #  $6 ! 6 7 56 H  . !" 0D

L6 .- 6 K H .0   !6 = H ( !H .6

Y 5  --  $H 6! F 1H= 0  ( .%H ! 67 F  B . -

5 H 6 ! 6  6  B 6 .7%$  $e 67$ . 7 6 7(  %Z m 6 7 ( !H

5 D  !6 F ( .  Z7Z- ` !K 6   (?H hH V   !H 0 7%7 2ZK

76 !6$ !m !6  "B p 6 ( = 7 %H 76   H= 7j ( = 7 ? 

-  7 6 bF -  $e 6 B 1.

2  0  0 F 6  0 ]w  0 12 ZK T 27  6/ . 6   ]& %H   -F

6 ZK -

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=245159
)& & 5  >R e

%?-  7d   7# Ly %  ]X &`

B

    0 !6  7%%!   6 05 $de

 7% / 0 6 2  = !6 0 .7 " 0 -!

  .7 6B 7% K( /  7 !6 5

 7% <T -  .7% K 27%B  77

$# bF  6   56 7! 7%?6 . K( %

 = !6 !( 6 7 0  $#  - .76 K6

- 0  $-% ZK 6 / ("'  .7%

- 7Z6 0 -!  $ K 726 !B !6 h K7

L2 !X 7%!  `w  L2 .T2 !m 6 !6 7 bX 5 .  - bX bF $de [`

 7%  W( 6 0 7$B .7/ 7% ( .7$ 76  ! $B  76 7%  "( `w .7L L%

 6 K- !6 7%  F ?676> T5 ]B! $B 0 !6  " hB 7 /  $V.

!6 `e 5T56 .776 $B 7Z6 (7 7.7

Z- 7% " B 1- Z- .7% 7% ( "! / B  5656 `w .7 7 K ( = !B 0 .0

!6 %Z   7!  d .- 0"  56 7 1- .7%  =  1-  .% ! !B

  !6/ ]$K 0 2 ! ("L 7B 7 "Z -!  "  >< .7% [` B

GUK[` 76 (!e    27 .-7B 2  76  (  6 #  $B 7 !"v 0

!6 (B eB 7%(76 76 0vU 7 0  6( 0  K $B 0   = !6 7% -

L6 2 -B `w .7 !6 - 56 !  6  76 % & >F ?6 VW . 7%6 ( 7

 LF  7% $Bm 7  ^6 p[ /  ]6 . !% !7 7! /  7% 5 7L ?7%.7

 % !6 5  7/ &? V =  . = !$ 7/6 V/ 76 /  7  $K 7 . 7/

eB =  $= 7 756 5  .   K !  dB K   62 <"$V h

/  m> . ` / <m> 5 ` !6 <m> 7%B < 7 0 6 5  - 7 6  6

m 6= 7  & 7 5 $6 06.

B-   27 6 7 76 7/!  [ 7 66 ]6 .7 2  27 0/ ! 76!

 0 7Z6 1  %Z !B ./  6 7&! [ 0 .76 %Z  6 7&!  1 76 !B

BB!6 K[ 0   7%s F= 0 Z6 .7%  Ye B - .7%%  6 =  7%6 
6  B - .7 2 0B-  m 76 6m! [  ]6 = bF 66 . "& 7  B -  

Z6 `w .-B- 6 7 ! - S U 27  B6 ! - S B6 $ K 7  (  .

B- 6 (76 .$U2 .    7!    !(  !6 `w .7% 7!  0Y B  / .

B  / 0 K  $6 7 6 6 7 76 !B  `w 7-6 0 !6  7%%!  0 6   

 .7 1    6   .7 1 %Z     7%%! !(6  !$ [!6 Z !(6

m 7% ! =% 76 7 6 K !(6  .7% !6   (6 7%%! ?  B6 .7%K

   (6 6    22 .- K  (6  (K%  b6 .-   7%%! 

 6   !(  !6.7%%

 YZB-  6 7 . & .7%6 %Z   7%6!  6= 7 =6 - B6 .  `e

KB7 - 7! !$  %   7 . - 2 / 7%!   B - 7 !60

 !"v  7%  6 Lm K B bF .&! 67/ ( 7   ZB -! .6 2 ( Lm

? 7 0  -  ?6 .7  0! =  B - &B =B 7  7%%! =7 K .72

?  7  = 7%% (d] 2.7

Z6 B 2 7% !6 2 6 ` !K %  / 0 !m %Z 2 0  7 &  `6

7B 7   5! 77 .7 0 7Z6 .-6 7%mB K 2 (7 7 -!  Z( 0 .7%

 Y/ 56 .76 7  `6  !%  .7 27 7  7B - > 7% 5 Lm 5 .7 !"Z

F F .- 27 $w !# 7 !6( ! 76 7 ( !m56 &6 7 .7 6Z( 7 7%  (Z %&6 .7

 [! .-

 02 -&F    m  -  1% !# . /6   -B p .(

p6 B T56 .7% 7 <56 !$ .7J &6 .- (  & 7%  .7% & 6-

= %6 %  !  !2 7   !m . Z6K  B !6 $  .7%( B 7(

7#%- 0 s !6 7`& 0 &  ]/6 . 7Z6 7 !6 ./ ! 6- # B ( >[$

1/ "B .7% ( S `w . - 0 -6 !.

  7 6 7 ]$K 0([$ ! .6 [ !6 !$!  &? ! 7%6 L / 27  &.7

2 02E ! 7 "& 7%6 . F7 L 7! 6 0 = 5  . 6 K-  dB 7%B

  26 !B !6 K  -  7%%! m  7%B 6 6 !  7%B - 0Y  - (Y7%

! &7-F 12 %  .- 6- B( .76 Z6 `eK Y -! B   6 .7%%Q 7

56  = 6 - 7 [ !6 !$! = - .7%6 6/

B K!- ?$  V 7  .B 2!- ?  V  7  %Z( B . ! = 

(  BB!6 ` .7

6     7! B !65 ( ]d .7%% B!- ?  V( .-  %Z /

? V B 2 ! B!6!- B B .-6!-  27 [ !6 & ( 6 .#

 7 B B6!-  `e  .7 e ( !6 0  . 6 YZ76 c( 7 7%! B!-

!j6    YZ .  676 c( 7 7%! B!-  !j6#  . 7 K %/

[ %  ]6    .-= 27! (767 0  27 .- !6 !% 5 !5m % 276 7% 76 - 0

 (G7 0  27   .- !6   7%%   !6 . 0 6 . -  !6 7 0

7B 5> .% YZ  !$  [ 0  27 % 7Z6  - !6= 27! 6  . 7 G
 27 .%B %Z 6 ($ ! B `w .7%6 K= 6 B ($ 76 B L = .B 6 K 2  ( %

 27 !6 7%% 67 5 .7%%

  m 6 Ye 2  ($ 2 .   7%!  = 6($ B 7F ]w  . !$ 2  

- 7K B  T2! . 0 2 6 L  !6 2 6 .7%  ( S 6 

  -! .76 (  0W 6 d 2 (  % 76   `K ! m .6 !6 / 6

=  ($  B . 2   7%!  = 6($  !$ . %Z !  -  = 6 ($

6 =  7 - 6 .72 0   ( 6 =  6 - ( !U6! 2 .76 -   7%! = 

-  6 7($ ! 7%6  B 6 .  %   ( 6 6 6 - ( 7($  ! .760

`K %&K "B2 .-  m   7%! !  ! =   `!K !67 77 5 6 .  %  (  a-

6 =  6 K` - ! .76 %Z! 7 Lm .- 6 (7!6 0%m 0 Y K -

 : G$%($ .

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=236158

) $> e 8&

7 # H  Lm( F L H .- H $Z( !6

= b = !H H !6  67%-   .-H %Z !H

( !6 V =   !2 = H 7/(  ]K 7 =6 7%

  # 6! 76 76 ] = !6d 7%   .

/ 0 7 # =  !6 L  - B 66 0 ->

 = 0%m .7%H 7%  6 !H 7%H ! " 

  sY] 7Z 6 !56 6 5% !12 !6 !H7

2 %  5% B B% (- G1 .

 H $# - $K ( ]"Z7 L -> H B>

B  76 .7 h(( 0 6 - D 7 # H> ]

(  7%H - 5# H B= !6 0KH . 

.7%H  0%m b = 27 ]6K< 7% 6  

("  .

2E   H (~ B ( 2 V .- H

 0L ( ^6 2 V H  0L #   


   H  (56 V( 7  Z !m !H !m 6-  6 7%6 7# 6) .7 D 

 < H  0 L 5 2 -m  (~ .7 B 0    H (1   = . (K J~( d 

1( .7  .   D  H 6 !6 #%  (~ !6 B 22  `Z6 .  0 -1( 0 /

( &  = H # H  2) .( y-

Y 7 2 V( !H 76  B6 W % !6 .716 B~( !6 w 2& !5j   7! 76

!H[`   H(? 2= V( D!  7  !H[` W  s 7jF H 7%  ( cU- 0

27jF H [6 H   6   &6W - Y -- K  ]X 6  (6 !H =

 7/ !( 7% 7%  7F !H K (7= 2 V    &6 1( !H 7%  W Y  6 -!H -

( 2 V Z( !6 .7 .B  H  0L ( 2 V #  ^6# >%H F-    !H

] b/ - %H  !6 $B 27 )/ 2 ( ( 7F 6 B 7% 7 6 !%   %

) . 76 0  L5Y Y( - b ( -  6

"! ] (   < !H U% !d - !6  H -  $ 7%( 7%:

B~( !67H 0B " ^6 7 .K  1/ h   b1 !6.

(~& B 6  06 ?  (= 7! =- H # .7

H 0 - !H -  = #  ( $ = 7 !B bF !6 " 5# = 7.

(~ B # H =Bsd 0  !e ^6 B K.7 7

 H  6 T ( >?6 >F 6 !H - = "Z   0%m ZW! bF 6 H !H  6

  !6 H  ...

H !d <" h  ? H=6 7 < !%6 GK  0 .72 - !H 7%%H?  .&! /

[%  b1 !6 7 !6 !6 /7 B  V( .7%- < `H !%6 GK .-<" hK m  6 1"? G !6

  .7 !6 26 / 7Z 27 7 B 2 !H 7%H5 (`  !6 7%%H  !# 0 "& !H 7- H  

 !# B6 6 &] = L 7%H  s%e ("d   HHF .   !H 7% F 27 ?- -

 !H 7%  7- !67  G  H s -  !# 5% B6  6- "B G =   TF 7 66

&`   7% L L 6 !6 =   .7

<"H !dh  H  7%   v 7K  !"v Lm  = "e 5 ]& .- 0 0  !H -

>6    7/ 7%  !6 !=  !6 !#$- 6 UB 7 =  2 .7L? !H e   ( 7%-<"L h b1

B 7%#%-   6 K H B 7  .  B H  7%F.7

6 0%j  66 0 L6  7 6 !H 7&! H   76 H -H#  7Z  6 !H7 0

F EH !1-~ . 2 - 7  72  L &$V  s% . !H  0Z 0 Y6 cU-

76 Lm .- H 2 - !2 6 $-% 6 Y6  . 1H H 2 U  H V? !H >6 K

7 (`  %H B !6 &  = ( H   d !6#  [ 76 !H  h  & d( 76  K 

2 !6 0( !H G  K H !6 -  b6 .Z K (?  1 / =>  H/ 0 6  6

  (71 `B (    . !5%-  # H  6 $-% 6 Y6 . 1H

 H  ZK b K  .7%%H  ] .  .<"H [B !6 h B !6 7%%H  !H   7% /

#  7 H !d  H B !-F .72  H -  0 p F / 7 5B 7

7%H (s !6  H !H 7- H 7% .76


H !d  H <"B !6 h  26 :7%` 7 H # 6  7 $ ...%H  6 7 7% J YZ

 / %2#  .7%%H  !# U  -  !H # = B  .7%H  !sd B !6 !H 

26:7 7% #  . Y/ 07&! - .7 !6 Y/# = $#  (  e2 . %H  $e 5

K  B !6 &6 !m 56H 7 e  7 !6 ># 7   6 !"H . 7 B 0  !6 .7%H!%

566 7 7H 0  = H 56 .%6  6 7 -% # .

"B 7 [B !6 L Z[K 0  H 6# H !K` !H !6# = 7 7 H  Z6 .7%%HK L

m   !H 7%H5  !U"- 6  (ZK #6  !d !6 0( 7 7 L ] .5

" < !% H  !# Z- % 0   ( (d  B !6 VB  = !U6 6 Y`B

?~( !6 V 7 7-U6 -! ]"Z( &F H  W !$% Y6 6B !6 !2 !2`-  %( ! !H -

  ( 77e !"6 7%H  7 $ TF VK  #  .7

EF&5 ] 7Z ($ 6 H -% H  7% 7UW ) 56 1%( ( #  ) -

("$( (Q  ) - ("$( (Q ) 1% 6 H ( 2) `-

 (a6) U%< 7 L#L ( F b1) 0  (  - ) !Z U ( (  6H

) Q 0H D( H

("$ ) 6 (QEF !X& > = -6`  06 !H H W 6 2 h (/) 5$!U6

%Z  . >  0%j` H %S !H 7 > = = 7/  ]K B K # (  -

T2  ]"Z( !6 7% 2  = %  H    = .7 !H 77Z 0%j H ( &6 "Vd = !% H H

" [ ( { ( - B7 6 d )%-(S

 - ("$) (Q 6 ]"Z( !H 7%UW ($  ) - (  b = 0%j  ]" (S) L H B

%6 H (   Z ( G H !Z cU- =6 %S H .(S b =)7

{ (d   ) ( ) 56 ( ]"Z( 06 !U6 L 6 b1 H/ !H  (!  !6] [ L 1.7%

)7(

$)H &H (S !H - H 6 !6 V?   !VVBB :-=2  V6 ) 7( %Z] !6

TF  v  (  ( # )1H 6 %Z UW 1[ ($J 6 ( (  0] ?V

 6  H   1/ B 5  ($  7%  h# D$- ?" 1  H  ) 7( H

7B 0%j% ) ( 6 - 06 !U6UW  H L 06  H UW  !6 ( a/) $w 5$-

= .-

 7 !H H &# %676 6 -  !U6 B 6 %6Z !U6 )FH( H

h U (F 5 -2 U6 L < = 56 B !H 7% 0 %66 - !6 H .76 B

 06 6 7[% = !6 $ &6 [B 7%   Z  K$U  ! `& 6 1-  7%%H b6

= !6 $ &6 0676( 7% 7 7 !6-( E 6 !6%  &` H) .7  ]- (

(d &  !H 7-    ($  6 H ( 2 V - -  "

($  6 H  6% ( 2 V .7%{ &  !H 7% ( !6 `$` % 6-  " GK

m  6 2.7

  H! ($  6 $w 2 # B  02 H - `B =d( 51TF D <

" # 7 6 6K $H  .-

6 H  ) (UW ( ] "e H 6 0L 1/ TF h-= b1 !6   .7%UW  !6
( !W >6   ^6 7/ B6 !H    1/ 5 B  s  H Z( !67%6 ..7

H-1  !6 ( a) bH 6  !6 `$`B -  _ " F 7%B  !H 7% wH !H -

T $ H 6%B 7 6 X` 6- `Z6 .7%%H  1/ =  L2 H  !H 7- $ 6   Z

.7%H  ] 7%H

?! 6  H

!"/ {%F !6   ( 71 !6 77 GK  :7%H DH

!"/ (7H 7%H ?& : H !H - # = [  17 =   7 -  = ( ]"dL .7  

# 7 H   s 6 ! 7%H  = !6 76.7

!"/ ( !6 : .7%H L  H B  ?& K -  by- .7 0 !H  -  H

6 ( ! 7%H  ]/ [ !H B6 6`& 0 &  %6 7.7

- !"/ ( H: - .7%H  !6 27  6 L6 H [" !$7  ZK - $ !6 ? H 7%H

 -   !6 . ]  (H 7 L6 !6L .7%H ( mH D 6 H 0 # 7K 7K !6 H 6 .-

w !H 72 V( 2 (  7K 7L6 ?  - 7K  !6 !Z  B 7 ! ( 7Z6 !"/ .D

6 . ... - H H ( 7%6 .-  (H 7d ? .7%H%  7%m 7:

( H L6 H !6 !H 7%H  ( DmH 7 (H# TF 6 .76 0  H  s !6 H.7-

(  ( bF !"e`6 7  H !6 LF !K ( .7%H/ # H <" h 7 (H   >% 7 L5

.7%H  7 ( &6

( 1[ !6 0 # H   !-- 7 $# L2  !H 7   >6 LF H !K .7%H# H /2

B 76 7% 7 LF (H ]d( ]6K !K.-

(  (H 6 7 H  ]e B !6 &6 K`B (H  0 .7 L2 !Z U F K (H ( /!6 .-

$ `( 6 5 =  &6 H 7   .7%H

 m !"/ (Q .7%H  $w :7&!  H 6 p$( 1% !H ># Z( !6  .7 7 0 6 .7%H 1%

!   1[ 6 !H 7 0 H K !H 7%6 - B GK   h  .7 < U% < !%6 GK B%

 ?] # H 6  U%  B% H2  6 .7%H w B 6  26 7( 7  0  &6 .1( 0

!   (  .-  !6 7B !6 1% !" 0 56$# 7  ! &&6 h . 27Z( H - = 

&6 / B  6 .

B !6 :#%F !"/ (S  76 .7H K !H  1[ >#!  7   6 7%H 6  !6 - " H

B H [B !6 H !H .7%H &( 7B !6 2B !- 7-(  7 7 ( !6# H !H 7 56 7 B !=  !6

 B H 76 7 !% 6   7Z6 -.7

- : G$%  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=304721
) , $> e

0?- H 7 !-F 1H Z = = h- 22

J( [B !6 !H -  V? 6 1% $  27%

 ?[ 6 h 7W 2   F7 ($  `H

- 7 2  h L.

= h-   6 -0?-- =  $ -% -:

2F (

/F =   0?- 2 H ]6 L22 7 =

  =  !6 ! 6 .- !  %  :7%

= 0?-2 = B ...- ...!H6 L 2

7&H

6 0 h U  =  U % B6 !6 !H -

=    :%H

Z .D 2 = - ! 0?- !H -  ! 76

! F =B 12 !"6  6 76 &6 !H 7&! 66

    0%j2 ` = / B !H 71 h U ( `H JH  ?- 76 .7- 02F 1  %Z !6

 2 H >6  7/ 0  6 !   7H( 0?-.

7F /F .  "U  . "! ?  = 6 2 7%m - !H6 #%F - !6 =

- 2F  ` h K = -/F ? 5 = %2 %?- h(   =6 7% 0-  %Z

B6 7 .L = 6  2F    %F = =  - `  $[? ># F.

!5% / !H - %?- "U $ L 71 7 H:

6= U !6 0?- !H 0 -

012 H e 0?- -

= !m! Y LB

B ` F LB

2 H L2m 2 7

(   ( 7  F

( 2

= h- F h !H 0?-7 ($ # ( 1% 0-H $ 2  7%  2 ;- %)(

> =   :7% 0?- y6 !H L5 2 ( = L62 ( -.

=[ 012 76 L ] 6 6 (-  $.

 2 2   d [B !61- "H  DH B6 [ !%Z %H = 7% H !6 hm6 2

( L=d=K .- H 6 > 6 0 %?-  % 1 ? !6 / H !6 2   h  = L

   :- !67 h 5  7 7%F !m 7 bF H 6 !H -  T56 L= 1H !6 . Ehm6 !H 0

 F 1%  6  F 6 !H#  !  V? 6=   B% d  = 7%H - !H5
! B 6 hm6 6 !H !6  2  7%($ m 7   J( d( ?- 6 !H   1% 0($ -

2 2   7e = %7e .-`  6% !6 !H 0 !"- ( [$ ($  H !6   !2% !6

7F 7 $ = !6 L !-% (!   [= !6  ( 6 Z$ %  / [7e 1 !6 E  H0?- =

%?- =K .- H   !2 !$&( 6 :7 7e =! -(76 !H = 0B 6 .- e)(

 5% 012 0?-7V = ! .-

 = %2 (

= -   !H `B !12 >6 7   5 Z %2 = h- - = 12 6  (%2 7  6

05%- ( h B !H 6 !&m-   % K 2 . 0 F 6  L %?-  = %2 (6 7H 

=K . H %m &F !H % 7 12 !6 - 7-) - (7  B6 !H %?- 7 G d 7-

 %2 ][6 L .-% e 012 F 2E-   #6 %Z 012 - !6 UB .][6

# (Q 0?-

# / 5 = h- 0?- ] F7 ($ !m -H 0  6 h 0-5 &! 6

% = !6 `B .- 0 =  6!  7 :- !H H = m 7 6712 !d 5

%2 7VK !6 7%H  2 ( 7Z  6 $F7 12 !d 5 7% 2 H !6 F2L # ...7%H

%m # e X U % ( - 7- 05.

 L e  :7

$ 1 !- G 7  1 = 7 # !6 - y6m 7 !HH 0  h7   2.

=! 7/^  = 6 7# !H 7    7 ? :-   d =  %2 2 ( 7Z  76 !%

#B  h7 = 5  276 - 0 12 25 !d 2 %- L5%6 d = !6 !e(

 ( 76 B6 7.

 (S2 ) 0?- (!%

= 27  %($ 6 ? b% 6$( ]e 02 !"e / 7 ]XK - - 12 2 

d !6  %( 7  [` Y   ( / 6  1  =K .76 H !6  )$F( !6 GK

(   0-  7 !2 !6 7 d 6 0 2 0?- 7% H !6$Z( 2  = %  (d !H 7%%H D

 (  %2  !6y6 7% !6 bF :7L 5 0?-= ( 7 !H > 6 G[ - 12 ! 2.7

 0 !6 ] !H -= 02    1 1/ 7HF % 7 6  .76  !Z

Z( (a 12 06 ?2 V7%

= h- Z( 0?- 12 = V? 6 g ? V .- HF !& !H  / 0 (L L   /

1  !6    22 !H = "! :-

( (Z 6 6 0?- 

12 = 6 66 7%=   2>   76 -  66  2 52 6

F L.

=K H 6 > = 12 !H 7%F Z %?-  7%$ `B6 B !- 5  =   - :7

 H !H -  27 0 ( >%?- h#Z( !6 7B = 6 !m 2  2 B !H  /?-

( 0% .-

 5  0 e !6H /%  7B[ ( :7 H ]7 !H "Z 7 76=[... !6 ]!H6 B>

!H 7%12  Lm & $.


(  0?-

 = B6 !H - 12 6 2 ?" V?  1  2 B 6  7%  ! 6  2

6   F !2 !6 / 2  0?- ( 7%W = !6= - 7 B G% !6> .7%-6 0 /  !2 !6

2  0?- 7% = - &F !2 !6 5H 0 !2 !H 1 ] h"-  - = ?-

>  7 .- "!  !" K6 `  :7

7%6 76 7%6 - ? V !H 6 / 6  - 7   276  7%%H

(   0?- 5 cU->

= !H $ U 0122=  H =  7  L  cU- !H %?-> ( = !m   7 = h-

12 !H - 2  & ] Z  &! B %6(6 ?  - 0  % "! ` 

:7%

! (=  % !m   !"6 5  = !m    6 L6  .0

( (Z 12 6

  ] 6 0?- 5 ]   6 H >  T2 J( h"- 0?- F !#7  `H p6 - H 0

7F = 1% = ] !6  % :- !H H = m 7 2  Lm !H 7#  7 L 7B

6  &B h Lm !H - 56 !H 7#  76 .7- 012  B ]B  1 - 76 B ZW

L6 &B 7B 7 Fm !H  /J= B 1% .7    6

 : G$%!  Y-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=346322

)(&    $

=< -   6 0 6 !6 L-D  27.-

!66 L  Z ( !Y- 7.  (0 >F

K 6 .7 !6 L ?-  %- 7%

H 56 s " !6 !6 L ( 277

L5  6 !6 6-7 7%m !  .7%H Z-

 !6 L  27 !66 -6 .

!66 /  $K 27 -  " !6 c.

6 0 .7%H

 " 76 !6 . 2( !2!- V7%%H


.7% K6    L !6 0 ( ]  27 ( D1

W p- 6  Z H- &5!6 ().- L

cde .Kg !6 !H"! ] # 

 ] ( ([$ h"  ( 7 Z#  06 5$]

?" " 2 H L ] - (`   ( !   K`B - !6 7%   ]  2

=  !6 .-

F ") ( :7 2  B ^d6  s% ( 7%H h !6    7 !65  7  7 = !1

 K 7%&6  U6 !66 &6 K =6 = .766   6 0HD % 7 . e ^d6

 6 7 0<= !H -  ( V  !U 6   ( 7%%H0Z!6 -<= !j%m [B 0 H cde  76 7%

Z & 6 !6  2 !# - !6  .

=7   :7  0 !H 7?  7%H Y!  0 $ 6B !H - =<  !6

 7%  LH2 bH "K :7  B  & 6 -  7%H 7Z6 = .7

 -- !# ? e  6 76 66 7  ( e 6 ]Z( d ?

(&? 2 D? - <% e  7e 2 6 " !6 "1< 2 566 7 L2 >% !H -

6 ! 5 &H% !H - = !6 ( eVB V? 0  ]   !6 = H/ .7

L62  s TFs !6s e e    0B-e().-

( 7= $Z= - Vd e = - Vd  !# ? e - 70%- 6 7

76 Lm F  6 = 0 7% 6 = 0B% 7%  6 !6= L.7%

- 2B :7 %&6 m !H 27 7&6 7 0.

K B !"/ !6 -% 7 Z 7-  6 7 = p 2 7.7

 m 77-F  wH !Z"K !6  7F -  '-F 7%%Hm :  !H7Z- 2 7 .7%

  6 0- !H -(G 0 606 & !/   7 =-7%  = !H - = ?6H p 7

  Z 70Z(>F# 7% 7e = &H.7%$ 7%

 =( 6 H H = &H % 7% 7 K 6 `[ 7"H  !%de  ] - %6>F

== 57% 1H (6 ! = !j6 !6 T2 L- K 7% !H -7  &? 6 .76 6 2 67

 !6 !H!6 -#H 7V - L 2 6 e !"K c m  m /  !6

-% 7 ? 0  .-

#%  !6 !6( 7% 6 L > 7 7%7 !6= L - 2 -- !6H L= 7

&?   K!6 7%H 6 s 7 #6 7 !2 $ ! m !6 !H / L ? 7e 7.7 7

 7  -- !6 [`( - = 7% H - !H - 7%H H/ !6 !6 !6 ! .76

2 Ze " : [!6 !H -  0$( %  0- -%  - >%6.-

2 H/  : !H - =< (  0Z( 7V (  % 07 !"6  HZ6  ]/7   L H/ d

-   027% 2!#    ( 7%%H0Z.7%

2 - : Ze .K  7  .-

2  m :Ze   ]/  = (Z  Z B `H   = .-

2  5 :#%F!"/ - 7% -  /( 6 % !"/ .-

2 &   : ( 0Z  5  !6-(E D.-


2 :1 !"- L6 6 !H - K ? = 7e 7K L  !6 D.

2 & :  - %H H  !H -{    7%& !5 = ( "#.76

H !%6 !6 6 27% 7  !6 E  ! / !6 :6 $&F sd 7( - (~ Z B 6

!6 012 B   ]!6 7- 6  6    !6 07! .

!6 2L L  76  27  !6 = 6 ~   [!6 ?" 7Z- B>  - sd   $ !6

!%de `(  Z 0   7  6 L  .&H [ !6 h K sd 7 sd ( K

&m 277  !6 $ GW  7%"6 . 7  - 5 0 = 7 e /  !6 6 L

- ( $Z!6 5# 06 L -B K.-

H6 !6 L  27 7#%2 !  ! LX/ 0 !H -  e / $w 22  27T - K

6 !H # 22  $w / B> = 7 ( = !j !6 !H =  7% B - !6 .&H

! 5 !H 0 K  06 ]$- D !6 = 7 VB (` 6 K76 7 !H 2! !K K (" %H

- 7/ - aH "( K.

(  6 !H H B !67 V?& L! $ 6 77 !H 6  !67y6 ZK [ " 6 !H

 D 7 !6  %H L 7K7K!6 7- !67 % BH 7 [ 7 " 6  = !H H

 1- K  7% 0 = .-

=[ !H !j "  7%H .d 0 !H -7 L6  !6]6K ]/6 7%%H ( 6- !6 6-7 #

 L5H " (1 =-(  6 7%H D 7 5 H !6 "H   >6  LH( >F 6 Z 6

K  H &F B  K .7

[ !H 5% " (] Y 7 m -m  7d H (! B [ ! ( !6 !   H - UZ

%H H !"/ = [ ! !6 h(( !6S L!K  H !( !6  Z L B 02 s

 Z !6 !H7 6 H  7(./ !H d H  Z (? 0 Y 6 # H 6! -

L =  -  !6 #  . ! 6 2 6 7  -7 B 27 ( L= s% K

(! K 2:

 02 s7T2 7 K / W/ !6 6-7

F2 H 7 -# H &! 1H - # H  !& - 5.-

bF ? 7 &? !%6GK ]6K --7 2V( 7Z6  07H - !6 h((!6 !H - .%H H/ D

~7F !1- H  &! =-  B 0 K s7  !H   / W  H .- !H

 Y6 B6   - W .-

  6 !H =6  B 6   X B (.%H $w

-%H ! !T2 [!6 ]H = 0 %H!

- !2  1% 7d 7%%H 6  %H = 0 67K 7.7

-!  &?6  .%H

( 0 -  ?$B Z-(.6 7%

-  76 !2 F  1 %  !

7B - 7 5  0 -  . !H.

-! H G - B B6 .

- $ - % - 7B - .-


7B 6 0 -  7B 0 6-  ( 0 bF.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365630

);  &  ! $

(g  . - G 5%  7 276

 7    6]  27m &] H . -

[ !6 !H= wH ( 7K   Y  ! 627

76 7 6 =TFh-!7

= B Y6 &H`[ 2  Y`B  ]K ...

%H  ( 0]   6 %Z   -$"K- K c

/2  0 !H - !6  - 27 0 (7$]

 7.-

27jF p6 $-% 1 2 -] ($ Z

(% V   !6 5% L>  Z $ U =

 ( ! (g =7 = &6  0 ZW5 - !6 ZW5 7$( 7jF] H .-

0 ZW !m 2 - Yd( !6 F 7 !Z 7jF p6  - 5  ( = H !6=  7

B %-s = -   26  5%s . B 2 =  ! B Yd( 6  5%

( % 7 !Z 7 . .7 0 0W !H 0  ] (~TF J! . 6 0  LL &?6 .-

6 B 2 > m ( !H 6 B   6 !U67&  2= !6 7 !6#( 0

   0 7 !Z 2 6 B !H L6Y2 = !6 m !7%

7 ] / !6 7 ]  =2 [` ] Yd( !6 $ 0&F 7 27 7m = h-  .  5% 7

 !6 L ] ( ZW 0$H 7% -H s B 2 $ % !6 .7%%H w s =  (F 6 %$  %

 %- - !6  [7  ( 15$? 6 !m . (L !H ! " B 77=-

 ]/]  B 27 6  6 `w . 7% 1[  D   7L /  7%%H L# / !$ U

 B (.7%

7 27% 7jF -   !6 ( = B !H !m 7 !6 !- =  7%.-

   !H( (7 6 0  H 0  6h-= 6  - !6 6 !5m !H T 27  $6.

07 ( 7 7jF 27  2 b6 %. - $


   Life skills 27 ( %Z !-  H ( 0:

  ( 6 !6 Z  7% !5m !H 0 &g H .

6 !"/ 0L> cU-> "Z  7  = 6 hH !/ D E = !Z - .( 0 ! ( %

&Z !Bm  !"6 7Bm (~ `- 0  = (~T2 $w J.

  (  $K B V 7%<T  - - ...

  0 1/ !6 7 5  `-  y6 [B !6 .7- !H 7  0 H 6 `- .7%

`- F 6!  `-- 7V .- 0?- 0 W Z ]w  - ] !H - 76

 -.-

  ( 6 !H FZK !6 0B UBF= 27  .7

( 7% ! 012 & ]6    G1-  ?7(   6 !"6 2 ZK  %H 27 &B

 $V ... (  GK >?6 0 =    !6 276 K 0  s%  L !  0 W 0

>?6    27 6 .-  e( 0   27 6 !H 7% L> (   

=   7  K -[ !6 !H 7  6 J >&H  27 !6 $ !6 57 =

   27L> (  -   5&F #  = h-7 6 !6 7% `- (

`- cU-  .-

   27 / {%F "e:-

6 !"6 (# -

B (=2 !Y7

(([$  ([$  06

`B 1( (Q ( 1!

2V( (S !  ]/

$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=279088

)  R  g/ $ > n

!    !H !5 7 0 !K` W  (77%"6 !U6

 !6   0%j !6 K !  0  ( !H # 0%m

H =7   !H  ( H-=  . !U6 6B

76 ?V B !6  ( D%  !6  = 6 !( 6 !H


(  / !"Z 7 & . ` !K   B  !5 7.7

(  6 .76

!6 (( (! .7%H

BB ( 76 7%&?6

-F L (  DmH1( 7%  L6 2  27#  = J( .7%%HZK

 15 L5% !6 .- w  ($ 7  B ]$K e 

 7%H  bH %m1- 7%H ]2 7m !j<6 7"2 K ( .7  !6 7 H Z[  27

( 7!  .7%%H

$e (Q 76

!  !6 /  76 B 27 ( .%H  !6# !H/  7%H(  0%m DK U !2-

6 7  H B 56  66 7 H DH !6  ( !j6 7 7 !6 F !6 - D $6 7 6> <T  ` !K

1- H .7 B ( 7%H B !6  6 - / =>   L 0 / 27 6 .-W ( [B

H !6# 0%m 7K .7%H

e (S 76

7e 66 !6 ]H K -/ B y6 7 H 0 6 ]H/ #  .7 7   6  T567

!( !$! !H 76 / 0 6 77 =  6 L7 .7%H ( 5?6 2Lm 7 7 %F 5 H !6

y6 !H 76 0vU 7 ? .& !H T2 7 ` !K   1  06.

 (a [ G$ 2- 76 7%%H

 27  %( V 76  - ( >% TF   !6 / 6 7%H Z- 7 [ 7 !H  [ Z$ ! T6

2 B 27  !5 76 .7    Z( L6 7%H7 5 76 D""K 7  2 " ( !6 7H

.7%&%6  6 !H 6 7% !6W D B ( YZ 77%?6 # H 2- 7%%H 5 7F L  .7%%H

(UZ TF 76

!  [ B & 27 ?- (g  K  !?$B .72 6 L  = !U6g( 0 22  7 !6

 7 (L  Z  ( D% !6 . w 0  !H  B ]g ( g 7 5 TB h 

m 6   UB h( 5 L6 6  !U6 7UZ Y6 ! 76 < e 0 7 (67% 2 6

7 B 2  B6 Z B 7 K 0&2 GU%  2.

?- ((76 7%

 0  6 0 6 F K  !5 bF . ( !H (d L ?" !6 =EF 7&5 !6!# 0

D%( !H 77-7! << ` ]2 ! ( 6 .7%H  F !6H ($ D - 7 (  5 7 B >6 >F

dB 7%H Z- .7%HH 0 [ !6  #  7 6 # = $ ] .7$ eB7  H 0 0 !H -

B .& 7 `B !K 67!  DmH 7%m [ !6 ]6K  ]6$J .7%H

( - 76

6 7 5T56 K .7 K 6 7K H $de 67%H 5 T56(  .7 6 7 [    7L6

6 L% ] 7%H 6 %- !6 .7 6 - B  T2 .7 K %H 7 5 % !6  H  

 B !U6 % H.7

B6 ( L  &

s%  >6 ( ( % / ]2 G U 6 .-   0 ]/-  H !6=  7$ . 
7y6  6 Y/ 0 B K `K T56 7 & . `B !K  !6 $ 6 %vU .7%H!  ( # H 0%m

.7

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=259079

)  / 2   &U * $J/

 &H 2  %  V? L F7 

H% !6 [`( 7F --  =%H B 6

 `6 - 6 !H ( . H 0  !6 p [B 0#

7 H! (  ?  7  0 `e B K

.

B .... = 0"6 D -   ( 7 !6 7 7 

D e !K ( 7  =  .7%H

B" B(   b1 7 7&6 / ( = "6 6 . !$

?6 0 2 H 0 " %H K =   7%6

 (" 7  0&H !6 ) !6 0 ]  ! !H  -%

!  H 76 0 ./#  (7 07 ( -7

 2 !6  7%- !6 - !6 V( V? 2# D

H 0%m 56 ( 7/ !m !6K !12 0-F  .

6 K 0  XL  ]V1( !6  .

! !( ]6K !H -#% 0 2 ( !6 V# H 0 56

?6  ]d  27 7F H y6  hZ( !6 

( %H  !6 - # H 0%m D H p .-

? V 6 #  (yH  ( %H 6 %

766 !6 by-! ( 77 B ! ] .y6 Y !$  !H (yH V? D %H  76 W/ 0 e  H 0

( 6  %( D (" %1 TF / .- 0%m 6 2 =7F $ % H  [ !6   .7# "6K  0

$&F "6  !6  .

 7F H   ""6 " 6  .- 7&! ( # Y !H 7! .76 2!  "6

  - !6TF  2 7  0%m !5% U# 6  7H " "6K 7 !12 B ! 6 ( 767
 F 7 .76

(1  <5 Y

 7 - 0 = !H 7%H ( B  !   "$K H  G% 012 ?  7<5 $ / m  !6

Y   %H

7 !6 0 !"6 6 ? 012 . 2 Y  ! L#  .7% 7 7/ ( K 0 -  27

 "6 !6 !"6  012 !H -  GK  [ !6  cde ]H  = 0-F / !6  

&! !6  - !  (= !6 7 ! ] .7y6

6 w 2 bX 7 D %Z 7 !6 %6Y" 7VKUB H !6%H  6 7 >F - !66 =  !"H

( $J !12 B  L 56 s% !6 .7 w !6 !j%m H%H B 56 " 7- 2 Z GW B (% h

 0   ( h-% L5 0 "%H  ( 0 -   !sd  (s %H   7$ (  V? !H ZK

6  0  L5 % ! !6  76(  /7 ( !6 7B 7 ( 7%H 2 $J "6  - !6 7- 2D

( ("(  %1 7  s L5 0 0  .7%H D  L !6 !$ 7"6 0  !12     2 0

B 7 !H 7  & % 1- .7%H

>6 7 7% D

( "6   !6 !$  .7%"6 D  ( 6 7 76 J  5 5 J( 7# ? .7%H HB  7%

 $ !H 7 7! Lm ( dK D .7T2 (  b !6 $K 76  02 sH Ud p  ^$ Z

 !6  .

  6 ( 7 Hw D h"U 0 6   .%H ( 0 56 s !H 7 !B D  - D% 6  -.7

? !6 V = 7%K` K !H B h"K e- B 7  .-% 7%H  - L - ?"  =

  m .7-F Y6 K  %&F  7  6 YH ]H `- [% B !6 V( ( 7%H ]e/ [B= 7 56

6 H 0  Y .-   2 $e $ B  - 7 76`B   !"e/ 6.7

/ ? 5 2  s !6 !H`  %  L  D 7%m  &  s !6 7- - (Y

 YH 55m   $B .7-F !K` D ZK H  (6  % W #%H b/ B  -  7Z( .7-F

-Y    7e 0( 6  .7%H  $de  6 7  7 =T56 2( K.

 0%m D(  U 7 =% !6 2( K  6 6 Y6 K  7%K` K= s1- 7%H !6#

(  / .7%H H/ 7 ( 7 !H 7%H 7 2 0 7-# Ty B !"Z D s 6 - 6 %vU .-

# 0%m D  !K [` 6 L5 B 7 = !6 L 2( K  = .7 0  /  7K

(  7  D [ 0  %&F !2 ZUK  .7

"6  7% Y] 6 H $&F - 0 & h$- ( =B H/ 7%K` K B - !6( 7 .7&?6 G

7 !6 B- B 7`   - 7VK ( 6B  6 6 L = F .7%H B $e 6  5"e/ H! Lm

B  7%H   ^6 (  ! Lm 76 -.7

 0 p 56 s :7 #%= D b`  (`Z 5%6 D -   !6 $ %&F !H !K 0 ?  62 7

=2 ]H 7   !H 7! 6 7/ !m ( s  (/= .-  !6 W/ !sd 0H D 7 = W/7

(  B - =  B 7!

(  "6

( !6 K 0   6   !H  5% "6 56 s ( 7 (  p F 7 .76

6  ]X F ]w H Y 7L


( !6 2 XL "6 B ("7 p! 6 %vU 76B 76 7B . = = 7%H = 7%H .7%HL6 !" !6 2!H 2

K - = Y 7L6 7 7- B e `H c F 6 6 .7%H 2   !H W& = !6 $ 77

Y  7L ? . L2 7 7 &  ^d6 0/   6d 7   .7B  2 7 L=  p6

! 76 H%H &!  6 0 7%6 "6 2 5 $K  7%   6 !H &7  !61- 

B !" 6 7%%H 56  66 ).7 w  " : % !6 ( !H $J "6 B 6 /  H !6 

  B  7 -  6H ( -   ] .6U# "(

&! H !# 56 s7

  ( {  7%H 7= F ?" .7%H 05%- D$- 6 !6 V( !H L6 !"Z D (#  27

]$K B 0 [6 / / !12 6L 7 < V% $#  7 ( 7 76 / hH.7%H ( %F D

 "6 B [% 7%H hH [B

!12 !6 B  ! .76  m6 {U D B !6 56 6 7  ]H b1 !6  7 H/ 76 B

%H .7%HB  2 !12 ]6 ? 7  6 7%H76 B  6  = !6 ! .76

"6 - 6 "( 6 7%H

F !m W D B XL U &6  ?  ' - ]6 =  -76 &6 / . 2 ( $J

"6 B ! 76  =#! 5% U H W  7% D- !j6B !- ]6 ? 7%H  ] !mF -

 2  H -  / 6  .7%H

Y &! =B 0  -

&! 6/ 7 H B ! 76 (  K ![6 0#  ( 7  2 !g $ !6  7F 012

.7%

[ B ]6 5 H -7

2  XL !6 76 H   ]H  ("6 -= !6 7    ?&( L `w .7 !6 2B bv 567

m" !H ( H2 Z K/ Z%e SL Y   6%6 7%%H/ 0 6 L 0 7L> 7F ]$K "7%H   Lm

6 de 0 [% 7%H ]e/ [B6 !6(  /H 7 7 K/ B L &H 6 = &  !6

/ !H 7 H >6 Z%e 2 L Y  !H    .  ( !m7  d H p -6 ( -= 7 6

%- 7 !6 bF 7%H 6J H = 6 7 $J !12  W .-

B !j6  Lm !m 72 $# 2 "6 !6 7 7 76  6  0vU( !H 7 $&F = 7

< e 0  L H D<? 56 7 B !6 !6 L 0 =  < 1% 5.

 pd hK[ B 76  "6K !  61 p B L> .7

- : G$% (MLM ""d

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=233910
) &  /0 $  $/0
; >8$

- 2!  B 76 - ( 5 / B

   ( .%H !6## 7/  06 55 0

  - 0!   .-  = 2 76 -= >

W  [B  06  7%B- D !H 2 -

=  - !6 L !6  5  !H%H 27-

6  > / W7 [B !6 !( 6 7X6 bF . 

B &676 - -! B (  d!6

1- :%H

/ 1/ (

 7%%H- B 6 -%&6 7  7 !H

? /  ( .7&6 0 %  ! !H 6

=  = 6B "6K / .7% 0  DH  = !6 !H 7

%H  6/ 0  7 !H /  7&6  0 

!6 6 .7L / /  ?  V !H -(00

/  d Y . - !H - X 6 1/

&B !6 . (] L  B (- g  = 7VB

76 7/  / 0 -%&6  7  !H]

? 6 0/ B % 7%  .756

X-% ( 1- 7%%H

  !H  7F 7%%H H %!6 L57% 6 =   %H sd  !H 6   7%%H

L5 7% - 7   7%  .-%&6]  d !H&!  6( 7% %H  76 !H

! / &   L5   bF .7%%H  B%7%%H 66 1/ 7 5 = !6 

 7%%Hsd 56 s  !H %H(V  !6 & . =2 7= (6   ( 6 - & . 7K 

 7 B 7Z6 !6 ( .%H

 ( $K 7 =

 -! !H  5!B 7% L #( 6( Y 7% - =   %H sd7 =   !H 7%6 2

6 - 76 X 5  0 7- 7 m H 5"e/6 B  -.

!6 (Q6 L 7- !67 =

6 !% 6 H B !6 %H L B!- !H U% 7/ >K ?6 76 0 0

    = 6 !H ($ ( 7/ !m (  B !6!- B -6 76B 2!- = B

77 5  %? K ( / W B !6 =B .!-=  B  7 U% 7/

 7%6   GU ]6KW  7% 67-  = !6/ W!6 [B =.7

(S# !7 Y   7- !67 =

6  7 = B    Y 56 s 6 7- 7 `(  = !6 ! .6 !5% !6 !H


B ZK L   B -  / 27 = !H !5.%H !6#(

 6 -   p  !6 -? %H [   0 ( - #/ 

 L5 -!   ! 76 - . !m2   !6#( !6 !6 7= -  %H B  0

(!6# ( 7  !6= - !H 7 ( - 7 s >F ! B -   6 7-

!H  [ 1  % ( - B- s H!6 7 !2 !  B  7 6 06.7

6   6  - 0 6 !"v 0 56 s !H 7 2  F = ! K % 6 6  [B !6 !H 70

- 7Z2  7%  7 = (?"!  7  -.

(a? -7 =

2 B 27 m /  2 ? 7 W  [Bm !H "B B 7& !H7 =

B -? H !H /  = !6 K !H %H !6#( -?  6 $  !%$ 

< X!6 =B !H X# B6 - 7  B !6? =2! B #= !6!2 .  !6$ J = 7F 7

B ! 7= !6   5 !K` ZW =2   ^6 %H  !H= !6 2 7 B . -6

 6%6 . !6 07 ? B  -  =>-= > / W [B (? !6# H . ? 7

=2 B !% !- m  "e = !% = J = 7 B  B = 7 6   .-

( (  H B

 6  H B VB  . 0 6# H7K 7% X [ Z$  B B= 7  5

/ !H (%XH 7B 7 =  - B 6  &  H F 6 B = 6 6D$- F

.

 VB  !6 !% !6 Y6B 27 5%6  5"K K 56 =B 5 !H 7  !m5 

= !6e 0 !H%H T 6 W    Y !H - B- 0g(  X# %H  6

VB  !6    ]w76 2   2 $6 ]w !H ..H !/ H e!6 (  #

y6 7%%H . 6 H !Z U / !H = /  K %H  ( =2 Y L5 6 (7 H/

!66 - . 6 X T   ( 7 7% Bs%!6  !6 6-5 (6 X  Z!-

"! 2 67 B- B 6  & !6 ( %H H 7K -!6 &67 = B 2 6.

(# 2 /7%%H

!6 %6 ZW B !H / B    2 K 76 2Y B - / - 7% 6 &6 !"/

/7%%H 6 B ? ( %H 0  Z 7 B X 5 (H !6# = T $6 5

/ %H 5 X 5 / =   7% 6 . /  6 ZK  Y .-/ !H K   76 76

(  7%%HH  $w 7% T2 6  %( 7  ( d6 6 = .7/ !H K  B  76 

( !H 7%%H B L>  / !6   .-6/ !H     76 (& !H 7%%H . 0 ZW %H (]H

= ( $w .  / 0dB  !H -  &F B B 5  L  %H /

&6 e 65 (B !6# H.

7K ( (& B 5

 6 (& 7K B [ VB  .[ ]  B K -  !

s%!6 7%6 (7 7% 0 76 7B B (&  %H  /(V . $"K 7% B !K&Z 6 !H

 / K 2 F &6  [ .# !$K  7B 6 B e!6   $"K

&6.  6 .%H 1 .  7 (V 7% `H 7B b/ T2J = 6 B ( %H !6# (&?
 !H  ./  7 ][6 7 = 2 6 !H 7  $w( ^6 ./ ( /  & 6

 .

(VB  6 7% /  B 5

pd B "g 2 <  6 7% $de [ B VB 76F . B!- H 7

 B %&6 !6/ !H X [  2=  = !6 K 7% /6   %

7 !6 5/ .X= 7  B!- 7 5 ( -%&6 ($ B >6 !6 >FW.-6 [B

7( ( 7  eVB p !6Vd% 6 B

 6  B 7B 6 T 6 . 2"B 0 H  5 !6 5 B !6  7 /  = !j%m

7! 7%6/ W B  . e 0 & .  7 U%  $d 6 = !65 7/7 K B7

.2 < e0   !6  275 6 T ( ]d{ (7$] B .7 7m  0 Vd B  - !6

7K (6(V 7=   7  X B !H T !sd (>?6  ]$K !sd%j= . "B 0 p

( eVB & . . (H !6#  !H 6  .7 0 ( !H - B !6 %XH ]H &.

76 7/6  56 / . !HK 1( 6( 7 7%m !H   0 !B  ( !67H 7%6 ]e 6=F !B

 7%H ( 7H D =  =F  6 %H(V \ J 7 7B !6 K  6 B - !H 0H 1/! 2 $ (& 727

( .-

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=252377

)  V 

(Z6 W ? V .- F   -! 6

7T2  J~( 5 0 .7 - Lm -! 76

 5= ]6 !U - ?6 .7  &6 Y/ !

 .77%F

Z6 Y/ 0  $( 7% : (1  Z c - /

6 G (6  % .% 5 !6 K Y/ 0 

7.

 (1:c

 Z6 7 T2 7- !67 T  .76 !6 K B  7 B mF 77- = Y6 6   hV 7%% !"e`6

!6$ 7  7Z6 7 0  T  .76


 7 ]6  7%!  !j= !6  = .7%ZK 7 sd B 27 T  [ !6 .76 ! 2   6& &]

 .

  Z -:/

Z6 - 7! Z .7%6  s 0B "( L Lm  K T  Z- 7%%B K  (" .7%%

0? !6 2  &g  7%$]  .7

   7%! -T /  .76 0  1 .7% 2 & 7 7%"6 - 7! ?B

.7%%&%6 B T  76  - 7  "6 7%m Z W F  ( 7B (   6 7% .7%&6

 Z =  >F 7! 6 7 0 J   .7%6

6 6 (6  %:

 Z6&! - 7! 6 0 .7%6 - ? 0&!   7%6 %Z  ?" 1  5% = Ly

d-T< B B   7%6  %( 2 .7  / 0? / !6 Z !K` L 5B .7 5% (

("L [ 2 &"6 6 = m 6 !BLy= !6 %6  =   .7

 7 ]6   7%! ( % T  76 - 7&! B 6 .7%6 0 2 B 76 !B&6

 6 !m !6 7- 0!  ( B&6 .76 0? "<& F h $"5% ]$K  27% -.7

 ! 6  ! 7  (1 p  6 "~  (  cde 5 <" p.

Lm ! 7 !6 = -  = !j!  T $6

 W    0 -! = 6 Z- 7 6 %  B L16  0! Z- % !  B "Z 7%  6

 T $6.

 %  -  [ B !B (2 K /  ]$ / 6 ?6  &! 7 

 )!  ( 7 (76 % B 7 7 !6 2 X &g  .7 0 7%  6  /   

.-

% 56 s 7!   -$ 0(F 2 >- ` B  7FF !m 6 7 7 B !B 

 7    6  - !6 !2 !6 5   7   7%!  5  s% 6 76 F 

6 B 7d B  h! .76 0 !6  /= - Lm -! -.

0 $ !K !6 7m  "( bF .7 "~  Z( 1/ cde .-

2 !1 " ?6  !"e/ BY6 %&%6  -   2 6 $de . 0- -# = 

.

BY6   F  /! $ 2 B  2  F:

 0 - B 5 7.%

B  !m - ?6

7K -  ) Lm(5

-  .

 bF - ( 7%m?6 2$.

2 -(  . B  2$ -.%

- .> / 7%m p 5" ( !"e  0.

$e bF - 6 0 6.

.76 - 0Y 2 6 - . 0  2 6   - &F  7%6.


= = ! 6 - ( .$ 66 . - ! e !6(  B  /   =.

( [ !6  6  !6 5   . (  - . -  b/ .% 5 7Z6 F -7 GK

.-  !m !6 !7.-

%  (  76 .- %j  6 6 !  6 - !6 e(  F .7 - 5  !"6

7 b/ 6 - !%de .-    2 s   #s !6 .  7-!  E "$- ' 

.- 7 ]$- !$  ~/[ 6 $ &F  7 7#%.-

(F " "$ (  L .7%7 B bF .-

 !6 - 01"( 5   ]UZ( 7% 6 12 .7(6 ]$ . $

& !!"6 !!"6 -& .

?  $ &F   7%   L . (  ]$2 .  .-

( 7%m - 2$ -.

7m ( - 6 .6B .!B !6   B?6 " 7 .%&%6   B 7 L2 B !B  .   . !B ]w 

B !B =  .

7 !m  s !6  ( 6 ?6 & 7m [  & 7! 6 ( !"e/ 6 - ?66 7 B 7 2$ !B

B 7 - !1

- 0! ~ ! Z( !U 0U   w .76 2 ! 7Z6 !- 6[ !6 7 / 5 (  %

!6 6 0 6L 76 2 ! bF -6   %! 26 !B !6 = e  ( B K !6

] \ (J1- .% K !  !- 66 7 !6 7 6  %( - F  % = e

Z( !U  !6=  -.7

!   = -! Z( !U  VB B !6 0  Z6 . - & ?6 7 - 7%6 !B !-

6  .!B 7  7%6! bF !- & ?6 7! 5 6 !6 7%6 !B.7

Z( !U 0

6 Z( !U 0 p   =  => .-UB ] 6 Z( !U 0UB h(  6 

 .Z( !U 0 67%6 !$ 27 .-B  K (Z B ! [%  1/ d % =< >6

= !  6   .    (Z  B 7F  %  = !  = !6 7( .% ~#/ 5% 

  &6 (L L 7 (Z = J> B  UB > !6 K  .7

=> %Z !6  0! 6Lm 7 6 66 !"6 .7 7 / =>  "B .76 7%!   6  7%%7

 .6U =  27 .7% 0 / 0  WK ~  !1V%  ~  /T56 .7%  = 7B  !m7%

56 7% T5 7&/    .7%%

2 0? !6   7Z c56  = !6 7% 7!  c K :-  ( 7%6  K &- >

 ( 7% -> K 5 75 &?$6 ( 7 K 1 2.7

2 !$  B B WK   !#  .] Ud 5%  !B=  !6 . 7! B 7% [? !6

"K !6 ( & !6 - (  L  !6 ( % Z-( # -.6

!B=  !6 7!  ! $ 5 B 6 - pd 62 %  .6  Z

bF = ! Z( !U %Z !% B B -! Z( !U L [  L .6Z( !U 2 = !%

 22L  ] Z( !U  76 e 0 (  06 . -2 #  .

6 0!  17 5 ] Y 7%%  !  (Z &  ~% 0 .76 - w 2  ZK  6] ( 7%
 5!  w.76 2

2  !6 T2 6 1 0 7%16 -  5616 7% 7  5 16  7 7  567  ? 7

 7  e 7%B  7 16 7 !K 0[ 0 ! 7F .7%

Z( !U 0 6  -= W  . ! Z- 7%  !% ! !67 L62 6 Z( !U -

7F .7% 2 Z6 !%  Z( !U 7 7F .   7% 27 0.-

  6  Z 27

0!    0Z ] !6 $  !U7 1(     ]&    6 L6 - !"-

6 1 . &] =  =<   !  % ?6 !Z 7 U- !U !6  6 !% 7 56!U 7

(Z .- 0 0%m 2 27Z %  < !2 Z.

 " 0  K . 0 =<  GW  7!  B !- / !Z 6 7 7%% !j%m.6U

5 !B- >F  (  -= 7%% /  = 6.

 $ 7 ! &! !6%  5 2   !m !6 7- 0! =  [   >?6  Z6 .%  

  B>  6  %( 7% 0! Z .7%6

 6 ! 6 . >6 ( 0 < 6 7K !6 7 7 -!   "B B 0 7  ) .7%%

 0 7 !g $ 7VK6 " . B& - 2 K 6  .(-

bF Z- 26 %- Z  5%B 27 Z - 0 - Z( 7/ B  B  K 27

B  !j= .6U!  !Z6 27 Z   7  Z( %  B  -.

  ! 76  (Z B 27  .6U ? B> B B .7% 76 - 7 B 27 = 6 - Z

.7%

!12

2  ( #  = e #  .7 2 7/ - ! 7$= - ! T >?6 2- 7 

T   !m 56 bF %

- : G$% H "K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263392

) e4 5J

" & . ! 0 7-

 T h " 7B-

 %w
& . 22:

& . 7 .& 0 .& 7(B .& .& !1

B !6 .& (-/7B !6 .& 6 .& 2!6 .&

 h  ".

 d 2 .& :7 1 D (  7Z6 D !6 !( 6

1H( p6 !2 ?" 1 6 = K] .7

[:.& 7%6!$

7B !6 .& (:

 & . !H % = 7B (6 ! L% !6 0 "U( B 0.-

.& ( :ZK

? 0 ?$B & . 0 !H - =< .& H 06  5% / ! .76 !H 5%0

 5% 7! / 76 &6 .& !H - B  ?676 h ?$B.7 7

.& ( H:

2 / b/ GK B %6 BB  [ !6 / B= 2 .& h K [ ( 7%H "# (  %.& 0

H !H 7 F !%H BB .-

.& (Q! :

 /F !H -  = !6% !6 - ?&( D LF 2 s !H  / . = ( !6{ 

&. = !H7 = (? &Z .-

.& (S:(-/

-  0 & . !1  / 0 p .& !H - B  !    & !H GK d .-{( 0

.& 0 ( H !H 7 V27%%H " %- 7- - ! `# = !

 7% !6T  = !U- .76

 27 G !H 6 7 B7  7 5   > 5 &-  1/ 7%H

&7m .  2 / < 0!!!-

 27   !"- ? V 0 [ B6 (6 7 [ >%( 0 !6 >&H /g 6

! & ..D

1  B6 6 76 .& !H 7 T2 6 7 ! m 76 !sd 27 = >F&Z 06 !H 7  B

&Z 7 ZK  7 7( !6 .{ &Z  W .  / 0 L &Z ] g( !6 6 !"6

/  !H   6&Z ZK & 56.

( 6 Z( 0 (e = ( &H $de .  =  6K -

   7Z( !H - !6 !  0 - - = = H.  .& 7#%5 12 %

& .ZK - 7F7

UK d6  

1 = >F B - d6

 %w #%F

6%6 ] 0   & L . .-1( !m 2 ] ( ( 77  76 5%  &6 .61 ( 2(

.-
1( !m26  5%-

6 .& D6  (0-

m "K7  0

m B 6 "K 7= .& !6 

m 0?- e  / 07-

 &6 "K T<H7

]  B m >/ 1?6 ]2

 & .   &12 .

 %w

2 & . ! ( 76= 7 7&?$6 = 2 7! Lm 766 5 7&?6 7.

  . / !sd  7%H 27 $   0 -6 . . (  % D/ 7!"6  7

( VK - K - .- p .& 2 D/ 6 F 57 K 0 !H7 5 ( 76B -   1

7F H.

$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301691

) ;/8 4 !>


,

  !B ]6 J($ 7% H . J( 7%

!B 0 6 6  H 5 . K 7 

7e 6 0 6 Y6 :12 7%"6-!  ($ 0 (6 0

 0 27 .- 6 !H B  D >-

= !%H  (6 0 (' !

 (H $  !6 ( :12 = ( Y6 H !"K

B .%$6 = 0$6 0H 5 H  B ( B B

 &!& = 7  %!7

 J( H !6 h#Z( 6 7%  7 B ! :12-!  Lm

[ g( Z$ !- !...

 ( -  bF :12  / H ]w = !0H 2

B 2 .
- 7%m 7Z66  = !B ]6  J($ 7% H= .

 6 !& 0 6 H 7%m 7K  7K [> 6

H .7 J( 7%6  K 7e 6 7 :12 7%"6-

?$B 0 H 7/ !6 7-!- J !m h/e 0$6

6 H !mH 7 X$ .! !6/ 0 ZW

B  .7[0  !7%H

 6 H - !6 H :12 H !"K  6 = !56 =   H g( ( ]w 7  - ( 7% 7%-% F!

 J( 7%  $ H !6  7 B :12 ! !H !$-! !...

 > 7&H  /  0 bF :12 0 = !6  / H ]w !0H = 2 B 2 .

= 7Z6 (7  J( !B 7% B   7  7  m !H / L 6 7 6 ZW 7

 L    & >"6 2! H.

 - ! ] /  .7-F ~  2 !H 12 7 ! L = 7 (  

7%m !K 06! - Y (( % 0 ( 0  0 -  " 6 7 7 B .7%6

 :12 K  !6= 7= - 0 H !6    s7B!

 = 7&H ( - = :12 -!  6 H  B 27F de 5  (1 K1 ]w  = .-

6 7 7F  ]w&! 6 !6 %= 0 ZW B 7% 6 !H !2 !6 7B 27 ! !7

 - H   .15 H 5<> 1  m !6 &B  B :7-F !m 00 ]& !6 U6

 %j H- =   m !6 7 B  .15

7Z6  !sd 7%m 5 !   ! - 76 -= - !6 H 7%"6 =  7&H . !"6 :12-! 6 ./

L6 .-( 0  (05%-< 0 6  [  L&F 7$  . ? 6 0 6  !6 %

! 7!  !6B 27 ! 6%6 .7  0    B!6 p  B  6 -  [

 ` H  !6-/  7 .6 "B !H 0 / 6 V!-

 - !  :12 < 2 6 0 ( 5 " 6 !  27 6 Ud  7 0 LB6 .

7K627 6 B ! 6 > !65  / !1-~ .0H 27 0 !H -6 $-% m( L2

> 0 % ( H  de  7.

 !"# : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267486

) /0 $  /8 $ VP /0 $ VU  d


" 7B 7 ZW K (  g( 7B !H K = K

/ B ( g".7%

) - (-7

=  B 7 7 (H ZWB 27  !Z ( g7

 "eW 0  (  V ( g`e ( 

.76

6  0 =  % !H 7 ]  e !6

(7$ 6 #   .7&?6 0 " `e " !6 .-0

e  !H ZW !U D %2 K`B  $ 6-

 !H B% B 7 [& . 6 B  -

?  7%H 6 7 - D (6  % =  ! [ !6 H E

 .7%H F  !1  L B &F 6 = W

 6K -  .76  !H% [ 6 &  7

!6 ( 7%H  L   =( 7% &6%6 . 0 F - D  ( ]6K &F 66 B .7 7 W !6B #%

  Y. bF - ? W  K`B[ 0 !6[` 1 !- 7-6 5 =   L 0 G"U

= by-.7%H 1 !-  !H 7   !B D =  [ D 6 K`B  ? 1 !- 5  G"U  B !B

 7%%H  =L .B 0 0 !H -  $ 6 7 L  B ZW 27  !Z pd .-!  0

&( ^6 . F 5F !6  B - H 1 5 [ 0  (  . [ . W$J H %= 2

 D 6[ 0 ? W D 6 K`B B 7F H !-  !# 5 D[ !1 7&6 7 H >6  Q

" a  [ 0 B !# 0-    7  5   `e `B   2  6.7

 D   0- 7%m ( - 7%m  - 7%m &6 5B !m bF ! $ 7 -   Z1- H 

  `e  B (` . %H e 0 bF  /  -! ? B.U! 7B 77

"B 7! H  27  Z  !6 Z( 0%m 0  : 7%H

"  ( ... => ) %H &? ( 7H D-(".7

)-  (-)- " ) -D 76 p 27   !ZZ %2 !#   .- 7%FK 0 [ Z$ - (

  = 6 H   .7  &d 2  &` VK 7 [% !65UW 56  ]-

! L T GK  %2 ]e/ !H 7%  - 6  0 !H = 7% ! 7%m !6 ] <[! 7 &6

$ `6  T  7  6 ( 7 GK.

 7B&6  !6 7  !H 7 2   `e B 5 H/ !6=  `6 L6   = 7%   !6

7! B 7 !j%m . : -

" F2  K &" [B !6 ` ?H 7 = !H K / `e B ".7%6

)- (-

Y - 6 [ 0  !( ! 7%m !6: 7

(6 7$ W/ V? 2  0 6 27 B ( g !5m 7s -  7   6 H

7%%6  B ( g 7%

( <" p %2 !6 ] =   6( -  Ud p [  -  6 = 76%6 .- 7 0

  6 F L % 7H =     .`e 7  D HUB " !sd D . ZK 7%m2
W/ B ( g   5 B &F .U7B !H 7 : -

" 7B 6 77 !H H7  7  7L-) "...7 (a-

6 ( F  ! B  / ? !H 7%H ( ( J!  .76  B  !H $w! ( 76

!H`B (  & $ 6 ^6 ?  27!7 7

W (Q F B !H B% 6 B( 7 [& . 6-   B ? .7%H

(SW B6  0   %&F U  7  !e(.- 2 V? 2  2 7  0  m.7%H

&! 6 76 5.-

F L

F L

FL 276 <$

FL21

FLB 7   ?7

F L 

FL &B$V

FL 6 02 6

(   !6 ?7

FL ]?6 7/

FL   02

FL F( 6

F L ("$%

FL  h (? 5

1-   ZK     V? G%

FL(`# L !%   - 7 B2

FL g  / 6 V?6 !1U !H[%   5 E 2  ?( !6.



/ (! 7F !6

B 65

 DH 1ZW !6 %Z 7%

!6= L2  Z 7B7

 F ]w) 7  !6L7e ]d 6 Dm(...

1/K H  12 H

( h-% (a - "6 0- !6 !H ` 7- 7 [ 0  .7%%H HH !m2H  "Z6 L 65 L62 =7%

 B  6 7%.

Y ( %Z6 !H 1 !- 6 -   !B?  7%H($ ! 6 ( 76 7  F  B7 &F ( J

!H T2  27! ^d6 - & .7%HH 0 ^6 = 7# F  L> B  L5.7 7

 6 ( p -F D ? 7%H  (F 7 5 B pd ]Vd(  H B V6 & 65 ?

$ .7%H
- : G$% 7d 7- H/ W

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=316100

) / $ & ; 4

!   B  6 Z   m =

 (  W [B 7 .2

 Y - VK 7" !- VK 7%  

 -  " 72  7 7!  &!  1

>6 6  $ 7/ .-

% &7%  2 7%(  ZK 7% 7 .756

&7% " V T 7  2   = .72 7%! 

&6 Lm  1   $ "B  /-   ZK

.-

7  2

&7% "   7-F 6 e   !%

7m  77  .72U ^d6 0 6 -! = !j

? 6  B 7%-B  2 !j= 6 7- /

< !$  0 - e  v- K 56 02 .$U( 7%

.7%<" h 5%  v- K 2  02 7%!  $

.77%-B

F % & 5"%2  L 7! "  6- 7

- K !6 - 0 !m2 : - s !6 !/ 7- 

   -F 6 B (  (  6 7%%

!  h 0 -!  0  >-F  !6 ZK  - 7!  .7$Z '-F 0 ]  7%  7$Z 6- = 

 (  ZK  27 0 %6 >F.

 7 2  Z- / 5 ( L   [   ?"  6.

6 !sd !6 !sd 6  B%  (y -1-   ? 6 .  ?" ( K6  

6 !%&-F -   ( F.7%

F 2  % :7 07 2]     %   ?" !6 K7 2 76! VK !6

  .76
7K 

 s !6 7-!  B( e $  .76/ " 7 = -!  $ 6 `- Y[  !6

   #%  6.

&7%  !6! L  L2  7  !#] b% 0- ]w 5( GW]T `- h=6 7 ...

 F.7

6 - 7Z  2  L6   5$   B6] 5 &   .7 / W/&7% !U6

 $$-  0]  ( 6J 7% `w 7%%= !%   " !6 6 7(  - 6 (  - " !6 b6 .7

6/ 0 &-% (!  7([$ 6  d    0] F !12 !6 .7%66  %= 56 7 -!

   !6 $  [  &6.7

!12 !6 61( - [    (2 0 (2 0 - 6 .&7 5-  (  - 7%m 7   

7%7/ %Z - !- .5- "B 2 - a ( 7&6 (    .  / - (1  [B !6 (6 J L62

.-

J( (7% ! (

F !12 !6 % " 76 7/   7 !# !"6  e%  0 ( J.7

B Y - > (T2 J  0  .7 !m([$  6[ 2 ( / 76 ( .  B  66 7.

 %&F /  7 -! (  -  7   1/6  Lg .7%   76  %  7%!

v  76  .7% - [ ! -  (6 ^6 7 6  V( 6 0 -! -  

( 7 sd J! .76

6- EF>    [ !6 - L !6 $ 05 = 7 ?   Z6 J &6  /

 .

F - 7VK & 5   (  !$-d 7% 7 !m !6 F  W ( $ 7 0- .7%

S '-FL 7F.-

 s !6 7-  L / > ?$B! 6 .76- EF>  J - L [ !6   7/ Q

- [ !6   .-

T2J( V% %Z 0 6  27 - 7 0 L6 2 `B .X %Z . !  0 - T h /

" !1 6   27 V% 0- . 07 h K   (7 -! ! (6   % (`(  = .d

  = !"6 7% >?$(T  .76

&-% Y7-  7%%!    [ . !# 0 7 !     =  6  T - ( 

7Z- 6 =  !6  7 !6 W [B -.6

 7%-B

Lm !$ 6   27  7!  ( 7%-B 7% [ (7 Y 6 !6 =.7

F % 07 " 7 !  (J( 7 T56  !6 (7 7=   !6 .$ -   0-

-  [  ( 7&6 6 7%-B 0&F cU- !6  62.

7 -  ]g -!  ( / 7 e( !  7Z6 !6 62 ( -  ( J /B 7%% 6 

1/.7%

 $ 2  !6 / == 76 7 &! B K6 /7 7 6 >-F 0! = (  ZK >  

Lm !    7%1- L ( %   [ !6 $6 Y6 X ^d6 <  &-%  6 .-
 s !6( 0 05"- &"%F 5 ( 7/ !  [ 7/  6#  / Y6 - !6

.

!12 !6 7/ w !  6-/ (  $w #  0 -! !6  % 7/ [ 0 27.7%%

6%6(  0 7/ S ( 7e 1 #    ( = << 2 76 !6 = B 7%B.

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=224912

) 
/ $
,</0  /6 0

EF>  B6 B d VK  66 0 !H 7

F ?$B($   .

!  0  6K - !2 !H 7=(  = ! - 7

" S ( =6  !6 !( 6 .76 h"U 0 7U% 2 !#

!H! = &6 7 7  ( ?$B 276 .7%

H 6 !6 05 7 !6  " s]  76 "0H ]6 L

VK &F 5% ! .6  7ZF" ! !H -= < `H "?$B ZK .- -" 5j H"

&% &5& 5  !6 $ ] m !H h"U 0  s !6 7-  J( ( ?$B 7% 7%  6[`

.7%

 =  ( F 6 7 ?$B !   6B !6 F 6 !H H !m   !H H  ( (K !B ]$.

(1"( dL -`F .%H ! ( ... >F !$  6 Lm76 7 !H 7 (  #H  D  7 H B7  . 

H ?$B H(  

 #H = B7

= g  16 ?$B !H7

g 2 ?$B   = B  Lm !m77

= "=> B  "077

DZ 27

`-

%

\- "e  Lm !m -#% dB  7%H = (F 6  % dB  7 F  !m (  s7 s !6

 !H 7- F &6 !H dB 7 (  7% >F  6 Lm ?$B %Z 7  dB .%H 0Z
! g?7 6 = "? %Z !- ?$B .- = %Z 0 6HH &F :- 7- !6 !6 E s

VK . 7%-B %Z 0 :- 6 !5%  !6 7-    s 6B ZW! 76 H !6 >6

= Z- %Z 0- .76 7- K :- 02  !"/W ?.V

  776  % .%H/ (  %B 6 7 !6 ?$B  ! .76 #% %Z !6 %0

( !B V? ]$  h-% ]g .-Y wH H  VK  %&F  !H 7%%H 6  a 7 =B !Y- 7 bF

7 0 .7%%H H   !H -% B bF ! B =6 !6 7-6 !m 7%?6 !% 7%B  a 7 bF7 "B .7%%H

  !H 7% H $-% ]g  %F - 7%%H  $-% 7  7% 6 7 6  / .7%%H  ?$B

=  &! = -76 F Lm L6 2L6 !B  6 0 7%H 2 F=  .(7  (  !H 2 !#(  %7

6 B6  !6 ?$B ! 76  ( 7!  !5 ?$B.

6 5 7F !6 ( .K 7%6 H !m .  F h/e !H 7-%  - B 27% 5&F % .%-0

 dB  s !6 p B=  = .7%7 0  0 -   !B 7 6 L6 2 7 [ H 27& B

7%%H - 6  B6 =  F B e ] ?7 -   6 !H 7%%H &76   .-6 7 7

 (H dB 7%6 bF 7 T2 (H / 6 7%%H  7 ) 7  !B 27  dB -

H F &  - (7%  !6 !6 !%$  7 ) 7%6  7  !6 (27$  0 6 #

# &6  27 %&B .7%

1 7%m B( !B !H 7-%  !V? !6( F ]g ]$= 7 J  6 0 6  K  7W2

1-  7%H ( d K DLF    %H 2! 0 !   ?$B K= 6  m

 !H / W/ 0%m( 7% 6 7%/ 7%%H  ?$B = 0 ($ 7F  !6 7%H ? V

27 6 !$ !( 7 B6 !H  !6 ] 7 (Z Z6   76 m  7  2  !6 7F

 !H 7%%H 0  !2( ZK !6 [$VK  7.

\- !6   (  F - 6  !m >?-F 0 !H - F  `- !6 p 56 . 2

J( 76 7% 6 6 W/ 7&6( 7 F B 76`- ( 7 7#   / !6 6 2 .\- 0  ( 7

6 !"H !Hm  /  0L 7%  7 !H %6 7 ( 7W/  = .7-y6 7 & 76 ( 7%  0

 {  F .7   !6 p7 ( `- .

Z( !"H !6 !( 6 Z( 0- 6 0 ?$B Z- :K : 02  !"/W ?.V

?$B 0 s !6   &  2 .U%  7% :!H( 2  / B 6 6 L DL 7Z6  

6 5 7  /> 6 LL  c( ZUK   7 / B( 6 B( 6 .7 2/   7%H

7 ?$B7 6 [-7 6  ! B ! - !6 .767m !H 7 7 ?$B

H   !m H .7 7 !6 7 !# 0 B 7/ !m ( !H 7-6  b 7 7Z6 = 7K !  .7

?$B  cde!  ?  !e`B V/ !m 7%6 `- ?$B .H !m  -H 27 .-

 B ?$B6 7 ( !H ( g( 27 ! ?$B .76  & 5 ! B B 6YH 7

 ?$B . K 0 / % ?$B .- %Z 7%7 ( ?$B .27 & .7 ! -

( 1% ?$B .076 >&?6 %Z s 6.&2

 7% 7-- " "5 "  26" :7 Y !1 \ !- ?$B :- 0 6 Lm # -

 0  06 7! ".6

!6 0 s !6 !  ( F 6 ?$B B ?$B .7 D 7% % -  6 bH= !V? !6 7 6 B ."B

.7%H
6 0 B27% !  0- 27  = 6H  %H 7 ?$B Z-  !65 - L H

!   2.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302988

) $ // 0/ 


* 5J 8  8  

 !"v ZK  %( 27 !j= !H  0  -!6 7-

=7 !"6 0 !H -! B %j 76 -"B .7

=!BB !6 !5m !H 7!- B 7%-6 5 =!6 !j-

=T 7  !6 !j= .76= - 7 H L2

&! / $H X2 !H 7%%H  7 B

`- p6 H W 7 .7&! Lm !H

=>  6  .7 - H 5  !H 7

!j= !6 7% H 7%%H !H !6 = !H !j GK 7 7%

( !H 7%Lm !6 7% B !H 5 7% -.7%6

!j & !66 27 -   !5m 7% B

"  &6 .7%%H  X 0 7/ (1K p .7

 L 7H 2  7 !j= !5m  !6 7= -7

(%H 6  7eB 6 K&12 0H 2>F !H 12 .

=! ! B!- 6 B 6  7 B  .%H

/ \- 0 !6 B6 0 = !H 7 K ( !5m    X#6

'-F\- 0 $"U !H - ! 2 H.

 0 -(B  ]$ H 7%H L%6 27 0! ( 76= 6 7 6 X !6( B- !$ .& 7 -  !6 2

( 7- BB!6 H .7

m 6  0 76  - -  6 2  GUKm  5  ! L%!6 .& .7 6 - = DH !6 ( 6

B& 0B ZK ($ K6  .& %H  6 7"H / !H -= K m L6  0 -  &H- .

6 p -6 7 .%H ]e

!H5%!j 76 !6  !6 0   - ( 7%H  !6 - 6 .6

- 56  !H & B e!6 ( -%&6 7D1 = 5 !j !60 ?" &6 ( X&56 .
B 6& 0 ($ K6 .%H

    &   .& 06 . 7-   !6 !6 D 00 7%6 . B !%&/ 0

B %H b/ 6 -%&6 7 =   D 00 -.

?6 2  %< 27 - W ! !6 6! 0   0 B  . 2 B 27  W7

)7-  !6(  B !6 !%!- B 7-) 7- 6  !6( " = "e 0 !H - 0 (~0

& 7.-

 0:

& . / 7B) 7 (&] (7 ( ( 0%

  !6#( 0  27  7   6 .- 6  !6#( %% "( .- !U6 7B 6L 7

 .- 2 / !H 7%H! !1 7 !6 - = e 7 0 F < !6 /]% L 7

 .  - 0H   %Z 7%%H !Z U >?6!/ 76 7% L6= / 2 .-

 0:

& . / 7F  )( ( 7(5 -1

$H 0 ^6 0 !H/ (1H6 7 6 6  7%6 h 27 .  ( 7  ( 7/

5 -1  7 !6 !$  /  y- . !"/ 0 -! /  7F 6  H 7 & 7K6 .

 (.%H !6#

- 0:

& . / - (1c )  - m ( 1(5 -

2  m !H 7% -  7 >" .7 0 !H - L2- 6 !B6 .7  0 .& 0-

7K ( H e L - 7 7 # .%H

 m 0:

& . !HH7 & !6 m) 7 ( 6 (5 - D

6 !6= -  6 .& 0 - 56 2  eB  Z T2 $  .%H H b1!6

L b1 0 !6 =2 .7 K - 0 (&] .7

:#%F 0

&B !6 .> ) 6 6 ( D & (5 -

2 .& 0 7! 0 6 6 -B !6 = -6 h- ?6 0B !6 .& %H 6H 5

( !6 0  %6 -B 0> 7%m !K e B !6 27-!- ?B V .7%H

:& 0

& !6 .($& H !U6 ! ) 6 & ( - (5 - {%F

.& 0[%  H 6 !H 76 Lm Lm X D .7  &6  0 [ .!U6  !Yv

 L=$d 0~( X6 . L>  &6 e 67 !6 7 [ 6 Y7 5!U6 ! ! .7%6

 0:1

& . /  !6 $56 ) - ] m ( {%F (5 -

.& 0 / 76 7K  B !U6   7F 7 .-B .& 0 ) $K 7 (  !H !"/ !6

w  [B !6 ( 7-5 =B !j -T y6 &m  eB.

 0&:
& . ] m) !Z !6 $ 0 ( ] m ! (5 -

6= !6 DH !H X X$ = e!6 %H 27 [" !$ [6 !H / -75%( !6 DH7 !-!?6H pd

 = 7% 76 !"/ 0Y 27 .- Z ]e X !H  27 H 6 5 (  %H 6J

?- 0  / 2 .76

:  0

& .   !6 $ 0 ) ] m ! ( #%F > (5 -

Y !"/ 0 !H - .B 7 - (G-  E !Z  %   .% !"/ 05%   7

& H 6 H( !H -' %- 1(  7 0 1-  5 = -  b1  h-% .- 0

& .   !6  [ !H (  >?6 - (   "- 2    !5.

 0:

& . 7B !6 7B #%F) 7 > (...7Z6 !6 5 -

!6 F !H5%  0 T2 $K  7B 7 !6 7 H H .- %H 7 >-  . !"/ 0

 ( 0  !    . 27!B  -  &7B .= !6 !H X  76

L !sd !6 !sd 2.

( 0 .& 0  6    !6 7%%H =! [  !6 27  (! !

6  = !6 %H 27-    27 &6  (Y6 e ?L B   6 .%H GU1- 0

?L 0 & !j= . !H -!6 = - = !j !H  -.

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=255836

)>; 50 
q  ...

76 ( !  27&! B6  6 !Y $# !j= .7% !6

> $KTy6   ! K g( !6 g(

.

]$K ( #   6 = B  2 .% 6 !sd

- &F 7 !6 =.

(  $   Z$[ 27  .6

L5-y- (Q   B (sd! 7 y-

.6
B  (S Lm    L6 .7% Lm !   = !6

 7%  ! #  77  ( 0Z7% ]$K

(  Z B V( 0  ( .7% Z- (`

B 6 !6 = 2-  !6 71 2 . 0  60

6 !6 = !  06 $d5 B - [B $ ( -.7

(a B !6 VB   #  ! = T 6  !2/ %2 # = 7! .6

(5 76 K  6  Ty6 76  6 b1 5 .-

(5 &?$6 ? 6 5 B &6  =.

(B 0 6 7 7= 7 % Z- (` .-

( B 0 !6 (V % Lm - !6! B/  .%

 ( Lm 7!  7%

 ( Lm 7!   7% / 0 ( 7  L/ bF .7% 76 Y B ( 0Z 7%

 (= .d   (` !6 7%$6 ( .7-/ 7 >  !6  =2!  =2! 56 !m

76  7 ( d%  (  $w & 1%  1(6Z  <Z .6

L6 (( 0  06  [ B6 = -

6 (Q B6 >?$(T 2 # L56 - 5 ?- !B 7%% 6 6 5 p 2 W 6

7F  d h-% "g .

(S [ B6  " !6  6B [ 7 0- !Z B  ]  7% V( GK 

   .7%

(a 0 < !6 $12 !"- 2 ! (B 6 $ =2!  =2! (   .7 GK 2 0 6 ( g

(12 g 2 .-

  ($ g - ( 7 Z% .> m

(7 Z

B( ( 7 Z 2B  - Z$[ Lm 5 6 # B !6 .7% 5   .7 =  6 .76

   27 7%  # .7

%

 B Lm    L6 .7% Lm !    = !6 7%  ! #  77  ( 0Z7% ]$K

(  Z B V( 0  6 .7% `& 6 !"6 -( E! 76 56 7! B !6 !5m => 76.7

 T $6 7 B 6 .76 -

> m

&( B .76  B ( g 7 $ 6 ( .7&?6 (` B !6 7%$6 7 56 h !6 .7 2 ( g <%

&6Lm .7  d L2 .7%!% ? ?" 56 s.7

(B 0 6 7 7= 7 % Z- (` .-

6 ( 7 %= 7 .7 Lm !  .7-y6 7  `- h B / 2 $w .76 Z U .76 &

 !  V?& 0 K B 76  7%  d ?- p !6 K 27!  .7% 0%j !

=2! 12 2 < B `e - "B $ < 7%% G  $ 6  ]e/ . =  L>  76 !

=  6 s !6 Lm 7 Z( .7% B- !6 > m b1 !6 # ( $w 1 .7%%
 %&F 1 6 # ($w 1

(  [!$   6 $w # ($ .76

(  %?-  7  .76 h

(   ]V   1 76! 6    .7%

6 (Q -6 7 7 7! ( !6 2 !2 $de 7.7%

(S  - "Z B .7-y6

 (a 7   B $w( ( ! .7%

[B !6 (!  76 Lm 7!  .7%

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=258912

)  $  $
,</0 &

56 ( 6 ! b6 7 76 7

( !- b2 !-6 0 6 7m

6 = 0 27 ?$B !2 !6 bH 6 0?-6 7

- !6 L  7& T<H 6 "K 6! !2 !6 !H

BB 7 7= 0 0- % H "K !6 &m !$

 % (L$- &! . 7 7%F !H - %

  g .

 27 Z 65 L 6 ! ?-L.

] $ 7%6 B 6 5 0! `H T5

7E-F!  B6 2 .% hV !6 V? 7%

#%F % g g  . H !m !6 :7-F

&g  = ? ! B H - 6 < hg$7B

7E-F! '-F :7% .%H hV

6  7F]  27 B 2 H !- H

1- .%H

- ]1K 2  h"K &( ( !H %  !6-

=  0.76 %
!j%m H  B= % Shut Down = !"6

.%H Restart

6  272D6  L$- (Background) 7 = 6 56 s ! - .

6 $"K -  (? e ) (Flat1- .%H

7"H $H h B T56 &5 ! 7"H $H h 5.

6 ] - 27F )T56 (password = ?.%H (Hidden) 1

 >F F - 012 0?-  H !6 7%6.

`& !d1e 6  6 F 7"H = DH % ).%H (Help

 V? 2 !  L6 -Y 0 ?$ V  !6 7 6 !H 7 %H ( Chat) m H  m  6 H

.7%H

6 6  27 7% 6 ! .

Z D !  W! 2  !6F-  !6 ( :7 5  $5 F-  !6  ?6 7%.

2 76 H 1U H7= % Save = !"6  Delete = / ]$"K (Recyclebin) 06 `H

.%H d

!65  7 - 27   - ?6 !HK 7% .7%

!B  H !6  .76 Open 7%

6 ]/`B  L2 T2 !% w .%H (Double click) D"H ]6

( / ( H & 7B (Speaker) y- .% 0

=7 F (&%H 7%60 ( = H  B.

6 2 G   ( ).6 (Autorun

 !H !25 - ]22 [H /- L  7 ]2 2 6  [%H / ( ($ B 67]2 5

56 7% .7%&6 ]2

- V? 27 D ) !6 ( Room &]6 ( Moshkelgosha) &2 ( 5 .7%%H (Chat) m  6

5% &6B 7  5F 7"H !"e`6 %- ( Print Screen) 0 L6 =  (V 56.

 (  27 (  2756 Power 7"H = .6

T5  H ) (Room27  m 7 e 0 %5 ).%H (Ignore

&m !6 h  %F .%H Close

2 (yH 26  276 !H 7%H (Hang) %= 7 &  6 !6 L - ).%H ( Restart

6 02 yH   275= ?  6 by-.%H &H

 !H 6 h!  27  < {6 B !6 5 !H e 0 0 - = -= 7

$6 06.

6 2 ? V ( 2V B> / ]XKB   Game (yH 275 .$

]   B 27 2 !6 2%H (Scan) 0- ( !6 2 = - - 7%6 7 ?& Z.

/H %m  27  0m -1- %H ! .0m _m

6 !6 27 !6 EB 27 2&!  7 7 -2 .%H Z

>F F 02 % %?->F > m )= (print preview &.%H 7

(# H   VK - !  B D ) (DriveL = !"6  22 %H >?F (
(Format)  !6 2 D $# 7  5 1d ! .6

2 !  6  27 H %%H 7"H !- V  = V   $V .L6

 ([$  = 6 6 e !6 b% "> 7$ e !6 !"6 > .76

 B Lg !6 <% F 71 (  6 !6 hV % %( 71.

6 !H 0 7  T &6 27 $6H 26 Y6 D = ( ! .%H

Y 2  !H - !   % 7Z 76   ([$   66 / 7D .76

6 !  275 L 7/ !H %H Z wH 5% ?- 6L  ! .7%6

(yH [UB D"H !6 ( 1- %H  [UB 27 $ D"H !6 71- .%H

B ( 6 K`B  !6 !H 0 ) ( Ram K !s/! 6 ) (Rom F !s/7 ! 6 ( 5%

=< ) (Start($ 65= H !6 2.

B 2 B 27>  . 6 6 ?$BB 7 % Programs %H s%( K $T56 7 !H5 0

H 6  # 7% ( !m 2 0= 6 !% & .%H

H  27 !6 6/ 5 %m /= %m / -1- .%

$ (Case) bH 7 - $ - !"6 = .6

K yH  27  !6  - !H 7 76 h 5  .%H

[H /  27   !6  7%B H L  L1- .%H

-  27&!  (Mahabbat) D%! 6  6 2 - 0T5 " .

-F : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=352563

, M @ 8  $

 V "$6  6 $ 7%!( H ! 0H

(?- !2 ?( !6 !6 ! - 0 ] !H 6B 7

!6 !"6# 7% !H [B 07% 7 - 6 = b%

H2 / <  76H

56 H !6 !H 0 7%!( H = ]w 0H !6 !H -

56 ( ( - J(6 (7% .  %( !H 07 ( %H

L6 DH/ !6 2 = !j= .7 ZK [ - !6

6 !6 6-7 .76
 0 m L F 6H  6 (? (V L6 H

) 27& F 2& (a  !H 2 

VK cW 6 76 . 6 =  B &26 7 . 0 !6

 B DHH 7 ( (? (V L6 ( !$% 27

!$% !m ? V !m H  .6 . 6  0

!$% H B LH( 27 H.

( / !6 6 $/e  7 5%6 7% B !H =B 5%6 !Y- 7 6= .%H 6 / 0Z -

'-F 2- 0 = 76 !"H D B != 5 .-= 77 < s% .76  = 6  = ZK 0B !H -- 7%

B = .7$6 Y6 07 cW- !"6 0 7 cW  0 6 .-/ 06 (2V 5%6 !H 7% K

7 L> =7 / -- 2 H>  !6 76$  6 6 Y6 =B 7 7% . e( !H 1( 2 H7

(cW 2( 1( 76 L6 2 !6$ B 7.

/ !$ 27 (2V L> - 6 76 7%m !"/ 0 7%m 76 7K 0 0%m !6 6- 7!

( !5m .7%6 - 5%6 L>  U% s !6=6 !H 7-  & D 6 7- !6 07 .-

B '-F 0 6 LH (XL 7( !5m . &  H W  =  =6 

 0s!U !H - U  7m  6 % . 6 !H 7 7 V %H 7%%H&! 2 - 7

=6 !B- $/e .%H W 5%6 < $ ! 0 H !67% B =  7% <" h 5B- - 62

 .7%%H- 6   m !H - ( H !6 !B- 62 7 $K = 6 F B U ! . 7

0m !H - !" 0 !21- 7 -(   7 ( / !6  2H 0  6 .-/ 0 0

B !VK[  !122 !H  - 6 67 6   H !6  !2.-

 / e( !H 0- ZK=   --- 627 ! -- 6 - - 6 !U6J

H 0%m L5  V( .7%H !H 7%H 2 !H 7 !Z-YH 66 /   = !H 16 !BF B7

$# 6 !m 6$ YH  h# <- h H ! .76 0%j- $#  7 hHH B ZK d%

2.

% !6   w 5 U 56 s !H 7  & & H = 6 !6 6 7 . &

B6 !-  !H Vd 77 6 (? .7L6 0 & 07 6 " ! - !H Y  ! .76 F

= != [B !6 6  %( YH mH >?6 6 6 h-% = !Y- (L !6  % " Y (? 0 6 . 0 h$-

 CEO !6 !H 7 ( 7L2  $-%2 !X  F !6 ] L2 0 77 -> Hm 7 !H7 !K`B

6 [6 H &]  !X - (  7 6 H.7

- 7%m 7Z66 !6 YH 0  7 !W L  = !6  %( 7 >6 7e 7 6 !H %6>F F 6 .L 0

`B  7/ !6 %6>F D2 !H - 7% 7%%H%6>F !6 -B p-  .- -7 5 (? 0

= p-( 7 7 7/ (Y6 7e 7 6 !H ] !6.7= -

=  0= p & dB 6 "Z = !! !H -  F >H -#  67 H !"6 =  6 - = .

= L 7Z6 !6 H H .7 e(  = !H  ]6s <B & U%  sZ( - =  7 $

B !7e ( !6 7%7B !X B 7% & ( !6 & !6 /  < U%! .7%

27 5 6 # H - = !H - 6 7 # B !/ 7e K!  6 H H K !6 B ] L  .7%

!6 0 27 = h  . 6 !H -  6 0%m . H >?6 !H - s  (> !66 !" 0 :-

 !K= D   !6 = .7!" 0  7%F  7%$ - 6  / 0%m L2 !66  7.-
= / 6 !H - ] B "g ! !6   6    ]X .7- ! ( !H 7 $! !6

[> 7 6B $K!   W !6 (  7 2 h$- !H 7=7L !6 Q LmY H !1> 6 .76

/ 0 = J h$- !m(7 7% 2( 7  "H !6 $  Z & K 6 .   L6 &H :7

6 $ 0 0%m !H < K`B !"6 7%H ]$K 0 hH 27H  !/.

6 6 7Z 7e !H ^6 K hH !HH .K 2 - 6 0  Lm 0 !H - 6  0 .%H

 [ 6 !H !12:-

 e !H bH "B 7% ] !K B !B% 7 7 = 2"Z !H K  !6e F(  7%$ ( $

6  - !6 &! !6 B !6 .7 7 2 !# 0%m / !H?6 2 6 BB!  %H

7e 6 K 0  B6 7.

0 !m 2TF - / 0 6 "B 76 ?- 66 !H 12 7  ZK! ( 0d !6 ! - !H [B 0

( 7   !6 !"6 0 ] !H! 6 F !H = e !6 e !K (/ hH=76 7 7e K .- (

=  >F : !H j6 ./!  (?-H 0 = 27 ?6 !H - 7e6 6F K = ! 6 = !H

(6 !6#  G1% ( %&F D%  .%H =  H !6-  6 H27 !6 !H - 1

 !"# 7%6m )% (Fortun ((7 0d= H 0 B !6 VB < -- . -= H 0 6 !H

2  K`B% . B( !H 7-y6-- 2   (B !d1e  (m L &6!m

B -/ 7 . 2/ < ? ?H 7= H # 7.7

  L 0 d = 7%H B ! 2 s !m !H 7 7 0 dW6 7K & - 6B L5 B 7.

= D%( 0 6 !H -7- (Y6 = !m2 [" 7$ T2 6 .%H 27 7- Z 76 7 7F

 .7%%H 0 B " = 6 - D%( !H $-% 7.-

 : G$%!  VK

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=368988

  T $>k $/

!  B- ( 27 = 6>  = .7% %H D

 27 1( 6  %H 27 h"K 76!""- . &B

Y  277B !6 ]H( 6 ( 7%H  DH  !6 0 #

  %&F !6B 0  6 . 7-6 !- . 76

< !L2

< B 27 6 &!  7%H 0 L = 566 ( 7


&! ([B 6m . 0! <! m B( =-

7%6

B6 [B !67F !% L% ( "$  " !67= 7- B  !H 725  ] ( !7 L62

  Z !6 (> < !H H .76  7 Z %"F 7% !H -( H 7 F 0 -

 6 . % !6  ?"K  6  7( % ( GW  27K ]e L6 .72  7K L67= 2 GW

66 !H 7  .

"e $F"! = ! "- D 6 (' &6 Z !6 -    ]6H D %m   7%H !6

2 H !H $F B ]w (V !7%H

=7 < B 7%F "e $F !H - "! !  "-:7%

B$ 7%F 1- (!7%H $

[!6 / !6 ( / &7% !H 7B K 7% L6 2 7%%H < [B !6 6 .7%  27  6 6 6

( 6 5 / T => .7%%H

 6  B B ? !H V > `Z 7 D  .7 2% B 7` B ? m bF 76

7 m  7F L !L 6  5! < hH F  !7 ! $B

%m H/! 76

H ]6 76 5/  !7$ 56 s !H 7  6 7! 6  B 7 .- 6-/ [ B

  `w  0 6  6 !6  2 !6 !H (  6 = B7 ...7! = !B !6

(d]   7   76  2 -/ :7% T56 7H! `e5 ! 5! =7 1(6 B6 [ !H 7%H

m ]6 ' =  %m  = !H 7%  !sd( !7%H !m 7  >7 $ = = 7 .- 5 H 0

( .7%H

!20= 27= 6 !6 / - 2 .7  7 !H 2 07! [ B   %m 76 7%H &( B

TB  7%H 7e $ = 6  !H 7 7! e( !H7!  B6   ( 6 (7% K= .- 

[0 $-% !6 .  $d 6 B ? B 7 !B bF7  7 D FB 0 7 - =  !m 6

 !6 K  !7 2 :7 = B >5 !7 6 ! 76 !%de !m! - - ! `e >5

- ! F= B 0= `Z 7 56 !6 7%m y6= 6 !H ! '-F D/ 6!1[ 6 7

Z ]w . 2 !H - :7!  56  -/ !5 0

 6  6 7%H

!%26 T 0 7%H

  G = &66

 5% 7%H

][ 7Z-

 hK$" 06 !76

L% (DmH h 0 ] B 76  !H ]w  7$" 06 ( H/ ( p$W 7%H $J

=6 7%  .7 !" 0 $% L6 (' =2 L B K 7

"e $F "! !  "-!j6 :7% = !%  .7%

U% !" ZK $ .-B6 wH  !j6 0 62 5 6 GK !6  V?6 H/

 6 !H / !6 eVB  / .76   6 L 76 hK ! 0  .
6$d h [ 2 7 hK6 B 76

B 2$d 7 5  7 h6 B  !76 !H 7   ] /  6 :!H 0 (76Lm 0 6 .-

 6  ( 6 7/ 0 7L6  (76/ 0 . T  7%H   G=K .-  6  / !6 6 6.

( HT 0 .7 - 06 DmHL6 27 2 6 .7%H K   !B  6 6 0 1 ( 6 7 !6

( !H 7 5B! [6  ( 0%j 66 %m > !H L% !7%H 26 7 B !H6 012 !6 7

 6 0 ($"H 0  H  % 27 66  !6 0= -.

"e $F "! !  "-:7%

7B !H H 7%H / >6 7%H - B6 ! `- .-

VB 0 6  :7

$  6 .-

6 B % !6 D  Z .7% ! ZK ! ?676 ?$B !6 !"-6  ]e/

 . 2   / 76 B  %( ! 7L6  !"6 7 -= L  = 7 6 !65   .7 /

76 02 6 ! $ B ]H  H .&!  !"2 !H 7 26 !mH !6  7B  . !H  /

 26 !mH !6  7 / !mH L- %&6    / !6 !B7 7L6 5 0 6> ($w

2 .6 D6 !d"- B 6 " h 1 5 -  0%j B6  !"- 6 # ( 1%76 .-

0 !d"- = 7%H   GK( L% !6 =%& 7 $ " D !7 !B [0 6 / 0 w

 = 7%H ! 6 - L$-- 6 6 7!

7e/ K 7

!" 0 (L#! ( 7%H ]"d B = !6 7%6& 7  .7  & 6 H:7

B6 ?"( 0 e !K  6B6 %  c( !%.

e 27 7e .76 K 2 $ .- D  $ 7 6 B 0[6 7`& &6 .7%6 1% 5

B    0   !H <   < H  #  7% !67 5

2 7% !"v !H K- 6 !6 = { !6 B$ "!:

 [ h"- 0.

1%( ^6 72 5.

F!  27  L .7%H

/ K - 6 H ?6 7.

5 .7 $B6  eVB 27

&! &] ( - .7

$# 6 7  %F H ]& D 5 56.7

!m ]   7e !H 7 K  7%H  5 B !&6 -7

 0L6 $F 2 "e "! !  "-:7%

(76 0 !H -H  m  bH  6 6 76> !6 0F6 =(>  .7%

B &6 6 0 5 6  6 !m .7 H # 7Z6 !H 7 [ 5 2 !6  >B 7-

m  D ( 7%H 7 0  &! 2 !"v 0 6 h /  %676 # b/

2 !H6 ]X 0 UB.-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=355847
  /0 
>8 >8

6 0 ? - H ("5%  27 6  6.%H 2

  $ .- - 6 ]d  2 !H  &

 B B - ("H 66 = $ !H7

 .15 K 0 6:

& 0 :e 0(d %Z F.% B

T : 7V  B  (  "L F !6e B(&6d

7%

& 12 m 7% :F 0 ./  % BF 7

  5.7

 : 7V 2$  GL !% e 2! 6!  H 6

]   .% G 76  > 0 7 .%$6

&  :!  %Z 0  0 0% F !5  #%.

7/ !m 7L6( K1 7Z6 W !%6! d 6!   7 (    !  [ H 7&H%H  K

!B  ]w6 ! 6! 6 F HH !m .7 = . s 6 =  ] H$ hK ! 0(K1 ? 6 . 7Z6 !Z 5

 6 !H ]w - D &?  .7%H H  ! ? V 7 [ !6 /   0 !H  27

%H / .-

6 7    ( 6 7%B -/ <" 7%%H !$ !6 0 ] (  e B 27 7 - .7% 0 >

6     "g 27 7% 1 76 %H 0 ( b1 H 6  L !65 &   !H 7

6  %H !2  B 7 bF 7  !5%B b1 7 %H  !5m 7%HH 7%H H D  7%H D

(# L6  767 6 2-/ B ("7 p! 76 (  2 6 75 (" p! 76 =  7 .7%H

hH H  6 p6 7F %Z  7%  2 6 7-/ B <"  .  %( ! 7%H !$ !"6 7 0 ^6  L

  7 .  => B B !6 /  - 6]  XL  - 7% B  p]6 ? !6 7%

!"/  7 (  ( 7% .7%L6 DH ( !6  !e 0 !-  0 !H - B <76 "1  7 ZK  27 =%j

!H .7%%$6

! ] /    F 6! ]e- :-

`

[.1

6  wH h < 1[ >?6  %(  = .-[ % !6 /  B   .7%-% 0 ( !6  % ]  -
 :7L 7= !% ( ]$%( !H 7%  H  ] ?" 7 7 !% Lg `e 7 6 !H !6 7%= !"- 

6 7 .7%%H H 6- ]  .U% 7%%H  27 7Z( 0 H  !H 7%   L  = . 7%%H ( 0]

 7%%H  !$-d !6-/ B   - 6 7- 7% !H 7% # H& K .72  0 $  ]Z 6[

%H &B " 2  $V Z6 .-   ]w-  5$B / 6 7- !67 B  eB.7

=  76  7%%H  Z- Z( ( 7%%H 05&B B / -  ] B .U%  .7B !5%

=> 6 - 5  H  7 6%6(   = 0 !6 -= !6 7%7  B 7F - .7%%H !H V? 2

76 - 6  (Z H 7Z6 ! !%  e(d   7V !6 7H  !Z B-  G

  7 K ( (K1 BH  2" 7% .   =  (76 0 %Z - => B ?

H !6 0 ] 7%m7 B - .-/ B %H 7%H #%7 7&H - ]H -/  6 !"67

!65 $J ( !H 7%H <" 6 !$[ B  ?" .7

-/ [ !6 ?" 7e 0( :]$K   - [ .7& ]%

6 bF %H -/ 6[ !6 7 =2! 6 (  H $de H/ ( !2 76 (" ]H p! %H .76 12

%H !12 !H   B & 6 =- H p .- -  %?- ( L= 0 B 7% B 6

 ( 7% L=d( !"H = B & . 0  / 0 - (K 0 2 7 &! [B !6!  %( !H 76

H !U/ - ]g [B !6 V? !6  6   0%m 6 . 7  27 bH(  L2  7

= - [B .7e H 2> 6  H 7%"6 ^d6 7  7$  B 7 !6& >%H  ]6 # .7

H !H 7%H !6 6 F  b1 !6  7 !6 F 6 .7%H LH 0 $J  !H 7% B  7 67K

 ]HH 7 B $ 7e 0( .7%H B 7% 7%"6 Y7-  56  6 U% [B !6 .7  ! L & $V.7

( 7%m  %Y7- (  U% 7! Lm   / !6 62 7  !$ H 7 76 5K    =  .-

L= 0Z[ '-F 2 &7 !12 !6 ? 7 ]6 .7 0 ( h#Z  6L5  =  ? !6 7%  1 7%%H

   = !6 0   6 .7H 0 & $V ] !6= D ./ Z  = .7 >%H 76 B

%H %H 7%H H  b ]Z ?" 76 H = . -!  5%  $V >%H ?V B !6  !H5

! -/   7%H   =  - !6   % .

6( 7 !H 7%H 0  $ - !6 !H 1[ ZW 7 p B 7% 6 .7%H 1/ B $B  g( 76  ZW B

#  ]6 ? ( 7% / & $B 6  ZKH/ . &m  B %H [ !6 7%H [ 7%H b1%( Z$  -

F B >6 7 ( 76 .7 w 7Z6 2 7% B F 6 $B  !6W =! !6 0 7%HH 0 2 0

 h"U $B !H -  ^6 s#  $V   7 -  ? 7 [ 0B &B . (?"! !6 ]6 ? .7%H

W ! -  7  (6 7   HUB hK 6! .76   7% D  5% -6 $V !H

 ^6 7# - mH =   6 .7 7 - 0  B% !6(  / !"/  !6 7%  7  -

76 7 7%H Z- bF .7%%H & $V 2 7 B B (  !% K .7%H 1/ 5   

7%m 7 m  ?"g V K  7%%H B  ZK   !6 bF 7%-%& 05&B /6 ( 7 7

B ]g  !67F - .7%H

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301364
; /a
  >8 /

hm66 = 0 ?- V  .7  H D%( 0

6 ( T b1 h 0B- ?7 V 7 6  

1-  .%H !  0 !6 G 1( 2E ( $de ]H

!H %H( 6 2 0   = $K B # 7%H( 27 

6 2  5.

 1

=  !H #6 Z  -  27  H !sd

 7&!  e  2T D  GK D

 1 %Z !6 1( .-7&!   $w $ (d =0

!H - 0 D H  D - ]  2 6( = !sd   27  - . e 0 1H  27D

  1H !67&!  56 .7&!   1%~ !- D 27  !6 ]  .75% !H

 hm6  1 &F 6 0   %H  hV B W !6 GK=B 2 F 0   $(  !H[`

$ % !6 7&!   6   - (  6 ( 1 0%m7&!  6 $   !/  ( .%H 7

B W= 6 L 27 7&!  (   $ V? 0 /  7%H  ."B H 6 6   27 

=% !6  . D   H ( 6 $ H 0> !H $w 7H( !" 0  1< B p 6

H  .7%H 07%6 $( -& 7H  !H 7  7%H  !m 27    #H !6 .7 1( d 0

 p6 (VdK c 7   ^6 B  !H ( B 6 "U ! 7%H T5

( V - 276 ! `e  y6 7 H - !6 .7%H H/

 ]H

[B !6! hm6 !H 6 6 = 0 - !/   ] 7%   .7%B !H 5% D  ]H

 GK6 0 B  - % !6  !H  -  H !  B 27 7B !6 / ( %H  ]H

 $K !6 7K( 7% y-  0 7B !H 7   \ 0 $K   7%H 76- 0 < !<7  

 =< 7B 0 /  % =>  =.%H   H ]H2 !(  %( !H -> 7 7B -

- 6 !H %XH (!    - 6 "B &5# H/ ( .-F -   ]H - !6 - B

  6 !H 7 > / !6 !H - "    76 7B - !6T2  F >$"K 0 . - &H 27 !6-

7B y- m (  6 &H - ( < ?. B ]H  27 7B !6 y-  = !j  !6

T2! 0T5 !6 => 7-. -

7B 7 G - ( ?-sd 0 / 27 6   -7B !6 !H H . ( 7%H  ]H B ]H K 

7   !d - 6 F  T2 0%m 0 !H -  L6   B !H (d  

&6 (L 7%%H  .  2 !( !6  B> 7 7 7B  !H  6 0 ]H 7%XH ]H G B - # !6

=  = ]H(.7 = -?!   (76  %  !6 !H 7% 0  %m d 5-  ]H( .7


!6 !H  %Z 0  7B !6 y6 B %&%6  {%H B !6> &g   =! ( 7%H  ]H!  

! !  !H F  7% 7 ! B = !6 =(>  -  .7

7%&  F / 0 H !# 7B !6 /  y- $Z( !6 . ]H( 5H %Z !67B 7 # `( H

]e/ 7B B6 !0- 7B !6 !H ( 6 7%H  ]H !? 0 ?( V2 h$[ 0   ( ]H ("= 0 %m

!/ !6  = %m 6 7F=  7 H !H !B- > H !6  7  6 0 (71L= 0 

  6 -  7jF - 0 6 6   .X. =!   - H   1( !6

( %H ]H B y-  ( !6( 6 0 . ( 7B.% 6! 2F LH !H %H  ]H( ( 6 = &% ( 7   !H

7H   !6 .6  %F ( 2 = !H %U"- "K y(  < L2  % 6 ( .7%H  6 0 6

.-   H!  B 6 56 ( 0 !H 0H  "H 7H( !" 06 0 (  - 7B !H 

 ( - !  (  .7%H  $K ( %Z 0 !6 => -  6  6 $ (  -.

 : G$%! = L

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=369393

< ( $]8  

`  %( ! `H < X-/  V( !6  !"6 7%&H<"h

&  7% 6 !5m-/ %H =.7

  >?6 ( ]Z  ] ([$ < `H`w .-

[ /   m -  (5 7% -/

=  !65  7% H/ 0   (/ 7%

\ (J F .7%6 `H

(  !6 ] ] ]6 >%H :12 7Z ($

<$ -`H ! [`  %Z [ / .  m 6

H/ 76 - .($ <2 `H 6 76 !H 7 7

2 7%%H - &? V !2 0 <6 `H T/

(  e !6 !H !j= p6 `H  !12 1-  .%H 7  % ! 0 6 0%m  :7%H!H 5%

 ( 16 76  /  2   !67 =  0  cW.76

(d &  K ]d !H - 02 - F 5%  ! Lm 6 F1 5  2  !6 .7 K 6

!H 7%%H $de H F s 5 =  F 7(0 7K B6 H 7  - F = = (/ .- 6 K

 F 7%%H $de (Y6 5 (D&B  = - !6`Ue K V ( .- !H  / ZW76 (/  H !H] !6
? -& 76 5 !K` 7% -.-

D ( 7($ K6  .7% ( !6 V( 7! 1256 2  < 06 !H - " 7 B> 56 .

 D / - H/  m 56 GW7   5 76 !1K [` F Z$%7 &! 6 !6

(-/ !H - ( mH >?6 p .7%H !6#    !H ]Z( 6 !6= - g ]e/ .-

5 ($ <  m   / `H( 15 %5<  dB ] - &B L6  / 5   !

!     ( $Z ( .7 1   !$% D($ <6 `H / [  m ..-

H/  m   / GK Y/ [ !6 76 6 X (] %?-  L  Z !12 Lm ` !H 5%

1- K 2 bF YZ  m /   / .  m  7F !J {%F 7 7 7%?$ 6 ([ &6 !H $#Z 7&H

(& 6B !6 7  7%.76 h

 D ] $de  !H  Z 27!  F = 2 %6  m  / 7  76 GW (6 7 H B

& L -   D ( 7 1- K % !6 .72 w h#Z(  / [ "B  m  0 7&H% !6 -

("H !6 L=L%[ 7 6 .

(  1  m (G-  m 6 >  m !H Z- "  [  ]6  .  27!YZ 

(!  7 5 !6  H 1/ =6 7& 5 = .  ( 1/ 67 !H - D [ 6 0s H !6

 !H 76 ZW ]6 B (7Z Z  7 K ?.2 7%

6%6 0 27   B B !6 = >F .7!  =6 76 !H 6 !H "6 >%H5   m  /H/ GW 76

!6[ !6 K 7 %H .%H

% !6 w D"y B 66 7 7 -= `H !H  / =  s !6 6 7-5 0 !H 6 -7  7!

 s !6 / 1 ]6 >%H 7%-6 L5! L .76  0 ( 7 .76 J\  " ( -

 -"y! ( 2( 7  " 06 p6 [6 H .7%H 2" %

`  %( ! `H< X-/  V( !6  !"6 7%&H<"& h  7% 6 !5m-/ %H =[ !6 7 w 0

B &B - 27&H 6 (H- ` >% 7%H  >(-/ [ 6 .76H 0 ( F -  06 d

(   .7%H !"?( ]$K 0

-/   !6 $&U6 -- [ . <= `H  ]% . !H 5%   ( ]6K !"e 75

&76 72  7%%H $% !6  K 02 ( &m% .7%%H

= !H # < `HL6 "e # 6 7%    0 !H5  6  T2 7

6   .7 (K !H D  g H !6 d !6 6 6 !H  %F H (-/ .76 h-%

2( 0` $!  W&   %F  7  / (` B 6  %F = 2 . !6 h(( 0 D

  !2 !H6 76 %H 2=  .%H!  =2!`(  6 # !H [ . <]% `H

%H 7 .%H

[ !6 w 6 W !H 5%   6  B6 0 -! - 1(6  6( $! Y6

7%6   0B &B - 7%?$ 6< 0- .%H = >?6 !H # ($  06 ($ <]&( `H

.7

( 16 ( 0    0(  Y 2 H >?6 J `H< e% .-($VB !6  -/ ?V

5 6  . <" !H 7%H h&(-/ [%H .  <B `H ?!5 1 7 H 0

Y  B6 H 0 2 .- !H -6 766 cW = 76 0 2
! 6  %F !6H Z

!H -&2L = H 6  .7-6 s !6


K 7% 2 76 B 6 76  7%H bZ% $-% ] !6 7%-($ ( $ 6  ( ]6K 7/ .76

 : G$% 7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=318852

<  =/ $J


U A4/

     27 %! L2($ B6 65

 = " !j -!  K b  76  7

($ 65   B  Z [6 - /. v-  !

U #%   0 -! 6 !5m 6 75 ($ K6 %

  L> 0($ !m 6 7#   !m !%

$ 7# .

Z 6 6 7 &2    6 6!   (7%

B 6 b! 76 76. -B 2 cU-5 K 

6 =  6  s !U B 1- %<"!# !6 h

?  - 65 B cU- =   7  K6

($  Z6. 76 J 2  7%! ($ / ] p

0 ^d6 -  %    e%( [$ 7% 

GK($   2 ! F B ! ([ p-

  ]6  B  1 76 < 1 2=! 

=2! 7 .  2  F !$% (7F [$

7%7 0 F !U6?] - - .([$ ] 6 &%   < !V   # 27 -27

 - 27 - . - 0 -! 6 1  1( B  (eVB 6 7 & ($

  J  7%  67& 5   6 ((  0 B  5 66  = 6 - .

  L> ($ B 65 :

e ( ce 6:

Z- % B p6 65 e ce 6 !12 B e c 6 e    6% m % 2

s% B e 66 / [ %  !6  ]6  $ 77/ !6 2   ]- ZK  2.

(-/ B 6 :

6/ B Z- 6 -`& %  27 (-/! 6  [6 B ]6  T56 /.
2 2 %!  ^6&  = / B  2 [ 6 B ]6 (Z [$ F 6 U%! (1 !  6 60

6 - -/ B 6  T2 0. - "& 2 T56 K6 7& ]/   W ! 7 !K512

6 = L  !6 - & ]w 0 -! ] m 0 -> T2! / !6 B   . 6

(& !%  & !6 : 0

   !% & Z- 6 % ([$ &6  & & !6 . 667  5   s

 5 %6  !%[ p  ]6 6 % 7 7 s %$6F 6   ! 5 ! 7 ^6

2  0 &  !%  7 7%!     77/ (1 6 =  ( %6 $ ( 0)) : ]w

(   0  B ((  ( 6 .

(Q  77 :

Z- ? 6 %/ & !  . 6 < B / !6 =  ZK! / <  6 L  7% 7

 <    bZ 6 76 0!  / -($ K6 . %

6 6B 7% (S:

 6 6B 7%2   56 2.  0?- !6`   h 5 (   => B [ !6 GK

% $"K-/ B  6  T56 6 /  ]XK = 7% s  .

- (a /  0B%(" 7 = :

6 0 6 !6 7 !6 K 76 &m %?- !6 =  !62 K   "$ < %$6  !m "( 1-  6 5= 7%%

1-   " 7"( 7e 0dY/ / &m !2 !6  d  = 6"  % .76 .6U

V? ( :02 s

6[ %$6 7  V? !m  ]6 6 2 - 2 6 6 e 2 6 !m %$6 7 7   6 = 

 =m !6 !( 6 ( 6 5  6m %  = 6 % $de %6 bZ 6 6 6  7 2  = !6

&  ! =2  !j 7%]  6 7%%7&!    %.-

( (  L : b1

6 ( L B b16 .Z( 6 7    7jF B = 2 !6  - $6 F 2   

$K 7  22 p

d (  / [ : ]6

  / =L! 6/ [ "6 d &6 m 7VB !65 / 5 $-%

p6?(J $ ( 6 ` !  ] p   !6 1e !"67e K ZK]  L 6.

 - ( :

- F# 2  ($ -  !$%   ($ & - 6/ !% - 76 F  ( 7

$-%  & .W %&B (1 !2  -/ - ]%.

7 (  :!s

s% e !6 %?- 6  B ( &B dV (  !s . % !$% 7[ ? p6! 766Z-7

7/ %7  5 6 %?-  ]XK  ! B s76 s 7% .

( K % 6 :

56 ! !m B K !m6 7 K[ 5j "6 7 - ` 012 "( ! 6 K`B5%

7 $-%76 s% B  B 6 ZK !6 !(67 . 76 eB

 ? ( : h-%  !6


 56 ! 76 !5m ^d6?  7 B 1 ? &   7%"66 "$ <  wd6 7e  &B < h

 ^d6 . -7/ (  7  (2 J( d& ."B B K !w/$ 2  2 .w   7KB !/ 7%F!

[  !6 7% U"( 6 " 0! B b1 6 (  7 7% 2 B . 7%% !  B 7

05&B(7% 6 67 0 =6 !"6 L267 - 0 b  !6 7 ]Z ?  1% -! = !6 (]-

! . -

(Q 6 K ] :

Z-K % "  . 76 5%! B 6 !12 B K]  !m s  (  ! 5  K

%?-  d &6. 7 5%!  K    #  Z-= % -6 ] !"/ !6( 2 # =

 B L2 " !6 7 !  = 7 =  6 % -e56 !K  ( 6 bF. !%5 6B !6

6 %6 7 [` 6B !6 =   h % 0 % ( !6  2 .K  s K[  7 v-Y

 71- 7%/  ]6 . -/  / - 6 & 5 7! Lm  5 - =  `>  !6

  7%! [` d !6 %! K   - !6]    . 76 ] --($  7 

. - 27 e !6 (  67? !2 !6  7%! B b 76 56 s / F .7%

F p 7  0B6 5 G1 !6 L2]  .5 7 ! (  % 5 !"6   !s/` ]6K J( L  6

 T2 . 6 K5 5   !6 GK =    2   = 0 ([$ 6 Z- 7 L>

(1 >6 >6 076 !6#( !# =  7F .%5 7  !6J  6 75 B6  !Y7 !6

 7! . 6

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263954

4]
0 
; >8

  7%F 0%m $# !H &! !6`B

-2  e !6   hUK %H 5 ` !H  /

UB 7 (&?  !6 `B (7 ] h-%

6 !6 7 = 6 %-( !j=.- Z- - /

H-  `B .-  !U6 `B   !H

 =  !6 %H ( >?6 !H (`B  !# Z

 7-   !6 6   =  !H - 7%%H `B 

 - =  !H ( !#  06 6 !H 7%%H


 =  B6  .  "`B "  D [

( !6 7 7 16 % $K [ !H 7%H  5 !H

=6 & 7  0    $Z .7% cW !H - !m

 "( 7%6 !6 5/ &6$ =  TF.

m %H Z- `B y6L

m  0! `B  7 56 (.K ZW !H 27 6 7`B 65  >6 7%  Lm5

( h$- &  !#  .7 $V  B $6 ( - B %H %H !U6 =h-

6.7%$6 `B !6 6 E 6 / !B= &6  .- !H `B &B 7% UWF %H L !6 B

 = 6  .%!  7%  !H 26 0" :7% !5= 0> B  H  ".%H " ( -

 27 7 L2 (7 7 .!". /= 0 2 !H 7%&(`B   K B  = .7

B!- !H 7 !H 7% 1 `e 6 `B  7   < = ] H .7 &B &6 / UW!H 6

p6   !# B6   6 0`B 6%6 .-  = 0&!  7% K6 7& ]/  !6

[ "U.7 ]/

H6 7K &K% ]/

 7K" !"H #%" e !6 ( %H !H Z6% = V? - !H -= !6 5 d  - 6? .

7K(( 7%B !6 %6 7B !- = 7K ) ( 77K 7(  $# ? 0B- !6 5# H  H B !H = ?

(" !6# = 7 1- 6.7%H    !H 7%%H !U6& 7K 1- 7%%H !H  /  = /

=    H !6  `w .76 !H K B/ 7  7L6 2 !6! H.7%H &61( p6

7K$ !6  ?"  06  %Z7K 1 D = d K !6 !H 0B-5 B =6 - .2

? 0 7K B 7 D 7K 1- YZ 7%H 7 766 5 = 6 K6 ( 7%H Z- 7 !6 5

B6 K  76 !6 . h(( 0 D Z !6 = 7  !#7( !6 !U6{ Z(  / B Y.!  !H

= 76 6 7 7! 7 Z( 767 6 %$ !$ 1- 7K6 7-  !6 B / !6 ? 5.-

m !B=  &6 (`& !H  6 %H ]/ B6 - # 6 6U( 0%m =-  . 0 !6 6 E

=  !H &6&U6 ( 7/ 7K( 7%6 7% ?-.- K 7 Z( 0%m %H  !6 $ 7  6

56 6 !# WB >?66 7 Z6 . H G%6 76 $ B6( 7%:

 ^6 ( !H`B 6 cU- !66 7%  7 e !6( - 7 7 ]/ !1V%

(   !# !H 72`B (g( 7  h # L5!   = .76 H 5 !6 7%%H = !6 [.

 $w = bF 5 = / 7%%H

( ?V B   v7- B !6!- B 6   72  ! 6! / 5

6 &6 0[ (Q`B -- - ZK H 7F  7%%H ! 6`B dU-

(S!"v K e !6  ]/ !1V% ( 5 

(a K [ (6 2V H "& ]/! !6 &6 7%6# =  ( 7 7 Z= !H0 ( = !6 V

(76 7 ]d

( 607 5/ L & 7%%H &6 .  ># 7F % 7

(5  L B p6 0 6! % 5 /] B` -1 .7%%H`B 0  - -

7%6 (e !6 7%   $w 27  ! .7%6 0%j(%6 7! e  6! # ($[

U% !6  =6 ZK 7  H D = e 7%6 !K ( L- ]/ 6 7% (1  ($ H F
= !6 L- (D.7  [ . TF B  - `B !Z-( !  >F .7 7 / ( .

([$6  (71 ( .- m !6 =g( 7   - 7 .-

76  g( !&K% &F !6 !U6 = 7 27 %BB ! %%H 7 = .( !H !5

&B # e !6( $K $Z H&K% !6  ( [6 . 5 ($w  !H !2 (6 J\ !$"< 6 7

 >(# 7%H 7!U6  ( 7% [&K% J\ ]/ . !6 6%6 .7%-6 7= 0  \ ]/ J`B &K%

p66  .

 : G$%! = L

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365558


< /0 

7    & 5 0 !H 7% F 

 F F -= .  H!  B% 7 B J

27  (# 6 K65T6 7 -  B 2L

  6 G &`  .7%  m7  H! >

H1 ! 6 7%6 .7% %w !"v 0

!    [ 27 ( h& $( .-  %  !H

=  >F 7 0= :!H - =7  ]K !H 7 0$

567

H $

&] ! ( $-H 0 !H -  K  ]Vd

 !6 7$ hH D H h 6  B  .7Z 7%

 7 ! =  % !6   . H !H - (#

 H ]w 7-%  >- !6 .7$6 - [B 0 V( 02

UBF%  ( 7%%H .7% h !"K 0

 2 -! ( 16    7 !H 7   ]e  (# H D 2   = .- 7% / bHD

 !6=  -  F >"$K !H 7 - .76 =  H 7  . !H !H 7% (6# $ !T2

 !2.7

= $( L6 "B -

!?$B wH$(   h( !H ]6K 7`e  !H  F .7% #( !"Z D  - 7  76 !6
= - !6 7 7 16 !% ] - = 6 !m .-

 ( 7_6 h/e (_  ] L(`F ] 06 "" (_(  bF ( !6 D $ - 6 > F

(! ( 6  B  ! Lm  H  - 5! T2 H.

H 6J !H$ e 6 K &F $ ]6K .7%

$ $

(_  -! T2 6 ( !H $(> 56 -#  B F 6 .7%H 1- 02 $

!T2 T2  &FK B6 7 !H$( $ .7%H

( !6 #%   !H %H  0  .7%%H

($ B Ty67

H 0 6 !H 7 K 0%m7 #  7 0Ty6 !H - h( !H 7 7 $ 7 =  v $K H V .7%H

! < !6 B(  !6  ? HH 7 B ^6 / !H 7 7 7 ] 7= >F =  $ .7 16

( ((6# 567

# `Z (# 6/ 7- !H 76 2(1 2  626 h !6 7 7 ! H ] <" p 6H -

7H !H 7 16 K 6 g( 7.7

$( $- 7%H = 6 e `e B =H 7% 76 .7 e 01- 6 ( 7%H 7! Lm 6 !6

$w  /=.7

(   L67%H 2" 2

&!  !6 hK { H  T5 .7%H !H 7 76 %  0 .7%%H 7 -# H 6  76 !6 0

!H 7%H= 2 H # 7 !m 7 hK   L6 2 s( B6 7.

B !6 (Q( 57

m p ! 7 &B  7  = 7 ] 6 !6 h-H  !H  0?  .76 &! H 7

BH 7%  = !6 0   !H  %Z B !6 bF .7%%H  7( 5 7  &.7

V? (S `e 7%H

T5  7   s -/ F==  !6 .7 !6 7%H Z-  K !H 7%H 6J B  !6 .7 <!V

= !j -= !6 7H #H 7%$6 .7%H  7%  ! 76 .-= K  !H 7 7  g( H 6 p! / Lm

 6 B ]$K( .7 7  7-%&6 (Y `e .7%H

 &...7

6 !% F 02  L6 6 / 7 D L6  7%6 7 !&"H 5 .- 0 &! !6 ! . !H 76

( 0  = Kj (UB 6 !H 7% 0 ( 0 0  ?  .7%%H  H . !H 7% $(&

 . 72

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=287959

<  / $ *; 

 !H 7%m  [ (' $ DmH L6  

7- 7 h(  !6 7  !H Lm! ( h#Z 15

- 0 !H - 0$ H !6 / ( 6  7%

 7 =7% ! 7%m 6 ( 7Z6 ] p-  (

 !Z U H 6 !7 ( .d  0$ !6!# 0

  !6 !1-~ !H -L !% $ 6L> 

=2   H> 7F 7%H !6 / L> .- !H 7%m

 / W/ / T2  B  V !6 !H - V

  !2.-

 7%m  V !T2> (? H " V!7

  1H p6 6 B6 6B 6 .7 !T2  6 K6 ($ 67 5 T2 !6 

= 7! 7   W/ V L62`& 0   0B !5m !H - -/  B !6 $

76 5 H !66 / 7% B pd    = 6($ K6 .7%%H

( UB UB L6 2.-

W 0 =# LX/ 7 !H - (! !6d6 0! e  6  !Z U$( !H  6 7-  !6

(7 hH ^6 7> 1H p6    =B 7% 7 7  %Z 27  UB 6  7 !6

 .7 B7%  !6 G6 0 7-Z- 0( !H 7 ?$B (&F DH 6  % "  $

( ]H .d 07 ( !6  %L> %Z  56 27 . 7B !H 7%mZ 7  K F   27 0

 (T5  %!  G - 6 $F   / 7 B K  .-

 (7Z   2 6 H 5  K 7 s !H 7  7 2 27  !H 76 (` 6 7- !6

 6   7%  %( 06 0 7Z (! $ !6 77Z-  B !6! H s !6 .7%-6

K !H 7- 6  !H 76 K   = 2> &6  %Z K`B B &  %Z !6

% =B`- 0 &6 6 627  7 !6 "e B> 1- 6 .7% 7 (0 W 65 7 !6

(7Z $( !H  [ (' 6 7- 7 h(  !6  7! 6 56 V( !2 0 ! !H

(  =  % ( .%

?676 K !6 ?$B5

K &6 !H -m ( <  L5  !%7- 7K !6  7 ( 0 6 ^6 $ 0B 76  

-  -  7( .- 07Z( !H -    H ( !H 7%%H 7% W ?6765 7%-6 ?$B !6

!6 0 ]    6 -1- < 5 6  .7 "& 0 !H -% - 2$ (7Z

  (&7K !%  76! .-

6  / ( !H 7%%HB 6 7% H 5 .7%-6  !6W D 7K ]w 2 7  6 0

(7%"6B- 0    . 0( !H - B-   7%"6 B %H 0 !H - B- B H

%H = .%H (7%"6 h"U 0 K   -- ]XVK  D( D( V? 27  e L .-

5 B !H "X %H -


5 T2 6 !H eB ]X   ]/ p  7 7B .7L#Z 2 7 B  6  !6

- s   <V( ]6K !6#  .7-  L 27 = !6 K [ %  7%H  !H

s 7 .   7K  L  e 5   HB !H 7 %H =  6 .-

%Z6 !% -  5 Lm = 6  %H !H 6 7  = 6 ( 2 7  %H 7 %Z !H  = 5 .6

!% 0 %Z6 !H -  Lm = 6 !H %H 5 6 2%H ZK 5 7 %Z.

7 T/ < 0 27

-yB- 2 ]5% H .  ?( D  0 7 B !6 !% ?( D   Z= - !Y D

T2 ! .  L 7%! 5  (? 6 = 7   = 7% !6  0 ! B H . D  !H DmH

L6 H76 7 2 ! F 6 7F =-  7-F .77F !m 0 -  '-F : 0 D .-($ 0

7K((7% 7F 0!  B 6 DmH 7&7m !H 7 B 6 2   6 (  ]w F 7%H m 6 

!H ! D   Z "B - ! Lm  H (   ]w D 5BH 27!  K  Lg

- - !H = T6  !1B 7 / =! 2T6 0 B Lg Z 7K 6 7%H B 7 (  7% !6

.7%-6

F h [  2  7  ( 7%H = 7 . 7 .7 Z  %( !H 7% ! 0  -

&6  !H  =    .7%HB W 7%H   !6 &6 2= 2 p 6 [ ( g!6 !H 7

BB !- .7-6 2 1% ]X !6 X (    / 7%H 2  6 0  B6 1( " !6 76

B 1%  B(  B W .7=H 2 - (L 7   $H   .7%$6 p

/  !6 .7%H = 7%H  &6 W  e !6 K D =6 . 7- 0< !"H  %(  !6

g % (27 T/ 7%H 5 ( d  !6 U  67 &2.7

( H D 6 F

=  !H7K ZK Lm 6 =  6 7W/ 7%  6 L y6= !H H .7 -  !H  W/

=  6 y6 p  =  B hV H .- 6 Lm K( .  Lm !H -

6 # H = !6 !H ` !K 7  !5 . 6 !H 7% !6= - / Lm Lm /

 - 7 !6 56 0 Lm  !H"= 7 !6= -.7

2 K Lm = -76 !H6 7 &6 Lm s% !6 !H -  hH - 7 2 K 

= -76 !H Lm6 7 H = = 66  !H - FH B .7 F e  $-% !H -% H

 =  H # 7 Z .- B( 0- 0 -  L2  $.7

7d 7

 !6 !H 7%  K  pB7- 7 H 5   !H 7# 7 ( .7  -   -&! e

6 # H B  .  6 Z   6  7 . ( 6 H (`Vd =H D - ( ]Vd

F B 0 6$K 0%m !1-~ .7 H B !H7 H !Z U s% !6 p  $K d 7 hH (Y6-

7 !H 5% 2  ( !Z U !6 ! - !& 1( 0%m  =7% ! 7%m .-

7  6K 5

(' &  !H - 6 H .7& W/ !H 7 7 B !6 !6 K5 16 .7% ( .'

   !-B6 !H 7 1 - 6 B L267 7 6 $J de  = -`( ZK H.7

  wH B 6K  1%5  0%m !# .7%%H7K 0 !H -5 !6( / 7% B ]d(  !6

.7%%H
 ` X eVB ] ] 0  = !H - `!K %H !6 5 76  .7 7 / 0  [B !6!

B !H 76( 6$<6 7 (27 B .76( 0 !H 7X5 6 !m 7%%6 7 `B 7%% .7%H e 

[ B 27( 7%H H5 F !6  dB 27 $# .7%H

 H 7d !6 ]$K 7K ] !6

 ( 6' B ] 6 1( 0 7X 6$ H 6 !H 7- 6  !6 7  B6 6 6 72 . !6 !H

  ( H # 6 !H 7 &!  (' &6B 5 7 7 . ! 6!  V B

7K B6 &6  6 6 0 6  / !H  $ 7K F 7% L6 6- 5% ...  6 7 .

( T6  " ??? 0  6 =  "!  7%H {6 0 ^6`- &H 2 .   6 !H

L &! ( K0  J((7%0 F F .7 H( 7%H  !H -F 7 .

6 H !6 0   

0 7%H 7% $ .- $ =  ./ 7%H !6 7 5% ($ 5 p- 7%H  !&H .  2

BJ Z[ 7  6 7&j67%H 7 B Lg 6  6 ( 7%H F  - 7/  6 = !6

(27 7%H !1-~ .7%H ]%  Lg  7 $ 5 G !H  =  !66  .7 0 ? ( ./

? .7

  B W !H 7%= 2 (1(  7&! ? -K 7]  . !6 !m 76= 6 7 (Tg!  .!

!6 Lm 56 0 !m !6 !H  !6 0 !6 .7 ! !H 76  7K( Z  6  .7 2

 6 -1- ( 7%H2 Z%e &F ^6 7 !H  / e H6 <"( p 7  56.

6 76 b !6

! 0 7&!  1% ? !6 - ] 7&! -7$( ] !6 7]  .7%H 0 7F< 7 $-

" !H = 1 (H !6# 7 6 = 676   76 .7% 0  /= b76 H !H - 7.

"  1  H2 0 d 7%%H  !6   H .7%/  7%%H H/  = 6 G !H -

6 ] =   . 0  /B !H - 0? 676 ^6 B  7% B 0 (6 J~( d K 1%

.7

/  ( 7  H F - /  !H 7%%H 0  Lm6 &?67 =   7 = 

 Hd !H 7% - 76 !H 7% Lm B 7! $# 7  dB 27 7

 !7%%H y-7&7% 6 [ (' (` H !6 7 6 7 &`  [ g( . %  TF

-   7e 77 . H =  7%&6 12 !6 = ]  .7%%H (= 7 7e %&6 p 7 2ZK

?6.7

77  hK 7F

<" h  e !6  ZU 76  = !6e 7% 2 . 6  76 !H 7 ( 1  %6 >FhK

 / B (H !6 V  72 = B- !6  !H 5% = = 7 &5(  B - !65 &!

 !1-~ .7 !H 5% &5(  B - !65 &! 2 = % !6 `  "e Z

 %H  !H %H D  = - !6 &5 !-B - !6 &5    7%H  = p D &5 !%6

7&! !T2

2m !T2 7%  = 7% - !6 0 !H  %Z 07  !T2 2! 7 =B ?676 L 7%6 7  !6 .!%

&6 B e  H B 7%H !T2 !6 (<= !6 !H 7%H h!T2 .7%H  $w 7% !T2 ( !6' !-F.-

H   !6 H !6 6 !T2 =B 7% !6 7%H L  $ !H 7%( 7 F = !6 .76 !T2 b%
(  7 ( !H 7-6 ?$B !6 F = = b% 7%  .76  !6 76 !H 5% B !6 !6 7%H L

! B !H 76  v ( D( D  .7

5 dU-

 L62 0Y]   0 YZ !H -  B $K>  ( = K  .7%H H 

 ~ $ 7 .2 H -  !H 7% !6 $ 1% %5 ( L22   ^6 7 .  #H0

 !H 7%H 27 -  6  6 p 7 !2 s&m 7 6 7%H .7%H 5  = !6 ]~( 6  % $

[(DmH ( !2 Z$ 0  !H  ( -K D 7%H 27 7H -  B  %F H Lm  %( .7

!H = !6  [ 7B .-7Z( !6 7 ( D( D   6 7- H -(  !6 .-

 6 p H !6 7$  B  %( .76 e( ( 7 (/ 7F 27 ]$K !H 7%H   - !6 !% B

 7%6& !6 7 !H 7%H  0 7 7  "B 0 6 !m 6 .- '-F !6 7\- 0 ."B !H 7-6 0!

$ 6 6 !m  7B 7  !ms " &6 !%  B   27 7 0 ]$K !H -

!6 !%W 0 7%6& 7%H !H 7 6 !6 77= !m$   - B>  2 7  ! B $> 27

!H 5 6 $ 7 K6.-

$  05 

" 7%m "H 0 bF ( 7 % %6 Y  !6 .7< 0! 676 (  B  L62 (' .7%H $J &6

( 6 B !H 7%H 6JB H 2 B 7%y   B2 K 26 . 7- 6  !67

 !Z U !6 F6 .B 72H 7% 7K !H    6 (7$] "L 6 `[ !6 7   6 %

6 !H = DH !6  6  = /7% 6 !"F 6 . =5% =  % L 6  !6

L62= 05%   (7$] .7

/ =B

7%mL - %&F ]$K  !6  HB   !H 7%     (H b1%  !H 7

( =) %H b1% 2  (7%H 2 B6 7 &(YVd 7 1- H !H 7  1- .%H

6 7- 6  !6( !Z U !6 7' F B - F L62 (' d1e Y !6Y 2 F <$ = B H .7 !Z U

(' 6 77- !6 !H 76   01 0B 0Lm !m 6  !H 7%- = % 6 "X !m 7-  !6

56 !"e.

W 0  ]w !6 ! 0< 0< :!H 76(  .- 7  !H 1%B 7%  7% (Lg B

H =  !6 - ]2 6 .7  7m B  0?- -  ( 7%H ]d !6W 0  ! !H 76

6 2 ?- 7H 0 ( !6 7%H ]d  <6 h/eB 6 !H 7 =  "2 (   27 (K J~( d .7

- : G$% ($ #

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=326282

 d

( g (d= 7%%TF  27B6 .- > m 6 (

- !6 6[`  76 G 7  6  5 Z

(K g .7

( gW  pUZTF  [" h .7% 1- 27

!m [` % B6 &6 e 6  6

./? &6 >F  . h/ 6 bW p

2E ?B V>6   6 eB (g

(d   6 .7 02= 6  &6  22

(TFg  0%j $%-  6 1e ?B V>

(  !6 7B g(  (d y6 .7 ( 71 g

>?6J !- 7  :76

(W  p % .7%

76 0  -%Z! 6 W/ ZW !6 K  (!

K  7 6ZK  !6  .7 2ZK  27  7  7 !2 7  g( !2 (d7

( .  6 (g = 7%  /- 0.-

( 7 7! 7 2 6 !T2(27 -! .7%

 g( ]6K !T2  6 bF !6 05%-7B B 7% !6 & .7 = !T2 T2 -&F 7 0

!6  % L(  .7% 7 K !T2 G  G$%[`( 6 !B- 7% (  cdV =   6.7

Ty6 ( 7! 7 = 7%&! .7% %6>F ]6K

 !m 2  Z 27 B ->  7  76 7! 6 K= G 7% % BB  .- 1-

 6 27Y/ 7Z !6  .7 07- J !6 (g L" 71 = -!  6   / <s%

56 s= .7m L 7% d !T2 &2 2 = 2 %(  .- g( 7 .7% 6 !( 6 (7K

= B = d T2 7 = - .76

 0B -!- =  %m  7%6! ?  g( 0m ( 7 .7 L2 6 # 77 V( !"6

56 7! ? 7 ( g !"/ !6 T2.7

s 7 < ZK p6!-

  5% # ($  6 = 5 s 7 F - B6 !1-~ .7 <  W>F 0ZK

< !1V% 2 BB! .76 0  06 p6 !7B  -#%&B  !6 B6 .

s 5  06 -  !6 ] :76

s ! 6! -  !5!  `7%!K g( .7%

s ! 6! -  7% g( L2   7%76  .76

s ! 6! - K7%6  7%& 7 ] .7%

s ! 6! -   7 ` 7%K  ! .76

s ! 6! !6/ !U- ( -   V? =6 ...  7 - !# ` Z .X
- % T56.

s ! 6! !U6 !-$ ? s V b1 !6 L $ b1 .7

s ! 6!  -  ($ 7 6 7 0 (6.76 0

s ! 6! -  L2.7% $

s ! 6! 6 0 !U6 !-](  ]$K - = ! L% !6] $ 76.

s ! 6! # !U6`( !6 !-    = 1/ !6  `( !2 7.

s ! 6! !U6 1 !-  !K` . - 76 6J  /!  !2!  s

( g1 7%%  L  g( p6.7%%

s ! 6!  7%-  % B!- B 56 7.

=   L6 0%m 2 7

-F : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=265190

; K 8 K

( K  &F    !6 !6 <  U%!6 ! -

= ! !Z 6   7 = !j ! = >F7

TF &F .7 !6 !6 = -! %- 

 7%%  B ?- V6 .7 0! 6 7 B

 - (" ] !"/ !6 76 ( gY 7 -

 6= 6   1%& ! 6   !6

 - ]Z = ] !66 7 .7 0! 6[ !6 7 ]

= 7 7  6 %- ]d( 6  0 -

7 s !6 -  6 7 !$ 6 0 -! 66 7

( ]Vd`- F. B

 01 V? - 6 s !6B hm6 7B  < 56 7 7 (~6 7  B !6 $ ?6 7 Z6

K [ L  Z6 .7   6 %- 6 = 0 ! B TF! !VB s 6 7  .75 0Y7-

2 !6 !% BB 7 ! 2!  ?6K 7%B V? 0 $ B !m 7%% 7 7e !m !6 !Z( B. 7= 7

- '-F v- 0 !$ 0 -! ! 0%m b ? 7   w / !6  6 67 #

0%m ZW < -  0  ^d6 . !6  0  B 6   . B b 6   !Z
6  B = ! = !Z ]B !6 ( >6  =  67 %Z 6 K / .!/0

  L U%&!   !6 U = 6  Z- .7% 0 -! = ?  !6 6 !6 %Z 0!

? K B 76 6  2 F  6 7 -L !m . !   [ .$s (ZK !Z 5%

 7%

2[ 0 7 /  7%! ( ( g 7 7 GK " 7 7!    75   ( 0Z.7%%

7 $B 27> 6 "L > UZ TF  6? V "   !sd .- - -!

F [ ! K 05 =- ( -  K!   76! K 6 - !6 7B  L57B =

= 7 (  2 7 6 !6    B %6 .7B  2 7 6 6- ]Z 66 76 7

% B !&F - .75 [  / W !6 2 L2 6 76 7%%  6 7 56 7!  = 7  $

? B 6$ .7 $V 7Y p 7 ! 6- 7Z B  .7%   0!   6 5%

7 F -- = 7 L     1  F 1- 6.

=  -  ] 6 7%  " `- = 6 ( 7  bX 6 75% $ 6" =F 7%$6 0

s !6 0 - !/ 7= %Z 6 ( 2 V # = B 7% ( 6  7 (Z 6  !6 . !2

[ 7Z6 5g  & B  7 T2 ( 5 =  %Z 6 - .7%%  p B > 1 % !

5 ( d ! 7  6  7 6 6 p .B% !6 B  T2 ( 5 B ] !6   .7%%

6 6- ]Z  %Z !6 1% %! 6- s 7Z B (56 V 7 (V B ( = #!  0-

"6K6 = !6 #  7 2?    !6{ "U  7- (s y6 !VBL .7 %-  = 0

!/ 2  06 7  $#L 7 = .76 K5 / 6 7%1-2 B #  7%

  6 p 76 K6 % !6 B 6.7

 =2   B 7%  27 7%% 7   =  F  .7%#  5   $V 7%  ( >6 G

  !6  =B . 7 7! !   7Z =  >F 7!  6= !6 -  ( 7L6 0! 7K

 =%6 L .7 GK"! = ( ! g( !6 #%(  2 7 7  ( d ( 6 6 / = 

<6 L K  56 ( &F .7 !6 0!  6 !%  6 1 ? 7 =  !6 . 7% 

 % & 0 6  ?   ( 7 K! =  <= 6 L  .77 .  !6 66  %Z 6

(K d B.2 7

!  $

[  $ = 7K  -!  ( 7  F .7%  (7Z ! ! (>6   %{  7%

  6 7 . 0!  Lm  Lm  B 6 .76 - %Z ,> %! 2 Lm  B 0Z

 7$/   /.7%

>-F 6 !m ]w y6 7 0! (  % $K ]6K $ 7F  = 6 L 7 [ -2 0Z( 0.

" 71-    " 0 B 6 p 7(6 F .7F !m V? &F   7% 6!6& 7

 "V5!   271 B  %&L .72   e( !6  F  7%"5% ! !U%

2   77  K $  6 7- / & {%F!   $   6 7 >

 6$ 0  6  - !6 /m 7 6 0! K 6 -  $ $  7%6 .7%y6 6 7%0

67 7F  -$ !  7 - 6 BY6 7  6.

 !6 7 0! 7 Z6 6T< 6 7 e %Z 2 .7  ? 6 5 ! 2 Lm !m 7 6!m 6 7

BLm.
( V B 2 !6 57 V( . 0B 6 !    .->  7%  V.-

6 0& !6 7 6 7 7! / 7-16= 2  7 -! .76 (  / 7%( 2] !6

= ! 0 .76 - B7 7! (76 6 7 !6/ 0 m 7%  0%m - `B 6 b6 ] B

 07( -  6 7% 0!  s  6 . 7  0%m - & ( 7% 76 7! < 05 7

/  T2 7 [ -/ #6  h-%.7

  %- -! ! - 7 ! = !6  m 7  0%ms  B cde ] 7 # 

.76

- % !6 0? e!  7B%. 7% %! =  (Y6  !6(  .77B Ly  !5m

UB K 7 = !62  UB  LF !/ [B !6 e 7%- =  2 7- / - 1e  !

> UB 0%m 2   /  = ]g !6 $ m -   ]g 7% = ZK  (6- = !6 2  F

 F 7! 7B  !6m 7%% % h/e   7  /!  ( 6  %B -  UB K  27

 !6 0?B  ZK! B K ! - K! !B. 7

=L ( !6  %   7 5%! !  p !j6 `w - B  7 !B 7%[ (  -(?

B  7 < <.

(  ! 6-  {  5% :      7% ! 6 6  .76 L% 

.- 6  F .   %Z #  7% B  5!

F  %- L% !/  /!  =   B  # L  / ]w 7% 6 02 7%"6

7 1-- ( 0ZB K 6 "$K ] !U%

F - ]Z =  2 ?"76 (! 6 U% !6&  7% $de ]w& ]B 7  = .5  L26

Z 6 `  7  V( / 0   L 7%!  0 ` - !  $ 76 7 hV

=  2   - 7%%    LL ? U.7%

hm6 1/ % [  - ( 0!  (  (6 "$   e !7 GK   ( "UZ

L%  / ( 2" !6 0 7! 6 76 %- 7 1/!

B  K 7 6 ?6 7&! 6 7   "! !6"! ( == B ?6 / 7  2  B7

6 / 76= 7 ( / 7%B 2  .76 7

B  K=K (K` W  7%% 76 !m 0 ! - K[" h ( 0 (" 7  %1

6 =K 6  e 7%% / -  F 7 -  6 %Z 6 5! / 7 J.

- !  5% 1- T27 (`UZ  /! 0 (76  = [B !6  %( 7 0! &! 0  7 5

 ( GK.7

> 6 !6= -  7 !- &  67 ! =  6 L 7 B 6 ! 0B= . 756 B [B W!6 !"6

 [B #!  $K ! B bZ%2 7.7

 7&7 !6\- 0 ! = 6  h-% 0 - !-F  {2 h-% ? # 2- 6 .

&! !   6 B 27   [B !6 0!  0%ms  / 76 c( 2 7 = 

B  .76 5

 !6 !Z  ?V ` !5m  #  7 6 #   7 0Z( eB7 .- (&? L 

! / [` cde 7% =  !  p  Z %- 6  .7%%

&! F$ 0  h-%` ( ]$ L% h-% b-  Y- 7   =   { h-% ]g
6.

B V? 6(     ( F & % 0? .0

012 0! 0 :(  L2 L6 !6 2  ` .6 b

6 %?-  & ! = B  7.-

Z 67B 6 .76

> [7  6  6 >% 7 7 66 6 2 B6  `B !K(   5   

 6.

- : G$% H "K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263384

 KO $ <

= &  K[ 27 (  - = (1(  % 5  c !60

g - =  !"# 6 K F  T27   7%6   h !6

 B 6 !6 L%  7 (  c 7 %F 5 ?6 ( 7L!%

Y6  !6- 767 = 6 ]w  5 F BL !%

%%j%/  %27%  5% (1 c  7Z6 = / W  !6

 -7  =B !6 B( ($ 56.7

6 6  ( "B 7   5  !Z U !F

 Z - B / <T - !6 B ^6# &  .

!$!  = !-/ %2  B YZ .7 B V? 6 T2

/ %2 ] B &F  .7

 7  V?6  ! <]  7% 0W 7B F 0    $K6 e 7%% B !6 27- 7 7 !6

7 B T2 /  %2 / .7%%  = 2 $# 6 7% w !66 ?- 7  (1 c 7%%U ! &F !6

= B 76 7  ( .  . B& .7% 0 #  7 !6 7Z6 - !-    7Z6  -

2 ...

[ !- 0 7    ]<  bF ... 6B 7 6 (1(  % 0 c 0 -! 5% B #%F

(- !6 K   5 % T $6!]

 7= K 7-!   Z6 .% -   p  - $ 6 7   5 7m . -  71!

5  77! 7m -  7%! B !65 7!  !


6 2    (1 c T 6/ %2 h  .- -#%! !   g 6   (  7

$# eB ] !6 7% 27m .% B B $#  [ %  27 %! 5 = ! 77%y6 [ ! / T

%

[  &6   %! 2  T 6  6 27! !  ( %&%6  ! 77 K s% x B

 06 !6 - ...7Z6

2 "( !6L   5 %  m    ( >F /  %2.%

= / %2 T 6 ZK -27!

2  Z6 7 !j6 5 7% T GK 6  dB ?V    7% .b6

2  Z6 7% K ( 1( !6 7  c    (  !

 7  07 ! 6 !  ( 7 !6# .-= K 7-!  .6 U%   2L- 7%  27 &6

 7 76 !6 / -76 / 7 6 !6 &6 27!  !6 .7 - T Lm !m  67! = 76 !6 7!

.7%

 : G$%!  H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=249220


;& ?< /0 >8 R5

($   K b = 6 !H - 

 .7%%H`H 70

( ]"d 0m !U6m - 7% 6 6 - ! 

 "X = !H   V! B = U

7%?- .7 [ 2 0( $V 6 ^d6 !6

6 &  (  0HF 7%B  = 66 

(H - .7 ? 01  !6 !H 0 [ K 6

H ->    F= !H 7  6  2 7 -

F !6  7-6 H`F ! 6J : (%Z >?F

!7%H

5 Z  H !6 (  - !H 7($ (/

 (`  F  !7e 7%%H hH !H 7 &7

 !H 7L>   &6 0 - 0($ 6 !6


.7&6

 0( (  66 6- .K 7- .7

6 "Z $K ]6K( = !H -    7%%H [

 b 6 - 0  TF (%  H=B (7.B- 7

`B6 = 6 !H !m 7 !6 07& 2 7%7Z- H 6 ?-  VK W !  7 ! H.7%

" 6 !H -7Z- 6 H  !6 ?- 7%H DH B6 YZ VK 6  !H 0 D 0

eVB 7 !6 7  5&m] .7

(7Z  67Z- `( ?- !6 !H  7%%H   (  %= !6 U- 7= -6 7 &6  Y67Z( .-

]$K 07e  6 H 6 !6 !H -&F !U- 7Z- B !6 =6 7   - .7%66 0 6 `B

< $ 7 (  .7  K1 7"2 =BH 0 F B ! 0 7Z( !H 7%H H  h-% >6

7/ 6% !/ B  H 7 0(1  !H 7%  ! !6 =7 .7 0  h$-  = !H 

  (0 0 (!6#( 66 0% !6  %( .7%6 0 ] 6  = !H -/ &6   66 0%  K

!2  (B % H H   6 !6!/ % (7$] .7

!m 2 - !6 $ <   !6H (`  $ ?- 7% b V% / !V?& 0 1H

6 L LX/ ^d6 .- 6 !6eVB !H 0 ? V ( ( 7/ !m  !6]  Ud   $ %j

!  .7  !H 0 D  0] !m  B6 ( 7% $! $H( !6 Lm =  6 2 . !H

eVB B6 $-% J 6 B F ! 6B !6 !H 7 =  / ( 7%H7%m 7%  7Z-

B  %(  = .7%%H H ?- 6 b .7 0%j/  = 6 &6 H76 !H - 7Z- !6 eB

= 7 pd H 77%m !H 7 / =   ] !6.7

/ 6 7%m > b !H 1( 7%H 1 " Lm !6 $ < `B L6 2 L- % !6 .7 #%

w /  !H 7% ZUK 6 - ! ( 7%%H ] 7jF !6 7%1( /   2

 6 07   !H D FK (0  .7 ! 7 H !6 - p$W / 7Z( !6  H7

/ ` .7 = 6 1( 2   ]6K / 0 mH 0 2  !  767 K 6 (6

Z1%F -= 6 J= p$W !6 B 7 7%  = !H  /  %( !H D F (06 7%`( 7 Z ( 7%%H B 6

/  27 .7%%H - !6 H

 !H !2VK ( !6 2!1( 7 L- $ < `B   " >6 L6 7/%2  .7%%H 0 !

(  % 6 H %- !H =  76!  G% = B  7%H !"6 / {( Z(  L!2 0

( .-( 0 &<" j &  HD6 7  H 6  $ < 5L- 7e  /

L 6 6 " L  = !H 7 (L $ !6 D  (F .7

F 5   (d = B !H -L- 6 &6 = !6 !H7Z-  (` =  56! 7 ( ]d !6 76

!6.-

- 0 `w !H >F y 6 Ly= 7?- H !H - !2 (`Vd 7 -  15 d !66 L5

H 6 . ` = 6 T< !H 6 H ! ( 6B(  !B - 7%H 6VK   F 7%H 7%H 71-

- H  ( .7%H Z -$"/ 0%j ( #  6 6 ./ 0 ]H = 7 [ 27 / = !H !m

 0 -= D ( ]$% <  %( - D !6= - 6 H= . !HL- 6B 7 7%%H

-!T2   $ !H 7%  =   =.

[ - 6 .- [ 07/  wH   SS/ !6 7e 7eL>  !H 76  B !H - F 


 - %"H ]6   7 = !H !m (7Z  &H Z%e 6 F (0 / .-

&H 7/ !H wH  (6 (Y6 S 7e - $H 2  67Z-  !H] !6# H 6 ?- hH

 7%6 7 [ .- ? ^6 6$H 0%m !H 7 7 - !6  =.7

6/ 0 !6   K !H L- <" ^6 hL> H 7B 7 eVB>?6[ 0  h$- LL>

H 7B  2 `w .[ !H]H L-  = 5 7%%H &"H !H "U !# !6 L H 7-6

!H (V 7V 7 h/e .72 K/ 7% !H 7 < e 0  = 7 !6 .77= 6  0 !m 2 

  ( &6 6  J( 7% 2 s  (  ]d  07B   = 6 !H J(7%

5 B6 -  e  &7   0   = !6 6- 7 .  %( (  - 0%m

e( (    &6 F= !H %H B 7K B L !H 6 b L62276 0 / !6 27 =.

 s !6 !H H !H 7- d   6 . 6 1 ? !6   F 7 6 !H 7% B  b.7%

0Z- (= e j 6   - 6 K 2 2 !H (Y6  = 7 !  .7  7%%H

!  B H hH.7

 : G$%!  VK

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370397

0 <a / $ Z

 e)( 0)) :`B h/ $Y !6 $d ;% `B

((.-$

m $d < !6 = 7- ))&B ((. .7% &B . (

 $d ,- ! ! & ;76 $d , ! .& $d

 .7$ B $d (  Z ,- ! ! Z ,$d

,76 !  .7$ $d ,Z  ,Z 7 ( ]6 Lm7%

! = )) (($d ))7(( B .7% !  ,Z B Lm !67

6  h-% `   / ! = ))B ((d B7%

 b1 [ = h - B 7! B #= !6 7- 

]e/ ,7% B Lm !66 7 ! ! ` 6 !  h-% B  B / ! = )) B ((d 7% ))

B ((."U 7%  b1 X =2  #L  ]e/ Z$[ (1 .7 LB $d , 7.

bF F!  Z - F!  $d F -! & .. .&   !6 ! Y6! -  7- ( ,  Z  $d

F! 6 ) . ' ,.& !/ )) ! -.(((K


6 `B B(  2 ]  j ] VK B 6( , pd ,2 ,2756 #6   B 6

] 5 6     0] -2 `B   ( $ %= !6  !6 B 27

 "! 7 $d !6 0[ 07 5  m ! 6 F L 6 27 / ,$d ,.  .7

Ye  $d !6 7 -  27  7K 6 27% 0 -! [ $d !%&( 0 & 7%6 . 75

s ! 7%6!  27 [   $d ]6 $ .7

 ,  7F 6 ZK -  B B ( 6  (`   7  `6 > s ! 7K

! h"K e76 >- .  6 !6 7`B /  ` =2 ! B .$[ 6 !-  

!6 >27 - m .7&?$6 !    $d  [ 76  1  27 6- 7  $d `!K

[ .76  B 6 !B B6 22  6%6 7% 0s !6 !B  $d ` 7% !K

B B b/ 7% (Y6 = .7&j6 0%j  L - d 2 76  >6 ! !6  $dm 7%

!   27  B ZK>  .7-%

 27 Lm! h"K (?  6  7%  $d -    ( 7 - 76 ( %! $d6

( .-  0 -VB 7]  76 ! VB 0]  6  ( 6 6  !6 $d 6   6 B

 - .76 7 !j= 12  >6  Lm 5  ( K d% 6  - (` > 6 

 ( 6 $d 6 B V?6   !6 $  76 7e ! !$  !6 76 h(( 0 

$d 6 e L !K` 6  !2 !6 76 ! $d 6 7 6 ` !K  !6 $> (  /  7 27

B >2 UB !67 !B ?( h%6 h  >27 .& 27 !e , 6%6 - 0 V?6  

d6 G   G#  7 6 27 7% 7 ( 0 ] 7/= .7% 6 7  76 5 %  6 .7%6

 $ 7 6  !6 $ $d  m 7% ! 6   $d & 27& ,!K` , [ 6 !6 76 .  -

06 6 e $d  !6 ."Z ? 0  b6 !"6 76 !m & 27   T2 "!1

 6  !6 $ 0[ $d76 57/ 6 7 7 B &6  - . 66  $d & `!6 !K

7(  ,5 7% BB 27 6 &! 6 - !5 7 .7 / K   L$d ( !K` 6 /

6  & 7  7%!  B TF! = 7 !2!  = !2! -.7%6 7

- : G$% G6%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=236612

 e
R  $&  A4/ /

2 H 2 ( !H 7%6  7%H L 0 $de `e  6

= F !    7%5 .6 7%F 7 6 &6


BH 7 B 7 !- K  Y &6 !H - B6

W B  LH . 2  7-y6 0! J 7/ (  %

.-Y L6 !H  7     6 !H= 0 !H&!

 B= !6 - 7F - %H6 27 .- (H "B 27 - Lm  (  !6 7 76 !H 7 bH5

 ( .7 (  H 6 7 0 76 b !H 7%H 27  !6 Y6 7-6 B  V?( ZK 7 16 !H 7!m ZK

 B 7 !6$ = 6 "B . =   ( 7% 0  [B !6 .7%%HB  0  0   !6  0 76

6 !m !HB bF .7%6 7 /-  ( 7%H G 7 !-6 27 / .L6

(Lg 1- 7%H

Lm "B ]w #%   6 7  6 "B .7 H7% 7 ]$K !H !6 !% B  !H 7% = 5 7

7%6H 7   7%%H = - B   B6 .7 6 !% 7 0 6 76 76 7 .76 K

B 7%6 H/ 7- 6 7  .7%H7 0  H #  "Z .7 !H -   $# !H- 7G

] 7%H 6 2 !6 LT5 K !6 !H 76 0vU 7   .7- =  "K Kj -  6 02

. 2U% 6  e Y/ ( &F 6 !5 . 2  2  ( 6 1H 6 B 7 H  F 0

= K=  H Y !H -# 76.7

6 b1 !6 7%H

=  #B&!  .7  h K D(  6 7 77% = !H 76 K (B p"( d 56 6  .7 07

bF 0 6 7%H 6- =  s% .7%H B !H  0B g s% .7 06 !H - 7 b1 !6!

76 656 V( 7 7 (B V ( .76 d .76 G[K  0 ]  6 .- 7 .6 ( "H !6 7

%H T56( [B !6 .7 6 !H - H 6 !H 7#  7 7=  ! 6 7 H bF .7 B( 7K & 76 7 (

%H T56 .7  %( 0 (  !H - 7/ [ ".7%H h

H ( 7%H

6  0  H (  7%H ( !6  1[ .7%%H 0 H ! (  H = $K ]6K `e (LH( . 67

F !H 76 0! %6  d 6 ]H H( 6  .7 H 6 !H 7# 76 7%H ! ( 7 ( ?- 6= 0 

 .7%H H H 6   ^6 ?- # H 6 "B 5 - (    ! . LH( #%  .-

H 2> ( LH! (  76 7# 76 bF .7  (7Z Y 7%H   !H 1 56 DH 7 7 H(  .7%H

Y6 !6- / T567

] !HX Y L &F !& -  Y/ -  B  !H 7  .7%6 2 K F  7%H2

(s !6  D  = 2$e - "B76 = %H6 hV%  = ( . 6 GKL6 72 7%H !6 %Z6 Y6 D-

/ T56 .7 0 %Z - F 7%H 6 2 56 .7 Lm $56 V? "B 7 .7 0&! ( 76 

76 -  - . 2  bF !6 2X / T5Um 7  ( 7  - B( ( GK! !6 !H 76

 / T567

B 7%H 1/

$ Kj 7 76 !H 7(-/ .7%H !$"<  6 - Z6 - K W "BV B  0H   67

=& s% .7%H 1/ & ! $ 0 :7 6 7%m ( Y/ H !  $V 0    B B

. GK Kj# H !"Z D & $Vm .7   1%  G#    ^6 !H 7%H  5 !6$

 H 6 %vU .7 0 = ?  !H  Lm GK .7 H 6(  ( 76  06 !H 77

=& = .7%H 1/ 6 ]K 267  / !6 GW "> 1-    .7%H 0 !H - =  B 66 7


(-/ <"H !$ & $V.7

`H ( 7

7 B !H ( 12 !H 6 H 7 .76 !- 0 27 76 ?- "B - 76 ]K 2 -

   1- H B= !H 76 0vU 7%H  ( B .7 7&! 7e  2 = 6 .76 ]w ZK

6 ZK B6 2 = .7%H  27 ZK 0 ! B !6  %  56 .( 76  0 !H 727

 - .7 0 d = B .-7  .76 !2

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=305494

> $4 $& >8

" 0  06 1% . F ! Kj  p %6

! =  B  .%$ 2  F `H 6 75 0 !H

%H 7 = D F) ".7%H  B"(L

=   2 1% 7  2 1% H - H!

=2!   =2! 1( - !6 1% 2>  .%6 1%

 0 ] !6 -

= 7 H GUK  0 H 7%m   .  2 0

667 %B -( !m 7$ ? 6   d 6

 0 76 7 0#  6 - !%m 7 (Z $V

.76

(J  Lg

( !H (d - # % !6 "1% J(" 7  !%

6 UW $V U% 6  eVB 5  B7%

(Z  7 Y6 6 1% J( .-  Z 0 Lg " &K#

  6 . !% 6J  / 0  7 -  ( = %H

H.

!  !# %676 -  GUK ]g 6 !U6

-   !H H >- % !6 76 &%H

 ]6 0  "( /  K.-


!m 6 eVB 0(  76 7 0# p !m !6 K &%H/ D 6 76 !J# (g(   Lg Lg .-

"  "-  7 ]&( $VF !H -  !6 ?" 76 7-   0 .7%%H -F 0  6# 

(Z   ?] .7

7  #B 6 2 7 7 0 (Z 6 ( Y6 1H27 $ &  .76 LF 2  ]w (-/ 7

$H   ( # H !1! 7F H(   X` 7% / !6 2 =(  .7%6 7 6 !6-

= %H (Lg $  .76

2 6 1% 0   !#  / ! - ]6K LF  6 = 6 !"6  . ! 7%m !6  0

  $w !6 !H %H7&  .7%H  DH

( L5 &? 7%H

= !m 76 2 (1  .7%%H  !$"<  6 1% !B !H !%-2 7  & !H H  0 .--

(1( (7F g %H .7%%H   !H 7%H  DH  !6 1% L5 = h$- 7 16   ^6 0 6 !H 76 %H

B( 56 -.7

#$ B %H T567

( s -7  ! 76 =  Ty6 .7 276 1% #$ B % 6 .7%H  ]X

(K1 p 7%  !T2 =  (56 !6# 7 !6 ! 76 g( .727    !6  ( 7 &`

2  $ .76 b

B  6 p .7

  !H - !6 %6 1% !T2< = 7 !6 = 7 B !6  = = !5m !H 7 T2 - &F! 6 / .7

 D  %6 1% !6 `$ !H Hm  2 -  7&!  7%H Z- . 1 !6 $6 Y6 7 6H 0

 B &6 $w !$%.2 7%

]$K 56 Lm !%7%H  7

B $# 6 !H 7%H 7%m  /  6 1%6  ]$K .7 7L6 / !%  = B  .7%H 0 7 7 B

# 6 !H 7%H B 5  ]XK &6 7 & $K ! .76

$ 76 DH

!H 7%6  2 1% 7 LH !U D 7  !6#( !H 5 & !6! 56 DH 7 / .77%m !6 0

"! & 6 ?`& 6  6 !H 7%H H  !6 V  27 -  !#%F 7%H 27 ( !Z-.7

27 ( g7

!6 m 7%H DH 7%   ^6 0 !$% !H  $wB 27( 6 1% .7%$6  6  !6 &6 0 ]

6 !H - "  Y6 0 0=7 H &6 J( 7 $e.

- 56 DH7

D?6 0vU - !H 77 0676 K 7  H 6 1% !6  !6 7[` 6 .7 H 0 ` 56 s( 7

5 = 6  7Z6 .7$ ! 7- Z 7e $ =6 7 =   ] !%676 `e g(   .7%H (Z =

  6  7 7 (  -.-

 0676 7%H

 6 1% 0676 27 6 7%H  0K  = J( d( - 2 .7( 2" 7 g( !6 7([$ = 6  7d

.7%H

$ H  76 !6


$ 6 2- D B( 56 .7 .X` 0 2- 6 L%  HJ(  $w (Lg 

T2 0 .6 !H 7%H  - U%   Z  !67 K 7 26 !6B ZW( H  6 H 7%H

B( B - .7 7 0 (   !6.7

- 76

6 Lm !m 7%$6 B  27  h-% - (     7Z- 1( .7%H &H  $w &! "

(Lg T561( ( 7  1% 5 <"H !$  6 7F .7%%

- : G$% (MLM ""d

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=233532

A4/ 


2 K   27   =  >F !H 7/ 

 %( %H7K D (   !"e  05% /

  $#   2( = 7% K !H 7Z6 - 

7 F   - B 6  2= Lm !m :>

 0 7Z6 7- ...7%H  0(  !6 e !6 6-

 - = Lm !H !T2 0 5 

2...7%H K  ( - 7% !H 0 H & .  =

[ H   !H  7$ ... 0  &6 !"v 0 B 2

 ...7%HB  K 6 %H ?6 !6  0 %

7-$K 2 & !m (B K1 72....  ( - ?6 6 06 !6 !H 0 5 ? !6 7%%H( " 0"

6 # H 7...&! B 6  2 $K 2 & ...& . 2 ....... 2 0  ( 7" 6 ( 

 !H 76 W 0 6   76.7

(  - !6 K   = !H 7 ZK / &F  27 " !6 H/( .7  !67 = 7% !H

 = - !6 %H  H/ ZK! K 0  27 !H - = !m (V 7%H (  .d .76 0 ( J B

( 27 <] &...7

7- 6  !6 !   B 7% T >?6 - !6 /   K 6 !H 7% 02  ZK 76 7

7-  !6m UW   7 = !m =- !6 7%<&  = 7%-(  7   7- !H 7%%H &F ]6

& !6  = 7 ...7- 27 g( !6 !6= - = e !6 !m ZK B  27 7 !6 0 !H27

B = !6 $ 7% 7%H 0(  27 Z$% 7 6 L5 7 7  76  !H 7%H  DH  !6 G
&`( !6 ( !H   !5 h! ?&( -....7

  m

 %Z !6 6-7  !H s 7K  " hH  .76 ... "U - m 6 

[ !6 =2!  =2! =  (- &! ( 6 [6 H = Y! #  B6 7 . ] # ( 0 1

 - 7 Y] =( ( % B !H - 0 !- 7Z6 - !6= -  - !6  6 .7&7%

 B YZ 77Z 6 &6 0 (  !  = .7   ( 7Z6 7%- 7-  !T2 ]w  !6 (! ...7%$

W 0 5 ^6 =   (  &! 5   %F (  !H5 7 7%%H %-( /

!76 V? DL(%y   7( :   !"v B `H !H -B  K g( 7 B p

# !6 7%H  =( .7  `H ZKm - = 7% ZK -!  = !6 7% H/ = 6 !m =7%

 (V  $# J( %H "  . !H   ([ !6 7%-  .K6 !H 7% 7 . Lm !m !6

  7 !6 ] (   ( !6 7%7  L6 B 7F - !7%%H

 K( e H ]d /5% (=  >F ]Vd 7  !H  &/! (  76 7 L 0  6 $6

7 =  ! 6  v !H 7 ]g 7 B ( > - #/ > 05%- - ]6K 2

0 ] Y6 !6 0 !"F ( K 7...7

6 76 !H 0 m  (  !2 -6 "!   .%H  H

m   (-

m 2   !T2 ZK  %H 6  06!

   (m - 2  6   %H V H ./L !H -  d  7 bF  L2 =

 56 &F...

   (m -    v L>  7 =  !7%H  H

   (m -   6 %H(   0 s H !H -  =6 .%H

] 5W 0 !62 6 0 !H7K !m H # & 7  h &6  ("$ 5 %H 7- !6

 &6 &6  .7%H  !%B

] ( 5  ( ? 1 %  /.-

( "e 0 ] ( 5  ( B 6 ( "X g(  !H - =  (76 g6 .!H 76 7  7

]  L> (   ( > 7! 7%6  6 7 56   T !5m $6 6 ] = 

7 -.

6 7 % = 7Z6 7%  ( 6 XL (V %H %H = 5  e !6 - !$ ZK .%H

(  7Z6  K  B F (- H 6 %H 0  (  %H   !6 p ( - !6

 7! 5 0 !H - = !m% B !6 &g H T<H 7Z6 %H  B 0 6 - F d `H ( %H

... 5 $w 5`( 5 $w - =2! 6 (&? 7Z- (  .-

( K .$[ 76  6 7 ?6 2 1 6 7 B( !6$ [6 !Z ....7 H ]X  27 [ 0 6 ...-7

B(  L5# 7%H  .7- Lm

! !6 Lm " !H - [   (  bF !6 7 / 76  ( !6 - B( !  7 7- !6

 T $6!7

 : G$%! B-
http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=355063

  
 $
; >8

!?$B ]w  0 D .7%H  ] !j7m = &6

H !6 56  ( K 7 7F &6 "6K  ( 6 .7%H 0

( 7    ( !H - 7 W   7 B(

y6.7

6 #  (! ( 6 LH   (H 0 !- !62E

 -- !H 7 !-  (  .2 !- 0V( 2E

2$  .7%

656 V( 7 !H 7 !6# 7- H B y6.7

6B 7(  ( 7%H p$%e Y 6 #  0 =7

(7F p"(  = 6 ( 7%H 0 7%H =6 B 7 H 6 !H-

0e #   6 71-   ( ( 7%H !% 0 $J 7F 7%H 7 L !6&76  V? 7 .

6 !%B &F 7 J Jw V? - !6 H=B  !H 776 - 76 7 7 D E 6 .7

7  !6 7 L ] ] 6- H G H ( LHB .7%H  0   (V H !H 7%H   !6 - !6

[ !6 6B 7 #  .7

(V !H % B( 6 5 J( 7  B . e !6  B  !H 7 =V( .7%H # 76 7% 

B(  $ !6 5B !% 7/ ( 7%6  !5m " d    6 (H  .7%H  0Z !HD

%?- !/ 2  -7$(  :7] !6  .7%H  #( !H 7

(7Z 6  H7  H K B  7 ( $( H K B .

 6 ( Z$% 0 !H - B  . Z6  6 K  7 ( ("H 0H !6 !H 7%   .7K

6 6 ( F - .-! 6 K 6 K / 1- (   . B 27 7 !6  !H  !6

 VB   7(   .%H e( - 0 !1 = 27 &6 !H -  6 0 0 $6.

- -! 2 $ .-

- YH K  7d%   .-

- K  ( B.7

-  ( bF7  H B.

- ]6KL> .

T2 -  X % TF .-


-  27.-

;K

- `[ -

- 27-

- -! -

  ( 7 y-  .%H K

-! 7d  0?( ]6K p .- D 6 77/  Y[ 27 - wH  % !6 ]6K K1-

B .

 % !6  0 7 K6( 27 / !6 =.7

K 1- !7%H

[ 0?( .$ =6  %( 7= ] !6 Q 7e ( ]F H =  7$ !6 .- $-d .$[ 5 &6 

7/ a ]K 7e H 27& /  &6 .7%%H K   !67  m 7 7  !6 0 L 

T2  5 7.

- -!  K -

1-  6 0 7d   %( 7% [7 .  !H!  F7 (7  76 7 0.-

7 K  6 p" %Z !6 %H H  H  !=  !6 ;-    = 7 (%H d B

=.7

 (7 . ZK Lm D :7 6!  27 !2 B 6 "B H  . 1( !6 !  7 6 !% -!

K  - !5m 7$67& 7.7

(  [ !6 27F 6 !H 76 L=  `H 7! 27 cde    %6 27 6  .  `( 77%! 6

6 ( !H K B    !6 6-7 ? V !/ B - .

 %( 0 (  !H - H 06   ( K hHW ? V - 5($ K6 7F -.

 ! =  6 !H  - !m !6=   !"6 6 !5m  !H -6 (H s% 7 !7   . 

 % &  !6  :( 7

- 6 27H !6 $ 0 !6 !67 5   !6= -.7

e - 6 &6 `B 6 # (76 ]Z1% !=  !6 76 $ () 7%H

& 6 - / - -  !#%F H = H>  = % .7%H

-K < !6 &6= -$ !6 7 56 &6 K B - B(.

$J 6 - 7K [ !6  !6 s%7 - 76  !# %Z  27 - B -.7 7

B K 1- ...( 7%H

K 6 H 1- m ;7%H H !H   6.-

K 6 ( 11- m ;7%H 7K !&m- 1( !H .-

K 6 (1 c1- m ;7%H 1( !H c  ! .-

K 6  !Z U1- m ;7%H ] G$% !Z U !H > .-

K 6 -1- m ;7%H !H - ?$B.-

K 6 & .1- m ;7%H T .& !H  27.-

K 6 7%B1- m ;7%H - 7%B !H = % .-


 : G$%!  Y-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=336457


t  Z &3

>F =! 6 7 e 6 2 ]/ ]& D1- 7%H

6 7   ]w %Z? 7 =G [` p6 [

bF .7%H = !6 !H 6 !6 6- 07 ?6 76 7

L >#%- H = !6 !6 -.7L6 6

& 2  !6 ]& ]/ !6  :-

6 ( &] h K/`Ue 

6 =! e 6 2 &]  H !6 =Y 7 = - &]

e !6  6 eVB K !H 7%H H ->  L>

 7%6B 2 7 B( 6 7%H H 7 H ]w>

V  H L> ( 0 6 !H  (T2 J -% -

.7%H

7$( 2] &` !6 D B H - !5m `w .

(  !H H !d  ( > "$%-% 7

H D% = "H !H - B( !5m 7-y66  D B ]& 6  76 <"H !$7 !s/` `w  D

BH 7 !-  !H ]$K !1 F 7-  "  !  0 !6B - H != ! 7 ==  !6 B  .76

7%6 -  (Y] ?6 V ( 0Z  s

=# !HB !6 0 -!6 Y/ ? J 7  !H 76 7 7  != 5H 0 6 V? G1 

!6g B= 7 .  >F !# =! H B =< Y 7%H -  - Y] ( ]d/ !6 0%m ( ! 7%H 2

 !6 pB [B 0 7 B  !H 7%H - dB H 76   Z1 6 ] 0 7/ =!

6 7 B( ( g6 7 B H6 7.

2 (= [`  p6 [ .6

$J = ) B !H g( 7 !6 (7 ] H  71:-

( = !H 7%H 0Z( 7%H DH  !6 H  !6 .

(   B (-% !6 7% B6 " 6 !H  ( J.7%H DH 7

0  YZ !26 - 7%m !H .7 $J - D ?V  6 = - 7 7%m `w 5-

7&H !m 7 <T B 7 - 6 5  $J]  6 J = H !6   6 YZ .7 -  6 
=  p 7F = .7 $J

L#( (Q! ( ]"d 6 F pB !6!

!H 5% F pB! >F ( g( 2=  7%H /6 D - 5$ H 7 !6  !"/ 0

(# L ( ]"d F= 7%H ?& ( 7  = g J 22 (H g - 6 .B w=  5% H &6

!H 5% !B5- 7 7&H - ?& 7%H Z-= !H 7 7 ^6 eBL>  H> 6 = 

 7 ! .6 2 7  = B - g !U6 7F 7%H 0B !6 ( 7%H DH !U6&7% B 6L.7

6 (S 7 eVB

K 6 pB !6 6H - 7 (V  6 B %H 5 !6= - 7 =  7- !6 !H - K

1 h K  &? 7%H # !m !6 0s .7 B !6 D&7% Y - .7%H ] (eVB7

B( 1 h K  6 7%H = 6- B !H #U 7  0vU .7%H !H 77   =6 ^6

H Y] ?6  V (H g  .%j 0vU 0 !H 77  !%6 GK.7%

[ (a /  !6

7H  !"/ 0e  2 6 &] B H !6 7%6 .7H ?& 6 D% 7 =G  6 = !6

(!6 7 [ g( 6 7%H DH  !6 !H 7%H B !6B !H 7 7 - .76 2  B 6 (0Z

ZK 1-  !H 7%H UB#  "U K  7%   "U   s ( ] ( 5= 7%%H= 7

ZK ( g(  .7 7 !--ZK L5 !-H 6%6 0# H $ &" 7%H  !%

(= 7 H 6"U H !# B !H 7# - 7 .7%H

(!6 .( 6

bF = 7%m !HB !6 !1  H 7 6 !6 =   !1 B 6 6 pB !6

F! ! 0 .7%HK D ?( VB !6 ( 7%H DH  !6 7 !6 T2! !67 B - .76!6 2

 7VK !6L>  [  76 7 6  B& 7 !H 7% 0 &6  F pB! 6 H .-7

  &  !H 7s  !m (g( 6 7! .76

(( 7(  `e !6

2  & !H 7% / W/   .6U7 (eVB ]  7%H= K  7- !6 !H -

 .7%H K& !6 2 H &F  !H 7 7 % !67 B ! - ( 7 = !6 !H 7 6 7-6 !6 7

!  .7 2 Y 76 7& ]e/ &F B !6 - 6 [  .7%H& 7 e 7  B 7%H -

e  7(  6 !6 D.7%H 0

 : G$%! [`

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=347646


 &3& 8& & A4/
 6  ?" "  1 %Z 6 .7

%Z !H D B s   7%H  # 27

?  L Lm 5 5$ / !6 6%6 .7(  0

 !H 12) Lm D Lm( 0 .76  V? `H

- D 7- 7Z B 27  7%H 0Z /

6 !H 7%H( (   = !6  !6 77F - !6 .7%H / !

  7%-( E  !6 !H 7% ((  = h - !6

 7 .7%HU !H XL 7 0-( E [ !6 6 ]H  ?"1  .76

0H!  

!6 2[ B 6B ! -= !6 7%H 5 &6 K !H 7 7  L6  27  ( $<6 &H

 56 . 7K !12 7  ! 6 BY6 7 D 6 !6 6 Vd  B 7K .7- 0 K 

!6W h"U 0   !H 7%%H  bZ%  6 !H= 7 = -76 !$ D$ .7 7%&%6 7 - T56 - 7

 7  5 ( &F .7%H ( K 2 H (` !6 X  =6  .7%   6

7- = !6 (` &H .7%H  !6!   - 7 !H 7% =   $K 7 5 H ( = !H # (& =  67

7%%H  Z- H 0 (H  .7     7 !H   F 7- (`  B  BH 7%.

  L Lm&F . 0 $J 7K 7%H  L#Z   !H 7- B 27 D (1 /  .7%H-

!6  Lm  `[ 7  ! !H   &F L Lm 7  s(  .7&H

& 7  (V 7

 / !6 !H ?"( . (7  6   $K H 0 !H -  7- = !6   6 7[ .

 7 Z( !6 (`  B !H-  56 - (H = 7%"6 B( ( .7% 0Z 5 H (/

0 !%> =2 (  - !m 6  .- 7[` Y = -76 H !67F p"(  = 2 7%H >F 

 YZ&! U% !H - 7m  `( &6


Lm! B  Z "e ? 7%H 66 7 !67 B L D.7

(1- G$U 6 7%H (H L B6 7 .?6 2 2 7 2 6  2 "e 7L6 L 0/  !H [  m 

 7 .76 7 b 12 $K ( (  7/ 7  hH 7%H > 1  6  -  

!6$ 7 .7 - 5 6(  !H 76 2= 7B b 7 [&F . - ?-  2 !6

H !B= 2 B  L> .7

6  %6

U 6 !H H 1- 76  &?  by-  7- = !6 ( 7%H  0Z  7- 6 L  !67

F  6& !- [  .7%H  -  !5 7 (`  B  7%m K6 D  6 K %6  .7 s

`( 0  !H#  7 0 6    =  ! !H !m 7 !6 -#  !m 6

&] ! 6 .- 2 [  1- 0  7%m K$ " B   K 06 (  7 !6 7[ - !6

B (7Z] H  7V .7%$6 ( cW TF &6 !m 7 p 76 7 6  6B 7 = 6 K- 6 5= 7

K &6 B6 7 - !6 !H7 B 7e .7%H H/

$ 6-

 /6 `H . [ !6 !H 2  27  - 7&H  b1 !H!   7% 0?6 !m !H - 7 !6 B

/ 6 >%( 6 7 -  &6 -  !#%F .7%H- L Y D1% 27  - / 0  ^/$
W  &F ( !6 K  = .7 2B  ZK7$( 7] !6 D  .6 / !H %H  !e(  !6  7

( D% $ 6- " 2 = 7 = %.7

 ! F ^d6-  :76 6 7 56L !H 7 -  ! B (7Z] 7%H B !6 !% 6!H 7

(  !5m 7  -  !6 7%H ]% 5 = B G1 !6 #6  6!"6 .7 - / .--  

(-  !6 7 7-6  5 D 0 !6 D76 GW g( e -#= ( 7%H Z- .7 !H ( 7/ -

  - (7$] H !6 6 # H L5 =  % !6 & B 1- 7%H 6%6 0 bF 0  !H

/ -  !6 -H =  ( 7%H  B= - 7 /2 D L  - !6 7%%H ( D H $w

 - !6 717 = #  .76 ! 0   (6 [B !6 7! !H 76 !6 e 2 ] 6 -

(L L B !6  7 7 7 56.7

 76 $w 2 1% B 27 T/ 7%H

 !6 76 =  h"U "B ( / ] H = !6 76    6 !H 7( K  = !6 !6# 0%m

B  6 .7 7 - =< T/ H (J  6 1% B 27  .7%HH 0 7e " 7e - B 0 !6

?7= !V 0 (H 0 !H 5e !6 % (( D = .7%H  2 F?6 2 ( V? !6#  6 

T566 56 7 bF !H ( 7%m  27 [ !6  "H %H  !6  H -.6

 !H  1%  27 77%66 B   $w7& >F K B .2 7%[ B 6 !6 !H 7%H F X

  7 7%- ( J  !/ .7% 0%jB K  L %H  2 $w . T56  0 !6 .7 !

$ !H H 6 7 ?676  5 1% -($ K6 .7%H

&!   $w7> %H B  7%H G #= ( 7%H Z-!  ( 7 (J $6  6  = D7   7 0 6

`B (/ (T2 J!  T B .7%

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302584

 )*& 

Z6 =   0 ( ?$B - 5 !6 = 7%6 7

6T 7%  27 ( H 6 .7$6 !6 -!6 0

7%m ?$B  -  6 %Z =  [ 0 !6 L

& 7.-

 0  !6 ]w L g( ]6K 5(   .-6 7

1- ( !H 6 !  0 %  !6 %H27


 %6( Y6 ( 7 0! ?$B =  .

 Lm !m 7%$6 dB  7%H

 ?" Lm 6 ?"dB 1   . 7  2!H 7

 ^6 Lm !m   Lm  ?" d .7%H

   ( 7 6 6B .76

[ 6  7%H F ?$B

2 %H   $V   !6 76 / ]%

BH .7 7  ? !B-  -6 7 . 2 %H 

 dB  76 =  L  !6   76  = 

 !2  !6  = ]w(K1 76  >%H 7 "B &!

 (J  1% 27 7 7%H  =  $w B.2 7

7K 7%H

7%H Z-  7K !6 T2 VB  !6 .76 !H 7%H  0 Lm !m 66 7 T2 H !m 76

H !H H 6 6B H [ !6 7 (& 7K .7%H

!6 7%H  ]/

H   !6 `& !66 7Z6 !"/ !6 :7Um !H 0  (= 7 .7%H ]/6 2 7&! !6 `& ]/  7%H

[ 0%m  B  76 %vU 7 ( B 27H 7.

65 ($ K6 7%H

(  (  !H !H H 6 7&- 7T56 K .7(  0 7 01"( D -  K ` D 12  = 6 .76 (H 2

H 7%H 6 #  7 K6 e .7%H

 ]X Ty6.7

 0 YZ - = = $ 2 B  YZ B [ Lm [ ( g . 0 ?676 !6 ZUK

B #% /m 7 7  K  !6 H %H  6 . 7! Lm = [ !H Ty6  =  %( %H Z- 

%H /&- 76B .(  6= 7 [ !HTy6 7 7 B !6(  B p !H 7( B 7%H Z- 76(

 H -! - 6 .76 0 B6 0 ! .76

6 7&m [ Z 27T56 K7

F  !67 !B !6 !B D 5 !"# 6# H56 V( !H 7 H H # K 7 ` K 

T56 H 7 5= ... H = ( LH( 6 &6 /#  7 7%H Z-  / 7 - 7 =   1-

T $6.7

XL !6 7%H K

 !H/ 6B 7   LmT< 7 / LB ZK  7%H  L  / $U 5 (&? .7

H K !6XL 0 - 7%H  DH  !6  /  LH.7

B !6( 76 L7

 7%m !K 6 7 !H  L B !6( T56 K .7 0 L (  Lm 76 7 ` !( D / D 2 

6 F 6 0 !% 0m /  /m D .(H

6 0T56 7

K(K1  76 7  6 $K = &] 7 [ 5T2 !H   HB 6 7(  7%H 0 6T56 7
= !H 76 0vU (1 76 !T2   !6  - B6 7.

7%H >&?6

!6 K5 F !m 7%H  >&?6 76 !H "X-= !6 5  7 7 /K  & ( B .7 70

 H 0 d 1( !H 76 0vU 7%H  5 27 B ]e/.7 7

` $ 7%H

H 2 #  !H 7= !6 ZK ` !K!  %vU 76( B6 7 . 0  6H 0 (  !H -6 7

L7 D !6/  ?$B#  .7 s !6 0 < 2 7-  & .75  H 0 #  bF 7

  !H 76 0vU  (.7

!6- 5 7%67

 !6H !6 !%  (  H !6 !H =  B H !6 7%H 5 7 F !6  6 !H 7-.7%H  7

"B K H 0 &6 "B = LmB !H -   .%H

7%?67

] - 7%B7  %( !6  (  7 ( .7%H 7%B " D 56  7%H 5H 7  [ L%  ?6 7 ( 

(7%?6 7.7

!H 7 16 >Kd- 7

 !  ?$B .7- !" 0 6 "B    m =  (V  !H 7%%HZK

d-  6 ! .7%6 2/  V( 0%m L  7%H B 6 7 7 !H 7 16V( 0  - -

 Y( Y6 . 0  .7

H( <[! 7

ZW !H =  B( H <  7%H  [   .7%HH 0  h 6 6 Y6

B 6 .7 7 6 06 Lm F ^6 !H 7 /-    H D &] ) ]6K#(  ` B !K 

( !6 7 7F - .7%H

7 ! 76

 07    6 !6 #%  2 . D7 6 B ? 7%H =  LH 7 6 7- = !6 (  (`( 7

.7%H7- !67   h    ?$B.

 567

H   !H ( `#  -   =6 L H !6 B  !H 7#  ! 7 7  .7%H !Z UH 0  !6

   .7

&56 07

H K -#   7H K F !6  7- /  7%HH !# WB !6 7( 76 L 7

&56 0.7

B? 7

7/ 7%H Z- ]K   !$% B 27 B?  .7 2 H !%( 6 !H 76   B6 7  2U% $ 

5 7F ]w .7%H  2- D  Z D6  6 6%H 7 H B -( .76

6 # H !H - 7T56 K7

H H 6 Z6 (7 Z( 7%m !K ` !H !6# = 7 7 L5H 0 = H 6 = !6 !H ` 7% !K 7 (.7%H !6#

 7%H 6
 [ !6 7%H Z-  !6[   .7%H 6 6  0  7%m 6 ]w 76 DmH H 6 5 7%?$ !6

=   ^6 ]$K 0 7   .

7%H

F D (H  ( 7-  H>  ( !/ ( .7%H H . ?-

  1% $6 067

( (%H d ! .76 !6 K  1%7-=  !6 7%H Z- 7 B Lm !6  .7%H

/  7%H   !6 H

"B   7&! !6  . / 76 0vU 7%%HH 0  !6  #H/  !6 .7- 7

6 7%H Z- =  dB !6 7Z6 .76 B( H $w (.7%H LH

7 Lm D 7 567

 h# "B !H -  d H H 7 7!  Lm K   "B  TF .    02 

7 7 [`  (  T ( >?6H 0 (  !H - 7# .7

Z$[ !6 =7

6 ( ["  < B6 7 6= .7 ( !m 7%H !m 76 !B !mK .6 -  ( !6 .7%H

/ = !6 7%H 5   .7%H 5 ! [ Z$  56.7

7%?6 &67

K  ZK D 7%%H / !6 7[ 5 7%6F ;7 6 =  7%H 7%?6 p6 76 0vU 7  bH

 ? 77%?6 bF ..7

 : G$%!  Y-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=282950

  

 &6 H 5%!  B 7%   B d

ed$ H%% 7 Z]   2T! -1  6 7%m .7%%H

- B  7%:7

2  0 = 7  27 7F %H =  7Z6 !6 B 6.

 B !H  ZK  d 6 = s .7&6

 H/ W B(  !H =  7  !H


 B6 7 7 .-   B L bH   

 ( !6 7  5  7 .  7Z  -

(   !H ]H  %H 7 !  6 !$ = ! .76

 !$ 77-  !67/ ( H &] s !6 7- !6

/  B L bH(  (H 7 VB 0 # .7

(V  ^6 !H - 06 0  7

]  / 6 ?676  m Y] 6  

 76  D6 7e  = 6  2 !6 !-

2  [   =  &!  !6    !H 7%%H/

 B 27 =U 6 !H 7  7  !6 . W!

  6 !H !m 7s( B 27 ! !5m 6-/ B 6   GK !m p h-% 276 .-7

[ ( 7%H Z-  B ( g .7 ! !6 K 0  V( 0  !5 h ^6 !H -  0  27

 7  .%H

6  (   ? !6 0 5 7

L6 72 0   76 0   &6 !1- !6 !"v 0 = .7 B "B !H H 2 %w- ( -

B K e  6 7%H &! dB 5= 76  6 Z-(  7%7 <" pH 2!   6 bH . 5

!$ $ K 06 7 K6 .7%H - ($ 6 D = 7 ( !6# !H -  (T2  $w J  7m !H

6 = `( !U6 7%H . !6 e  2$   `B !H 7   27 H 7%H F <  !H 0

= B  /  H 7 B mF !6 7.7-

(6 2 %H! Lm  -

 7 L62V( 0  $ .76 0  !H -  !6 !sd7Z( 0 6  B UB    .7%H

 6 Lg ( !H 7%H H Lg  7%H 26 0%m 0 ( &` 6 .7  ]/ B   . 0%m !H 7 

  =( 7% L 7B !  !H 7%m D  !6 -! 7%6 ( &`  7F .7%%H 77

   h  H - <1 7%H (6  %  (H  7 !5%  ] 62 / 7 s

 &! .-

ZK 0 !H -  /  7m  ]H !H T  %( !6 76 K dB !6 H   . H D 

 p .- sd ( 27  7V( !m !% B % !m 6 7 Z  7%H (s   ]g

V? 5  m !Z! !  L6 J( !H 7% 6   dB 7     (7

Lm 0%m 6   = 6 $B 0 6B - Y 5  !6  !Hs .7%&%6 H  Y/ 0

(`( 7 6  0  .7%H

 !"/ 0  7-  !6 ...

2 B 27 dB  7 Y/ 0  $-%m !6 !H - "] ?" = 5 7%6 " !m !6 .7 /7

= (  %   77 7-(  Lm /  27 h 6  7%H  &B  !2- 7$(  0] !6

&F 25% 7 6 !sd D !6 7 !H-/  B (! 7%HU !H2 D ] H  6([$

"( !6L F !12 Lm (:-   7% = !6 $  7F ]H K 7% = g( !6 ?6 7. 7= K 7-

Lm ( - !H  ^6 27([B >#   ?&( .7

>F !% 2 D !U6 !6 7 ^6 !H#  / W   6 7%H  7 !sd D H 7 !H
BB Lm !6 76  B !H 7%H( D !U6s Lm !6 7 $H !H =  /  Z- e :7%H

?$B ... 2/ H %( !6 !H 7  ( 7 0%m bF =66 7 !6 7$ DB - 56 7 !  D.

 !1V% 0 ( !6 !H H 6 2 = 7 % 7s ! 6  6 !H 76 0%m H .7%H !H  0  6

eB6 !K BH 7 6 - .7%H - 5 DB - ! (   % !6 !"6 7-%  6B !6 L /

(  7 7 &( 7 . 7%H DH (  6  02s27   $w - %L> .7($  F

B  L - ^d6 g( [B !6 !6 !" D  6 .7%

6B 7( 76 -7

 ] 6 7"H -  dB !6 6 c"e 0 => B( .- $w s 2  B( ! 76

= &6 2 6  `& 6 7F 27  .7%H  2  F b1 !6B6 %  ) 7 "B  U%

( 6 !H Lm 076 7 7 0 !H -B 27 6- ("7 HH! 5 ] 7 6 .7 !6 ]H b1 !6

 B !H 7 -! 76 H !H#  T 7 $6 .76  2 # 5 (V  % DB 27

7F  H B 1-  6 7%HH 0 7K 6  - 5 K  .7

 [ . ? V &?  2 K     ?  =2! 

!HK e  = 6  %H  5  6 6 ... B ( 76 ]XK5   !6 L/ T566  .7 7- !6

 b1 !6 [ Y >F 7  0 - B 7K  1- < - 06 .7 - S 0 [ !6 ( 7&H

5 !H = /  6 %H   dB 2  > .

K  K 56B !H 7 76 - 7 6 B  ]XK 7  ZK Z K !H 77-  !6

   = /.-

 [ 0= .Y 2 6 ?  h-% D 7F  7%H B !6 !6 (  L 7 DV?  %( .76  6 27

(  !H= 7( 7% (B 7%H 0  6%6 .7 0B  26 7 B  K6 dB Z-( 76 7%B Y/ 0

c"e !6 =>  G6% .7-6  (6  !6 7%  .7%%H DH

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237564

 A4/

 !6 ! 76!  &?6 $  2 !-"5

6 >`( 0 6&2   6  6

 .7 7Z6 =! ( 6# 6  K 6   

6 5  .% " 6 5? !- h/e  . 5.-

" 6 5   0 -  &  .7 7 7!

 - (` 6 ."&F 5    .7-


&F "  7( .-  bF L Z- (`

6 _Y 0B-% ?  0 :12 K6 !"6 L   B%!  7 .7%  b""%

6" 0% 6 5 L6  !6 . !# 0 - 7%! K  6  &F /.-

("U ]g h/V  ( G   (# 0 ?- - !6 ! 76 `& 0 &?6 

 2.7%

   ! $J 7K  7 $   !6 75= .7%6 -  &F 7  d !6 !%K

&`   7% %&%$

5?-F 6 >-F !6L &F( 6) 7#%6- B !6 ( (  766 :7  6 (.

B !6 ( 

(7  / %

7d !6 (  (! %

 (Q 7  B %

]d( (S 2

B (a - 5F7 / 0 7%%

 ( B g( 6  .

( F  & L "& %

(7  6   7%

( K! 6 ! 6 % ] - !6 - <Z .L6

% 0  7%$Z .7%7K ( 76 (Y6 &F  6 &67%.7

( 6 &F

(7 &? :7%

7 6-  !1/  (  B F  L76 .7% 7! m 07 - 7  5 !5m =

B  66 7.

(7 6  / B GW:7%

{ "U (s 7 ? !% Lm !6 7 - 76 <6 TXL !6 7 (! 7% .K .76 0$B

?6 ( 7! !67 :7-6

6 7 -(E 7d   [ /" 6L Z6% . 7 !   !6 7% 7- !67  7%%) 7-%&6 7%%

  .(%7  2 !6 ( me !6 .7% Z  7% %Z  !# ?  (!6

/ h - .7%

$&F  - (Q ( !Z-:7

6  $w! &  /7  7% F   &[!6 75 0 K` s% ! - .76 G6%

  s! 7%) 76   .(Y6 cU- 0 6

(S   - 7% L26:7%

5 .7% - !T2 76 Lm!  0B - % !6 [& !Z B %$B .7 1/7$w .7%&

B 5 ( .7%s Lm B ! $ .76   $w L5$ 0 "  1% .7

(6# B ! B ! !j= 6 .76!  7# ( 7 L .7%-  (! (7VK . .7

- 6- Z ?B V  6 K -%   .7% %2 ! [B !6 .765 (g
 7% B 65 ! .7%

( (a   B L> :7

 .7- $ B (76 :7-y6 0( K1! m 716 7 = 7%$6 (76 6 7 0(1  27 7% - !6 !%

>  K 0(1 2 767  7 .d(  ( 7% 7F 1% 6 6 `w .7  ! !6

7 &  67- !$/V 7 12 2 7% $(& 56 .7 /  27 7% 5 Lm!  0 - 7

 !6 7$$ % !6  e 6  5 7 .7% 5$ (y6 ."ZL .7 Lm !6 &6 !m 7%$6 7 &6

66 -> B 7.

$- (  - 27 6 B 56 s:7

 hK  -/ B .76  6  =&  6 ( 1 (7#K 7 56 s .7  >

-  > . b1%( 7% 7& 0 2 !6 .77  ?6 76 <T ?6  - .7  6 (1 c 6 6

- .7#%56 !6

]?( ( ( 0:7%

B( (V 7%! !67 ( 7-6"U !# .7 [!6  7 !5 0%&6 7 b 7&6 6 7 7% 

7 .7%$6 c$e! B L?6 77  7%  0 ]/  h ( .7%

& "( (:7

 67  L 6 .7  2 F !6 L & .7 2   $ 56 7  B &  7

>F B 7 .  !6 s% ]e B = 7-y6   Z   7- !67 - !6 . ! 76! !6

7 B 7&F .7- ! .76 K! 0-/   Z 67  76 7 L"U !6 7  

.7-6

 : G$%B Z%e !%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=268852

 k  Zb

02 ]e7 7eB 27 %H  = 7e (d

%H  - B  6 76 = b !6 6  ]Z B( .

F - B F 7  0   L  -

   07  %H 7e  1 K6 7e

T5 !- 7 T56 1% J(  27 7 b

( "Z(76 7 0 p  6 !6 07$( p] % !6 .7%H


w !& !d$e L - !H 7 !Z7 -( DmH B !6

 B m d = $  L.

!H Lm(1  76 (%H d  $ .- H 7Z6  !H  0(1  7%H! Lm &? 7%H 

 $V 7 -(B  .7  2 !6! H  &B 6 Y/ .7%H( T2 [B !6 0 m L !$

  7%H  !"# 6 Y6 7 $ (   7%H 2 6F 7 .0  7%6(B 2 [B !6! H ! !d$e

( 7%H 6 7 !-= 0 - . b(B ! ( 6- 76 G H - 0   6( 7

(B 7 !6m .7-6 !-  !"# 7 6 !H "H a - 6 7 "H - 6 7%H H/ -.7%H 27%

 7Z6 7 SL ( 6 ! #< - S 67 !6 B( !K !- .7-(B 76 !"# 6 7B!6 s/

[ H ]d !6 B( -  6 L  .(  7- ( H 7%6  H !7  B 

U% B(2 6 5B 6 BY6 . !B 7 76  ]w !B  !H -   (B  ?  7%

  !- 76! m .7 b [B !6  ]Z5% B !d$em .   /7

( (6 m V

( ( V(B 6

( (6 b"F V

( (B V( 6

 " ZUK" .-?$  V( m 0   b !6  ]Z?  %( m 0  !J S  B H7%$6 Y/.

0 ( 76 !5m m $  L .(B  "B /2 .7 $" 7 LL 7Z6 !Z

/ - ! / ".0H G &6  6  7%e 7 - GF Y6 7 0 7F 5 ( H  6 7 -G

 =F 7 0  !sd 0(B - !H 7%6 #%F - 7 b 6  ( - S . !K( H !6(

 !6 7- ( `-  7%H & 6  H( (.7%H LH %- ?"    F  "B

1!m b [B !6 ! ]Z 7 7(1 ?"   27 ?] m 7%H   b ]Z( $W 7

 !6 ! 2  !6 .76 7% 7 H( B 7  !6L !% 56 7 B 6 &6 7$ H D ( .76

$K K ZKW 0 6 >FH 7 ?- -   Lm !6 G/ 5  ( Z- B .7%6 7!H 7

( K  ( K.7

 B( F H !6 ( !6  - >d  !6 !6 0  H B 7  !6 ( K 6  02

Lm (   !6 0B% 1- 2 .7%H H 0 = ? s !6 !H- 0B% `w) 7%  5% (B

F( ( 27 [ d B !H 7%H( 6(  e . B &! = !H !sds - 7 =7%

2 6B 7(   76 =  7F 6 $V .7%H  $V H ! Lm .7%H (76%H !6 ]e

!B% 6B !6H 7 6 !H 7%6 7 0 06 6 !H -= !d1e 0  $ 7 = ZK ZK ( 27 H !6

56.7

 p6 D d `w 7%H  D 7%H Z- ^d6! Lm [ !6  g( $w 7 2! B Lm >F  !H 7%H 20

H H !m 7(1 ( 7 .716 - 0 !H ( 7J 7e 7%mL Y 7%H ."B ( 0!

56 Um H !m = 1- .7%H !6 ]e w = ((76 7% 027  6 !6 027 (7$] 6.7%%H 

!6 56 0 Um H !m !H = 1- .7%H

K >!<  !m7

5 !67%6 h- B .7 !6 h- S 7 !H 76 B 7H / ! 0 .-m" -y6 - 0! ! Y

7%m p ( - B 5 !W" Lm  !6 Z$[ #% 2  !6 .7"7 wH!  L2 bF .7%%H  7 2ZK
B Lm 7(1  6 716 >6 - 6D (` ".7%H ( h"U 0  0{ !6= -6 - : 7 !$/V

 ( %H H !6 ]g D6 - 6 -. ( %H !$/V 1 Q 6 7 D  h-%7?- 6 -.%H ( %H $de 1 S 6 7D

 !B 0 !6 K6  / 7 166 -Q. (  %= 1 6 7 D7F .1 . .%HK" !H K !"

 %H 5  7 !6 //   K .%H Z$[ 0 6 7 H =  .2 `H D :

 . B  &6 !m 7! H &6.7

!  !6 7%[6

= H K !H 7 [ !6 K  s% T< !6 ] 7%H (  -  67 = H K !H 7T< K (  -

B  6 7 &6 7 [ Z$ - !H 7 7%H! Lm  !6 27 6  .7% (  1 (!/

\ J - 6  !/  ( 0 \ J -   0 12 d( T2 J /  [ ( \J

`( !- 6 &F 7Z6 D- 6 27 Z6 = T2 J. K dB !B  7 H ]d  L/ 

B &6H 7 H - K  76  L !B B6 7 .-%Z !m !6  %

6 ( &F ( 27 7   $w !U ( 7%H !6 6 7 6 bF7  0 7  <T

 (6 7 Z T27  6 &6 K7  .7%HH 0  !6 #% $w{  $w 5 m !H!  !6 .7%[6

e #H 7%H "&F"   !H `(    (-    . 0 !H - .7%H

b ( !K 0 e .- %Z2 7Z6 DB  27 - 7 Z6  !6 B 6 .7 !6 7 !"v 0K

eB! .76 `H D : H !H# B !6 !6 7   6 J L 5.-

>m< 1-  :%`6 !H 5% - !6 = 7 ! Lm  -   !H H 6  (

 7%H<"  h B m" :-F" "m 0" "m Y/" "m  !&2- (  % H"-m" 6 !H (Y"  7

 0  - !67%6 ]e/ 6 !Bm D .7<" h6 6 m" 0"  7  2  6 ! 76

7.

 : G$%! = L

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=371199

/b ?& <  4 ZR5

B&7  !H H  ]) 7%%H  B( bX6

!j6 >% !H2 X!  7%H! &m 76 <<

!  Z  c(  !H 7% 7! = 

%!6 = V6 (" .7%H  0 eB6

 27 .-
!?$Be (   6 ( 7%%H DH !H 7 0 ($ K 6 .%H 0%m  2 B 27 7 Y/

 !H 7%H($ 6 0 < 0 .- GK 0 1 ]6K< ?e  7%  .7%  K 7 -%

 F (  !H 7%%H 7 =  $6  6.7

!  0  e  !X !H 7 0< p6 0 6 ( !6 ($  \7$( J]  .7%H F  &] !H - !$

0   0  7%%H  !H -  &]  !H ( .7 ! = 7 ( 7%H DH  !6 -  27

B 6 0 ($ K6 .7%H

!m ($ 6 &] \ J

 ]/$ : & !H  Z 7% ]/ !m :] 7% ...( 2

H 0 ...0 H 0 ...06

!6 !% 56 6 !mB . J\ %6 7 0]/ # &]  .7%H !6 &6 !m  76 ]/ 7 

 %&F  &6 .7

H !s$ : H !s !H  Z & 6 ( :7% 7...

6 ( B ...!H -

$ 0 ( Z( 0%m HH :6 = !j - <" pB - - 76 6 71- DH (< h5.

!$/ %2 5 !H (-/ $ !#  ]e/ 7%%H!s  &] ( g /) 7 1 D (

 H : =7 L$ /.

 :  F 7%H L 6 h<( !HL57%  . (Z (&7 .7%H 7  !H  K  72/

V6  6 .7%%H

]e ($ 6 &]

  ( U B !H( B .7%6 7 ( !H (Y wH 6 ($ 6 &] !X 6 LH 7 7%

6%6 ]& 0 "e !2 7B  = .7 ]&  .7%  > \ J  0 6 `& .7%H 

   by- .72 b H . ]Z   7ZV?  !H -  (B 1% H-  !H %H 0 6

B 7   .

  -% -   :7 ?6 1 7%m dW( !H 7   ?6 !H V =  <]6K

( ]d 1 U =  6 ( 6 7% ($ K6 7%%H !X 1e(  = %vU .7% eVB ?H- V 7

B B !X 7% . e( D B 2= `H !H! - 6%6 0 !  !6 0 ] !H= J 5  7%%H

T B.7&H 7%

eVB 0 6 =  <$K]6K  7% H- >?6 !H  7 =  &  .7 V( GK B   ?--

&] K .7%H  (& ( %H . 7/ !j= !6 B   7%H !( 7%H ( !HV( 7 H- B 7

 - .76! !H 5 = 7%6 Lm !H - !T2 = <] 6.7

6 ]H ( 6 - B %H T56 .7 H 6 !H 5% 12 2 7  0 !H ]& ^6 7%H -

7 B  .

B h"K ( 7%H FB 0 &56 .7<"6#( h  !T2    ^6 !H  B %H B6  = 6 L

! /) 6H g(  = 2 0 .(7%6 !H V? -   0  !6 7 "( 1%   !6 $w

(7&?$6 .7%H g B h"K !6 5 &56 5= 7B 0  m &] 5 .7%H F  2!# 5

%!6  &] y6L /  .7 ZK  7 / K 6 ( B(.7%H 7- ""d

(Q  &] B- .7%6 %-( 0 - BH -  ?-- = 7%H DH  !6 7% (ZW
!H =    # ( .7%H g 2 > m 6 7 ! & 7 7 .7%6 !5%  > m h

 7 ^6 7  .7

Z (S .]Z1% ! 76  ]Z1%  !"H p  .7%  76  .7%%H ]w !6 !"6 Z- ( g5 .7

= Z$[ 22 ?- - ^6 &] 7 =   . Z !H 76 7% (! 7d !6  !j= p

B 7%# .7%%H

 v (a -/ !HTy6 7 .7$ 6K 7 [B !6/ !H 76  # H- 7>  " .7%

B  Y/ !6 -/ [B 1 56 .7 - -> H 6B ( 7  &]   $  .7%H6 7

&`   !6 .7&6 !H 5%  H   %!6  F 76 6 - 7 %

6 6K  - 7%H Z  H  ]/ H d  05&B -/.7

7 ]& (  ! 767 . &] ?- ]& D 7 (`  ( 7%%H (  % = 0 B .7%%H ]/  &]

 6 ! 7%H LH( ]& 6 .7% . ! D7 -- H &]  .- =  /     !"v]& 5

.-

( = 6 & 7 7F .7%H 0  =6 &7  7 K  $V /   $V`( -

 ( 7%H = 6 - !m2<"= 6 6B !6 h  !6 .  !1 0 (! 7%H   / 0 5

B 7  0 K B 6 !H B- 7  6 ($ K6 .7%H

76 ] (6  56 .- wH `-= 7K  . !H 7K GW K 7

?$B  B 6`- = >6 7/ 0%m .76 06 ! H B #  7%-  !6

B  7% 6&  H !6 !H -   7%% !6 / ? 15 2V( 6& .7 $V

(UZ TF .76 2  e B  7 H 7 !6 0 !H  %Z 0 0e \ !6 !"6 .7% J 0 ] -

 ]  = !6 6B !6 !H .7 0e ( 6 !H  B  7 !X 7 !He ($ \ J .7%<" h !H

6 &] 12 7 2 h!6 ./ -/ ) 7 ( ]e  Z- !% 7 ( g.7%

 T 6 H( 0 !H  0  ( g  (6 .7%H 0 B 7F 7 76 7  s%{

.7$ eB 2 0e   ^6{ "U  & 6 .7%H  ]& !6 &6 7# H 0  B h"K H F 0

B &2 7# 7%%HK6 G &]7 .76

&` ?-( .7 ]/ Y/ ?" 1 K G .-/1( 5 [  ( .7%%H gD

7K  . ($ 6 &]  0 ]& - /( 7%H F 0e  K6 6 0 &] (/

.7%H

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=369127

/b ?&  =/ n ? 
p6 %Z! !Lm !H U6H !m  7%H  0Z( 7

Lm !m 7%H   !5m 7 !6B -= 7!5m

  7%H 5   K !5m  .7%%H

1H !m 7%H  0Z( !H - p65 B06

-   !Z !5m .7 H - !m 6 >F

 !m !67 B B 7.7-

( !6 B 0 (6#  J  !% p6! .  !H

K6 5 p6 ( g (  = 6 !H H !U6

 DH 0  !6  (! H  .7 "B 

  %( 0 7 U &m7 (Z H (& -  6 6 ( .d %H  7.7

6 B= 7-y6 7 !m m 5 66 ( !6 7  hH 7%%H DH 0(1 6   07  - 6 0 .-

e K6 !6 J p66 !H    -     E-F  = !6 7%&  = !6   !H&-

H  !H %H B s 5   " 7%%H [ 6  & %H   . wH  ?!6 e

7 7K % !7%

Y/  2 6 J p6  %= 27 7  B !H 7K6  6 p6 7%H 6B p6 B  !6 !-

$  ZK  6 7B !6 bF 7-6 (77 !H !  0 L  H6 (&]  7 -! !7

.& (7 ![ D (!7%H 0

& . & .7 ![ D !6   6 1U .-$ =  !H 7$5  / 76 - 7  6 .7%6[ 0 

!6 ( B J p6 B - 7 (76 = (  L2 7($ K6 J .7%H

676 7 !H 7  s& -% - 0 & .7 T  6 !  - 07 GK6 bF . -

& . -! 6 ( -! T5 6 / .7  5 - 0 & . 7%H 1/ 76= .& 7 Lm

 !6 B6 !H  B !6 7%6 -!7

!   = !H -#1( `e(  6 7%H !m !  0  B .7  B 7 6 J p6 B K6 7%H !6$

$ 6 B p6 2 7  B %&F H !6 7  7 !6$ - 72  7 !6 .7 /  & .

  = 6 ![ D & . p6 $ 756 H -.7

6 77-  .5  = ( 76 7 7% !K`  !6 ?6H !H 7% .7%%H 7Z( !H &6 71 - !6

!U6  J  "B 7%H( =V( !j  B !6 7%H !- B 7 .7- 0 d 7&m 6 .7%H !6

5 7! ( 7%H 7K h#Z &6 ] -%!7

.& ( &  !6!7% p

6 ]1K ]w .& Z62 D7%e  = .7 6 6 1   ?" Bj6 ( 6 BY6 ! %  !6

= (e7% L%6 66 7 ( B6 !H 7%H.7%%H   h# 7/ 0

[ 0%m  56 !"e .7 56 !% B  2 -! 6 6 7 B- D 1 [0 !6 ( y6 0XF !6 !$

 6J B !7%H !% !H 7%H[ 2 B  ]6 $J &B . 6 bF - !6 $ > 7 6 

767%m 7 m . U% H . !H6 !H -   76 7 ! ...bZ"6

 K L F 6  D> !  66  .7% B !H  B !B- - F  B ( 7 B

7 .6U  => F>  .7%$ ( 12 0 !6 F !6 56 !67 2 > 7%H -?6 !m 7 B
 T2 . 0 !B #% - 6K 7 0 0 .

0 !Z D .- Y/ 7 %  7 H !6 !H B- B  2 :7% !2% 66 %6 !57 -   `w

2` !H Y/ 7% H H  !57 -!

B !6 7X6 K 76 !H5 6 !-- (% d - 0 -6 % H !6 B   !H

 7X6 .% 76 !H5 B 7%6  76  7K !5j [ =  &- 76 & .6

   0e = p6 [ !H - H 6  !U6 ]   < > 56  6  .7  7% - & B

76 7 > 6  /  !6 6 . 6 [ .& !H ! 765   !6 L2 ?H 7% m

2  7%%H 2 `B 6 ]    !6 76 & . - 07 GK  < h 1 ( K  .72

!6 / ? .- 6 - 0  7K  7 H / .7%H  6 !H -% ?  ? B

 26 !H 7%` >&m 7 ] ` ! 76 (H B 0 - = =  B` 7  > &  0 - 6

 B  0!

 7%H   $de  $7 F ?& 6=  7% &  $d 7 /`Ue `e  

[ .  1 X X ( X =  s !6 . K X ( 7%m  H (H - 7%m !W 7%"6 0%m

 $V B 7!

(  / 7%H 27

 27  /  e F!  7- ?$B !6  !$ J p6 !H H .- X !T2 V!H $

- !6 =2  0?- 77%m 7% T (T2J  s !6 7%-  7 (] Z 7VK  = 6 7.7

H !$ !H X  = 7% 7% =[B !6&1 7%  5 b$/ !%- 7 H   !6 ZK !6

>F / !65 ( = !6  = 6 p6 7 B 7%y B 7   7  Z ! &- 2L.7%

!6 !sd =7$( 7%H  !H !j] !6   .7 2 != !6 7%H  !T2 hXV !6 X B7 GK6 6K 77

1% 6 7 B ... !-(  & !6 B .B- 7 2 X  = 76 7% =# = !H = p 7% D

-  /  H  7%H  7 7.7   B -

2 1% 2 76 X / T    1%  B  .7B 2 76 76 D 7 76 e  .7

- "B 0 -  7jF7 5 .(   76  ]X 0 .7% 7jF L2

 ( !H %vU !6 #%     27  / 6 F 6  .7 7  /  7%H 27  %( ! !2B p6 B

B - 7 !6   !H 7- K6 7 p6 7  B h"- .7 7( !6 H  %( 76 J   p6

F7 -- !H 7  / .7%%H  27

   B 7%H !(  = !6 !H 7%&- ! 76 6& /  ]XKUm .7  !H X !T2

=(  7%H  y- 7%/ 7-  !6 5 7%H G

H /   !H -% X B [B !6L6 $  !H mH !T2#   7  K   = .7%

!H 7% W/- 27  ! 7%6    !H/ H= 7>  !B !6 $ B =  = 7- -Z

!6$ ! 6  2.7

( .- 6 V  0 5 <" p B %H T56 7 5  %H BT2 7%.

  %( != !( h !H  / (  %H  27 !6/  6 ?$B => B ( .66 - !H

X !T2 / = 7%  B h"K >y[ X & B B 7 0XF 6  Y6  ( / 6B

! (  6  H 7K 7B !6 7H U  !H (Z !U- 6 -  ( 5 / ZK %H

B  5.
http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=369144

/b ?&   ? - =/ n

K !6  ! H6 e K6 B J p6 =7 !7

5F !% !  0 7  L5-y-.

K !H 12Z p6 ?5 V  5

  7%  0%j  =! !5m !U6  J K6 !

  !- .& ]e7 $ [ ![ D & .

 27  / ( !6  = J 6 p6 H $de Y/

B  K 0 (!  !- !6 J ]e H6 h" 5

.%H

  6 !  0 m ]e

(Q H /  (    m ( H 

( 0 ]e 6 6%H ! !H %H 2! !H

H !6 %d  6 &6 .7 (   m(!!

J p6 F7  7% -F 6 0 76 !$ 7K

 .- (  p66 V$( 7(  7 7 T56 7

L / `B !K & 6 D H !H  .7%H

  7 !  0%m 6 !  76 7 H 7 !H 7  p6 $  7%H  ]2  = W / !5% 

0- :!H 7%%H ( 7 6  0 H D= - 7/ %H   !H 6L ( ! 0 bF .76 6 7D

H 6L ( ?6 &6 . 6 0>  B .-   Lm !m %$6 B7

!U6&! [! 6 .- 2 7%H    .B  2 Lm 7  6 bF6 7  H = H .7%H

( 76 07! $ 0-   !H !"6 -/ ` !K 6  H    = D7! !H - .

6 7  0 [! !2 7 !6 7 p6 6 .&?$6 7 !% H 7K 6L !m .    06 -

B( !6-   H  7%H !m  $%   6 7 56 B  !B !6 67 !m !H

7 s%  !6 =  s T57!

B  2 7 B V? p6 2 H B 6 7-6 5&m  !67K >F 7 7  6 .76 5&m 7

&! 7K 0 76  7&m   !2 (  m( 6= !6 ( 7  ]X.7

 !H ( !U6  B 7 D B 2 ] / H 765     !6 H 7(  = 7

  6  bj ? 7   = . D    !H 7%-/  2  H - !6 X
$ ! 6   2B   !H %vU . 7!76 !5%

F (S L <5

012 / p6 . !Z D (' !Z . - !H F!   - 0 6  06 - !6

p6 ([$ B #%.7 7

2 <5  %&F 7  %H - !m ZL6 !  0 B(  .7%H G  < 5   W/ !H

/ 012 !6mH 7% .( 0 K6 ($  6 J5 7.7

6  !H 7%H  K `e !m  2 6 !m .7 !6 012$ K6 D !U6 H ( K = !m 76 Lm!6 5

 /   !H 7m  H/  !H 7%%H D< 5 ] Y  7   .7%%H

<5  D !H - ( J !6  = .7  76 ( 7<$ 5 - !6 ] ( 6  %F H

/= !6 .  H -    D< 7 5.-

B  776 76 7 (  0 6 !mH 7 - .- ! 6 7  p 6 .76 W / 7 

!6 7X2  !H ?66 7  !%  5 = 7 6 7 7 7e !6 K  7%H 6 ( 766 7 ( =

= .7

(  ( !"e/ !H  - Lm = (6 .7%H  ]d 7 !B ZK6 7 7 !H  2 7 ZK B( 5

7&6  #B = 7Z6 = = 6 &! ( .7%H

012 ZK  7m    ^6 76 '"( !H ( = 7% 6 7H H (  2 " / .%H 2 2

 !6 ^6 / 012 7  -   %   % 0  m 7%H %H   0 !H 0 & !6 K!<6

6 ( bF .-K 0 !<6 hH(76 ( ?6m 7 Y/ 2H 0  7% $# B .7 7 Y/ 2% 7%6

 6 (7 !H - - 5 T56 .7 !06 Y/ 0

/ 7/ !m ( !% . 6  7%H& K  !m ( !H 77 6 B p6 5   ! B( ]XK.7

!6L !6 !( 6 - 7e !H K 7 6  !H p65 B( ]XK 77m K -!

5 (a 76 76! 76

F 6 cde p6! TH 2  ] cde .( 2 T7 H! 76 L2($ K6 J  7%H (  !H([$

 J   ] 7(  7B !6 7 !- .7-6

6 =! ([$  J 7F6 76 7e 76   % KL5-y- 2=  6  2E .76 5 =!j

6 ] 2 H . D !U6  Y6 B6 L - 7e.- K

  = -# 7%H  Z- !H H B >F( 5 B ? L> 76 7  L  "6 2  >F

6 Y6 0  5  (` .7%H 

 B  756 7 "B 7 GK5 [  ]6 .7%H   !5% B !6 p   6 7 6 `e>    !H

7m 0 Y6 !6 0 /  T2 . - ./ 0 .-   !6   0 s Z6 ! p 0 GK - =

 GK K  !H -($ K6 dde  .7B  GK 56 %j  .- !  v Y/ !$ 

& 7= .- ? B 27 6 - >%12 .7%H - !6 2B 27   6H ] 7> 012 - (

B6 7!

7/ Y/    B 7X56 7 Z6 B !H e &  7% 5  =  ( 7%%H  7X {H 0 6

Um 7%%H  "B

  %H #%  !  6 !  7 =  7 ( T H .- !6  Y/7 H  "

T  Lm H 7 B $B !$ T !H 0 H  7%   ]6K 5 2.-
TF H! - D . !U6 !m .- (#  !m 7%H   Z -- V? D !m 7%?- D " !m D

- & 5 D& !m # 7 7 7F !m    6  .7%H  KT 776 H6 ( 7 6 7/ 76 !5j

$ ? B  !H Z% !6 7.766 -

2 ( ? m .$-"5 :12#$ 2 !6 !H 75 7K 7X56( bF 77K Y/( 7 6 ./ !7 -

% !H H T H   ZW 7%   Z1 .7% X  2 7%!   < 7%%H 7% !B ]X- F  7%%H

  7%% (76 / ! 5  DH.7%

 T !H(  76 6B 7%%H HVd 7 B(  -= !6  !6   U5 16 .7B 2 K6

($  J6 7 " 7  76F .7! "   T H.-

B 6 7( 0 7X56 (#  1% 27% .W 0 ? - V  $# " !H 7 6.7

=  ! 6 76  Vd  !H 7  7 7 `e 2 /  !Z U !  06 7 [6 H  ! B2

6 .-   2 6 !H 7 7% !76

 6 7 76 6B !6m 7 Vd !H   7 s  ( c( .- =  !HVd 7  - 6  = 7 !6

!2  !H 7%H !W5 B7 =   .7%67% 66 H 7 /   y  F   &6 B  K

 .-

 !H K 7% T !H 76 H [ !6  5&m . 7   1 ? 6 !5m 7 %H K 6!H  h[? 7

 & - -2 F .- >% B( K  ( 7 =B  !j= !6 7  !"e/ .7%H ]% 

T2   ! 0   !6 !H 7 K 6 (! B( 1- .7%H  !6  K!7

 D 7Z 7% !H - K6 p6 T 6 H5 66 V% 7 0V - L2  / !  ZK !6

5   7Z !"6 .76 0 !H -[ 7 T H [ !6 F !6 0 !H -6 7 . 6 = B !6 !-

.-6

(   0 ! 0 - K 2 6 -s 0   !6 B !- 6 bF 7-6 Z6 7 B !-  #6 !6 /

 B( H 566 .7 =! T[ !6 H L26 h-%  6 !H 7W 7 (H Z( !6 .7 B  6 =7%

-! T2 H.

!U6 !H  6 Y6 12 76 -76 !U6 . !- 6 p6 $ !H 7%( 7%:

676 -7

6 -767

76 -76

!2 !- !  7Z6 K p6 6  B  ( =  7%6 76 -76 /&!7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370129


J > _  &A VP $
  6 !H  >F b1 !6  6B !6 76 !H 7%

$ 6 ZWB 27 6H !m 7 # $ 6 .7% ZW27

 - !6 !H -(  2  7  - !67 7%H

  h$- 0%j ( (  h 27/ %g- W

 !6 -.7

 (  !H 12  D (Z B  .760

 ! J      !e`B  !"6  ( !6 ^6 !H Lm# W    $ .

(Z  76  V? `H  !H Lm 7  !6   s   s 0%m 5 7! .76

  7 6 bH Z  B ( 7%H LH    B F  ^d$ 0 6K - .7

B6 !6= E !-   7K !H V( 7%6  b1 !6  !H 7%%H&27 U !H B  76

 !6 K( !2 7 &F .7 6 27 . =   >F ( !$! !"v 6 6  .7  / 0%m

7K !H  `( !6  &6 - !6 7 .7  !mF - 0 ZW V( !6= !H 7 7% 27 6&

 7%H  0Z =7  !6 !H 7% !  ( 7% !6 - !27K .7%L6

!6 = (g LX/ L 27  6 !67K 0  L6 6 . $ 6  27 Y /  !6 !H

[ 6 -  (7  7  7   D D6 5 B ? H p .7%H6 - dB  5 07 5H7

`( &6 .7%H  B >%H  !6 $71 `H 5  .- 7 B D H - 76 71 !d$e

B 7-6 5 7 >F 5 B-  7% GK.

( 7  7 `  5B

!  H D   - [ !6  #  B W 7=  2 # =   !B (] 7F  ( 7%H

 [ 7 !H  = ! %H ( .7%H  B K= 6 ! 7 bF `w !H 7 - S  . 27 K6 !6 7%H

6 !U6( B D H ]d  6 /H !% H m F D !  7[ !6" !H 7 (V" B6 !  !6 K

L% V?6 ? D $6 0%m H  7 !6 !H 7 ?  5.-

  0%m $#  6 ( 7%H hK B 6  !6 !H 7/  0   h - !6 !H D27

7%%H !B ` = -  7  ( - 07( !6  = !H -{ ( B 6 ( g 27&  -.7%

 !6 7K %H B 27 !6 5T2   = !H 7%%H V( 6 B 7#%  p ZW 27 (76

(  .7%%H

Y H ]g D h-% >6 (d]  !6 LF ? - 6  bF . F  -6 - !"H = 6

 "] ( =B6 Lm 0 !H =>  H ... (  !5m 6 h-% ]g D B ? 7F !H 7%H 

 6 !6 7% ? 7%%H

 7%m 7 >% (7%m GK  7 7% "Z ]g /   =  !5 W  !6 / K ZW

6 !2 !6 !H !  "Z p 27 $ W/ . = B>  =%j  $ 6 !H( 7 B -  B

!6= !"- (- G1 . 7K 2 6 b1 !6 0   !H H ? 716 2 76  >"g by-/

B  L 76 -.7

($  67

[ !6 Y] ?" 0  - ( LH (! B W !6 $ --B 27 76 -2 .7 K /

(1   (V( !H 7 (?    %( ! !H %H !67 L-  ( D Z !6w !6 !"6 7  7- !6
= / !6 L  = .7%  !H  w 6 ]$K K = 2Y B ]g  !5 6J 6 &F (K

2 7 66 0 !H! ! 6 - !6 >F.

(  !5m  0vU !H  (  7% !67 L- ( D7 (  & b/6 $-% '-F 7 0

 !6 >-F 2 . K Y ]X !H -  ]"d( " s 6 - B 7/ !6 e !H - 2 1H

.%

= H !H#    ^6 7 !H/ B !6 $ 6B( 7F 7%H = H  !6/ W  27

7%%H  U    7 6 !H % B 27 6 W ( 0  ZK !H "U

(&?  =  .

6 w 7 56 s .7 7Z6 ( 7 07 =  (  7% 77  !6 07F h-% ]g D  .7%H

( g"$  6 !H 7%6 7?- H/ 6 D  =  2 - .7 H / h-% m - h !H   (7

!j6  7%H $K=H 7    / .- =#!  sVK  !6 $-% ]g   6  !6 / =

 T2m !H V? 6 ]g 0 ? 7.

  "B(  /( 7% 7d   T56 F 7 !6 H B  !H 7% 7%L6 -  D   %( . 

((Y6 !6 7 0! Z- 7F - 6 !H 7%H -/  B /  ]XK .  2 H !H#  7

/ W ( 7%H   dB! 6 7K $ 6 B ZW 76 7/ !6 ?$B ! - !6 

?.7= 7

 / b1 !6  !H - K  - ( 7%$6 6 27 &F (H !m !6 K  (  !6 .7 (`

 7 H  &6 !K` 6 ( 7%7 $ / .7%H2 2  ! 7%6 DmH 6( !6 !6 b1 !6/

 (  !6 77F - .7%H

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302614


J <>& n

  "   ` 0 !K 6 6  )!&F %

Z( &% :!H H !H  - !6 7 

 7%H !"H B 6> 6 7%H  2   0%m 2

H  bF 7%Z 5 7 .( !6 !" 0 K `K

 7&?6 %Z 0 H DH 0 !6 ( !  (   Lm !H

 !"v `K   7.


 g  !H - "B 7 GK  = % $de

= %Z [ !6  .K "B . - !67 5 ! 6 7 !6  !6 $ 2= !  0.

  !6  =[ !6  !H 7 B ZK %W $K ! / 6  5 Ty6  = !6[% .%H

7m [ !6 !H B ]6  7%H  !6 L 7  !6  6  .7%H !6 7 6 !H K `K  T2 H

!H >-  ! 6 F  !6 wd6 h"U 0 &   ?6 !H 67 ^d6 5 512 7%6

 YZ 6 ]X !6 [% 2  DH.

 - ( !6# `K   !6 - 0 ] B !H  B H !6 %H 5   !6 L[% 7F .7%%H

`H  0  !H 7$ !$ [ 6 !U6 !6 77 5[% "H 6 -  .7  -y 5 = !6  '-F

7%  0%m6 U >F 6 7 !%  = !6 !H '-F&  - .%H

 0 6 6   % !H    7 T2 6 !6  = 7 (  !H  7! $B 76

& / .  ?6 76 !H "X . 0 !-   1  ( / !H - ( -  

. 2   !6 H !H 7VK !H 7 B !U6  6 [ . [% 6 " !$  0 [ !6 / p6

B "$K m &`( 06 !% 7e  7 67 7   y- ( 6 !6 7 p B 27 62.

6 !$  &`( !H / 6 W/  !  ]6K "X 0%m 6 .7% 7# !% = 7%$ h-

(7K 7  !H % ] = .7%H   !H & !H 7  5 !6  =6 7 bF 7 7 y-   #

 7$ / !6 

/ [ !6 (  !  7% !6 - E  K `K [ 0 !6 . -   !H 76 / - 7H !6 

 7  !#m $ $ TF   .7 (  0 %Z 7/ .7H 0 (  6 7!   !H 7

 D  066 . 7 . 6 7 7%H D TF UB 76 -/  [ !6  GUK L% - - !6 V

%  - .7    &6  ( !6[ B  %H 0- U !HL>   76 b/ 0

H & H 0   [B !6 p !H - B !T2 p6 6  = 7 .- 7K !12 7 !m

  (F   ( ?- . ZK = 6 .- 0%m D(  !5m 7 7s ! !H 76 &VZ . F

/   B  `w 5 - 0- 7# (7%H !6#

6 D 0 !H  K ] !6 5 76 !  0 =  H 5 7%6 7 !6 7%$6 !m ( -7 6 7 7 -/

[&1 6 6 B6  = .7%H !6B /( 0U6K !U6  [ !6 B   7%  !%76 (  ]X

 L#(  !6! ( 7%H  ]"d - 6  >F eB % .7 6 2 !6 7%H  "X 0%m D(  / ?&( 77

!H7Z6 !U6 B " !m !66 7 . 2 B !T2 !U6 / !6 ( (#  76 7- H7 $K ]6K 0 !H -0

 B !6 !6 L T2 6 B 06 7 !6 .s% 0 6 7 ? B D B !6 &6 K  ( V !`K

( (? !6 .7%H 0 ]  !H -&! ( 7H 6 ?  K6 7VK !H ($  = 6 7T$ &6 K

.7%H

6 7F H  .& !H   !67! 6 7B h"K 7 6 7%H 6[% !6 ]H  7%H 6 !$ 7h"U 0

 L 56 s[ !H 7 6 L ]6 7 0%m D B !U6 ?6 Z6 .7  (V  7%%!    = /

 7 5 6 ! 7 K6 !U6 6 - !6 7B "Z !U6 ( 2 .7% 7H   B % !6  <

]6K  !B% 7%H Z- bF H GK 0 -# 7 7  # =  B 0 7 .7%H

 6  !H 6 0   %= H 6 7 6 K `K  T2 Z$[ "B 7- !H -Y &6  7-F

6 '-F  L  .K 7 K !6 Z  7%H  Z- 6 - .7&6H 0 Z$[ `H -  6

#    - H 7 .  <5 6Bm 7% !H<5  !66 !s/ D K  YZ .
( 7 "  - &  2 7VK !H 2 H   7 6 !6 .7%H 0 ] $  !H -"B 7

- 6 G ( !6 !H 7  = 6 2 7K6 % !U6 T2 .7%H  !6 7 ( 7 / !6  %  !H7

 &6.

 !"v !H 5&! 6 7 B 0 ! 76 0 !H - 2E  H 6  5%- .7& D/ bH

 7 H !H 5  !6 d"VK .7 T2 0 !6#( D -/   -  - 6B [B !H 7

B  -T56 K6 0 !6 .7 0 ]   7 ? 0 DmH ]X H7 L6  7%H !g $ !6 

=   F .76 0  !H  %Z 6 !H `K H 7 H p !"6  6BB - / 6 . 7%H W 6

[= .$ (  V (? .7%H 65 7  7 [ !H 7%H ] ( ![d   ]d ]g :s   ]X

 27- B  !6  .76 !12 6 !H 6 B6  7%H B h"K e e  6 (  -7

76  %F H /6 . 7    ]X ` !K .7%H $de  6   !H - !6 '-FY  [1

 6 6 7 0 d H7 ( B6 .7

 !H($ ]  2  !6 17 5 H 7 < V% ($  (  >F 7/ 0 . 7/ / %

 !6 0 ] !H -    GK (  c !H 7%B !U6 &6 !%[ 67 ( .7%%H V( !H

!6 7  !6 7Z6 ]/ !U6  !5 7 7e  6 F 0 - [ !6 (7 #L>   `w .76H 27 

 !6 0 L2 !%  !H 7%  7Z6 ]/(1  .7%

( 7"H ] 0 0K !6 7%H Z- !H -  B(  6H !H Y/ .7( !6 bF 7 7&H  0 5

6  5 ? K6 .7 76 Lm !6 2 6 bF 7 .$[ 6 7 ] .7%HU `$K !H !6  H ] F 6!

 L H  .76 2 0%m 7 D $K 7%H([$  !6  7- !6 ! .7%H  7

(! ! TF !H 76 0/ D  6 7/ >6 7   7%H !6 0 ] 6  !H - `H 7& .76

 - ][6 &  !6  H p 7 -/ B $ .7%H

 .& !6 V? 0 7Z 5 0 !6 [% ]H %H  Z- ( K ` (K ! 0 K s 7 .

K 0 "e  K `K 6- K D 76 U% 0  :76%s Lm !6  2  !6 7/  D

 !67$ 0 B.7 7

 ( : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=328738

4 ,</04&  K6 O/t


>

TF  v  ( -- 0L6 . - $K GK

  v<= !U 27 ( - L6 ; -= 76


TF   v ( 0Z7  27  L%  7%H  !6

!%7  ( 7%H 0Z = 5F BL6 7Z  .

B 27& 7 7 B -  K .7  !H

7  H !# (7 7%H  !H?    2

=! B( 7$(  . -] !6   !H 7<" hK = !6

 7%H B p(  (56 V( 7 !H7  !m

!( .7%H  !5m! !H 76 (  bH  !6 7

(56 V  !67 B(  hK bF 76  27

 2" 6 7W 1 p( B 27 !6 7L6 ( g (d  B .7%H #

7&7 H ] 012 0?-   0 7% v `H - -/ =>  b1 !6  

= Z$[.7% !H - '- &6 !m 27 B 56B 7 -B( % 7  0%j  v 2

TF !6 0(  7F 7%H bF (7 = L52 0 e !6   = 7 = ] B6 &6B7

.7

- !126) : -  s B%L6 2  v  = H (! K (.7

 1( D F 06 77% 627 H/ -6 !%27  $K   v %  7%%HW ? 7U

 7 ?6 !6$K B   $ 7% "U ZW  - 77 0  .../ .7% =!  6 !60

6 !H 7 W  = 7%   Z 7K( 0) 0U6(   7%` !6. B   !H 7%B !6 6- !-76

F  6 B  h-% K   0 F  6 B "! ? L" TF   v( . -  s%e .

  "g  !H ZK !2 !6 7 H 2 !H 7%%H H B& 7% 0. - = L

"!  [`

 7&!  %Z !6 G$% ZK &% D7  !6  27  7 [ . 7&!  !H -p6

B> (.7%H  0Z

  ( !6 7  &m D  1 7%H B  = K  6 p7 B  (= 7 [.7%H 7%6 !$

( ("B 6 p& 0 ( K 6 (  / 0Z 6 ZW !6 7K 22 0B-! 7&!   !H(Z

 B !& 7%%H  5. -

 ( >?6 0 (  !H 7! = 76>  TF .&   . - 0   !2 ? !6 1

 = 0%m 6 !"6 77&!    = !H !2  TF.7

6  !B- ZK F !B 6%6 - 06 0 !H 7% 7- B.7%H

<" h ( !6 $ 7  !H 7%s .7

 % 6 "L ( 7%B 7 `& !6 ( (H 0  bF 0 K = . -

 L62  v 0   ]65 = !H - T 27 $6  6 6 /  6 H= B &6

 5  L  6 $/V/ W B 7%-BH 7%.

=  !H  6  06  7% K/  2< .7%%H  6 !6(  / 6 7%  /

e 7 .7%6

(   6

   77%"6

( . 0   = !Z  !H 7%5% ( 2 V( 0  .72 s !H7 7%"6 7 !6W/ 7
(& ]d  ]$K 7-  !6 !#  = .7%?  (V  h/6 !% {%F LF   6 /

- = 7%B ZK !m6 7% .72 s

 !U 6  07 7%"6 7 %H (" F &m b1 6 p T   7 H 7 (H G% Z6 6 7-

F !6  7 7%"6 . - 0 6 27 hH     W . -

$   ( 0 2E 6  hH 7 7%"6 . - H 0 !H  .] !6# =  7H 7%7%

 = / -   !H 7%  . = !6 !K` 6H 7 7%( 76 7 H ( ?- H (B76

   !6 . / =  #  m .7% H 0  7%%H m =   &6{ "U  72  s7 =7(` 

  !# !6 ( 7%%H 7%-6   !6 .  "U (!  .7%%H

?$B B( #67

7  %Z  27 m ?$B ZK  !m7 ( =  &! !6$ Lm 2 !H

  %H dB B ?$B . B-7 7H    - s B  27 / !6 !6 ?$B

07H !H - D ZK( 0 s  =6  7 7H=6 D & 7 . - 6 GK7 $7  Z  6 7

  6  6%6 . 27 0B !6 !H 5% !-    - B-    #

/ W  !( . %H! !H 76 YeTF %6 >F 27e . -  s 7m !H 0 (` 6 ( %HW

 p  p" ... 6  =  >F?6  !H 7  `w . = [  !H -  6  .7%%H p

 &! / ( g -  !H  / - .76 6J(=  >F K1 !H 7 !U/B  B -  H

m .  !B-  - 6F 7! - B ?$B = 6 F !m (1   7%H %6 7 B( (d

& 1[ -/ / K %Z 7 GK !6 06 7K G 7  27  !6 7 6 !H 0s B !-

 % ]w 0 !H - ]B DK [ y6 7 7 = !H 76  / `e (  7= ( .7 !6 !m

s% ?$B= !6 ZK  7 B( -  / 0  !H -?  dB 7%H 76 .7$27

= Lm !H - /  6   !H 7%H !( .B !6 0 B  w%B -  (  !H K1 $w ! 7 -

!  . 1% / $Z( 0 (= !H - 1 !6 $w "( D 7$( 1%]  .7%H  0&6 !H 77K 0 p"(

 6B 27 (  756 V( 7 !H7/ H p 7%H ?$B %Z - -  27! .76

76 h(( 0B 0   (  !H & 6 %  0B= 6  %( . %H ."B 0= G$% !5m !H 0>  B

Z (  %H ZK ( dB B56 6 . ($ = G$% 6>  6B6 7 B ZK  - = >?6

& 5 27 76 !( .! B !H 76& / 0    !6 Lm ( h( ? V  

= 6 !H -  !U ($ K6 7%HK B6 7 =  !6 6  7%H 5 ! Lm !6W K %

.7%$6 &6= 0  LH( !U "L = [ !6 !H -  & 5e K 7%H  !mB 0 =

B.7%H=2 B  ( 7 [ .- LH( !$K  >  (5.7%H 0

!5m  ( %H !6#

 !=  !6 B 6- - F  (Z H = 6 0- 7m !H F  !6 ...= - 7%H %Z7

 (  7 6- L  7 (d ? V! ( .7%H 6

( Lm 7 7  B( 6.7

ZK 6 ( !H ( 27 =  >F 7 6? - !H e  K  72B6  6 H7 .7%H

(  ]6 5   7K  7%H =  !6 !H  0%m !6 5 $6 %F 7 5 7 7s

56.7

" (Q< ]H !H / 0 h 6  7 Z h  7%j B -! 76 B !6( &.
6.7

7K (S  $ 27 6 7  0B= e 0 (H g 76 .7( !H 76 0 6  $w 6 7% 5 !6

 27. -

K`B B=%

/ ?$B  ?676  -5  %( %Z  !6  $w 27(  !H - 7 6 7% 5 1%

 !6 $ / 27($7F 0 7 " !6 L/   L5 .7  ( 7F 7  #

-  =  6 7F H . -/ e !H -  &~  2.7  !2 !6 (%H 6

!H 0/ &! B .7%%H ."B

!6 $d 0   6 B F ! F --  cde[ H - = (F  ( -/ H 6B !67

 !6 cde Z- - >?6 .H 2H   $d  !6 67 7 7%  6 H = 27B 7%

 06 GK !/ &6 7&! ] `B $ #%HB6 7% 6 !H b1 !6 =>  7K

  -2 65 B 7% . 6Lg 6  F7 & .7  !6 e B6 7%.

 $d %Z - 0 7F  6 !( 7! !H 7%6 -B 0 66 6 7 ] & .7%

(Z (   ] 27% 6 7 0 . -   !# $d 6 GK(F =7 H  ! &! 

B 7%F H &H- HH 6 /6  7 b !6  b1 !6 / 7 56 7 - (1 p 6 $d

& /    .7&B

! 6 !H 5 7  $d7 76 (! H  7   067 . - =J - 7 6   7 # / 7

/ = . -

H !6 !H H7 ( 7%%$ $d H !6 7%5  7%%H $d 2/ ( !6 ."Z7 5! (  7%6B 7%

-! 7%6 B 2 7 -! (  7%6 bH 7% 5 76 -.7

(   6

]e  ; 7eK

 7(7% 0  (=6 !H  1e 0   !B%7e 7[B !6 .76 K! K !H 76 ( ( - 7 Z

`Z hH H !  !6 Lm  56 V? . !H (- 6#( !#   ]e/ 27(   0

  - =  !6! 7e 56 K.

  7"H 0 0 !H -( Y/ B 6( e  6 !6 $ .761e 0 B 7e K! !6 76!H %Z 0

 !m#  6 7 6 !6 7 0! e 0 27e . K  e !6 - 6 Y6 1H ] !6

H. -

7e 7"H 0 K - 6 65 6 . - !6 bH - .7%H12 L2    Bs !6 !H 7L -(

B  cde  %$ 6(Y 0   !H7.7%H ] 7 - 0 B 7-y6 '-F7 2! 7%

 7%6 0 B !5m6 7- 0   ^6 6 " B  Y ( 7%H 0Z (  = $ %m .7%H 6 

2 !H 7%H  !"H ]  !6K D   (7$] B .7 7&! %m 2 !H 76 !   h 7%(

6 B K 5  .7% - 6 GK  K  2= 7 !m - -#  !6 7 !(.76 !H K!

!H 76! 7- 6 .-  e  2L .   J(7 7% 7Z( !6 p  56

 !6 !H  7 "67% ( H 7%%H$   !6 7%%H 76YVd 7% 7B ( 7?6  !65% 6

&` .7%%H DH


- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301136

R4 */; >8 K

/ ?$B ZK 6 L2Y7- ( ]6K ]"d .76

!U = !H H ?$B   !U !H -

Ze (Y6 cU- !6  >%6 H  K 6 !6

 K  0 ?$B Z 6  >#%-

[ 7%6!$ 6 0 - ?! H  !H!

 !6 !$ D  ]X ?$B  p K 

6  = !H !  2= 6 .- K T = (

B 27 22 !5m -F %H 2  /27

B -> 67&! -  h!H -#%

= !H !j= 7>  7/K !H 76 !j= ]K -

!# .%H7K 6 !% 7&! (V 1 =`!6  

6 =6 !6 7 =  Hs=  B "# 7 7%   !H( 7 7 H 7%H  7! 

76 H 7%H  m 7%$6 6 !HH0  6 !H $w ( LH T 7  7  - 7  

B Z .-7K 0   Lm 5  1 .-( 56 !H Lm = G$% D 7   G$% 0

 H/ - (7K !6  %    (  = !j B !H[ !6 7  7 .7%H7 V V 0 7 (' &6

- 7K !6 &6 V 0  Z 6 F - (! = bF 7 ( LH 7>  6= 7% F  !6

&H B ? L 07   6 - G$%  / B> !6 !"-  6 7d  6

-  07&!  H/ !H - ] =...7%

 $/ $

    6 -- = hH> / W !"?( ?$B 02 - Um w D - 6

0UB 6 X (  (1  -( [$  1-(  %2 m ( -  !#&! g!  ( =2!

7VK 0($ 7 !6 ? 6 7%m [ %H GUK m H 0 B V( 6 #  =>  

 B   2 2 m bF YZ !H ($ 6  7  1% (? !6# H 7-F .%

!m !6  B B H !m !6 =7 2 !6 >d ( 0 0 6 !- 7 !6 (H#  .7  

 !H ZK&m 7&H  b1 7 !6 !%de 0  7%H #  ]5% - 0 5 !H 5%

-! [ 7  Y = h"K< .  6  $ 7%H  !H 5%  B  Lg  
 F (sd 7VK  [!1 6 !H 6 &B 6 (`   = 6  7%H bZ% =m !H &?$ K

- 6"6 0 0 76( -/ 6 TFe( 7y- 6 !H & . !2 6 - $"2 (& !% ?7

#( 0 (- 6 B 0> ( 7%H !6# 7Z6 = "H = L 0 0  ?$B ( ($ 0 (B 6  % ]e

 ( !2 6  % 5  .7%H GUK "H 7%TF0"( eB   "H 7  $w =7K >?$

6 B  7%%H ]/ p 7= !"H D (  %6 !"H D/ 7  22 H 1% !6 $w $UK  bZ 6

2 h"% .7  $ -/ $  !6 L$ B 7 -/ ( ( (&?  .7  7K( 7%

! B V( 6 2= W 7%H 0 - !6 = 7 U -/ -  !6 %7! .7%H

?$B 7%6

7K  1( !6 !H "e F  6 ( 7&?6 >7 ($ .& 76 -/ = - = & . - !H &.

$ TF 76 7 6 .7 L  27 L>  -/ U -  dB % #H !6 Z

7&HF-   7Z6 06! Z- &6 7Z6   6 &6 . F Lg 6 /  Z-

 7%H  !H 6"U ZK  /  7L6 bF  !6> =!j  B !H> 2 0& -= .7 ( 

-! !  = !H !j B  7#%2 = !H !j "Z ZK K 05%- b66 !- !U -W -#H

m &67% =  !"e Z- 56  H W !H - 27 B  7%H 5  s6 (/ 7-

  %( ! !H H 7 27 !"6 -B 7  L!  7 !H -/%H    0 "K .77

6 Z 7 27  1 ?$B 6 6 6 T<H  6  1 Y 7 7= 0 0 ( `H

-  Z-   ( 66 X -/ j !d 2 !e`B %H ]%  !6 .& !H$ !6 ?$B

H /   1H !"6 6 `w - 0 2$    !6 %6  !H  %Z 0 (."Z( 0 !6  %

)7 (?$B  bH( 5= 7 $ ?$B 7%$6j   6 6 = !6 - Z-7&!!-

 &"   U !H  !m $    7%%$6   7%%H b/ B " ($H 7L ?$B

!e`B 7 ! !H -  7! 7 2 -  7m !   &6 ?$B %H 5

B b H.

`[ 7"H

-/ & .  $d B F  7 6 6 !H --= !6 7  ! 6  6 L#Z

B :! ([$ >%H  L=$d B .72 !&m- DH - &B  / 6 H 2 =L 2  6 7

 !6 X >%H H/ & . & L=$d - 7#  / (B gH 7 7  / B !-H.7 7

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=291104

 _ &/
U =
/ />5 $ !R
= F !VK B  !H 7&2 b - 7F 7% 7%H

7 F H  !H B b 2 !66 -  5

H !6 (` 76 . =< 7% 0?-  B !VK 0 . U

  F H  27 Z 76 !6 !H & 

6 7F .  ( -75%H  27   H !H

 b 2 7 !6 [B 0 !H - (`& 0%m

F . !H  276 7 7 5 b !6 7 $K

B 7 B  ]H .7 F ]H 6

v !H (   b $K 6F . B  !H 7

 b 7 GUK -  = 6 =  .

 F c$e !H B !H 2 V( 7 7%"6 [ 7 !H

 ]H 7F 7%H ?6 b  !6 !H 7 = H L

 b ( 7%H $K 6 !6 =6%6 . c$e 0 (!

1- 6 6 !6 F - !H 2 2 7&H

6-  ]H .2  L  ]5% !6 & .

F 76 6 ]5% !66  D !6 7K !6  .7

( 6 7 ( !H ( ZW // 0  ]5% 

F .7%H - !H <6 ]H = H  H .2

 !H 7 W/ !6 & 7  F B!H -

 K ]H " 7  6 !# Z F .7-y6 $K L H !6 F . 7Z6  !VK [  !6B

6 7 D&B !H 7-F . ( ( 2 V -! B H7- 7%H / !6 by- B ! 7e .7  ! 2 !6 B

F !H 7- 7 7 &! > /  HF . - B  ]H .2 ( 7 W/ L B !6

& 7 F B !H - K ]H 7 v- m !H 7%H - ( !H B  ]$K   D&B

 7F .- $K L H !6 F .  !VK !  !6 D 6 !H 7- 7 = $  HF  !H6 7 7

 5% !H 7 = 6 7  ( !6 = 6F ( 7 W/ %  . B 6 = !6 = - $6   F

B !H - K ]H " 7 !%  ( !6 7 = 6 F .7-y6 !H = !H <6 !6 T2 $<6 ]H

= 6 7- !H 7 g& ]H ( =    b ]$K .-  Lm  B ]H ( -= H7  L

  - . $K L ]H H B ]6 6 = H7  F  H 7Z6 . = F v- !-   !H B

 %  B  ]H 7%-y6 7%- U H . ]H  " m !%  (  % !6 7 = 6 :12   %

D   7 !H - 7&H b1  % !2 - !6 [B 0(  %  !H - !6 7 = 6 67F H 7 

& 6 !H ( 7L6 !6W %  -    B %  . ]H  v- m !H - ( !H B  ]$K

  7 D&B - : !H7%e D F !jK !- [` 6 7  -   H7%e !jK

 &!  H B B !H - ( 7 ^6 0 D&B B   7 .7 67F H 7  ( = 7%e !jK

 6 B 6 ( 6 L B  7 .7 ]H  v- - 6  :12 L 7= DL  ./ ?6 ( 67

6 U"-  ]5% 7K -! 6 = -76.

F  !H v-  B / 7% [ ( 7 ^6 G  ?6 ]H( !H 7 =   7%H  ]H

$K  F B ]6 - 2 ]H = 6 !6W - !6 ( by- = b !&m [ !6  B
26( ( 7 = b !&m  B  .76

F ( !% = b !&m   6dB 7%B (26 !B !6 !H 2 V 7Z6 0 5 H #

7 7 B => F .7%H 27 7Z6  !VK !% =  $ H v-  % %  .  7m  H (

F B & 6 !6W - !6 ( 7L6    B % F $K  0 !H 12 5 !6H 0 

7 m ( !H = b !&m   0 - $ 0B !6 7 /H 0 76.

F !6 K L B7 D&B " 7- B .12 L B 7m B>  H ( F 7%e !jK  &!

 6 B 6$K  6   %  !6 !H 6 6 ( H.

F K B ]5%    7 7 !6 6 !H 12 7= DL  ./ ?6 ( 67K 7 -!

= -76  . F B !j= !H - !H =< 6 1- 6 !T2 6  (Z F .7%H  LH 0 HF !6  .

b :126 D ( !6 H 6  (  = ( .%H 1/  !H -   6 % 76 7%e !jK F !H

!- [` 6  H = bF .L ( ./  ( B  ( 7F F !6  bF .%H H !"/ B.

=  27 H6 D  b $K !6 6 bF 7%H 7 6 !6  b $K B &2 . v- 0

= !H - (  b 6 !( 6 p $K H 27 !H %H  Z- ! !6v- 0 '-F.

V?  2 b 7%H   !H 7 $K  26 7   - 6 !H   - B =

$B 6B 2= 7 H  6 b !6 6- J B !X H.

 2 6 b !6 6- J

2 0 b !6 6- J 0 !H - X B =6 2 =  56  66 . 7 h"U 0 !H  16!

 -! 7B Z( !H - =  1- H Z .   ?    7 !H - ?( V!6 7

7    B  0 7B !H     7 -1- 7%H  27 B ] !6 / T56 B.7

6%66 0 7 ?1e V 7B B  .7%H # 676 7 !6 !H 7 = 7 2  6 6 ( - (#%2> %[6

/7Z- F % 7 ( 6 ]g 7 = 6B 7! 76   b  J ! B - .  ?

/ (B 5H 7 7B 6 !H   6 K= 76 -( !6 !( 6 !H - !H B ?$B ?676

  .7 6 /7 F !H 12 7 7 H 7  27H !6 U6 7 !/J !"6 ($  6 0 6 

!% B !5m - pd 62  7%H %[6 !%#%2 1-  .7%H $B !6 7  ( 7  1%

6 !"6 7%H !%B 7 B !6 56 #%2 0 :!H 7   (  6 !H = 6.

bF  ( b !6 7 J - !H 76 0  6> 7%H / %Z !H !6 0!H 7-6 ZK

U 7&H b1 !H -= -76 - J  L B    7 -  ( 7 7m J !H B-76 7

= 6%6 H 0 !H - !6K  B 0  7%H !Z = - = !6 ( 7%H B .7-6

2 0 !H - 6B ./ 7 766 27 %Z 6 7 B    7F H 7K 7Z- B !6

5 & 7  76 71 e 0 !H -  (B ./ 7 = 27>-= 2= 7% 6

 6  ZF 2  .7%H 6 !6 7 7K 0 ! !H 76 [  %HU . !6 %Z " ]e

"Z 6 !( 7! !H 76 !6 2 =->  Z D& 6 27 "   ! 76 = !6  7%H

 $   56  6 !6 D 6[ 0 . !m B !HB hH 7H 7.

 6 7 B  6  7%H F $w !6 0 ]e ! F !H 762  6 !sd !6 DH = - / 7%%H

-  DH !6 ZW = 7 ?676 j6 2 BH 7 0 e(  B6 7 !H !6 !( 6

( !H (F 6 !H [$2 B K6 7B 7%H / $&F B 6%6 .7%$6 0 7B 6 2 7B 76  L

 [6 BH 7.


2 - 0 !H -  Z [?6 7B !H !6  ! y- - F2 =  !6 !6 !H 7-6 !# 0 =!H !j

F2 !6 H UB   #%2 !H - e 2 6( - 7 = !6> bF .7-6 ?$B

 6 U H 7 L5-y- F2 .76 676 7K !H 7 J U 6 !H !6 6 K6 L bF -

 6J 7  Z B 7K D 7%$6 6 7- = !6  %[6 56  6 . ! 5 0 !H - B (1

(  -7  B 0 (7  7%H B !6  -7 ( !H 7Y$K  m - !H? L 5  !H 7 p

=   !/ 7%%H 27 H H !$ =  #  7% / 0 B 27  T2 7%  m &6 bF .7

 6 -7 ( 1( 7  6 76 / 7  1 1( 0 B !6 7 7  1( 0 B y6J !H 7 7B

 76 0 27 &! = 6 L  .

( 1 !H 5 6 7&! B 0 ! 76 0J !H -   0 - = !6  .- 2 !6 1( 0

! 6 76 = -76 = B Z-H 7 (  7 ( 1- 7%H   !6 7 7 - 76  &F >F

56.

2  m  L b !6 6- J 0 !H - Y 676 7/ !H 7 B76 ( G 5 J !6 6- -

%Z #% (7 !K`B 1 ] B !H - Z- !6 F 7-6 5  0 .7%6  6 6 $ #%

  1% B (7  7%H %m 12 L `$K !H( 5 6 7B !H !j= !6 1% 1( 0 7 - J .76 67

 F ]F 76 7 6 B  0 $ m !H   % F B / B !H 7&m 7

(H !6# .76

F 0?-:

==  6 0%m 12 !H !j- !H 7! "e B 0B%>  7/ 6 G$% 0B%   !H -

   7 !H .- 2 !6 B% 0 -= 76  ( !H - 7 7m ?6 !HJ 7 = -76 (B H  %7

6 !H - 7%H H 2 bF .  0( ]e 5 b !6 6- J 0 !H - B% !"v 0! !H 6

 (L?  %    K !H - - !6 ]e  G6% !&m- =  27% 7%H $ !6( 5  G$%

?L / 6 J 0[6( B !H 7 - T56 ! . 5 0 !H - 2 0 = 761( %Z  $w

B y6 5= 7! = Lm B6 7F . L 0?- !/ !e( D !H - 6F 6 7 J ($ !- ! 76

= %Z  B !6 H6 76  L5-y- F2  .76

2]"d( 56 : G$%  =

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=338306

 ... 8

Z6 / "B     .7%6 m =  6 !


/ Lm ( .7% [B  !H =  26 7 !6

  K g& !H / 6V( .7  % 0

=V(   e &!`6  = %w- / /

 s #% = #   !6 012 =.7

H !$ / H !H 7%  .7% 6 7 !H 76 0

%6 H  !6 7 !6 . = =!-  !H 7%

 2 7% 7e %- = 7 & !! (V %

 0 = V( /   656 - D

 b !H H b .-&! H- e!& !2 D

.7%H 5  !6

/ "B !H  = 06%6  7% =  7 !6 !H / 7%

= !6 !H 7%7 /  :7% 6 !H/ 7 7%L6

 7%   $ !H 7.7%

S 6 H !H= 0 / 7%%H B 7 - (.7%H !e

- - 7!-

- ` != 6 K !6  - !12- - 7   ( !H  . 7%6 #%F 0D

 %&F !6 ! 6 D /F/F !- ZUK >?6 7   66 .7- 0 !6= - 7

7 !H   = 7% 6 7!7

"Z ( 76 H- (  = 6 = .7 6 m  !6 !m> =56 77 = 6 m `e    K

 6 6 7%H 012 Lm m ]$K  6 7%  012 >/ 7% 05%- D$- 6 !m  / 2 !H 7% 7Z6 7%

=! 6  H 7m !H 7 B .!15 7

"Z ( 76 H- (  = 6- .7 !"e/ !& $e = !$% .-0 ==  !H 7%

GK6 &/ #6  !6 7%%H7  >&H 7% K  (> 6 !H 7%%H= .7%%6 7 $e  /

& 6 =  = .7 7 $V =  7 H =  dB - 7 =   7 <05

.7

= ( 76 H- ( 6K - .76 = $ .! = 7%H !H K 77-F Lm Y 6/ 7 6

= !H K 6g& K  .U - 6  Lm [`  0 7    >% B  .7%H s(

7H D 2 ( 7 7 ( 6 &6> B 7%H 2 / 6= 6  ) b6 $ K = (7 B

 / >- / !6 &6 >  7%H G  66 h - / 6 >% y.

5 .716 !V? ( H ( 76 H- (Q h -6  Lm 6 7%H ( w Lm ]< ( 7%H %

6 y6 H G !H> !6-= 0  ( $#  (7( = ! 6 &F ! 6 !6 7%H (!- ! 2 =  K

Lm 2!( m ]w !H 7% 7%%H 2 6 "H 7 6 ( 7%L6 7% =() .7% 26 ZK 7%6(!7%

" ( 76 H- (S H - - .7%H=LH( B  .-(  " 7%H   6  "B -67e

 / &6 !m ? 7L6 (2 - 6 H e ( LH Lm &6  ( .

/ ( 76 H- (a   !H H . /  7 7e$(>   /H !6 $( H .- - &F !H

  !6 HH 7%H $H $   .7%H 7&H  #B 5 2  H   L- H= 0%m .

=!=! / 7%H 2 $  7%6 &m !% 76  &m 56 7  $ (!6 . >H6 7L6
h ( 76 H- ( (%  ( .76 !1 6 7%H !"H7%m 16 "Z 7   !m =  7 V? !m

6= bF .7 / 7%H b 2!7

( 76 H- ( (- > 5 6 !m .7 Z6 !H  /  7 % !H% -- 7&>  .7%

  !H 7% V !m / 012 !5m 7%-%  VH F !H 7  FY T2 ]K( / 7 7K

( (Lg !7&6

( 76 H- ( H = .7L  05&B K  0    =    % B `H K

 !7 (/ K1 !H  >-  !6 &6 !m&(> ! 76 (05&B 7 =( - . = &BL

H .- - K H- 7$m y= !H 7%&%6 !2 D - ( 6 . "Z !$ ?- !H -- = B

>B B ! > B 756 Lm D7   7% DK . T56 !H= > -! 6B 7 6

= >$V " m BH 7 .[B 2 $V  (W !6 =B 7( (5-   / !H -

 $V !K !" 7 7&H Y6 &6 !"Z 2  "B !6 $ !H 7&H!7&H 7

B76 ( 76 H- ( H! = .76 = H-  6$d .- 6 B  !H 7% / 6 /

Lm .77 > %H! <] - H &F 0 = T2 !d1e 0 7Z656  hB .-m 7 >-

7! 7%6

(!6 ( 76 H- ( 5 7% !  K7 7 ( 7 /  0 (L !6 > !H B

0 6 B 7%H >B>B 6 0 =  7%H s B !6> !56%  7=D B( 7-y6

!H  %2 7 76  !6 `e - 6 ZK -

( 76 H- ( U !6 7 .7  Y/ ( 2 Y/ 7 B7%H  7  p[0 -/ &5 7%H

06 F  w7%m  L! ( %2 0 7%m%6 >/F h/e F 7 .7 2 U bF =6 7 bF6 -7%m

B( =6 !HT5  !7 7 0 7K0  ?6=  B > 7%6 77- =7K Y .7

= ( 76 H- ( H ym ! 6 !& ! .76 %6 !m 7  K= Ye H-  $K / 

7 !sd !H  7%H 0 !6  %ZH 7 $ !H 7%H 7 = %2 7  < =  76Y  K

= H  !H 7  6 !m . "K !6 - B G1 !6(! !H = !sd  7%H H 0 !6 00%  K

/ .7%H !W H 7L !7 / !6 7%H"Z 5   76 7 .! 7 " !6 K"Z 0 $

 !H = !12  !6 77 / H .7L6

"B ( 76 H- (Q( $ 6 !6  B$ .7= > [B / B G 7Z6 ( !H  .7 ($/Y 

  ]g6 6 7(- `B Um 7%H ( 7D !Z56 $H 7 !H (-  7/ -

B !6 7L   7%! &7%Z6 !H 7 2 - 7% Lm "B  =- !7 !  p  !H 

$(= h"K !( . h"K !( 0  76 % F5% 7B 6 H !H6 7> $  J\ "B 7%H!-

= ( 76 H- (S 6 .76 &! 6  2 .6  6 2 <] !H 7% D 76 B   6

<]  B HH - -  . 0 "( p-  ?& !H :-   76 

 .-

-= ( 76 H- (a> ! .76$ ( 5 LF 0  Y6  6 .7%HH WK H7 `H = !6!# 0

 / !H 7-  2 0 L    LF  6 H Y6 6  7 !% 76 H- 2 0

=  =-> 7  B /-

- : G$% S
http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=321865

 /0$  8 $ *


 / k _6 8& >8$

6 ( g (d B 277 7 


%H( 7 0 

[ . - " ( % 6 5 ( g (d

(27=7 % .7 2 0%m 0= - (%H B(7-F7

7%m !H`H h U 7eH !  !  !H 2 7

( 27 H6 6- = (%H !6m !H !"v 0 !7

6B !6 = 1- H  7%H7

(  7 d (76 6 b -  ZW

 2 B !6(  $.7

6   6 % 0 (D% 7Y 27 !H -

(!6 !"/ !6 !"/ 6 7%  L167 ! =  !H $ (D%  H (  % !# [`F.7

V( !6  / 0 B(  !27  =2 ( !67$( 7%] & 7.-

(  $&F D$- 7 B $ -6  / 0 !6 7  (! H = !H Y $&F6B !6 6 

 . % 7 .B

( B 7  [ !6 ? ZK!- .7 !6  /0/  6  - F&F  ! !6 !H ] 0

Z1% B %F 7- = T56 7 (!2 V 7  !H.76 7

(  7  (7 0 % # 7Y bF7 6 6 !H - -B .K ( ZK )= !H= ! 7 7%H  !H

 (7 5  (7 H !"/  !U- 7 !"/ -!6 !&F (" Ze .7%H

bFY   2 6 ( g (] B 7FH!"F 7   [ :7%H

( Z6 ?B %Z V 2 !/ ( #H 7%$6.7

(  D Z6 (27 B #H !6 7%$6.7-67

6 ( 7- !6 7H"F  7!2 .7%H -

( !"/ 7% ( 2 2 !6 >F 7 [ 0 - Y . 6  !6 ! !H 7


6 (Q!6 !"/ 7

/ 7%%H DH56.7

(6 (S !6 -? 7%H?!`K 6! 76= %Z ( !6 !( 6 !H " # 7 ]$K 7Z6

  6 $de !H ]$K= s = 76 7= 7%H -d =  0  -

H-  K  !6 !H X = !6 7%  7- B !6!- "U( .7%-

6 (a ? / !H 7%H> !6( .7%&%6


(   B( 6 !H 7-y6 !6 !m0 7

( &m [B !6 m &m ! !  7 6 / !H 012! .6

( [B !6 !H 0 7  $Z &5  Z .

( = [B !6 m !H  L 0 7.

( [B !6!%&( !H 0 = >U  1H!6 !H  !H 27!  -.6

B 2 1H 7(27  D Z6 bF 7-6 6"U 7/!6 Y/ 07K >?6J#!& !m s% .77

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=266369

&< O $

 !6 =!   =B

m  !6  6B

">    &20

> = B 0&"2 &2

!7

[ 1    = 27& 7  !6 .

!6#( hH = 27& LH !%  27 =  6 7

( !6# 5 6 Ze B> K . 0  ))

 ((  7 7%6  . - H 0 7 6(7 0  H B %= 6. 7 7

 H !6 6 2 0  !%#%2  B>  BH 7 ( !    U   02= U B  L

T 27 $6. 7

 1- 0 6 ( ?[K h    B W = 2 e 0 B ?[K h  F - ( G 

. 7%H

$ Z6   B 7= 7% 07K s% !6 L - %5- F B W !6 &6 =e 2 !2. -

e 

 6  7 (  Z " !6 =2  7%6 . - Ze !"K !6  !6  L  G> Y  H7%

  6 .K !H $ 0  ( - L% - !6 6 V h 7-6`- . -

 m

6  '-F 0v- 0 - !6 L6 "Z &6 " ) 06 ( / . %H  !Z   .( : 7%  !6 F2
6 . - 0-  7K ^6 !H 7 H - !6 = . B )) ."U ( ( >%  (  . 7

 %`-   %Z .K  1 Z- 0( 6  !H 76(  %Z (  = . B !6 >% - H

 ."U . -

 = . 7 77

   27m L6 UBH !H 7  2 0= - =  27 h 7Z- -  76 = L6 $ 0

]( &F !H -  7  27 "Z   b . 7% = !H  / !m B 0 L 

6 !H - 7 = 6  6 H .

( !6 L 0 2  m  7 !Z U 6 !HH 0 ` H H !H  5   b !6 $K

7 .

= (  7 ."B . L .   ( H -B !6 !H - 6= %H !( K 2   !H 6 0

- H  . -

0  2 "#( 0

 61- 7 1 . 6  ( 7% 1- 72 . ( 0H 02 1- !H -  ? V ( 7

 7%H  !6 L # L   . -

( 2 B 0  L %H   2#] = 7F H     . 7  ( 2 !60

1- 76 L Z  2#  7 7%H  H/ m  b[%g!    ZK 6 ( .d7

( T H K ( 7B  . 7

  H .B  !H 7%> 6  . 7 e ) (   : 7 76 # = 7VK !j  =6 76 K

(  .

$ !6 ( 5   L !6  ? -  `Ue B( 0- 06%6 . -L 0  %j !H

7 !12  ((  ( . - = 1( 67&! (?] Z !6 . %H 0 ] - H%  ?1 L6 $F `-

  %6 >F : 7 6  $w! = ( 76 . 766

&H !U6  6 0  (&F p- % 7  F !6 ]$K B = . 7 !B !6 2/ !" 0  " )

( ( %H KB 7 H !H&H - &7 -% &?6 7 !" 0 $w %6 >F : -! 6 ) 6

B $! 6 ( ( H  .

! YH  (-

( = 7$-- ]2 >% 6%6 0$ [ YH ! = >% ( 7 !e`BV ( . - ! 6  . B . "B (

= !2 0 7 -  H  XK ( !H -  -  = 6 UB !H 2  !X` !6 : 

H &6 % B K 0  .

 ( m

= ( !H Lm   L (  7"H 7%H .L6 % &6  " ) (   : 7  !H !2 -!

 7   7 0 ( L . 77 5  . 7

 6 1L6 (  ( 0 7Z  B ?-  ( $   !1 ( ! = 15 !6 B / .

L L 2 ("? 0 = >%! YH  ( 6 . -L6 7&! 0 ]F   B> !6 

(7$] ( 0H!   7%  6 B  L !"K  G  K . 56

!  ( B %$

! ?!  ( B ?
( s1 D [" #h

B %Z !H g 7

0  H !1 %6 s

m ( -  %g<

( = H 7 !H

 !&$!   

= !%#%2 !67%6 >%>

7H 76 #%2 - 05

 0  6 ( /

(     

(  B 7B ( ?1

" D (  d " D ( 

6  . B ( `B = 7-

L6  . B L (  `B 1 $ = = 7 ( !6 . -7Z-  U (  !H 7%6 & =

(Y6 $ 7%6& 6 ! . 6

( 7K  (  (      &% !"-  ( 1 !H %H?  .

(  ? 2 =    ( ! ( 0  . B (   . B 7&! 1e . B . . B 

B> .

K H  =  !H 7   D  h/e7&! 1e  B     v 7  6. B 6

%XH  0 !H - v 7&! 1e  B !/> !6 . - 0 ] !H - K   : 7 

6= 6 !6 !m=  - )  1e  ( v . -

L= L   6  . B !H d( 22 !%de 27 ( !6T2 H -  05%-  vH 0 7  !6

T2!   !H #= -[ !6 : 7 7B 0 - 7 2 (  g 5 7= !H 0 B B 27> d

. 7%%H

 2#  H #( L Lm 27 7&! (  !%m . 2  ]5% ( : 7   !H

= !6 !-F  7& .

6 ( ! 7&!

B 6 ?- &!

62 7&! %&"2 ]2

6 B ( ! %?"2

   !H -7& 7 2 (  "( L ( 76  "( B 6  2  U !B ( 0

U 7%H U !"6 B 6 .

e  "H

  hH  e !H - =  6 (  F H B 6H 0W !6 . 7 7 0e !1   ] L

(&] . 0H !(  7%

B 6  b1 !6

 &% b1 !6  ( 6 ( . - b1 !6 / 6 6  . B K ( !"K   bF 5
 . %H c&7%  %6 b1 !6 L   b1 7% L  b1Z( %Z ( !H 1 B .

( H !6 !H ?-Fv- 0   L L  ( b1 &  K= . 7  2 : 7 7 !  LB! 6

H & .   Z (  !H !j= 7 = =  6   . 7%H

( . 7jF  7% 6 0 . 7 . B L H !H %H  ( Z !6 7 y6 6 . =2

0 !H 0 ( H !m - !6 K H   =7B !H #Z 7  [ !6 : 7 0 GUK H 0

&6 % B K  .

 XK !H H 7B 2 ( 0 = >% 6 H/ 0 =-  = !j = [ !6 76  -  7Z6 0 %XH . B

7K ( 7% 0 . -

6 0%m 2 B / 6  = . BK >%  H !H !6 %H# 6 ( . -6- 0! 7B  

#  H .

!6B W L =2

= 7 B y6 0[6 W !6 ( B W = 6 ( 2 K = H 7%H  cde !# B ( K . 7

!  7Z- 7 !g6  K !H [ !6 !61- 7&! `B B B W . 6 =B ( !6 2 !-

    $w   '-F 1%. 7

6 7- !"K !6  B     7%%H 7 6 1% H .   7%H Z- : 7%H  !e(  !6 L = 7/

(  % !  D y6 Lg !66 ( . 7 7  ( !sd =2 B !6H D  %H LH !6 U6  K bF . %H ]/D

&] 6 B 7 !- 5 y- Lg !6 s 6 ]/ .

=%  !&m- 6

7 2 6  T >?6 . - =% = !&m- 6  5  %=  !&m- 6 !H H .

T 2 7 !&m 0 / 7%H 7 5 6 !&m  2 7%m ? 7 .

= ( / !6 7& 7 m  !&m- !H 7 -#H (  !5m = !6  H 1-  (! = m -

7- m  !&m- !6 v- 0    v- 5 V 5B '-F !# 0 .

7e K yV? 5m

&7% 6 - !H#   7   (eVB 0    . 7e K!  . 7 !H  #

 m 7% = L !6 5- 7e7 K7e . 7 6 K =>  7 h" h$- 5   .

2 2 6 1%

 H &! 6 6 !H H  ( 7 7 7 ]d( ...6 0  1%  27  .d

 . 7  # #( 27 6  . -

6 ( Lg ( % !6 7%H  L  6 ( Lg- !6 L= !&m- !H % 6 ( !6 -V ` (

  Y e  . 7%H

6 m 1% < 7  ^6 [- 6  . - " L6 2  K6  : 7 &6 7 =!j

6 hK 7&H ( = !6 76   6 hK 7&H   - . 6 0

= !j 7d H  6 7%H 7d  ! -] 6 7d .  m 27m %B !H - 6

B> !B-. -

L !H L  # 7 H  6 6 7 7d 7%%H 6 %H 6(  !H %H / 6 6  . B 

!"K  %H c -= d F7%! .

( D%  6 !"6 1%


 6 $ 1%  27 h  ?676    . 7%%H 7d  - . 77Z-  ( 7%%H  $

]F    6  6 . 7%%H # -6 0 L(  / !6 %&F 0 ] H :

6 ! ( !H 76   7d 7 7d 5  p-( !H  !B-  0 .

67 T2 !6 L (` / 7B  6 #  H  TF . -

 ( 6 LH  $w  g H !6  71! . 76

 6  $w7> . 76 Z

($ (V B W 6 = V? 2 &6   . !H = % !6  0VZ    (  !6 H 7!%

 - . 76 1%

%F 27%7- "/ h 7B /   6 D%( 0    1%. -

=L ( !j L  &F  7d  H  6 7%H 7d (  ! -] 6 7d . ( mm ( %

B !H - 6 B> !B- .

!67 L6 7%6>

6 B 27 7 L6 ? . 0HB  2 H  U6 6 !6 TF  5B (` . 0H 7e K

02  6 "L  . -Y

H 7 ?6 

2 H 7 ?6 7 6 7Z- ( 0  V 6 ( B &F6 0vU . 2 7% 7 !H 7Z-  6"

j  s ?- K $e $ $ ]6K . -

=  b $K  ]B -

 b $K %Z !61- cde  e 7= >F - 6 7   e !H 6 27 B (  T2

( %Z !6 b .   ZK ?  6 0  . 767 % - H 6 27 .

/ !j !" 0  7% 2  !H : 7 ! ? 6 !  6 . [ 6 !"6 . -

B( 0- 0-

6 =<  026  7 6 7!  !2 !6 `B = # B $"K ( . 6 K B % 6

!H 7  0H LH / 6 <"`& 6 !$ =  / - .&! T6 6 0 B 0 y6 !H?6 2

] B -76 %H = .

<  0 7

7     !6 27 ]  7: -

7Z( : Y   v !6 '-F  e 7= >F B  $ &  7%  H ] -

5  . 7%%H

L : J ?  = 6 - -  $ !6 (  5 ]$K : 12 7#%- !  h K H # 

Y $ !"e`6 . 7%%H  ] !6

(  76 2  "$K !Z U & 6 $B 2 !6 -# " [ !6 L6  !# !6 0 ? ? . 7-

!"K c 55m 

 66  0 # H L6  < = ( 0 H !6 DmHF . - !6 0B DH 0 DmH # = 

   !6# H L6 K  - .

!6 ! 6  !"K !H - H c 6 6 72 0  H  - B =< H . 7

?- >&?6
(   0 "! 7

!HL 666 7

>&?6  27 =J -  !& >&?6 ( 7% >&?6 - ( (  . 7%H

 h$- >&?6 . - m  b[%g T  Z6  6 %Z  T  = . 7%HL%6

 2: 7

( !H H  % !2 7   e 76 B  !6 5 ( . 7%%H 7BT 0  27  ZK  

. 7%%H

7  -% 7 T2

76 !H H 7 !6 7%H H/  (  B 7  6 . 7 7  27 h 27 B !6$

B 7 .7 L   0 Z  . 7%H7 T2 ]F  !1   = H <

 &   6 . 77 T2 7Z-     !6= 27> & (L2  . 6 . 7

  0]  27 h  H   . 76

T2

H T2 UB $ 5 7  !%H  5 2E   . T2 . - UB 5

-   6 !H "! =   (  !6 = 27> & `- /   H .

 " ) (  : 7

( T2 0/  H F L6 !& ( 2 L62  (6  0  6 "VB 0 L6 2 " 0 (Y6 0

( ]d 66 `B L62  . 76

>6 T2 = !H6 g 5 767! = >?6  ` !H L62 H  - 6 B 

 . 76

$w !/ &6

!&m-   / !/. -

( !6# EF>  " H 6J 06 !H - !/ ($   !H H . 1% !/ - L2

 ( 7   $w & 6 . 76  $w7>  7Z6  . B !H -  - /  7%H

!j%m Z6   !# ? & ]e/ = ( !6#   7%. 7

0   !e( ( !6 !H B6 65  $ & 6 < 6 7 $ 7  = . %H 6 7

B6  6 h 6 7%?$! . 6

 !6%XH 5%

 B  ( 7y 6&h

= 0  $&h

= ( d6  !6 !H 7 - 76 = 7Z6 (- (  6 - 76 !2  0 ($ / 67 5 ("!

!H 7%  (F  7 !6#( 7 6J " = . - ([$  / (V  G6( e 

 s% !H - =  1( 7% (]  . 76

 !6 !H 0!  H/  7   27 B /  L ]H !H - 7T2  J( 5 7 !6

6 0  !H 7- 15 ]H 0 L5  $&F   7 /  7 7%  6. -

( L6 L`( 7 `B 6 H/ ( %H ]H H/ ( e &  J (  - . - !m=   6 ( 5% >%

 6 -  = !H   0( &6 (  76 &6 7%H (B 0. 7 7


55mK 6 5%s 6 H/ 0 = >% %XH . B = h K ! 0  !6 ( !6 07! H . -

7%  6 (`B 1

( ! -!  L6  B  = ( %H =  1- H !% 6 =   6 !5m 7 =  $6  6

7K ( 1 7&! L6    -   ( = 7K K`B7&! 7B !H -  6 ( !67! H K`B . -

 7%%H7Z-  7K   !1  ( 7%  6 6 . - L (   K`B ! 6 06 &56

7 B ( .d . !6 7 D%( !2 Z L 7%%H K`B ( 6  B T2 .

( D% Z L 7%%H K`B

6 ( ! 6  . B !H 76   !%#%2 !6 K`B  !Z . -

(7 T2 !6L L  Z . 7%H

6 (7 (. 7%H LH

6 (Q ( LH  "B  B 1- . 7

(S .d( !Z U !m (W 6 LH  L 76 &6 s B &6 d(  K`B 7 .

(a 7K (?] 6 ( #7 1- . 7%H  2 : 7$ Z- K`B % F !6  ]?( d ( . -

H 

 ]   K H   K . - Z- (` 6 J  7 ! V? !/ B !6  6

 7%. 7%

  V !H %H 6K !6 !H H -$  &6 !6 -6 0 7 !6 $ &6B $K> !

. 76

 

  7%     1-1-  7Z-  (  5  . 76  !6 . 0

!/  m 6 [%g T  1-  Y . 7%%H!   # e  06 1

. -

(! !6 ]e )  L2 (

 ]" !H H  ( .d 6H -  !6 !( 7  y- L2 =  e    6

 . 7

H 6 B  7%$6 ( 7%H :

?2 0 6 `B 7  7 % = !H - = !j  7K  y- %H L2 6e !6 76 /

 .

 B  5 :

 2 27 6 $H !6 ( 7%H - !6 %5%   H ]e H jF - Z ( B %5%-F 7. B

/  v

-  7 (  Z TF  v !H H . - TF  7%H  B !  v GK B   7 ( Z

6  7 . - 2  v H L !H 7%7Z-  -!  H 6 !%#%2 B !6  g. B . 7%

 6 = L >% 6- TF  v # H 7B !H #= . - 7 B B  7%H   v h"- 7 "(  -

  v  - ]6 (Yd  27  !6  =  !6 . 77B !H - - 7 2

(  g 5 7B !H 0 B - > d . 7%%H

=  v 7F= 7  7&!  1e / B  . 76 B 2> v ( V B 76 7  ^/
% B  B !6 !2 -. 7

 7 (= %Z  Z>  / h-% "g  b1 !6 =B 7  % ( $w 7&

%H -/ [ F  L VB &B (  ( - TF  v  6 .

(  B 0H LH !U D

B  2 7 $ 6 %H?- 7 6 . 6 7!  B %H LH !U D s 6 %H Z- (( h

-  6 H B> L16 .

$ b1

 < LX-/ [ 7Z ?" 1< . - L m  ["/ $ h/ $"[ (6 %( [" $

<Y % L!  7 (]  27  %Z < . - L HT -/ [ e(  h 7

(  Z   !H =  [ !6 Z cde d !61-  .

$ 6 7 = ! 0 ( 76 6 6 7- = ] 6  . B . 7%H = ! 0 h K  !6 0 H - ( 

6 = ! 0 7 ( !Z- 6  H !6 "U . -6

!m ]UZ bF 7

= 0 !j= ! 0 27 h h !H   % !6 - d = !j h !H 7 H % d( -

$ $d &?  7  ] 1-  !6  = !6  7. -

Z J

e  $  

6 - 6 $

 5 e   0`B 7%F 7d . -  !H -  !H 766  !6 7%  6 K`B

7B . 7$ 7 K $F !6H ) (   : 7% 0&B 2 76`B 6  [ ( F. 77  7%H

$e 66

 5 2E  $e . "/ ( ]d/ ?- 6 7- !67  $e . 76 66  

(  6 7%m. 7%H  6

$e 1 - 7K7%

= 1 6 $e J7

$e Z  !- 6 `- : -

$e (`& 6 ]d

$e F7 %  VZ

$e ( ]d [ F2 .

(` >H

 7%"6  !H 2

  !6 7%"6 7-7

  L6 `( !#   ? V L6 . - K H 7BZ 7  6 : 7  - L

Z- (`  .

7B  !6 7 !H  (  27 Vd %Z (` B V  ( %H 1- 6 GKB /> &!

= (L  . %H

&F
&F  5   0H  B6 !H - =  !67 ( . 7%H  ]X  !H H '-F

7K "   H : 12  7L 6 (H !6# _Y !5m !H  0 %H  B 6 !5m _Y !H

  0 .

!H H  7%"6 7   - - L2   ]H .

F !6 = 7 0 / %j K6

7e !6 & h/ 12 7 d &K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=287910

$*O
O 6

] 7H 7

= 7  7 7

=  U !--- 7< = 7-

= B "( 7  7

6  ! - &Um . -

7K( 2 7% !"/ 7 p6  & .2 !-7%

 7 7B " !- 2 - 7% & 67

  76 7 &  . !$ & .   77

!6 !-!  7 0 ` - {  6 !6

= -  60 = 7%= bF -( 6B 7% !6 7 =7

2V( !2 6B! .76 7% $7 %$B

 2 %Z !H 7%! B  6 Lm!! 7 7

? 7  !"K !6 !H G 7 7-L  b1 !6

7F  7%H !6 0= ! bF 7- 76 7% ! !"6 7%H !&F %$B7 76 m B 7 !6[ B  7

.766

!H !6 = 7 6 L 7 7 ."B  6 !H 7K  7- = !6 7  !6= - Lm

.-

 7 ZW !H - B !6= 0-  7%H Z$( !6 = B = ( g `e .7

( &6 ] 6 7 - " B7%! 0 d 7  . 7   h"K . " !H  -

6 76 7 ( g `e 27% 6 66 7 7 .76 Y  / 0 `- 0W ]   6  &?6

F ? .-
K 7 6F 27(( H/   (!#  %Z ]e- 27 .-

K 7 6  (= g s  /B !J   L( -   6   Z .

  27 &!  %6 7  !ZK  B5 !e`B = !sd .

Z6  7 m !- `[ 7% .ZK 7 0 0/ B 7- B !6!-  5 7 0

L L - d.

6= !6 7> K -   H/ F  !6 =.7

 !m  B !6!- 7- 7m  !"6  -  7 7m 7K !6 >  (!6# B 27

K7 27 7m 6 B (" p7 = B( 7-%

 !"6 $e  !m $e = $e7 =  B 6  ?- b 6 Y67

7 %Z $e 6 7! $e `e hXV 6 ?-$ 5 !H -  7.-

7m - 6 #  7 ( g B &F (` 7%H 7m 7 H(  !6> T27

=  7 7

!6 1U !7%H  H!7%H  h U 0

%H ! 7%m =J  7%:7

= ( 2 s 6 !6= - = !6 !j > $7

(& 0 - 27 1- e .27

7  Z (.

6 K (Q d6 ?- .27

(S 0 !/ 7%7  s%  .27

 (a  0 L> ( 0 .

`- (  7 =6 57% 6 5!T2  !6 !5m  7   5 7

6  !5 7 0 7 h"K 67B !6 ]H( 6 7K 7   !6 -#   D K`B 2 27> 6B !6

 76 H 27 . F 0W L F2 !6 !H - 7 => & .-

7F  L !L 7 H !6 H7 = !6 7%H U ( ( 7%H $d 6 .&  = !6 7 7  6  =%& ( 7%H

L6 !6  2 2 Z1  7m &.7

L 0 v&H L! !Z - !H    76  %   ( % F <5 76 

( ( bF - 7 ( ( 76 cde 5 7 &F ( U- 6 ( &K  .7%H

!Z !H  ]K &  B F 7.7 7

B !H>  6 72 V( !`K7%H 77d 5  7 !67 .& 5= 7 B   -

?$B.7%

!Z  !H6 >5% -Y  '-F6 7% - !6 7 !X 6 HH = -- L2

!6  UB   0 mF !6 Z1 ( 6 7- 7 - (F0 6 %$B / = 76 5 6

# /   v  Z 7F 6 /  G `- !%B 7 !--.

 : G$%!  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=338169
   > 5J!!

!6 &6 .7

 & 7%6 .7

&6 . 7= 76 $  !H   !2 

 0$ GK( 7 (W .76 < e0 6  B7

6  !"e 6  H 7 5B 27H 776 .-0 5

1( ]F  06 # ? 7 7   /# ]F L

 7-.7

=  6 .& !H -  76 ]/-  !6

7y6.

& . 7F !67  (7$] .7%

& .  6 m `  .7%

.& 2 = 6 ! 76

V H 2 !2.7

V /  0 6

=! &.7 .-

& .( L2 7%H 7 / .

& .= L2 &Z .7-

& .B L2 (.7%H ]d

&= . .7&?6

6 27  7  T26%6 .= 0 =66 .& !H  %H 27.

6 = !6 !H 7 ! / =7.7

= %m = 7% 2 !H 7 7 L27

 !56 .& 6.7

B %= .& 6 !56&. 0

& .= !H - !6 / =.

76 & . 27 B y- 6  !6 !H .7

&76 !Z"[ . .-

76  !H %$6 !m 6!


76  !  27 Z !6  Z (7$] .%H

 27  (% -.%H (%

 27 !6= K.

 e 27!  %g.-

e 0  p e p %H /

! .

2  6 !H %H !m 7 ( !6 "K 0!  =7.

 W !6  &7 (  %H G B 6 $6.

=7 ( &?$6 B 7F .%H

=7 ( & .   7 -  65 .%H K

=7 ( B %HF

p !H  6 p  F .b6

=7

( 6 =B 2>

  $J !6 .-6

 L  7$ .& 2 ( !5m $  2 !H 12 Lm --

=7 ( 7= 66B 6  $   Lm.%H !W

/6  > 6 H Lm 27

= ( > 6.

=7 ( 6B 5 !%de.6 27

&# . 6 0 B  =.

!  2 /  !6 !H %H <!<7  27  . !sd 0%m !H - 6 !6 0 

.%H

=  6 !6 UW&  ( F>F  27   !H = !6 -7 %H

(6 0%m 7  ( 7 !$Z(  D(D.-

 F 6  =

 !H -K p6 !5  T2! ( - K !B % 2

.1 b1K

0  & ..-

  % = 1- >?6%  F !H 7  H.

 b1K2 .

7F -

= B.7

 %H

( &6 ..

- : G$% -


http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=354981


A 8 /

- ( G 0 6 7# =    -.-

 0%j=  7%% -! [ 7% 27 =6 F

]  d !6 .7% !%  K  2 !( !6 -

 - >  %    7 <" !%de h

(  .%

 ( !s/` ]6K ! B &! [ %2 6

!K .7%$6&-%  77Z!  /(% 0 

B `  .7%% 2 0 6  ! 76! !6

>?6% E UB 7 7L6 -  6 (#2

 !$/V  ! 7% 7! ! =   %2 6 7% [B !6

-(1 7  7.7

?  5 .-  &% K 6B !6#

 7 (  ( ]$% .7% 2  (?? >6 bB

 7% B ^6 7 7! h 0 7F 0L  / .7%

[ !6 "   "{  =  &B 7% (d 

.7%

 6 2 7 :7%

- ( 0d :7%56  !6 V? 2  s !6   7"6 -  !5%&K "B 6 =  -$ !66 p 77

&1 L6 b Y/ ? 7# 7 7 / B 7 ! [  2 .- ! $

( ]w 0d ! ("' Ty  7% s% !$ ( 0d ( !V B 7# - ! -"Fm ("  ..&! 

( 7  6 Lm (7F 0d .7%

%6 - L2 6  T56= 0 :7 !2 !6 -! (  c7 !12  !6 7 !6 L2  . !6 K

L2  %!  B 56 Lm !   7%6 B 7  !6 #%   !% V6 ?  -

$6 !s/ 7 K   <" h  6 !s/  / 22  6%6 .7 0 76  6 7! 6 7-

B h"U $( ]$K 01- :7%

  ! ( `$K 0 B #    K 7  6   ( 7 Y/ 0s !6  0 7-

76!...
B -  !6 !6& ]& 0 :7%   !6 [B !6 YZ =7 -/ -!  !6  2 6 0 :7

( .

56  !6 V? 2 7! ( &!   = !%  !"e`6 LB! [B B !6$ (7Z  (Z! = ? 6

  ` %- B~( ...!2  7 "& !6  K  :7%  h !  0  Z-

>[6 % B~( % .-5 (  <" h K - !6  / ...- TF  -= >%.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=224095


A  ^  >8

   ]w LmB >6B 5 - 76 ...76

6 w m (- 6 (- ($ w bF 

 :7B " ( 6- 0   .6- 6- 

6- 7%H K !m .$-6e 0 0( !6! B:

B   h = -   h   

 =   h 7%  #B =B= .7%    =

 = - !-H .!-H L  B

 = !H   s !H 0 ( %  !27

!H 0! - ...

- "e W E 0!1  0 !H - #H ZK

H  75% m  H 7%H m 7 H-

Z6   & 6 76 757% Z6 7% ZK %Z

  ! 76! !6 /H Hd :7%H h

7 ( H %  - B L( ( - = ( 76 H

 0-d Z 0-d ?&( ( Q 0?- h Z ...0?- h 7 6

 D `H 76 s% !H<" h6 ] = L( 6e 7%6 eK

K 2 ... m 7" 0Z % ] 7 ]B7

B 2 7( B - ! a 76 7  :7%H

B (( 7% !B

]$K  !% !6 7%H H  0vU!j= !H 7


B 7  K 76 76 p"< ZK  .d .-

7Z6  0vU 7 = ? V B !H 7  K

76 7 -H 6 .7[ 2  ]6 B  7-%

0vU !H 7  ( J ? 7 B

T56 7 B( .7% !B0vU 2[ !H 7 ( ]6 (g

= eVB  !H  7 -6  Z   6 .7%H  - p 7 D ] !  :b6

 [ B ]6  6 !# !6 77F - 7%H 0vU !H 7H 0 7 ! .-  !H - 0 6 ]66 7

   "   6 .7%H &F ZK

!6 7L6 (7

!6 K7 7L6 567H V?& !H 7 K   12 [ (]6    - s 7!s% .7(

!$ !1  ( 7 16 7 2H 0 !6 K# 7 0 7( - (`( 6 !6 6 . F  60vU 7

[ !H 7 (]6 7  K - ]  L5 "e  .m   ! 0.-

W ( ( 75 7

2 1 D  7VK 7%H !H 7 &F(  2 7 (/ J .H[ !6 2 (]6  6 H

`e  12 76 7  /  >#   p .- !6 h K 6 W 7%H  !H 7%H . 2 [

(]6     !H    6 - - !Z B !H 7  &6 7%H  D 6

U H ? .7%

(Q&!  L2  7%H

]w ("H&! 6 L2 ( e  1%5 1- 5 `w .7% ( :7&! 7e 6 7%B 7%"6 (

/ !6 K  0 %H K ..."H 0= V?  Y !6  6  = !6 b/ 0 - !H 7

7 LH 7  ZW (&m  !6 K !6 Z6 .7K  YZ  7(J "B  w &!

 L2 . w

B (S 6 ?" 7%

 !m 2 !6 !H 7-6 s !6 L6 75%  H 0 =/  ( "? B 6 7%H = &6 = [ 0 ($Z

 !H 7%%H  = 7 ?  7%H  0%m U [ Z$ 5 !6( 56 7 -.7

(a ! H y6L7

L 2  12 1 D 5 !6 [ (]6 J( YZ 7&6( Z  .   !2! !6 !H

( d   #% 7F  .7%H LH 0-  27( ?7  7%H ! [ !H (]6 = 

Y6 - B 7"U  7   0/  !6 .7%%H ]% 7

G ( ( 7%

 1 D   !6 YZ G# / b/ 27% b/ H -   #% !H  0%m .7%H

  &6 h GK 7 [B >#  6"U !# 7 F 7  !H "B # 2 7

 0/ 7%%H 7 6 -27 &6.-

56 GK !6 (7

 6 76 GK 0  H7 (H bF (  " B !H 76 7 =  .7%H !H #= ( !$ ((

 6 7%H Z- 7 !% 6 eVB 512 D "B [6 ^d6  6    7 .7%H

 $w ( 7%H
 = -  !H  >$w 7  (K 0d 56 !6 . 0 ]  6 >F -  H !6 ( HT

 ZW D K !U 7%m    7 7%H bF  !6 02E 56 $w !H 7 ZW !U D

 !H 7%6$ 6 2 7F  7%H  >$w F( BH 7 . F   6 6B !6  $w b/ ( 7%H

g( !6 6- = .7%H h<( ZW !U

( 6 7%7

  6 "B ( !H %vU 0 (  % # m %H !1( !H %vU 0 ... ( !K 0 ( / m %H. . .

 ^6 (` 0%m 012  [ b1 !6 (]6 L> 7F 7%H  !H 7%H b/  B 7 !H ZW !6

 6 ZW7F - 7%H 0d 2 6 !H ("H  H ? [ 76 h-% 7%H (]6  !H 7%H b/

B 7  7L6 0 !6/ J( h(( 0 ( 7/ !6 ]K.7-

& $V (7

( B K( ? 7( bH  7 =7K %H !H 7%H $V( 76 - .7&! K B6 65

B !6 $V  (>F 7 &6 =! [ !6 (]6 =B !6 7L6 h-( = h-T2 $V .7- /

 7% !1V% . K  7%H 7 7-/ ?(V L/ J( / .

< ( 7%H

e !6 /   !6 -> [ 6 7%H Z- .7% - (Y7 ? ^d6  ( 7%H !6

B  !H - 7&6 7 =/ K(  ( .7%H  7Z- [ (]6 H [B !6 !H$

#   Y/   -6D  - $.7

T56 ( 7 B  7%H

- 7%m 6 7 <  7%H Z- K ZW 76B !H 7 ! / .7L6 6H 0(  7 B 

7%H Y= ]K  !  !H   - ! B 7 6 (Z !6 .7%H h(( 0 7 (6  V  H

(7# !6 s 7 6 .7  K [ (]6 6 7-6 H& !# !6/ !% F 6 ^d6 !# !6 7 ?(

 &6 7-6.

W (Q 7%H 0

( = 0 !H # - ZW ^d6 6 B( 6 .7%H 0 6 !% 7 !  D 6 7%H ]/ 6B !6 7 p B 

.7%H6  ?" W  ^d6 B( - 7%H = !6 7%H Z- -  766 !H #= ( .7 7 -

B( [ p K ]6 76 7 W 7%H Z- &m 7%$6  >U  .7%H  12 =(L 

 6 - !6 2W 0  `w !H 7%H6 (  0 2  ( 0 2K ZK 0  ...2 7Z6   s 6

 %&F(  .7

(S($ $K 7%H

K / Y!6Y !6$ B(    7%H =  TF[ 7 (]6  ( (/ 7$ B

$K .7%H

7 2 76 - !% - ?  $>  !6 6!6) 7 E   ]& (G e !6 < U d !6

 p !H 7%H [ (]6 W - 6 7H 0 # 76 .7  0 "B   .7

2 (a (7%H !$%

7  2 !# D 7  -( UB 6 !H 7%H 7  K 56   6 0 6 

(H !$%> 0 !H - $> !6 (76 HT 7 7Z6 B ?66  $%( !H 7 B 56 s.

 &6= !H  $%( ? 6 B 2 s &6 (05%- = Lm  !H - (0 6 !2 s


6 7 !j= 2 H "B 12 = 6 Lm  !H 0Z( 7 T56%H 7 !1- : !$%( 0 = (0 !H  $%

6  !2 s (D$- "B 0 s !6 .-(!Y6 !$%( 0 H 0  0...!H -

K  76 7%%H

 = $ "K 7  B - 7 7%H !  B  6 .7% H !m 76 %H !6 / ! 

2 $# 0%m 6  !  . 7 0%m 7  !6 6L .  ! 0%m 6

(!e  <] &:7

'-F 7%H (H

 0d !H ("H  "!  H !6  !2 6 D / !6 7%H Z-/ . [ (]6 7%6& 7 = 6

.7%HV 76 .7= ZK  !2 / = / 7F  2 ( !Wg 7/ 0 -   $# 76

= !6  76  6 77/ !6 - 0 ]K% :7%H 1H6 ... B ...6 =   ...%H[` 7%m  0 7...

7%m  / ... 7

 6 (% 7%H G

!6 (!" !H U B 2 7%H 6  = .7%H W  7  -7 ('-F 2  1%-

/ 6 (%  `w .7%H G2  !6 H 2 !H 7 `B( = >B 7-y6 7 !H 7 167H !6 $ K

K ( Z .- [ (]6 ?6 !H 7  e >/  ( 76 c K 7%H `e B(

( .76/ K  = L !6 -  76 = /  K( (0 .7%

$ 56 $w7

[  !H (7 7   = 7%%H .76 ?BV( !6  6 L .7 2 D  57%H 6

( (?- Y/= 6 7 %H 6 .7 Z$[ 0 7%H Z- .- 2 !m 6 7%T56 %$ 0 0 !H 7!$% - -7

 ! .76  ]6  5 L 7 !H Y  6 .7 H B  .7%H! .7% %6

$( Ty67

$ 7 h( !HTy6 7 7 L 7 !H/ 66 .7%H %2($ eT !KB 7%H 56W/ !H 7 7

!m (- =66 7 $ B $( 7  6 W # 76 7 ZK H 0 T .7%6B & h#

<B p h(  7%H (7% [ (]6  ./ DK ? V 6 $ ]  6 "B .-

Y B 7

2&! Y  6 7  - 7  6 ?6 7 . K  !H U   ? !6

BF 7%%H T56 .7% >/ 7 .7L6( / !H 76 (!Wg 0   0 -!2 / !

76  7  0%m(  !"- 7F &6  !H 7  6 !6L .7%H (D

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=367728

A  
A

 / 2    76 Lm 0 $"[ / - #

H d !6 0/ - 6 !H HH 7 7%H  7%6

= (  !H 7%&  7  6 . 7%H !H H 7 H

!  7%%H 7% 7"6   7&! 

H ( 2  7%"6 7 7   bH H - 7 7%6

 %-7 7  T2 7  6 !6   . 75 0?- !6

" )( : .d e  Y  e   W {  ) e%

!<`$ (a !$UB 5% ( e  %&F 6 6 6

&2  "B G-  . -

B6 7%H !m  [ 76   BH 7% 6 _m .7

6 --= !6 7 y6 7  6 0 7 B 76  K 76

7%H m  e  7 B . 7 7 0  6 D

 m . - !6 e[     [

7 .

 6 ]$K -   ! &] ( 6  LD

 H b/ H DH (  ]/ .  "& 7 7!

76   !2 !6  . 76 5 %H 7  12

B 7% ! 0H >5% : 6 6 7 76 2  &` (%5%   ZW L= ! 7%H b/ D !H

>(= 6 -! .76

 2 : 7%   6 VV?( 0 D   - 7% L6 5 2  K G . 7 6  !6 H

? (&`( D W (/ = / . -= . 76 !VB 2  !H !6 B / H  7%H !m

6 6 7 % =m . B -  /  76 6  !H 0  7%% / ?  ( ]6KH 7%.

 2 : 7% Y   %&F 6 / 0-d H  ]w !"6 76  %V b1 0 . -!%- !1K -

/  7%H h  !6 7%H  DH >7 76  !2 >(= H !B K 7 [`  !6 - 7%m . 0-d H L

6L !B F6 h$- 0B   !B ]H .  <" h[ 0 . -

 2 : 7% L% ( ! 7% YZ 6B=  =.7%

 26 / -- 7% : 7% 76 7%6 d "B  !6 >&F 77%6 !2 = B 7%  7% !67$( 6] B7 7

Y  !UU  2 BH 7  !H 7 UB ] 7% . H 0 7 m .  V([$ L/

2   / 7%2 7%2 !H H . -   7 &"  7e / 76>  2  =. 7

 2( H : 7% ( 7B !-> 7%  K B - B   7%%H  6 = 6 /`- $

! - !"- 6 - 27 &2 2 .

1 ? !6  %( !H H B  s     2  - 1 B  "Z 7%6  

  !$VZ % !6 L6 U - 6>  ]g   2- = . - [ B6 !H  1-

& ]w .- B6 1% m  6 h !H  B 7 c$e !   / "!6 d
]  =. 7

0d 6 7 <  6 (1 -d "`H . ! 6 6 %6 !2- "X  .7%H

  "B  / !1V( 6 7%H  2 / 2 = !HZ % &  H (  !  627%%H 7

- L> .

7%  TZ   2 .  6 7% D 7K( 7% 7  - ? >1  K 7%( 7  7%  bF

 !"Z !6  B [ !F =  7L 65 K  . 77%6 7%%H  7 H "Z 7Z6   7%6 !H

= !6   7  B = H   7 1 ]$K  / 72  bF ! (  s g 7% 0 !H -  !6

 B. 7

 ` 6 0[` H -  7% = 0  7%m ]H m 7e K  #   

[". 7$

Z6 7% _( 6 !K 2 % ? &] V ) 7 ( !$ZH ! 6 !?6 ( - ( K1 H   = !$

 (76 =  ? V  ` !K #     !5 !"6 7  0 L  -- !2  6 .7 0

    7&!  12 VB !6  !"67 1 -- (? h 5 ? V s

- ]& ! b6 0 ! 6 0 $ ( !H - K K$ !VK H 0/  $%6/.- 

!  77 7 ![ 6 "  !1V%  Z -  (  7 H BB 0d  &]

&2 H b/ .

 L]  V 1-  6 !H H 76 $ 7  = -#H  K   $e !H ./ 0?- 

U% `H 7#  !6 5 $V (`  7% !6 - HH! (! UB  7L 0 !H - 7% TF0

'"( "B ?- `e H B& 0   ( -    H !6 L5 $"[ / BH -F

?  7% !6L ]  K !"/  - 7e ( 7%  5 ( DmH 0 B !6 7 eV? . 7 G% !6 7 2

 & =. 7L6 h-

%e : G$% G

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=330298

  O/A&   
$

!m2<" !6  h 56 Z6 Y !( 27 7

(~] ( 71 = (H ?6 -   ( 7

!H !  0  & 27 --  7 !2 7 6. -

56  %Z = (1 !6 7 m 6 !6


= ."ZL !K` 7!6 !-F ]e ($ 76

(Z = ( H !6 12 7  !12 H = !HL  !6

`Ue !6 ]e5 7% d !6 7 7 5 B>

   %( p (   7%%6 7K 6 !6  ( V

6 27 B 7 .7 # 6  ( !6 

(Z !X.

? %Z 56 - 5 56 . (Z ( %Z 56 $ !H 12( 56 !H mm

Z = %  K 2 . 0 !6  %( ! 56   7 ( !"6 7&?6 V?  Z ( K

27% 6  6 \ J .-  %Z 56 $76 (= 0 K 7%B  Z>  76 7% H !H

 0  !6 56 ]/   ! 7-.7

 0 56 76 ( " !6 $ 7 6  $/e ] 7&!   76 d ( J% !6 ."Z 7

(  Z H6 Z 6  [ !6 .76 !H  "Z = !6 0-FZK  0!- .72 K

76 %Z 56 !H  %Z 0 B <" 76 !"6 B% !H -%Z 0  B !6 $ ]H>  .2 K

%Z 56 !% !6B %6GK> 6 F  7B !% B> !B% . %Z !62E  B 7-

 !% 2E  5  L1- Y !% 6 6  VB 6 !H 0 6 E % =  Z  7 0#.

0%m bF56 " 5  ( 71  % H- 6 !"6  D  #%   (&{%  .-

`H D  0 56 (  !#    6 !6(  0 56 (  D 6 5-.

=  D =  ."U = !H !j 6 !  0   (/ -= 12 7  56 !Z 6 &6 !H 76

--2 5 = !H - 56 56 !6 .-m -   &!  !   6 567%

m  6 B 5- 72 DH 56 v- 5= !%  m   6 bF - 7

76 L !6 =Bv- 0 = !%  / !H - !6 VB $ T = 76 !6 76 ! !H 02E L

( H 27

 v- !6 ? 6 d( !H 12 7  !  U 56  7  76   0 [B 0 !H -

 d - 7%7 m ( 07 =7 B  !H   bF 7H 0 66 7 = -76

7 B  !   6 56 .7 !m2 0 eVB   B6 -  ( d 6 U 7

  m 7) !2  ($ ( H  6  $676  6 .-0 m !H   (Z  7 -

6-  (Z 6 ]  27 H/26 bF - 0 76  !6 56 !H= H  )  m 7(!2

( !6 7 7 7 B 7 HT !H.7-6

6%6 0  K !H ZK 56 / 6 2 d %12  %( !6  Y 76 m $76 ( K (  Z %

B> T - 1- = &! 6   !2!- 7 /  B b%   ] !67 B  Z>

  0  !6  .  v- !6 "B !H    71( - m !H 12 %Z !6 56= ZK

7e  !H - !?F = H 6 !66 !&H =T . &F!  d [" 7$ &F 0!  L >F !6!%

= !H >F !% 5-) .- !$ %Z !6 5-= B ! h K  ( . %Z %Z !6 5- =

!H H %Z T !6 ]e T !6 = " 7&.7

bF 0  Z$[ L 5- !6 56 !H !  !$ !6 %Z 56 p$( &6   0 `H B . %Z

( U6 7 5-  ! %6 56 DH 56 !H 0 5- 2E 71 B (  76

< Y 0  56 !H 7F 2  76 1% h K 0  5 (Z  .7#%2 b !$L !K 0
e !m - !H 0  6 B 56  !  !6 L 561-  .7%%H %Z $76 !H %Z 56

26 - >F= !% 6 6 h-% Lm 7= !H 76 56 Lm 5-.-

v- !6 '-F - 6 !H 12 7 ! (  %   !"6 - [ . / !6 L 1 =6%6 .7 0 0

 .U ( L 1   K6  !# 02 !  !6 56 ( !H  7    J  .U

(B 1 6 / 7  !  7% 6 L 56 . !$   0 6 56   .- %Z  56 (

7V Z v- 0  m !H d !6 27 - 6 (~B 0!-  L 27 ]Z( !6 ($  s

 = ! L% !6 0  m !H 6  27 (~H 0 6 bF / 76 !6 ! . Y 0 !H - 

-  0 ( L 7 !6 76 !H [&6 0 !6 56$ # ( 0 B> 76

 $Z( !6  - !6    (] (B $w 6  B> ! =L  7&! 5.

 v- = . B = !6 '-F ( !m2 !H 12 6 T  7%$ - Y /  !H !6 T= T !6

76  ( !% 76 2E T - % H 27= ( . 6 Z H :  0B  L6

2 0H  B 7  . 0 H !$T !6 56 T 2   =2 B !6 $>  ( B> J 0 76

- < 6 . 0 ]e1( 0 56  ?"  s 7 %!2 !6 - !H 0 ( !% !6

!Z 0U6 B &H 7= `w .  56 !H b1 !6 7K ( V  7%H h"- 7  07Z$% 7

( 0 7 B !H>   m !Z 0  = 6 7%H  56  !H - !B- ( 7 ^d6 ]d L (71

.-

=    %( 56 7 D- D   - B !H  [ B !H= 6 7 B6 7%H   0 7

7K( B  !6> T2  56B 5  H 7 !- & 5 ( "Z = Y  7 7e

!H - B> s h/e 5 !6  !# !H 7 0 $ `H 56 0m - $76 "Z hH

( 0 =   ! .76 55m 5# 56.-

%Z !5m 56  #  . !6 '-Fv- 0 6 !H 12 7 K B> & !H 7-%7 !6 L 0B& 0 (!

B 26m  7e =6 !H 75 7-%&6  B%5 (" 7  >%  =   D6 L .7%H !6

5= !% 7&! = (6 ]Z   .-

= 7&! 76-0 6 !HV/ 7 7d 6 (  !H 7d B>  7%H [ Z$ 7 7d B> L

  56 - = (76 L ]Z !H [B 0 6   - !6 6 7 ($ K6  7  ^6   0 !H

p6  L 7Z$% !H 7 ( K 0 ( 2V Z6  "& 6 27! ? .7 7 6 ]Z( !$ !6 L

( % (B !6 76     %( !H 7%H DH =2 Y  !6   7F  B>  7 ( 5 !6

(1e ]$K B $e6 B &0  #  !H 0   ! .7J\ 56

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=349739

 &  $b/M0 k 4/


eVB {%F  .

B ( =2  $w B-%

  .  7%! B=2 B6 ZK  = .7 67= >F 6 2

!6 = 7 >?6B  = . 7 ]X 6 6B !6 &`   .$U( 27 .7%

B .   7%-%   7%!  7 !m 7%  7 & !m  27 1

7%% 7Z- =  7m .-

 (  L ?   e( !:

B &m !6    6 . %

( g GW 27B %  !6  B %[6 s  . 6

(  . /   277%%

L B 0 :b1 - !j= !6! 7F  0 !6 7- !6 0 -T2 !Z  7    .!12 0

  s   . .- !12 0 " 7( b1 !6 ? (   .- 7  0 L B6 &6 b1 76

 !6 : !H 0

&! = 27. 76 !-

  ! (" %1 K` 0 76  B 66 = B  Z 6 .7%    !6 B   6 7% B

 ]XK.7

5%!   (7  6 7%"! - \& !6  .7

5%  %?- 1% b "( 7%&%6 e 0 e  ^d6 m "! ! . 76

! 7! =  / 6 2  7%"6 6 7 6J 7 ! 0%m  B !6 7  .7

66  $w 5 $de 7%% 7%  $ 6 7%?$ ! .76

(% B $K  v

  6 .6 0 7! B =  K !6% " 2/ 6 27   .7%  0 6 ( $K b/

  v % B ]    !6 0! :

= 7%!   v GWB % 2 !6 2 .

    Z 0  $w B 6 ! F : 6  !  0  27  % ] (7B -! # 

.

!6 6 s%  56 s 7    !6 T2 .7%

76 !sd B  7&6 " - -  0 !6\- 0 '-F 7! !5mB K  6 # 

  (  .

B (Q s  ) $ws 7= >F B 6 B (

  !j= YZ ! s  !6=  -  6 .6 !& 0 5&m  B . s  $w -! #

%$B]  bF .7%  0 6 B s  &6 $w ]   !6 0! :

 ( c$e B 6  ]X  $de $w h U 7% Z- 7%&! - 7 -.76 7%

`& !6 % !6 6 e  !6 !6#( h K`B 02     5.7%

B `- !6( (! ] ! 76 - / T $6 .7  .7%

    & 7%#  bF .- `-&! $de hj ( 7%%B !6 /
5 56.7

6 0$B Z . ! .76

 6  dB B LB6 7 / = ?6 !d$e 7  6 0$B & 6 e 2 .7% - !6 

2 .7%  Y = 7  >?6  !Z U. 7%

(S $w s Z- s 7%"6

  . /   27  = . 7%% (# 72  7%F !T2 [B B = T  .76  .7  6

=B %6 >F ]6K 7%  72  s!   Z h! =   2 .  . =B !"/ 0  27L  .7%

 ( s Z-!  !6 6 0! :

5 6 7% B B  $K.%

6   =  ! -  ]XK ( 0 !" 6 - 5 .%

!6? e!   7  G$%=7 7 7   .%6

 6 B 6  = "   56 .

$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=240007

@; /> $58

6 /( L5 0  ZK/  7%%H L5 B 7

-  .7 2 /  7 66 L5 2 5$!

   [ !6 H  / !H g( !6 6 $w 

.-

- ! !6( 6 7%m 02 >F -  ( L5

( 27 H

( D7 K s7 7 `( K  H 7%m %H 6

#    L5 (  ]"d.

0{ ( 0$ 6 !H - (7  h (` 6

#   H 7%m 7- 7%m !67.

  ( 7 ((LH 7%m7 e 5 7%H!H 0

=  ( .7%$6

!6 ! 76 - !6 K D7 2 6 7 !6 GK


57 L  ( D6%6 .7 0  !H 7%7- !6D

7  6 7 !B - 0 6 7-   !6

7%m7 .-

(  5  567    . 56 5 7 (`

7%H 76=  L  6 !m 7%H !Z U .- !6$

5 76 7 7- !67 B .76

( #  76  0Um 7-y6 - 6 K L5 7#   !76 0 !H - 76 6 7 5  56 7

by-6 = 65 ( .7%H $de

7%H Z-7 7%H # 0 5 6 by- !67 = - .7%$6 %  0%m U !1B  

  ! H 6 # = T B >?66 7.

( Q 7%6! 76 H 0 ?- - 6 !6 0 ] = e  7%%H  s 7- !67 ( 5&m J

5 6 2 !6 5 D  . 7 $  7%H& !my- .7 (? ( `w 7%H 0Z D !1  by-

H ( ` T2 .7%H

(' HT 6 7 # 6 L5  7K .76 7K !6 >F 7 6# ( LH (  B 6 7- !6  =

.7%H

( S7  s 7% = / 6  %6 T<H D 7   S `w 7%H hV !Z U !K .

  !H [ &6 = 7 76 D 0 6  .7$j6 7 X7 = 7%H = = # 

.7

( a  ]65 ((7 Z 7%H 1/  bH7 -  ]65 = K76 L 6= s !6 H.7

B !6 !H  K 2(  7 7 65  T56 7 = !6 GK L 7 ( D .7 / ( 7%H  &6 7 Z

 &6 hK H B `( .7 L2 7%H 2 F7 65  T56.7

( 6 = 7  7%H 2 = !6  7%H/ !6 ZK7- =   &66 . H 0 7$m = !26

 L% DH  .7%H

2  7%m p6 !K (= .d 7 7K 6 7 !6 = !6 L  ( D.7

/(  5 "7%H h 6 K  %( !6 2 6H 0 ?- .-B  2 7 7%H Z- 7%H D

6 B( 7F .7%H

B  25- 7 ( !6 7%H5- 0#  5- ( 7VK !H 7y6 7 7 ( 56 DH.7

L (  7 L5 76  L5 7F> = g !"6  X 0 .- - D 6 # H  L5 ( H!

76 .! 5 (7 7 -.7

 !6 L5 6  2= p . 7 - 7  ( .76 s% &26 L5 5 56 DH.7

( 7 76 &m7  (B  !H K1 716 7 7   $ 77  / .7%H 2( L5 -

 7 7& - 6 (` .7%H

7- !67 !6w !6 Y[ 1- D= s  [ !H 7 7- !67  Y[ $e .  0 1- --

7  ! 76  !67-   0& !6 ! 7%H <B !V6%6 . 0 $ Lm  7 ! V% H/

 .7%H & h&!  .  06 !H 7 - !6 77 6 7 ! bH.5

( H  DmH 7%H 2  27! !6 77 7F -  7%H !6 7 0 ] !H -&! - #
H L6 6 `w .7 2 - 7&!  s! {%F 7 !1 .7%H !H 76 <s !6 0

 .7-

=  !6 (` 7%H !K 0 .7%H - 76 7%B 7-6 s !6 6 !H H !6 L2   7%H

!K 2   .-

!K HH =-  .- 2 D !1 !6 0 !  7(  7Z6 !1 7 0 !K S !6!K

(  7 =  7%m [ by- S !6 .7-6 !K

(    DmH 7%H 2 H  DmH 7%H(   !6 by- .7-/ B !6 $ 6B(

7F  7%H  6   7Z6(  .7%6

2  7Z6 = L! 6 ( 77-  !6  7 7/ .7%H7K 0  DmH [  &F 

6  !6g B= 7.

( K( L5 - ?6 DH 77 !6 2 - 7 5 ?6 DH .7  e - 

 bH. 5

 7%H !Z U 7%H Z- ]& ]/ 6 .766- & 7%H & 7.7

!6 ( Q-  `& ! 7%H &] 6 --  0 !H -6 7K !m !H 0 # H ?-.%H   -

H   !6 6 ?- !# !6 - =  .7%H

  !6 `w ?- !6 !H 0 H   !6 7%H 6 [ 7Z6  .7%H-  H  $w  6

!  .7%H  &6

( S  1% % 7%H   $w &= 0 7%H ( %H .7%H  !H 1%  ("]  7 B

7%H 6 !H !6 1%  D% UB  = 7%H 6 -  $w  DL5= 0 .7%H

 : G$%! B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370154

  ,  >8

   e 6 22 7- !67  

 !6 . 0 ] ?1  6( 6 L   .

76  !H -!  B- 7- 7/ !6  wH 7%

=7 H 6 #  2 V( !H ?  = 

H ]H =  %  !-

6  ( &?6 /  h H  7%%H 6 


=  H K 7 / .7%%H  6H

Z6 H ?- 6 = BT2  K 7 .bZ 6 L B6

6 L  2 # H B   %&F !6 !( 6 7

6 =  B e   1- 6 7-  !6

# .7

H  7%H 7%6

H 6 !H 7# 6 7 %6 T<H 7 =    < !6

   H .7%H 7%6 L6  ZUK !6 ( mH

76 .7 6 h(( 0#   !"/ H /   !6 $w-

 !H L5 6 ! H .-

-H G 7%H ( LH! 76

( 6(  LH( 0 7  0 hH ( 6 .7%H #  (! (6 LH   (H 0 !6 2E "e !H 7

!- 0$ 2E( 7% 2 V( :$ ( 6 !H 76 0vU . 0 0 B( 7 6 H   7%H LH( s

!6 p !H K(Lg 7%H  !$% D  6 '-F -B ] ( GH 776 . h(( 0 !67  0.7%H  2" K

! LmB !57%H  # !H 7 7

bF (H 6 LH 7K !6 ] !6 ! V( !H 76- !s/` ]6K > %  7 H !# . !$76 0 %Z

 `(  !6 !H V( !6- y6 .7 K! !H 76B Z- K  6 7%H 7s  !#  $w "U

! 6 !j%m .76 H (B !6 h 56H 0 7  %H   !H = !6 B  -  !# Z

? !# !6  %( ! !H 76 0vU 2  !"6 7-%  7 ( !B L !2 !6 ]  F !6 !H 7%H .7-6

7  0 dW! 76

6  !67&  - 7%6 !6  % !6 7%$ !m 7%  !6( H   7% 7

 0Z &?7 V .7 0%m 0 ZW[ !6 -  K 7 (H  !6 = ]X L 7% 7 7%"6  eB !#

H  Y .72 !6 H !H -7  H 0$ !6   7% 6 07 ZW (  DmH = !6 7%

B H  0vU.

!6Z "$K cde L ( -

 H 76 71 !6 7 F !6 0Z  .7-   Z K! !6 ]$K 7%H  L ! H 6

- (   / 7K %H 6 &6  .7%H

[B !6! !H 76  ]6 D !K !He K !6 7%H  L !K K 0/# H  !e 

  -  bF .! - 51 ! 7 B ( 7%H 0Z !6 !6 by-6 L   y6.7

K  7%

 K !H % !   H6 K . 76 .- !H %Z 0&! 7e { H J  !# 7e

6%6 .-  Z 0 2    -   Z  Z   Z 0  >6 / # &   Z5

 7%.-

( ?-H 0  7%H

 ! !6 !( 6 6 !H 7%$6 7   7H -  L 7e !H 7% 7e{  >F .7% Y/ 0

( ?- 0  bF .7%6  L - !6 =  6 7 H !6 by- 6 !H 7#  7 # =  ( !s/` ]6K J

7- !67   7 y6.7


2  !(2 7H 2  7%H2  0   H 2 !  !6 7#  .7-

 7F H hK 56 s7

( 1 7 (2 V  7 (H $ 6  .7&?6 ?  6  B  (L#! (K ]"d = 6 ( 7 7% !H

B =  7 ! 76 % ""B !%  77 # .7%H

H ? !H 7%H / (  = "e 76

H !H[`  ( !6# =  7 7# 77   (B  v 7 d !6 0/#  .7 !$  ]H

 / 2/ ( B H !6 y6 66 7 H ]  6 =  6 !%[`  (  B L167  2 /

bF 7$ &F  (76 7.7

7 = -7

-]  G6%  6 # H = -6 ( 7 # = $#  h( 7$  B  7%"6 7 ((LH 6 ?6 .

H L 0W( ( 7%H L  pH D " (7 K  7 ( (    !"/ H  L = 7& - - !6 7Z6 !"/

.7

7 61-    H !6 !H L ( . 7  ] ]$K.7

 : G$%!  H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=298571

 @&  V?

L  2 ( !6B6 $-% L B "B 7

-> m 7% !6 !U-(  ( ]6K [ 6 !H [$ 7

 ! 7 B6 7   L ( !6 L

B6 $-% !7%

 = [ !6 Z$ ?- L - H  !2 !6 !H -

 !67 L '-F7j -  &] ( 

( 1 7&7 ! - !6 ?- !6 . L6 -!6

L %Z7 = 7% %H = H 7 Y 6 6 7

= 6H !H - - / 0 W .

!"6 !6 02W L .- 2 !6K %H L

? 6 K  B 6B !61- 76 .%H !6

L6 H  =  >F 7  07 " !6 - (7


-] Y   e 6 . w = ( ! $H H ?-

- " ! !6  . 6 !H  6(  7$H 7 ( ! .7%H  D DF !6 7%H! 7 de p-  B  H7

m  ! !H 7%H -$H 7 7= .7 ( ! $H =  H ?-- 0 .!"66 - ( ! $H Y 76

  [ 6 / !H H bF .7%H  D DF !6 0 7 !6 - h( 7%H LB K (" H 66

H B !B ( BH 7 . %6 >F ]6K !H -  e 7  - !6 ]2  !7%H

 = 6 !6 !HW L !6  Y] 7Z !6 %H  L "!:

# (  m %Z e !6 6 "H# H - !6 1K ]   . e( ]$K !H 7K 6 6 7!$% !6 K

 ?" H `w .7 K B 6     "Vd 76 !6 LH !6 -   . !$ = 7"6 Ly-

 <T H - 6 1 (7H    ! ( 6  hB D  H s !  Y 6 6 H ?F

-] ?F 1( ...  6 !H 7 76 !$-d  !2 s ( &"  >F.7

( ( ( 1 W 7  !67K 6 !H 0 ( !$% 1 22 H -% 7 D 6 % B # !6 %H

e Z- .%H  ] UB %Z  7K  %H "U !# !6 2 = - `e H 7# 7K  !6 .%H

% ! B  !H K 7m !B  H ]d ( g  !6 !H 0Z6 (  L  7%e 7 !2

&! 7m F T<H L %H %H  7%"6  ]d T2  s/ . 2-]  7# 7%5  =  (g

  = 7K H 0 (  "U !# !6 !H %H .-6

!6 ( L  7"6 676 7 !6 !H L6 7%    !H H .-  !6 L 767

/1( 2  (  76 ZW6 7 H> !6 5 7%H L 6 !H 0H D 7jF6 !H 76 e 0 $# 

 7%H  &6 ( (B 1 L> 7 & 56.

B  2 !6 L ZK Y - !- 0F 2E.%H L

 0 2E  %H %Z 2 ] 7%m !6 . ]   H    . 0 ] 7 !"e/ 0.-

$e (7 ]d   B B "Z ZW `B 2 .   !H %H   L H !m !H 6 7#  . ] 5

0B  !H -  - !m ( G  H `B 6%6 . 0   !H %H  ( .%H

  2" ]/  ]$K ^ 2 H .- 1(  ^ 0 #   7%H (  !H  !$% 22

6H -   22 K s7  6= 0  L26.7

 0 2E 02 !6 L .- !6 #% D - !6 L  .%H 0 - !66 L

6    .-56

6 0  !6 T<H !( D7 H - ]$K . !6W L K s7    = (.%H  LH

by- = !26 D !H !m  W   )H !m `w 6 7#   !m !6B  # -6 !m ]B

 7% (... - 0%jY !H ( 6  W   ! L ( 7/ = !6  '-F 7Z6 . = !H 

W V( !6 dW7- !26 2 6 !"H7K Y )76 (! h(( !6(   by- .7K B 7

(( h 0 67 %H = "Z  .%H

w D !6 : L   H !6 0 (`UZ = B 6 !11- ! !6 L 0:-

) :!26 h U 0e !6 2  - b 7%6 !d1e H  ( h-%(-

  c$e S  V &26 !Z

T< 7 ) !d$e( H?6 m .

F H >1H 7%6 7

. H !H ! - D -] H 7 $B.


 %&K !H - = h  H-

= !6 -F / -

= H ?6 !H 0 6 7 

:!26 &F

B (>1H 7%6 7

6 ( ! H 07F D% 6 !K = 2 2

B(H 7 = 7W

h- 0?F (Q % (? 

(S ` - 6 7/) H !6 0 (1 wH ( .  

B (a 7 7m <T 

H H ( -

:

7Z6 (  !6 7K e !6 pB 76W  6 .&HH 0 !6 0    H !H (  7 !6 5

W y.

/ ( T<H1- 26 .7%H7 7Z6 !26 ( e B% !"/  2 . - 0 B% !"/  6

G`6 -   !"H 7Z6 !"/7K 6e !6 7 cW 1 .76

( !26   Z Lg h !H - = "? 7% = e  2.

H : G$%L2  p6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=265985

/0  
 

6  (V  !H %H $ B7%F! "B !H -

2E B  0 .6 -  B K

6 -> 1e B 1% e %H  !H %H B 7"H

`e " LH( .- X  h (  W7

6 Z K6 ($ 65 .76

e(  !H %H   !H    ZW !U

(  !5m - 6 !H %H5 K  7 -!

7%6  V( 2 ( 7%%H ]H %H =  H !H T


%H

 0 !H %H h#Z( -5 K 7 2E 6B  

7%%H  !H  //  %H 2E 6B B 7

6. !%5 6 7 7%K`  !66 76 7% 6 /1e 0

2E  .7%%$6 6  2 1e 6B ( %HLH B &6 b1%6  = %Z !6 0  !H - Lm

6 6 H !W U6 .

B  2 7 d    6 76 7 / 0 $K K !H 7%H  !  ( d  U -!

7%6 VB !6  7  !1  . 7

  5 16 Vd% 6 - 0  7 - 0 ]$K !H =%  6 ] !2. - s !6 2

 V? 7- 7 - $B 7 %Z6  d . .7%H

 V? 2 7 -  7(7  !6 [$!  !H V? . 76 7 -  0 !"g&F -( -

 .76  #B  7 = ? e 0 B 6 .76 %

B( 6 6 & 6 7V( 0 !H$  6 &6   .7% "B /  =  !H (1e

 h  (V  0 7%H6 - ? VT 5 -H ]H.76 % 0 !H h$- - ?V

 Ty !67 H  1( h !H 7%  06    5.

  07 - !W ! 76    0 7%?$ - Z    K 6  27!

6.76   !H 7% !W  &&m !6 /  = 0.7 !% H 0  - ! 76  

T2 J( "B ! 76  - .76 6   !H 7  # 6  2-  [Z$

 7% e   &"6 !H K  2 6&   .

!6  27 6 !H 7 $ 6 7$ B 5 T [?6 7%H! !H 76! !6$ $  

&- .7%

  (56 V( 7m !H 7 7 F  7  %7 $ 7/ / 7%H =  Y" 6 7 0- 

B 27 76.7 [ 5J 2( 0 76 7%276 - !H 76! $ F   7%   bj B [?6(

7 -.

! (   -#% 7 Lm [ !6  !Y " 766 7 !%7 - 7  ( 7($ K6 .7%H

  (   !HB !6 7( = 7H !H 7%H 2E  B  7% 0  !H - 2E B

B( %6 7 <" hK =   %(.7%H B 0 1e !6 B B   7%6 ZK   0 1e 6B (`

7K ( 7%H  DH 0 ] .7%H V( 0 (  0 . 1e !6 !% B B  76.7$ 7% 7 2

 s !6 G7H !% D 1e  B 7 7% 7   = !H 5  .7-y6 7-%

 K 1e 6B ( !6 7%H  s%7 ?-(2 !H 76 7% (Z  6 0-  .7 2% H

% !6  6 07 - 7 - 7-  !H % 7-%  / (%d  7%H B 0 (V =.7%H

-  2E B  B !m12 7

(1e #% 0 !H6.76 h-%  6 - (B  s% = 6 ] 7%H = !6 1e 7 7 .7%H !W

2E B $ 0  7 :

6  0

% $< L2

."B = B
[`   !6 G

 "B 6 0 6B !U6

6 !6 DH5  /   .%H

  ( 7 !6 ! 76  = 7%m6 0 ?6 7  2B 2E 5 B H &H= !6 7 !W

Z( !6 $.7%H  5  & 76 2E  !H $w5   (  L 7%%6 7   .

!H 5%5 `K  7%H! 2E  Z !HB !6 7 = .7%H2  6 0 !6 ]$K `K

 !6 L  = !H H 61e 0   .7%

56= 7> B 7%H 1/  !6B !% h [B !6   -> 7%H 2E 6 !H 6B H !W 7

(76.7%H LH6 27%%6 7  !#7Z-  E  7 !6$ !H 76 H 07Z- (.7%%H  0d

F52 : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=334095

/0 O

W Z ]w 2 :7  H "7 K .0

 "B    7 !J 7%m B6 0 6

 / .%H 2B6 0 5 7/ T2 767 5

 .#%-B 7 6 [ 7  (H

B6 7 ] 7.

(! H $ !6%XL( K`B 76 => ... wH

 _2 ! 6- (  V? h 

 [   / .%H Z6 6 2 [!6

( %= K1  /  = 5 6 %$  ( J B6 0

0 7%6 >  [B.

!   !6 !H= B6 T K` 0 (6B J

V? !U6 H B 7 . J( !H 5% B6 0

 0 > 7%6= g( YZ H 6  .-

 0 - K` 0 / !"H D 6 % $de  bF

K  h[? !J 7%m   BH 7 $de 6 !H

H ( =  ( g.
! (= h#Z 0d( !H - &    Lg  H

7Z6 !J `K ? 71( 7 B   `K7%%H

] 76 7 [ / !% `- ]6 H .76

 $ L2K` %H  7 6 D 7H 7 ?- d

L6 6 .-1-  - ( B6 0 J

6B ? T56 ]6.

7%?$ :  !sd 07 T2 J( Lm( 6 $ . 7%?$ D  ^6 !H&!  dB 6 s!6.

L62 2 7%?$ :7 (7K $((7%`e 0 ( / ( .- ' .%&6 $( 6

($ &m :&m #%F - !6-/  &m .7% -  6  6 (  .7%%H 0

5% d H 1/ ($ &m .-H 0 & $de !6 !H 7 [  !( ]6.

$ ( s!6 h7- ! : 5 B6 0 - !6 !( ZW -  !6 !%   ]$K . K` D   

7&F 7/6 ]K$ 7 B >F? .%H

2H 0 6 =Bsd 0  !5 {2 B $V  .7 >F 2  ( h! 6/ ? 6B

  B H  b1 !6.7 7

/ -y 27B : 6 K / %H Z- %H -yH 0 h"K e#   7%? !H $ e

B6 ! / 7%%H -y   [ 6 ]6 =   7 . % ?"  ?" 27B

1-  - . ...

2 7B / 6 -y 7  $w ?[ h / B  # 7%H F  06 &6 e ( 76 h"K e

[ "6 # / 2 7B 0 !6 [ B !H.76 7

1212 : 2 6B 7% 2[! !H - = 2 !67 H $de  . K` D %?- !6 [ 6 ]6

` !K 2 K  U !H - 5 %?- !6    2 6  - .7% 12 2 - 7% -

6 -   6 5  !Z %H Z- .- K` 0 &!  !6 G 56 0?- $w .= - ( !6

/ 6 B6 H !H 7   07  `2 !6!   = 6  7%%H  0  J  0  ? 0

6 !m -

 2 K` 0 B6 !5%  % 5 1% ^6  B ]6 .7

6 : 6 12  L 5  !H -  >F  6 !m 0K` D >   6 . 27  7%m Z!6

 ?" 66  1"? "d &/ !6 ( .%H 7 H K !H 7<" h K 6 02 2 !Z D2 7

(] H $de !6 !66 ) B "d (!# 7F  .7%%H  2 D  H  !-B6 ] 0 6!6

d .

2  Z-  "d !# !6  H $de !6  6 0 (-B6 0 0 !6 !H -  HT( !6  6 !H-

!66 Z 12 !6 GB 2 ! m 7  2 5  "d !# !  !( .7 !6 0

 ^6 DmH s!6 !H JB6 0 ( 7 [ Y 0 [B 5 2 .76 K6

01"( 6 $de 55m% :  L6 7 7 ?-  V! 7 !B 55m 6 !m .-1-  0L6 7Z6

Z- ?  V &  .7 GK 01"( !H !"- 7TF  27   7 - (" 01

K` D -  2 eVB 7-% d  !6[ (T2J 7e .-  ("7e 01  / H $de

= 6  = !H -  / K  B6 "  Lm !H - $[? &m .7

 :76 2  = ! 6[ [ !6  T  7 !6# ($ 7 7%!K`  6  F


& !6 ./ - 27   !H 7%6 [ !  .  6 - 0  ]%  = !6 $w.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=352797

  $>4

  !m  !m 6  0-  -  " ZK

6 B = 7 B .!- =  m L6 .!

07 L B m 7% 71 ! 7 B6 %

L L  Lm / (? .h -h6 7 `- 5

 F 7 - 7 $  7%   76 !m  B!-

6 7 B 2 s . !6 07 0%j%

Fs% .  = !- B!-  7%!  71 -7

6 $   dB & = ? [>

2.7

7  2(7  7% 77%"6 2 . 7 6

B !2 s 7   - &6 7 -!

 !m ! & L B - BZ6 .7

5 ( !6&% 7- !6 .7 / 2  ! ] !6 ? 7& . ! (7Z 7 .d

YZ .% 0 6 = B!-  ! 6 !6# ( g (  d 6 272 .7 ! " 0 <0

.-( L2 0 #  h < ".K B 1( 0%m ][6 g( . >6 -  7%?6 2.

g( !"6 (` 6 ] !67 =-   7  / G 6  !6 77-   7%! B =

!B- !6 . ( 12! J 6 27 0 !- 6 (76 ! .- -#%! B G = !B- 7K K 7!

( / 7%    " 2 .7%  !6  %Z % (7 .7%

7- 7K 7%6  B  !B- 7%!   7%7 = B !m !26 % 6 7%  !6 = .7%

&   Lg! 0 !m B   ` 7  6 ]6K 7 .- !$?6 2.

-( 0 ]/ 7%6 6 7 %! 7 >F >6 7 L6 (%-  .%7   - 7- = !6

 =-   ! =7 !  6 B (V  . 7K L6 &6  ( % UW &6 

2( .  (    .7%  (m - ! 7 6  7 "B (%-

B 6 .-   %!  . 2 v  7 7  7  6 K B 2 7!  0 - 6  = bF.


Y/ -  7 m

 6 0L26 7 (  % 7 .-  7V 7     s - L p !6  .7%7 "e7 7V

  -# -( B= 7  ! 26 h !6 7 !m 7- 76 - 7 !6 K[ 5

7%$6 !m 7% 0  27    Z  L 7d  L -! !6 .7%6

 &6 K! ( 1- 72 V 7%% 7%! B !6 7% 1- # 7V .7%% &?  7 = !6 G 

[`(   0 .7 h"U 0 0Z( !6 G7 (7 77%"6  e .- 7K ! (V K  (0 7

0! (  6 76 7  ( ( !   L26 cde.7%

5 K (  %  L  LL 7% = 7 "eB % .7 7% K!  7V "e 7B% ( !6

  &? Z 7 !6= - 7! 6 !6 7 5 27 = !6 $ ]  (7 0 .7 0

!"/ 7! 6m 0   7L / 5 "L 6 !67   27  .7

 7 "e (  0Z/ ZK = - !6 Z      .7 !1= 27 67  ! F !m

 B 6 !2 !6 1 27( (7$] B >F .7 7 07=" :12 h( - " -! !6 

 ".- 0 !" 06 ZK  . F  0 L 6 6 !   !6 7 "e   (T2J y6.

 2722 " 7 - "B - 6 !  K! V?& !6 ". !  Y67%"6 

 .7  7 "e " .7%V?& 7    0 ! .K .{  7K  

 &? V .7Y] &F "]    !6  L   .7 (!e  !6#( 6   71 $w

6 &F <] .

?6 2 7 = !6 ZK=6 7   !`Z1% %!YZ 27 2 >F6 ]Z1% .  >%

& e !6 7K 5 .-= >F !m %$6 ( 6 s% 2 7? L2 (  6 .6U7  s

 27m .% !   0 07 7 7  6.

 =< 027 7&m [B Z F Z 6 F  27 F .- &  Z  7!  7

UK 27 & " 7  p  02 6 !`Z1% (  .%UK 7% / [  5 .7%

 ! "   .-! K = !6 -   7V 7-6 .- 0 6 7 5 ?"$ 1 .7% 0

(2 K !6 e  ( 7W / [ UK = % ZW 6 - 6  >F>   7V

[`(  h .7% p 2 7  0   6 B  7% 7% UK 7%d & B 27 7

[    !6(-= h( B6 7.

7 7 7   L26 6 .7%  >"6  7  6 !YZ &F K & . ` !K  -

6 7- = !6 (` ( .7% (   7 7- 6 7= 7 T56 - &F 7 

=  .76  6

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=257229
 / 4  n&

:!7

 06 p6 2   . [ .  0

 ( 0W/ T2 !6 0 ]6 !6! (]Z

(& .  !#[`  hH &6 `w .7 D

6 . ( 0[` Ze )  Y6 !6 - (-  

2 1-  7 m ( !H B 2 7 

(67 =! - L2 !6 F  ! 7% !6

= . / 0 6 # 1/B p6 "U " 2

`B s >&H - (1 6 77% .K = B

6.6

2 Z:

2 (`Z  !6 H !6 %Z  2. Z .76  %Z 0 0 0 bZ% 6 Ye -/ [

 !( ]66.  H 0 67/ 7 wH1- / B)%%6(= ] !6. = ]6 ? !j/  7%H

66  =  LH 67  H !6 2 6. !( 7 2 Z      !H

#  H/ !H (!  [ !6  ]6.-2 %Z 0  ]Z1%.-2 d 0 !$% 6  %F 

 7%[`   0 `w.U6 -  %F 76 - F  `H < $de !6 `H ? 2 ]6

.

6%6 0 2 76 ]Z1% =!  eB#  !6  !( !& !H5 -[` = T  .%H

 06 p6    6 2 Z F ] !H  `H < `H- - H  T . 6 hH  0 67

 `H < = `H F.-%&6 6 7% `H $%- B s !U !6 $ "e -/ 2%d 6 7%

!- F  <7V( 7% `H%?- . [ %?- [  6 ]61- Y/ 6%6.7%6   mh U !6 !( 6 0

 2 U% (Z  2 : $ -"=7% 7% ?T -7 y- [B !6

d !6 ?&  ?-F 7% <. "`H Z( 0 ( 6 7H   - ` `H < `H.-

` :`H

 &!  B "e 2 (`Z  1- ` `H.-` 0 e !6 (7V0d(.Z

-/ $Z( (H 1 .... 12    .

7%  6 12 (`Z  6Z 7  6 h-% ZW / ?  76 ]6  (1 p 12  >-F

v-Y  6 ^6#67 L5 [  !6 ]6! ( ]Z 06 0 7 !# hH[`    H.

7V((:.

 0 ` "H ] `H $( ( !& !H - 7  6 12 [  ]6 .- (7V6 . (

K   12 [ ( ]Z   = !6 1-   !. = $( 7% "" "!"6" "!-U%  !H -

 2 "7 7e < " 7% g".

:0d((

( 0d 7V( 7%(  .  $w.-  ( ( D- 7  (12 6 .  [  ]6.-  (`H 0d
 ( $ !6( =" 7%""!h  !m""!0! "! ""76  6 h-% !HH !6 ZW  .7

(Z -/:

Z -/  7 ) !B    27/ !6(-  = 7 H6 =   ]6 ? !H - !6D

7 6 = hH> `w. H K $V/=/ !1 6- 7 0 01- 6. 627 -/ 67

!6 $de !6 K [ 2 ]6  (   ]X "e  $B 6 12 B 6- =  ( s%.

$Z((Q (H 1:

61- g !%#%2 ?B V $ U 7% !H 6 2 6.%H  1( 7%H 0   0vU  0vU !H

 %?- !H 7  - & 0%j   !H [ ( 6 ]Z2 >%?- !6 K  .

` < :`H

'-F <   > L `H 2 6  B6.7%%H 0 &! (! 2 !6 7% B6 &! 6

(  !66 !H -  = !6 7 . ` < `H{  ( (" !6 Y/""- "" m(""76 ZW &m

"   !H ] 1( !6   0  F.

(( :-

( - T !12 !6 !( `H [  ]6.-&( ^6 !  02 . !6 7%! ( ]Z hH !#

[`    p-( &6.

Y/( : m

56  m  /#    $de !6 $ !H 76 ?  ]66  Y6" 7%.%H7 0B6" !& !H

( 7% h#Z.-

(76 ZW:

76 ZW  (Z 7 5   $w  1% cU-# ( T .76 6 0& d !6 7  6 (!

 [ ( ]Z !6 V(  76 ZW!  T GUK2  H.

((Q : &m

&! 2 !12 !6 [  ]6/.- >6 6 7% 2 %H  $de !H K  51-  

2 !6 $  5 7% [ ( Y.

: 2 !#

(   !m2 76 1-  ` !2 `H < $de !6 `H 5 2  =  6 !H -W 0

[ !6 & ]6 T .  '-F `H  < `H 2 Z >  J.7 ` / `H<

2 `H Z [  =?!  !H 7 2 0 H (2 [$ 7 (!  [7%6 = ]6 2 6 ]/

7   . 7%H

Y D6 : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=350379
 > 0>  e

= (Z H 27

=  B76 76 7 # (Z H 06 B 27 $-%

? H 7  g( H !6\- !6 7   6-

 '-F -:7

6 ( # H B  !H # 2  >6 / 7/

 K.

(  <T F $-%  6 7%H  DH 0 !6 !H %H

.6

( 6<= 7  .%H

(Q  V? 27 H ]d ?6 !H  H 0 7 = 

.7L6

(S !B / .%H  /

(a  V? 27 H ]d m = 51 &] . eB

= 0 ( [ B  !H = ! %H  27 [ $# !H.

0 ]g ( F 7% -  W =.

7/ ( ]K !1 -  VB !6.

B= ( !1 H  .%H

!6 (7 B  H.6

6 ( 7 6 !H H   (  7% !67 HT56 K.

 v L !6 ( H B7/ ]K1( D6 c B .

T< (Q B  !H 0 !6/ - ( "$%   .7%%H

(  (S ! 7/ S ]K !K - B 6 "B .%H

(a - (  !H K B .%H-  = 6

! ( = ! 6 05%- [ - K.-/

7/ 2 !6 ]K '-F - 7Z 27  7 e( 7Z( !H - H - 6Y -

( 27 (7#6%6 .7%H s7 0 66 7 B( T56 K7 7%6 G !6 ( 7 7 .7-6 27

B( 7-y6 / W/ Lm !m 1 Lm !m 7 ( 7%H  ]d Lm !m  =  .7  0 D

 H ! ( - 7%H Z- !m( !6`e =  y6.7

2W (7 g  %( ! 7 $ 6 !6  (76 !"6    . 2  7  27  !1    - 

0 7%&62 - - 2 2 Y`B  $V 7 B `- !#   ]g Z K UB 2.

 YZ ZK 0  p6 m &` (  7  7H 7% d !6 0/# 7% - !6 H

  .7  ]6# (Z H 06  V? 27  =  (~J T2  $w e . =>  27UW

( >% .7%H  w%B H 2 6 B T56 K7F 7  HB  6 7%6 7.

Y Z6!  Z 27   p (7$] !6 = !  76 .7 6  !m  !m
 Z ZWZ( 27 H 06 %j= 27 =  s !6 % -2 !H 7 H  / = !6  L  .%H

< 7 B 2= 2 B=[ 2  27   ZH !%B !H 2 L 0B !H -2 ]

6  6 6 7  --m (L L  Z 27 ! L (  h-%  = !6 !H  H 

B  .

 = ( =  !6 !H !m  = !6 2  B B = 6   .  7  /  = 7 6 27

? V  = -   Z 06 h-%( !6 ?" D 0 B  -  !6 -2 6W 77

767  7H b &% 6 0  2 7Z6:7 K  # (d 6 Z%e/ H2 6 gZ( p

H cde 6 27   !   6 K H .22 !H c$e ( -F H h  H6 ( 7 B

   6 &Z p 7%%H6 e 5 7&7 d !6# (Z H 06 7 27.7%

( # (Z H 06  V? 27 0 6 s  KB % Z B  .7%H H7$ 7/ 

% !ZZ( L 06 U% H 5 (= h-% 6 V? 27 2E D   - 7  2:7

 K >F ? B ]g= !6 $ -2 7F 7%H L ` !K -2 B = 6 7#%6 g& !H H 7

= p  TF .  06 h-%( !#/ ` .  ]g  (= 7 [ 6 !H6 7  D   Z>H !m -

7/ -V? !m  Y ( 7%H 0Z Y!   ( = 6>  V? 27 H ]d B  =.

 "g #%- 6` - . 7Z-  6 02 7 6H  v D !6 < =2 &K ?"  !6

=  %( !  !"6  !Z  L !&F G !% Y 6  U6 ]H B 7 !6 . 0 ] 6  m 

 6-     ]g !H 6 ]H.%H  Z 7%H  0Z(  27

  !/ !6 !H H ` !K 7 B = ? H  L 7  7% !H 7%5 $ ( 06 h-%!H (K

6 H 6 !H (K  V? 27 e  `2 7%%H!  .7H H VB  02  p :7  = 7%

7 !H - 7   Z  "g  ? V .76 e 0  !/  . -   %Z

ZK 27   .76 - 5 B !H >6 = Y !H !m 2 - B ]g Y!  =    7%%H

(6 7%  !6 27  .7%%H 0Z( dde >6 56 H !6 7/  06 -  !H!  h 27 d 6

 !/ ."U  7Bm d6 p  !"v# 0%m .7%H 2 H m &]  (L L  7!  27

  s => B  .

7 T2J~( !"v "g % !H - = 6 H   ]Z 0 !6 $ < ]6K% "  .7

!T2 Y] 6 !6 !"v 0 L  B%   " 2 =  !H 6 H 0%mg& ZW H !6

 6 - - !6 ! !6 76 L 7 T2  7 (H 77%"6  &Z e ]g !6 !6 H

 !H 7$ = hH=.7%H  7

- 5&-% 7/ 1/ 0Z( 77Z (7 ]B (  !/ ]g  !$% 6  %( ! V? 27  

T2  J~( V? 27" 6 `6 !"6 6  71 ZK H pd J\ "g !U/.-

H /% & 7 02  !% Z6 :7 6 V/  H pd 6 Z$[ !H -  D  

!6 -V( $  Y 7%%H -! ( B (6  % 07 6 72 (  % e 0 (  !H -B 7% 

 76 7% Z !H  /  H 6 27 7 h K L# p 7 7#%-  p  7Z U6 "H

%H 7K 5   7 6.7 -

? !H V! ?$B H p   7%H !   (  6 !6 !U/  27 K

B !/ (  ! 7%H 7  V? 27 d !62  6 0/ ! $H = !6 !H  !% !  "g !%

(7$] e% !6 5   ] .7%H /


 D  2s    pH 27  "g &F !6 !H 76 6 7%H DH6 7 B V? 27 !6

H L6 ! 6 $ 6 !6 = .%H DH L

H H  h-% p B 2  7%%H ]H] Y 6 Ze  02 >F (   "g= :7>

[ 1 [% % B 27 2? 6 ( 7%H  DH  = !6  02 s! Z6  B  7 p 6

# (Z H 06 6 27 6.7

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=344418

; >

H p- 6 0%m7&! !m !H X H #

 !H - B6 -> H #  !"# 6 . 76

^ ) ^ - ! 12 (H "B " .-

!$H ZK  -  7 6 - m %Z 

 6 0 # H 7H 6 - B 6 %H - ...%Z

6 6 "K6 .0H 0 6 7m !H =   v H !H

6  Lm  2 !H %H 7  :12 % "1

7/ 0H ]K  B 6 D -#  H . F

?V( . !H B   ) 7 !6 %ZL ZK(D

B 6 .(7 bF :12 - T2!6 7 H  6

- X 6 .  0 6  2 !H 7 6 # H

 .7

`- ( B= !7 !H X= #H  ( !6 K 

!6 .- -  Z #= X= !H #H 7%- m 0

( ?6 7 . 7= ( !H

H!m 0 H

"K 6 .7 L L " &m = !H 2 => .%H %Z - !6 - e &m 2 - F> &6

= 7 !H Y =6 7   !"# !H B !6.%H !W >27%

B%6 - !H T<H H :7= >F ]& 0 6 0 T<H g !H  0  .77 /  F 0

75 . 6B H !6 76B !m .B 6 F .X$ = 2 !H X = ?! 6 .7&! B 6 H!m !H 12
# !H -T<H 0 ! [0 ("  .7%%H 60 B !m 12  77K 7%m .7%H >?F  2= H 2 !

6 V? !H 7 6 D  2= !- !?$B .>- 7m ?6  ( !6 7  ?6 &6 !m dB( 

 2  2= 7%m . %H 6B !6 !( (L() 0 D :

( H!m %H

7 7% . 07 F DmH= 6 &  !H 7% Z LH `B 6 ( F  .7 ( = 6 !m

%H = 7 !5m 7  6 6 = !6  ] 6 = !6 6 6  7K &= 0B% .!6 ( K

- Z `B X 6  = B 6K!- H76 !HX &  g B !6 K = -

%H &6 = s Z !H `B ( >( 6 76 "Z = !H -= !H  %( ! .77 - !"6>

)7(   .7- 76 / !6 !HH7 Z `B ( 7%H $ 7 Z `B 7 ? !H

 LH= 5 7% .72 6 =e   !6 !H >% " 7-  7"F.-

7 7% VB!6 = 7 !H X B  / ( !6 7-  7 !H X 1( 0/  7Z6 -!6 !$K !&2

mH !6 .- 0$6 !"6 0 5 7 7= #H .- F 2 07 DmH LH !6 567 B !H 7- Z

`B .-  !HX( 2 7&!  &6( .- &7% ? ( 7%%  =J  B !6

=  7%%H h%  !H 7%Z B 7 Lm!.7

= (  !H 2 Z `B B6  H6 7 76 =  B6 77   !H 7%7> c"e 6B .- !H

2( 7%%HF 7H bF .-  Y/ 0 0H T5 U  6  ( 012 7  d B= 0$6 .7%H0

7H  (6 !6 !H X %H 1(6 6 !m T2 (  & 7 [B = 7& d 76 . (` = K

# .76

 2 p ># 7 %6> ( D h-% K ># . 2  0 7 &! ` )Z( X

&m T56 ( 67 = !6 .16 7 2H0  ( #  7 6 7%m 7%"6 ( 2 6 ( 0H 7e

%&6 !6 h(( 0 [B !5 ( = e 0 %6  ># .7  ( Z `B ( ...76

- : G$% G6%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=261333

>!! + /

  0 !H -7 76 76 L6 ] !6 - !H

 !m !6 # -!  7K UZ (TF g ! .6

76 %Z B  !m 6 7- = !6 ]  6

(!  !6  g(   # .%H  


6  0%m L6 .-6 7  !H 766 5 7%H !6

V B  !H.7-6 7

06 1  !6=   !H 7K 6 6 7Z Lm !6

 Y !H - !j B 0 !6  7  6 5

T56 &! 6 ( h U 2 ( = 2! .6

TF 6 0 06 1 B  !6 7 7-  !6 ! 76

 %( !H# 06 1 .7   ^6 !H  7

  6B.-

6 ( : / !J ] V .- d"V !6 !H -

(  ( .  $# 7   !6 ZK   0 !H # - =  ]e/ (!  7%%H -= G

ZW    $w B G1 !6 H !6  .72 [   7 !6 2$  $w !#6 7%= 7 ` # .7%

6 (  !6 Lm :   7.

2  y( :77  .7%%H  B  !6 T/6 >H   7 F  !6 !H/  B  hV7 7

d  -.7

= !B= &6 !m [= .> 6 UB L6 .- (6 ] 0 7(  .-  (  % [ .$

  !6.7%-

 2 H 27 #   !6#( !H %H  2 !6= -   6 = B  %H  !H - .

67F !6 7 7  6 27.%H 5 !6#( 7

6 ( - :   ( K1 2 !6 56.7

 1e &  $ L6   . 0 7%%H   !H - B B  -= .7  &! 

2 :7%  H !H#   TF  .

6 (Q  m6 : 6  6 = ]H B% Lm Y .

 6 77Z . Lm !H 0  1- K L 7% 7 ! Lm 6 = 76 .7%&! (!  !m !H 77

[`   =  - &!  Lm !m !6 !H 7% / 7 7 6 7 & B K 76 7% 76 !6 !H 7%= -

[` ]H 2 TF ?6 7.

6 (S L6 :#%F (- 0!  5.7%

  6 !6 !H 7-( 776 $ %w- K b// ( !6 $ 0d5  .7%  F7 76

/ e  6 55 !6  = .7  (&] 2  .  67 5.-

6 (a &H :1(  c.-

 (2  0" :7  = ]g !H - L (1d B K  ".7  .H 0  = .7%%H  ! H 

.7%%H H=   !6  = . H 27 6 !6 (7$] / !6 () .7%H 6H - m !H 7 H D 6 h ( c$e

 7%H    !B(

6 ( :1 (F .7 76 &F !6=  -.7

  !6 . &F  .7

!6 2 5%6 .= !H 7%6  7  L 6  6 (- ( G ( K 5 $ &F !"6 7 &6! .7

 B  . !6 7% .7 . 7 !H K !$ 0 6 s 7 7 !U  6 !6  !H !65 .
$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=271888

 
  @

- ( 6 76  !6 = 7% 76Y ( 7 0?-

 h 76 !15 %  ( .76 !1 76 B H 

 %F 7%H - 6 (( 7%.7%H 1? 7

7F >H- ! 0   H/ . $-% 

- 7  - 7%H  . 0 -% 27%

m 77Z  = !H- /  7%  !H 7K  6 -

 76 7K 7K (76 d `H B6 H/ !- .7%

 "e 6$ -( 7% H : - H Y6 !6 - !6

F 0 6 7 & - &5 ...7&H

 7%H B H!$Z 7  6! 

5 ( T56 2 !  "H 0d H/   m

 76  p ZW(- ( H 7%H g !H - !6

$ !& -Y6 - ( -#  7%H = !6

72  6B7! ? !H V B>  7%H/

& d( !H 7%H -  ( 7 6 %$ 7    d( /

! - H K(- F - !6  76 0 7K m6 m  7 ?   s/  !6 7%H

-  !6 .7 0 ]   #   !H6 = !6($  06  56 1 . 2(

76 B Y/>  BH 7   2 H H/ - Y6 !61- H 76/  &6 !H

B>   .7%H 6  ![6 ? 2 76  - =   !H 7K  H/ 7-  ]6K

TF .-V( K &  - &  !H 7 &5 = ]$- !H( D= 6  -  7% !6[

 .7 &5 7&HH $de 0/  H/ = 7%VB !6 - W 6 !H ="H %  L .762

  h/6 H/ 0 1-  7%H Z- 7%H  / 5  (B 7Z6 7%H 0 7 !H 7= ZW  6

5 (T2 $w J.7

H/ -

H/ -&! !T2 . !H  <& !6 07 5 77-- B 6 Y6 7 H-

& 56 ( 7 7% !d"- 7 - .7 H/ 0 [ K (H g = 6 Y6 ]w (H/ - 5% 7%2-
BT2  0 - h"K H/ 7F 5.7= 7

- !U"-! !ZU

  %= H 6  %H 7 B 6 7 76 -7  d - ( 5 !- -- (&? .

(" :p 0 B p" 0 6 76 ./ 7 - .%H G

[( : 6 0 " p . = (H.7

6 : 6 B .7= B ( 6 %H 6.

5  2= `H 7! # 7 7  6 !HW 0 ( 76 KD%( 7 - !H  =!6 7

H 6B6 ( 7  $w#  .7 5% - H KF - !6 - p"( %Z !6 76 0L .- 7 H !H

- - !6 K 76 0 !H 0 ! 6 -F - !6 5 0 H 7%H !6 .-e 0 [ ! ]6

 B  !H.76 p" 512 6 7

(! ! !H 76 25% - H(- !6 76 Y6 !6 %Z 0W/ !H -%H 7( !6y6 5 7

/ (6 !6 76 .7  !$ Z6 7% ] 7%%H GK  !H 75% - / 7%%H =  =( {

 76  ]g 7 !6 !6- /   6%6 & 0 ZW %( !6 - Lm (H/ .7%H 6J

!6 !H = 6 -  B% .7%H DH  !6 B B6 H/  !ZU -1-  7%H !H  /= D

H/ $V !U"-! H !6 6 . K  6 !U"- 1  -$ !6 7%  0  7  1

7%%H Z- - 5 !6 7%&6 !ZU ZW  !#B 0 !H 7 7 -   / K 2 .b/  / 0

" !( h !6 ]6 0B% - 7F .7%H ]% F 6 !2 0  - :7 - !.

?6 2 7 - !U"- !6 ?-  %( ! 7&6`( !"6 -  = `H B6 7 . !$ - `H

 ( 6  !U"- `- G"B H . 0 ! (%H ( 7%H DH  % 56 -( !"6 7= 6 7   s

56 &m 7  / !6 F ? V T2!6 .7 `- G"B / d !6 !% 6 `- H >- H F 6

6 " _m F 7Z6 7B - " 7&6 [ _m - / !6 !H " !6 7%H H/ ]6 ? V  Y/ .7

B (] 7%H _m F -T56 - 7 H/ 7Z6 - #  DH( .7  7 0 #  !H 7%H-

[  ]6   / !6  .7Bj6 !ZU // !6 K ?[ V 1 ]6 H !H 7%H DH  !6 7%H

(- K Y6 !6 2 !6 .B - (! 7H 6 7 16 ( 7%H B F 6 - 7K 6 .7<" h F -!H 7%

?6 2 6 7% !U"-76 - 7%d ZW !U D    H/ 7d !H - = e

26 &  76 .  0( 5%H 7 56 - .6 D 7K 7%H Z- 6 _m F 6 7 -

76= 7 B ! KH w%B !H 7 7 !U"- - !6 = = 7K !m =- .-

H !m >- 7%H

 YZ 6 - 0 !H -5% =% 6  = 676 -  6/ 0  6 -  Z6<=  p .7$ 7%%H-

&! B=2 7 !`K bF - - ]$K 2 = - 7%m B = :7-y6 =dB 7 - &!  !627%

 = 7- K 76 - "$K K &  76 2 - 7K>F  0 7W !6 "B -

(  . 7 `K  6 `e 7$ W  $#  B  !6=56 7 .7[0 !6 $ !H H- B

/  7% 7 $# !% !6 -  7&6 !6 !( 6 .7 /W 0 27% 6 7 7%6 s% ( 75676

[  ]6 >- 7%H < e 0 !6( - D % !6 `- W 76.7%

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=368556
   R 8  k 5J

LH( ( 0 6 & . % $Z( !6# .& 5

!H - 6 / .& ]6 7 -%  = $d

7  %( 06 ( Z $d !) 7 (  %   . .-

 !K&Z 7 0  m e  ]6K :7

(  . &Z   7%6

(  . &Z  7%6

-(  . &Z 76

 m(  . &Z  .76

7 0  6 0?- - 5 7  !6 ]V1( !6 5

 K F .& ... !B-

 6 ( 06 .& !%  ( 6 =J ] 7/ !H) !2]K

J = !H -7 $d 0 06 p 7  -  -

7K !6 7 7 !H - 0 . eVB (! !65

6! 0 .(- !6 -Y"  . &Z !H  /

%j !6 ` 7% !K $# 77%  !H 7 7!"e 5

756 0 p6 ( !6#  GUK 7 5   .7%

= !H # H T2 - &F 0 7 . 7 T

& !6 . % H  " -  0 7 !6 -   Z   `B # 7%H 0 Y 6 !H - 6 

0m !6 ZW  & !6\- 0 '-F !H &H .  B 6 !mH 7 6 !5m 7 !"e  0

2 !6 ZW F 27 !B ( 0  e !H 7%66 T 27 7$6

( 76 '-F ]& 0 6  B 7 &7/ . ]K  %&F !- !e( ]6K :7

( ?!  < &:.

=( .&  !H #  = g  7%H ( !6 Z6 ?= V  %Z ]  bF 7 7  B 0%m

 2 = T h"K > `B 6 7 7/  6 d !6 !H 7%H 7  B pd 0 H F . "! & !"g

 %&F H  05%-  ?-  L H) - H 7% 7 % 0 .(... - - !6

$ L/ U B%  $"KB !6 `w !H 7 % 6 y6 ) H  [UB - Z ]d

6 0 .(...T< - 6 !H B  . (#  L  !   !"6 7$ $"K `( !6

`  7BEF `w) 7&  "7 eVB  ( 6#.(...


!? !5% 0 !m2% !6 - (" (  !H 7K 6 7%   & . = K  7%  GK

!e( !5% !?    7% 7/H wHH =  # &  0 = e !6 >?6  K -  d6  0

- 7& GK  0 7#  / !6 62.

( ?!  :.& %$ 6

 s !6F !H 7- .& "e & . - ((  .& 6  % ( .& >H- 0-   B  . .

7 0 !  ( !  L !H -  Z &6 .(  . 6  0 =m !6#( !H H

!sd  . 0 T & . ! 6  ( !6#= !6 5 7/ 2 ( !6# # T ]e <= >

UW(   7-6 7  !#&!  >U (&.7  5%

  L $2 7 & . 2 H 6   7Z6 0 =  6 h"K %Z 0 T ( >?6T< 0 .- 0

= !H W 0 !6$ H F e  ! 6 7  UB !6 .76 !H -#%6 7 L5  %( .&  % (!6  %

&$ !6 . D( . $ 5 .& 7 = H #6m   7 - L5 !"6 $-% % B 7/ 7!"6

6&Z 7 H # ( 0g . 7V 6  K&Z d6 . 0%m    ]6K cU- !- :7

 !K&Z (:

 V !K&Z . #( !$% !H 7% ! K  " $ K 6 . & "- ]w  

= -H ! 6 !"6 76 V# ."< <&  ! $ !6 .- 6 5  &# . 

( !6 %m / .& 0 . = !H # ( / .&  !6  ]?(  H !H 7$"[  E  H

H . =L( !H #F 0 05%-  H/ 0"( .  "?( !6#( / !  !$ 6  7Z!H -

U- F L (Y6  .7 0  ( !6 12   !2 0  & .   %Z7B 6 7 - 6 7%H

] ? 6 .& (0VZ `w) %Z 7%H  >U B( !&m- ]e  .&  - -

7%H ]H( 6 (= !6 ]-> .7-6

0  ]6K %e  >?6 !#  76) .- 0! ( !6#  bF Y %Z - $( b L -

  0/7d bF 77  !K&Z  (! (] K .(72  hZe - 05%- 0 7/!

   cU-  . 7   . !H -#% m  6   B &6 . 7!  $- ]6K

"/ & %&F / . H / 0 !H 0 6  -  7 ( 27 L 6 L 6T2 6 = !6

%  "/H !( --.

 !K&Z ( 0 :m !H 12 !B . !6 - [ Z$ 2   6 $ = 6    m 0!

27F / % - %H  "1< % m B F 7%$ V< .  L $-%  ?-F !H %H

=  m `w .%H Tg( !6! (27F 6 F  $ m = 6 "B ]2  %H =& [ 0  .

m F 67 / B6 7K !H% g& 7   ...

!m2 !K&Z !5% T L  7 =   L B !$ H  7  6 .& !6#( !H H H

 7 - !K&Z !2 0 F   !66 0 U- (  T 6$ 7%%H GK  76 K >(T 0 0

<  - ("?  7# 6  / . 0  0L5 % & 71 !m2 . - % !6 Z  <]H

#( ]6K 7L  ( ?!  6 L $-% 0 (# L.

!K&Z (:

!e( #% (#= L !H - !K&Z 2 !6 ] -m  5 7/   6 7 L567%  !6D

 !6    5 7 0 .& !Z !6 !12 - !H#( 0 dU- L < G .- < !H H

 .& 05%-( .6- !K&Z -  % > g H .- !  6  7 ) !6 (.& 7/
5 ! e 0 ( 6 !H #6 &ZL L 7%H FH  .7 0 6!   ( !e

 7K 6 L   6 K 06  06 0   0 .  L5&Z %6  !6 7  (! :

 0%m (Y d6  (H !6#-% & s%$/e 6  "1< L2 . =% F 6  B =

d6 > 0 -   $ 7/ U- !H 7%-%&6 6  &] 6 5 6 ( ]  .7%

!K&Z g( (J !$ D  7 - !6 . 0 2 0 h-= . !66 7 e 7 (  H7 & !"g

>  !6#( .7%H >H ( ( / 6 7 ]  -  !#%F 7%H  7 7  !"Z  &!"e .

2 "6K (  (7 !6# 7   $d 7 7 7F 7%H - !H 7%$6  --  '-F

[" 7$ - !6 5 '-F !H 7-6 #%! 6 = 7 /T<  !6 ( 6 h-% = G  .716

= (w J 6- 6&  .7%%H  27   $ K % (V B % W >F   %$ !H 7 >%H

= B6 .- 6 0 e  7 6 1/ 7 (  .7 6 (V % p"< 2  7%$ "6K 0 !H 7

L57F $-%  % ) 7%%H !$ p"< 26 7 7 L . .(7 # &Z 0&F  p&Z D "U >F ...

 W ]( 6 !H 6%  $d(    $ K 7 %  W >F> = 5= 7%H #6  (7 !6#7

B.7 7

6 (Z6  .6-  !% < "1  K 26 / 7 h"U ! J  6 0&F .&  !6 Z

7 - H .  .7$ 0 6 7 = !T2 [B !H !j (7#m 7%H  7   =  !$ 

= > !d1e != ( 2 !"e 2 (7 !6# 7 .766

6 != ]e/  p )& !"e V( g(  % J= d (  (0&F (  !6# &

 !  6L5&Z % 7 7 T 27 6 . cW !H - p6 7   7%H  d6  67

6 !YZ Y  06 h-% p L2 >%L5 h-% 0 7%H > !d1e 6  6 5 7%H = 5

d6  !B K !6 .7-6

- : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=341942

 *  /

   ! m -    7% ( B 

B> 6 ! 012  !6 .77% !"2 &?6 [B 0 

BB 7% "! ->   !6W 0   $.7%

=   2 :7% 6  ZK!  /6 K !2  (

W( !6 ( "d- B ! 56&  (  ]d%


=  !  0 (W < U% (6 "d  2 

6  !6  =&  # =  7 !6   $V 7% =

- K> B h K-   mUm <   !

m TF  0! B 0!  !

Um  16  = !6! 0 0 !1

 #6 GK( 0 5 =  ! =  GK( > $K7

=m B 0 6 0! = m !  !2

... 7 "( BY6 ( !6 0#   7%! .  = !1

(     ( 0 G6 / `  6 -/ B !-  B ]6 !- s ("d

5 .-

 Z6 7   L = 2   7! s ]6 B !- 5 "B ("   7  !% 6 !U"-

 =    - !6 p !7 [B 0!  ( 7 / .7% K[ - ~ ! %  7%% '-F

 2:7

B  0  B !#6

 ( -56 ! 26 >F "& !7

=  B   1 ? d !6 !7-%  - 7! !6 !  ( " !2

Z6 [   7%%! 5   !6#   B !- =  !  =  &  7!  !U"- 7VK

 .7 / 0 B 6 7% W/ 5 6 7K 7 ! # B 0%m !- [  1.7

%! ! - !%  0  !U"-  !6 !$ Lm - 0 -! [B !6 - Z 65 6 7

=  %6 >F= !6 $ / 6 ! / = 2# B !- 5  .= 2 Y . -

Z !

! 0  !U"-! <" h ($-%! !  65 & 7  7 .7% B  ` -

 ( K 5 6 0 F - 7 7 Z- 6 !m 6 7%%  5 ? = h< - 6 / B7e  !U"-

=6 6 ( 7%(  g(  = ] .6U7B ( 7  $V  - ? & !7 0%m ZW !6 2 0

 !  ./ !2 ( 2 V   h"- 0( 7%  %( ! 7 #  ! -d 7  7

$# !"6  `B 6 7 ] B  .7%

 7 6 

  % !6 7F      BY 2 ./ !6 - Z[K (L 2 V [ B /

T56  Z[K %  7$ .%

 ( 65 !6/ 0  2   6 /   - U6 .7% 0 7 6 1/ [B !6 `-

  !Z  Z[K % ( ( !1 =  !Z.-

s #6

 6 .7%6 B(   !6 7! "L e K  eB - 6 7 7d   %Z# TF !

 2 - "!  -  K 7F   ! <"76 h  5%  02 s p GW  275 L$-

  s   Z 7! !6 ( ( ]d .- = h[? ZK

 !  !2 ` !6 0  !6  6!  0 ! B  ( 6!

 12 ` !6 - 6    6 # !76


0 = ! 6 >- % 0 Y> !

7 6 6 B!7

7 ` Lm K 56!

7  % 56  B 6 7%m 6 !1-

7 B> (  5) %B 2   (  6 7F ( !0 6 - !&6 0 0W d

!   ! ( 66 7 . 76 >#

/ 7 =B :76 0

7 B ( - !&6

 Z6 7  56 !m 7     ! 66 - 6 5 #  ! = %6  `- ! 

!7F

0! !6B "B  (& !  2W( 0 !6 (( h m !&6

 7  2:7%

56 ! Lm !m !m = ?67% 6 2 #    2 !62  ! /  B `B

 !%

0   U% -  7 wd6 !5j . 2 2  5:7%

 0  (  U !65 ! 56:

 7 5 ( 2( 7 T 7  7%   7%!  0%m6 !m U7%%6 7

6 B G   !65  %( !   7 !"6  B 7B7%F! .- 0 6 !2 !6 7 76!

&`  $ 6 B W ( 7/ [ 6 ]6> # .7%

?[ h ^d6 0  7%! ! 012  m / %2   .7

:12  B

 0 6 !  0%mK U  2 - 6 ?   GK . [ 2 B !- [ !2 !6 -!

# = ( 7/  ]d( p K  ! 6= !6 7 VB  B 2 . - B L  h"K e] !6# 

5 !  0 !1  !  L ZK !6 ! ~ 0  7%% ( $ B  0 7%! & 7  !6

56!  0%m U2  ! K m T 7     ! 2  !"6 0!  G[K  !6

  ]d( 0 B   1% !  ( B ./  !%

->  -  

( 1% B- > B  !6 L$ -#%!  B 6 ( 7F  7% 122 >-F [! 

   .  Z-B 7% '-F  = !6 7 0 -[ !6 - (  !"g& h (&]  .7

 B  :12

=7  ( ?" Lg    ! 6 2( J & >6 7/ /  - % L6  7 /

- 7F    05%- 2 !6 &  = ./ 0   %! !6 - B #1%.7 7

27F W ] e`B 7%% 6  = - &] ! !6 .- 122 [! !( %:7%

56 ! 2=  - ?  

m  7 ? &6= . !m K(  K17

=  ! / B!7 7

76 1% '-F 2 =  ? 12 7! = BB   Z 6


hB$K 2 % 56 !"6  ! m   &!  5 &6  0! ( -! 66 7 !5 W 0

 27 % 5 y6!  .!m 0 !6 B= ...

= K5 2  !m7% =  2 7%! [   -

=  -5 66  !56 0 !6! m %

GK  Lm  B 7 Z6 s 5 7/ 7- L %2 (6 2 V #  7  ! !1

    (  h  \-  6 # UW  .7%

 2  76 B GW Z[K 6  0 %! 0   !1   m 0%m  ZW .  7

  B ./   .

` 6  7    Z L


! !6 012     ! (] e !6 K  6 = 7 7

 !6 W  ! ( 7/  $  !6" 6 7  &`( 6  6 !6  =

"L Z[K / B !6 / /.-

= -% h- 

Z[K  B ./m 6m -! & - $-%  (  0 .7% / Z[K? %Z0

!  ./! 76  ]6s  #65 ! 56 7 5  L 7%% 012 ! !6  .7$

76  m 0%m 6m! !6   6  ( 2 V  ]65  7 [%  B !6

-  07  7$ %676 !6  $ .  Z[K  !U"- ]6 "  ] 6   L6

 &d d Z$(  6   J (=6 h B 7%& = & - `[ 6 !m 7  

 !v[(   27F B !6 2 ] $ Z[K  .76

!  B2 012

! .  B2 0121-  Z[K ./ % -  !67&! !"e/ =2 .

& -%  2 Z[K :7  B B bF . B2 K!  ] !Z[K 7%/ .7% %2

 h -   b1 !67F .     ` 7  U% e ! & -% -

  (56 ! !Z[K 7% 7%!   ` 6 5 Ty#  = W( 0 GK.7%%

5% ! 012/ /7%

/  /  6B 6 !- ( "d5 6  Y6 . !5 W 05 7/ ! 6   7 h

= 7 6 ( 76 0   7% [? !6.

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253247

 <b  b/ & & /0 .>8 74


`e !H  - 76 7UW  $V  !6

=6 .7 7  B 1% [ !6 6L ( 7 = 7%m

 "B {H $V UW &.7

 0 !6     !H %H  0

 .7%

 DmH ]X 56 77

6"!    6 !HLm Z6 7 B >F(  57

VB !6   !H 0 7- = /  065 

7%6 .    6 27-  B 

=% 5 !6  0 7 6 - 7H 7F ]&  %

7%H !6 !  !H 76 7 $V 7Z6 GUK

H !U6  = 6&!  ]/. -

s%  0 5 $s% .7 !H  0 K  ]6

6V   !6  [ D .7%H 5 5  !H

 "B !"v L6  6 2 56 7 6 .7%H !&F $e

H 0  s  ]6  (B g 7.

6 !"v 0 H !6 H !m 

[B !6 !$! 6 H- !H 76 &!   . $-% ]/ Y" DmH ]X 12 !H 756 7 7 H-

766 0 !H 2 L6 ( " !6 .7%H 2 0 ] H !6 6 0 6 ]/ - L D  B -

VB !6 ?6 2.76 K6  06 e !H 7

0  K K ZK  2 !H 7  !6 ! !6 7 6 -B 7  ZK 6 7%H - = 7%$6  / J

 7%  ( 7%  ]6  -> 7%&%6 .B 76 H- K 2  !"v B >F  5 0 77Z6 - ZK

6 6  6 6 = -.7

]$K 56 Lm !%B 7  7%H

S #% ] 7 H- !% e !6 !m  K ]H !m  66 -  .%H

(-6 L = !6 7%=  -.7

(  !"6 !6 7 "6 56` !H 7 Lm    7%H H 7%H  !H 0 !H - S !K$ - 

76 7L6 $V Lm !% .

 !6H 0  mH / Lm !H     7%H  .7%HU%  ( 7 = 6 K  B6 H 7!

 / $ !6 6 .7L6H 0 Y] 6 &6 B 7 7K (! H  B HH 7 m (  %vU6 7 

7H =  ! 6 ]X 6.

( 7 V   .7

2&!   7%6 75 !6B !# 0 7% ]& !H 7-B "e   .7/ 6 !6 2  Y]  

 V 7%% "e   BH 7%   ( 7%   $V !H 7% H T2 - !6 - L 05 7.

7 ZK 2 7 (7  H7 H- !H 7 H !&F $e  H ]/   !m  6 - - 6 7%H 2 6

-/ B 1% Y" 6 6 .7H 0  %vU [ Z6 .7%H  2 h H   72 [ Z6  ]6

. 6H 0 7/ ]K- B ZK B.B% 7


(B 6B -.7 7

 B !6 75 b/ 0 76 !H 7 T2 6 7%&?6 7 DmH ]X [B !6 H  .7

6H 0 -     0 BH 7% 2  !"v7% /   !H 7 7 $VB %vU 7

]$K  B HF !H 7  7%& >6 &"2 H .7

(Q - & .7%H  2" /

/ 2   6 6L 0 7 - 76 ) 716 2  ]6 !H / >B 7 .(7  !66 6 !%

?/ 0  -= H (  7 (7F 0 B ( 05< 7%H.7 7

(S &F 7 ".7%H  2

Z6 K / Z6  W 6 - 2 K   6 !6   ]$K !H 7 !66 =& 6B "B 7

 .7%HVB !6 !"v 0   ( !6 !H= 6 2  = 7 %6 7  71 .- 2 76 H !H% B = 

  / 7-%  0 7L6 - =&F 7% .

!m6 K/ 7  !66 67

!$   - !H B H !6 ! . cde  [ !H  - L "B  D .- 0%m

 ZK  0`( -  !H 7$ 0 B  - 7&%6 $ F  .7 0%m - 7e/ K

  7 ! &` ( = !H # ( 6 -7e 6 7 K H ]/ -.

...76 hK

!6 ! 767m  ?6 !HY6 7 76 - - B H !6 ! H 6K `- 7 . 2

/ 015 !H 7%6    !6 ?! -   [ !6 / 7%H =  6 6L. 7

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=310599

 28
J U/ )

-  B 7F 7%

( 6 02 ( 6 = 6 B .((  7

- B L=d-( 7F .7%

( 1/ 6 L / = !jB ZK(  7 ."B27

  .7%76 0 $"K 6 by-   !6

= = !jB ZK[!6 7 L7% B .6 7.

= K  ! =6 e !6 YZ ( = T2


= !6 5 (!  % BV% >%-    - . 6 2 76 - > ( 7

 - 7 6 2 76 - 7  - .7   =  7  - .7%6 7

( 6 ( 6 6 / ] = ` W .-

 !( = 7( 7$ 7K  !6  .7%   = !-7%6 . F 2 0>  6 55m 6 7-/

B(!- ( .76B !6  K(!-    7-B !6 -(    7 7 <m .76 05 Z6

 &  < %&! ?7 V  7%% 2 L 7

=  27 ?- &%(Fm 7 B!- &(-/ K Z6 .-K 6 7- (Y6 !66 !"F 0( 7 L62

76 7 6 7Z6 7 = #w .7%6 &6  ( 0-/ ?- 7$ 7 7  27  F 7% e( ! 76

!5m/ B %  -/  1%  - .-/ F <"( h .76 $w 7 K5 = !j 

B !6 7= -& !( 7 [  Z$ < 05  7  / .7% K5  !6 G= - = !j

B  7 7/ /   $V / .7% s!6 K 7-!  0B !6 -(!- 7-

[ Z$/ ( 5 (&>  .7%B  K 7 7/ !6s(  7-/ 5my- ( -

 "#B .7% Lm K B ZK$K 7 UB 0 UB( &6 = [ Z$.-

($  6 0(-/  !6  !( &6 7% %  /!  0B- 0-/  = .7%%j ! 

0B-  2  " !6 ( 6  7  B!- = .6

= K K B% 7%( = !j  (! K 2 .6 p 0   0 . (! /

 7#   7K  6 B ."B(!- L>  by- .7 ( p 2 B(!-  L= 7%

(27  B 7(1(  %( ! . `B(  !"6 (s .6U - B .7 7 K! B !6(!- 7-

 LL> (( 6 !6= - B(!- -/ B 1%( by- .- = 0B-%j !  27

/ B 1%  - 6  7/ = (ZK ( 6 .7  %($ Z$[ 6(ZK 6 7K 5 ."B

B(!- 7F  7% = !jL5-y- 7 .7

K!  7K  6 .d( !67-   6 % 0(. 0   .%! 

- = L=d- 6 p . 7%j !  !6 %= - B!- L>  /

B!- = 1/.%

6  2 V 7 /  7 (  %  %(! 7L6  27(  &6 !"6 7 =B !j 7 !6

= - .7=  K7% 6 ! 6 6  &6  / 6 6  .%6 7 ! 6 67

B -6 6 .% ! F 6! ( !6 !6#= - B!- 2= - =B !j 7 ( / ]

B!- ] !-  .  ( 0]  B .7

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=249459
   / , /

7e = ( !6H !$&( -  = D  Z$[ !H

% B  . K!B %m 6 B> "H 7

` 0&B %d 6    Z 6 1 6`   %B

( .7%H eVB 0 6  7% F  &

--H .-%  !H 77Z 7e $%- ! 

$= d !6 56 .  / [ 12  6 

K !6 &.7%%

H 5 = !6 !%  [ Z$ -  7/ bH ]K6 D

= !6 7%H 5 !% B  m !6>  B .   ]6L2

7e B = !H !25 % 7%6 .7 6 0 7e  !H B [e p$W . 7%6 $ < 7 h#

6 ( 2 7% 6 0  .7%%H 7e `e B & 7-% (V 7e 7%H7e 5 .- 7e / 

  !6 Vd% 6 .- = 7e !H   B p 76 ! bH`B6 . 5 6   

5&F%= B %?-  K7e !H 7% = !5m - T2 J( !m . !H  /?  H 0%m

 ( B6.7

 7 D  6 [ B 27 512 p 65 6 7% !H !12  !6 6 :7 5 0?- 0 6 0d 0

&B  / 0 <!2 !6 h d  &? .-! Y/ 0 & #% !2  !H 7 7e 0d [ ]6

B  ? 1 / B 7% B !6 $ ! !6 $  ./ 7e 0d h K> & >%H 

B !2 `H 6 6 GK B 7%  !6 - ( 2 "B 76 L h-% 0d 66 .7%H " L !-

[ 5 ( [!& . 6 H . / 6 [ 22   p [7% . d

"H ` = .-

EF&5 !7e 0d !H 7  Q 56 !- -/ :-/ B $w < 7% (7e 0d .  %( !6

-% Y/ [ 1 F 7%- -/ > L6 6 . w  &B Y/ (  F 7%- 7% 6 =

[ p$W . e >?F 6 &?( ( - = [( .! . 7e 0d 12  K %$ 2  6 ?V

5 6 .- w 6 V? 2- 56 0?- 7 7e> [ h-% 0% >`H Y6 - B6 76!

&= 7% !H -  F F.-

 !H e %- Z%e V( !6 L 7Z( 7 !W !s/` ]6K -2 " H H  7  56B !6 7%

76 !T27%&B m2( !H " =  !H  = D% " [ . 77s 7e !H 7%& !H 0&F V? 6

e !2 !6 "  H 6 $U ! 76 $ 0%m !H 5%?( !6 = h ? V = 0 7 .7 #%

66 0 !H 7 [ !$ &K 6 B = s 2E .-

 `w !T2 &H B   [ ` 6 !H 0  s 2E 6 eB 7 = s eB !# L

 !H 7% 5&K (= !6 7% .7%%H "( !2 "(  0 ZW   [ 5&K H L .

= 1 H 5 7 !6 6 ?  = !6 !H e 7%%H !Z B 7%  L5( `w h-% !#-

  H  !#`B 5 F 7 .7 0 H &6 !H 7%7 - 7 [ 512  !6 F  = ]6"e

 = 2 7$6 m !H 06 2E = B 7% - - !mB (G= 7% B .7%%H
7%"6 7 7e

  6 --  D2 ($ 7%"6 J `H 7 7e  h-% .-7e 2  = 7 !6 !H 76 ZW

 7% /27% 7 !B 6 7% 0?- B  7%H = 7&H  #B !H B!H 7%

B 0?- (  .7%H% ?" 7%"6E d 1- [ !6 .7%%H 7%"6 "H 7e = B6 $ !6

  5% ]w  y-  7% =- %  K  ! F (0 .-1( 0 

B % &H 6 H/ B  `w .%H !s/` L =6#  (7%"6 (    1e 0?-

2%&   .7%  !6 $- & =( 2 0?-.7%

VB " 7F 0 7] 22  B 7  =  g pd  p "K .- H 

 %&  !6 $ 7%"6 7e &6 d 1-  L !/ .7%%H 7e 7%"6  JH .-2 H%H

- - 6 !H Z%e 7e - &6 H  7 H7% !H ( ( L -6 7e H $de (7%"6 7%%H

 7%%H "Z   !6 $!/ 5 7%"6 7e &6 d 65 1-  -/ .7%%H cU- !6

B7e 7% ( 7/  !6] Y`B 6 56.

 7 - 7e &6 ! 7%"6 76 7e  &6 . VV? &6 / ([$   7%"6 7e

& 7% V? 2E  .7% 0 = 66 0 !H 7 !H  ( V? 2E7e 6 7% (7%"6

2 0?-  #B V? !6 $ 7 !$ #% L (X%w- m 2 !H  m7 7 2E ?B V

7%"6 6 E 2 0?- 7% !6  / 0 ! 7e 7%"6 56 V? 2E .

7e 1H

  7e 1H E 7% 6- m ] !H 7  76 6 E (e ( ( 6  = !6 p$71 5

 .7%1( 0  0%[ h 7e 1H  `H L 7 5H .-% 61( /  7e 7e !6 !H (7%

Z 0&B 7% 7e B !H 7% B[Z( 0% 76 7 7e .7%%H 76 1H ?  7e 76 1HJ

L &?6 ["U 0%  0 " .7% -] 7Z .76 5   B7e 1H !6 $ 7% 7%m

 -- !H  S !6 #% =  :%H

B ( 6 %6 !6 ( 012 0?-< :  6 " !6 !H 7%  22 %6 "/7e 

B %6 6 !6 7e.7% =  B 7%  &6  1 .-

7e :!2 %6 (  !H !65% B-7 2 !2 %6 6 7 B 6  B6 .7  h$- !6d %6

6  & !65% "H .7%%H $de !2 %6 6 &6 0 5%?- B L 7%   B6

 1 .-

7e 52 (  / !%- 0L 52  -  6 m  5%?- =  .7%H  / 0  6 `$

L -= !6 e / 6 6  .

  6 B (" !6 = !6#( h/6 !"6 .7  - = 67e % `H 0d !e`B B L267%

7e &B (Q  ?27e ]e/ : !26 .-7e 0 ?2 #%/ 6 = !H 7  L

! .7 = HT( !H  B   7 07e !H - &% &6 0&B   5%.

EF& !6 5 !# 0 !H 7- -7e - ( 0&B 6 7 /  7e 5  7 7% $ !6 50

7e 7e !6 $ 77% b  Z &6 7 (  = J "U -  / 2L ( 1%  7%#

.7%H

b1 -S 6 : J(`  7F= 7 7 7e &B 7% &6 B (1  B6 .7K &% D2  <"h

[ 6 7 !12 !H J  (7F 1%7   H !6 p"< 2 ( 7e 7 = ]  %B= !H 7 -
( H = >6 [6 H( .   6 !H7& H 0B= ]6K 7 `e H ( .7% 0 $ 6 7e 1H

> !6 .

B6 %=  Y VB 7e = 1H  !6 62   = 6 %?- = `w .7%%H

('  -6 H7Z6 >6 -6 = 0 7#!  6 5F 76 0  B K  2 =

 %?- !6 7$( 7] H.7

$ T6 0d 6

[ !6 7e Z6 "H F! <7Z( % 2 2 0&% = 7%H  -# Z6 -6 / %0d .7%B

7e e 1H 0%[ 2 =  2 h-% $H( . `H - 7e 6 T h`H 6 7e . Z6

 6 =  - - 6 5 / b1 D .7%

F 5 6 ! "2 !H "" " D"H & 6  6 7Z( .7%  7e  !6  !

$ &6 . g 6 `H = - 0%j 6 5 F  (T2 J.

  6 B (" !6 = !6#( h/6 !"6 .7  - = 67e % `H 0d !e`B B L26.7%

  !6 %6 7e B =7 6 !H 7  76  6 7 e( !H ( 6( 07e 1H 7% B !2!6 (

6 !H 7%%H27% 7% T = ( 7%%H  ] 6 L <%?- !6 $ 2  7% F 76 - .7%%H

=( B 12  !H ("H 0   B `H 0d ( (6%6 7%H 0Z7e 0  6= 7 s% 7%

>6 76 7%"6 7/ "H 7$ (H !6 - &F  7 (] #6 B 7% "H `   (!

m "H !( J( !H  1 $ $ 7 &6 .2 7 (B !H 7H="H 6 2 2= 76 bF .7% !H0

6 0d  ( &6 J! `H  76 B  (! K  7 L2 6 76`H !( h-% >%"H - 7%"6

= "H = 60%[ J 5% 2 .7%H

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=363227

 bA A4/ < >8

" 0  ZK  !H B  !m Um 6= 7 H

#     (  !H %H 7e $ .%HK

 H /  Z  H B  !H -#

  (6 !2 V !H$% ZK 7 $ .%H

"B 6  (1 & 5 L5 -.

  %H(  5 7 $ 6 !m .%H%6 7"


"B  ( !6# 0 !  B  !H !6 - !# D ?

-6 7 "B Y&5 ! (76 .-0

= K 0  !H - (  Um !H %H = 7

  7 d H H  06 7   7K  = 

2.

6 K ( g-  - %vU 7  6 L5

-= !6 0  7 7 .7 !H 76 0 6&!  

.7%H$% 7K / 7K !6 67 (? !H g= !6 7 7-6

 >F :7  !%  - 27! F 76 &6

bF7 [ 7%H  (s 7F 7%H F6 0 7 

7 !H 5 % .-

Y] ?" 1 (  !H 77 6B !6$ .7%H 0/  = !H 7 6   .7$ h-%G6% 7

Y B(  .7$B  !H 7%H   7 !6 77 7-6 $# GK !6# H  6 !H 7 7#  7

` !K !6# = 7.7

 76 7 6T56 0 !H7j  0] 6  7V 7! 7%6 ] 7 p 7 ( Y 6 $

H 7  B "B  Lg .76 67 ( 67  pd .- 6 Lm s !6 !H   !6 7$

 !  .

6 <" 6 !$( 0] ( 6 ] 7  p  (  (Lg !6 7 ( Z$[ !H 7L6 !/7 $ .7%H

 72 !H 7  2B !6 .7( =  !H 7(7 Z( K - 7 - H ! Z 7 = !6h-% ZW

26.7

K 56Um !H 7 61- !/ 0 7K !6   B %H  7%H (H 0 7 !"/ !6

]  .7-

  m !6  (J 0  6 !/ 0 7K    .%H

 p ># .7  0Y  .7%H # !H 7 .7%H

 7 - !H 7 6   7  7%H H   7- 2 0Y B !B  7/ 0

( !6 7-6 ( !H .76 7

 e 6.7

 6 s% 0 6  0 6 0 .7$ 0 ZW L 7 !H7 27(7  !$% .7%H 2 5

- 7   .7%HK 2 S !6 - !6 B= !K 6 7-6 6.7

 7%H H/ " - !6 &6 !m 6 B &6 H/ .7 7 !6 Y/ 0 - 6 76 !H - <" 7%H  !$

 B " !6 .7&H 7  6 p" !H  ># "76 7Z6 !Z - ( B6 7.

(H  % 6 !H 7%6 7 0/ !H - ! .76

 Z 0-( E 0B !H -( K  6 ZW 766 ( 7 77 $ .7%H7 0-(L EH D 

 ] !6 (s / 0 # 1  De 7 !B .-

0-(   E 0/ p !H - ! 76  B !H GK(  7- 7 - H .7&6 = K  

H7 H (s !6 !H 7=  ?- "B-= !Z7  .

 `wW/ K 7 H 5#  7 - D 6 F T5 KB 6 7( ( !66 p !H 7-6 . 7 >1H
 F  .7%H F &1H K 7F 7 $ 6 (H 06 !H 76 0vU 7  7 $#  F !H 7

.7%H

H7& 6 K   "U

 ]X-  .7%H

 `w !2 V( 2 !H 7 [B bF 0 ! (  7%H / B( F  G  H Y ]X- 6

 .7% 0! Lm = !6 !H  7 K ]d D  7 T56 !H 7 .76 # K [B 0 ! 7-

"B / 6 7 7%H 6 7  .7%H 0 !6

!6 !H Lm !- =B  7% 7$  .7%H  7%H  ]X-  = H ( ! 7%H ! =   .7%H

K ]X-  H 7  ]d K s  7%H Z- .7 H !H - = 6 7# 6 ( 7 # = H (LH

]H ! 76 /- F & Lm.

H7&  !6 0  !H 7 ( /7 $ .7%H

]  s%!  !6 - - !6.7%H L

( g  ]e/ !$ D . 7% L  & -%   !H 7% !j= !67$( 7]  .7%H 07%

(`   7%%H pB - !6  %H .7%&6

- Q # H 6  H = !6  Y  -a .7%H ( -H D L !6!  H 27=.7

( g   0 7-6 s !6 = " -  76 0vU 27 6 . h  hH 6 7T56 K6 .7

(6 gY G6% 7  !( 76 ( H LH! 76 (` .7%H !6 7 Z( !sd6 g( D   >?6 7!"# .-

B !6 7 !6 .77 B !6 H(  76F ( 7! 6 d ((g .7%H %6

!6 ( ! !H 7%H " 6 7- !67 (s #  `w .7B  2 &6 7  6 ]$K7 ($ K6

s% 7%H  .7$ h-% 7%H Z- 7Z6 !6 0  ]$K h B !6( 7H 6 7  = 6 HT56 K.7

6 7- B !6 !- 7  L56 7 Z6 !/ 0 <" 6 !$    7F 6 .7%H 0 0vU

"B !H 76L6 /2 g( 0  XL  27 ( BH 7.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=324515

  8 8    ;  

=   L6  >$ 6L6 .7 $  &F L2# &7

6 . !T2 -  5% 22 0?! 6 .7H 0

!# " !6 !HL6 7& 7 6  &6 !#


 6 %L6 . 6  7/ 7 = # H 0%m < 0

 .

-  Y- _H -  5%   7e" %

6 0 6 K6 s G# . !H 6!   L -

 01 5% B   6.

- 2 QQ - 0 !6 V( 2 .7%2 /7 =   H 1 S 7 6 h DH !H

  7%  - 676 5 `$K . 0%m L2 ( H%-# &6 7.

6 =  _H-  = 5% H 6 7jF 6H . ]( 1/ "e ?7 5 16  = 0 (   6 .

7 DH !67 ]( 5 [1/ / 61- (?!  !H (? B - 6 7%H[ 7 H 7%6 7 !6

!K`B # =W Z !( B) !"e/ (?! %- (......  ?.7%

=  6 !"-  !6 !$= 7%e !6 !H 5% 6 !B- - 7 !6 ]( ]B  -  = .7] (?!  7Bm

( 7%B-7 ]( ]B $ 7% [ 0  ( % H &H - 7 _Y 6  .7%B- 0  

6  6 !K[ !?( Q : ]7 7%"6 !?( S F a 7 Km  a !j"6 [% -

6 -] & !6 .5 7  6 ( ! L6  Y 6 (]  ! .7%%H K-

 e H ]( B-  6 0B- L6   &?6 p F ]H 6 . D   7VK !H  !6 !6 7%

 (L # $ :7%   #  =  H -%  hUK !& - -T< 0FH - `K

7%m .7% 07 [ !6 7 v  # 2= Lm 6 !H6 7%H DH ( !6 7- .7[ !6 L 0  s% 7

&g  ./  $ 5 !6 6.7

 bH !1 B  = .= 6 h 5% ]   !H 7%  H  H .77 ( / (&] 

6H !H 7 " !( h 6 h ( / $ 5 -B !6 0 ".7%%H h

( ?- 7 0 1/ !16 % . =    $ 57?- H 6 !H 7  0 &H    (? V.7%

7 =  ( .77  - %  H/  $ 5  Z !6 !HH  $J 77=  2 !#  = .7

` 7jF <  6 D L5 !H 7% / GK $ 5 /  - !6 UB 0$K 5  % (  H

H  G"U.7

 Q h bF QQ - D H 1 ?- 7 = LB 6 ( 777 (]  ]5% !6 [  2 .7%%H

[ 6 0%m !H !KB !6 1 D - 2 - ( # !   !6 .  .77 !6 !H6 =  $de

 H6 7- 7 (   77   HH !H 72 B  .7%5 6 7 ? 7 1  1- !6  $! 

 !6 7 0 6 !H 7( ]$ B 6  = &2 .7%%

!H 5%  07 (] B  7 B !H (]  7K B  ]5% !6 .- B  !K!6  = 1 D

( / 7% >6 - D D  0 - B - .7 # ]$K 1 a ]( &H  !6 .  .77 0

 51= h    [ !6 7  = !H` e " {6 H ( 77 &H 6  .7& 1 !-

 7# 6  77 ] m !6  = 1 D-  = " 7 2= !6 1 !- p .77 -.7%

 - !H V? -  " a L6 6- 0(K1H 2 H  (` 7  2 :7H 0 !6

7H  ( >6 LH  1 a 6 !H 7 D =   !K -  7 !6 h >6 - D =

!"/ !6 = .7  L2  ( 2 7/ 0 !    0%m (  !6>  7.-

!   (d - ! UB (!K1

L6 > m H !6 ( B  . & p  > m 6 !H 1H 7   (  ! 76
& H 15 7%H !( .-  & &6 Lm H  .- H %Z ( 67& .5H H

H 6 !K`B7 5 .-  (H >6  - 67 5#  .7% =  L - Lm H !6 !H

p6  - (  &6 .7 H (  & 6 !6 H( >6 h H 1  .-

6 (7$] 7  !6 (6 B !( 7  m !6 UZ !% :7%H

( : ( % !6  B ! 7%$6B $K.

!6 (  !H 7%6  7%H 5 6K = e !6  6  .7 B D 6 " !( h 7 6 07 5.7%%H  6K

6% $( ( D 6 6 H !m !% 7%H 6 H !m  6 7%&%6 .7%%H  ^d6 !  7

7   Z- !H 7% .7%-6  = !6 7 6   (H ]H 7 (   5 H 6K 6  = .-

B e !6 2 D Z  7%%6  L2  6 !H 7%.7%-6 h-= ( !6 6K

5 ( !6 $ : (  B.06 76 ! 76 /

B6 %m ( 7 6 !6 !H 7$ B G% 7%6  !6 $! bH "!  (  B 6 .7%%H 5 %6 76 7

TF  6  !% !6 7 6 6K (  B76  = / (  % e(  0 %6 76 !H - %H T2!

6 D / 0H ( .76

W 0 5 !6 6 .- %Z !%&!  L55 B 76 6J >`B != 5 7 . !6 2    6 7%H

(%H  = 6 7 6 7 B  = 6 2 B6 !6 7%H/  K =  &( 6 %$ U6B  D 7.

( :LH( ( (! ( B ! 76 ( !6(.

% !6  !H ( 6 - ( K1 - B( 6 "e/ !m :7-y6  0  = 6 J ( W  (!

  /   = !% 5 7%H  ]H  = 6 6K  7H .7  b(62  7% &F :7 ZK

  !e  D 7 - ! D7 - L# .B #6 2((  7%H LH( ( 6  7  6 Z- 6 B(

 !6  pB! 1- .7%H

 (Q{ w( 6 :   .7%H ."B

6 !H 5% (  H  (  7%HH 7  ( ]6K#  .7 %( !6 2 H (  b 7%H  H

& . H  H JL 7%  ! (   %   = (&7 0%m !"6 7%H  7 6 J!  ( .

 6 7%m %Z7 6

= ?& 1e 6 V H7  0H ( !" 6 -  7% L !66 !H  %Z 0 ( H  = .7%H  

L / ( !6 !H 6 %H =  T  6  77 = w( !6 ( (`  5 7%H  DH =

!H 5% 6 (  7 ( 7%H ( 7%H  H ( H J 2[% 7 6 7 (  .7%H $de

 7%H

6 6 !6 !% &( 6 %H  D ( (7$] .............7

e !6 / :7%H  76 -76 "- )(  2= :7= 0 0 (7%H  L  D 5 (  .7%H6 !H 5%

5 &  76  7%H  H  76 ( 7  76  = 7 . (  7%H #  !6& & 6

 766 6 &F !H 76 H 7 6K! !6 .7$   6 7  - [` H 67 ( 765 B( -

$6 7 ( ( .

] 5 :76 & 5 H 0 6 !H -   !H 7  ZW  !H 7 76 K .bZ 6

(  !H ] 7% ( 7%6 766 6 H .7%H

B (V 6 7-F 7%H Z- :7&6 - 0 6 Lm !m !H (  6 - e !6  =!H 7Z6 !$( `w .7

& 6 7= >F !"v ]/ ! s(  7% B !H 7-y6/  2 7H  !m ( 7 . 776  6 0
!H 7 U ( 7%H5 B L(  !"v .7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365839

  k $ WJ

K  6  !H -7e 5  7%H !6

/-12   B - 72 5  .7

 $de !H p6 !6 -/  = !- 7 ?"

7F7  .7

 6 : [ 1 6  %( !U6  [76  0

 s !6 !H 7-  0 ($  [ >6 0 B 5

2 7%H  p6 # !"H [ 6 1 .-? 0

>6 7 [ 1 7/[  7% $   b/

!6 5- [ ! / 7%m ]6 2  p6 

 !2 [7 1.

 6 !H> 7 B 2 H !U6 &66 0 [1 6!  7&H  ( - H 0 B 7.

 !1- 0 D .76  " $ D !H #= (  - 1[ !U6 6 7-/ [  [ !6 1 

6 2 < V% DZ !U6 !6  = !H 7 D [ 0 = $ W   / 1 .7% !60

]  / !H -&! 6 >6 7 7 6 `( !U6 7%H >(-/ 6 7  1  0 /(  !H - 7

  1 `B .

 &6 !m2 !U6 7F 6 - !6 &6 7%H - 7F   6 bF 7%H !H -H 0  / .7%%H K 2 0($

 6 7  6 [ L Y! 7F 6 7%H  !6 6 ]6K / B .-

 6 ]/ ($ " ":

  2  !H 7&! &66 0 [ 6 1   6 - -# H 0 & 6 .7%H K

-/ >6 7 Z   6 6 [  B .7%H  h"-H 0 !6 !"?( !"--/ B

 ) 7%H K 5 s% !$   !6 .( B !6  %( !% B ( 7%H H $de !6 6- 

] VB  7  ! ?6 !"#  !6 .7 !%  B !66 6L 7 =  H H7>  7  !%

6 `e 7    D  U .7%

 #  !H 7%H D27  6 !  .76 7 / 7 /   !6 $#76 - 7 6= 7

(m 7%H ]d  !H{ W / .- 2 7 > !U6! 76 0/  !H D !U6!6 5

$ = 56   !H B  2 0%m 7( K1 .7


!H 7%H Z-6 >6  7/[ B %H T56 !6 .7s% 0  ( 7 D   6([$ 56 DH 6 .7 0

H !"v 7%H  56(  !5m !H 7% !6 7 D -/  B ( 7%H (  !5m !6 7 B 

 !H 7  "L 6 !6  0 6 [ 1.-

 :  1 !6 7&H 6 [Z 1  7% 6   1% # =   .7%H

 0 ($ B !6 !6 ?! 5  ($ 6 -1( 0 !H  &6 "B 1 2 !H .7  !U6 0 6

% !6 0  !6 $w !U  .

0  / !H - L 2 % 6 [ !H 1 D [ 0 !6 !U6  7%&H  /= ]d !H X 7%

 H  = .7 < 6 < !V  / -  !#%F  7%%H !6 0 ]  (  2 !6 7%7L 5 7 D !6 !U6

= !H =  77F - .7%%H

]/($ " ":

 7%H Z- / B !2  >F .7%H  6  Lm ( =7 !H # --/ B -

 / H>  .7 6 7Z6 !"/ 0vU 7 !H 7 D( 27 (    U 2.7  K6 !U6

 7# 0  5 - 7%-6 s !6 H / 6  6 .7%  K  / (Z !5

 0(  !U6 7 D  56 DH.7

 - : H 7%-/    -/ 6  .7%

 0 ($  !6 D dU- `H p7F -  7%%H 6 &! = .7%  K6 0 / 7T 5  76

($ 6- F D! 7 ]  2 0 6 - K6 L !e p6 .7%%H 0  6 !H 7 

[ Y %H 7 6 7%6 K6 5  7%%H 27   H !6   7&H( .  0  / !6 !H -

!  - !6  0 [ .7%%H  H/ ( .

6 6   0 ($ D !U6= 7 -  !"H =  =6  -  6 -6 $-% !7  %( 0

 !U6 !H -   (= !6 7 7F - .7%H  2  0 p 7 ($ B W [BB 7 .-

2 0%m !U6 K !2 7 -Lm !6 7  ( 7% = 7F -  !6  7%H  %&F "/  .%H

 ]/($ " - " : !H U6 D [   07 -/  !27  L 7V$   . 2

B 7B !U6 6 7%H 1/ &6 "B 7 6  % - 1[ ]X! T2 7%H [  ]6  !6 LH 0  .7%H

6 !$ 7 K! - !6 !H 76($  - 7F = !6 .7% 7%H H/  mH  %F !H H 6 6 7 

T566 H .7 ( 76 B 7%H Z-  s ]6K "  .77K !6 D [ 7%H UB H 1 (! ! 76

= !H [   ]6   7% .B

76 !H 7 7 7 -!  76  =  6 Z6 .7%H  B L >6 7  .7%[ 2

  eVB 0%m  - ./ 0 !H 7 ? 7%H  !6($ B 6 .7&?6 !(BB V( 7 

!U6 B  !H 6 7 D( 27 ! 56 76.7

  m : !67 H-/ B 6 # e &6 .  .7%

[ !6 GUK 0 !U6 D($  !6  -  .  !$% ($  - 0 !H - 6 1 7%  1[ s 2

7 p6 / !6 7 5 7F .7%%H 0 !$ - B6    B  [6 0 &6 -/ !6

7&6 [ !6 "H Z(  / .76  - !6 / 7 5 7%%H  b/  >6 2 7 B !6  -/

d%  .7

 7% Lm 5!  ^d$ !6 6([$   s !6 7-Z( !H 7-  ( ]/ &` 6 .- K6 (Z (`

7%H  !6 = !H 7 = 6B 7 ( ZK 6 .7


http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=330761

&  &

Z( !% 6 H -   &%56B !6 0

EF>  " 1 &   !6 7 0 ] 6

  1 6 !6 " ( .K2 [ !H - >%H

= 2 61 & ]V . !H $ B2

6  7% 6 - 6 %Z   6 .-

/ 1 (=  / 0 H L 6  Y .

H 6 6 "! ? TF !Z H  .-

)HH L6Y2( =6 7%    = .7

m H D  H 012 hH   /7 

7 . =6 7% ) !B= (game-play   / . Y

  6 (  !$ e !6  ?"H ]"d( 1.

6   !Z 12 " p 6  .7%H

L  K6 7 (6 H !H - 6  K!Z 7

=  h"( !H L #= / .7%H  hH  6 HH B &  7 =  #H !H 7%%6 !6

e !m (" 7%%H h 56.7%

"  27H !6 -$2 6 6B ! %%6 & = 7% 6 7F .- H H 2  = 

 2  7 7 7F [ 6 D 6 H 6  .7%H6 0 6 H ( sd 0F !   76 7F  L 0

 6 !6 6  ZKH .7-  ?- 2 % !6 6   7%H 7F   !H 7%H 0K G) %&/

"!  7 >?6 (...  "/ 6 D [ Y.-

/ K   H 6 0   !B7F 7K 0 6 !H 6F ( 7 ! ! (  )( 6( 6 7H

 ( L2  bF %%6 .7%H H%F " 0  -.

0B- bF " 0 27 -$  Y %Z &? V .- H%F 6  !$% 6 5  .7%H

 H%F !H= 2  - 6 6 5 1 .- 5 6  / " .

H =6 7% 5   6 H%F .7-%5 6  !6  65   B . 2  B  B

`e  = .7%H !H 7%  27  = 65 (  ( . !H L 6 % !Z 76 06  )(play

6   ]XK(game) Z&  H 7 =6 7% !5m   K 6 !5m 7 5

=  %.
]X 06 6  L6Y2 e L 6 .-  "6  Y B 5% B 6 .  [6 6 ! !$

 [1( p- !$ 1( 0   !e &?  7 7  0  Y  6 !H -  HH

L6Y2 7 5 !B- L -  (? 6 6 $J  .7%H

D$- ?" 6 %22 0 =    6 !"( `w .7%H  !%   b"F -B 5 2

  - 6 H HH &K ! ("! % !6 $- 6 1-  `w  = .7%%H $- 6  !&F

2 K1-  .7%%H

= !H #? $- 6 6 HH 7 6 7 0 - 0? D$- GK 27  5VK B  L% L

6 ( .7%H  $w 0 = 06 L  H H L6  2  7 !%  B  =6 7% =7%

(? 6  L  7.

&]  H 6B -% 7 &  !H 7 K ! 6 F (B  % HH $ 6  HH L6Y2

 6 - 6 !e   L 6 L6 .-Y2 j HH  = 6 !mH 6B 6  H7  2 ] 6

1 H !e HE6- H L6 .7 D1(  2 6 6  B 76 H 7 6  HH 6 = (Z H.7

K6 7  "6 ( L L K 6 &/6 7  H H . %j 6   & ]V $ BB 2

H 1/ 7 %j & Um !H 7  ( D$- ?"  27 ( !6# & &K D [6 . ( $w  !%

.B--  m - 6 ]6K %$( 0%m 6 L H%F -%.-

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267140

 T
4 6& A4/

    Z7H . ]H D  0

- D 7%mB !% (6  65 ! 6

!% 0 5 - 5 6 .6 (h "B

7/ ]K   27- 0 <= !H 7= >F !<7 H

HH 5 6 !H 7%  = !6 $K ( 1  6

  27 &F &?( %H B 6 (/ =  6

y6 ...

0 7VK !1 6 W 0 !H %H $de 02 5

  !m . $&F B 5  - !6

&F 6 !5m 7H 0 #


 !6 5  !12 !6 !H ] (6E eVB B6 ( 7% 5 (Y6  K !Z 2

 !H ( ( 0 7% H hH  !"F  = !6 !H (Y6 7-( -% !6 7 6 7 -  !Z

) 0- h/6 (= h-% W( K 2 (  7- = !6 (` .7%

7%m Y 5 

7 eB 27 0  !H -    %( K&!  6 7F  !H 7  "( 7

  .(h  27    ( 7F H !H ! = (.  6 5 ! !6 .76 (Y6 0 ]

Z6 ?"  27&! (  7F H ( !H!2 7 L6( 6  !6 $! !"F 7%6 &6 [

H e 6 7%6 L!%  !6 H (Y6 7%6 7-- L6( H hH 7%6  &6 /

[  .7%6 !Z 7H   06 - B   B  H /H !6$ B 5 $w  71

6 !H 6$K =  6 6 "  6 . L 7 $  !H 6! 1e  $w ! 0 !"6 7%6-

 `w  5 7Z6B p6 2 76 1 D !H  /  "Vd( !% " - > 5 % !6 L26 5.%

76 Y  %$6 - !6 02 5 B 27   B   B 6 H 0 6 7Z6  27 6 !H  

%H ?& - 06B !6 ( D 0Z6  76 . %Z 7Z6 H 0Z( !H 2GW = B !% 6

 L) (Y6 ( !6 D 6 76 2  FL) (076 ( !6 (D .  !H 7Z6 6 H6 / !6 7$ .6 50

Z6 ( ] 7  :76

" 7Z6

7Z6 T $ %

7Z6 B p62

"g 7Z6 W H

7Z6VK  27

 `- 7Z6

 !H 7%6  ( 7 Z6 ?" B 27 5 5 6 B ? 7%H  = !6 5 6 $K (6#

  6 6 7- !"F !6 6 (Y6 B ( !H  6 !m .7%H -$ 5 5 !H 6 7Z6 7%m Z6 !H

s7 7%6 . -  0%m 2 !67F /    7 `w !H " 7Z6 D   7%m 6 5

7%6  `- 7Z6 5 7Z6 T ? $.5

B 5 !H %Z

= !j D 5 (7$] !6 D h-% 5 - 71 ]  0 :-

 B YZ 5  D B !Z ( b2 ]6 K=  .-L 7 5 6 &F  7%

) 76 (yH !$K !K 0 (. 0

 5  { - (! B  - ! 7%H hH  Z < .

 D 5   $w( 27!  !6 - - .76 `H$ / "B 2 7 F F [B !6 76

 K >% 7 5 7=   . !H - 5 !H =    %H 1e  $w  .7%6 27

 -% 6 5 cde 1-  h-% e 6 (! !6 -  (7$]  / !H  % !6

D .-% 5e 0  06 -  7H   6 >F 7 (1  D   6  !6 !H 5  57-

1- e 0 (7$] =   !6 K .-

 > !H 5 7F  7%%H<" h `(F &F 6   .7% cde `H 7K 0 !H -  (

7F H 76 !H / 7&H ?- !6 5 (Y6.76 7-


 D  5 B YZ !H - 67 H 27 -  27 12  !6( /   7

&H 7 / 2   = U !H %$6 / -  !#%F H `& 6  .7%

 D   5 B &F  %( !6 [  .- !2 0 DH 6 YZ  5 / 6  $w

H 2 F ( B H !% ( H  Z 65( !2 7 6 $w.7

 D 56 7  !H B B 5 T56  7- = !6 !65 6 YZ . !6 5 ] =!

B 6 ( ?-- 6! !6 75 7%-6 (Y6 0 ]e TF !H 7 !B- !H 7  7F H 7 !6

5 & L .7%

!5m D h-% 5? %H

6 =J  $w? 5 6 !m) 27 B 6 !m [ 7(  (     ! 7%m H6

? !1  56 eVB !H - TF5 HH   7F :7%H

5 6 7 !Z 0U6 (L d !6 D= % ]  B .7%6 7K!m 5 !H?  %H 0

 !"e  6 s! 76/ L 6 H B H TF5  (H.

 5  27 7e 6 . ]H 7eB !6 7 5 6 !H 2 D% !6 !% 5

? H = K7 !H !% 5m  ( - 0 ] H 6 6 !$%  $w s .

5?6 7 7/ ( 7 - 6 ( 76  2 7%m  m )(e !6 d / ( 7  6 $de !6

&  6 H $de   $"U !6 G H !Z U . 7K!m 5 - 76 ($ 6  02 H

.

( 7/ 6e !6 7 1 &? H !H 5 6 !H B ? H !m 7 6 B &? H !5m 0

7 !67$( ZK] H`( !5m H [!m &` -% H !m 1ZW B [6 H H !m

Lm !m !5m !2 DH7 H 1/ 6  !H 5  !6  s D 7$( 5] H .-

6 7Z6 !"/e !6 7 .K 1 &? H !H !H ( 0  = "$K 7%6  B% ?- H6 B !m !6

e( - %Z !% 0!% !H[`(>  !6= -B  1( !m( 6 = . K7T2 66 7

(! "6K !6  B p ) !j= !6 5 6 !$  5 = !6 s 7- (-# .

 6 !j= - !H 5 =  0.%H 0  H1 !6 -( 7 W 6 B 

6 &?  #H !H 7%H -! #H  $ %WB  6  (# B !65 )eVB

7(.

 2 7%m 6 7 5 6 !H B ? H7# 6 !6 .%H - /  =  ( 7%%H g  B 0 .

 - !H  -6 6 6 5 5  &6 5 .7$ 6B 5

6 5? $ 7 ] !6 7! B6 1% H %Z6 !% 7  $w - ) 7K!m !H  !K

L6 B% (76 %- 67T2 = - !6 cde H H/ p   .7- !6 !"F H/ !"6  Y6

H  0 B   .-

65 6 5 6 !H B  7 ? H .7%H $de 7 75   6 6 !H 7%-%&6 !6 7%

 7%%H Z .b6

7 02 5 ?    %!6 57T2  6  27 7- !"F !6  (Y6 .- 

B p B 27  0%m 7% 65  B6 7(  . 0e ? $ 5 -$w :7&&F

(` 02   ? 7  - .% 2 5 6 $-% B ? %vU %H

B 7B !H 7- ( L 6 6B 5 5 6 7F  B 6 7.


 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370240

< 5, 4/>8

% !6 Lm 76 !U6 (Z  7Z( . `B &?6

 27 - %!6 ZK !U6  W( . 76

/ D!U6 !H  76 (Z 0 --

 ( - D !U6 Z( 6W `B  .76`B 

(ZW 7  ( !H 7% 7% !U6 ( Z

( .7%%H

(ZW (- 7% h 7%  (. L / &6

06   !6 $7 .7 5 =  (? 7%h

= VB 2 7 .7 L

5 ]/`B

wH ( c ( 7 "( !H 7%Z( 6 !H0W 7 2 !6e 0  = !H (Z `B !U6 

 B6 .7%%H  ( c[ !H 7%  ]6  " V 7% - .7 $V

B6 6K 7% B 7% &(&  = .7 76 7K (~J 6 B 6 %H 7- B !6!-

1- .7%%H

 s !6 B6 6 !H 7-7( !6 5 . 7%- [ !6  ( 7%%H >H !H 7Z( .7 76 ]X &6 

( &B 7% b/6K %H !U6 7%%H e !6 !K$ "U( 06 ]/  2 1.7

7%m ]/

66 - &6 :`B  &6 !H -  6 ? H  .7 !j=  2 !H( BB 77

? 7%H (  L?  7%F7K 6 (` K &6 B6 7 !H m 5 !H 766 = ?67

-! .76

76 :B6( !H 5% 7 D  ]/L5 !H 766 0 -! !6 76$ ?6 $ !H 76 6 

 $K 76 6 !H0 7- !6( DB . 6 7%7T 5.7%H H

6e !6 B6 -  : !H 5%`B 7 W - 6 7  %( !H - ? %Z[ D Lm B 7

[ = ]6 B .7 #% 76 D 6 D 7 . 6  27e 5 76   YZ K ? 0

 [ !6  ]6T2 6 7%H   H -( B.7 7

 6 7[% B 7 !H !Z 5? ` K B.2 7  - ]/`B d -= s - 1-
H6 = e !6 7 -= !-F  . !$ !H 5% 06 [   0%j (2 [$(  H 0

=-( B.7 7

 6 !6&(`B % !6 &" 6 !H& ]/ ]6K$ 75%6 - !6 7$  6 0 6 ]/ B !"6 7%6

6 !6$  6 0 6 ]/  .7%6 D =  6  0]/ !1V% !H $K ]6K 6  !YZ -

.7%%H H

 2 27( 56 7 7 &6 DmH 7 6 7%H J !H0B 27( $ !6 7%H(!U6 =B h- 7.7-

$ !( -/ /  !6 27(  h-= hB !U6 7 7  0%j 2 ( 7K 6 7& -H !6

/ 1- 7%H7 !U67 !7B B.7 7

2 !H 7%H Z- X( 6W ( >   !5 7 (Z % !6 L 7%H(!U6 =B h- 7 .7-

6H 0B !6 !-(   !6 !H 7  .76 !(6

5 6 Z( G

6`e GW(/  Z( 6 .7%HW % !6 ?  6 !H ]/ 6 ]& D7`( 5 B6 7%%H .7%H 6

B!-   K =( & 2 7  6    0 D  - !U6 [7Y  BH 7 .6 2

05&B  / 7%H Z- 7(-/ %H 7%H ]$K FW !6 0B B = .7%H

%H (Z !H V? 6 >- 7 B !H 7 D7Y[ !U6 B 6 ! 76 T5 !H H 6 H

    7% D1 7% .-

 6TF 7 e 76 !67 5/ T56.7  ]6! W W D  - !U6 [7Y .-!6 K

7 5 7 7  7 6 !H 7 D  - !U6! .76

6%6 0 D [ $H 7 # !H 7% 0 ( Z !6 . ! 7e !H 76 6 K  -  !6

7e !H H7 K6  .- 05 D  1% 6 !276 = 0  7%6 `w .- / !H !"v 0

6 &  76 7  0%j/ (6 / [ !6 $  ]627  .7%

 ]/ ]/`B

76 &] &? 6 .7%H  &]Z(    !# ?  [ 6712 56 .7%H 2 7 5!j= K

(Z  &] ] &( .7%H c

 !"/ 0B !j=  !H - 7 56 7 = !j !H( B%&6 7 .77 !"/ 0 0 !H - D

 =B !j 7 = 6 7%H = !jB 5 7  .7%H 12 6 2 -> H 7y6 5L .7 0%j

  2 Z  s !6 !H ( 2  71- .7%H

7%m by- h-% ]/ [ 6 .7%H ]/  !H 7%H 6 = ( . (.7 !H % !6  %( ]/ D

 %&F -  6 K % .7%H

bF !"/ 0]/  !6 .7%H 6  %&F ]/  7%H !( 7 =  6 !H  D  $K ]6K  T/ .7%H

by-]/ !6 D  s !6 !H ]/6 7-    6 07d - .7%H

!"/ 0 6 e 76 = !j (s !6 !H < !1V% = !6 76 7%756 5 bF .7 = 6 0]/

? .7%H "/ ? 6 `6 !H 7%H  $K ]6K .- !H 7%H ]e/ 0 7 Z( D6 !$ V( 0 .

]/  .7%H

7- V( !6 !"v D - # = Lm 52 .- K W !H -  55m = 67$de 5

7%H &? -v H !m !H 7 # Lm !m !m 5%-

 6 ]/?  7 [  =   bF .7% [  0 L - ( - 6 .]/ = !6 7 7$
!H 76  e !6 .  s% & 5 ( !H 7-y6 !5m 7 0Z( ]/ - !m -/  = .

 0 - ? !"v ]/  76 7 !2 7 !6 Lm ?&( $  76 7  D < s%(1 .716

 6  V( !H 7%H 7 !2&! !6 6 %6 (7#6 s 7  7% g( 0 6 e !6 !$

   !H !2 ( 2V ! 6.

- : G$% = F - B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=281412

< 5, KO <

B( 76

Y  H  !H 7%H ` !K5 76[ 0 !H7

-( % . 7`B s DmH  !6 !H eB5

=  !6 . - !V?& 7-7 6 6 7 >6 =!j

s( 7 . 7%

B !6(   7 = !-! . 76 (K !6

B( VB  7 7%H Z- 0 6 (  L

 2 !H  V  D ]H B B 76 !j6

6  B ( 7%H $ 7 `H B B . 762

6 7 B !6 ( VB  !H 7 !j6 &` L% 6 !6 76 -% 7H DH 5 `w . 7!1

$ 7K F  %H (  !B&  !6 7 &6. 7

 K  7% 6 -(  -L6 >&?6 6 7%H 27  &% 7e !Z- B &  / 7  7Z6 ]/

$ (   !-H UB . !T2  !6 L2 &. 7

( ]dB p

K !6 H ] - & LF 7 0 <   < p  `H 6 - 12 

 !H 7%F    -6 7  !6 < p `w - !K !B "B - 05&B - UW {

 6  bF [6 7 =  ZK H !H#  &F   T ! 7&?6 . -

7 5 m 7&?$6 ( GK7B 7  7 . 7&?$6 !K 5  6 7&?6 ([B =-  2 =   . 7

 /  !6 !H 2 !J  "$K 7 76 7&?$ 2m !%H &B 7 $V  7. 7

&B 0 !%H    2  {  7  0 !6 -   5BF (  . 7X

K  7% 6 -(  -L6 >&?6 6 7%H 27  &% 7e !Z- B &  / 7  7Z6 ]/ $
(   !-H UB . !T2  !6 L2 &. 7

H $d

 H  $d B >?6 2  . 7B  2 7  (F& =   76 7%  6 h H .76  = hKH !6

 $d   7 6 ` 6 !"6  27 &` / !6 [ 1 B>  7% / . !H 7 - &F

  . D 6 . !6 . - 6 / T56 7 =  ( . 7%H5% =  L% !6 !6 /& 6L ( 7

7 L 7%6 (L / L  b1 . 7% 6 1 > B 6 7  b1 !6 L B6 H b1 . 7%6

2  % K= !H  2 7% !6 2 / T56 =     7 - 1- BH 7% 6 !H 12 7L L2D

( 0 -  - 1- ?H 7 . 0%m 2 6 7 7 p6 B - 6( (7# / . 7%H s 7 ( !6

!6( !H 7X56 - !6 $d 7 B $d  H !66 6 7 6 6 "H U !

. 7

    !  !H 7  V( 7 -  L% B (?  ! !% ( V  p

 . 7%H

!  Y- ! Y-

F!  6  271( ]e  .U%6 0 .d( . -  = !6 !H e  7 / [  ]6  TF Lm 7

 27 ?H   V L 7  !% D 7 $#  / . 7%H Z! Y-  ?V 7 -  

 - B 7  1   ( 7 ! K  !6 -H 7 6 7-6 5 7 5 02

(V  e U% 7  5 B 7T56 5 . 7    !  !H 7  V( 7-

 L% B (?  ! !% ( V   p . 7%H

`H ... =B

%H( 2 p6 !-  06 ( $ 6 -# %  s 7! - !H 76 Z   6 !"67

!6  e ( 7 7 pB 7 766 !6 !1 ] . 7

 6 !H 7%  0 D& 6 27  H Z B  ( cde 67 76 6= 7> =->

B  6 / . 7%H L `- ] # 6 6   ]w6 $"K !- 7Z B   $V ...

UW H (&> [BB !H . - = [&6B 7?6 6 `& 0 ? 7% .

6 2 B 77! w 7 H !6 DH   /  512 !%m . . .  7 K F B e

$# 7%  = 7 e &  6 ?6 6   H. 7

 [ Z$  12 H L !H !6 !H -   (%  . 7&?6  6 7 6 -  HT 

. 76 .

- : G$% 07

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=360901
 $56    >8 $

= 2   7%% 2 eVB!6 2T! #

 7 b6& / 27 (1 / 0%m. B

6 7 F /  !6 .- B  6 - B

$K 7% =  56.7

m &F

&F ( -/ 6~  7 W .-/

7 # "  < "1[!6 .- " ! &! 6

/ &F 27 7%&! B !T2 !6 

/ ZK B ! ( [ 5 .7%

 (%    7!  0 !T2 !6 - ?6

Lm !6   ! - !6  !    ...0

/ 2 !6!   -7 .7 &? V =  

7  B -  2 5 65! !627 !

( 6[%  6!   27  [ - % 0/ (2 7  .76  - K6 ] 0  !6

e  = 7    m &] L6 2 7% 2 0/ ?6 !6 7 2  #% !6 -%Z 0! 

>6 !6 7/  6 !  0 7  27 ( / B !T2 6.-

/ &F / (-/`  6 .7% !  = >F   !  .7 0 -! T5 0-/  6

<" !$ 7%  B  2 -m . ^6- & /   !  `- J(  /

? 6 "! -  &` 2  .% 0/ !6 (Z ? V  0 27   -

.-

a 6 / 7 &F

(! Lm " 6 -7%

5% ( 2V ! !$%  ! 6 -!$% 7%  $w 6 .1% -! !$ ( 7/ &F 7

= 2" 7% .7%&!  B !6  e 7 ( 2V y6 !Y#L .7 - -! Lm Z6 B %

 - 2!6 -6 7% L s% 7= 76 hK .76 !$% 02 s  $w  1% ( 0 V-

&! & ^6 !  $ 7% 2T2 K! B ( .d 7% !  h 7/ ( 7#%6 / B !T2

" 2.7%

G[K ( 76 d

2 V( KT56 7 7  76 0vU . ( .7% 7 7 7! !/ ]X  (V V% .7%

((K1 Ty67

ZK Ty6 .7 F 27 / !J -!  =  $B6 Z6 .7 / 0 B  7% 76 Z6 6 76 L 7 ( 7&j6

- !6 6B< =(  .7 " (K1 566  = 7 $K % ( ( =    1- $6.

(Q7L6 ] !6 -

/ 7%$6 Lm !m B 7  ( !m6 7 6 06 = #  .7/ 2 B 7! &# 
  7 Y/ 0 6 1- !6 B - .7% ! # 7 7 >(/ B 7  0Y #

.7

7%6 $w (S&7

27 ( g .7 7%! 2Y dB ?$B6 7 ( !6# Lm 6 eV?6 6#( !#  .-

(!T2 TF   = $w $w !"6 .77&7 5%  hXV ?-  =  - K - =% -

/  !6 7 B Lm !6 ! B !6 7- 56 7  Z- 715[B !6 7% 6B! 6 !7

7%6&.7

]w (a B  7%

Lm 2 - >(/ 7 ? !j= .7 -!(  7 - 26 5 Z- .= !6 7% 7%  !6

! ( !6 7= -  7.7%

5 !7L6 7%?$ 7$

 Lm! 6 !T2 (1  / ! 6 .- Z- 7 7%! =  56 7 6 =B 7% 6#( 0 1-

/ !6 p .7% =  7%m 7% !T2 !T2 5 - (26 h !6 7 .7  !sdT 27 $6.7

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=255892

 !>< 2>J

   B 06   0676 cW-

! 0676 = &m !6 &6 $(  = .7%  7%%&!

s (760  .7!$% L2  $w / !J (1 s

= 7 5 &! 2 : 7%! T  = $/V 76

 "! "&! Z ! ! =  7% 6 0

7e  : 7%0 &! !   B = .7%%6  

0!-7

$w '-F 2  6 -B !6 -7 ! .7

  ]e  / 0m 7 W ! '"( 5 0 !6 1%

 >6 27 ! B( =B .= 7  7% ]w

 !6!2 B - % 0 .7 ]/7 0B% 0

=- - > 7%m - $     !6


6 7K !  = ( !$ -  7% %

!6 -( GK! - ( !"F  06 7 =

L62 0 =  0 -!   7% T 27 $6  `w . %!  !m  !T2  =  7% J( d( L

K  !6 .7 [B 0 K! UB !T2 ( 7 h  B 5 6  6 (~= 6 !T2 J7%

B ->  %! m UB 0%j% ( -! = 7&F 07% B L 76 .7% 6 h(( 0 27 !T2

5 6 =T 7%  27 !sd 0   -.

6 Y/( !5m -1( 0 % 27 % 2 ]$K  6 Lm 12 7!  &! ( ? .%?

%! T 27 $6  0! ("?  ( 2 y- .%? 5 !  ?$B B !6

5 7! %  ("'=   1% 627 / %B 2 7 Z ]- 0 B  !6 ] 7

?$B (  - 1 7 >F B K  .7 2! / = 7  - 76 <  7 h - !6

7 .7%

] 5 ."B J - % 0 .- Z-  K %  -/ 5 %  =  ] .6U

B  . %  ^6  0 !  61% &?6 ?  V76 . 7!  ( 5

( g6 .[ 7 5 B   !6 5  .%

 L 5 . Z- 2 %  /!J ! = 6 !   7F7 ! & 7 %   ! 6 B6

 $w ! %&  m % B ($7F .7 7  $ 7%  T (>?6  =( .-

#  5 B 716 7 . 2 (?$B 65   7 7%m T B6 7 ]$K . 0! 

  ?6 !6 7  76 .7% 7K  76 s  F !6[   6 6 .&  = !6 7   70

%676 ]& ]/ 76 0!  56B 7 5 .7&?$66 >&?6 0 7 (! 76  p  0! 56 ( 0 : 7

 >&?6 &?6 ZK/ ( %2 &B 27%  2 ( 1% 6  7% =>-= B 2 

6 !6g =.

 0 Y6 Lm - ] !6= =  Lm g( 5 6 -= !T2  !6 [ Y .

> .B 2 !j= !6! = !6   ] &F % K 0 L5 .-7%  - % - K

6  ZK[ %$6B 7%?$  !6 L 27 7.

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=252190

  A4/ $

H 2  6 W D / 7/ 7W 


= !H 7% / !6 7 7H& 2 .7%H

6  "( BY6 0! H  !H?! ( 6

m ("  6 m 0!  - <" p ( Z

 h# <Z6 / !H $ 67( 5 ( K%7 6

B7  h"U 0 !16 7 7 \- 0  56.7

H !6 7L6 - -&( !H 6B !- `

H  -% H .7%76 &m -7%$6 ( 7

!H%  H  6 7 F 7 !/0 7

 !K !5m   7F b1 !6 7m %H [7

= YZ !H0 H 7%%6  - 60

 ^/$!6  7 \- 0  !H   7%-F 0:!H -

Y/ ZKH 0 (~ J  T2!  !   !H

2 `7 7%!KB !6 77 H 0 6 !m !H 7

56 .7 2 76 $w 7 !12 7 2  76 1%7

B !$%F !H( .7

(?j 

1- H   =% H .- d( 6 YZ - " 02 - D = (!6 7

!>  "B .7%H = %- / 0  !6 .7

6 K= 0 - !H 0 0  ^/$6B 2H :7 (?j  ! -  H  H !m

L ! W 0 = 6 7 &%B 7 . !e`B !6 !H0{  $ .7- GK {  !H $ !2

  \- 0  B ^d6.

1- H  7Z( !H -  !7  =  !6  ( H : ! - S  S

! - %$ 7-F .m 7%6( 0  6 - 6 B %&6 :75% B7  !H $ U - >F

(%H 6  ! 6 7  !H d ! 0 5 /7F L5 7= 7.-

 [B !6 %Z  !H  27  [B !6 & !H  6  27 6 p6 = !H [ 0

- !6 &  6 HH 0/ K 0 6 h U &6 !H 2  !6 - S $ U B7%

$ dU- L (! V( !6  e 6 /`e - G =.

$ !6(=  0( p7%  !6 e !H 7% &`  UW B 7 2  K L`& 0 ]/

 7%%H &`  0L  !1 %j ? - / !6 B   1 !6 ( 7%%H! 7% 7# 6 6 !6

] 22  .7

 `B 6 - - S h U ( B( $ - S h U ? 6 7 LH W 6 ( !H = K`B

B >% 6 7H~( :72E  7%( -B GW&0 7   - H?- $e 2 BY6K 0 [`

!H Lm 6 !H B 6 7%F 5 .7%y

 K !m -

K`B  >% K`B ?V  `Z 0 `Ue ! &6 H ( 766 / .L61- H 2H 7

!H - S ! 7 !6 &6 7K`B  !( >% 7% `B 6 K = H!  - S !6 B
K`B ?F V!B.7

!K !H  0 0 76 - = B 5 . %Z 2 >- ?6 7 0 . 0- K 0 !H -

]w -( !$ D $%  7H 0 6 7  B T56 ( 7 76 7 B 2  B ?6 7 =

1- 7%H! !6 Lm L !K . 0 !H - 0 "e - =  5   Y/ `Z  .7-

 !6 p !H 76 ! 0 ]e - =  5.

K`B >%

= `[ ]e =6 !m B 6 7%F 5  7%y L(  0 ]e L6(= 0 K`B  .>%%Z

" F !6 " F `H`B  .7 0 6 0 !H - . 27 \/ J 6H = .-  e !H

6= 7 H !6 B% 2 !6  H (  !6 27 ?$B .7-

$e K`B / >%  .7 %Z ?6 h 76 76 !H c$e 7L6 g( 7%$6 7 2 B(  (27 #

&H ]w .7 6 7 67Z6 7 Vd s%  6 .76  27%   6 0  76 p . 7/

7&6 .7%H $e

K`B ?V

   %  7Z6 !6 70 ^d6 6 . V? J~(d(  ^/$ 0 - ? V (V !H -

5 ? D .7^d6 0 &6 p6  7 m !6 !H / 0 6 !H 75 76  s

76 7% ?(V 6.7

6>F 0[ !6  [$# Z$  6B J~( 7 = T56= ( 7 ? V  !H!  6 -

B( - 6 .7%H F 0%m !6 6- 7  (7  1-  :% p6  2 >

76Y .$w % !" 0  7% &6 7%?$ :!H 7 B - !6= - ... = !H !m 0 6V( 7

6 ? 7%H (= !6 7 7F - 7%H...

m ! ~ Y/

~ ! "e ]e  6 0  .- K`B ? V (L  7 .7 !"B B  .7J~( 7

T56 7 5 B !6( ` 7%H 7%!K / 0 > D7  !H -6 75B  .( = 0%m  7

6 > ^6 0 H  > 6 H  %Z  %Z !H Lm 5  6 !H  V? 7

67 !6 7 = .7

!$ Z6 H 0  !H 7%6K`B  >%  $K - e / 7/= . K`B  >% % !6 ] D

 $K = .&6 ! 7 !6/`e = -( E 6 7K   ( [$ 2>  .& $w % 7

!6K`B   (6 >% .7%%H  (H

H !m BY6 %H

- s 7! 76 - 75(J~(d( K 756 -(V? s [B !6 7 (~T2J 76 7Z6

[ \- 0 1- H 2 s :!H 7  !B : "e .

(~6 !H 7%H 7H s hH6 "e !6 7K`B y6 >% 7 !$K`B ? V B  !6-  7% /

W -  p( !H 760  7 = ."e?6 2 6 71-  0 5 T56 J 7>-

  7 7e K !#   6 .

1- H (V :!H 7%H c 06  #  7%H = K H / %6 !H1- 0 !6`Ue

($  JH!  s !6 .7- 2 ]H 7! F 76! - Y 6  F7  7 e 0

( 67 0/ / ? JH 7  %( .  D( --( !H - !6 7D%( 0  76.7
b6 !$  -- %Z >% 2Y ! 76  (([$ 6 76 ZW  B !6WB 7 

m !6W 0 B  V% D `6 7 (- =.7

!e`B...!H 0

!e`B g( !H 0 (H g  J\ 27  / 0 6 7( &6   7 66 . 7 ZK 

?6 !H 7(1  $w  716 7Z6  K`B ) >% bF = K`B ? (V1- .7%H

Y !   . 6  6 27 7 (.Y 0!   56 !&m- .7 ] D g( !6 7--

6 7  .7Z"$6

H   !H!6 ( 7 &6& 7%6 J\ 7% 6= !H0  V% "e &Y $e . -

7&H /"B . B 0B%  ? 0 7&H /   7%%H [B !6 06 !H - H !H

  /  7% .-

> 6 H  7 7 L  !H 0 ^d6 0 &6 L  .7%H (Y 0! (  6

= B% !H 7 (&$U 6 K`B ?( VJ= 7 -=L#Z !6$ ! 76  0 -]e

( .

/ .!21

( 0 H H -  ( 7F Y !H %H ]K !1K !1K> VB 7 !6 76

H  .B 0 - 76

H ( 7 -  !H d %6 &6 / B  : =7H 7 7%%H !m

( 7 F   =7 7 1 !6 Y6 7$6 Y/ (Y6 [ !6 D  eB !%.7

H ( 15%- !H 6B 6&m 6 6 [`  7%%H F  7%%H (" !6 0  !H %Z 0= 0

! - H -- 5%m !6 ( %H 716 ZK 7%%H 7B  !6 7 B  \- 0 "? G

= ?" 

\- !6 (Q Y6 !Z :7%H  "? !Z !-  e !H  "g K ( H !Y- -

 !Z !H 0 V?  6 2E  !H - !Z 0  66 2E.-

!H H (S  G -  7%H 27  . -   bF m 7 = !6 ("0 [` - 7%6H !m

( L 7%6 7B !H0 &6 - &6> 7%H  b1 !6 !( (! j

(a ( 6 H/ H ] 7`B6  7 = !m<"2 h 7% % . Lm D Lm- `H Lm

1 !H2]   !  ! ]X 6 &`  7 (  7%H 20"( 5  ! &m 6

!6 `H.

( L  L !H U !6 --H ]e    -\- 0 m !H H  H

!( !6 m  7%- H  &6 \- &6 L6 2"Z !H -  >?-F 6 7 6   7%

  ?[$ H 0

- : G$% D(6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=314623
  $

= ( / !6 $# 656 7 V( 7= .7 ( V!  72{

6B!  ! 7 2!  7% #  $6 .7

  2V( %( ]/ ?6 2V( 7Z6 !6 0

6 J 27 56.

   (6 2V (`& ]/1-  %!

]/ 22  .7 ( 2V"7 7 

0 .-76 ?- 2V( - VB !6 (V !

> m 6 (Z (W -!   (?- .7%0

>?6 ? ( V -! 6 {  $w! 0

L W F .7-6  !6 L ( 2V&! -( 0 s !6 ]/ 6 .7- 0! ( 2V TFZ$( 0 = (  %

-!  (   27 %   K .%   ( 2V 02 (%( 0

( 2V >?6 .- 2V( %( "e - ]/   !e`B:

(7 B ( V! 2 ?& 7.7%

([` 6 W !6 =G 7% !%7 ] &]   B.7

(e - 6 L50 ((V .7-%&6

 (Q 7%   -  ? ! ( 5.7%

(S  ? !66 K - 7 16 ( 7% 7  !m $K.7

 6 (a 0L5 0 ( 0Z.7%

7 !2 V( ( !"/ !6 T56.7

Z$( ( ( 7 !2 V " ! 6- = #  7 6.7%

F (V

6 02 (B V !"e/ !6  sK .7#   2V( !"/ !6 !"/ 0 !% .7%

 !"/-% : &] ZK : ]& .7#%6 ` 6 - 7% ! 22 !6= 6 y6  .76 .7%

'-F - - G& W.7

 76 h! &! &] B 6 = 5 $[ !6 .7 w  F6 0 " 6 - B -  

02 <W 7%65 $.7

7  B &? .7% B( 6 0 :7-y6 V( 0! !2B  Lm !m !66 - 7

m 0 7- !67 07  ^6 &]  ]/ 0  m 0

7  B %6 7  2 =   .7%

Z- ( 7%7 ?  ]6K  77[ !6 .7%6 2 w F 6 ...- >#%- (L 7  7Z6

B  6.7%
 !"/ :6 ZW  6 :7%6 &]( 6  0 .7% - 6 0 ]& !6  5 5   .

`$K 6 0 6 #  .7 B( = :7-y6  !6 0#  6 7- !67    ! = T2

 0 ]& ]/ !6 7%

(V <W 56 .776 72 7  6 V( 0 0 -!   # 7 7 V( 02  d B7%

!6 ] ( (!  7% 7% B( !6B 6 .7( 76 - !6 2 !# 07- 7! 6 7 ]  7 0 # .7

- !"/ :[` Y  6 :7% 6  ]& ]/ !6 7 ? V6 = &] (7$]  .7( %Z  ]& h

.7-%&6

B K  !`K1- .7% !6 2 ( 2V  7 7B K =G !6 [` VB 76 6) 7 0! h

76!  6 h-% ]  7 - 6 (.75 & .7% ! 6Z6 22 &] = %( 77%

 % .7%%   = !% Lm  7%%  0   7 .7- (  G6% 1- :7%  !?6

- 7 $J 7%-   G6% 6 &] ....

 m !"/ !6 :L5  0 :7% !"/ 0 =( 2V( 7% ?  0 % !6 ? B 56 ss%( .7

B .7$( 7d 7 !  U% s !6 7%- .7% - 6  1- -  .7% (   0

< %! !6(0  ! ( 7- e ( 7%! !6 76 6 7 =  y6.7

 :#%F !"/   !# 0? :7%   0 !6 K 6 7%$6 ( 7% ZW K  7 6 6

m 5  "(  .7%$6 hK    ( # .7% B( !m 7-y6( K1 7 !6 . ....2  e

" 762] .7 .76[% ]e/ 7%! &!  ]6K % !6 .7%6 w=  -  L6 Y 6 #

(g    s  != . F ]/L (!% B &]  `B .76Y 2 6  6eVB 0 7%m1 7 6

 ( h  7% L5B 0 ! (- !6 7  '-F  6 7[ 0 .#  6 .7% 0 ! (&6 70

7 ( !"/ 7 0Z  76 56? .7%

 6 :& !"/- ( V! !2 7 ]  V( !6 :7! !2 ] 7 !6 p .7% !% (!2 d V7

.7$ W (B V (  ! T2 ] !6! & %Z6 7 7 !2 V( .-  = !6 ! ]& 072

 7[` T56 .776  = 7 V( 6 7%!  !2Lm !m 7 (B g 7( . &F ! (!2 V

 7s 6 7 =  ( cW 7   = s B !& .7-y6 5F .7% 2 (g #  7   = 7 $ ( 7%

"& !j%m 60   ]/  0vU 0%j "& 7! 6 = ]/ 7K 2V( !6 ] ] !6 7

6 5.7% &2

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=268111

& O/6   O/6 Zv 8 R4!


 F `B6 !T2 6< !<776 "e  7-

6   " "B !H 7% 6 F !6 - F 7%-6 5

 H m !T2 ]wB -  7 6 = `/

&`  .7%

(V  7%H B  !H !6 7`-   - 7%m 7-6 6H 7

6 ( 7%H 7L 05%- !% B y6- 7%m 6H 7 ( 7%H

F >F !B 0 bF7 7%H L  /! ?6  6 !

( 6 ]Vd 6   !6  6 5 !6 7 0 ] 

 6 !H [  g& !H %6 H 7%m X F

[ !6 K L  7% !$ X !"2 !6 !H 7 

. 7%-

>-W 0   !6 7%m VK - ^/$ !U/0

7#%2  !d1e bF !%  d .-  GK

7Z ( =  bF !%  0`e & 7`( 0   !6

  .7%-

( 7Z !H KF 7 H m -7 H6 -F 7"F

 F - = =   7%H  !%! 7 F 6 !/ 7

!2 D &  B - H 6 `/   J( 7 7%(  %7 F 7  7 7 F 7 B T $6 .7h( !%

>F 0 =  76 !H 7X56 K K !6 %12 7L6   G$[ % != L  -  6 K 76

6 &6 !6g  =.

6 !m bFH 7 ?2 0 65 7 W !6 F J  (  .%H 7 =  %H T ?6 7Z6 !$ D

" ! 6 776 /  / F !6 6B 76  !67 F !H 7 6   (6 7 BB  [ /

 !Z ! H .%H LH( 76 (  !H XL 7 =B  6 7-  7%?$ !6  6 !H 7%  !6

=> 7- - L2 L 6 $K  = !H !j 7%m 7 76 0 =  -76 7Z6 7F H   -

( 6 LH 6  !H 7 67  .76 !?= K`B

6 J(7 7% 6 7/ H !6 $ 6B B !/ ! 76 (  6 ! K !H 76 = 5

J !H 7 B 27 /.7%H [ B H 77 F !H 7 6  7   7 7  L !"F $( !H

 ( K %m [  / !H 7%%H[&     = !H 76  #H H 6!7

"B W 6 VK 7 6K7 7&F 0!    /  6 /B 0   p-

7 F G 7   7% !H  / D =  L "] / !6 "e  = 7%  F >F p ( ! 6 0  !H 7%

6  %F 7 &FB   / 6  B!

76   %m!6  0  6 !H 7 F 7  ]w H 6  5 76 2 ? [ D ! 

7 0[ 0 !H -6 K  2 !"F ( K [  7%%H 7 F   2 !6 7  =  - .7%2

 B7 F 7 6 7 7 76 Y/ 06 7 !m 7 F !H K 7B  7 7-6 / !m !6 7 = 6 F H !m 7%H /

( 6 >F #HY / 7 !6 6 - L= "$ .K  &? K !6.7%H  HH 7% - J 0( &6 7%

(-  &% 6 = -76 L Y6 7e 7%mY / B6 7 s%( e - 76 =! "> 76 7%

H/ B 6 F hH #  .7%  &6 GK  !6B ZK  - &6 7%6  7% .
6- =(  !H !jH H/ 7%%$6 7%   s ] 5 dU-.7%

2  2  >6H :7 B 56 s 7 %H 0 B 5 27 6 - 0  B 7Z 

.    27   # !H 7%  B  2  !6  bF . !H {  B %H  5 7%

7 =     .  7Z( !H DmH  H 7% [7 6B Z6 !m 7H 7  !  &6

H !# B   6 / !6 7" !H  0 !6 = T6 ]w .%H !( - &! T6 . !H 0

Vd -   0 # H .- 0 7  !H 7% 7  -.7

%Z !%B  2 ( g    6 7&!  ( g . 2" 7 !H  ]6K 277  7% (g

6 7 ]6K !H !j= 77  7% (76 g6.7 7%  `e %H  !%  76 7 7 F 7 J !6

7-  !6 7Z6 %H  !H27% J(7% H !X y6 7.

 : G$%! 6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=328902

& / &U

= Z6   s !6 7 "B 7%-  Z6 !5`e

!7% 7

 YZ 6 7 ]6   6 1-  

!H  / 07 ZK %Z  [ G$   !H -%

 0  6 =  6  7 TF  v !7%

b 6 -   !6 !H 7%< !H 0 `e !/

7 B 7 L GK 7 6B 7!7

"Z bF   6 7 !H  eVB D Z Y !H -

/ 6H  6( 6 7H 0 = !6= - (!e

 6 %H !H 05  !6/ T56 7  7 7 Ty6 7 ! [% !H 7%H ]e/[   7

("  7%%H "Z 6 7 !H - `( 7% 6 7e K - - !   6 h-% 7 "( 7 !X

  !H7 !6   ?6!

(! Lm 76 m m $K  7% 6K !"6 "B 2  m&ZK "Z  = !m H 0    hV

7 (HF 7 (  B.-

6 71 ? Lm 0%m 6 2 7 27 76 ( Lm6 7%H ( ! YY7- B 7#%- 6 U% 7%H

&!  !6 7  s5 / T56.7


B ( 6 7%H $de Z6 !H 0 7 &-  7 %  / 7% ? !6 Vd% V  7  ( 7%

 = ! .7%%H  B

6 H $de &!  6 !61- 76 7%H  ZW g( !2 7%H $de - / 0 (! !

$ !H 76 !6 7 ! / p- 5 y6 7   ! ( !66 6.7

 / !6   75 2  7 s !6(&  (! & .7

Y  "B !H b !6 ]Z5 '-F.7

]$K / ("H D( D 6 7%H - !6 7Z66 6.7

(% K 76 2&! ! B s%  !5 H H 7/  -m 7  (K - 6 7% =7 [%

6 7%%H H L6 (  /  .7%%H

6/ T2 !6 !6 0 K5 B ^6= !H 7 7    !6 L/ T56.7

(Q -  !Z U 7 6 27 7 0 < $K ]6K ("H 0  !/ .-7 2 76  $de Lm !m

  !2 7 / 7%H !7B  2 7 7 s( / 6 7%H 76 7 ! =( 2 $  76 ( G"U7

 K -  6 26 !"6 7 7 0 !% ! 56 $- ]$K.7 B 7 !H 0 !65 56 / 76 =

[` .7%H hH G

Y 1- (S 76 . 2 [ H    !6 - 5 7H76 6B 1- 7%H Z- 7 1-[`

 >% 6 &H = !6 !H 5  - 6 77%H  2 B  2%  7 &!  6  76 0 6 6 7s !6 0

7-6 VB H B 0d( 6 < .7%H $de

0  K 1- D!-

 (a{ &  5%?- L6 %?- (T2  J 7 $w  ( 0  ( p  ( 5 7%?- !H 7

  76 h( !6 2   7- 7 =  H 7%H =  !12.7%H ( K B ] 6 7%H

 (Y6 !H !12& ]  7%%H&!  / ( 0d5 B6 7%!

( B( (Z  0 7%H -  #  76 B (Z  7%?6 2 7 B - (Z 7%H

 p !6 % B !6 "B hH 7  !H 7% 0 !H - 6 B( D 7%y- !7%H

7%H Z- (&! B 76$ L6   !H 7%5% - &  KB 7 B 7%%H 1/ 0

6 GKL 7 L 7%H !6$  76 ]/ (& $V 716 K1 7  %H 7 -B p 7 ( 1/

6 ( 7%H 7  -! .76

( $ 7F  B !6 7F (! ! m 76  YZ ( 7/  6 5 K  1H 7%%H

$   > -- K 5 B 7 [ $ 7F H ]d   $  F 7%H =  6 !60

 L( %Z (!7y6 h

7%H Z- (( eVB 27 !5 7F 7 [  6 7  B6 ! .76 0 "   !H

( 7%&%6  ( 27 6 ( D( D (Z 7%H " K ?6 7 (V  7 B( = 0  # ( 7%H

 ( 76 7 6 W  T :7% 512 H 6`& -- h B= p6 6 !1-  0%j H 62

H ]d  H 5 &] 7 0  H 6  T5.7

 !2 7 ( 76 7.7

/ B ^6 &6 ( 7 75  .7%%H "( 7

/ 7 5  !#/ T2 !6 05 7 H !6 !6  =.7


 : G$%! B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=352521

&    A4/ /0 >8 /A

 2 7% :7B 2 - 27 - $

&F Z-( 7% ( !6#% 76 7  0 6%

K 56 T56 h"K 7B 5 % !6 7F 7 ...7%0

 ! 2 :7! !sd $6  p 7%TF 7 =

76 B (" 7%! !sd  Z 7% (6   %7

 !sd  27 $ K !67 =  .76!

6= #6 -%./7 .7   0 -!  L2 27

!"6 7% Lm 6K! Lm 6K 27 7% 277

< - 27 !?= .& 6 7% & . ` !6

 ! ... & .  d 52 W &F

T2-! 6  & .   5

m 7% ! =   ...7

  %( &6 -!  7%B  2!  7% ( %

 -! (1 = !j =( !j 76

...7

2( $sd 0   27 (K -! B =2! 2p6

 -> $ ...%

76 7! - ?6  b   0 ! =- 76

( $Z ...% 0 F2 :7 =7%F !j  >6 7 =6 !j7%F 7 ... ! 2 :7

Lm  27! 7 :-76 = !  !6  - = ! ...-6 2$( 07 &6$-  $V -! % >F

...7

/ 66 7 7-  !6 L6 B 0 F ...7

1- 0

  ! ( 7 [= . B !s/ ( 7% 0 -! B 0 &61-6 .7% 0 (]/ 6 7

 7  Z K < F  6 7%  % Z- .7 = #! `B6 Lg ( 76  2   Z &6 !m

! ( 76( `B( 6%6 Z- 0F 6 7%6 !6 0B    !Z U %  -.7
2

 - B  LgL>  7 !6[ 0 ^6 .  7-6 Lg !6 &6 !6 !# 2  L Lg

L> d( .76 6J -! ? !j! [ !6 7! 2 - !6 - L6 7% 2  -!

] 0 #  7% " = L 0 -! ` - 6# =>   ^6 &6  K Z Lg

.

1-  - F

 7 !   &5 L>  L Lg  Z 76L> B 7  5%! [ .$  Z!6 - 7

  Z  Z!  !/  Z [ !6   - 7 - 7-  Lg   =   7% GK!

 76 6 #   Lg- 72 ($ 06  -  &6 Lg ( K6%6 -( 0 7 [ .L>  

 7%-`K - 0B 6 ( !6 ... B !s/ y6 .7   Z !m  -( &6  Z Lg 76

B 7.

[ = #! Z( 1/ h$- 76  UZ TF  !6 76 E  - F L>  7 ^6 !#

(Z  Lg !6[ 0( !6 . !s/ .7%

 [B

 5  ( !s/= [B !T2 !e( -  27%m b  $ = !6  = !j! [B

B !6 !T22 !6 7L6 - 7[ 0 .[B L2 6B  ? 7 [ ( !s/ 6L = [B !6

6 K( GB 7` .  0 h U 06 0! 6 7-  !676 6B 7 6  6 0 7-

B !6- ( 0.-

 

2- - ( 6 272 7 ( 6- .0

 7 &!  6 = 0B.-

7 B $d  /! ! Lm B7 .7%

B = -F - $( ^6 .-

J 27 6  / -%6 B / B.

7& -! L6 2.-

 7&! !  m !6 $.7&?6

= b! B -B 7> B  .-

 U% ! ] = $B 6.-

 6 7 !1B 76 .7%

6 !j= 7 ! B  ( &?$6  = !j ! =>  !66-.

   F6 !6 7%% Lm6  .7  -  6 !6 7%%  &  .7%    

67%% Lm .7%

( / 7 5 -  =!"6 -!  ( &%6 !&2.

7e K&!  6 -- 0 -%w- 7.

6 0 !B% 7 . %! 6L / 0 6  !B%.-

6 0 722  %! 6 $# - / 0 6 & (d.-

6 0= 7  . %! ( 7K -  ( 7   0   % .76


B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=241344

& J @& >8

  76 ( L6 !H h(( !6 7  !# 6 <L

[  = = 7 % 7e 5?-F = 6  = !6 :7

H< H 7 L -  [   

F = GK  "? ]/27 !6$ 7

!6.-   0 !H -&! B 06!-  

( 7 ]XK D1 6 =    72 s 0 6K

?6:7

!6 (   6  - j B= !- 7

= s   7 e !6  H !6 6 .

( 6  6  & 6 !6 - "!= :

< 7 7e  7%. %

( 6  "51( H 6  % Aim, Goal & Hope. :

" !j= (Q -  ) 7 !B%  (  7F7 67 = 7& 7:-

 2 !H  07

Y 7/2 ! D7

=K (S = 7Z  !6 "B ]H 7%7 "! "B . "! : $d w$ H%"B  Z(Y %

)=K H(.

 (a Z  0 !% 0?- !H 7 = "! Z Z -  :Y 7= #H6 !m  6 7=

 s !6 ( !H 7-7 "B ?" K B e !6 7Z-6 !H 7 !1  = 7 -% H ]Z1 6 7B !6

2.

( "! =-%h- 6- 72 2 6 !6   6    :-

( (` 7B G6%

( (? h7 

( (&7 72

(  7 7B. L-

:!W
( [ L=L% H =G7$ 7%1-2 1U - V H )m  0"Fm( 6 > 56) 7(.

71  2 D - V 56 s ) !H- ( ...  [ = 7&6  H (`- 6 !6 %H !H

K  :-

( -  )[ !6 !$( <T B Z  0K  e = G .%H

7/ ( - ?B 6 -!6 $B6 ` H !5j  J# !

7/ ( > - &2 T2 "" ("" .%H

0  %Z  B <J /   7 .5 2  0 & 2  6 5 B  %

= e 7 7F !H %H7Z- H &H  %H = ."B 7B K . B [B !6  ....

] - 

 !12  7e  -!   (F L 76 m &]  7% &] 7e =6 ]X !6

[ 1 %12.--  1[ ]X  1 ]$K $ `& B 2 52 7( L 5 7 7

-L (T2J .761 0%j 6  6 ^6 !H %5 B 7 1%( ^6 L  75

  0%m !6 Lm U -L  b1 7 ]  ( 7 7% D 7 6 (` > !

.7%6

 ($    h/ 6 p  ]$K  ( 1-  h-% U( L ...   > 7% 6 !U6

[ 1 ! .7%6 [ - H  &`   " ( !H 7% 7% (`  ( 1% J!

6%6 .7%6 ]"( 0 - H  !6 (1d (  - 7Y`B  %  H> %12 .7-

&H  (? %j= V VB  0 6   7  6 -  6VV? !6 !Z    6!6 !Z

?VV  B ]& ]/ !6 y6m 7 `& !H ( %%m0 7 =6 ^6 7% 6 &` 1[ !"e ]$K

   = !H # 0 (7 B 6 (T2J - =2 Y( L 7  &` .7%H ]/

 =6 !H !j= !6 7 (! H 6#( 6 h-% !T2 76  p ( J]  Ud ( 0%j 6 ""

( !H - 7 -L   76 J =   ]X !6 $ 1(6 .7%H [  !6 !H ] &` %

 DLF !66 7%%H !Z &5  7% <" hT 0 B H-  7%%H !6 / %H = T2 7 e( !H

  6 7 B Z$[ ./   1- .7$6

 !6627-

 !H !66 27  6 !sd6 7 = ( h$- 2 V  /  7%%HTF%6>F p - Lm 0%m

!6-  0.7

0 -!6 0 6 s% $ BTg( ! Z   "Vd( "g (1  %( ! d !e K !"6 7%H

H> -  >   6 !%  - ( !6   !6  76 D 5 y6 7K

B  Z [B !6  $w  H hH !H !6 7 /  7% 7 - H !6 7   E-

!H  p  7% !H 7- !6B  7 7 B 5- / 7%%H -  !6> `

BB 6 6  H( .7%6

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=355338
& 8 k $O >8

&-%  77Z   02 ( 7%H  DH  !6  7

6 6  65 ($ K6 .%H

B( T6 

 &%H %.  F FB  .- B . %H

2 !H 76.7 > 6  - 7Z6.7% L 6 B D

 F dV , / p-  , 7%H  K !6#( , 7%

 B  2 7 =H B  H DH "B !H 7% b/

( BY6 .-%  B -  ( !6# 2$

B T2!m %H  .  !6   5.&%-

L $ 6 5 `  0 &   L H

  $ !57&-%  2 ]& 7%  5;-

 67 $ K !6.- :Y

6 7% ( 6L 6 ( m 556

bF6 B d 5 -  7 B 6L ( -

7& !H 0! 7

   7  ]w 0- 6 2  !H "5 7%

Lm % !6 !H !"H "5 (" 1 H ( !"H ( 7

B 6 7Z6 ( 7%H - "B.   7%%H  7 %ZLm 0 2  !H  7%H 0 !

.7L

Z6 !H (7%m K 6  -`H 0  ($  J ! 6 !H 7%%H   7 7e 7 6 7eB 7%  1 D

T56 5 ( 7H  7 !.7%6 K U% . 7%H    !H `e    !H - (  K 7e 7%

7e 1 D  .7%%H !$ h 0 . 2 0 H !H 76- 6    7 6 !6 %Z !6#( !% B  

D !6  7?6 6H !6 7 .7%

.7% dV

 0Y  56 !e( %Z !H H dV.7%H dV 7%&%6 !H  0 %ZB  !%( T2! 7 

7K [  6 . 0 6    7L<.7% dV. 7 [ b1 .7  ]2

( !6# B( 5.7

Z6  `e(& 0 !H -% / [ ( & 7 7 &% $ ( !6# &B !6  2 ( 7 !6

7 !6 d [ ,&% 6  012 !6#( 0 2 7 0. $ !H7m  %  H  !H 7  ]6 !6#( 1 D 6

p6 6 p6 Z6!7 K  =  H !H !6#( 7 B  5 % !6 ( !6# &Z( !6  .7%%H7& !H 0

! 7 `e[ 2 6  / V !H !   76>  2 7 7 6B 0( 6 2 !6 7-6 !m;7b/ !%
>  H .76

.7L hm6

 - 7 [ 7%6 !$ B %( &] [ ( 7#%56 [ !$  ]/ 76 7 0Z( >F]&.7

 bH   !6 Vd% -  ]/  !6 Vd% B .

 5:7% LB 6, Lm 7.!& ]/,

 66   ]/.B  2B 6 -  >"& !H . 12   !6>  B ;7% 7B 7%6 0 !67 H

{  Y/ , 7&H 56 " 7  !m ( %H  ]?d " " 6 0 !2 ( 6 7 ! Y/  6 0 , " 5 ( !H

- B. - = (  >F 7&"> 56 !"e ; (    B   7 D !6 H.7-6 >%

% ?6 7 !X.7

Z6 K [ ]& ZK  H !H - =  6  - ]& ,LF ]& ,K/ ]& ; 7p  .

 ($e %- 7 76 / 7%H  %&F [ !H 7%H V? !6 .7%H !Z

7 0 7

 %&F 0   !H  D 2 2 !6 .-

b/ B( .7-%&6

!H 7 1 ( ZK !H  $ b/ 0?! ( (  (  7%H >- & - <Um , %5  (7 16 7

[ K  2 !H 7 &  / !m

 !H 7%HB 2( 6 7Y ZK( !m:7

H 0   6 0   ( ZK[ !H -  % !6 D7 ; / p- !6 !H 76 0s% K(

/ Z6.m[  K B  p/ 7   B !H 7L6 Z6 , K %  B 7 Z6   K

B  B  DH.7 ( Y6 / ]K76 7 $ !m , 7 B  p " !H 7-y6 ; 7-y6 !H   B s

 0   B"  0 ("  "Z .-

[ "6 7K 6  Ty6.7

2 0 6  = " !H 7%H ( ,&! 6 &] -  " " 6 !m !6 "2 !- " [ !H

/ >   !6 .7  76 K  ,7%H2  7 !H 7 6 V , - V(  - 7

 1e !672 7 ; GK( 7Z6 !H 7  !H 7%H b/7 7

!66 76 [ (! .7%H

Z6 K  B  $B 7 -; - !H% `H !6 . 7= K  ?676>  2 7  7%B

,%Z "B 7%B 0 .- #%  7 %ZH  !% !H 7%H 2! .7%H K %Z ; 0 %Z !% 6 7 >(-/ Ty6

 %F = !H .7%   7  7= !H 7  $V 7%B  [. "6  7 7 6  . 7 K

56 !H 7 ?676 0 7 7%B !H B /(  $V [ &  , 7    7 `H  .7%H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=326856
 @&  k

 (1  --  / 0/ !H -  p

 /  7%H 27  !-/ !T2 : =.7%

#( ]d !T2 -

/  2V( 5 L%-

= - 7% 7 (.

 L#( 6! ( ]"d7 !T2 !6 !6 - L /

 7 = 7%  K.7

?VV !62 L5 :7%  = !6 $6 7% 7 !

!-e . 2:

6 .

 .

 ..0

6 . :6 .  0W  =  c V !6 $ ]X

F  ] = 7&! 7d !6  5 XL .-  !H 6 . 7% 6 - 66

ZY e !6 27  UB7&7 5 !"6 !$  / 2 ]/ ?"  p ! D  7%6

!6`Ue EF>2 !6 [! ( %6 h$- DT 7  ?" =>  .7%H6 . \ J 5 - !

 Z H !6 7%7 =.7

 . : "VB   "VB 7& ) (Proridence .- .  5 5 =1 0W 7  6

= 7% - (V =(  K .7 7> ! 65V(  1(  ]X b ]Z7

(K1 .7

 . 7%  6 :0 !  0 H 6 6 1-   "$K . .- .Vd 0  . 6 .-

 .  0 !6 ]e !% 6 L H=6 7 = 7% / (1 Vd .- !- 0(Recognition) B% ^d6 .

6%6 .- !- 0 .- !6$ L -:

B (.-%

 Z &?6   (.

$ 6 ( 1H 27   B% ( . 6 W 7$ = 7% 7( . = 7% !6 /  ]% %Z

( !"F 0B- !% = 7%  / 6 - = ] 7Z( . 6  H7  H K B  .7!

$H 0?( .$[ .7%  K =6 # 7/ 7  Q( 7e  H !6  !2 $-d &

 !H 7 %a H 27 B 7  &6 .7%K  (  7Z- !67 m 7 H B%

 7 7   0 !6 L  T2  7d   .76 .K  .-6D  eH 27 .

 [$-d .$ #  7 D 6 !6 77/ Y[ 27 - wH  % !6 ]6K K1-

B .

1- -!  :1- !% 6  6  7d   %( 7% [ !6 . L 7  !H! 

F7 (7 76 7 0 7 .  !H GK !6 L p"( %Z !6 - %H e 6   !6
 Z !6 .-e L6 : [   h-% !6 /1- eY !H -   !$ B !- !6

 ( >?6:7

>?6 ( c$e :

>?6 7Z6 : 

- >?66 h : 7 7H >?6 0 H K  K  Z !6 H ( !-.

 6 Z - "  "g (1B d h K 0 (Z %H  K 06 D  D -

7/( wH > K  ( -  . <]  / ( 0 ]Vd c$e ]H - 7Z6   c$e &?6 7Z6

 ]g !6 (B ]Vd VB = .7% ( 7K6 K !6 7% L 6 .7% 7%6 ( 0   !1

( h K Q / %H  Z B = h K (Z %H 2h K 0 6 7%6 - D    !$

- = - Q B7 7 6 %Z/ V - c$e - !H0 h - 6  Z "

EF& B ... H 7K6 6 - = - a !1 BT .7 7  !H %6 7m !1  

6K 7 H . 0 %Z c6! 6 %Z e -!  =- 7 H !6-= !H - - !6 . L

 Z !6 !H 7%H DH B>s ! 5%6 ! 0  s 7! :!H 6 -  V  !1

 !"6 6 !K !J  !sd ^d6 6K - !2  Z = h K (Z  .7 D %H &F

! \- W 7Z  .7-F 0 \- H 7%m : K%H !6 5 7K6- '-F S : %Z

- 6 !H - 7K6 (  - !H h - &( 0W .- 5 !6 . = 12 0 !W

H :& ... 7Z6 !6 0 h K !K 0$6 !J e !m 5%6 e !m   6 066 . 7

  7  7Z6 V( !6 - / 7&H = 7% h K / 7Z6 .& ( !6   = ...H

!6 !H & 6( K & 5 !H 77  7% !6B L ( =  aH -( 7% 6 . = 7VK !H 0!H -

!6 0?- & 7&H

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301431

   /0  >8

76 6 !H    L% F

7  0/ T5 F   !H2

-  F !6F g& h H 6 6 !m

  / h (`UZ 2- L - H !&F ]d

B 6.7
- D 6  Z 7- !% 6 ( F  27  Z

7  H ]g !m 2 Z 76 = H 7 !m 2

H c"UV !" 0  26 &m ( :7% - L6

.T2 0? 0   6 - 76 7 7

B 1 ! 66 \- 0 !H - !m

!6 - >F Yd( !m  = L W

>?6 hH 6 H ( ]Vd ]H V? 27 B2

 %7% !j%mF Y/ !6 !67 ?  

6 !m >" %H -   6...

... / !H -#( 6 F-   27 6  %H

!6 !m 7    L  H !Bm27

m...

%  !6 !j%m 27  !6 6 %$ 51= 7$ L

W   7 ( [B-= .  6 1 -7 = ` Ty .- (  5  ]2 $ 2 =?! 7%m

76 B !  !d 0  (B >6  7 Z 6 .7&BF !6 0 7K  B  pd   6 $

7F  D$- =F( 6  = 6 .7>  DX T2F 2 7K 6 .$ 15%-  B F 6 7 = F

( / Z- L6 ) (?-  ? .- .77  =T2  7( >%  B6 .7%H B ! L$-5%

  ...7  !j6 = 7  12% T57e  2  6 6 !H ...   0 ! / 

= 7%6  .7%Z"6 ( .7%H  7%"6 - . 2 6 ( <B  7  %F H < .- <" 5$2  6 ...

!6 =- = 6  F  6 = 7H -...- Y=  m ]K (  7% %F- 7F  7%H B6 .76

 $ 6 7%6  h-% 7= m ...7 T5 76 ?W F  m = 6> ( 7= 7%6 !sd $2 7K   7 6

( !6 $  2 !6 :7  6 $ 7 H   0s 0%m .

= 51 

%  27 !6 2  !6 6 %$  51= 7$ L W   7 ( [B _( 6 22  6 \-Y

U 12 !/ .%H  2Y 6 5!  !6 0  7%%H  7H~( 27 [ !6 B6 &?  ZK VK --

  5% H T2J~( >6 !6 6 7 0Z( >F 7 B  B.7%

VB L !6"H L s B6  7  B:

D !6 6 W 6 7H~( 6 -K 7/ T57 !6 L  7Z 27 6 - L = 7 6 !Z p!6 7

L  .7$ "?( !6g D !6 L mm 7  V? 27   2>F ]Vd .7

&5 2  L !6 7& L  !H 7 #HK 27 .

g U"- 2  >1H 7% :7 bH 6 27 B  6 77 mm !6! .76

/ 0 B  2 !6 77 =  27 H ( ]Vd    6 7-6=  0 !6 6 !H -U% L

 .7%H Ye ?& !6 0-  = 6  ? L H "e 27...-

!6 L- D 27-

g D ( ! m H  & 7F 0 27  &g 6B  H  $ = D F  ^ .7%

($ s  6 = $ H ( 7%m !H 7%m . (H !K %H  $e bF ( 6 !- $ = !H 5 ! !6

 m 7- T2  >F F F 6 = s(& 6 !6 L = !6 $( 6 $ [ .-F  27 


2 :7 !6 2  7$ L H 27 . !6 0   ZK !6 !( >?6%Z !%   27h-% !6 .-

?& ]V-7   s =6 2 (d H  27 Y .-

 s 2 V 5 6 !6 7

 0dH H pd -% B 7 .- 6 Y! (~ !6 J L !# !Bm !6 !6 ? 27 L

[ Z$ : 2   "g GW  5%  6 ]V e 0 HT56 K 2 !6 -   ]V !H

 s  7% 77    6 7%H !( 7%Bm = 7.-

7K 6 (~] 6 !6 Z$[ - 0  0 !H -! Yd( 0 7F 7 V 6- s D !6e .K  2Y/ .

6  27    s 2 ((K6 h  ZK 76 &?   0 !6 . L  !# 0= > 

 !H ZK .- => !-= >  B 7 "B ]& .  !H ! `2 Lm!  7%%H "!

$ !6 2Z 27  6 .- 0 !6 !H - H L -H VK   - m !H

?  !6 7- !H 0L !% 6 6=7 ! .7%6&B  # 7 Y6 (  56 -6 6 7

(1 !6 c.7%H L

H 0%  L  :7  bH 5 V? !%27 &  27  !e ?"  7%H !Z U B62 76

  . H 6 7  2 0  !6 6 L .K  #% 77 . -% K B !6 - .77-0

  6   d 5 J! 6 !j= .-  0T5   7  b1 !6 !6 L

V ] 7- !67 .-

7K " !H 0   ?" - F  !% s  7%  TF s  B6 . K  72 6 2 27

%  2 !6 7%%H  !6= 6 7% B% `$K !H ]/-! !j%m .7%6 27 -6 D  %H76 2 `!s/

7m 7VK !6 - 67 6 "2   B =  h- .7 0(K1 6 6 !m  6d 6 !H  p 7m  7

! (! 7K !6 -B % -  .7

  27j K Z$[ 0  !6 %$ 6 7 G L V ( V$ ... .  s 2  &?6 % L

=- 2 !6 -7 $ .7% / L62 T2 / 2   27 H - ( ]Vd ... !6[`

( cW Z( >F  7H .7 76 !6 L 7  K !# 7 "Z ZUK  $ (FB 76 7.

76 6=#H  !6 !6  7-

 (   0 0 1 d 7&! 56 6 B-  " !6= >F !mB 7 - !6- H

&? 71 7$( 7%7] H% 02 -- .  !6 27     0vU= .7#  >F  bH 

m "Z 7& %6 >F  #H !6 7F  #H 6 !m .7Z- 56   B !6 2  7 B7

 .   "1< J !T2  6  7Z- ( / -/ ]Vd( !6  ! `H 7%m

6  76 !6 6 ]Vd( !6 V( G[K L> (] 7 " H  .  7.7

 6 7  6

!  &H  !H - = H 6 B- !H- 7   m 6  Z H !6- 2

0( B-  H 6 7H h/e .  7 >6  H 2H 5  7%H    6 6 (6 H 7bF .

F H B- !6 H  2 . 6   7%-B m   e 76 B7 ! H h/e .7 

 7 =  >B= .7 H7 2 2  "y  h ( !H K H 6 - .7%H  !Z U# & 5

7 .    2 B    7%H H  B- -7%  -% [ / 7  7%H !6 ] 27

   7 !%de .7- 27   !%de !66 %w 5  6 !H 0= > 0( . 0 !%de6 .7%

 L62  27   0vU < &?6J 7 6 0- ?& !6 F7  7 s . !6 L
- 7V !6 - s% .-! !H H   " !m !% = hH 6 .  76 e D K

6 -% 7K .-   7Z-  !B% D 6 7%H p = 7 7  GK $ H .7

!6 ! ! !Y-

D 6 5% !H c$e H ]d - !6 !B `H (7>  !6 B 2 H H s% .-

?- ( 6 p$> =`& B 2 ( "Vd7 B (7 H ( / 7%H  0Z [ !6 . L27

]  7.-

2  -K 7/ !H c$e :7 L% 6  = H- !6 B ]g 6 6(  !H 6 ?& !6 6 7 (H 7

77%"6 - .76 () !T2 !6 - D H 6 !U6 B 27 2 ! #  .-

H !% = H Z- &` -  >F ]Z( 6> = [6 .7%HU% ] B 2 ( "Vd7

B .  7Z 6 - 7 = 7 ] VK 6 !6 7 L ( 6  6   1- H.

= 12 !j - 7 () 7 (  Z :7  Z 7Z6  B 2    !6

 B H m `H !H/  %H  sVK 6! s >F !H  27 ] !2 Z( !6 B 7-

 H !% )(7 (b X ( !6# 6 > = &61-  ...%H

 !6 2 L = 7! 0 s !6 76&!  ( !6 7 7-6 >7   7  27$ m K

71  -.7

0 7d s " W >F !H /&5  B 7 "! HY 6 7H( 6 !H - 6 !6 L  27

2  L >$de 7 !6 0/ D 01-  6 6 K - Z7- !67 .-

- 6 7  H %H !6H L Z- !sd >K1- !6 :7%H !% 62   !6 L #H 7

H 6 #H 6 7 7m 6 7- !67 B  .

 >"g&!   6 - = 6 !H # 7B 6 ....7%%H  s/ !    7e  !H 1 1-

 2 m  (  7%%H 12 !/ D! m & !H !/ 0%m ( !2 V  7d( 0 !#B

B [  27 6($ 0 7! (1- !" 0 m  .7%

% 6 (2  D 6 :7 0 !6 0 d( "g] 1- H  $ !H - "B 7 0 5 :-F  .-

H  !H & !6! H>  - H 7& W/ GK !6 - YZ ...   D( 

F6 & 0 - 1-   .7% H #  H  [ 6  / !H -= GK !6 7  

B/  !6 / . [6 .H 7 - 7 = < Y/ .76 H B  !6 -/ L .K7

!66 L 7F   B ]  >F ......- = 7%m !H  m ( 7 /  LH( e !T2

7&! -! Z[K 6 7L6&! H ... 7  !% 0 / B 6 E !sd 7%m .7%H  6 

T2 !U ...  %$ %  7y- 2   ...7%6 D ( 7%6 K 2  ] >&m !6= ...!

&2  D"F .7  !H 7%6 7K 7%m    &5  d1e 6H F .- &!K

>- !"/  - !6  &2( ...7&H   b1 .7 7 7 ( ...6 ...  2~1( 7 6 22 .

:0H

?- !6 / 0H $e h

 $K H 66

7e ... 7F (   7%"6 5-#H 6H : 7F L  7  = .7   > / F .7%6 

 >  2 0m %ZF 7%?$ .7% >&m !2 L H .7%H  . -  2 6 0 7e 6

B  7%"6:7
 !6 2 $e 6 0m -

-6  7B - ]2 d

&K ?"   0 L2 7 - >F  L & !12B  !H 7:

  g (  % !&  7%e .-[>  -] 7 6 B- =K !% 7 7%6 .- g  .

( " H L  .%j 2- 6 - H D-  .- = %H  $de !6 7%H  7%"6 -  2:7

7 Y d -  6 K 0d s 0&% B F L  07  27 ( hH H B 6

 7%H < !H 0 7[6 H &` !m B !m >?6 -- &H m - !H !6 2

7  m 7$m  s H ZK  7  !6 >?6 B 7=6.7 7%

W 7 !Bm 27  Vd% ? T27 / Z ? !12 !6 .76( 6 V 7  1 27 TF

  v ? 6 [6 H &` Z6 22 .

- 7%m1 5 7

= 0W ZW !HVK !76B B6 27  H 6 7%m ^6 B6  B 76 !66 7%7

7-  ZK ( !H (&] 7 ] 27 7  6  7H~( 7% . 2  !H bF 7  - [Y

(! H !B 7K ( !  7%HL !6 0 :77 B 0- 7&H / !- .F 7 !6 6 L 7

&? H h/e HH 2 .- %H Yd( 0  7=6 $w  5 7%7  L 27 -  6 >F7 5 h K

(&] F6  v B E !B 7  7%H !6  B  7%   (~ 0 T2  27 DH

H .7%H  27- # B 1 7%m !6 0-% !1 B  (  -7 = !6 DH  .7  7Z-

Ye  B !m !% 2 -- !m   B `H !6 !j%mH 7$ L -# 7- !6 ? H7%

2  .7- :76 `H 27 !6 6 7 7 76 >F . 0%m 2 7  H B >F  51= 7$.7= 7

F- !m7   7 7m 6 .7

 2- :7 !T2H H  6 .H   Z !6 7  7 $-% J.

(~ J pVK 67

 U"- >1H 7% !6 '-F  !H >-F 0 - !m 7  7 7m 6 .7  2- :7 !T2

&?6 7 6 . .]  -- VK  / 5%" 6 !6 !H  L >

(~T2J 6  W -.7 7Z6VK !6 ( ! F= D( 6  Y6 K 0  G# = .7 7F 0 K 2-0

 -h-%  6 ( -  !1V% 76  !6 !HH   L ( 0 0~( !6 V Z p  !W

( W ( (  ... !6 7.7-6 >7

 Z 0~( 7/!

  m 12 - >Z & = 7 F !H 55m7> H - [ 27 2  0%m # !H H :7

-7 7.

7%F $( 0 7%B/ !H -   0 !  ...!7%%H

" Z-   !5m bF !H -F !m !6 L5  6 !B  = 7 ( H h  7%H >?-F 0 :-7

6  0- !H -! 6 T2  27 ! .7%67 !6= - F 6 - (~Z 0 

=.7%

 2 : 7= 0   7- =7 B D7 7%   0 !%   7m %H 6 . .

= %H  - 7K ( !H!  27 $ % .

  ! 7F 7  [ Z$ 7( J !Bms D  ("] 22 [ Z$# 27  7 .7 27
6 &6B L6  " # ( g (Yd    % -H G 0~(  ... 0%j = 

( !Z-  6  pd   6 p 27 !6 6-7   7 0 ...-7 &H T66 B 6 F

Vd .-

 >F = !HH !6 - T6&   0 =  0 7%H  7 ( h-% H 6 !6- 0$ 2

6=   0Z( .  K  - (/ & Ud p   H 0   7  (V  27L D!

7d  !H  / = B -  6 . 0 ? 7   6   6 !m  ( h-%H 27

!6- !% 1(  ( !6 7% ... $  .  . B !6 7 >?6 "B K 7VK -= d[B 2

- !67  ...7%!    .  0 H!  27 > BEF > H %(6  0 !H ... 7%

J  (`& 7 6 -- 1-  %    2   6  - 27 !6$

(  ( .d7 Z6 B Z !H ]   6 "#  H  76  !&m- 7! 7F 7

22   H - - "B "B / 2 !6 !L L B .

 6L2 06 !% - 

 D &g ? ($% 0 0 ) %F( B $"K 6 L% 7 -  27- ( B> ! H  D

= $ 6F   & 0= `H 5%"( 6 ... 2  -` $( .7   m [ $  ]e- -F  .7

!m !T27  27! 7m 6 . -2  . !6 7< = !6 !H6 L >7! -  !6 .

(= .d & 7 >" .-  - .-F "> = h-% p B  !H !2$ - . [ B 5  = 2>

7 . !6(1  = 7% !6g D m H !W  & 0 7= & 27.-

7 H/ -...

W  7%(6 6 7   >?-F /   >"g .- 7  H/ = 7 H

7j%F ( ( .7%H  e  2 :7 !6 ( % pK ./   7VK . = !j  0 pK

6 7Z$%  L! B bF7 %H H 06 !$ D-B !6 / ]  76 / 6  . 27 DL 6 B

 .

 (7% 7

" 7 V( $ YH 7% !6 L H7%7  B ]g H (  7 7 " = B

6 ZWVK 7"K  7V .7%H !12 (7Z DmB& (&26) -> !H - 6 h  = DD

&  .7

 2 6 7%H   :7#( 0 1 V( D (  G[K 7 7- 7- L "U 7 !67%7

!6 56 ZW !H 0VK  .76 !5m  &H  !H ZKVK 6 76 !2 7  >?6 &KJ

 T276  . 7  .7   L  $J 6 56 L !Z  ZW.

6 LB = %5

 ( 7/  F H B6 ( .- "y B 7 .- = !H - >F = %H TF! &6 7

 H >U .7  % &?  V (7 . 2 D (Z H !6 0 - &g  / .!6 -

% 02 (( Z 6m -. = >F  ]g ? H 6

 !K`- !6L6   % 7Z- 7/ . - ( 7%%HZ( $ !6`Ue F 0 6Y6 ( 0

  !6 . D-% =- % " !/  7 2 2 !% 7F !$ 6 !H&! !?Fm -   s!

(~H  % . #( 6 " "7# !6 (  >6- 2Z 2Z( h/e . $-  =  .7%H 6 !H

6  6 B H = !# -.%H 6 !m 7 . [ 0   - :7 L   %&F H ( 6!6 "-
e - H s .%H = 6 H ( %H $e !H  --  =  %&F !--  H 7 0 D F 0! H ( 6

H   L6 ZUK Z6 7! .6Y  - 7%mHZ( !H - - .

B F  . !H 7 7/ ( !- $  H .%H  5F 0 !H - bH 5 2 H

 >27 7 &?( 76 VB . 7% 76 7.

% 6 ( DH 7%  -  >7 - 2  :7

7  H 6 1 D6 D . 7Z6 !6 ] = 6 !H7 57  $2  V( 7 [ !6 7 H .7%H

  !H ZK7 (  5  !6 6 %H  Z H[ !6 L ] ! H .7- !6 0 7 D

 $ - 6 !T2.

  H ]" 0

H D% &  ( 66 H H7 L > - !& !T2> -  = ]" !H

 7 Y/ (m .   -F 2  H :7  %6 ? V!   ( "Z ( 6 - 0

  6 7  %d% 2 ( ...>  !H 76 =6 0  7 !6 ( 7 !e .-`[  /

!12 "Z( :-($ Lm 0 !H -  6 0  =  6%6 .(  0 ( 7 12W 0   

 H  (  6( d F = ? 7Z6 !B 7H # !- !6 0 .< ! ( "Vd VK- !6

 (2 6>  Z U  T2 - &F = L 0 !H # F Z-( 7%  !6>H

7 > !6 V? - K 0F 7 H . !1 \ 0 B ( 6 b/ (  = .B - !T2

(H 2 V -%?6 7  = !H 7= >F U H 2 d 7 . 7Z6B 27 2 7

!H  GU76 (& !6 .H 6=  2 67  5 % H hH 0 .  0  !6

LH 7%7 B   L- %W . 2 V( >F[` (B " -6#  6( > !% & = G

.%H

$de ( H !H #H Um 6 7 H (  H 6 . B6 7- 7 7   ] D

K &F  76 W !Z U  s7 !j= !6 $ .76  - = Z6 !H - " < 7 &F 7VK

(]= !6  B   Z6 !H 7% 7  "g [ G   .... -!  6 !6 L

7 - 776 7 . ... H >%m h-% e F  HH - !T2 - 6 %6 -!  0 (hH

= 7%6  6 D$- K L :%H 05%-   6 !5m Y/ 2   " 7& ]e/.%H 6

H! - >F ]$K ]( .-   .K7   Dd V( !6 7     7# 5?F !$7&! 7=6

(#W h[% [B 6 !6 L &!  ( (6  Y6 7 0Z .   / 0 6 ( 7# H 7%7

- ? 6 7- ZK .  / =>  6 ? % 7  B - !6 -  -U% ! 

[" .76  >F -$6 7%7  7K (B 7% .-

 7&7% !e( 0 p: B ( LB6 .- 6 H = 6  7 6 Lm( . ( ]d! 6.

 F L2   L / 7 ( . 7 >-F '-F 7 GKB  !H -:

  !6 !H  ]g H &g - - 7%H &F  6 p .  76 ] -  ? = -

B !H  -   7%H D >F = " !1 [ Z 27  .7-%&6 7  !H  B 27

 !H 5= B6 0 7  !$% !6 0 76  27s  7! = ]/  D - 76 =- B .72  6

Z6 0%m 2$ !j= hH   >F !6 b V( / 7 B 0 = H 6 ]H 7 . 727

B  V= / !7% !H - 6 bHB 7 6 ( 7-%&6 7 L% - !6 V 6.

(v H6 &7% !12:- H ! 6 !5m %H 27 H ! 6 [ !H!  !Z U 27 !6
 "Z( 0.7

 `( 6  71 7   .d 0 . -  !Z (F .76 .d Y = 0W - 7 . !H 6!6#( 7

6-   ! !6 Y/  #%.

(` >H  5 

g U"- 6 ( .d7 B - 7 7 !6  D K H .- 2  $( 6 :7 - 76 () 77

 7 !6 L V/ 7  ( .-6  !6

6 6 W  <T2  :7 ( V ( D ( %H ! ( "- K (# D H !?27

-H !6 G .-6

 :-F H B  . - (` B   .7% B  g& !H  %H  Z- .-

   6  F- .76

6 " 7   7Z 27 H :- H B  !H #   0 7%m - ] ! 76 !6

K Z ! L6 02 - / 6 H H - !6 ! 0 H -H p-  7%H  B Lm "B

5 .7%"B  "  76 7% 7%6 -  7K !6 bH (L >X  2.

d   7% 7 6  2:7j &! !6 !j6 ZK ( %H  27- $ B 2

1d .76

=  BL !6 !6 !Z:7 L !6 -- K  .

!6 %$ 6 LZK

"  7!   27 !6 L 7  7 !1- !6 L 7  =?! `?( !6 2 .-

B !H -K 7/ 6 7%H  Z 67 ]" !6 5 0 ( .d7 B6   L:77  6- !6 L

  $w !# YZ 7%  B !6 !-  !6 0 s !6 .7%-  6 h-%   ZK  !Z

.-

&H 6 27   2

2 s 6 [ Z$  G"U =< #%H   $   7>  6  &6 6

= .- ( ( !6  % s K ( s 6 h  7%6 Z$[ 7%  .7 7 = 15  L

 1( L5 H/ =  6 .-  0   e < %! / 7&!   # (d

L 6 ] !6 0 7 = !-2  y .7:72  &H !H -  27 = [ !6 V ]/-  .

0 L6 &! L  7 .- 2 =  " 76 [ B6%6 .7 7 0= K e - <%

&6 6 !m .7? !H e  "1< !#  e1-  7     .7% D   !6 %6 K7

>H !BmB 27  (B !6 7 - (Y6 B %H ZK - .76 0 "L 7 2  6  .-

 6 !m K W  ] /  - . !H  /   -  !1 W HB ]Vd(  `H

B 27  !T2 !6 $ 76 . .7 0 ZKH !H -  27 &F - !6 7 ( ( H H/ J= .-

g( 0 (! !6 < % !sd 0-  76 6 7 ]e/ &2 .-6 7%7 T5 

(7 (B 7% .-

K (` F L

H DB 2   L 7 K (` TF 5B  .7

 2  1# 7  H !6 g& !K1 6 B= [B !H >"g 0.-

>6 - - !H - H- 2 H !6 $B 2 7-K !6 .  &F H !6 ] ` !6 !K6 2 .-
 7K H  &6 %H/ W  .%H !6  !H "g 6 !K` 7! .76 !6 !K` 0 !W K # H

0 s !6  &F LH 6  0- . [   !H  6 !m bF H ZK 76  .76[ 0  B  W

  &H . B    L.-

[  $ 7( !H  & 27 -  >F 6 6 0 !H - 0  L !6 - 56 Lm!

cW( .76 6 0 H/ = ? !H - H B $ 7  =  !6 !H 7- >7 .-$ H 7 

!6&2L  .-

&H b   ]Vd 6 \- 0 !Hm  L 2  7Z6 .7%H  ^ H :7 (  bHZ( 71

` 1 D # 5 F H 76  ^6 0 s !6 .7 B 0- (0


B &F L ! w .76

Z  ( 7 &F L  .76 !6  6 !mH 27 B -!  - / 7F ] ! e  0

B !6 - 7 &F  B .7 !  6 :7  H   D 6 7L6 Y (7 H .6

5B 2 <$ 56 s . W ( &6 /H D  !6L6 D2 (7$] .%H 0 6 .- L  Lm

1- $ .7% 7s  !ZUK D 6 0  0 B B !6 (7$] !6L D!  L$- .  7%B 6L  :7

1- %m  % B  H %V  ...7&H !-`F 0m ]?( 6 ZK  6 .H 7 H`( H

(  !6 B !H 0 s !6 .-6 -  L7&F  7 - !H 0 K 76 . ! 0 GK( %H  !W

 B 7 27! 6   B ] DmH  %  B LF7%"6 !%   .% 0

[ 5= L>  7%  " 6  B.7% 0-

\ !1 (~T2J 

&!   6" %6 F-  ] >?6 :- 5F K !/ - H -- 7% !T2

7 - ) ( 5 -H G ?- !j%m !H #  - ! F pB .-  !#0

B - &F ( d7  .-

d6%%  " " v LF& & 6 7  5 7 B -  )2  0%m ( :7 7 -

76 7  Z 5 F- $ -  !   Z - !H 71 !T2!  Z .-  ZUK

 Z - - B ]$K6 7 61( 0 !H 2- &`(   Z - >F  (` 6 K - -

= %H  Z- &` V [6 %H 07 &6 d ( K (K  Z 56.

" >F !H /&5  B 7 2  !" D :7  L = = !H - 66  6 !6 7 7- !67

B  6 ! .76

  H  !&F 7 " V?( !6 7 E  0  ]1KL 7%e 6 !jK7 = 6 !H -7

[! ] 6&2 =  B%  . 0  !6 7 !WW  [B 7%7  27 ( -- 0  L!6 -

 = .d( LB !H !j ]Z( - F 0 F7  Y .!  $F 5 7  - B7 -

? = 0W - 2 !H> !6L [" $ H .7$

7$7- H d6 7#%%  " " v LF& & 6 7  5VB   %F h"U2  :7L

 !1 \ !6  56   !H= 0  W 7% B  0  7$ !6  d .-W "g

! 7Z6F 0 !- .-  7H  0  7 7 !1  (L :- !H  27 W  !H -

`- B6 -   !6 !H - B U% 7- -   B >Ud 6 !H V? .

-2 7 Z 7%H  Z- - TF  v .76V  %( %Z 6 !"6 7$ 7%%H  7  !Z V .76 e 7%%H

 .7$7B !6   7  !#  .76 b1 !6

5 Z-d6 H%% F   L 7 UZ !65 12 H  h-%     L . 0
6    : h-% !H B /  2  V( 7%H  H/ 7 !6    Z F 7%$-

   27/   m 7%H !67 = 7 77%"6 B 7-.-

 : G$%!  H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365802

@& <
>>  $ :/ $& 88 )4 & M

!  0 = F  6J !H -6 !H 7 2 L UB 0%m

  1- %- ( 2V .- %- ] 76

L 7Z ( 7UB 0 7/ !6.7-6 ]K

!T2 &6 F =6 7% .- Z U

=/ 7% EF& 7 $ 7"K !H - = ! !e

 s Z (F " = %- . 

!6%- 6 %$ L  0 -% = 7%.-

%- 1e( - 76] ! eB >?6 !6 !H -

= s 7% e% . "e%- D $( 7% : .U% d

F   ZW.

(7Z( J~( d( 2V ] "! ] `

& B%( [$  5% V( &pB .-

" (!6 2V - !H - 06 p6[`

 (V ? T &? -7 . ] %Z !6 % !6= 0 =V( !Z- (  5   !6 $

[  = B% !& .-7 1  7%  #H  !H 0 %H !m   -#H !6

7 B #H !6 .7- 0  1 !6 L D .7% ! /!  2 V( 27   5 ( 2V

 " !j= . . -]  ( 6 (  2VT2 J . UB !- ( 2V  .7UB  

$ -  ]6K 7%  H # H (6 2V( p- 7 ?(  # H .< Lm

(1  2 dW( ]6K < ] 76 B% !& `w 7 m . ] 6 UB  ( 2V ` :7

7dg 6 7H(  B 27%$m [` Ue    7 % &!  B% ($ =  6

1W K . 2V( 7 !  0 = F  6J !H -6 !H 7 2 L UB 0%m   1- %-

( 2V .- %- L ] 76 7Z ( 7UB 0 7/ !6.7-6 ]K

!6 (%- 6 %$ L


%6>F (-

!T2 &6 F =6 7% .- K BH 0 ( p-1% $ !6Z (  7 (

B6 %6>F 6 %  -- 6(= .  b7 7%   - !6 Q - Z B !6

 L 0X5%F - =  7%! (H - 6   ) (S7 7%  "5 H Z B !6

 Q - Q  ZW %676 6 - &( QH c 2)- h  .(S :Q ( !H - $!

%6>F 27% H 6 6%w-  $ = = 7.-

 =7%7&  Z U =/ 7% EF& 7 $ 7"K !H - = ! !e  s Z (F " =

 { ]e/ = (J~( 7 2  D !e 0 ! = .76EF7% >  Z&m !H -

  !6 $7e  ?[ =  /6 7%  7%H  6 (7 - 7% H> ( .7 ?

7%!   !Z L>  !6 .75  76 ( 7#H !6 !H 7% (6 7%=) 77% (&H #H !6 67

6=) 77% #% (  !m (= !6 &6   - 6 7%7% "U B ) 7%-6$ UZ = ."B !6(7%

)= .(aa -Q :S -$7%7& 76 = e( !67% 0 K F = 5  = 07% 0 K(]d 0

=  6 2 6   H - ?& 1H)F .( :    0&7% " =-% 7%

 YF D& 7%" 7% !H -  -%!Z#% 7( !6{  !2 !"e Z U !6 =L 7%2 D) 7" :S

%- .(SS-S  !6%- 6 %$ L  0.-

 - - (  % 7   %6>F .K = 7%1-  7 7jF 6 6 7 .6 0 !H7Z( !m ZY

&6 2 (7jF 7  e &6 =  2 { (.K %6>F B 7 .7 7 0  / !H -!Z U D

!  Z 0Y ZY -( Z ] KY -  Dd76 .7 06 !"- 6 0 [7   %6>F

6 !H1-  (?) -    (ZU (D%  WVK #%- pB-2 F %6>F !67%B

m ( .7%&2 7 0  F 6 !H!  0 = !H 7%! (Yd !T26 !2 ] - = %6>F 6 7%-

7 !T2  .B- 0 0 6 !H- ZUK 6 7 %6"Z  %H !6  7% = 6 B6 H 6

"Z !% &6 J~( 0 6 = 7%.7

  %6>F !H ZUK = 6 ( ]Z6 Z !"v 7%F 6 .! 0 5 6 Z !6 = 7  !T2

( !H 7 = 7 Z 7% &? H 76   07 6 ( 7/ "Z H != eVB . $J6 G 7/ 

 5% !H 7 ? 2 7  6 7/ 7 7 !m !H  ` -  !Z . W 0

!  H6 7 `w . " H %6>F (yH >?6 .6 ." - = 6 !H - 7/ L (yH

-  -  B 7m !H =  ((yH  % L6 { 6 . = &  !H 7 -   ]H a

" (yH  )7 6 .( - :

w D 6 5 7 ( . ( %6>F 7Z( !6 - 1/  1 Y F 7d .B  H !H 

(  7 ]X-?- B 1 = H  Z 6 7/ %6>F !H - 7Z( - Z = (7

7/ S ( S 06 wH &6 7e (7Z !H -  .7%6  7 - - & ( 7  = !H

6 7 6.7

6L H 6 6 0%m -!T2 H . ] = !j= 7 GK 6 !H -  Z  7 1 7 = `H

 .7F ( ]$K = B  1 = 1/ 6   ]X-(E6 Dd !6 .   1  = (`

 6 1 7 ( 1/ = ]B Y6 cU-  .  !H5   bX = 2 7 & 1 >%

 ZK-(EB D 6 = Z  (  !H (  7 1 "B - 7% H g76 .77Z( h(( 0

- Z = - !6 = #%F D - ) 7- .( -S ] ) (& h"U 0   7.-


(6# 7%m! B "! (Yd 6  V?6 K - 6 & 1 = !H 7%W 7%( !  !T2

 Yd( - 5! 0 7  TF -.

5  2 %6>F !6 !H  1 K#  77%6 -  `H h"UB 0 .7%H !( () ] !6 .7 7 

  6 0VK H2  =  7 H %6>F 6 7  7H  = %6>F .7& GK ZK d

6  ZK ).( : b  0F 6 -!  7 0 %- %6>F-     --

=2 Z 7%.7

%- (--

%-- 7/ - ]$K - (#  - s .&2 wHB  !H H 0  0 e !6

(? VV7& 7 - H 0  !H 7%  !- 7 ! - ` S 0H !% H . %- 6 

"= c ( 77(   = !H B H -( 7% . s by- B ( !Z-  !- 0- p-! a

F! T2 H . %- B 6- - ( %6>F H -( "! Z "( 16 H  ]6K < !H $ U

 " 7% ) - 7 .( :

! ] 1 H "& H 1-" e !6 7 !2 7 1- H !H 7 / 0 e% !H

%--   !6 !6 L-(E6 !$ &6 D ] .  H 0 6 !H %- 0 !%  =

pd (# !s/` ]6K &F ! 6) -  &6 !Z U  (Yd %-   .( -S : !5%- ..

eB >?6 H 0  %--  !H 7Z "! (F 7%  7 = 72 LH7 7 = >?6

&g (6 .d) 7 .( 7 6 7Z !H7 (7%- 0&   7 - !6 DH 6 (= 6 .$U !5%-) -

B6 (Q) ] .( S :    7F> ! %- ! !T2 & ) 7.( : 7%"5%

) :G$%( : 7%"5%

%- (- m

%- g % "[ "H/ Z$[ ZW  [ "H/ ZW  s" ) 7 .(a :  (VV?( 2

?6 %- (Z ( %H %- !H 12 1e( - 76] ! eB >?6 !6 !H - = s 7% )7%"5%

.( :

%-=  m 7%2>F .-  7 %-- 2 ( 1  = 7% ( H [ 76] ( !H -7

 %- .( :S (F) 76  s  !#( = !6 !H -= .7 p$( 7%"Z 7% - %- 7&7

  "Z =  !6%- . =  !6 !H 76 "Z 0 7%6&  - 2F -

F6 0 %H 6 2 0 !H  -  22 --% 7 .%H !$K "Z !6 6 = 7%L2

(! 6 7 6 - T2 -7%F B6 .76 0= !H 7 7% 7 "Z  !H - 6 H - = 67

7K H  7K   6F 6 7!  B%( 6 !H 76 ( g  =  ( -% .X

L6 "Z Z$[ B%2 0 [(Y`( 0 &6  / B 6 .- L62L 07 ~ B $L

 7Z !H - "Z Ye   [  Z$" .7 ]e "ZUK (   / ]H !6 \- 6

)Z- .( : "Z !$ (76  1( !H  %Z 0 76  !H !5m= "Z !"6 -  !H -

  ]X7V( /  !5m ] ) 7%&?6 6 "Z .(Q : / $ 7 $ .Y/

D H !6 !( 6 !H -( !T2 7 = 7/   "Z  b% 5 .-= 2 7% 7    !H 76

= !6 ( $ 2= 7 56  "Z 6 !H! .

 e% "e%- D $( 7% :  F .U% d   ZW )(s% ( -S : L   d

!- :7% = !-   !H 7% %- 6 pd (~T2 J 7% 7 VK    Ud
7 =0  . ( d 7% D "H 7%6 !- >?6 6  %( !Z !6 VK --  pd

 ) 72 .( -S !- Z 5    7% 7% - (# L/ = --b 

  !U%  s% . %- .U%m  F 55m !6 .-6 ` 5 6  Z 7 6 !H

[ /%- D   -  >?6 0 K s 2m .   0%m d 7  .U% (!    ^Z$%

  d  7  >?6 0 . F  - %- "Z ZW !6  ZW (- p$6 . =! 

%- 76  6 6 76 7  ZW == B %- &? .76  &? H = 7%1- ` [ ".-

H 0%m 2 #  !m (B K1 7"

%-- G$% !-&! 2:

Z U ( (6#

 !6 ( L6  H

(6 %6>F 1-   7   %6>F    (Y6 ZU - S

(1 %- "e - 6   %6>F 0%- !H -- D 1H K !6 !6!% ( 1e !H -

(Yd / ( = 7%  6K - $ !6 .7 %- 5- ($  1( 6-(E D ! !6 6 L

-(E%- .D- p$( 1( 1H 6 .- /  6  W/ p /  5 ( J~( d(K1 [ B]X

5 #%-  !6 5" D ["  %$ !6 !H -  5%6 !6 B !H  7 = !6 $7d 7%

-76 . h(( 07 5 "e %-7d 0   .76

 "[ "g( Z$ !H 5% Z%e 2  (# eB 6 &]  6 .- 0 6 ]/ `& G d6  0%m

 05 " !H - ("" B 6 6[% = s%m .$ 7% !H e 7 ( 6 .6Us  m  2

7 ( cde 2V B .K .7

 >F %-- =%  62 "?  "B% .-  02 ( wH  = 7% ( p-L6 (D- hH

&H 7 . !$-d 0%j/ K  7H   !6 e%  !$-d/ K  %- 6 .7  7H e%

( - VB  7Z( 2  H e% 6 Q( e !6 2 / K   V% (= hH = -76.

]) !$Z (a? B% 6 %- D & V% 6  ) 7 6 .(a- :Q !$Z !$-d L6 2

( (yH .2 DH

>?6 (-Q- ?" %-

  H %6 %-  0  ]H 1  W ]H ( 7/ ) 76 bF .(S : j-  ]H (

 W 6 !"H 7[` = G 2 !"H by- .7Y/   / !H 0[` [  (6 756 ] 7%2 -.

 B% 7Z6 !"/ (L#! ( ]"d !H - ]  !6 by- .7J pd 0  .U% (cdV( H  ""d

2 5= .7] 6 T/ U6 .7 %- Z ( F 6! ]  H %6:

"%- 6 6 7- K/ G 2 %6.7

" %- 6 7 71- 7%%H = %-  $K K 56.

"%- D B 6F 6 7! (L#! ( ]"d2 %6 .K 7  06] (&] 7%= "B  5% ! .76

"! %- D [ ( 11- 7%%H = ( g 7%- / !6L6 6 = (7$] !&2.-

"6  !% 1- %-  ! 6 76s% 7 -27 =  !6W 6 2 ).( a

6 1- %- 7 -(E:7%H !( () ] !6 D

) :G$% 7(S :

%- D L 6 - "!  7  !6 $Z6 W "d - 0%-   = 6  27jF 7 7
/ !6  7% !H 1% v2) 7&?6 %Z 7%L2 =H (S - :S / 0 %-  L ZW !H

  = !6  .X

2V( (

 (-] ( 2V

= (7F 2V7  h#  !B% - =! H / - - % "Z  GK !m !5m !H V( #H

!B- F !B6 . 7 ] % H ( "<" ?- h56 !H - H !m !H !2 V( ZK !m -

7$ H !m / (6 V  0 $ < .- % (  !2 V( GK !m = [?6 0 !H D

"! !H 6 6  !6 ]X T2 2  YZ . ]X 1 D  !e`B .75 ( 6 - 6 B s

7( !6{ !6 2) ".7%-  2V( .(Q : 0 0 !17 D   cU- - / 0 ( /H 0

6 = !H -  $7 !=5 .7 = !6% V( 7% ! 2) 76 &] ( :

(7Z( J~( d( 2V ] - "!:

] `s% : ] ]6K7 2 ]$KL !%%6>F  <  .76( D]   76 &6 !H0

] F !B ] < H  $6 )62 .(a -aS :

] && :B% H 7F 2V( 7 0 .-" ( 2 V( V? ]$KX 6#( 

 = > "! ]   (.7%6 2V

] ( :[$ 5 V?6 = 6  !6 V( !H H (~T5 J  2V(   ]X !6 !( .-0

]  5 6H V( 6.7

]  5%  pd : Y! 7Z 5%  !6 !H -  !U% %&H % B   %7

 . 0%jB % - 6 LK s cU 7 2 . 0 V( 6  5%  -  h K#% 

$K !Z!   (~T2 J) 7 D -%!Z .(aQ - : 2`H  !H 77Z]  5%

Z g 2V( "e .7%(L 2  %( V( !H 7 D 1  ) 7%B 6!H ($ 6

6 ] 7 B !% #  2V( .  !( !6  !6 p 5%! -% 0%j 7F 7Z

]$K :

 (]  F 7%  06!- 2  )6" 7 ( bH

- (  ) !H H -% !ZH2 B- !6  Z .(-

7 Z( ( K`B    X7 D

(Q-/ ?V 

6 !W 0(L  7 !H HH  !27%m 6"U 7 7 7Z  7 H 0H 67L 5 7% D 2

B 7/ (  L%) 7 .( ...

2V( (- 7

6 -  d !H -  1 6 !U6  (Z U 2V  = ]Z6 .-  s 7 ( 2V

   %Z  ` .7%6 - 62  5 s%$/e 7 L ( 2V   Z( %Z H

7 7 2V( L Lm!  7 H !H 77Z 7 "e ( ]&( 2V 7 # m 1 !6 L

-7  %H H GK  2 V( L 6  d 55m#  Z 0 6 . 7 7H( H =6 7%

2 ( 2V   02 ) -.(Q -QS : H

7Z LH 2V( !H - ]e - !6 L (&]  .7 76  [ - -- !6 (  & pB7

 ! 5 76 H !% 7 .76 !2 V(   2V( YZ  !1B "e &6 =  `
& 76 !H 7 7  !6 X !m !H 76 0 L26 7% H !m # H !m 7 ~ v H !m 7%H H

#H H !5m# 2 )Z--- ( -.(S : 1W (V

( V( &pB !6 !6 !H - 06 p6[`  (V ? T &? - $Z(

) < -- .(S-Q :Q - -  % 6-&  1   (6 7% !67 -

(!  !6 7K -   TF J~( V? G% )& pB .(S  ( 2V 1W K= 7

(7 !6 7  DH ( 7   !H[` - %Z6  H  ] V( % .7%K 0 7 1W

mm 7 B !H %  ]d   7   B%    !Z-( - 7%6 6%6 0K 2 V( 7 ?6 (g

 67 7 B % ( g.

&! 7 !6 B% L % D - ( 6 7H($   7%6 !-! $( [ 6 (7 # ($ 06

/ = #% =) #"1 .( : L6 = 6 !H - ( (1  ?&( pd .  

%H 6 7!&   !U% !6 = s (7$] 76 !& !H !2 0 % " 7 7 1 7%

 #H  !H 0 %H !m   -#H !6 7 B #H !6 ) 7-.(- : D

 (  %7F D 7L-  !"6  D7F D 7- 5 .-7&F  $ K     

 ! ] ( 7%%H 0Z   .7% D  2  61- [`( !H mm 6#( G

!T2#%   2 = -76  -   ? V ($ B 6 B ZK  $ !6 .7%H

5  >F =! D >%H L  D 6 76 Ud  Hd 6 ]Z( D pd 6 H -

) 7B%F.( :

7 wH ( 2V D7 !ZK !H  !U D  B (1  7 .7% 0($ B6 7  / !6

= !6 !H 7%- !U D( $  .X2!U D( $ L  & by- 7%H ["L2 7$ B&6 7

  7%H 2 by- !"6 !H 7 B- ~ (= .d - 6 ! / 5 6 V( !6 7 - B6

 .= ZK 2V( !H -/ D !J  !ZK  . 7&F= D 7% !H - [ D !1  D  - D =

 " 2V( . 5 6 G5 7K -- - " (1  ? V ('   !6- -

^d6 6 2V( .- TK H6 0  $&F 7%! U- - 6 2) -2 .( -a 02 0!H 7

(B 2 V = 7Z !H - V( !H -= D 7%7 !H - = = [ G / 7  76 2 V( .7

 V( !H 7%H  !B- !sd D =  %( !6 %H ) 7%H.(S -

! ?- H / ( 56 ] Q !6 2V:

[` : B6 ( 2V ( [` 6  !"v !6 .- B6 !m2 5[` BY6  

  d"6 7d (L#! (  = ]"d  $ L6 Y 76 7 -- . !H !m[` H - 76

( "& 2V ) - 2 .( -S :a

  :"Z F 6 2V( ]X !  !H7    = 6  "Z `H %Z6 . w

6 !X7 YH D6 !6 7 ZK 6 $- & 6  &? .

H G6% : wHK 6 / [`  1 $ 7F "Z$H 7    ! G6% ( 2V .-G6% !H K

6 ( H 7 -  6 ]/ 7Z 6K 6 X ]& 6  / 67H  G6% 2V( by-

6.X

]  : 2V( wH &] d"6 7% =! ]  ( ]$K7K UW 5  L = 0 - 7%

) 7% .( :

(Q- ( %$ 6 2V[` 


 !6 !( 6]   ( %$ 6 2V! [`  6 K g < %H ]6K =K !6 ] :-

( 2V  p[% : 0 (6 2V  g !"H !H -  J =  6J 6L6 .7 V( 5

V( !# 72 )7 7 .(a : L%6 6  0 pX ( 6 &6 2V-   7 W &? 7%

"(L#! ( ]"dL7 "Z1%-!% -!% 6" D-`H " %H  ) 7"2 0y 7 (Q-SS : ... L5V?( %

H !6 ) UB L (-  !6F L ) -.( a-a :Sb

( 2V 7 p [% :B >?6 0 !6 2V(  / 7  / [% ]H ( 2V  pX( D

2 2V( . 7 pX [% 6 ]H   ]& !H - ] (7Z g <%H ]6K  L

 0[`( s% !6 !T2 6 %6>F g 0 - $ %  !$-d/ K 6 =  . 0

 7 6  0 ( 2VwH (( p-B 2V( b .7 7  / 0 !6 2V( 0%j    `B

 L !Z) 7B K`B .( : L%6 " 6  !"v &6 B% - -% 0%j 76]) - 0 ...

( - :

( 2V  p6 D   ]& !H - ] (7Z g < %H ]6K  L 0 [` !T2

 K =  - - 6%6 !$-d 0/ K 6 =  B 06 7%Z6 . w[ %- / !"/

 % 2V( D  D - !H 7%m Z- 7 D !H 7 wH[`  !6 G 0  ! ( `$K) 7L%6

7 .( :  1- 6  0 p ( 0 2V -    7 W  7 !"H .7%6  / W

( mm " ( .d "  Z ` !H 7 6 U  ( 2V  p[% 7  /

 7%  s )7 !6 (a -a : 6 6- L = UB L- &2! ) L6 ]"d( %d% (a -a

(7 G L#( ( SS -S : 7"2) e! ( 6 ]"d-  #H )7 (SQ-Q : (!B 2V )

v( ( QS-S : 6  (v ) e (Q : L%61- .

( 2V Z( p 6 :  !H --( E 6 $K  72V( DL5g 0 <%H ]6K pX

( 2V  .7  / 0 (v 6  )76 ( Q-Sa !"v ]/1- B  )Fge- :

.(Q

2V( (S-

" ( 2V 76 72 V(  `  !6 ]H = 7 !H - 2 V( U !H ]/ 22

[ ] ?" !6 K 7#%- de  7 6 .7 ` 2V( !# - ( (V(?  7/ !HwH

 6"U  7 ( (V !H 7%    s  6 !6 0! ( 0 =6  .7%7 0 7 D D-`HVK L

&6 =) 7] .(Q-Q :  =  &7  !H 7  1e( 0%m !m 2    2V( 55m &6

 DH 7  6 !( 7 !H #% ! 6 DmH 7d !6ZK 5!  7  !# Z6  L

  ] cdeZ-) 7 .( - :a 7 !% `  s ((= h 7Z ^/$ (%H 6 .-" 27

!6 D s ` (V  :-

(&-%  6 B% Z 7 LH >?6 0 !5m !H 7 #%2 ( p- ? .

-% !Z ( 6 B-    (!  .7

 ( -% B ^d6 s 6 [7 s! e VK )`( w/$ = 6VK d ) !H  T $

s !U  &6 - VK s 7 --UZ (- .7

s%$/e (Q 1( 6 -- ] --   --  7H( 2V( ]/.7

(SVK   !%&6 6 J L 7d !6 !( !6 7Z (! .7

s (a! F   6 <6 ]H  - 5% 6 ( LH


(-(E 6 ? V  !H 7%%H 6?  ` -  7 %Z6 L2 6 ^d6.7%%

7d !H 5% % Z ( 72V (L#! (= ]X ]H ]"d  ( !H 5% 1-

]H [` (F hH ] = 0[` (&?    & !H2 7 !H ]X wH

 < 7jF - -# !H 5% Y !H 6! = G hH[` ]d( L!% %5%--

v-  !6 Z$[ !H$ 0 = d( !H - 0 pB6 Ye 7 D ( !5m 2V( !"v 6 76 7

7 ( !5m V( 7(?  6 !H 776 V( 0

 %&F 6  1 "` 7d" 7  ( 2V6 -  Z- 7 56-) 7%6 !"v 0 :

.(-Qa ( .d !  "$K  - - (Z 7d(  1 `  !X .7% 0  ` !H 77Z

7d - 7d 0  7d % Z  -  wd6 !2 6 L (6 2V6 " 6 70

6%6 .76 ZKpd 0 -  72V( !H = K !2 -   2V( d \-) 7J

.(S-aQ : 0 bF 2V( =! Z ! 7%m "H 6 !"v ]/ # !6 2 s 7- !6 D ]/

!HW 6L5H ( .d  76]  H  !"v !(B! ) 7 .(a : L%6 0 7 2 

7 ` 6  !6 0?- = .7 0 66 0  !H -  ( 2V  & !H - 7jF pd D

~ J 6 5 (V Z ( 2V 7%6 - - / 0 ZK 0[`  7d

-  !6 .76  5 2V(  / 1< `H Ud K !6 ]X =  $ 0 ($  06

]/ ?" <  F ]H !- -- pd D - .(S-a : L) 7  7Z !H -?

( 2V&! %$ 67 D 7d( $ -  7  ZK ZK# 2 7 !6 . - ZK

= !6 56 72V( !H ZK ?&( !m ) 76 .(Q-S : ... 0 %Z72 V( !j= -

?&( ZK $ ZK  ! ) 7$ ZK.(- : Q -

 ]X &`( !H 2V( D - cU-   06 cU- "" = 6 676 YZ - 7jF < !H -

7 %Z6 D 7d 6   B(  X <"= 6 !$ 7 m !6 - !6-  ]-- .-

= %Z !6 7 YZ !H - Z- #6  6 0 0 !6 !H 7%H Z- ]/ h-% ]/7F -  !6 %K .7 0

 7%6 )- !6 (Q :a  h-% ]/ #6) H! 6 #  6 0 0 2V( (]/ " (

=-( .7

 5 U  7 ( 2V 7 "{ 7d" .-" e( !6 !H 7 0 F !B2 0%m -" :7

=! (272V  (7 # - ( c 7%%H bZ% !H 7%7 - 7  B ) "-"

.(: 76 0  [ #6 !H -%Z 2 {%F ( 0 2VF B6 !H - 2V( !-   76 y6 7

bF -% D !# 7%m ? =F 2V( !- 7d 76 0{ -H) 7 .(S :

6%6( 0 -V( !H 2 !#  B6 7% 5 1 (v - %V B- D 1 D & B%

( 7 Z( ]Z ] 6L%) - .(S : V% "> ? "V ( !6 2V%m 2V( . 6

eVB  ( !?= 72V( !H -  76 U 5  K !Z U  .]  V? e% ]$K

."B B  >%6 5 -/ 7  5 ( !H (V (?  J > 76%6 .7 0 27

& -%= !Z U 6 2V( 7% 6 7eVB ( 02 s  ( 72V# 2.

  (1(  6  . "! (6# =    ! TFD !    %

6 ! 7 !  !6 D7  (Z   .7%  (1(      0 !H -[` -

 !H !j= %Z 6- = (2 V h/6 -1( 0(  ( $Z ( 1  Z-) 7 7.( - :

[ G wd6] LH 6 H 72V( V? L  7&7 ! % ] -!% ( 2V
U  7%  !H 77Z7&!  2V( !#  !# G6( ] ?"   !H - !6  = 0 

:76

( ( 2V  ( ZK J~( d   .-

7 ( ( 2V 25 2 6 - 1- H B6 /K  B -  TF .

(  (] L !6 %6 D % .

(Q < - !6 $- "] F $$-

7 (a-  6"U s

7  6"U s !H7 D `  !"-6 -&-%  -% Z K > m !2 5%-) -

- = .( & #%-s 0%j &  !H 7 6 (V - B   7 !H ` B

= K  -1-  7%%H  !%&6 #6  6"U wH (~J { ( V % !6 mm L26!6  = .7%%

7 !6 .d( D!  !$ 2]H  - .7%  $-d 6 7jF ( 2V/  7% 7d

"  $-d 6 &6 7jF W 0? 7 )-= .(S  7d 0   !H - 7 ^d6

` 7d 76  F !B (  6  !$-d %- 7d - 7 ` 7d 7 !6 .K

! (Z  .7 !H K ` 7d V6 .K U ]H $   6 $# #% 7

` ) .( - : 6 !H K5  7F F  L !% 7H B   Z  7%  0 ]6K ]/

$K TF6 .7 -% Z 6 7 0v( !H 7  6"U#% (# L6%6 .- != <" 0v( 0

= 7 - V6 F ZK 2V( !- 6 s .7! v( 5  %Z6 76 D] 6 U `  7

2 .7  !H (? 2h -W 0 & B% -%{ !6 !H -? `  !"/ 76 (6 7

7d [`TF =  2T Z .v(  6"U s m 6m TF  ]X ( !Z- &  ]/ ( ]Z

- Y/= -  =  L2 6 !H 7%%


 .7  0 #6 !U6? ]/ !H! L = "Z  

- .-

  (-1 0 7  (- 2V

 1 0 (- 2V !H >?6 K $ 7( 7%  !$ % ]/! %  W .d( 0vU

= - !$ . % ]/! :- D  7% `X  B !H - 0 7 1 7K < Z  

(~T2J 6 7 -  .77 - 6 H7% 7 7 B H7% 7K ( 06 .7%H g7 7Z 

- !e?  !6 / . 27 ? V %H T56 >?6 06 7/ -  7 ( 7% 

( K% .K%( 0 [ !- . ]/ ]6KK "d ` :-$K ]6K V( 7 !6 h( !( 7 ):S

.(

% - :0vU 0vU pd D .7%H 27 627%%H !W  - ZUK< /v( .-

 (- 2V 2- !H 7  ( hZ !H 7  D 6[  6 !6 %  s %

  .7 W/ 2V( DH !H ->  s Ty6  [% 6 (Y6 !# . ? D &6 Y/]

!H -L ( 6/ = -76 7e (  L ( 6/ 7e !m2  s  &6 .-

 ( p-( $27% 6 = -76 6 &6  -- ([2!v  &6 G1 !"6 = "e 0!H -

[ % H>  7%m .7% 6 K/ % 6[$ %( 7%6 :B 7 (H !BmT pd >%H7 H

).(

(6 .d( :W .d  0 = [?6 ]/ !"v !H - &"   !H] 2V( !6  = .

!6 .d( 6 H "B  Y/7 L !  v( .7$ "& ]/ [?6 !H  .d(   !"v 6
 %$ 7K :7

.d( (  "d L !H ]& !6 D   ]/%Z6 .7% w7 ( . 7- !67  ^6 ( .d 

  !6 B.&2 7

( .d( 2 6 7- !# !6 - !6 d"6 !H !U% 0 - TFh-= &6 2 - .[% .

=TFh-  6 G6% 6 [% >6 ]%-F `w) 7 7(  7%   6 [%7 !H7- = !6 7  ( H H

)EF >?6 7%>( ).(-

= -- :  B  ( $U [  & - .7%  7 B ( g 6- (B ]X !6#

6 %6U- .7% = ) s( 7  b 6#( !6 ]Z { ( g .7% U- !Z U  / =

(Y6  #= -76 !H - 6 71( 0 !H 2- L> 7F U- 7%%H = { B (h 7% 2

- H !6> ] 7F U- 7%%H = H L>  7%6 &! (Y6  cU-{ B6 7% .7F 07 6 !6 L

%H 6  7% !6  U- 7%%H bZ% = %H .7% )L2 0 7%((  7 7F

 $w   6 1%  !W- ! .76 $w !$  6 1% = U- !6 !6 =  !H K 6 !2-

.76

= (   UB ( 2V

! /!  2 V( 27   5 ( 2V  " !j= . . -]  ( 6

(  2VT2 J !H (d( .  2V( !%# ! & -  ] !H 7 6 J "ecde 2V( D

6 !6   !H - L2 6!%  (?  7%m L#6 .7 %w- !H = = !j# `H 7

[% 2V( `H  "Z 6 .- %Z /     6%6 .$ 6 0  

(= %Z !6 2V !H -  61( 7  L2!% ( 2V L> V( .(Q : F) 7 2 76

K >?6 !6 F6 2V( !-  `w . ]/ B (Z &7 7  [` =G cde & 7  (]"d

L 6?6 Z1%-!%# & 7 .- 2  (F !6 2V= !- 6 & !6 !"6 7 2V( 0 = X

? 6 cde 2.

(- &B%

 ("! & 6 !H B% ( VT2 J $( 7%:

  !"( (  !H - !6 !6 &6[`( !H( = -76 .7&H

!"( (/ ZW  ( 7%H Z- !H "Z ZW / 76 !H ZK]  6 c( .

!"( (L( 7 $( !%] !H$  !T2 - 76.

 !"( (Q  !H 7 7X( 7 % 6 &6 # !H 7%H 7F H [`   (~( 7` ( B ! 6

[` ? = H " .7

m !"( (Sm  (1   !H 7 !"v D L2 $  %H ( F 2V( !- .%H -

!"( (a >6 7/ %6>F !6  !H - B >6 7   6.

L/ !"( ( /  !6 >6 !H 7&H  0 7  / <.6 ! ZUK

7# !$ U !"( (  !H -  !H 7 >6 7 / !6 5&m76 B ) 7 (Q-a : ...

2V(  (-

 ( 2V W U " ( 2Vm .- (B  V ( V `B (1  !"6 7

F pd  g(1  2V( .7 mm " H6 p-( !H %- Z 2V( 6 &-% 7 !Z U

- [ Q1( . :
( #6 V( D&! (7Z ( V !H(? .7

( (V !67 5 !6V( .7%  V( !6  (.7 ]d

( V6 pd ] ( g 7  !6 0%j ] ( !H (V(? .7

( ( cde V s  !2 cde  0%j  ..K

6  &  !H 7 mm 2V( %  !6 & !( ]6K !6) 7- .(a

( !-  H 7%6 !-:

UB   $ -  ]6K 7%  H # H (6 2V( p- 7 ?(  # H .!-

< 5&F ]6K (V  .-6 7 B6 K =  H H.

< Lm (1  2 dW( ]6K< ] 76 B% !& `w 7 . !-   - (v F !

( 2V&-%  ]B (# (5""d -- T# B H .- &( !26 U% c !5%

  7.

UB (- ( 2V

 m ] 6 UB < 2V( s% 7d ` :7g 6 7H(  B 27%$m [` Ue

 X 7 % &!  B% ($ =  1 6W K. 2V( 7

` 7dV6 : - ( 7d !H 12  ( % ( 2V  .H

` 7d Z( 0%m 0  7d :- 7 7 (  !$-d F b- [` ( p- )H

.(-Q : 0%j6 - 27d :7 `  eB ( 2V` 2V( G !H -

2  ( 76]  ]/ !"-6 D (2 &H 7 . != 5 ( 7%! [`( 7F !H D ]/

 %6>F= G 7 F b- .7%   =!  (V6 7% .K  7F 6 !H 6L ( h -

 6V6 .7% ( &6 !e`BV6 7 \ J  ( 7 [` ]/ (=6 2V-) 7V6 .( S "H

` 7d  %6>FW !- !H 7 - (1 :7

6 ( 7Z( !6 2V( 02 V( (/ ( ! mH V.

6  2V( ([`  7d 6 !H  =( - 7 H  = ZUK !2 -.

( ( 6#    L 67 !W (6#  !6  0  = G !H ]H[` < W

-.

2> g  %( 6 LH( !6 Bg : B = !-7 g  !H 7% =6 V( 7% / .7

0 B = - 7% 2& ( 2V  %( !H 0 !- g K s 7 .7276( 0 ] = -

m !H =  B 6%6 7% 0 -% ]6K  6 -  7% (6 7% / g &F  %F 5  B6 .7

g 0   7% =6 7%B g 6 6 7 !-F V6 6 g - !6 .7

- 27%$m !V?& 27%$m : Ue[` !V?& Ue ?- %Z !6 27%$m .- L !%

[`  06 ) -  .( -Q : ...  27%$m ]y Z( 0%m 0 " :7L7( !% #  6

 D 7/ [` 6 ?& ZK !6 $76 !H H [` ) "- W 27%$m .(a -aQ : ]y  

 [` 76 .-5 !H %Z 0 6 !6 H & &  !5m !H 7[` (6 7 -  L6!%

& Z%e .76   / 2 - -  6 7W/  !2[` (K ]"d L2 y6.7

"  K`B > ( ' 0 !s/ h !H - Ue  .7 / 0 Z( .6U D-`H

2" ^6 Ue !  (&7H/ 7  2 ) .( 0!V?& Ue  Hd( !H -

-  (6 ]"dTF!Z . ^6 Ue  B !H ( 7Y DmH ]$K =! (6 p-B 
6 06 $6 06 6 .(- L57( % #6 0 # Ue  L B 06 7 B 0 ^6L>

Y B DmH !H 7 7( Ue =  = " 2V( 7% 56 . 76 0 Ue !H -76 (V

 H !H &6  6H !( 7 ^6 !H$ &6(B L 2V) 7 71 H .( %H

B V?( 6 !H - 6 G $  2V( 7 ! /   ( ]6K 7/ ( (yH !# !H Z 0

TF!Z  d - .

 m 7 -- B% !& % 1W (76 D- 1( : 2V 7 K %( s 7K

B  - .7 0 U6 [ Z$ %H 7K 5  .72  $76 = W 0B- -- !H -  = 6

- - 57e 6- W  e6 h$ !H - &` 7 .76 ]X %-7 7%

 !H 7% `B =   6 .%6  7 !5%- FW 6  %Z(  V( / 7%F (~T2 J

 ^6    !H V6 -%&6 eB V6 E = !6 & >%H  .<"7 !6 $  h B % (~J

= 6 (! 7 ) D- 1( .( : !5%- # 6  7 26 %   d( .- & B

6 !H 7   7  %  D- !$%m &] UB .7%  7 06 p6B (/ 7 6 7 

(~B  6  cde .7<" h g d !H 7LH = 7 ! L =  > !H K.7

%- (Q (UB 7 ( 2V H> 7

 $76 !  0 = & !H - -H B6 !H 7  !H VK (U 2V ( - 6 71- %- !6

7/`Z( .7-6 ]K  2V( 06 %- ( p-&7% j  F( L K ^d6 !2 .- & !H

!6 6 L- %- B &F D  ( 2V cU-- $ ) -( .( L5  L !%

(`Z !6 06 6 L- %- (H 2V H.( -S : Q ) 7

%- (-Q W ` 7d

%- (7d 7 W ` 7d  H%- .7 7 !6  6[` h K-  U !H 76

7 !12 mm - FH 6%6 .%- 0 DL6  J - V6 2 6= 512 ]6K ]6K .-

"  7 6J B% !H -[` 6= 6!  7 ]6K &6 !s/ ( -[`( !H B W= 2

 6%6 .- 0 !H Lm[` 6 &6=  7/ &6 %Z !H  1 -) 766 &6 : ...

!6 .( 0 ] %- 2   0 6 76 7 / 6 &6 b 1- = ( 2V 

-  Z U . 6 = !6 7%wH =7 < .K 7jF( !H - = V6 7 & %d% )(L

.(Q %- !H 7 !12 `$K ! /  1% / W !6 %Z !-F (7$] .7%H

V6 "H  (] !6 &6 W [ . -( !H 27 &6 0 - .7 #%- s D

&# ! 7 6 2& 51-= = 2  / &6 !H - ! / 0 [` !6

&  ]% 7  2= !6 !H[` [ .7  7 B %d% ]% 7 c( 7) 7( 0

.( Q :

%- (-Q g B

%-- - !6 D- 5 6 %$ 6 - 1( 6 .- K5% 6  G  %6>F ]6K $[ !6 .7%

w (  D  (# - S = 7% ( -g ]Z( 6 D- 1( . B 6 "B (g

 LH - .7 < 0B !H - 6 [ Z- / = - p6 ( 1 ( 

=6 !H !j 5 d6 d 2 6  76 !( ]6K 7K ( 6 .6UZK =-76 .($ (v 6 -

!6%- 6 %$ L  (! s%$/e 6 - D- 1( . -   7 U  !6 !H B

(! g !6  s L "B !6 .% 0  Wg  "B B `H 2 s . 7%
 ]"d( !$/V2 "B - ]B  (~T2J   5 (g 6  %( LH B % .7%

%- (-Q 27%$m Ue

!6%- 6 %$ L L6 !H -L !% [` H>  2V( 06 Ue -  L>

d"6 .7  s 2L !% [`  H( V(  (J 7 6 6 &6(?  6 .L> 06 Ue

(2V UB  0 DmH & - " =   !2  0%jZ6 7 7 W  ( V .

&?6 !6%- 6 %$ L 6  - ]B " & H 6 h(( 7 ( s .K B % U .7%

s 0 7( !6{ !67L 5 D / 0 # 6  - 7F  .  0%m5  !6

512-(E D ) .(SS : !5%-7 H B !6 0 ( cWd !5m !H 7 -(E 06 D

- 7F h> 7 2 & % 7 7F ^6 & %> 6 &   7 H 27%$m[`

- 2 )7 .(a 76 0 7 !H -%Z ^6 & % 7  [` - 2

H Y> L !%  7.

%- ( 0%j2V( 7 H DH ( L Y Ue 6 ( VV?( 2V - 1-  .7%

U %- 0B- 7 !12 !H d 7  F Y[ !- - 0 [7 Y   - 7 

( 6 ]Z76 5 .7%6 7 ]Z( 0 ( !H 2V = 5 ( 7 ^6 76 Ue  !H B -  

7 =  -% `H 2 .7 e(! 2B  %( 1 D56 V( -6 0 !H 0 -% 7  .7

512-(E D7  !( ]6K - 2 0?- .7 !-7= !( ]6K H -%  %( !H 7% D($

 - 6 - >%6  = !"6 7% L>  # 7F2  7 " 2 7% =G !6 [`

- F =  DH 7%   ^6L> Ue ( 06 ]Z 2 !6) 7 L(.( L

%- (Q-Q 7 -- B% !& % 1W (V

 7 %- $ = 7 !H - 7 % (2V - = e L = ( g!5%-) 7

!H 7 !12 .(S  Z %- g( 6 7 %- !6 !( 6 .-($ 7 % 1W

( Z$[ V7 g( 6 !H - 1 %W ( L V B7 g( 6 .7 7 %- % 7 B% 7  (G

  B (T2 2V%- . 0 77  %  !6 !H76 - ] = !H 76 7 %7 -7%

( "Z -  7%  ( 77  - .7%-%&6

H 7 = ] H 6 ( !H 512-(E6 D >$% !6 = (1 27 < -7 H 7%H

- 1-  7 L  B%   6 !H- 7 % D H%H 1  !6 6 512 6-(E!6 D

7L 5 D) 77 .(Q-Q   = !627 &  6 77- ( ] H  =F !

- !6   %e 1 G 2 -.76

& !T2  ( 7 V( & pB !6 !6 !H - 06 p6[`  (V ? T &?

- $Z( < -- . -  % 6-&  1   (6 7% !67 -!(

 !6 7K -   TF J~( V? G% ) .(S -W 0 (7 g( 6 7% % 0 

( Z 6%6 .7%66 0 -- ( 2V( 6 H/ (7# s 7 =  5 6 7  !6 7 !H -

 = ]  .B- .6U 7%H%- 0%j B (6 "d 7 ( -- ( 76 V 6- 

=> 6 6B =  = pd&5--  ( 2V (~J 7 =  d  . [ 6 51-

512-(E D  !6 !H7 D  !6& $   - 7- ( -- ( V 7# 6

& H5  6K %6 .

!#
!  0 = F 6 & !H !H 7 / 0 7 2V( !H (H 0  &6 27 - (!  !6] 

/ 0 UB =  H (! .- 0%j !  0 m !6 G  %- !H 7 $de 2V( UB!6 L

%- 6 %$ 512-(E( 7/ ( D 7UB 0 H> .7 / 0 6 w/$ 0%m !H 12 7 .d( !6 (.Z

&6V?6 .  " &6 06 !% 7 K ^d6 2.

HW L ! 0 !H - %- ` 6 6 L 7Z Z L $ . "! Z 0 h   ZW

(  !6   :

7 ( ZUK  2 !# 7 6 '-F D  (V

>6 ( 7 2> "H !6 0 6 G 2 ^6 !H (   K 7 6 7F H  H ]/> 7F .7

(  %-  1H 7% 6 ! 67 !H 5 g !6 7 .7%6 h-% -

(Q %- 6 %$   6 !6 !6 7% H 7%2 = !H -  6 Y[ $6 7

7 5 " / ! .7%6

 %F (S :H wH !H %- 6 (7 2V( 01- = 7%%H 6   &%.7%

L2$B : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=288046

@& * +Ok 2 :  $  

[ 1& - H !T2  L !6 6

6 0 V? 27  >?6 =6 7 - ( $ [

 27  6 U6 7 7 !H  (L#!

([ !6 -7%  ]"d  $# &22 &`  27 L

H !6 = 7 .- 0 = 7 6  ! 

7jF !6" {g6 L  "27 !6 .- - 0]Z D

7"H  27<" h !H - 7&!  5%

  H . B  .%H dV 0 e

2 h"K  .  1 6 ZK !6 ]& L 0

0 ZK !  p [ !"6 B  !6W &7

  .%H&! !6 L  . 56L6 B . B 2 L6  `& %H B ]X B !6

 ]/ H . !5m  H .7 7 !6  "e  .-7 T2 !H  ]X B B !6 .7%H ]/6 D

$"K  %F " !6<H 0 7 m  27  J "  . / ]6  "( 27 ( c  !6 !H
B >F&F !% ( (K1 L6 K 6 ]$K& &! T2 ( %H $e &6 Lm  ( 7L6 K ( 7 (?!

!6 1m   B ZW 27 F pd  0 !?676 . 0- D .- ? 0%m K7

.7

(L#! ( ]"d $  ! !6 ]Z 07- B 6 !H  B 12 =  U 6 -  T56 .

&` 7"H  -- ! !6 !  6 L 0 !H - >H K  !6 W !-  

(6 2V BY6 !%  7H 6 - 7:

5 - 7 (H

)= :`w   ( ` 6 Dm F %H = d  bF  =  $K = ( ( = B  06 !B D 

H 7F %H = ( = !1 7% H ]d 6 %H 6     B7 7(

5 -  7

)= :`w ( %H - = 7%&$K 5  = ( "g ZW ( F  (%H $w =  2

` B !# !6 77- = ( !6 <T B  .(

5 - 7 7%"6

)= :`w ( Z6 !6 = -6 = ( ]  (&] B 76 = ( !6"U "g ZW

? 7F - %H = ( $ (    7 %H = ( 7%% &L6 7% 2 = (

& . ZK V? 27 (%H !6# = (   `e B !Z 6 7K(

&]  !H %  !- 5 -(- 27 e !6 L   7 7m  !H 2 &` 27

 < &6  !6  7 (Z  5 !- 0 !6  0 B . !H K H H 

 <!<7   "5 7 7%"6" .- 0- !6 K 5 -   " 7"  7% 0%-

L65  2 7 (H  0 <"5  %( h   .7% /L6 !m 2  ( 6 &6  %H

=5 7& 2 !"e &6 B Z" 6 !H "%6 GK /!d - 6 "F L 7&

!6 " L - h.

0 s !6 ] < 7  `& $%m  " 0H %6GK" .- &6 !m !6 L 7& 2 !"e

2 5 7(H &6  &6  0 >F #= ( ZW 6 !H $J  !H  m

5   0  7  Ld6 `Z !%   #  G   !m %$6 ( %H !6 . h(( 0 ["

= "[ ( c$e  6 h = -76  ! D - = .  2  = 7L  6

j  L H!H  s !6H !6 !H 7%- 2-H   =...7%

07 D !6W/ .-  7%$6 0%m ZUK !# !H !6 &m : &6 Lm D 7 F %6 L6

e 56 5  0 F= !6 0B 7 K6.-

 = =  "H  .7% p"< 27<"  = h (F 0%- 0 sd   ] !2p"< !H !j= .7

-   5 !6 "B .- 5 h 7 (H B   = -.

7"Hm Z 0  0 V? s !H %7F &% Ye> ?676 0 7 (H  L !6  (6 0 7&

!6 L 7 # (  5 7 (H7 7%"6  7 !6 .- 0 ] !H - ! m D =

! m 5 $( .] 6 H ! 6 V( .%H Z 2 !6 B  !Z 

7   !H %H 0 "e  H 6 566 L  H  D  ]$ 7K /

&B 0 .7 %6!(H [B !6 ->   .%H B !7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=307376
@
 
<;  $

 K  Lg - - !H = T6  !1B 7

/ =! 2T6 0 B Lg Z 7K 6 7%H B 7 (7%

 !6 .7%-6

 $27

! V( .%H $ <"p ?#6  6   .7#%

[ 27 Z- %H UB 7  - 7 2.

 $&! B 76 J = 27 T2  

 .

J "B 76 $  6  `( 6  H F

 Z6 $   !H 7%= 27 =%j ( g

!H 7%`e =  !6 5 /TF .

L62 0$ !H 0 1 D - B 27 # 767

m

( UB UB L6 2-

W 0 =# LX/ 7 !H - (! !6d6 0! e

 6  !Z U$( !H  6 7- 7 h(  !6H ^6 7> 1H p6    =7%

B 7 7  %Z 27  UB 6  7 !6 .7

 B7%  !6 G6 0 7-Z- 0( !H 7 ?$B (&F DH 6  % "  $ (]H .d

07 ( !6  %L> %Z  56 27 . 7B !H 7%mZ 7  K F   27 0 ( %

T5!  G - 6 $F   / 7 B K  .-

 (7Z   2 6 H 5  K 7 s !H 7  7 2 27  !H 76 (` 6 7- !6

 6   7%  %( 06 0 7Z (! $ !6 77Z-  B !6! H .7%-6

 s !6K !H 7- 6  !H 76 K   = 2> &6  %Z K`B B &  %Z

% !6 =B`- 0 &6 6 627  7 !6 "e B> 1- 6 .7% 7 (0 W 65 7 !6

(7Z $( !H  [ (' 6 7- 7 h(  !6  7! 6 56 V( !2 0 ! !H

(  =  % ( .%

?676 K !6 ?$B5

K &6 !H -m ( <  L5  !%7- 7K !6  7 ( 0 6 ^6 $ 0B 76  
-  -  7( .- 07Z( !H -    H ( !H 7%%H 7% W ?6765 7%-6 ?$B !6

!6 0 ]    6 -1- < 5 6  .7 "& 0 !H -% - 2$ (7Z

  (&7K !%  76! .-

6  / ( !H 7%%HB 6 7% H 5 .7%-6  !6W D 7K ]w 2 7  6 0

(7%"6B- 0    . 0( !H - B-   7%"6 B %H 0 !H - B- B H

%H = .%H (7%"6 h"U 0 K   -- ]XVK  D( D( V? 27  e L .-

5 B !H "X %H -

5 T2 6 !H eB ]X   ]/ p  7 7B .7L#Z 2 7 B  6  !6

- s   <V( ]6K !6#  .7-  L 27 = !6 K [ %  7%H  !H

s 7.

   7K  L  e 5   HB !H 7 %H =  6 .-

%Z6 !% -  5 Lm = 6  %H !H 6 7  = 6 ( 2 7  %H 7 %Z !H  = 5

.6

!% 0 %Z6 !H -  Lm = 6 !H %H 5 6 2%H ZK 5 7 %Z.

7 T/ < 0 27

-yB- 2 ]5% H .  ?( D  0 7 B !6 !% ?( D   Z= - !Y D

T2

 ! .  L 7%! 5  (? 6 = 7   = 7% !6  0 ! B H.

D  !H DmHL6 H76 7 2 ! F 6 7F =-  7-F .77F !m 0 -  '-F :0

 D .-

($ 0 7K((7% 7F 0!  B 6 DmH 7&7m !H 7 B 6 2   6 (  ]w F 7%H m

6  !H ! D   Z "B - ! Lm  H (   ]w D 5BH 27!  Lg

 K - - !H = T6  !1B 7 / =! 2T6 0 B Lg Z 7K 6 7%H B 7 (  7%

!6 .7%-6

F h [  2  7  ( 7%H = 7 . 7 .7 Z  %( !H 7% ! 0  -

&6  !H  =   .7%H

B W 7%H   !6 &6 2= 2 p 6 [ ( gB !6 !H 7B !- .7-6 2!6 X

 1% ]X (    / 7%H 2  6 0  B6 B 1% 1( " !6 76  B(

 .7

B W=H 2 - (L 7   $H   .7%$6

 p/  !6 .7%H = 7%H  &6 W  e !6 K D =6 . 7- !"H  %(  !6

< 0 g % (27 T/ 7%H 5 ( d  !6 U  67 &2.7

( H D 6 F

=  !H7K ZK Lm 6 =  6 7W/ 7%  6 L y6.7

= !H H -  =  6 !H  W/ y6 p  =  B hV H .-

 6 Lm K( .  Lm !H - 6 # H = !6 !H ` !K 7  !5.

 6 !H 7% !6= - / Lm Lm /  - 7 !6 56 0 Lm  !H"= 7 !6
= -.7

2 K Lm = -76 !H6 7 &6 Lm s% !6 !H -  hH - 7 2 K 

= -76 !H Lm6 7 H = = 66  !H - FH B .7

 F e  $-% !H -% H  =  H # 7 Z .- B( 0- 0 -  L2  $.7

7d 7  !6 !H 7%  K  pB7- 7 H 5   !H 7# 7.7

(   -   -&! 6 e # H B  .  6 Z   6  7 .

( 6 H (`Vd =H D - ( ]Vd F B 0 6.7

~$K 0%m !1- H B !H7 H !Z U s% !6 p  $K d 7 hH (Y6 - 7 !H 5% 2

 ( !Z U !6 ! - !& 1( 0%m  =7% ! 7%m .-

7  6K 5

(' &  !H - 6 H .7& W/ !H 7 7 B !6 !6 K5 16.7%

 ( .'    !-B6 !H 7 1 - 6 B L267 7 6 $J de  = -ZK

(` H .7  wH B 6K  1%5  0%m !# .7%%H7K 0 !H -5 !6( / 7% B

.7%%H ]d(  !6

 ` X eVB ] ] 0  = !H - `!K %H !6 5 7.7

 6 7 / 0  [B !6! B !H 76( 6$<6 7 (27 .76

B( 0 !H 7X5 6 !m 7%%6 7 `B 7%% .7%H e  [ B 27( 7%H H5 !6

F  dB 27 $# .7%H

 H 7d !6 ]$K 7K ] !6

 ( 6' B ] 6 1( 0 7X 6$ H 6 !H 7- 6  !6 7  B6 6.

6 72  !6 !H ( H # 6 !H 7 &!  (' &6B 5 7 7 . ! 6

!  V B 7K B6 &6  6 6 0 6  / !H  $ 7K F 7% L6 6- 5% ...

 6 7.

( T6  " ??? 0  6 =  "!  7%H {6 0 ^6`- &H 2 .   6 !H

L &! ( K0  J((7%0 F F .7 H( 7%H  !H -F 7 .

6 H !6 0   

0 7%H 7% $ .-

 $ =  ./ 7%H !6 7 5% ($ 5 p- 7%H  !&H.

 2 BJ Z[ 7  6 7&j67%H 7 B Lg 6  6 ( 7%H F  - 7/  6 = !6

(27 7%H !1-~ .7%H ]%  Lg  7 $ 5 G !H  =  !66  .7 0 ? (

./? .7

  B W !H 7%= 2 (1(  7&! ? -K 7]  . !6 !m 76= 6 7 (Tg!  .!

!6 Lm 56 0 !m !6 !H  !6 0 !6 .7 ! !H 76  7K( Z  6  .7 2

 6 -1- ( 7%H2 Z%e &F ^6 7 !H  / e H6 <"( p 7  56.

( UB UB L6 2-

W 0 =# LX/ 7 !H - (! !6d6 0! e  6  !Z U$( !H  6 7-  !6

(7 hH ^6 7> 1H p6    =B 7% 7 7  %Z 27  UB 6  7 !6
.7

 B7%  !6 G6 0 7-Z- 0( !H 7 ?$B (&F DH 6  % "  $ (]H .d

07 ( !6  %L> %Z  56 27 . 7B !H 7%mZ 7  K F   27 0 ( %

T5!  G - 6 $F   / 7 B K  .-

 (7Z   2 6 H 5  K 7 s !H 7  7 2 27  !H 76 (` 6 7- !6

 6   7%  %( 06 0 7Z (! $ !6 77Z-  B !6! H .7%-6

 s !6K !H 7- 6  !H 76 K   = 2> &6  %Z K`B B &  %Z

% !6 =B`- 0 &6 6 627  7 !6 "e B> 1- 6 .7% 7 (0 W 65 7 !6

(7Z $( !H  [ (' 6 7- 7 h(  !6  7! 6 56 V( !2 0 ! !H

(  =  % ( .%

?676 K !6 ?$B5

K &6 !H -m ( <  L5  !%7- 7K !6  7 ( 0 6 ^6 $ 0B 76  

-  -  7( .- 07Z( !H -    H ( !H 7%%H 7% W ?6765 7%-6 ?$B !6

!6 0 ]    6 -1- < 5 6  .7 "& 0 !H -% - 2$ (7Z

  (&7K !%  76! .-

6  / ( !H 7%%HB 6 7% H 5 .7%-6  !6W D 7K ]w 2 7  6 0

(7%"6B- 0    . 0( !H - B-   7%"6 B %H 0 !H - B- B H

%H = .%H (7%"6 h"U 0 K   -- ]XVK  D( D( V? 27  e L .-

5 B !H "X %H -

5 T2 6 !H eB ]X   ]/ p  7 7B .7L#Z 2 7 B  6  !6

- s   <V( ]6K !6#  .7-  L 27 = !6 K [ %  7%H  !H

s 7.

   7K  L  e 5   HB !H 7 %H =  6 .-

%Z6 ( -  5 Lm = 6  %H !H 6 7  = 6 ( 2 7  %H 7 %Z !H  = 5 .6

( 0 %Z6 !H -  Lm = 6 !H %H 5 6 2%H ZK 5 7 %Z.

77  hK 7F

<" h  e !6  ZU 76  = !6e 7% 2.

 6  76 !H 7 ( 1  %6 >F hK  / B (H !6 V  72 = B !H 5%

- !6 = = 7 &5(  B - !65 &!  !1-~ .7 !H 5% &5(  B - !65 &!

2 = % !6 `  "e  %H Z  !H %H D  = - !6 &5 !-!6 &5

B -    7%H  = p D &5 !%6

7&! !T2

2m !T2 7%  = 7% - !6 0 !H  %Z 07  !T2 2! 7 =B ?676 L 7%6 7.

 !6 &6 !% B e  H B 7%H !T2 !6 (<= !6 !H 7%H h.7%H  $w 7%

!T2 !T2 ( !6' !-F.-

H   !6 H !6 6 !T2 =B 7% !6 7%H L  $ !H 7%( 7 F = .76 !T2 b%

!6 (  7 ( !H 7-6 ?$B !6 F = = b% 7%  .76  !6 76 !H 5% B !67%H L
!6 ! B !H 76  v ( D( D  .7

5 dU-

 L62 0Y]   0 YZ !H -  B $K>  ( = K .7%H

 H   ~ $ 7.2 H -

  !H 7% !6 $ 1% %5 ( L22   ^6 7.

 #H 0 !H 7%H 27 -  6  6 p 7 !2 s&m 7 6 7%H .7%H 5  = !6 ]~( 6

 %(DmH ( !2 Z$[ $ 0  !H  ( -K D 7%H 27 7H -  B  %F

H.7

( !H Lm  % = !6  [ 7B .-7Z( !6 7 ( D( D   6 7- H -(  !6 .-

 6 p H !6 7$  B  %( .76 e( ( 7 (/ 7F 27 ]$K !H 7%H   - !6 !% B

 7%6& !6 7 !H 7%H  0 7 7  "B 0 6 !m .-

6 '-F !6 7\- 0 ."B !H 7-6 0! $ 6 6 !m  7B 7  !ms " &6 !% 

B   27 7 0 ]$K !H - !6 !%W 0 7%6& 7%H !H 7 6 !6 77= !m$   - B> 

2 7  ! B $> 2 !H 7 5 6 $ . 7 K6

/ =B

7%mL - %&F ]$K  !6  HB   !H 7%     (H b1%  !H 7

( =) %H b1% 2  (7%H 2 B6 7 &(YVd 7 1- H !H 7  1- .%H

6 7-  !6 " 2 6 $( !Z U !6 7' F B - F L62 (' d1e Y !6Y 2 F <$ = B

H.

7 ( !Z U' 6 77- !6 !H 76   01 0B 0Lm !m 6  !H 7%- = % 6 "X !m 7-

56 !"e  !6.

W 0  ]w !6 ! :!H 76

< 0< 0.-

 ( 7  !H 1%B 7%  7% (Lg B H =  !6 - ]2 6.7

 7m B  0?- -  ( 7%H ]d !6W 0  ! !H 766 2 ?- 7H 0 (]d

!6 7%H  <6 h/eB 6 !H 7 =  "2 (   27 (K J~( d .7

 : G$%! [`- 0

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=343384

4 /   8
 6= !6 -7% m %H  &6 K  &6 -

=T56 # !1- .Z !" 06 <"h  p  pD

"!  &6 .-$B  =%m  / 2

H  e !H 7%%H = !67 7% 7 2 H  e 7F

7%%H (1 = !6 $  $ `H 7% "H -  F!

0 .ZK 6B H 56 (H e 0 !H

[!m ($w 1 = !6( 7%D(D( 7 =  ]Z1%

TF>%H = !6 Z 7%>%H 7$( J] ...7%H

 YF HV( / =7%

! !H H 0>  0- H .d YF"6 7% H !H (V =7% B76   !  . YF

&H D6 !U6 :!U6  " (V " !H =7% 0!  .7%  !  !6 !$ (? .

- YF "e6 0= : (V  $w " D =7% =  7F " -  =  b6 " = 7F (V $w

- 6 2'-F !6- 0 6 "] ?" H !Z U !6 !# 0 !H 7-F VK 2( % =( !B- 0 ]

!  p V( p Z % = VK7Z6 !H -  (V7F #( H 6 YF .-6 0 6 !H! 6 Lm D

   !6 Lm F 7Z6 == !H 7   Lm !6 (] !6) (7% YF .7-= - Lm T2&m :7

 .07- = !6 &m7  0  5 !#  ] .- 6 YF 7H( &5 ! 0&m !H -7 L6

!7  6 L6 .7 0 5 !  7%H &H  :7&! 76 $&m 7  %

= 7%%H -( 7% !6$ =   G&m 07  77%F TF 7 = /  7%%H BY6   6 

7= !6 5 &m7  .7%-  0 7F .d( 5 H y- L b"5!=  ...

! !H (6 YF .d T 06 >?6 6 0 6 !H " 0  $-% G6% ! . 7% ! ]6K Z

/ . $K<"h (6-(E D 7 .7% `B 6  = /    H % !H Lm  %( .7&m 7%7

 0 cW =7% 6  V% "e  6 0 . 0 $  V%  %( !$   0  (m >%.

" &m 0%m7 "  (  7% " &m 0%m 7K7 ( / Z .UB

 ] H / %Z #

   %6     H 2 =  .77 !&H 6 !H d 0

T2 J( 0 27 (  02 ? !6!> 7F - H.

 ]  6 0H 27<= 6 .    %   "B !6 5 02 = 7 !#%

H .7] B 2 !H 7 !6 K 2 !- 7-7 6 B (H 0Z : 7 7 . 1-   LF

6 6 !6 DH #/ -`( 6 = .0B 7%6 = !/$d6- 7%H Z- 1 D 7%H DH 76 7

6 . !6 !- >7 7- bF  !6 %6 0 &2 H Z>  : .%Z #

!H ! >6H<" h7 !"e`67  H 7   ( 0 :  = !6 UZ H !H 77 7 p

 ( H !6 2 "B .77 !2  7%B6  =  77 !H ] 7F H& Lm H( :

=  !HH 77 7    !H 7% =6 7% 7#  .7 #%6  5  :%6&m D7  0 =7%

6 <"` 6 !$(  !H < ]d(]6K .-] 2&m :77 = 06 7%  7 6 >mH 7 !H

"B >- &H <&m hs 66 . ! 5> 6 !H% ( 6 7 bHB L 5

( ( 7%H ...6 ] 0 B ] 6 J L.

 !6 h( 0 :76H` 27  H . !%&6 h   !m7%   !6 20 !6 -- W
= 7 =   6 !( 6   %H B=   65- ' 0 !H F >F !1 6 2- !-H D 

%H ( H !m ( 7%H H 7H 2 6 B - %H F

!%  $# - 6  0%m !6] 6  6 1% %H  ?- T2  !6 0$ B 5

%?- 7 /  7 !H 5  7%e 6 !& m 7 / !6 2  7  0 6

 -%2 H $ %?- HF . . . ] `H 06 :-  0  W H !H - 6 #

= 7%! 6 &m7  0  $w == !6 !H 7%7% 76 %Z .7]  : 0 2E 6 p !H -

= !6 7( 7% 7 76 7  %( 0 # - (sd 0 .27

!   27 $ = !H %H7% = - 2 .-  = - $ =-2 .  [`

- $  <&6 .%6>F ]6K F 6 %H Z-7 ( = H % 0 $ %H   6 6

$ 0  : 0&m D7  0 = 7% = - ]w %[ D ( !H - = !6 L6 %m DH !6

=?-  0T2  (B ( %H ]d = !6 = - .-6 !H  /  7%H Z- !6 B

6  7Z"$6%[ 7 ` 6 56 dLg 6 .  %H $"K 6 !67 )7- = !6 -( 6 '- !$

bH( 5 7H 0 6 # 76.7

5%- 0#%6 HV( /= LH > 7%

7 "Z (7 06 !- bF B7 H  V() YF = (7%/ H = !j 6 " 2 76 2  0

e & 0 !6 !6#( .-  6 !H2 0 =  6 !H 7 7%7  m 27 BH !m 7% .7%%H

d( K % d( 5%- 0#%6 (V= LH > 7% B7 !6 !# 07- & !H7 d( 6 `H

 %EF !# .-> 5%-6 0 2 !H ( ZW $ (V =7% 7 7 &6 B = 7%%H7% p

 p - -d( .- &  !H>= K  6 ]6 !U6 0%H !H 7 =7%  (7-

B - &6 !6.  H  ! - ( S !H $  ! .7 (d 5%-  6 0 W !Hh

 B !% 2>=  !6 U6 7 B6 . (. 0>= B  6 =6 77

W  -!6 7% = 7- W h    hH 6B 6 7 B6 b6 (. 0>=

W h  7/6 6  6B 0 6 =6 7 bF .7("e( ] 06 !m L &m7!

=( 06 !j >= 6 & .  p  p 0&m D7  0  $w =6 7%6 %H  . $J  7

6 5%-   (h-% 7F #% 7 :%H !-76 F   GK  . -   D% % & 0

 "Vd>= `H & ( 7 0 7 W/ !- %?- H . -  06  6 7 ]Vd Y/

!6 5%- .  m DJ ( 7% B7$( !B-] 6 7B D% .%?- 6 - !j6 !6 7 0  !-7

76 7  K H $de !6  m ~ !j6 B >$de  2 V( 7  .7%H = 6 (g

 (  = 27 !j6 6 &! ( g D% .7 B 12 / %?- &  (%H( 0

%?-  0 !j6 !6 7Z6 . !H 12    m - =(7% ]  7 (= 7"H ]Vd = 7%D% .-

B  6 !H !j6 = 7 !-   = / !"d & 5B D B 66 .  0 :12  = !6 0

/ B   Y 7K !-  !6! !H H 6 G 0 7% -6  V? 7 ]Vd

6 !-&5 76`H #= . & 6 7 G !H 7  !6 7& 57 0 7% $ 0%m 67 !6

6 7 .7  6 7Z6 (7  6 = !j6 / 6 - B- # H ( >= !H 7 0vU

 7 D% 7 .d( ]6K& .- = !6 & !H = `H  !H 1 SY 77/ !-  7  6p 0  / 0

1 S -6   7 ]Vd = 1 S 7H & 1 Q 7& 5  77 ]Vd 1 Q &5

.77
=6 ! 5%- 0#%6 !j  #% 7F H&m :7 !j6 0 = !6 $7% DH 6 2 /  

 7K 0 !j6 !6 `& !6 !H 7 <" 7%%H !$  !6 B Z .7%-6 K !j6 !H -F

B =H !m 7% &6 GK DH  %H6 W 6    .7%H$ K 7 !j6 0%m

 6 (" %H !H 7%m s !1  2 6 . H  !67 ( &  = !6 76 !H

& 6 =   7% - ` !6  !K =  7K  = !6 6 ( 7 7% =7% (7%6 .7%&?6 .d

" HH 5 7K( 7K :%6 !6& `H &m D7  0 =.7%

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=367203

 /

 27  = >F U 7! ! ]& 012

6. w 7% !6 L 6 .K-

(!2 V`UZ( 7 = B !1 !66 - 7 7% 27%

( c 7% 0 !1 6 %  .76 bX 

B 7Z6 7 (  -   &6 7% L% !6

 7   `e p!W 7 7 6 7Z6 - 

!6 7m 5 7 !%- & 5  B 7

6 6 F ( (d  7% 7 $  B7 7

B -= 7 K 56   B 6 7 !6

 6 7  /! B = ... .7 2$# X "( 6 0B-    = 6 % !6[B 0

77 /  /! 6  7-! B m -y6 ( ! 56 ] !6 !6 ?V6

B -5 m m  ! ` 012 ! !6 !K 012 6  !"6 !6 ?- p =

!6 '-Fm 0

2 K  #  5 ! 1  7%6   7%B  = -    %Z !6 6 6

- = 2 Ty 7 $ GK 7( s% L2  0%m( .76 U   ! 7 L/  6 ! >F

! !6 012 B - .72 ]  0

!m ( ! 012 -( 

7K ( : 7K 7-   Z!  s - 6 K`B  7%6 -% 6 .7% w 2B - 7 -

   s  56 = 1- 7% !6 2 ! 56 !m 7B $K 7


= ( 7-  bF L2  0 .7% $de  6 !6 2 ! 56 7  6% 7  B --

& $-%  5 F (6  !6 7.

7K ( bF 6UB -  / = 1% 7Z6 6  %6 GK p  / B 0 ( -.7%

56 ! 2 -  /  F!  --( 0 -! 6 0 B  . [  7!6 -

7% [B ! e c  !6 $ 0  - 7F &6 .7%

bX / 6 0 012 ! 6  / . 56 !"6 2 & !6 !( 6  / !6 B !6

 $V !"e/6  %B >F (76 hK.7= 7

7K ( - !Z U ZUK p  / 27  (U% B (!%6 0 !6 = ! 7 TF B `

.%  !"/ 0 6W ] ! 56 .7 / 7   ? 6  1#  !  6 s`

(! 6 bF 76 % 6  7% !6$ (!  .7$

!$ =  !  - 7 56 !"6 7 GK !6 012 ! % 7!6 7  ! ( 0B6 (`& !6 0

 7%!  66 - ( 0  0! ?  -(  7%  !6 ! 56 7! / UB 7e  =

 !6 .-( h(( 0 7Z6 7  !6 (7 bX  B  56 ! U% p.7

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253966

]0  /!

 B !H 7 6 (!B . &56 7 Y =

 .d   ?6 76 . TF  Lm

7 77= . (  h !1V .77

 !# !H 0 & 6 B6 m !H   =) 7! 6 

?6(  >  d B H! Y/ .  7 76

 66 76 7& ( cW= !H 7 6 $B !m  !B h!H 0 .

  6 "B . 6  

!  (H !6# 2 !H K 0127&?$6 ! D

 1-- !"H 7%m 0 F >F7m  ?-.

  7 (= ]d ! {   76 015 ! 0.76 (/

Z[K    27  -( =  !6 !H !5mL !%p6 = 6 [ 7/ !6]w .-6 ]K

w 07 !H Z[K e >/ !H 0&6 h TF  =7 2 0! 6 $V> !6$ ! .-
2  0  56(  7 !B !- H ]d  06- =%6  -/s  /

1 6 %H / GK 76 &%6 -H !6 ?66 H !6 !H 0   /.

  ! 012

2 K = >F !H 7-%=   K  B Lm 7% B -  !H 7] !6# =  .7[ 0

 GK6 2 !d "B 7B- (= "d    7%H ! 012 !Z[K  !2.7

! D !H 0(-  B6 7   !H H !B !6 6 7-%!K`  .7 H !6 0

  7 7 7/ = !H 7 TZ B6 7 B  !6 ? .T2 7 56 7&H  #B 7 B 6(  7%H

 2  / / e( "B !H / ( !d56 7-% !H H !B !6 0 1- :7

.

&6K  #B $ G[K !6 ] 6 0  $ 0 `w .- - (V 6 7%H 7 !H Lm5 2 7%#

76 7 &! ! B !5 W < e 0 ( 6 >[$[ B 76 7 7 !H  / b -W 0

- .- (G[K !m e( 6[  B b/ &6H 7% L !H  b1 6 ($ = 6 ]6K.

B !m !6 !6!

B6 6 p !Z[K !6  s5  ?  %&F 6 1 B- = 2 . K 6 6 !H 0  s

/ $w & Lm !6 $ Y 6 - !6e / !K 76 !Z[K  #B ( $w s 6

!" .%H $ !m ]w   ! !6 7F 5%&K H ( ! 6  "B 6 !Z[K

-/ .-

( 6 # -/ 2 ] !6 $w e $       H 2= 0W !H - 5

/   = !6# H  $w B (& .7%H . 2  0  56 !6 7( / 7 5 7K

= !6 7%H 6  $d ` 7%H !K = (Z (.7%H 7#

6 7%%H  !H HH 0 7 D$- /  6  !-H  = 2 !H  :7%  0 6 

B = 7 = 2 !H :7% 6 7[ 7  !$%  !(  7%-/ #  6 7%%H

B L   0%m 0( d .7%%H

! 1U

6 p Z[K !6  !H5  B - 7  B(s 7 = !6 $ 6 2 7%H 

 0  - 5 B -! 76 ?6 7 = DH 1- 7%H (] ! = 76  H 

.7%%H

 `w(1 6 76  !6 6/ ?! .7 0 p 656   V( 7 .7[ 0   !6 GK!H 0

(V 56 !Y# 7 7Z6  s%= hK  6 76 "B -W / 6(-  T56 7 56 0 :7

 6 %H 7 ]& D!6 7 / DH !6  1 . K !H6 W 0 6 %H $de

BF %!

B 2 7 = 7Z6 !6 0 76 Z[K B6 [K 6 ]X 6 6 7%H 7 0  76Lm !m !H 7  Z[K 6 =.7

 5BF 6 Z[K .7%H

(1  0 !H -  5BF!  h-% ] !6 6 6 ( L=0 76  ./ 02 s / 5 (! !6

= B !6 77 B 7-6 !6 / 7 !H K / B .76

B6 5BF!  7e 6 7%"6 h-% 0d 6 ( 7L- 7%H 0 2 7 / !6 5   7

e( !HB6 2E 6 !Z[K s !d  ./ / 5 .-
!>  #B

 Lm  Z[K 6 !H =  #B 7 H  .-  #B H  >(-/ L L 0d 6 (  / 6

TZ 6B 6  7%H !6 / K  (6 2.

 0%m 7e =! D 6 ( 7%H $de 7 ("  H^d6   7%H B F (0 5

 .7%6  !H  / G[K B6 D 7e 6 !Z[K  d !H  /e !6 /  s 7%H 5 5 >(-/ !6

e cW 6 0  7%H W !6   FB 65 6 6 !7e H !6 ! .7 7 !   !6 7

!7e .

ZK D B6 7%m

6 W !H 0  ?& `H !H %$6W K !m  76 - W ZK D 56 s  ?" B6

6 ZK 0 6.%H -

:W ZK

 H  7%H 7B 77 7 (-  B 7H 0 !6 K  .7  ]  7H 0 !6 K

767%H !m .7

B6 ( H 6H H ( ... : B B ...!B= ...  Y>  !H "B ... = !6 ... 

7.$6

B6 5BF!:

! 6H  !H >K . m B  . B

B6 :!Z[K

 B ( - %H   0H 0 6 B 07 !H Y K>  %H 6%6 !6K H !6 0

.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=254555

/k &/

6 0?- !6 h K  %H<" h/  / e !H %H

 !   0?- [ =   Z-? 

 5  !6 L 0?   !6 - ] $ !6 !H

  & >%H  7% = &! ? V [ ("  

 7%& >%H  7F `w .7% H "  (!& 7


$ 7F - &! / 6 ]XK 6 76 ZK D

/ =! 1- 6 >F D  B !&  (" H

 &6 05 7 =.7

? V  s - B= !- = !- [ ("

  7%/ K] 7  &7 [ 6 .7  ?& L 012 0?-  e = " !j !H = - 6 /!6 7

"   . ^ - 0d 0?- B 7%"6 B 0 . ]$K - 76 $de  7 6 !m X56 7  !m

B 5 X56 !% "  / !" p &? ! .76

/ 0  ]$K 5j 6 V( 012 0?-7e #H !% 7%"6 6 (HH 7  7%( #H -6 G/ 7   !2 .

m  6 ( 06 0 ZK !6 56  ! " s%  !H - 2 7%   %H 6 [ 

B s !6 $ 72  V( 5 512 D$- . W L2 Z >?6 !"6  512 6 W "e 7 &7

= !$% .- 512 D$-L6 ! = 512 !& .7% `   / - 012 0?- ^  7%"6

7e !j= 5" !H -  =7e % -  ( ?& -%  $de.7

!& 0 ( 7 6 6 -%   !H 7- $de 512 ]  !# .7% 2 6 !H 6 512

s !U !%  $de 2)%H  !m 512  7% !K` 7K  %H  -% !- s

DH   %&F %H  DH (... &? !B- &  !6 !H 7%5% 512 !m7&! .

&!  - ^ $de

6 7 5126 D 6 6 012 0?-  /  !-   0 !6 6 7Z6 7 6   !6 6 5 .7-

bH /   h[? !H 7 >/ ( H W .76  !6- 0 2 - 76 !% [ $de ]6

( H - B B    W.-

7e K ` (   ( "$K !12 K    K "H   !"e 7 7e 6  `  = ( "! !6

7 %Z( / 0  (76 7 = 7H( 7VK-   "H !"e !m 6 %Z ( 716 7 / (  %H

% /  ^ H  /% ( & 7 - 767 [ Z$ !H - ! 512 6 $dee e

]/ 0]   !6 !"6 . ] -  ( !6#  6 $de !%? !   / !H F !2 .B

[  K 512 [ 76 !6& 0  012 0?- 6 = 5 cW &? 76   6  7%H

  2 [ 6 1  0 7 - [ !6 512 0= !H 7-6 !# 0 5 / !6 2  H 

Ye[ 0 (V  6 $de !H 012 7 . 0%j $ D$-   e # H $de 

eVB  = L !6 !H Lm& 7 !6 - 0 ] !H -1( H7 512 D$-  ^ 7% (W

<  ( 7  27 ( !s/` ]6K J ! .76

7e 7%"6 012 0?-

 / 66 eB 0d !6 7 2 . / 7 L $de 7e  ( H 7  / (7%"6 .  p6 s !U &

 (  `w .7 H/ 7 = / 0H $e !H 76 6 !H L6 7 0H $e% ( / & 7 - $V

 ` ... ( /   (B Z 7 B ! % !6 .76 w7 !B / ( L6  &H   #B

7e 6 .%H $de 7%"6/ -( 6 Y/ L6  &! 6 / !6 5 5H $de (7%"6 . 7/s L

 (6 7  1"? Z 7% 6!  `w .76 7K 7K 6  76   (d D-/ 76 -

("  !6 !H ... / 6 2 L !"v 0B6 - & 7% m #2 - 2  0($ 2 ? 67%

BH 7.

= %  7e 6
 7e 0d !6  h  h 2 ( B6 %d 6= 5 % !6 .7%H " Z$[< 0d w  !H 1

 % 1 512 U6 7%  !6 !( 6 GUKB %>= 6 %  6 # V?  / B !6 2  0?-.7%

/  2  $-% B% ?[ h 2B ]6 7% 7! 6 !m 76 = !H 5%  =   $V -V( !2 0

[ 0d !H 7%H 7%%H !B % B  B 7%.-

=7e %  ( $H ^ -- !   ( ( g = 6 7e .   / GK = #%/ &?

 -  7e 6  7%-  ` 6 7e 1 $ Z L( . =# !& !H g( 7%  7e 6)

 7%"6 L 2 - ($de6 !& 0%j  -/ 7%= h#Z( Y/  !H  >6  (g  6

7e 1-  .7%%H

U ?& !H -   <" !6 h6 (-/ >6    .7 h"U 0    DB % L

7e  .7%H

!6 / 76  76 K K 0 -   -  K F . F   e H $de !m %H

!H  66  H $de d 76 &6   ( = 0!  6 7%$6.

 : G$%! 6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=317714

 ) 8 k >8 R4

6 ^6 K`B  L6  & . - YZ? (0

 !"/ !U .- L6  &F - !6%

H   0 6 !6g  =H !6 6 .7 2 e

!H6 K 0      ( 7( D# L6

 6 7 !1-  .7B 0 !6# 0  7

 . 0 & h$- ( ( B 6  0 6! (V

(?` - K !#7 (?] B H !6 5!6 .

 0 ]  6  e -= !6  -.

7 6L d"  6 ?& V  2.7

66 7! -  5%6 7  1 => !# !6 ( 7%H

"U 7F - .7%H

 7 6 H !6  05B 0 = [ !6 b/ 6 H%&/

0%m 7%%H  BH   ^6 B   !6 2


6 .7%&%

( 7%H !Z U

 076 7% 6 !%7F 7 H F  767%

( 0 ( d - ( !m  6 % H B7 6 7%H Z- .

 7   . [ (' = % .7 / (?!j

 27 D =   7%H = 56 !Z U 6 .7(  hH 0 7/ !5m !H 0 L6 B 0 6 7- !6

 6 0 F  6 .7(  0%j#( s (`# 7  VK 2= 6 .7%H !Z U L s 5 F ]

?"  5 dU- %H  T2 7 6 DW !6  7 ?"  5.7

e ( !H = `B  0 - 7 -7

6 7 6  ]X b !6T2  V( .7%H   - .- Z6 7(Lg !H 7%H  b/ GK H `e 

7%H   b "Z B &  .7  ZK  !H% 7K !6 Z B  !H - 7& 0 !66K

  ]&  %( .7%H 0 !H - 0 [` = !6  !H ZK   7 & . !H 0 /  -

( =(  !H # !6 7 B F 6  .7  7( = ]w =(> & (Y6 !6Ze !U 0 .7%%H6 !H 5% F H

!6B 0    7  !6 - B6 7 {  15 L5 B -76 7.

( D !m !6 ! 76

!5% !6 s 6UB  0  7%%H H B =  [% .7%H ]e/ [B 0 !6  %7% 1H

  0 !6 - - y-  7%H Z- .7&! D !m  e p$W D !6 ! !6 76E

%H (? B B 6  !H ZK [` 7/ !6 h ! -UB  0  .7%%H !5%(  $J

 !6  7(  /  = !6 77F -- 7%H =  H !6 - !6 7%$6 .7 L6   7% L  ( p ( !H

 ]6K 7%61- .7%

(Q  5 #6  67

0  6   75 B !6 !6 L 6 $-% 2 7 ? .- V ?" s !U

&m7 1( ( .7%  =  ?" - - .6 !%&F 1( H .7H 0  !6 Vd% 6 .-

U 7 ^d6 D  7= G  %&F ?"   7%  !H =   !6 L2   0 !6 .77-[ 0.

 6 ! H 6 7 -  1  (2 2 V 6.7

 s !6 $  . 7%  ( 6 bH 7  5 7%-6 s !6 !/ 7e 7% 7  !H 7%6 B 2

2    .7 !H  -   s5 K !6 K  !6 7%H Z- %&%6(   6 =  05%- D$-

H   B H !6 7%6.7

g( (S(  pd[ B # 7%H

2 K (  ^6 !H Lm  %  !B 0 6 H !6 7 ( g GW  pd[ .- &m 27 F

 ( 7%H ge !6 L  0 B = - !6 2 D7 27    g( 7 .7( 2 7 B L &F 7%&%60

B = 7d p  7%H   6 6 5?5 T2  K6.7

6%6 0F 7 56 !6 7%H 6%H 7 = 7%&%6 !6 ]H D 77K 7 T56 ( 76 L  07

=! ( !6 0 (` y6.

6 (a   ] `U6 pB 7&6

H 0H ((    = .-  7% &(-/ [& .   H- & 7  !6 .- 15 6

  75 L6 7%2 HF B VZ 7 - H 6 .7H F - s !U 6 ( 7%H $de "? ]X 6
=Y> =  = % .7B  2 "& 7  = s 7%H ]/  L  .7   = 7 h#Z( !6  7VK  = .7

(T2J 5 7 7 ! Lm ( 6  %( HF 6 7e6 K  .7%%H

- 6 5 ? - & L 0 7  = .7%H  ( 6 >F `& 0 !  7 7 = 6 -  !#%F H

&(6#( .7 =7 - 7% 6 !H - K  ( 6 = T2  = bF . 5 H - 6 727 &

 !6 $ %= 27 7 =  56  ZUK .7 h-%   - !67  7%%H &`  B6 7.

!6 (B .1 . 7%H !Z

!  - ( 7- s !6 !H ( !6 '-F  ]X &`  m . (  %  &` ? V  DH

B7 2  76   L   ]X  #6.7

( !6 (  B ( 7%H

K 7 e "H 6 !sd D  7 !H .7%H 0%   B  71 7%  0 7% -7%$&m D

] H 7K  0 7 G-  756  7 &m7 1 7  !6 .7%2 B 7K K 7%60

= (   .7%H76 7 (! H !6=  -= !6 !T2 76 6   D ( 7   B s 2 6.7

 H B !6  7 "Z  -  - 6.7

( H !U/ B y6  Z !67

B "B !6 !H -B 0  = 7! 2 !6 y6 . 2 0 6 7 !U/>  # TF . 2[ D 7

Y   6 "/ &` VK 7F .7%H  (  % !   !H B 7 H  7%%H - !  !#

6 $V !6$ B 7% . 2 !6 "K !6 5  6 7 ]$K -  H 6& V? D 7%H 

# !"H !6 - y6 6 ( 71- > (?B V ] .7%H

!6 (B 0 = ] 7

= ( 6 0 { 27% =% 7 =  6 $ 7d 6  D 6  h L26 7 H p .7 "K - 6

T2 T<H!  = !H !j % - 6 6 T<H .7 7 &`  7%H !6$  !2( [$ -

!  B  ^$ 7/ !m ( !H    .7$  Z  s !67Z6 .7%-  ( ]w 77 D (%  = 6 -7

7%H = L B Lm !67F -  6 !H 7%H 6 76 p6 !H Lm LX/ ^d$ 0 - 0!6  !H -

B 0  < 7  "? ]X  7 B 0 D d   .  bH 7 !# !6 7 !H 7-6

-  = s% 6 .7

( 7 !T2  67

   (yH ]w .7% 7%m K6 D  ?- !H -L = (  .7 7 L6 !T2 >F B T56 7

6 =  " - # = .7  `e 7%H 6 $ 6 =  (` Y XW .7%H 6 L (   = !6 &6 !m

L16 .7H 0  (  0 6 7 ! B 6 T<H  s 51= !6% # s% bF 7- s !6   .7

!m7  6 - # = (.7%H ]#Z

( ! (  ?67

= =  D %  B ? D  / !H  ( # 6  B6 7% !6%  j 7K

(   .7  (` 6 7- = !6 !   %( .7%Lm 0%m D   !H 7% - !66 76 G%

 - .7  = #6  6 7   ( 7 [` = !6 1 7%H  0 2 6.

DL6 7 !m 2E B6 -

 H yH L6 !6= E 6 !H !- [ s "X / (g"$ H  - 7%%H! T2  e s 

H !6 ( 7%%H%H B =  !5m !H 7% 7%B 0 = !&m- ( 7%%H 7 L6 "B .7%6 =  H7%
B -  !X 51 7  .7%% % !6 Lm Ud 0%m  76 7  Z6 p 7 B .7%

6%6B 0 6  F ( 7%Hs !6  0! F  7%H "K -6 2 =7K .7  2?! 7%F ( 76

 7%"6 !6 F H 2.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=324398

 !; R Q6 @? n0

= 6 L%6 ( L5  ( LH " 7% .- 0

"! !6 L%6W D 7"H B6 6 27 %Z[ LK pB

 H/ 0XF   .7%H 2 !H 7 $ 7 !%de

?"  "g  27 B[ 2 ] !H 7%H&!

$#  !( 0XF LK pB !6.7

 B VB 6 h"U D   L  6L $de

"B !H $"U .%H = !6  - 6 ?$B LH 0

= = 7% 2 !6= !U- BB - ! B 27

Z K UB  .7% - 0XF LK pB h"U 0 - 6

7 0 w ( 7%m  76 h"U 6 ( L6 6 !6

& H 0`Ue .-6

& 7%m X#  !6 7d B .7 K v-

m %H !67 2 7%B 6 7%H !Z U H !H 77K0

7"6 !H6 - =  1H  $K  .7%H7 0 pB

0XF LK 0& !H UB .-# (76 06 p= !6 7 (! .7

! 6 !H0  0 K   De 7%m  !6 7d

B !6 7-6 pB 0 = !6 (! 7L6 56[B !H 7

66! (K1 < G %6>F ]6K.-

 56 s !H 7 $e !-H 7 D27 7/ D

 &6 ( `w 5?" 7 ( .7%H ]d( 7/ 2H !6 ? 0 H s  B K`B6 !( 6 p

$e pB ( ]d  H !H > B - #  ( g /`e  5 B #  7%[!6 ? 0

LK pB !6 HUB 27B X (!  -  =  6 !HH 5%"( D B  7y6 7 X (  %


 >$V . K  LK pB 0 F 06 / ? F  7 5`e  `B !m !6 B & 27.

H 7% 56 s76 !H 7 b/ p -%!1 7d  (Z B 7 [!6 {H  H> # 7

# D H H G1 !6 W - !H = &g H!6  1[ - .7 7 H 0 [B !6 7%# H

 H ZW H 0 7% 7%$ W 7K " $de K (7Z]  B    !6 = 7H 07%

$ 7 T/ 7 %H  7 !6 .76 7%!"2 / 6 B B= !6 0 B ]g ]d( ]6K (!  6 6 !( 0

H LK pB !6 6 V? 0 6 !H 6 7= !6  D (F pB - .7

"B !H H Y . ! 6 7  p- 27 6B! 7 Y m  5 !6 ?5

VK B "g 2   6 7% D! &  7 = 0 !H -! =  ]g %XF LK pB !6  27

?B V !( !6 6 6 !H H& !" .76 wH= 0  - 0 :-  (76 !H LK pB 0!! 

=B !6 !H B LK pB 0!!  W !H  (76 0!!!  !H0 !H LK pB  7 5 =) !!! 7 !H -

!m T2(!! 7e  D

 v- 0m !H - 6 7  76 H -H %&h G !( LK pB !6m . ( !H K7% 6DmH %- D

 6 B H  m UK K W) .  !6& ]w= -  2 6 !H6 - m 67 6

(!%H

 L  7= 0 !H 12 0 !6/  7%H !6 H B  7VK (` / 6 !7%H 7-F!H  :

B ]e  h# 7 !20>%H  7Z6 - B / B(  06!  m LK pB !6

5  ]- 6B!7 2! H !H L!6 6 0   .7%6 7Z6 !$ &?  !H 7 m

-(1 6  GK "g  g& D! !K[ `e !H (V H $ .- ! =!K 7%

 5 6 !6 !H ->%H 7K(7%! - dB G (0XF - !6(F LK pB 0 H = 6 ( $ 6

= !6 `w B ?B V7 !6= -/ . =! &! $ 05%- X 6 LK pB  "B !H GK J= B (

F  .7 6 ? &F 6

HH 6 !H 7%B6 0 H ]d 7%H  K  0&!B - !6 bF7  F  . H!6 !H X

/ B ]%-F (7 7%H 7 2 !H Y/ ( 7(1 K1 7Z6 !6 0  !!7  / bX %( d !6 !H

7 W VK 6 & H >6$d !H0 - B  / ( !H X' `H $UK & 2

 0 6  7% !6 -  7%H7V 5 =-  &H - X02 !"e !6 !H 7%

LK pB L> !/ % 6 % ] - [B !6 GK  / - 5 d D !6 ] ( "$% (( 7

 d6 !H - !6 !"e`6 7 (0XF 0 (UB GK 0 ((/ LK pB 0 7 B [& !6

 UB7.7

7H !H %H !e(  !6 ! 0 56 7 7 Ty6/ !H 7 / [  LK %XF& 0H- `e 7 (

(B 06 7 T20 !U% 0 7%6 !"e 7 .7 2=(7  !-L Y - 6F 0  "Z p27

 U-- 7& GK G 7  !- !H 7X5L Y 76W    - > L Y 76W  -  7V-

 VL Y 7K0 F 6 - 1H  6 !m .7%H(1 B!- !H 716 5 7 0= 7  7%H hH

L- !6 %6>F ]6K< !%  B 6 7 bF7 7%m 0  ! - 7%m 6D 6 !6 .7 LK pB 2  27

 L Y 7 7&H -  6= 7 !-L Y   7%H !2 !"e LK pB 0 !6 7! & K 7

B 7 ?$B .7 !H B LB66 7   L Y 6 7Z6 !1  7eL Y &! 6L( ( .7 7 

L Y 56 !"e 7 = !H 7%H L2  27 K U 7$# !H 7  7 LK pBL Y 7K 7L6

6 W <T X X (1e d !6 p 7%H s( !H [B 0 7 !6 LK pB 0 !6 /B 27 ! .7
B "B !$ -  2 GK 76 X!e 6 6 7 7VFY  ? bF D7/ 27 .7X=6 ]K 0 ]

 [B !6 !H( 0 X&! B B 7 / /  0 !5 7 6 !H ( 7 (27 LB67

 7 -L 0L &m ]6 .76

    $K !"6 .-  ( K !Z U H 6 ( !6 .d Y6 7# -m $H 0%m 7 ?V

B 6 02 ]6  D 0 = B H.

$e ( ]d   ]6B     -  m 6= 77K B2  /6!H 7%H %

[[ >K  "6 6 7 (  !6.7%H 0

& . ` !K  !6 1  !H "B 7 76  m 6= 6 7 UB .& 0 (0XFH 0! LK !6 UB

 .2

6 p LK pB 06 76 !H - 6 UB  p &  !6 ! 7B !H0 ( L = 7-6  B 76

!H% = 6 " 7%m  !"e .7 !$ -7% !H ( =7K 6 Y6 ( L !6  LK 7-6 56 7Z6!H 7

%  HD$- !6 m  7 !H  LK &7! # 0 L LK pB %Z&   D ( >%

- 02 !"e H 6 p !H LK pB! & 0 (>% !66D   7 => K !6UW

= 6 6 X 0    .

 !6 0 dV bF 0 .- 7%H ! =7K 77( !H 7 ` 76 F  7 =h .7%%$6 h- 76 76

! =7K "d( !H [  B= 2 B !6 L H!6 .7( = ! 7$j67K !H  (B ]d $ 27 7%H  !m

7 H (]g T56`H !e`B .7 LK pB H !H - 7  !H U = K 7F 7 7%H 6[%

!H0 = ( LK pB 76 F- 7 7/ 6]K 66 " !6 2 7 7 &6 7%H Z- ! 0 % [% B 06

= (0XFH 0! UB# B .7%H 76 !H 7 =51 UW /   ( !%de  6 270

( !6 676D B 06 7 .76 0vU .d .7%H

 !"# : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267644

 / ><
 @ >,<O

 2 ( "$%7L6 7%?$ 7

 2 ( "$%6 7  ( .7%H $ .76 (27 T

$6 .7(  6  5!  .7%  H

 .7%H   %&B 6  L= .7 (H !6 ]$%

 !U 7% GKH0 =  . !B-


 2  !"v -

 !"v7Z(   .-  6H 0!H X

( 7%6 7 0 6 !H - - L D B e

7%H $de !"2 !6  7F "/ .7%H-  ?67

= 6  ]& G( 1- .7%H

2 ( !T2H 27 .  !  !H 7

 ( TF!U X H 7= Y6  !6 .- 7Z6

 2 F 27=6 27=6 .7 !sd 7F 7 7  05%  !U 5   .7= Y6 6 = F27=6 7

7#   !U !"e`6 5  .7= Y66 7%m ] 0 (  L( .7H 0 Lm !H  .-

( !H 2 V  ! 7%H 6 0 m H0 H  %5&B  = 6 =.7

 0 - (  7%H {2 H - 0 7 -  ]/  1- < 7%H  $V 7%H 7%7

 7L6 . 7&6 6 07K  B  D - 0 .7 6 - 7K   K / 6 06  

F !"v !H 76 60 ] !66 5  .7%H 0 6 - B6  6( .

 0 -5 -> 0 7%H %2 - 2 !6  7%6 !H 7 H 6( 76 .- ZK 0%2 !H - !6

2 5   .  !"v !H 7 # H 7 ((   % 7 !"v 0 .7%H ]/

 7$ 67(6

=  !H 7!6 >6V ?! = ( / - = -  & -

e0 H & "( .7%6 V .72 !6 V( 7e .-

6  !6 !# 0 !H 7%- 27 6  = ./H V 5 -B 7% (& d / 7%%H

-  $V6 !H 7%-( .7%  ]XK Z$(  = 7W 6 H 7%-( .7 0vU . !H 7%!  Z  = 7W 6

 !6 .7%%H! "! .7 0%  !6

H!m 7-F  !B-- "B H . ? H % H 56 DH !6 .7- L LL  6 .7%H

=  /  = .7L6 ( 6 7%  /  .7%L6 ( 6 7 / .7L6

 2   0%mK U 76 ( &6 7  6   bH( !H 7 6 7 / .7L6

 !66 !H  0  !6 DH( D DLF D%  .6 (  7 !6 .7%H DH

 = "& 6 !%X!6 7= !6 7  6 .7%H? =% 6 = / H .7L6 ?6 !"# 7  !H 76 0vU

-# =  B .7 7 0  76(7%%( !H 7 0B 6 2 !6 $( !6W 7eD- 0 76 7%H  !H  %Z !

 6 "$K !6W 6 H e 7 .-

bF  !6  - 6 !$ D (` / ! 6 .-/ 0  06 - -7  !6

>6 ZUK 7%m - 7%m 7%m !1 7 !"e  7%m! .76

 !"# : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267650
 /b /0 @ $!

Z6 !2 !6   !H 7%%H5  6  / !Hg

H7 7Z6 .7 [ /  !H 7%5 7VK 0!H -

7e& &%Z6 .7 [   !H 7%%H5 ./27

H   0 B !6  .7% !  0 7 6

 B  % 7 .-L 0 b1 0? & 

.-

!6 K 0? H H/ (0vU /

=76 7 L %w-b1  &6.

 ! s 6   ( . " 7/ 027

? F - - H7 "( 6 % -/

6 ~ !H   L% !7B - .B K 6  %H /  K   !6 !H

=   /  .-/ B !d .%H

0  B 7%H 0%m  6 !H   B 6 !H !20 .%H

  ( 7%& %- 0 - 7 !6 ( J~( d> .-- " 7K !6 (K J~( d  !H 7>

-  . !H 77# 7Z6 !1 ( !6B " 0 .7= 7 6 !6 0 - B6 >- !H 

" 7 6 .- `- / 5 .7%%H -y  m !6 >-7 B76 7 !H 7 ( !m7 (" J~( d

7 GK .-  m "Z Lm  .s :7-F >- 6 " m    2 /  .7%H

B / 7 56 .7 0  !656 !H0 "B   :7 = 2 .7= B : 7 $ 76  0 !  6

=76 !He 6 7 B "- B .-  7 L b1H >H 0  6B !6.7

Z6 %m   !H 7%%H5  6  / V( !H H7 7.7

 % W D H !H E Z$( !% /   .7 > B56 76 :7 ( L=0 .- >

B 1 ? 7 6 B ?6 . >&m 7&H  #B ! / !  !U7Z6 .7%H 5  (! 

21( !m 5 :7( H . 6 / . L b1 !7B !H 7  7.-

& { H # "! %?-  DJ= !H 7% 7%F `H  7Z6 .7%H H %?- !H H G !6

 7% H ![/ ( 7 -Y B 7F 7%-y6B . !6 7 056 7%7m !H 7 H T 67m

 27 (~T2 J! .- - B 6 .7%H 2 !m : 7 !H 70 56  !H 7 & 7% / -

 J~( 0#  B .7%%H !6 7%  7%H 5 %m - H ( .7 K6 6 <  h B 6 2:7

/ 2   6 L.-

  % / s !6 !H  7- . -/ 6 !H 7%H 7  ? 6 1 76 / s

56 7 5 !7B 7-( .- !6>  7-( . 7L6 / 2 / / !6 ? B !" 1

56 s . !6 `$K = !B B  /  .7%H$  :12 !H 7% >&H !U6  6

6 7% 7 !U6 7B 6 .76% [B!12 0 0%[ >%7 .- 0 -  7%H  /.7
B B ./ <" h H 6 !U6(1 = !6 !H 7 >6 5 L D.

#

7K( L !H   - b1 / B 7%%H 6 L/ !6  - b1 = .7%6  H  L 6 b1L 7 

B 6L 2 b1.-

 $ - !H H !6 2 B  0vU %H 5 - 566 : 6  H - .- LB6 6B b1

.-  L> LB b16  U !H - # = !6- 0 .  2 6  GK6

  # 7%.-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=290014

 A4/   q

!   B  . - bF = !H  0  B . 77

 !- !"6 . 02  H !m !H - .  7 7 ! 56 77

"Z hB B -  2  !H !  '-F&! !6- 02

  .

 &6  B  6] B   7%#%-" ( 7% 75

 7 !  J 72  !H  F -( H G !H % 7

 !H "g 7 7   7 76 !H.7

H !m   7%%H 0Z( !H 76 2= 2 Lm!H H `w) -

F! / ( 7%H  0Z !H H6 (2  V( "g G( !

B2  = !H 7 7 mH  [  7%  `w` - 

 !   - 56  / !H  /

. 0

2 H  (s !6 7-y6  H !m   . p 7%

( 7 VB !6 1 7%m &6 !6 !H Y/ .77 2= ! 06 7 7 B m 7-y6 K Z6 [ 6 6 . 

$ s 65  c .- ! 2B 7   0%m !H 7?B 7%H  6  L6 2 .- 0%m

 ZK( 0 56 V( !H 7= .7  B 72 0 DmH 6   K 7%%H ! .( '-F Y/

.76 1%

 / 7 Z6 =  B .7 !H 5% ! 0 ! 7 7 Y/? =2! 7KF( BH 7 H !m !H

6 6 .  $  76 s &6 .7K B(  7 !H H&- .7 !H 5% ! 0  7K 7%H 6

F (B !6#H 7 m   >#%- (  6 B 7  6( B6 7 . 27 1 `H s% 0 .-
 ( 6 0- 7m !H 7%H 6 6-  = !6 !H 6 77m 7%H  27 B !6(   7

7m -  7%H  27 7m H 6 7%H  !H B(  %Z . 7VK 2 7 B ! = !6 76 (! 7&?6  .d

7%H  !%5 B s !m 7%.

  0 % /  6 "g J &6  6 ZK &6 - 16(6 . . ] H 6- 

6 B  !j= !6 !H -76 7  V? `H ZK  .7.- (   K7 !H 7 16 7] D

L6 H  ( . - D B -F- 6.

B p =   (76 ?&( 7% 7% B p   (7m 7 16 7  . .7 bH(  5 7 6 0 76 s7

 5B !%(  = !6 76 7 7- =  $K !  .7656 7 K 7 T  0 !H -5 

. 1e 6 = .7%%H 6 7 T 0 e H s

7 . 7% !( H 2 !m !6 !  76 !6 / ! B 7 7%  !6 1 `H.

 !H H L 7%   7%-%  D    H .7%%6 !H(  !H 7  ! 7%

B(  . 7%H  6  .B B= 2  /   0  b ]Z ( .7%%H  2 !#

! Lm 0 &!   (  16 B( B  !6 bF .7  !6 Vd% B 7 .  ! 76

 76B 7  .7%H 0%m 2 6  [ -  7%H5 !H /   !6 Vd% B(

 0vU .7 =  s !6 . !H 7% b1 !6.7

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=262521

 ) ) $ q   
* $ >* $

& -. ( % .6 Lm 0 !  06 > $ Lm  %( .!

?- 6 ! -! !6  L 0 -!

.6

7Z6 = !6& 5 ( % ( !6# .$ ?V

 &5!  &6 b 5 -! .76 !60

 !#7- !=" : Lm!  0  ".-

 ! F !6 (L (`Vd &7  K !6 T26 0

 ! 6   6 0-   6 6 . =%

7 7 ( bF =  ]$K . 7Z6 !U6

 - 7 6B .  0&B 6 $V . B =7


6 ! 6 X 76 & .7 L &7 ! 7%

  % 7& !B .5 7 !6 &6 [B 0!

7- 6  %( !% ( 6 2 V .%

    >W % K!  ! 7 ! [ 0  .  - Q  [ &`[ V( .7

02   ( ?-6 (V( 0 ! ( / !6 !2.

= -/ = h- /! [   7- 0 !6 6  B (  T2( . $ j 6 7 0 .!m 27

  1 K 2 6 ( [   6 - %! `  $ 06 6 . 0!  7 <" !6 h 0

 ! ( V 56 - !6B 27 6V( .  ! [` 02   6 0 -! (= d / K

56.

6%6 0 7Z6 27 = ! 7  6   "B .7  6 !"6

% !6 7%$  ( 2 V! ( J" ( 6  0 27 !B . B dB 6 7  =6 #!6 .

% !j6 B !6 -6 0 27 7   7% (  % B -.

7Z6 [` 7B !6 L 7e !6 ( ! `$K  !6#( !2 0 6 . 1 !66  7 L K`B6

.&26 %  $   &5!  -! 76  !  L 0 >-! .6

[ 0 ?- 27 - "B "B 7F )  ( ! =  d L 6 6B .7 % 

 / ( % (  . m  16  ! 6 B # 7 7 6) 7/ 0 ]KU% 77( 

<" h ! 6 5    7 7Z6 BY6 . `K 6  5 bF 0!  L  7= = !

Lm 7.

&! 7 !   c &6  ? 5 - . 0  &6 0 ` Lm  6 ( !%

 / / L .76  h ! "!  !Z U76 6 -  27 B 2

7% 6 . ( !%  Lg .& 6  $d! 7B !6 $ 6 #   6 .   !6 $

/ &m 7 7 ! 7B 0 !5%7 -  ? -! U% .6

76L Q5 !5%= !%m "7 6   = 7  %j 7B   0 76 7 ( ".

= 0  7 7 7B !6 $ 7m " 6 0%m 7 -/  !  27 "

  !  27   !6  . 7e 6 =!  = :12 0 !6 0%m 0 B - ( 0

  0 0 ( $6 G = 0 $"K B ( !6 7 ! 0 . & ! #> 6.-#=

( 6 Y/  7 ! 7B  &6 b 5 - !%  B $d K ? 6 0 7

 5j ? 7 7 .  K (?  %T2 7  L2 ( ? 7 `$K  . B 6  0 6 

 6 - !6 26 . 2 K  6  7 -  $d 6 L6 0 2  Lm -! 6 0 (V

  !% ! 6  7K 0 -! .6

!6B 27 5 7%67 = 5m (.7% e

/  % $ / !"# #  F - F& " 7  h7 6 "B   $H(  27 -

( Lm . % = !H - 6 % D &#  Lm 7 !H -7  ? 7& .%H H

7 5 ( 7=  !H 7! Lm  2.7B !5m  27 7 7= L  2  6  .7%H

6 7 277%

!6 2$ =>  7 -! B 27 Z( !6 .7-6 (  b 7] 76 !% 27] ! .76

 !  ZK 0  !  7B s $d [F .   !6#( c.%


  ( 7 !sd 0 [ . c  !6 = .7 - !67B 6 $de 27B -  h"K & 7-% =7 !

6  L5>   -"    % !6 . !  7 0 ?6.7

7B?  7 ( ? ( -%&6 V   %! 6 %2 [B !6 h"e  0 B 0 . B 27

!6 ( 6  % ? ! % !6 # 7% 7B 7  .  0 27%  27 - B % .56!

%2  7&?6 / 0 !6   U  . = !5 6 ! ? .6

= 0 &B 5 L  $"K --  7 0Y  7%  U= c ! K  !6B  27.7= 7

= 0  27-

 !"# : G$%   6 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=248857

*& $
,</0 2k/8

!  B  6 <" h (` 6!6 6-

7 0L6 !B 7  &F H ]d 7 2 FL

6  0 27W >?6 = %m !6 6 . 0!6 YZ

BL6 !B  0 7  7- 6 "g  6 ZK !6  !6

7 !Hs !  . (g( 

( !H 7% 7% &6 F7( 6  !6g

6 {%F .7  ( &?6  %  7-  !6  (F

 27:-

6 ( B(  e &6 .7%H/ !% 6 H

e B 6 K 7  0/ ( !H   Z !6 ?V   Lm b/  !6 !H 5 277

VB  B ^6 !H 7 7- !  .6 2 -- ( 7 = 7% 0L !6 K  cU-  ( ]6K

W B  27L>  6 7 0 7#%2 D  B K !6!( 6 .- Lm !H ZK  B!H 7

&# 6 .7 H 0 (:7

( (!6 ( :7%H cdV6 7T/ 6 7 !6 D 6B H !6 "B !H K - -! 7# 7

VB 76 7 =! Lm 76 -.7

(  56H !H 7 d :7%H= 7%$6 7%6  D  v H ]d  7 !Bd ]6K !H 7H !65

 = .76 d .7%H

(  56 ]$K :7X56 ! !H 7 =!  7  v 7 Ty6 !6 7J( !6 K =  (J  $w  (J 6 1%
(27  .7%H 56 !H 7  ]6B- <W !"6 ( 7X56 ! B !6( .76 !12

L2 (!% 7%!( 6 B H  F ! 6 .76  66 0 !H 7F 2 !6 &66 - 7(

B6 7% 6 . 0! !T2 F  cU-  YZ &6 !6 &6 = m !H<" Y6 6 h 05 0=7

B!-   &6 . 7%%HDH 0 !6 !H -7 F = 7 bF7 !H 7%H/ = ] W 27

 !6 .7%  6 ( !5m !% F 6 7  !6 :771 7-6 &6

( K :7%H H 2  7 W 0  !6- Lm !6 7%H  ( !H 7%H 7 # 

B7 7%H F&m  =  !6 K .7%H H

( 7%! B :7%H ]$K 7Z6 !6 Y/ 7 Lm !%?6 7 7 ZK6 = !H 7%H  0 !H LmB 7 1H 727

 (  7&?6  ^6 e -  F6  ]dB H .7 H ( 7- .7%H H

(  F e B !H 7%H Lm 7 ># 7Z6 :7 V BLm 7 !W "B 2 ( Y/ 7!6 7

7?- ?H   !6 !H 7%H  e  !H &# T 6 7# ( `w .7% V? 7 6 (L

H 6 !B !6 7B( H !6 !6 !H 7-6&# ` !K!j6 `w 7 F !6 $6 7 .

( 76 B( .7%H $K(`- 2 76 - 7W 0 6!  (27 T2 J`& !m .  L6

( DmH !m 76J( 7  6 7  T56  ( ]6K d !6-( L> .7 7Z( #%   -

6  27 H:

( <T ?6  - &6 :7 !6 !% !H 7%H  0 $ Um !6 7X= s !6T< !m !H 7%H  0 ( cU- 7

 L> .7

( B  B K B 6 :7(  7%$6 7 !H 7 B h H! .76

(  Lm !m !H 76 hK1-  :7%H  <  - 0( .7%H ] 0vH / ( 7(`- 6 76 J

7 ! .76

(Q = !j- H>  7$- .7%H

Lm   !H 27  W 7%H >?6 -  ( 6 / 7 0ZW  (?( .7%H h7

H #%7% 6 71 - 7F :7%H

( (( . b1%( 6 .7&6 . b1 7%m :b1%( 0- 7 Z/ => .7%H

( 6 (H s%B 5 : ]X !6 6 ( &6 7%H Z- .7%H s% =! 7 ( &m !6 ]X !6> m &m !6 7%H 5 7

.7%H 5

( B !6(  (176 c :7B !6 2( 7%m !K K ( 7% ( 7%H H-= 7> 7F 7K .7%H (71 7

.76

= !6 !H H/ !6 (S  7y6 7 .7  YZ K D F 27  %Z 7%%H y-/  &6& .7H

 Z [" 7 !$ B!(   !6 7 .7 !6  K5 7%H DH = !H !j&6 "B 7

 BH 7.

 : G$%! = %

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=360366
*
 aM/>8  8 $ >;

!  / = K %H   6 !H 0 D 27

%H ! 6 .6 !H 0 (& 27 

2- 6 76 K6 7%%H# 7Y ^d6  6K

`H 0/ F !6 7-6  7%6 K wH(

 !6 !H 0 $ 7$- %H 76 wH =  -

B &B %H  6 7%H - 6#( !H H (>67

56 DH .7 dV 0 B ~] B !H

(6# & 27   6.7 D

\ %!6

" 2 ! - 2" :7 H  & 0

 T2  B! 6 (   !    `!K 6

6 %6  .7% & 27 !T2  60

 !H dV - 6  ! 6 7 %  H6

6 0 !6 !"/  !67= - 6 !H W !6 5 7%H ^d6

.7%H !"/ 0 K  !"v `B  

W ( %H LH / 6  ? V7 5  \- $

B ".%H

6 76 %

 6 2 ! - " :7L6&F "B 2 H 6 !H "2  56 2 6 0 - (  

( 56 %H 6 K( %H  T566%6 !7 0 0 6 0  2 0 Y/  7/ ]K 6D 6 6

  H 0 T 6 & 2- D / K - D  !6$ (2 F 6 !6 0 !H

(F 0 H6  B T2".

\- 7%H

2 "H2 ! - b" :7 0   B   2 = 7K  71H DH !H - ( [ - {%F 27

&  6 / => %H ?$B 12 $ & 27[  7  "6 ?6  6 .76 - (Z

( !H 7-y6B Lm !m "K 7 B!-> Ty6".7

2 & !6 . !H -%Z 0 KH !m 7 H 7 s% # = H 7! 7 m T 7B 7%H

[ !6 56 ]6 7 ( !H K1.71-~

B7% 2

`6 6 - 2" :7 D  #%F !H - - {%F - %H 7F  - 7%H 27 !6 T<H !( D - 12

    !H  7%H / %66 12 7Z6 .( 7 Lm !H =  !  %H 
6  !H 0   .&?$6 6 ( cW !6 7 Z( KL6 0 H !6 2$ 7 7 W 7 DmH

- (27  G# 0 .7%H  & - !H - H   7".

T< L !"/

"H 2 ! - Q" :76D ! 126 ( 6 2  !H %H - <T  6 7  - !mT< L (G 6 .0j6

0    7%m ( 7%H !KT< 5 W/ -  7%H 6%6 H 0 K ( <T  .%H W/7

!"/!/ !6 (>6 !H 7-6 s !6 ! B S  [ - 6 7%m & 27 = d H 0 "ZK

6 J!"

 7%! ? 7%H

(F& " :! - a 6 e - H dV &! 7H  7 0H 0H Z- 0HB 7%e !B

7!2 ! .6 h# H  s !6 !/ 7- 2 >/ !6 H =F(  H !H D( B 6

( DK 0B L# 7H B "" L6 0 7H( 6! 0 Y/   ?7 V!2  7d !6 75

/ T2 . 2 >1H>  L  $ >1wH HF 0  7%H D    "!7%H

("L

  6( H - ("L 7%H ^d6 ="H `# 2 ! - m" :7  %H !6 ("L  

 %&F H h !H !1 6 ( ("L ( .%H h !- %Z 0 6 !1%H !H - 56 -

!6 !H - %$6 h 5 = %H !H - 56 >- !6 ?> ( Y/ .7%H K !6

Y6 FH0 H  ]$K ]w 7%H 6V !6 L".

`B Ty67

- ^6 ]$K" :! - 0 !H 0  & %H ;#& :12  !6  -H 7 (d

] = !H 7  h B 7  6   15B L56 7 ;#&.H DH dV 0 66 0 %H

T2 !H D  . &! 6 . 0 .7   1( 2 6 !H  ( !H %H 0d0

(1 ] `B  s 7  L . = / ( %H 0d ! !H1( 0  D  B

!6 Vd% H ".-

6 !6 77( (! 7%H &6 . 7 !( 0$ 2 !6 7(& 27 !U 7%H  6 !H Lm 0H D (7

! 76 7 % Z- 7% !6 " !H -7 .& 5.7

7%B  B  7%

 - 2 2 ]$K" :7 6 !H 0  -  "H 0de 7F H 0 !6 ;#& :12&!

7%?6  KW >6 7Z6 ;#&.5 7 7/ - Q T2 & 27  0 !H J\ 7%( 0 0 .-

 6  %H B H %H Z- !H %H7 5 7%?6 / p- 7 ^d6 D ( 7%?$ .7

!H 2 p-  [7%?6 0( %  !  / !6 Lm ! 6 2".

dV `B6 = !m (V 7%%H

7Z( 7 = "`$K  76 7% ( ( 7%H DH&! = !6 ! dV .76 !H K 0

=`B6 7 = Lm !H -V(  wH  %H  0VV? !6 ."Z H-%  B .-

& . %Z$# K 56 7$71-~ 7

(& ("$ - " : - 26 - !7 2  & !6 . / !H -%Z 0 KH !m 7 H 7 s%

# = H 7! 7 m T 7B 7%H 56 7 ( !H K1 ~".71-

&! e 76
( "7 -H H -%HB  B" : -H !m 7 7%H! e !6 "/( 567K "B !H 7 (H

- ( 7 (7%H ]d!  562 !H 7 K 6 / 7 (7Z] H".

!j6 7(7

( 7%F 2 - 07B bX  " : - 2 !6 dV 0 !H 76 %Z 0&! (  5 K % 6

76 .- 6 !H !$!j6 !6 7 ( (! 7%H = !6 &6 . 7 !( 0$ 2 !6 7(& 27 !U H

= !6  (6 h  6 . !H Lm 0H D ( 7! 76 7 % Z- 7% !6 " !H -7.& 5

".7

&! => c"e 7%H 1/

6 - !6" : - 2! 25% !6 !"v 6  !H(/ - 7%H 7%H " = 6 !6 &7

-/  1%(  G ]$K B !H 0( B 7 16 7- !H 7 = (1 !T2 % - !"v

m 75%  = K !6B K  ]/".7

 !6 05&B K?B 7

7"2 H - " : - 2> !7%H<" h ]$K 6 !H 0 7% ^d6 D ` F !6  7%-6 !6 H ( 7

= 2 .7  0 - 0   7%m [ 6%6 7&6 0 [ 7 0  !6- / B B 7".

 " : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=366999

  5  /

e!6 2 "H ( Z( !20 H!# : =

`- 0%- . (# ?" 6 !H 7   7 G 7VK

`( 6 !H 7 6 >H 7- = !6 7  .7%%H  Z

2  !6 %Z 0 !H - 7H  2  !H

7 H& !j= 6 T2  0- 2  .76 %

= 6 7VK (H h"U 0 56  !6 !H -  2 )6

B( [  7( L !m ( !5m 7 7-

 !6 =( B6 !6 != 0W .7%H DH  !6  1%

 L B H...

  ( 27   !$%  6 7Z  % .  76 ( 7 H H 7H 

2  !6 B /   7%m !H  7H  %H 7g& 5  Z !6 .7% ?" 1 7  !6
 7  !6 .7%%H DH h(( 0 !H (<= ]Vd  [ "? G 7 !-2 !6 ` 

L6( %( !-F . !K 0 &H pd 5 ] !6 !Z ]H ?" Z6 22  ` bF . 7H

 [ "? G272   22   $de h"U 0  !6  !YZ 7%!

2 6 !H>  !"- (-  !6#2 K = !6 0-F 6 - 2  !6 6- =  6 7%

.%H ] ( K

2  K

  !6 !ZY] ?" 7 22   7 G 2 (&]  .7% 07 "] "? 0%- p

?"  !Z ( 7 .7%H 2 wH !H 6  !6 %6 7  (&] 7:7

2 - !# :    !H 6 ]$K %= !% ! 7 !6 0 ]  7 G 7  7%m

2[B !T2 &  (7 .7%%H eB 02 0 1/ Z !/ hH & 6

 G- 5B `( 0%j &6.-

2 " YZ : ( ]Vd bF = [ !m) "? G -6 !m& (5 2 0 U

2 . "  YZ D W 7%m / " H6  " F! ? 6 =   .d( ^d6 !Z U  (0

" `w) .7%%H (yH6 B"  6 D .(...6 7   62 0 !H  6 - = 

 s7! 7%62 0 "  m !6 7  0%j6 !Z 7 .7%%H DH

2 5% :7 2  6 % ?" .-  Z = !%  ) ]w#

  # = ]g  HH   ( [$`& G  ]/] B 2 6  Z ( !2 (5

 6 h-% 5% .!Z p

2  :  = &?  Z !m !H - 7 $ .7%%H

2 T Z 6 :$  6 LH!   .%

2 B! :  62 0 = B6 !H) eVB L 2  5%  !H (7% H 7B-

[" !6 !$7%6   `& !6 `$  .7%%H  Z  2 0 !K` h-%( !6 !e( /

2 . 5 ( L H H  Z !H ?" 1#  7%  ("e 0  (2 0 !H !6 !Z

   7    7H = L  !6 6B 2   6.

>F  2

6  !% 2 0J  71 !6$ ! 76 - D [ Y .- < e 0/ 2

 0 -- = !6 L$ 7! :76

 !67 6 D  : 2 6 =! 6 !6 77 B 7F -  7%H 7% 6 D  7 2 .-2

 0%m 7%!K` !6#(6  TF  ! ( 76 7 2 - !6 !6 6-7 7 .7%H < 0

e !j%m 2 H 6 $ 7 26! 7%6/ 6   .7%- 6B !# !6 !H

-2 ` 6 .  !"- : 2 2 !6 $  76  !"- !K` 02 s   W 6  e !2

76   !6 6"U !# ? 7 .6 eVB !K 0    !H 7%% 6  2 D

7e 7% m 7%H !H 2 2 B !H 7%%H  Z7%    ? 6B !# 2 7% = 6#( K

B= 7%  !6 B Z( L 5 7%.

TF! 6  " s  :5% 2  6 !H "  - !Z 5%2  7%$

m &]  7%%H = 7% m " BH 7% !H - H B 2B  66 6 .7 7 6 7%6G12 7

 !H 2 )% !6 L (DmH !Z D 6   7 ( ( !6#    7H  7- !67 
s   !j= . -? 7%! 2 D 6  =`( 6 7 7%7  H/ 0%j  7

&  ( . 6B !# ( -    ]e/.

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370914

 / Q

 7H  - !- !2  L (H G 0

6 !& !H 7 L (B / !H 0   

!j6 !6  ( 77  F 0jY " ( D6

6 7 !H . 7 "B#( / B(

 7%676 7 B  F !% .7%H

? 0 - !67 F !5m ]w (Y  J(7%

 76 76  #( !5m B 

7%6  76 ! & m !!!!  0Y !Hh"U 0

(  !B DmH % /( D

7   B  B $  6 B K "  D !H

(  6 77  ? !H 6 -76 "B0

H 7/ !/6 ]K  0 p 2 0   .%H

 0   !H !% 7  (s &?

s% . 7%H - "B !m 0 -Y &? H - ( !H  D ? !5   " Y6 0 !6

  ? m !H 7%H ?& 7.7

 !(7 !m ( `w7K !m !5 F ?%6 7%H Z- 7 7 7%H Z-2 GK! ? 0 75 !6 ( - " !5 &6

? 1e 7 7 7%H " > /  6  2 GK!  0 `w . !2 L ( 0 6 7Z6

- "B" / = .

 0 Lm !m  7%H ?& !H !% 7"6 7 !H 7   F 6 `w .7  B  0 0  (yH Lm

 !6 [ ( !2H /  !$ = ! - Lm  .6  K "5  27% B "B /

  H !6 6 %H "B Lm / 5 ? . -> 6 #%   6 Lm !m !H 7%$6 7

7"6 7 !H 7 [ .  F 6. 7

 0-   6 !H !%6 7%$6 7 !%   7"6 !HF 76 7 66 7 !m 7(  s% . !6 - "B
`w -  B 7"6 0 0 H (yH 6 %H  F 6  ( (yH !6 !H K7 --!  6

F 6  ( 7 & !H K! 6 6 B &   F  6 6 .

!   :

7%H Z- 6 0  = 7  6 0 `w 7% / 7( _ D ! $6 !H 6 ( g   (YVd & 76 ! 

6 7 / H( (yH 5 !?6H 6-   & 5 1- / 7%H 2 7 (yH !B .70

 - 656 7 7.7

  m 0 !H 0  !m U Lm !m   56 F 0 !&6 ^6 !H 6 - "B . 6( w D

6  `w L B- &H 7 7"6  !  !H 7 0 7B (F 0   7 !% 7! &5

=6 7%( F  6 7%H Z- . >F 7 H 6 &H  56 7! 56  F 7 H 7%H B( F !6 !H 7-6

7Z6 / - 7%m  6 !566 !& !2 ! H  7%H  6H ( 7%H Z- 12 0 !H !%(  6 76 0 !

 % !6  6.7%-%&6 0

(    7 6 6 7 6 T<H 7  D. 7%H B

 &! 6  ! H  !6 !/ !6 L !H ! 0   (   0 77  !6Z- #%

/ HB % m L6 #%  / ( /  ( .  1  D7 !m %6 7  !6  7%H 5

! - D !6 [B . 7%H !W  0B !"/ 0> 56 7 %7.

 7-  b1%6! 76 7   K H !m bF 6  H !m bF  7 =L 7%6 6 D 767$

 6  s% .  H 6 !H !% !%e !"Z D $  56 ( 7%&6 7 =- 6( & 6  67

B(  !sd 7%H 7Z6 ( H 6 7F 7%& s% !m6 7 6 2 6 7&HB- >F 7  ( BY6

H (2  6 77F - ( 7%H 7K   !6 (7Z =   !H & !6 0-%(- y6 7H 2 6 6( 6

( d! ( 76! =76  2 7  2 $%X !6 7?6 & 76 76/ & 7 .!L

7Z6 !H 0  F 0 = 7( !6 !H !6-  7% 5 m 7 m - GF 7 76 7! `[ 5%!

6] = 5%&K B `H 56.! 7

 F  F 7%H B 7%H B ( 756 !6 !H ( !H 76 % F !6 - .L -

W 0  ! &! 6  6 0   (K1 / 7%H Z- !1 76 (76 0 p  F !6 T ( 7L - F

 0 .7 16

W 0 ( "B   ! >F "B !%   K ( `w  F 05 !% DH  !6 F  bF!2

F H ! (  6 76 !%F j 7! m 76 F ( / .7

 K K 76  eV? 7? !2#( 7 B(  7%6#( ( S.7   7  6 7

6 & !H  6 bF 0! (Lm 76 - 7  7  F! ( 76(Lm !% 76 - 7 !6 1 D !5 76

.76

76  K  [B !6 7 !%7% 7 $e Lm !H 7 ? !HF 6 7- B( ?6 7&! 6  H 5 7%

 5 J( [B !6 p 7% ( 7% $e &6  7%m !H 0$# 7H !6 7( /- !H !6 D KB 7%%

 76 2 $$/e &m ( 7  5?  >1H 0 7  6 (  H  %  !2 &7 75 5

$ !L6 01"( H B !56  !6 F 0 !6 !H  7   5 &-$ 0   ?7

 76 $ .

 !6 !H 76 bH  ! 7B !6 ! B !6 ! 7B ."B !6 ! = s ! !F  6! (!  F = 6

!!!!
0 >  H H 6  !2  !H 0 ]w 7 B !5 7B 7  !H 7%H=  0j0 .7

7%m 6 & >F !K! / 0 6 H 7 (  ! 7/ .K " D ( 0 ( !"- % !H 7

(    !e %H > F L6 ( F "B 0 75 Y/ $ ! 7B !6  `w6 2 0] pB 06

 -  ( 7%m 0 "> ....> 6 W ( (  0! ( `w ! - Z6( &= 5 F  L !

<  1  !$ ( 7!   ( !H !5 0  - Q  sVK " ( 0 W  !6  !H !L 0

L6 7$ ( 7  "B( `H (yH 6 %H ... !H 7  " ( 0 L6 #%( &!  0

? 76 2  (  06 ! -  DVK 1 !H 1 Q h"U 0 ? 0 0  sVK = .7%6

6  ! 75F 0 6 F 0 = (" 01 H 0 !H %  7  S ( ! - 7 " /  W  !6

!  6 7%&6 ! 75/ 0 D /  !e `H 7%H Z- bF .7%H p ( 7%H [ !e .  6 0 K

7 " .7&6

? - 7%6 !-  6 %H  ( 0 &e`B H   0 & ( 7   .7#%2 0

 0 &F H ( 0( s% .  0 7%&6 !H  0! H - ( 7%H!  H  7%6 - 7%&6

H s% ! 7%H = !H !%! 6 !-F= 7 = 7 F  7 bH! F !$ &!  !5 !% !H $6 L/ !%

 Y 7%H !- 6 7 % 6 (V 7%H

6 7 6 " s6 6 (Y / !6  $e 7%H Z- bF .! 7& !B 76$ H D 56 77% Z-

H 0  T  27 6 76  %  7 27 T $6/ !H 7 ?.7

- : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=282447

 ? $  ... >8

(%H 7%m6 0 [?6 !%5 s (V = 7

 =6  !B 7  < h !  !6

!T2 [B  1  s7 !6 0!

= LjF X ( !H6 7%  #   !6

 7 ( ?$B  ( 7&6.

2 7 B >%6>   !6V( D % X

7d %H 27 ( K7   7 

B 7 . 2 . 7 B >%6 p6 !6

 X-% (! = !j !HH U  !6 27 -


y6B !   6 !H 7 6 X % Y Z /  s 6 7 ![/.

7K& -% % !( !6 7 5 !6 B 76 .- !( D( ZK !6 (7Z &6 7B

(  G1 !6 !H  6 F - =  .7

&-%  mm (d "  "$w  #  !m !H >-F 0 `- X 7%H  1/

"7K" H &H 7 = %Z6  G$% D  (" .7%%H

=d( !%j 7& 7  7  7K L5-y- ( ?$B ( W  (   6 !H 7%( K

   1%B 27  6 7%%H 5    $w  75 .7  % H 0%j   6 7% !"2

!65%  &` ? !6 V 7 7% 5 &6 5 / -/ B %Z 7 56

H .7 &6 0%j H  )   !Z1% B! 76 7&m   .7% (H  L2

6 H  .7%"XK

=  B> 5 6 0  X  = .7%#%- /  7 (  6 =  $K ]6K (

5  X !H -/ 7K B <.7%%H b/ !$ ? !H e 6 D  !" $V{ 6 7 !H 7

7 !- !1 "XY 6 !H L2 6  7  .7% F => ."B B6  6 B 6  = 7 p6

 d B$ 6 B GW &7 ( 0$B L2 H7K .7 L5-y- % ?$B ZK !6

0& 6 27 & 0%j !6/ D F 56 F   .

  7K !H = !j !H 7 = !j  7%%H !6#( !H 7( ?$B 7% ( 6 !$"< X7  1% 27 =  7%

7K T/6 6 =  / / &B 2 &6 2L5-y- .  = hKZ p6 H ( K

- ( .7%%H

B 0 B !6 !6 `- /  L>  B6 .7] 7K -% $ -y- 6( 7%  ( 6 : ( B

L5-y-   ..."$%(  !% 6T2 0 !H5 6 767m !H 7% 7K 0 L5-y-012 ...

!% 0 ./ 0 p  = ...-B !1 #  ... 7%H 0 / 7! ... - 7Z6 ? 0 6 (`& 0

# H ...-? = :- - B (  UZ $U >?6 !6 ( D`& 27 $& 

/ %H B = 2  B K !H  27   !5 7 L5-y- 6

= (6 7 6 Lm & 7K 6 .76 D7!6 H/ D6 !- 6 Z$[ X$ - 7Z6

-7e6 = -76 6 6 `-  B 7 !j6 7%B . L2  !H !m( 6 &6 ]XY 6

L2 B v( 6%6 .  "- L5&% !6 K H X-% !6   Z =-& !H = B6

. -

(  %  B !6 ( .d B= !B- B "( !H!-  B Lm  7 (B6   X !H 7%

 h -- !  27  TF 5B 6/  dB 6 ( h#Z (&  /  6 1Z7 7K

7%6  .7%

  7K% (B . 7% !6 !H D7 76 .7%&?$6 $w %Z 1%  = h(( 0 - H B <= b

7#  !6 7%%65%  LL B> =2!  $d e / - B ( 7%%H !6# 6 D " !1

  1 & / V? 0%m .7%%H 7 ( !Z D 7  $w  6B .7%H &H

 %H !m 2% 2 !6 7K-% (7 ."Z EF&5 7K !H 77Z -% ( =U6 .B w =  %Z6 D

= 7 h-%  m !"/  (:7%%H !e

 B% 7K%

 ! H  7K%


& 0B- 0 7K 6 -% 7K!-%

 -/  !6 

 7 H6  [B Z U 7 H 7K 6 !U6( -% 7F 0 !- $&F  .76 !H   D !60

 #H !H 7%H !m K - 6  5   H -  = (!6# B = !6 = T2 6 B7

( $w >?6B 27> =2! (.7%H !6#

U% 6 X %F = " 6 7K -% $w 7.-

"" 5" %Z !6 s B 6&B 0>" 6 !H -- e >-F !- TF:

%H ( .... !m H

%H ( .... !6 !m

`& !m `( 6 6 .... =

%H ( .... !m H

!6 !5%B !U6> ? 66 5H - !6  6 06 776 & 7 (! Lm !m !H 7%H%H ( X 0

?  H .7  0 6 c$e = 0 (F ( = H .  !d$e  . -  6 !H 0 !67!

H .-<" hLm 0 76  [7%F Z$  . B 2 !"# 6 %H y- !( 6 Lm ( !6

 Lm !H mH % %H 7.

 ! ( !6 2 Lmy6 X !H 7 5  H 7B 7 !H / K[ !m  $d5 ] / 

 7 / 2 .-  0%m 7%"6   1 DH h#Z(  = D  !m !H 7X !6#( 7/  7K -%

(&   =   B 7.7 7

%H ( .... !6 !m

B p6> D( D( 6  6 ( -  7 = !H !j$"[) 7( =2 !H !j76) 7( ( 7X s%

 ]67K 5  !6 .7s% 0 ( 7  %Z 56 s( !H 7 7 D   ( `w D! .76

 ( ! 7%H = !H !j 6  m - !6 B5  .7 7 "d !67- 7  6 <T!?F X.7

6 7 H - ( - 7 7  6B $ ]d B !ZUK =g 6 0! !6 ! 6 ?! .7  / 6

K 0 !6 ] dey6  0 .7 m (` 0 H DH 0   0 / - H y6LU6 .7 .K

6 ZK 5 !m# 7

`& !m `( 6 6 .... =

<" !6 h/ 0 0 =2 K[ !m !6 !H5 &` `( 6  $6 = .7 7( "$ 6B   6

7%H 7- ]$K !H B  F e 7Z( -  ! HF 6 F -  67 7 7 7

es T56 .`& !5% `( !H5 6   = 6 7 K  p$W K y- 0 . !6

B !H 5% ` h$ 2 6 5   ! (7K y- [B !6 .  2 =  6 !

!H %H  6 76  %  GK6 X%w- 7 s% 0 7$ 7  .U= 7  ]w %H!%

&]    !"v(1 1 .- >-F 0 LX/ ZK .-

? 2 (= X 7! !H 6 07 !  7 %H p$W $K 2 h$  !H %H `( 6 5

6 ?  ( B = !j( !H >F 27   7 -%&6 ZK . 16

 &`  "X !H 6  m -6 B 5  = .7%H ! ( 7   H7  &!

= !BLy H ? ( 7  = 5 (7%H L   !5 s% s% 7 !  (" 01 H  K76 7 - 6D

K 7 W/ B( !67 6  0 ( ! 6  0 K! Lm s% 7%H  $"U 7 "K.7
7K -% y- 76  %Z&m !H - 6 /   !H % F pd B  6 %H  5 .2

 76 0  e H %H 27{ 7&H 7F  %H !( !H (LH 6  6 !2 &6 . F ]$K

B 6 Lm !m !H  !6  7- DH    !6 !H &  B  ] !6[ 7B

H = !H !j%H  !T2 5  H  7  !65 26 7.

W D 2 0%m %m ]w !6 :7 ( !5% D= !B  = !&m- !6  .0H  !6 !&m- L2 0

? 7 !H (&5% [" 7%H &( h [B >?$/ 6 & 7K !6 -%.7

!(= : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=220844

  ?/ A4/ $*U

K " "Z:

 !6 Lm "  6 .7  "   "Z - 6 

 "  "Z "  eVB !6 !m =  [`

! 7 !m 76! !6 Lm . 76 -(1  7 .

 27 H ?6 !H(  7 7#  !6 7 = V( !H

56 !H 7B  !m K 7 .7%H ] by-

K :0

 (7$] !6   Lm !H 76 = . 7%H   &6

bF&! 6 Lm  !H 7%H= h [ ZK . 7

K  % 0% :

 F  (L "#  H . -  "e

 27 0 !H - 27 `B !K B .7%H ."B

 27= 7 B ( 6 L =  7%H # V( 0 % (

 !H  F  (7F .d . 7%H 1/ 7%H

K :  !U6

6 27  6(  27 [ 06 .- ( 1 -/   " (# 6 (  !U6

. p6   ZW   p    6(   . -

K 6 :

 Lm 6  !H ! !6 767$( ZK]  =  . !m % !6 `$K !H 7%6  !H 6 ? H 6 bF . 77
6 7d 7%H   G !H-% 7% 7%H =  $6 06.7

K  :

" d  &! 6 %6 ( 0     %= .- !H !m  !H= !6 ZK  6 7

 7%H   !12 !"6  ?   !6 E 5%  /  $V.-

K : L5

 2  !m 7 #   7 (`  B !- <2  !&m-  L 6 bF . 7- 6  !6 7 L5

&? H ( 6 !6 D L !6  e7 . 7-

K s :

6 2 b1 !6s K Lm   F ! = 76 !6 LmK  7F  .&!  6 %s (

]  7%H 0s 6 B6 55m [ (T2  J .

K (: LH

 Lm !H = (H LH = !6  7%H  27 !2 ] ZK 2 7F  6%6 . 7%H6 0B  7 Lm 6

 !H 7%H LH= h [ ZK . 7

K  :

7/ S ]K 7e H !H#    (  bF . -     !H ( 7%%H  0 B

F  ( !H 5%  e !6 s (( D < # & ( 0 ( =2! 7 = !  .

K ? :

 !#  27?   ( !sd 0m .- &! ?  B =  %H ]H 27 ( = 6 !m

(1   7 B - . -

K (:$w 1

6 7-  !6  $w 1(  W &  1(  . - 7%   s . -

K (: g

( ]6K < g% -  6 7- (= 6K ! 6 g .

K %H :

 `- " - [%H . ]H  F p !6  =. 7

K   :

 !m  !H #H= [B !6 7 B !H -( [ 0 B !- . 7  = ]H !H !m= 7 !6 !H !m= - 7

= B !H !mB 7  6 7 7 . -

K F :

  6  - !6 ]H s  F ]H   2 .&!   !H -  2  - . 2

  &6  !6 7%H 0 ] . 7&?6  &6 !H -

K : 7B

F  !H 2  27L 6 7 !6  7B5  !U6 . 6 &6 !m $ 6  27 Z- 5 H

7%H (  B L>  7  !e ?" B 27 . 7%H  &F &6

K (`( J :

! 7  7  =   2 H ?- . - `( &6 !m %H  B hH &6 H .

K =: 2
 / ( . 0 =   !H 7% &6 0K e = hH6 2 # H  " . 7%%H B !#

= ]H 2. -

K ( 7/:

6 7 # ! H H K 7! 76  &! 6 #   (H 0 H K . H &6 !m %H

H 7F &6  . %H 6 7 56 7  6 !H ( 7/ . 76

K (: V

6 V 2E --  . . -  27  &   &F  ]e/ 5% !H  (V

. 6 !2 %

K : K`B

(   0 !6 7 6 !H Lm ! 76 - . 76  &F  6 27 D<= 7   m  ."B7

 77d 7 = -7d L 7% ? 7.

K : -

Z  B !6(  - 6 ?- 6    7 .- - 2E  -- . - !6 27

H- Z$[ %H -# B . . 7

K 7e: K

?$B -   =56 V( !H 7  6 %(Y 0  ( . 0 B  . %H 27 6= 6 7

 6 6 0 0 !H   e . 6

K UZ TF :

( 0Z7 B Z[K! 76  -= !6 6  UZ TF . 76 Yd( V - G 7 6K 7

(UZ TF .

K : ?$B

1H  27 -/  7% 0Z( !sd /  (B 1 KF G &?  - B ! K. G

6 L2 B !6#( !H 0 H H! 76  H . !T2 -  7%H  6 !H (6#( 1

B ! g( 7.7

K (: ]#Z

  - !H !m( = !6 !6 -6 0$ ] !H - (  !e K 6 27 .

K :e

 6 e 0 <" h (  Z ZK 0  27 !6  =L6 bF . 7 ( e 0 !6/  &! -

. -

K B  :

  ( 7 !m 6 !H 7- !67 (B 7 0Z = !6  6 7= . 7  =  !H( 7 .7%

K : 27%&?6

 76 &6 !m s F !6 5 B 7%H 7B    !6 &6= . 7-   !H `es 7 . 7

(  % e( B ?$B / !H 7 7/ !6 7%H ] !6 7B5  6 7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=304274
> 5  M _y

/  6 0    !j6 6( - 6 0 7-%

B = !6 76  67 5`B  7  K ( !U6

"Z( 6 ( 67 `B ! 6 !m .767%6 7

 7K Y  !j6 6( - 6 B  &] 

! .-`& 0 ( YZ $ - 0! 7 70

76  0/(  7 - 7 7L !m ( 0 6

  7&  ."B 7  $V B L

( ]d 7F  1 -7 7 0 &6

6  T2 7 = B7 7 0 0! !

- &6 e  B 7%/  %2 .7% ?6 2W 7 ( 7jF 7% h"U 0   (h U !6 7

Y6 !W 7%! =    1B#  7 - `  hB % 6 !m 7

=  ]/]  76 

` [ Z$ < ]6K% .- 0`B !60


$ [B ! `B 7 ( 6 .( 6( - ( h7  !

  %Z!  7- %2  7 671( 5 7 .7 7 7! 7 0 (6 . -- .

^d6 12 h-% 2  ]6  (6 6B "( !6#( 7 =  .76

  2  2 %  &]  02 s [ !K 7- !6 ]/ ( .  L6 -!

6  7 7  76 7( !6 { = .7%$6

 % 7  6 !6 6 % 6 6B 27   . 56 V( ]$K 7! !  !m B  

B6 &6 ( 6 .-  7 ( 7/7%m -6 ]KW 0 ( !6  . 7-!   ! 76   7%

!  ZK B 6 7# .72

6 B  ) `- T2 0`  0/ -- !Bm V ( !2  ?7(= () ]Vd# cde

(% (  7 (!-/ ) 7 !B !- ( 7e K ! ?  K  (   .7% 7 

! (V ( 6(7 "! (&] 7F .7  =- (  7%!  6 &6 !6 27-W 0 B

 7 - &  ! =  .- (  ( / !6 7% ]  &%$ 76  7  .7%%

 2  !6 T26 0 (7 :7 1 ( 2 B # 7  7 !  !6 V` (! 6 ( 60

[ B6  ? 6 - %( !6 7  0 T56 ] !"/ !6 7   ( 7(7 (   7 6.-

` = B 0!    (V ( 6 ! - 0! !m V( 0 !2 .-   2 7%! ( ]6

7  2 ?- "B 7% B !6  7 6 $de"& ( 7% [6 .


7%6  2! 6 ^d6(   !6  6 7( 76! (  Kj 7 J"  76 6  ! 

B   $6 06 7 &! 6 K 7# ^d6 7- !# !6 !   1 = 76 W `w .2

(7 76 !$  7 % -  % (6 V ( !$%  !5(  7 !6 7 56 7! 0 7F

% ( !6 ( !$%( - 7- .  7Z6  2   6 / ! !2 V( !m .% e  !6  ( 7

= 6>  !  !$% !K 6 - ( V -(? .7%

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=261209

6/R _8

- 7! 7B 6 !H -   &% ( 7/ 

= d 2 7 !6 = !6 7F - DH 6 %H

("L 6 &m  >-.

  - T6 =  7 L - ( 6

7 =!- 6    6 %Z = 1% !6

H 6  !H !j= s .77 B ^ J  Z = !6 

`- B- 12 '-F 7% 2$ TF.-

( B  6 ( g `e ("  7 .- !H  /

- 6   %ZF  1 . 0 - 

6 0 6 5 B -!% 6B  7&! !"-   6 %H  H = .-

6  Z  - 2 ? 2 6$ 2 - = L 2 - %12 ` - .-

6 & -%&!  F& #%  6 / !6 =.7

e 0 / !H - L7 H- !6 [ 15 7 '-F ` X - .-- 0%j

06 ( $ - .7 $de$ 7e  Z6 !"6 K - `e 7 . &! - 7e .-

 !6 0%j56 !H  %Z 0 - 012 %ZH $de .j  7%Z pB D - 6 .

H/  / 2 - e 26   7%Z pB D - H !6 !2.

/ L7 H- !6  ? V [ 15  7 ` X - .-

6 GK - H (b 7 "Z  ]6 D ZW .76- 0  ? 6  015!H -

( 6%$ 76 ` 7 !% 6 Z 7   DH !6 6 ./ 0 - L ZK %Z !6 D #%

 !"6?  6 - !% D B 2 %- D !- >F.7


2 -  26 [ !H -    T6   . (sd 06 !H - B 0B-

=> (Z !6 &?6  W .-

-  !6  H ]$K / 6 .7  H (6 LH- 7 %H !"/ 0 !H -/  %H0

- ^6# ( / B 6  .

6/ 0 Z6 ? !6( /- 7% ( 7%%6 ]d m -  7 2 -  .7

 !H 76? 67 5  .7%%Hb H B ]Z B Z6 .  !% (? 5 7& GK 

!%5 &/  - 7%  7%%H Z6 L 5 [ 0B . 7%6 H 7 . / B -H !6

.7%&%6

67K !H 12 7 $ K 6 7K ( 0 012   7 0 &! 7  . 0  e

&`     27 %&  !6= - D/ B  !B% / `& !6  7&H

- !6 #% .

! - 5 ( 7 D?  ?6 76 V .015 0?-  GK  27 !6#( !6 2 !H

 6 H- ZK L /  0 -  H .

( bF 56 - !H 6H - (  56 6 H-  H-   !m- ZK %H !m

 !.

- 5 ZK 0 !H - >6 2 7/ 7  - &6( ^6  -   !6 / !"  0

( B  . K 0 ( - 1% %Z !6 7 !6 ^6 !H 7 K  02  ZK !6 !H

( / = B .7

7Z6( 5 2 12 -  D 2 !"- L2  .- K ( - B = .%H  [B !66 !%

5 ]X 7%%H! &.

/ \- 0= !H - - Z6 L 5 ( 6 !H'  % !Z D !U6! 76

B6 %  -  6 ("  `w .  % = K - - 0m "  05%-

- .- %Z !6/ 6 H !6  012 0?-H -- DB 2E  !6 =.7

-  D 6 (Z & 7 - 6 !( 7 ( !H6 ` 7 6 B6  B 6%6 .76- 0

( 7 5 { &`  .76 $ 77 -  7 V/ - `-  B -.

Z6K  - 6 H B  D & /  65  7%%H !"-  !6 - &B B /

6  7% !$  6 0 7&H  .-

$ !6 5- D %Z =  (- ?- !6 !H - D (76 / .76  D.

- 0%j 2 ( 7% !6 7 D B !" &B !6w !6 1% >%H> .76

 - ( % 6 = 7% = !# K6  ($  6  75 .- /  / 0 K6 ($ 

( 7 0 ?- 7%&6  6 012 0?- B &  .7%H

6 B ( %  !H 5% B6 J `& 6 ( D (- 7 B  7%H  ( !H 7 7%

6 06 -  J 7% 7 GK[.Z$

2 !$ H B 7 ! ^6 -  .  676 7 2 !H !612 D- 2 ( J 7!"6 .

6 ]6 ? 76 / Lm  !H 7L6 `7 !K 7   !"v= 0  ( 6 .76 6  % 12 7 - 7%m Y 27

- !H h 7% -- = Y!  27 -- $ 7 ? H !6 = 06  H.

- 0%j ( "6K 7  Y6 ! ? .76 0( ZWb 7 76 ]Z / ! .7 6
!6 / / L - H 7- ([$  !H V? . K ZK 0 2 ( 6 75 ($ K6 .7%6

- 6  #B 5 (- 6 7 ($ ! .76 ? K 6 B 7 7 H 5 !65 2

(  6 2 7 :7H 0   !B- 0 - .7%H

wHK  7? e 6 !H 6 0 7%%& Z D  !6 p5 2  .7%  %? e!H 7%

-/ 7 7%L6  (  !H =   / !6 & 7 - - B .7% K6 0  !1 = !6 !H -

  / 76.

 0%j  `w eB GK . H K7 7  B <  7 - B  .7%H 2 7 !m -y6

 6- L 6 .   ! >(-/ 7 . !H.-

 e ( 12 [  - 7% H K B 6 6  .K - H  ^6 !H

B 6 p eV? .%6 $de  !H - !6 = B  Z6 .7K B "B "( !H -L  B H

/ ( =>  %6 (56 V.

(H 6J !6# !H -  V( !6 !5%    -  .6 d 7%H = !# T $6 !6!7 E !%0

- F << ($V !"?( h 7 &  $V.

- ! ^6# 7 7 7  7T2  F>F 7 .  Z6 76- GK 5&F ^6

]X -D-  Z6 .- GK H h$-  6 !H  7 ( .%H LH- GK GK

=>  !6 !H - ( 2V ( 776 !% #H  Z6 .%H !m GK6 ZK- 7 ( %H !%

6 LH( 6B !6 %! 6  6 !65 2  .

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=353969

K6  d@ V

( g-= L2  / 6 !6 %6 2 0Y] # 2 .5%

! (2 V 7 ( g$# 7  %= Lm ( 7

- 7 Lm 6 7 6> m L5 g( .7%&! 72 6

TF UB 7&m F !6 .-

d  ?" 1 ( 0Z 7!  # (g

 71 = 1- .7%%

7 >  <K`B  &] )5- &7(  ]/

= 2 7  !67  !6 56 L5 


% !6 L ` ZW.-

7 >(% < 6 `e &]  !6 s7%

y- 7! 0  " %2 1- .

7 > < ] F B !6 5% # (g  $w.-

7 > !6 <LF %!6 ]  %( 5 ) `w7Z-  6 m7( ? VV 6 !e( !X

  !6 2.

6  w (J 07 >F <7% -! ->  !"6 7%    h  7K   6 <"6 !$

&` !6 y- . w ]$K 0! !"/ !6 7%-6! = 6 7% ?6 g( ( 7% # = 7% 7% [

 7%%!  ]6K! g( 6 T $ .- dU- !6  /L  7 7%-! =  = ( g.7

!sd !6 by-  / 7%-! =  B !6 g( - `w .7 6 B  ZK! 5- & 7/

 7%! 0% ( B B K !  L26 5- &.7

5%!   ( g 7%  27  B  g( L `w .7% ! 5- `$K &77

 0 - !6 (    - 7 7 pd  7F  .7#%  5%

) ! ( p- 2 (TF GK / = ( [!6 2   6 6 0   ( 7g( h 7

 (G- 0  `w .56 V( - 7!  ?6 7 ( T<  !6 m 5B  #/ 7 #%

B( 0 -! ( & . B $d 0?F 6 <T & LB  .7  056 V( - 7! 

?7 V  7% - &  !6 7%%! - B T56  = 6.7

 2 #% ! 6( (T2 J 2=  .7 e 0 ( 7 76& 7!  =  ( g6 `w) 7

(& .- %- !6 0 7 !6 &(  B  = 6  . p) 7 2 % (./ (.

? 5 0 -! B p6 6 K6 - 7! 7   7 #%  (( h 7 ( .

(. g

=2   1%&! 2 0   (= g # !6 .- ! (&? Lm !m 7 B g( 7 7!m

 6 ( !156 s 7 = !j ! B 7#  7 /( = K  .7%2

?6 7 -   B 6 "!( h !6( ( 7  B6 .7#%56K BF&B

 >?612 :-  p  0   (6 7   !6 >  %T2 0 5-&7

 .76

# !6 ! ZKY/    ! 6  %!6 % 7% -% = 77K K((7%  = 0

&?  !6 6 % =  [ / `w .7%[!6 2  5%  !Z U [( bym  B 1FZ- 7

( 7%  !?6  ! B  0 6 6 - ?6.7

!6 L (/ >?6 ]$K # ( . g .-( 2 7 ZK eB% %6>F 7% 7%! 6 !5m7

6!-- 6 627( !6 !B $U   d !6 m .7 7%6& .7 (0 (V 7%!

%  L$ -   !60 5-=  b.7

Z6  >K<  71( .7%  $! =  = $K - 7 0 % 7 6g( !6 7 Z

 ?& .7 = !j! 7VK# =  7 ] =6 7 = !j! Z-  =  7  (K 7 ` .7 6

 !6 56 g( Lm6 0 !  ( 7 B . .7 7{ (& .d  7!  ! &6 --

!67  7  7%!  (  = 7 .7% &6 !m/ 7%%! =  ( 7% ( g 7%

e &6 6# (B gT2 7%.


-  !6 0d($ (B 6 `- $w g %6  .7 ! B  B 0 7%%6 06-/ - !6

&` & 7%B =%j ! 6 7 (! K 7 7% =  &! ( GK 7! ] >F 6B!6 . ! B

/  7Z) 7% %Z ! [!6   6{  1%  %6>F 0 (7%d -( .7%6

(7%% ) 7% $w !m  L  !$%( 7% 1% !( ( L & 7  1 `w .7 V( 2 ( 7 s% !6

 ( s% 0 7%B 6 - 7 B 02 - 6 B !6(  !6 #    !- L 7  6

  B !K( ! 7%! 7Z6 !W! .76

B 6 $de )F ! 6 B( ( L (7- & 7 1 `- 0VV? .7% ! ! B1-

! >B 6 $w $de< %!6  K ( g ( 1/   7.7

 6 (g

- / 56 7 =  (7 GK! 76! (  (&  ( ( 0 0  .7%% !6 - 2 

m 7y6 7 &( !6  = .  7$m !6 (  .7 0  Z 6 >F 0 - [7Y

((7 Z !6> 6= 77K   !6 ( 76 7%! - ?6 $-.7

 !6 L   7(7 ( 7 0  .7%5- - ( Y[  ( 7%! 76 !6  Z1% 5!

0 6   !( ) 7 !- &6 ? 7 $%( '"( Z[ 0 (.

6  !6  b1 !6 !T2 ! # ( g!B !6 7( =  7  !  7 B !6(

L2  B >F !5m !% 7.

[!6 B !6 s%( 76 L !7 %!6 !1 d !  7 7  L Ty 6 B( [ /B) 7%76 c$e

6 !Z  Z6 6 0 -  T27 7Z6  = 6 6 (. L m ( h -  >6 L5 L6 L

! 6  7Z6 7 J( .

( B6 !6 0&26 GK  "$K TF =  ! .766  / 0 &2 7%m !1 bF ( g (1  .7

[ 0   7/( (/!  6 / 7 `!6 .7B !6 (?- -y6 L5 7 ! B !6( =

 7! 6 TB 7 6 7!6 Lm !m 7B -= 7.

!U/ 7 7 = `-

= `-  g( 6 !T2 ( 7   6 =5 m7 6m 71-  7%%! = ( g

!U/]  pd 27 (1 W .7 ! !  `-  !% ( !Z 6 7 67- p$( 5

$( 7% 1/ 5&F :  $K ( .`-

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=242363

+6
 * 4  n&
  Z- !  0   >-F  06 p6 ( 6

!B !6 7%6 L ( >-F 7 >-F 7%%H

 >-F hH ( "# >-F <  `H 6-

K 2.

!7

7-F 7  0 / 0 - (  0 = G .-

[`K6 ($   07 1-   0 .7%

>-F  (e !6 7% `H <7%6 `H 6 `w "!

 ( cW( &6 77 & 5 0 !H - [ ]6

s  B $de ! `) 7 (`H  !H 5%

 bF %H  $de Z !% ?v- V 7-F

( 6 &m -v- 0 5 G .-y6 D

>-F <  %( !6 H `H (`Z H !6   7 &6

 F 7% `H  &-F 0 6 Y6 (7e 0 >-F

1-  .7

HH  >-F

 !6 >-FB H ]Z( 6H ?" 1  !H L 7%%H 0Z( >-F ( .dH 0H .- [ .  0  (

 ?  ]6 -% =  =6 7% B-6 D  7% / .DLF D HH $ >-F "e(7%

hH[`

%H (]Z

# ` !K #%H

(&? &` [ ]6

6 `[ !6 !K ]6

( 5 0Z7-/ [ ]6

7/ !6 wH7- [  Z ]6

L >#%- > '-F27%

(& 1( . 6

(& . 2 !6   s  '-F 5

" !( h 2 [ >-F . < ) !$K  .(Q

6 !$ 12 7 '-F &?   = !H !67 B -!   6%6 .B6 71 0 6 71 !6 >-F = '-F 6

 2.

 >-F

>-F !6 !( 6 6 d$ !6 .7  7%6 !$[ 2(  >-F &6 !$/V 6$[ 6

1 / .- 6 !6 Z6 - 0 !-  F:

>-F 7 7%%H

U 6  v- !5%Y ?  ]6s B ?-F  %Z6 !6 . 5 >-F 0 '-F 7% - !6
 '-F  s7  .7%%H H6   0 (  >-F  !6 ]  :

 ( :]Z 0 !- >-F 7 6 7%%H  512  H6  7 2E =  ( !60

0Z ?-F  cde YZ  !m `w . - -

(& d K ?  :]6 !5% >-F 76 (! !6-/  '-F& d( 6 7% K p D

 7[ `w .- 7 !H H

>-F   : >-F !5% 6 d !6 6 ( .7%%H  7H7 1- v- !5%Y g( 2  6 6 6

g EF 7% .-& !H   7W #  .7 .d( 0 =  2 v-Y   K >-F :2

= <" - h 7 e 0  7 7%m $

= 2 - 7 e 0  7 7%m $

6 v- 6 !H<" h 6 K 6 !27 / L2 !1  7 6 v- 2 6 !H 6 6 7 7

/ 7= -76 6 !1.

 h U !6 s 6 2  !# !H1- - "H >-F  '-F hH ^6 s   )Y.(S

>-F hH

!5% -Y (v- 7%m hH (&]   .7 >-F 0 71 K " !H 7%< $H6 K 7 [  ]66

56 . <" >-F h  #2 ^6 hH - '-F 2  7% m !H   7 7H !6 '-F D7% .7

 = K 76 %- " `e -7

>-F ("#

2 0 >-F [  ]6s  '-F  B = !6 5%?-  B '-F 7 .7 6  0 !( h" >-F

T ?[ h  0%j= [` (= p-  7B !H H 7% .76 &7-%

>-F < `H

v-Y < `H [Y/ . H/  m 76 U  H .76 >-F 0 $H " !6 !H - K Y] 5

 $de - ? & GUK ]66 Y6 7% . 6 6 !"H ]6 ? !H !6! (7%H  h<( ]Z

)HH b.(S

 2 !#

27e !6= - [` 7 / / 6 7v- 7Y B U !Wg< %d 6 ( 7%H [ ]6

-/# [ .7% (  %( ]Z ] -  ( 7[`  (  !X !6 !H 77 H/ => .7%H

6 bF 7U% 6  [ !H #6 >-F  h-% D % - " 6 !H % (  ]e/ !6#.

 : G$% 7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=346561

86& 4 $W /J )
!7 (

 !$ B &6 - Q-SB 76 !> / !6

- -  !H H  % !" 0  7 !12

 s5  &F 6 H 6 / !6 = 7 % 

"B 7 0%m  .7 7 0 7%m !$  6. p6

!H H  ( hg& K H (` - c$eH

2 - ZUK H 6 -  - 7%m B

(d " &  !H 71e 0  $w\- ` D L6

B &F  %F H= :7  0 !67 !H H [ !$

!6 H K- / B B VB H 7

!6( h(( 0 7F 127 ( !H = 7%-  &5 HF [  7 7 6J7 ( !H - `- 7%%H7

= G$( !6  !Z7$( -] !6 D  7.-

('   % H (` LBd- %!6 $w (1e  7 `  L62   !61e 0 

  YZ !6 !K K 0 y-  !H %H B  %76 5%   (6 7H .-

7 0 (Z 0 [ !6 &? V B &m !6  !Z6 .  !m m - 6 H - 

!j6 !m / - ` !6 !K  7Z6 - H ]g !6 - / F 7 K =L% !6 F h B

T2( 7 6- !6 7 F7 6 c$e !H 7   K.7%%H ]( 7

%H 0 2 2 - % &67 B6 : !$ 7B .& !6 !H / H   Z .7%7 !m

6 76- H 6J " `H76 !H 7 !$ B !6  H 2 0(1 7B J~( ZUK 7 H 

& B 7 .W 0 B H !6 !$7d 6 .

6- d( 0H >6 / 7/ 2  B H! - ^6 76 2 H !#> H  B7

d .7 2H 7% p K Z 7/ 71 76 \ J.-

7m ( 6?6 76

 76  B !6 bH H !6 ?" 56 1  ( ]H !H 12 wH B - ( !6 6  !$ .7

!$   !H 7% 76 =  B - S 676 !$  $    H 0  Z$[ ZUK K !$

 - S  p  Z6 7e  .7%H - 5 -  2 [ B h76 7  [ %j

/ B= 76 7%H 2B !H 7  $ H .-

!     76 B !6 !$ 0$  !H -/ 7  7 5 .7%H %Z  2 H -

 7/( B76= %Z 7 0B -  !H - 76 !6 76  7  6 7 - 0 76 bF.7

B6  B !6( 7 776 !H 7 B $H 6 B -2  7%H = 6 %H = .7  K H X L  

BK LH( 76 ( 2V b ]Z 6 "  5  /`B 7 K6 ( K$H 0

B $  !6 7%e 0 ! .76

(B H K76

B H 6 B66 6 6 - 76 (~J T2 1% .J~( 0  0 - B & 7%   !%{ = 

77%"6  % !6 . w !6 $  pB6 h D 6    :

H>  H$H - S/ p : B h D ) (Alertness 7Z6 ( H 7e> .7
6- EF&5 &"%F 5 =  &  L !H - " K 7 !6 !H [ Y  H h a

B - 7%6 7%  !H - 7 !6   ?.76

`B !s/ 6 :B%- EF&5 & 5 &  d !H - B(  6 Lg # 7 !s/7

H>  .7 EF !Z U 0&5  ! - ( 2 ( H !6 .7 2 7 !6 -  

&?6 !H 7 7%6  2 !B !6 B  7%  ]w&! B .776 7Z6 a -  !6 7Z6! 0 S`- 7

 %  < Z &   7  /   = Lg .7= ] !6 0- 00- &  !H eB / !H Lg

H !s/ 7  !Hm B H$ 6Z 7( 6 !6 by- .! =    !B !6 !H 7& 6 7 -/

V .7%%H 7# 7Z6 0  `-7 !H ]$K6 7 7d !6 .7= ] !6e 0 S  = !6 !H`-& 7

 = ( S !H 7  "$K 6 7 7 ( S6 7 .7{ & !H !H ?6 76 7 (&? 7H !%

b 7 7 (76 7% 2 ] H.7

H> 1HBH :27 ^6 6   !HH !6 7  `(!K  !H LH( !6 (! 7  s 77 !6

 ` !K ("L  7 " y6 %-.7

=h- d :"g B h-=UB  "g ( 6 6L> .7

/ (= 6%6 :]$  " ( %L6 D2 = 27% B=  v !Y- L  (V ( ]$L

  /  SS  =  .7%  Z U  m B HB 6 &F !H 7 !-5- - !$

)(Y-( K 27% !# .726 0 " !H =  Z F / (0  L2  !H 7m  6 ]  -

 6.7

 7 H 5 =J  B H6 6 7  BH 6 77%"6   7 !B% . "! :L>

& B`& Km Lg !- $"K !"/   s 2 - Y`B H "B> ( LH =h- 77%"6 

(V.

/7 Y[ !Z U D d p-( !H ! - S &= Yale 5 e !2& - H !H H - a 

&6 - [ B >6 7%6 7/ !H H B - 7%6 Z !6 `6 6 K .7

B 6 (Q 6 &<] /

  UB B67d 6 / !6  27%  - /  6 !   =J = ]<& B6

 7%27% = &m !6 &6 .7 "! Z U !H ]<& 0   (~BH J= 6 6 # / ]<& 7 LF

-F .-

- LF !H - LF !H 7% / T27  (? V < !6 -7%  Z ! 6-D&H YZ 

%5%- [  h .7- !H 7 h$- !"v 0 H - &6- 0 H ]<& 06   76%Z

<" - Y6  = h H !1  7%%H 2 0 - ( !6 7-67 h#Z(  `e.

!6 !( 6  `- !%  - [!6  6 `- 6 ($ Z U - 7Z H J~( !% 

B H 6- H 6 =  #  7 .- ( Z U 0 ($ H  - `& 6  $V ]$K 2UW

 !6 $V$J 7-6 / .-- EF&5 & 5 &  - !H - H   UB - 0

=   &5- L>  7 / (V  27%  L =  6 .7%H 6  !   J~( 6 !"v 0

UB LF.-

p !Y- = L  1 UB J  LF B  - 7% LF 5B  ] 6 "e 0

UB LF%!6 .- w !Z U 6 -  / = &  !6 !H -$ B6 h D 6 D&H

=   d# FY ) F- !H DmH / = 6#  6 6 76 mH 06 76  DLF
[= . 76 ]B  6K - 6 (7.7 UB h( &6 6

!Z U 6 -F =  &  !H -/ -F UB ]w  $  $ D&H

>6 !H [ - S/ 6 7&H &6 6 !H 7 ^6 (Z U 0%m .(d! 7/ FH - wH -

LF - Sa !6 H !1> 7 K !$ -L 0 - - Q !6 H !1> .76

H (SH 6  H

 >6 !H Z 7/ H  YZ 7%%H !- = .7% H !6 !H F =   7 =  / !H F  .7% !$

06 0  B !H 7% & B 7 H .7%%H

GK 0 H  7% (7Z =  =7   !H 7 2 7 7  6 B - H F .Workaholics :7 0

!$ Lm GK Alcoholic -    6& %ZZ :7 H !6 Z !6 ] . / 0?( W/  !H =

" Z H !6  .

e ? & !"H 0 7F !ZKZ Lm !6 !H H . Z(  - 7 76 B !% !

76 - /  Z 5  !6 ( 7 7-6 %H !H / T2- 0  Z (1d B J 6 !6

 T2.

LF  Y6 7%"6   5B H >6 H 6 7/  ( ! H%!6 .7 w  >6 !H H 7/

 1( 7%%H-(E Dm &]  ( %Z =   6 -D  %6 >F{  /7K B H>

.76

` 6 K`B 0 =  7 !6 (K 5B J~( d 2 5B . ^6 0%j`B  !s/ ( ( LH

H 5F H>  .7  !$ 5B&! B !6  7d  (  7[ %!6 .7%H J~ L w

7 ( %H  " 2   h-% J= 0 5B.-

( ($ \ 6 J5  H 5B J> 7 !Z U .76d p-( !H 7 & 5"= 7% # & 7

H !H 7  B 27 2 (6 ]"d . !H .d( 0{ = -  !"#&Journal of Applied) " -%

m !6 ( Psychology & 7- H - !H  7( ^6H ]B B 27 2 !HB !"v 0  2 -

&`  - !6$ .

!6!  %H J~( 7%H !W  6 6  $"K 7&( L6 7   "Z -= 7% 6  2 .0%j

 6 !H (Z U >6 SSL  1 %H- 1 H#  7& -   - Q !H H !1  Q 7%%H7e

&6/ & !H &B  !6 $ - ( !H H !1  7%%HL> 7F .7%H    ( Q !H

- S H !1  7%%H/ & !6 `6B Y6 &6 7e.-

H  /   ^6    7 .-   0 0 (  !6 0m  H2 %m ! - S J

B2 L $" !%de - " =& 5  L    X2 b  X H . H 0

F eVB 0mH X  5 - 0- [- J 2 5-  B -.

= (a 7 !1[ !B7

s% !6 6B6 J~( - 6 6[ EF &5 =  $  !Z U (( h .7 !H !Z U 0   s 

7 "= 7% # 6- a 7  6K - EF .7%2&5 76 0 = ] !6 1[ ( D 7 6 by-

=   ]XE U H 7 =  B56 !H 7%- 7%  0%m.72 V( !m U

]X 0 2  27jF 7K ]X :77 7%6!- !H) K`B = 6- K W p  !H 7%2 = !6

 $-= H ]X (7- K`B  < ? !H ) V = 6- 6 V( 7 U6 !H 7%2 < 2 !6

= h- (7-  ]X K`B ? !H) V = 6- 6 V( 7 6 0 !H 7%2 [ = U6  7 !6
= 77-6 h-  ^6 / =  .(7

76 6 ]X 0 U 5  7  6- p-( 7 hH  !$ 6 !6 by- . 0 B6 - S 6  7

6 U !6& ]X  .7{   & !H !H ( [ 1 !  Y6 H hH 6 bF 7 B6 6

(&(V 7%m (1    !H H  p- FH hH 0 6 bF 7 B6[ !6 6 !s/` ]6K -2

 77   ]X K`B ? (V( V !6 !H ]  ]X6 `$K K`B =  <$K ]6K 6 - !6 2(? H.7

 !H  = !6 h"U 0  7 5{ 6- " `H&7% EF&5  UB H >6 7/

BH `- 6 6 6 !Z .7 0{ !$ H   Z  \- 6  & H !H 7  7% 6 2

 e # & (76 J~( # 7 H .

F52 : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=333234

6 A4/

2 B 1 B 6 $B 6 7 - ? $

  7  2  !  H 77! B (  7/ !m7%

(T2 J 76 5= 7 GK  15 D   .77! 

[ B 27 7/ 6 ]K T5 J( 1 S . D 

  v  !6 $ 7 5 6!  7.7

d( !1- 2 h"U 0 !H - B wH ( J $

B .72  H -

 L%  ( 77 B (H L 7 !B 7%H !6

=    K`B =  .7 H ]d (  L 7 !6

B 7  (& 7%H . / 6  7L !H H !H#   7 6 !H B ! d #   6 7

5 (T56 J  06 .7 L62  ! 7 (1  &/ .

?7 ]w V &  -  ( L62 .- $H 6 7 !6 7$ ZK L6 /  !H

e ]6K H ! 7%6 7- Y6 K`B ?6 !m .7%6 7 !6 !m ! 76   B

 D (T2 J  .7  !6 7%%H  !(  7  B 6- = F .7%%H  L ]e ( 7%H  DH  !6

6 6"U J( 7 6 5 # .7%H

= ( ( g  !6  6 ! :76

 !%B 7 L>  Lm .7 ?6 !H 7( (   ( - > m !6 . !6  %( 2 / B ? !6
(! 7%H ( 7 = G F  T5B "B 76 B 2 <  1 7 / W !6 27

 7 -7 .7 02 DH %Z !6 5 6 (7$]  !66 7%H Z- .76  ZK 7- !6  (`

6 .7%H   B ! T566 ( 7H  6 7 !6  = !6= 7.7

( (  B -% :7%H

 7H  (   6 !H( K  = !6 !6# H L6 2  6 `B 7 02 DH 6  # .%H F

6 = -76 2 6 7%H Z-  6 !# H 6 .7%H 7 (  B 56  6 7  2 6- (  ?V

 2 =B .7    (  !6 7%2 D d = .  D( D( !6 B ( >#%- &

7%H  DH % !6  2 D  B D 6 7 5 (K` $ .7%H7 B ( 7%H 0Z  7%m K$ =

 B LH( !U ( 7%H 7 - .77 7 7%"6 7 (H B ( 7%H 0Z " B  - ( $ 6

6 ( 7%HH 0  L  L5L> 6  .76 7 Y !H #H 6 $ B 2 L T567K 7 76 [ 6 L

7- !67& (&.7%H .

`( ( 6  6 0:

 ( !6 !( 6  % !H   bF 7%%H  ] 7%%6B  2 7 =  (T56 J !"F !6 ( 7 Ze (Y6 7%%H 6!6 7

% 7   !B%Y 7 H  %( ! !H -  U% # 6 !"6 7  = 7 !6 L -#  .7B  27

Lm !65  766 7B 7 76 = H  .7%H$ J(F 1 6  6  6 7-  6 !6 0

(` .7%%H

:76 V (Q

 ( D 6 V .  L7 D  . - F7   !e`B . 7 2 (  .7% 7-

%  < !H 7%%H H H 7&6 - $ 7  = h ?6 7  !6 !"/  7%H Z- .7&! 7K 6J V

.76B  2 7  6 7%H&F 7 B !6  .7 1 6 B 27 "$%( 6  = .7%%H  y- /

 !H 7%7Z-  eB! H !"6 7%6 !H 7% $ B !2  7  7%"6 0 6  !6

(`  .7%%H

 (S B !6 :7

7 2 6 7( 7 `& ]/ ! 2 76 V( 0 <" p#   6 !H %( !6 7 ( % !6 &` 6 7

  `w !6 "& 2 = ZUK  bF 7  B m &]  . L Lm ZK 076  - (! !6!%

&` ( (  7/ !m 7% = 6 7%6  =  v 7 56 7  !6 &Z  (` !  6 .% H >F

 - "B . !H - s V? ( %&%6  7-6 ( &`  !6$ .7%H ]/  $( 7%H $e 7

5 6  DH !6B 7% !H - B Y/ 0 6  `& 6 = .7%H 6 2 H !H#  p"( 7

! Y 76   6 &` - !6  $6 %F1( .7( 06 !H$ F  ( 0 ! 7

`& 6 !6  = ]/ !"-(? (V .76  h-%

(a D :76 h-% 5

h#Z(  ZK Z6 !H  B   Y6  7% B- $K  .7%6   v Z$[ !$?6 !H -7

  ! 7%H  B B  2F J( 77  $w 6 [ B T566 7 - 7  H H 6 .7%H H

( 7%H  6J `& ]/ ?  - .7 !17 D H 7B / - !m  !B pd !m H ]d.

:76 ? (

!       B H &% !H  6!  [ !6  p-  2 .7 0  ] 

T :7  Lm B !6 ]  !" 012 `w 76  !6 !$ 0 "0= 7VK `e ( 7" ... - 6 !$HT K
(`B  !   6B !6 H "B !H =6 !H !j 7 e 7  .B 2( H -#

7$ 7 7s ! H !H 767%   /7 = !6 - 76  UB !2 $ # 6 .7% 7B 27

6- D- ]Z K K`B$ 7%H V( !"H B F 6! = -  .7 B !m 6- F L

7%H = 6 B 7- H 0Z( K`B 7 = $(  0" s H 0%m K #  "  "L2 06 !% 0

?  " $-%1-  7%H 6 2 B   6 7 ]XK K`B - 7%&%6 Y/ 0   = 0 !6

.7%H6 2 B Z &?7 V! 0 76 -  ! 7 6 !-- H # 7Z6 !H 7 &F h

  .

7B ( 7 B % K :7

 $ L  b- h"e .$- =   !$/V B  6" :  0( !6 D   "B7%

".-?6 2 H D  #  56 7 V( D (( !6  %  ?B V (  ( !"6 %H  7B !6

T2  .%H- Q - 6 >F !H  7% (6 .7   5 W 7% ( 6 ([$ 5

7 F !6 #% .77  0 1[ `B 6 5 - a 0- 2 V( !H !"H B 27 !67B -y6 7 .

Y !&m-L  6 H  h"[ 0 !H .&! B 6   H F" !H2   ( Y/ 0  2 !H 7-6

% ".0H  "2  L !H Lm" 7  - !H  0 #H    !"6B  !H - - !6

= ".%H H/

 B- S [ 7 =7H !6 7% 7%H H/ - -  - S Um 5 7VK= 7 1 S 6 !H =  ( J

T2B 6 7 7H !6 7&6 -  K L B g( !6  [  !H [ !6 76 7B ( 7 7 %

 .76 [ 0= !6 .& !H = #   7 7-  ( 7 B 27 (Z K6 .7%H  %( !6 bH

 ]H  D  e 0  ( 6( 7B !6 7B 27 (]  .&?6  (  !sd 6 7(  !6 

B 7B 6 7($ K6 .7%H H  - - (H $de  % F 62  7B .76 7 2=  h"K.-

12( 7%m    m 7B !H !&2 0#  h"K 6 7 .- 6 K 0  D  %&F F" :2 

B ( 6  B (   0 %H B !6= ( 2 (  L B 6 6 0 0H % !6  #%  .

%H  B 27 !6- ( (  y- %2 !H 76  &?$6   277  H ( %H  ( !H

B" = 0 =  $"K 2  6   ( 7 Y/ 0   ( 7%H < $U !H 7

 7=  DH !6 - .7B  27B 7 !6 7  27  6 7 T5-y- 7K .76   2 ( %

?T2 7 .7B 2 B 7-%&6  6  7/ !m ( !H 7 16  - =(  5 / Z[ 7 27 .7&j6

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301349

?]  6 6  A4/


(! =   6  !6 ( >-F 0  ?67

 6 B 6 < 0  m  Y/ 0

- !H Bj6 !H 1 !- [  7% 0 -y6

=    7%?$ !H 7%s% %Z m 7Z6?6 26 7%

7e K 76 7% B6 7%  ( ]e

- 0 "B / ...

 =  !6 2  B !H 7-y6 H 7  76

! 76  2m...!"6:7 !! !H 2[ 0 m - !

(7%6 . 7%m ! =  Z !H  J 6&

! K (  ]w 7%! !6 0 D 2 !B K! 7%6 2 -= 7  6 7H

7%6 ./5 ( 7%% 6B L 7%  !6 !$ ( 7%6

!"F %Z :

 Z( !m 1  7  6  %Z Lm !m J >   B & 27 7K 0

6 (Z  0  6 !- "B !% &7% 27% 1 H Z-Z( 7 "H  767%

 Z( 0 0  !6e D  .-6 7  (`Vd Y6  D - 6 J 5 6 F 5!6 7%$

e K`B/ !6  D = 7 =6 !H !j = 6 . 7 0  !H - D/  -  .

H= !6 !H - B!- B 7- / W  bF.7%H [B 0 7H  6 5

 7%H ! 6B 6 7 6 Lm !m !H -6 !# !6   / !6 = 7 = h>   [B.

!"F 0Z(:7

!"F !6 !H Y/ 7-6 7 0Z( 77 - !m !6 .7%H - B6 77 ! !6 !H7 ( 0Z7   -

>F /= !% / !6 = 7 0B !H - ! 6 5 ?6 B ( 76 ! B !% (7$] !6 5

.%H !6 ( 2 / H 7 . 7  ! 76 . 7!6 7 [B 0B !H -( B &!B% 7 !6

 1- ( B( $ ( B B( !&2 7  p !%  p / !12B !H 7. 7

76 6 B 0(!-  `( !26.7 76 !%L 7 0 !- 7 ! "K 6 T<H 7 7 ("e

= %6 7 7%$6 7Z66 ZK 7- H !m  = !6 # .7

- !"F :& "( L27

 !"/ !H  ?- !"/ T2 7%  ( 0Z7 H 7 6 7- 6 7V !6= >1H 76 .7y6 0% !%

= >1H %Z 0%   !  6 7 0- ZK 6 6 (   H K!<6 K ?6 76:7

????=  H VK 2 ?- 6 7H .!B%e G 62 -&H -   7 L L 

H 6 6 7 .7 -  6 !H 2 7 -H 27 >H&H 0H ] B - F 6 H

K .7  6 (6 2 V 6 0?5  7&?6 6 >" !6  2 ! (` -%6 6H 27.7

Y6 D ]$Ue(H K! H 7 !6 - D (  h H H ( = !H  6H  F  T2 .0

H  /    6 6 H !H 6 6   F ?- !67 H ( F !6 6 7-H .7

F !6 .7- !B 6 !%-26  !6- mH F6B 0  >- ]d . !H - &!

6  B 2 >(= ]$Ue ( 26 !H K ( ! -> >6 !H ???? 7 !d1e !"Z =(>

.B-

  7%H H !m  656 -   2 6H !m 77 76   7  2 2 !6 = !H
( d1e >6H   2 6 66 !12 0?- 76 bF H 0 5 =< H - D 6 5 = K

T2 .H K F !6 m 7- =  !6  %&F 7%m  ! H VK = -  m !6 bH H D

 7% (&!K` 7%%H . & 7 .  p TF  ( 7 s%  6 ZW bF . = 2 !6 &g H !6

.7

6 6 %=  6 !H >- 6 / >6H  . -H b B 7 / H !HH 0 -

6H= !H - 6 7 !/$d6d6 D ?6H .7%  7 &%  H - 6  F K .2H 0 G$%

 (& . (< hL L   ( 7 6 !H 7-- L6   . H !e (# !12H !H 7

= K !6 6 .7-H 0 (~L- !6 J 272 V( 0 -&H -  (' H  7 (!Z-

 ( =     (H 0 .7 !B% D-`H

H  -  B6 :   >F -- :

<= ( H 6 -

(! .?- 6 6 !6F 2E7 6 !H   ( !H B (&?   7 7 

'- (?TF   76 .  !H 2B 0 LB 6 ZK & !H !65 ("

F 77  7%H  = !6 !H  7%%H %& h H/ !6! 7 %Z  7.

H :B= !"F!

&m 6 Y/ 6 ( 7%H H/ 7 [ !m !H 7 16 !5m - !2 >F 7   - / H/7!

B(  7%H 6 !  !6F B= !%&6 L 7  0   !6 7%H! =h B= B!1=B  B(

7 L -7 D 7V !6 & .7%H 6 6 V? D 0  ! (( !H  76  %6 7   DH

Z 76  !6 76 &6 b1 !6 6.7 0 ( 5 "B 7 " B $ 56 7    $w

-% .7%H H/ &6 - 6

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=356061

6) &/  $+

= = = 7 B B 76  e 6 = !j ?

 - B ! 76 !m27- !6 07 &] !6

  s 7- 6 (` (7# s 7    ( !6

= L   6 .7 -  %&F    :7%


 7%  " F-  !6= - (! => 

(L6 %< 7= .76 2 ( &! v   7  s

(( h7  F Z <" h/  7%%!  67

( d% =   eVB 76 ZK! 7 s7 eB .-

6%6 Z- 06 7% 6   0 %   7% T56 7B  27 y6.7

  - !6 T ! ( >?6 7% 6 # = !6 L7  !6 `w 6 ( ! (v( "6 K `K 6 -

B 7  `( !K ( ! 6 .7% 0 !"e`6/ Ty B 7.

  v 7Z Ty7

 0 - 0!   6 6 #  B !6 7 7 $6  ZUK  0 / 7 (5 L

 5B B .7% w 0! K7%m 7 0 L # B !6 7%  7% 6    .7%%6  h-= ] 0

6%6 0  7   76 %Z !6 6 !6# 7K .7 !sd  B 76 7 #  !

 7 T 7 $6 bF ( 7 0!  d !6 0/# 7/  .7%

 !6 B  67

&! (! ! 76! F  7Z6 !6$  = / B %6   .7%  %( -

!6 Lm!  - 27% 6 h  !%! = 6 .  7 .7%6 7% B  (~K 7 .7

 !6  7

&!  !6 W dB  5 6       !6 Z $ B .76 0 ] B 6B

s !U !6 . 5 2  7  Y 2  6 7 0!  e 6 '-F! 56  = !6 766 7 

 ( 02 V 6 = W  !6 .7   / 0! UZ TF  !6 $ 7-/ [ B  L2 GK

6 6 .76

 !6 6 !6# 7K .7 !sd  B 76 7 #  !  7 T 7 $6 bF ( 7 0! 

d !6 0/# 7/  .7%

 B T $67

2 /  !d [ 1 0 #   7 /  6 7% #  (& d  ` 7 0 -!

 ! #  T 7  6 .7 ZK 0 -!  !6 / m 7 0 #  bF 7  !$% T = >?6

( L7%  6B b/ 6 `w! s !6=    !6 7   (7 -> K 02 667-  !6{ "U (!

.7% 0(  $w 27 >%( 7  L6 7 e  !6 7! g( !m 76  (7  ( 7# .7%

UZ TF L 76 !6 6 ( s% 6 27 B Z -  $ 7e $  = >%( h

UW   5?- . 6 7    h$-  e 76 - 7 ~( 66 7  = !6 B

 6 (" .7%  ZK! Y   7 ( B ( g ( 7   ( . 7- !67 `B ( .7

06 Z( 27 K6 7%

(7 ]B <  27 6 ^6 eVB 27Y`B L [ 1 !6 .-  6 ( K ? 7% !6

= F .76 7%$ !6 !B   7% (! B !6B 27UZ 2  .7 =  >F 7! 0 6 7 

 Z- 7%  &6 ! 0  .7%

 b ]Z  7%

 0 - ( g= >%( p g( 6 0 7$ . 0 B 27 = !6 $  ( 7-/ B 

.7% 2  - !6=  7 ! 7 1( 6 ` !6( 7 Y6 7 = K ! !6= - T 7 $6 .72
 6 5BF - "( !2 0 7%! & !6 `$B   Y6! !

0 B  7%

0 B 67 7%  % $ = !- .7% & 5 %7 2 - !6 7%   7 6$

 ( ]2 L .7%< T "K 6 7  s%$  7% F 7K 7L6 `  $J % .7%

6 = !6 7% L7%

6 / B !6 (17( d 7%$6 m ! &ms !6 (16 d = L 6 >?6 6B -  .-

!6 T ! ( >?6 7% 6 # = !6 L7  !6 `w 6 ( ! (v( "6 K `K 6 -  B7

  `( !K ( ! 6 .7% 0 !"e`6/ Ty B 7.

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237493

6 &/  $6&

7   5& 0 !H 7% F  

F jF.-

=  B !H 7% B 27 J  (# T56 K66 7

- B L2   6 G &`  7%  7m  !H

> 1H ! 6 7%6 .7% %w !"v 0! 

 [ B 27 ( h$ v-  %( .  !H

= >F 7 0= !H - =7K  ]K !H 0$

56

H $ ]& :! ( $-H 0 !H - K

  !6 7 ]Vd$ hHH h6 B 7%Z 7%  7 ! =  % !6   . H!H -

 (# H ]w 7-% >- !6 .7$6 - [B 0 V( 02 UBF%  ( 7%%H .7% h !"K 0

2 -! ( 16    7 !H 7   ]e  (# H D 2  = .- 7% / bH D

!6= -  F >"$K !H 7 - 76 =  H 7 . !H !H 7% (6# $ !T2

!2.7

= $( L6 "B - !?$B wH$(  h( !H ]6K 7`e  !H  F .7% #( !"Z D -

 7 ( 76 !6= - !6 7 7 16 !% ] - = 6 !m .- ( 7_ 6 h/e (_

 ] L(`F ] 06 "" (_(  bF ( D $ - ( 6 !( 6 > F B  ! Lm

 H  - 5!T2 .7%H H 6J !H$ e 6 K &F $ ]6K .7%

$ $( :_  -!T2 6 ( !H $(> 56 -#  B F 6 .7%H 1- 02
$ !T2 T2  &FK B6 7 !H$( $ .7%H ( !6 #%   !H %H 0

  .7%%H

($ B Ty6 :7 H 0 6 !H 7 K 7 #  7 0Ty6 !H - h( 77 $ 7 =  v

$K H V .7%H ! < !6 B(  !6  ? HH 7 B ^6 / !H 7 7 7 ] 7= >F =  $

.7 16

( (6#B 56 :7 # `Z (# 6/ 7- !H76 2(1 2  626 h !6 7 7 ! H

] <" p 6H - 7H !H 7 16 K 6 g( 7 .7 $ $- 7%H = 6 e `e B =7%

H 76 .7 e 01- 6 ( 7%H 7! Lm 6 $w  / !6=.7

(  L6 " :7%H 2&!  !6 hK { H  T5 7%H !H 7 76 %  0 .7%%H 7 -#

H 6  76 !6 !H 7%H  0= 2 H # 7 !m 7 hK  L6 2 s( B6 7.

B !6 (Q( 5m  %( :7 ! 7 &B  7 = 7 ] 6 !6 h-H  !H  0?  .76

&! H B 7H 7% . = !6 0   !H  %Z B !6 bF .7%%H 7( 5 7  &.7

B V? (S `e T5 :7%H 7   s -/ F==  !6 .7 !6 !H 7%H Z- K !H 7%H 6J

 B !V<  !6 .7= !6 H #H 7%$6 .7%H  7%  ! 76 .-= K  !H 7 7 g( H 6 p

!  6 / Lm B ]$K( .7 7 7-%&6 Y( `e .7%H

(a  & :76 !% F 02 L6 6 / 7D L6  7%6 7 !&"H 5 - 0 &! !6 !

(. !H 760  = K (UB6 !H 7% 0 (0 0 ?  7%%H  H . !H 7%

$(& .72

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=332569

 b/ {>6&   28 a n$

 wH 5%  ! ]& 6  !"v 7jFm 5

UW   .7 !H  /  0%m !"v ZK 6 B% 7

6 !6/ -F . B   ( .2 V !6 !  0

& B 7   !6 !5m !H / 5 7(   

B -   !6 6 !H 7 6 7 V( 0 566 .7

( 0%m !6 6-  ]/] F :7%H

!"v ( (&?  7 [ !6 -% cW :7%H


 0  !1 0 ?&( !H - !"v 7  B6 .

&`L6 6 76   7% B6- 5   = 6 .7% 6 !H 0  6 "/ 7F (`& 0%m H

76 6 !"v 7 ?& K H 0Z.

([` = G :7%H

!"v !H 7%H Z- &6 !6 .7-%&6  6$ "]  ]/ .76  / 0 0 $# -  7[`

  !$% ?" = G H 6 !6y6  = -.7

(Y]  7 :7%H 6

6 7%H Z- \-Y   .K 7F cde &% .7%H [` = G -#H 7 = 0[` s !U %

6  7%H 2 !m>    G$%[`(  ( s ( 7/ !m[` !6 K = G -  77

[` 6L ZK  7%V? 7

(Q ]/ Y/ 6:7%H -

Y] = G 7  7%H 2 !# 7  "/ !X by- .7 ZW K   ]/  .7%H 6 

 7F   m "/  G &` 7H7% (  !5m =  H G   ! !m   ]& "/ 

- 7%H  ]/  K`B !H -#% 6 .

 6 (S 0 ]/ ? 7%H = ] !"/ !6 =:7

  6 0 ]/ ? 7%H = !6 =B= ( by- .7 !"/ 0{ ]e/    ]/ 6 - %H 7%H

%j 6 !6 - (7Z] { 7F y6 !"e/ ( 7  0vU !H 7 HT ]/ J~( H [B Y 7.

- : G$% G6%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=222572

{>6 
 &    $

"7 m !%  m !6  Kj 0 6 >-/

/ ".!L

 0"! 6! 2 = %- 6 wH  0

6 !%/-  B  = 6  65TH 7

&" .7- s%6  0 p / 6 . !H 7%

6  - (F $Z>  = .7  0  W !H

<" h 

= 6 [`  .7% ?%H $de 7%%d( .7 p


%-= h  y $de !6 h -(- .7 wH  !H 7

6  .7 D$- H  L 0

( 6 6 m >(-/



 / 7 TF &/ -- 7!ZK

0 - .-<" h /  !H 7%%H   = 

6 7%!    7% 5 0 7Z6 7% !H 7% 6

=j! H! &% T5 ( p-  L - K !2

 !6" 7 TF> (6 .7 d     - 76H 7%! b1

? V D  ( 7%%  b1 ?6  = V = - ( 7K 7 5 .W 0 V?6 !  D !U6

L D e! 6  K !2 &6 - 7F  :7%H & (7V .  b $w  "Z 6 -

76%&B h !H 7  76%6.- 0 2 /  V(  !H 7 7  K 7%H  12 ] 76!

> !2 !6 1 !6  !H 76 0vU 7%H 5 ? $deH 7.

H   D %Z !6 27 !6 6 6 $ >(%  & 6 7%  / & ?7

%.s s  !H  0 7 7! 76  = 7 e 6 .7%H D   6 2 > Y -

/ H !j= ] 76 7%H!   TF K / !6 ! !2 ] = 0 !H !j  - - $e .76 7 66

 .72 #Y! ( %&F p-  !Us B (` 012 6 B" ]$K $K 0 % $ 7"  " #H 0

? 6! % - "7 6 6 7  b & ]Z  7  -?12 06 0 B 75  = . = !H 7%

$ 6 / eVB & B  H! V( 6 .6U  % =  $  (V 6 !H B  0

# H  7 ?7 .7%H

 D 7 1 6 W ?"  >27- / -- [ D1!  D  (6 7 1

]  !6 .7   !$% 7 ?" B & &6 .76 2 7 s B  s !e Z- / B%

  7  W 0 H b/ / /  H $de T  6 B6 7.



  L B = 7%H

066 0 -/  6e !6 7 6] # 56 .  &` < !<7   %F ]X >$"K !jK7%e

 66 .7  (V  " 7%%H 2 0X] !6 56B H( H 7$#  ".& 7 H 7!  . 0

!6s% 0 6 B Lm  & !H 7%H !6 7 7 !H  !6 !6 L   .7

!5%  6! 6 -/  B 5 !H !j= !6 7%2 7  6 " !6 7K !   %&F $w

X!  7Z6 .7 !%  !"v eVB 6  !$ Lm 56 0B" 7 (76 0  76 Lm !% 6  % ". "0

= ZK !H Lm(1  (%H  0d ". = Lm - !H7%F  ZK 7? ) .7%H  5B- ]X 7%H

m W   7 (7$] 6! -7B 0B .7 7 &!   = H !H 7 ! 7% - 7B! 0

W  ? >?6 J 26 7 !6 (.  76 77$  !H 7  7 ?  %( >(6#( 6.7 7

& ` ! / 7 0vU 7 !H 7 [7 6 .7%    !6 p 0 ] !6  - 2  7%

!6 !H 56m !H 7%7  = 6 $ 7[  = .- ? 5  6 .7%%/ 0   W !H - 0

%6 s !U5 :7%H  6!  !"6  "# - " .- K F 1 6 77%6  -!

($ 6#( ]6 B F !B !6 0 ] / L =-%H  2 .7% 0  / # -2 (1 
6 7 !H -/  -  g   & !6.7%H  27

7Z( !m !%  / ( % 7% 7 15 7% L56  %( ! .-! =  =   7- H! &! -H

6% 7( 0V <" L p &% F 7de !H 7$   -/  " !6    L% &6

. b $w  "Z e6  !K W .-6 2!  0 d  7  / BH 7 H !H

 !H  7%H = &6 / 5 &6 6 >(% B.12 7



!T2  7%H

= ( 6! / 6  B "215" ! 5 56 !6 !H 7 6 6! W  !T2$( !H# 

= &6 !H ! = !H !j%H 7  6 7  % -7 %m 0( W $  6U! (1  7%

   K6 ZK7  K =7> // !1= 7%% b  7 .7%%&  h

 K 0 &/  $de !H> =( 7%d - ($Z  !6 75 2 7 !1  "! B  1- K

26 /- 6> <   0 . (  % $ !"( 0( [$ 0- H! 76 !H !j= 7 !T2(1  

= !H !j #   L  !122 6 .7 p6 7% 5 K .7%B bj  ."U  . ."U 76 KG

#6  02 s D  !6% ? 76 V B  6 6  & !H -  7 p6 2 d 7 &  !H

7K  B 0B- =  7 (! K  .7

6 w 6B   6 .  B .& 6K 6 6  = .7% $ 7&?6 (! H -/ B L

/ 7K( 7% 66  DB 27 $ UB !T2  ! 6 .7%% 0 / 6 - 0  (7

6 B  !5 7  = ?& !H !j - 0L L !U6 6 =K  !- .

? 2 7 06 -( ZW  27 (g   = H 5&F  !6(  DH ( 7 6 / /

6 7L 0 d B  - !6 :7%H   v 7= >F !H U 56 7 Z6 7 d !m !6 !H 7%$6  ( !H K1

  0 -6 ]B .76 !$W 0 V %Z !6B 0  !6 . 6 p6 7 6%5 !6 .7 ( "X

!H " "- ! "<" "p# H( H L% .72  !6% &6  7 = !H !j ( !U6 7  7

- =j!  !H   hV(  ( 7 ! %H6 .7!   H!  (H h( L VK  7 7 !6

 H!   (-= p  7! (H g  !( 7.7

( >&?65  06 p - 2 0 !j= !H 76 0   / >F! )  L  B  (

 7%H 7 /! .76  /  .76 LH D($ 27 L" 0- 7 "6K 0  / 

H .7$ !T2

 Q

 7% - 76 0

=  0e p6 !K TF -  6 0 !H -!  6 e 6 (`  %H%/ .7 07Z( !H -

 0%m H7 .7% ] 7 7 7e K 0 !H - hK { = B 6  !( ]6K .7<" h /  !H 7%%H

   B 7   !H 7 m 7%&6 K TF !6 e B6 .7% / !K  (V  !H 7%% 6 / .27

B !6 &/m 7 H! 51= ^6 UW B 7 .7 K6 G  6 %H  -- B -- !U6

&(-/ 1-  eV?6  ?-F  = .7%%  B ["H  h 7%%  e( = !H  ?-F  7 7/

F& B7% by-. K  &5 5 h#Z 7%H  $de.7

6 !1-  (V( 7K( 7% 55m/ ( 1 D  L -  F !H 7% 0 B F 6^

 7 / 6%6 02 0! 6!   7 !H 7% [[ . B6 ?" ! H 7!  6 !6 /
7! =  ( L" !67 / 0.7 cW- wH   0  7V  6 2 !H !j= !6 $#

56 -<=- 7 Dd / ]H !U6 5 .  ^6 0 (  D /  7%H 7K 6J !H F

7%"6  27 B6 7.

6 2 B V( 0 < = ZK 2 7 = Lm !- !H 7- B -\ %HL !m .7 / ]d( 7

7%H7m  ZK 7 =  B  BH 7! (V 6  B  76 = & !6 7K  2 / 7

\-  %L6 (Y  .7% 7 7( Y/ 0 ZK !66 D  76 UKZ  ( 7` 66 B F 

   H/.7

[ !6  $#! (V  ?( !H %H` 6^ # 5 -/  5  GK 7K 6 / &6 .

 6 (7%B 7 H( . FT / 5 %j   ! !H  % ! ZK (7V .5 !"6

e 6 B 6 & 5 7L>  .76

 S

B 6( e 76 2= -- 76

7K &-F 0  B :-B 6 2 e  !5m $ 65 7e K! 6 6 0 6 DH  

6 6 / >(-/ 0 !H -76 B  / 6$[  Z  e 6  2 TF ]6K # .7%H

H H! 27 6 =  !   Z 6?&  ?" B  7%   T  !H %H7H %6 d

 & .7 >?6 !6 5 B   .7%%H

!6 0 ] % !H -V 0  7 !  0 ! (  %  6 !"6 7 B 6 !U6  6 6$7%6 . w =

 K 7 K  B( T567 = W /e] $( H! 7 h( !T2 7 F 77 = &!

# $( 7 h( !H&F 7 7% B 6 K !6[ 0 .  $[ 7Z  6 DB 27  !6 L0

%  BH 7 .  2  &!  76 K !2  B6  ]X/ H$  6 7/

 0!  ( 56 >F.7

=2 7%%H 0Z( > #% .B  2F  7( 6 ( B 06 ( # -  7%H K  d

 B B 6 B6 d L B 6 !T2 ( ! %H .7 !7e 2 7 76 e 0  B6 7 V( !H

56 7 5B 27 6- Z = .7% %6 !T2 ( g56 V( .7 7 66 B H H! 6 6  7

TF .76

2 K  6 6 & "( 5 !6 0s H!  LH 0 # .7= K & .d %F &B

 7F !6> %m .7%6 ^6  / 0  %K 7 e7K B 6 5 B6 .7 7 -7 6! 7  ZK

676 7 !6 !H 7 7 6  !H?&6 7!  7  =  -76 .7 !6 K / (   ."U  7

= / (! B !6 T$ L   6  .7 0 !2 >F 7 J { -%= 7    B7%

 .7! 65 [  H 7%!  / - / / $ # %.7

B 6( e 76 ! B !H 7 7  ] 0 .- D27  !6% 0  B >F .2 7

V6( / [$de Z$ H -/ >ZK 6 B 7.

 6% : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=315648
/6 ) +A $
,</0

F > = 6 7- m ?$B !6  0

>-F! = F  ]X = ?$B  s B .

? 1 .

 F ]  ?$Bm 7% :77Z

F 2 ! ( 6 Lm !6 &67F -- .%

! & J( 7% &  &  7! &`

 &Z & J( 7% .-

F =  !6  ( 7  - 7# .7

F B 0 0( p F 6 B( !

&-  7  7% !6 = ( 7!6 6  6 p6

 ! .76

  ! 2F 7% = ?$B  77Z!:

F (B 7 ]  / YZ  = .( 27 7 F w  7%! =7K 2  7%! ( !6 7%([$

 BB 2 !( 6B !6.7%%

6  /  F K !6  76 [!6  76  2 L6 L  7 -  &m 7% 

  = !6/ T F ! 7 !0

F ( 7 27 (7jFm 7% e = 0   !6 &6 !( !6 p %) .-6 05 1-

"! B 7% % !6 L" 7%"6 V/ d  #%F  !B !6 .. 7B! 7m  ?- 27.

/ 0- ? 6 7 F m %- 7 0 7 F .7%

F    cde B% - 2(  . ?&( 6B !6 7 7 !   - 7%% &!

[ !6 7% -  - 7%  F - ) 0<] - ! 2 7%5 %6  % ! ( (

!   &  J( 7% 7 7! - !6 V  ?7  B /& !.7

 0 ! W ?$B  7- = !6 (d   6 - J ] !6 2:7

(# 7 F  !sd (  5 1- = !j ! 5 7F 7% ?$B .7%

  7%! = [` 7   J( 7% !6L> - F 0   = 7  ?$B

 .7%  F  Lm 7 !  .76 ?$B h ZK 0 -!  &6 !m! &6 6

BF . ! (B  %  FB !"6 7% B# .7% 2 ?$B 7 / W J 27 ! -

F 6!

F j .& `- ( Lm 6B! B 6 7  = 0/ ?$B !# 7% 2777 !6 6-

 B  5j7 ! 2  F B 76 7 7!    !6 L27  = ? 7

!6= h"[   0  !6B / 77%.B    7Z -! >6 2 7/$ F 6 (J  %(7 7%
7 K  !sd !6 !sd ?$B ZK( (   2 27 F6! 7VK 7 &? s%( V %

!  6 01- $6 5= /  ?$B.%7- !# ?$B !6$  !# !6

( !"6  7jF   ! -! [ !6  -=L#Z  > 27 7 !   >6 7% 6  = 0.

  Z (   27! ( 7 $6 ?$B - !6 % !6  /  7%

 7Z6 % ?$B - 7 / /  -! ( 5 6  !6 U% p !6 27

= 7F - .

W Q 6 7- ?$B !6

  -B  - L = F - 7 (V  6 7%7- = !6 [ ?$B Z 7&m.-

6 7 = %m!   2 m !6 7 !- ( :

(!  -  s5 B !6 " h  U = ! 5  76 -( .7  ! 7%%

( ZUK]  7 (! ` !K K ?$B %Z ( 72  6 .7%%!  - 6[ 5

 6B p6# = !6 .% / T2 m $"K  !% (! /  GK / W .%

!6!- 2  " .d m - 7 p6 7 6B# % 65 & ! .6

( (]  2 T h   /! m   %7F  6 ZW B 6 .  !

 B !/ W &6 7%/  ?$B.7%%

(!  !6 0`-   `7%!K . - bF7 ! ( 6 e L 76 < !<7 !- (!

 h 7%-B !j= !6 y6 7% . - =7K F ! 6!  6& 5  2  7

? =6 !6 5 7! .6

B= (Q Lm 0! ! ["= h  7%`- 0 .-!  /  7% / 0 6 !%

 `- 0 ]e - -7 ( !6 = 5 -  &6 GK = <] ( . ( 12%   !

&?6 =  ( = - 7 6> .7%%

 L7- !67 B!- (`   7 2  0 => % .- !m= %( !6 ( >% UW

! 6( (/ 7 !12 !j= !67F -- .%

= 0  / p# B p6 2   6   7% B 6 %6  b1 !6 p6 (!-

F (!e! L.= K>  ! 6  6#   !/   ! TF!

/ W B &6   !#  6  6 bX 5  . 0 ZW p h=L &6 7

B B !6 = bF 7 6  `-   L Lm.5

 27`6 - (7 !( b .- !6 &6 !m[ [ 7 ( Y B 6 7- = !6 (!

(. % = !#  (?$BF . J B ] ( !6 !( !"6  ?$B = 7 !12 !j  >=

 - ! bF T27  0` 7K 6 ?$B !6 L( .

7K ? 6 7- ?$B !6

( 6-  s .K 6 0Z  &? .7% B( - 7%  %Z !6 Lm !m 0 ZK/

 ?$B % ] ?$B  0 s 7 Q !-  7 !

(7 B &? V   7- >-F '-F !j= !6 6 0Z( !5m .7%  / !m 6 U65 `- 

W    6

Y/ (] K Z- - 7%  #  ( 7   ?$B (s K 2 7  2 !6 !

&? 5 !"e 76.7- - !6 7Z6 s% L = &  7! e 7 F 6 B6   !
7-  ?$B !6 07 6 !6 L .K -! (= 0( 6 7> % / W  ?$B !6

L( .7%%! (V p ?$B % !B   B J( 7% L  Lm -6 !6 0!.0

2 0 B & 7% =   0 - 6  7%! (! = !6   !j= !6 $!  !sd [

(1  7( :7%

?$B-0

27Z 0 :7 7  7K ?$B ."B 6 B  .7  !6 ~&%K 0-F  /

 ! & .?$B L  7 - (6 !& "$ m &F 6 s% LK !6 2 6 .

B   7m ?$B (6 "$ !& $ 6 - = 6 .7 7 7 -  0 =  6

- ]B(2 ]$ B / &! (  % << 6 T 6 = .! 7m  !!?$B 7  6 LK m

[6 Y 6 0 7%j 7 s% B ?$B !6 7 6  / ! 7 1 !  5(6 s%

7- (6 6$ .7 =  h-% 0 $$ 0 7% .  $ 7 0( 6 h-%7 !6 .7% !6 7$m

6 7 Z- 6 7% 0 2 B 6 .7  = !m = :  /!?676 5  e !6(&  

 /! - 6 7%Bg& 7= s!6 77 6 !1U 012   .7%  !6 !sd   6 & !6

 W = / 6 .  6 h !  =  B 6 7 7! [& $ 7 7 `e 7 660

$ 5 h-%  s!6= .77- !6 /( 0 ]$(m  ( 0 / !6 (.7 6 7= >F! !sd

!67  - 0 .7%  ? !sd = = ?676 7%! !6  ( 0 /  7 7V( !7%

 ! Lm &27 B < L5 .- [0 $! 6 #% ! 6B !6 !  7K ?$B 0B- /

W  .  &6 ]$K/ ?$B . !%5  -.7   6 ! - 0 62

  ]g .- !/ ! = 7%!K` 6 $  % `-!  7- = !6  .7%

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=258208

/6 
$

" D /W = 6 - -F K !6

=  .- = W/ 5 F K 7 !6" .- 0

(

?& `HF !H - -  ( 6  .

 7m - e

 7 F $de K  7- - &! H% !


 b1  "  =.7

 !H  F   7%H  $de   ]XB 5j (

 .

7e 6  6 27 !"v 0 !6  7 .  d

Um e - 6 !6 B% 7$( B]  .7

m m  =   F! !6 ."Z !H -6 5 -

/  0 -F 0 K  - 6 !"Z D / .762

 - -  6 6 - 76 2 [ 0/ 7%H

6 76 !"Z !H   0 "H !6 - 6

B.7 7

!6 #% (1 (  !H 7 D - 6  7  .%H

(1 !6  :- F K  7

- !"6Z 0 6 - D - 0 !6 !H - F K 76 .7 7 !6 &/   7% &/ !6 ]

 Z$[ !6 0 .7%%H B6 -  7 !6 0 ] .$[ 66 0  / .%H  27 06   ]K

 7 !6 L H !6  .%H

!6 0 ]  0 !2 K !H F !6 D -  !# B 6 7:

B ! : !#= !H 7 7 F !6 7!  K ! 7m  26 7VK !H 7%67 K 0 ! 76  

7 7VK !6 !H 7 = F 56 bF.7

 F  : !# = 2  bF - 7 = -  -m 7 2  &  02 bF -

F  0( - 0   !6 H .76  F   / 0 !6= - 7 - - / !H 7

 m 7   >- / .7 [ 5 0 -K !H - K B  H 56 Y/ -7

ZK 07m - -

 76 1% .7  2 = !- (  !H 7 7 eVB 0  / B H  H !6 7!

=  7%H DH 6 !e( 7%m #% :

 L K !H  F   7 !H  F ! L% !6  -76 7= .7 / !6 -B 2( T56 [B !6 .7>6 0

7 F H !6 K 7.7

56 !J 0 .7 - 76 H 0 6 -  7   76  !J H  F - T5 6 Lm .7 >6

K !H  F  7 ["m 7%H h < e 0  0 F - 7 bF.7

 !6 6 bF F (= .7%H s% !d1e ! T<H =  $# 7%H  [= .$ F !6 !6

 76 bF.7

(  !H! F B !5 bFF 7 !6 &6 K 7.7

(1 6 :- H   7%H

 6 6 0- H   .7 76 ! B Lm  >F 0 . - = H  . 7 ?6  !% .7 

`&  / =< B .7 7 7H   0 -F 0  !# B( 76 7  ( V7%6 5.7

0  / F $     F  - .7/  &6 !H -#% 6  ( 7-.

0 / !H (`& - K H   . 7#   6 &6  B   !H 76m .7 =-#

!H & F -     7H ["F h .7%%H  &6F K 76 p- B H !6 /
 7 ( = !6 0 / 7-6Lm "B - - B 6 ]w 7%H ->.

K = H   B 7 !H ?& `H ZW .- #% V( H 2 =  57 F -!

B [".7%H  h

#% ( !e 6  :

 76 !H 7B - B - 7 !6 .  Lm d(1 B 7 6 (`& !H - B >F7

= 0 .7 / -  -B ^6 6`& 0  .7 - 6 !H  -  6 H 

H .7!  >F 6B !6 Lm (  !H H .7 0 76 1% 5 7  H 7 2 &

H !L ( H !%  . 0 6 `H - B.

! Lm 6 ]$K 7  H  m .7%H  =  0 -  K B .7%L6 K% H [ !6 <= -  7!

 Lm  BH 7% . !H K = H F H = 7! B G%  p B6 7%.

- !W  .7%&! &? H !m H !m !H 7%H # 7   v !m bH.

B  !H H 2 6 7 H =< 7%H- - 6 -- 6  - `e 76  " ( !"? !6 UB

H p 7%H Z- .7% B( #  7 - 6 H ]X 7! Z1 !6 .76 .-

 ]w D 56! "!" 7

B  - !6 !H 7 F K 76 7 6 H  !6 .7%H 56 ( 0" 7 >6 !%H 0 %6 - ". !6

 B7%B 7  7 U% . !6 7 D H $de  .7%H 7 !H 76  0  .7%H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=287952

A4/ &/  +6

 02 s 7Z-:

= 5- >%!  D  76 !"6 -  Bm !%

 7Bj6 6 7Z- 1( = 7F -

   "Z d 0   ]e  = .- 0]e

   H  !H 7   - H ?$B -

!H - >K . 76

/ 6 w [B D 6  .% -6 2 ("$%

6 ! ? 7! !6` >- B7 7 .

&% 7 6 !-  H $de !6 H dV hK

H (`& !H 12 .7-  27 - -! 7F

&! - Y6  . K6 6 / L  2 7


!H> = %?- !6 !H  / 2 7 !ZUK 6 7<  !H 6 0! 6  7F b !H 7&H  !B F

6 &! .- 6 !H 7  7% 0> = 6  = 7 7 (7F 6 2 V   T56 T2 .

 / 6 $J H !H T5 Lm .  7% % m. 7 -

 !H 7Z- B> & 7%-%  W H . 7%L !Z !6  !H! =  7%# 7 7% H != 5 !H

 !2 7 6B !6 7# 7 7%  = 7  6. 7%

&7%  ? 0%j  6 !H 7 H H7Z- B   77`( 6  !6 -% !6 7% w

(  !K` 5j6 7F !Z U !6 H 1"  6H  ? 7 Z-    ]X 27 U 7%H(

F  ]X 0 "K  6 !e`B. !% K B 7Z-  %Z 5  B% H = 6 .6U

# m 7Z- = 7 B H 5 6 !m .7Z-   !1 !H - B p 6  7%

 -%6Y - !H - 07Z-  -% 6 !6  = . 7%H DH

> (` >H :

 5 "] 7-  !6 B6  0 !H -   Z =  7 !&H - ] 0?- 0#  - !6

g L \-  -&= 5 7 &H !6 . 05%- .d( 6 .- 27 & . 77

!H 5 0 H(` 6 % !6 7 w 7 "B V !g6 0 5: 7 5 0 !6 !g6 ( 7%  0

$ B 7 $B 7 p ? &/.

 &6 ! 27&7% ? !H& B 27 -7 H /! B / 7 ? "H 7  h

=& 5 H ]d B $ - !6 7 " = :

&H7Z-.

(`  07Z-.

 7 12 0 $ !g6 !s/ s 7 6  = Lg / D   6 -  -! Z- (` #= !67-

 !H 7 ( 7 76 / 6 & . 7%

 !12 ]6 Y6   !"# aB  D 6 T2 Lm 0 B 5: 7  D >6 !/D

 56     Z= D ?6   YY ( = !B Ly 7 Lm K6T56  !6 7 `$K !H   $ . -

K Z 0 L= 6 B %  !6 #% !6 %F D 2  - 6 %< !6 B 0 TB h $ F !H

6  - 6     !6H L - H L2 g  6 L H !6 K 7 - -! !6

cde L`( 6 >H !H -  !6 7   .7-6

Y  0 w !H %$  $ 6 !H B 6 J\ L 6 - :

7F F !6 !H (` 7 >H !6 F: 12 !6 0  - 0 0H 5 d !m   s  0

TF 5B 6 6 6L6 !( 0 0 L6 Y6 F 0  (` 6  " F . 6 >&5!m

! H F7%! : 12 7 0! (` m >H7F 5 -~( 6  6: 12 2 0 !H  0!sd -

- 6 5 6  ! &5= 2 6 !H - !sd !m 5(B K1 7 - (` 6 .

  !6 07 B:

(F !67  6H !H 7- !67 y -  ?- 7 &` =-  2 . &.

 !6 07   B>  6 &2   m 6 !6$-    7   y- 0 & . `!K

!H - H - !6 = 7& - s &6 7  -= "[ !% . 7%&6

 K !67 6 7$ (  6-  Y -  !- !&F % eK ? 6  !6

716 !6 6  = ( 27 K  b # % .  7%&?$6 %  6- ]6 6 % 7 &?  775%#
7 =  =  0. -

 !67 =J  = "! $ 7H  7 - =K V( Ld   !6 $W 0  7. -

 : 0B- LH

(  LH  6H  0B- LH. - & ^6 !U D & !H  !67F !( !U D 7%H  G !2

?-- " F 6! &  LH( >. H  > 7% L DH .-  =  !H - D

 7%H LH !U 6& D  05%-  h-%  . 7%H  !6  H  !6   e  F h& & .!

H 6 ` W 6  !U  7 7 6 !mVK  %&H D "{    6 6

 !H`e = e ?- !6 5 .

)F L  L6 ( (Um 77-F 0  !6 .&H   7  ]~( 6 :12 =  . 6 W D =7 

(~]  (  7% .7& 0

 6 &6 07&! 6 7%( 6 ( - G eB (& FB  27%H  6 0W% 2   B

!2 (  %    - 7jF 0 !%76 H !H - #  = 0 .7$ 2 2 = 6 7 ( !6

 `- B 76& 7K (/ LH   B6 K     !6T !6  %Z-

 .6 6 !H 5 (  LH H 0  %&F  7 b1 !6 0"( - - 0  7 -  1% 0

6 7%H 0  LH p  - $w.

Y/w D " 6 ("v :b1 !6 0 j%  B 6 5 - F !2 0 6 (" 0 :  0

L62 07%% ('   B  7 F 6 B 27 H  0&%L2 B 6.

6 (  LH  7- = !6   6H  `- = !6 L ( !e  7%5 !% 7  Lm 7% !H

6 LH( 6 ^6 b T/ - . 7%H

 s $ :0

 s $ ! ( %    L6 H !"6 - = 7%"6 >% = - . 7$K6  !s% 2 -

- =  7%Bj mH ""B 0 = 76 7 0= !H -= >%  s  ]&( !$-d !e( 0? .-

/ " "! ` 7Z6 F L  7B 6 0 :

6 e  sH

 F !6 L  7B  s $ % !e ( 27.

 &!   s 0 !H -K  !$ 6-  7%  B ( %H 6 6 !H s 6 7%!2

7Z-y6 -L .

 H H  :DmH

V  H H  DmH     !U 6  !% H DmH H V !"6 06 !H -

&! L6      ! &! H H !"6 % "  D B B = !6 ! ] /. y6 \- 0

m !H - 6L6 !& 6 7 H  6 L6  !H !H 0  7 7% B  Vd mH / .7%%H

 s  L 0%m 0 - ( %Z B 6 7 L6 =  2  !6 7   !m 7%- !6 7-! =T .

6`( 7 !H %H B     !6 = .

 7%"6  !H 2

  !6 7%"6 7-7

/ m 6 7  <= DmH H 6 !%  76 H -  = "Z  [ !6    !H G -

 6 0 6 !m - !H? H  6! 76 $  &! 6 ! 6 e 0 2
H e !6 L6 =< 6 %H &2 6! !6 6 &] B6 7 w. 6 h"U 0 2 $F `- !H - 76

!6  DmH H =  p  D(6 0 !H   B 7Z6 .- = H H =H B (  27 6 = 

!6H L 6 / mHH 0 =  !6 .

& :0

Ue $w -6 1%   ]6( 7 B6 7&!  L  .7&?62 0 F >F  0

/ . Z- %  . & %Z !$ B !H  0  B B 5 K   = !#  ("7

F H H! !H - D B &HV !"6 - 0 !H - 6 &]  ( 7%H 67 7Z6% 5  

1"( 6 0 &"> 2 $F 7% .7%H ]/ `- !H 7%B % 6de B &  7 !H 5%7% 0

 "' 7 ?( 7VK !66 7=  = 6 % !6 !% %&F 6 7 "-  K7%B - [   #H 7 6H 0 F %

&. 77  (    Z`- 7B - L6 B $F !6 - 7 !H 7  "e) 7d "! !(:

  Y

  6 -- - B & ) %6  =! (S

$ 02 (':

   ?$B 0 0 !H - 1 0(  6 !H7K HB H 0 T5 >F !"6  "  27

 ( !H 7'  7  6  = $ -  !# 0 !6 !Z B  T2 !-  ( - =  $ 56.

 FF &&H K !6 6 U- = ) H "(  B !- 5 B7 H  G% ( 7   

 &61- 7%%H 6  6 .7%%H /  = 6 7% - =! 7B  !6 7 - 7 !H 7 27K !T2 ?6 7%

$  = 27 / 756 " "! `  L 6 0 1 :7%7 !T2 ]" 6 0 !m 2L $  (' =  6

B K 7  F !6 7%"6  2 K ]" 0 7 K %j= 0 (' =  B 7 2 ( U"  = 6  =627

H /   =6 277 6 !e`B. !% $ hH !Z U 6 =  7/ 27 = 7% 6 .

1- H :e

  e 6  =  >F 7 Z6  m  H 7   !6 7%6 77"H 0 [` !H 6H

 =  -7 - 7% e(! ! (H  %  $ !6 7 7H !"6 B   6 L 7 # . "6

B 77-F - 6 !m  6H :12 - H L2   !6 7%1.

 6 !m 6 !H ( B7H 0B V & 6 # B = H .76 H

 7 H 0 !T26 !H - ?6 7B 6 56 7%= 2 6 B6 7 - 7& $V `H 2! ( ]Vd

6 !6& 5! 6 %H  !6 V? D 6 6H 0 ( B K  B $K 6 2! H ("  .7%%

!H  / 2 ( ?6 7 ( 6 7 V1-  K& B  !6 756 7%2 .7- 2 b 6 5 Y6

 7% %Z&! U $ !H 7%    $ H 0 & . 0 UW =   !Z UH 6 7

 e  -.7%

5 !6 57 - : e

6 7K !% B  e 76  = !6  !H 0H B= e 2 5 07B s/ = !6 7%  !H 0H / B

7%12 !B 6B! 6  L2 .7& h

 66 e 0 H H B7 J 7 0B  - !m 0  T56 7K(    %Z H !6>

.

/ " "! ` 1 :7 6 !6 F 5% 6  (7%$ -  = !H - . 76

1- $FH "e "! ! !6 2>  !6 6 0 >F !H - =!   ( F 7- 
76 .

6 !6 F !H H 6 K  B 6  7K B  6 (" % !6 7%% w 2 &7% B6 =J

!  B  ! ZK !H 7<" h = !6(` T5 7% 7% H H !H =J B 0W 0 !B

6 6 !B !6 ! 5 -  `w6 H 6    [  !6 0 6 &2 =  2 ! "

/ 7 6B =J 2B  $ !H F  6 e GK 7$ - ! !d$e. -

!$V !B/ 1( !6 c 2- 7 $ L2= 7 / !6 (`   K  1( ]$K 0d  # 2

 7&?$  6 0! 7   " B 7 !  H m  cde ! =  = 7% 7W !6 %5 -

.7%%

Z[K (:V

 / 7%  -  (1 = 0/ !H - 5  !6< -/ L  7$  5 

 !6 ] -  V .7$ 0 !H - 7Z6 - !%  H 7#%- ] B = (H 7 66 7

6 7 V( Z[K 7- = !6 7 2 676 7  H !m &" 76  6 7 76 ?-   L 0

(`& !H -  6 .

( 7   =  ( V - 6 d !6W $ d & .  7% V6- D = 7B !6

!H - !6 2  = 6 $&F !6 7% /  &`  B !6  7. 7

 !6 0%B 7 - (7 V : 7  !H ] % " "! ` F % 2 % !"/ mF !6

 -B 7  !1%/ 7d 6 (  7 "!  .12  0%m :H 2  [ V6  B 7 7%H

(  L2  B ( ?  !6F T5 %& h 7  B  T56 & (   ( V ]B (

- !-H 7#6 ?-  7B   627 (6- 06L H/  0 ( 7  56 s B &m !2

2  y6 7K 6  V( Z[K! 76 .56 7 F   7B !/ -  1 [ & !H  7

 ) { ( !$UB !<`$

 L6 F! T2 " 6 H&" !H 7" " " K T/ 27 H 7 !6! Lm [ ] . "H

"&" "" 1- . 7%% 6 1% !H ZWY  7%  5j 7% B  ZK 1- !"6 7%%H

&! L /5  7% 6 6  &` [( .  .7& !# Z

/ J(6 7%:

L65 2 7 !6 0    ( J( H p 6 7% -/  6 %K B ( .%H

 Z 6 !m  !6 !H  7 7&?6   =   !2 7 . 7 [B !6 !B 0( ]$ ` ...

 H  6 D( !6 $w 7 H 5 ]X ! . 027  :

J 0((7% 0  0 . =# !H7 !6 2 [ Y & !B 6 !B D ? !B % Z- bF (

B 7d   - 0 .6 D !B  6%6 % 0 (6#   !   2EB !B D

B !"d 0. %H hH ? 1 D !H- D !B 76 0 !6 h-% %$6 ( 7 - ! 6 h-% 2 !B !6

7 bF !B 1 D 5  5 .

Z-  7 Z-  . - 1( !# 0 s 6 ( 1H 7%%H 0Z 27  7%  !6 !6  0 !H

6 (= 6 (?   % J( 7%  7 !5 1( !#  .! -J 2 ? 7 (B 1 6 7 F. 7%H

B !6 B ! B -! F 76 F p - 0 bH6 -76 7 =   `H  .76 0 5 !H ZW

 !B- FB !B - 256 g( !6 V( ZK !6 07 7F - .7%H


- : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=291848

/ J$A

( $! W ` !K  6 7 .7  / bH .

> / !6  B- .& 5 6 p !6! H

 .  !H . 2   &Z  6  /

&Z L  7%  m  L %j= .& >(= .7

> !H 7&H !6 H HB  &>

 7F .7 7   !H!  d H 6 F ( 7

6 .& 0 7%  &Z 7%6 6 7%%H ( !2

0 m !6 7% L &6 &6 .7% K 7 2 5B-

& .  m !6 7F 7 H 5 B( -

 (7  H (  % .7%H 27 76 B 0&6 !- s

6 F Z  .7= h# B 6 7& !H 7 2B&6 - Ty6 ( (7 ( 5 >6$d 7 .7%$6  e 7F

 6 $K H B&6 -  . $# TF !6H 0  &6 ]$K  H Z s  :7-F .

( -  !H %H B - !6 7%!K` ?- --

 !H76 '-F 7%( 0d 6 7 05&B:

!6 0 !"6 -7%!K` B  !K` 0 &  %( ! 0 .  d / !"6 .-

/ %$6 56 - %Z !m ( s

/ hB - !H !j= %Z -.-

- ZK -F -= !H 56 0 !6 Y/ . & ( . ZK - /

 B !H - !6 '-FY &6  7( - 7 6 =! &6 ! ZW 27 '-F 6 7$

 !"# > 7 7%"6 B ( - - !m= Z H &> ( 7 ( 7 0Z !m(  y- 6 L !6

6 >6$d2.

&6 ( 6B !6 !H(  F 76 7%$6 >&m =! b eB ]Z B & !H 7%?$ 6 7 6 >$

!6 F = H !6 & . !  B7 -  D < = Y6 !H K H 76 6 /

<T B  6 &6 .7 6 !H 12 F !6 =  D!K  < T2!  .- $K . H - G>6$-

H G !H  /% s% &6 H 0   & - !6 7 .  &6 6  H .

 T2   .%j < ( DH 27 . D !6 !1 ( T2 ] 0( !% < ( % & F !6 =
&6 !6 gF - B !H 7 < 6 6&6 .7 6(6 !H 6 F 6  L !6 7 F < = 7

:7-F

-Y L62B 0!-  m7= ( 56 # 

B p - < 0 (6 D 6 %( . - < ."U !  .7%H/  %H F !6? 7.

(( $ <  U6 !6 H 6 T2 .7 !B 5B  6 6.

K bF - 6 & [B !6 !H T2  !m

0 -%  = !6 7%!K` B  7 K[ 5 < 0 ( D 7T56 .6 7 6 = - !6 K & B .

&6 !H / 0 6 ?"( 7%?$ F 76 6 > >$ =! mH= !6 7L6 / 0 %H 7 7%"6 F 6 <

 !H F . 0 &6 7 !6  h#Z  6 7 5my- !6 - !6$ &6 > 7 7%"6 7e 6 :12 7%"6

 #H - 7-! ( bF < 6 6

&6 - !6 !H  / < 76 =!  - !6 26 = :12 7(  . 6 !6 < 6 ( .7

 !H  0  0 B 7B . 26  7   = = 7B 0H Z- bF - 2 ( .%

s% -( m! ( !m

( - 6 ..

- - 0 = ZK B - . 0 .  . K  %6 - F    7%(7%( $"Kh .7 6

 B 6  6 B  7%"6 . 0 B!  .7 (YB  !6! 2  %( 7!

 &6 -  ( B - .& . -$ V (/ = .- 7$ .& 2  . = (&!%

& . - & 7 7  .  ]( !6 .& 6 7- 0 ( !   d  .& 7% . 66

& .& B . H  B  .& . .&  B < 0  F .7% !6 2 27

5%6 0- B !6  = !H 7&& !U- (7% 0 7K((7% 0 =  6 !7 .& !H  = 0-

!6- H  27% 2  (/  = /! m 7% !H % .& / 6  7  !m

!  5 76= .- 7 ( 2 6 . /  Lm  ( bH (  .& .70-

=7 ( !6 7 7K  / !H 2  !6 6$d 6  [B  &! h"K %6 75B .

5% ( & $ .&  %( ! ( .& !H / !"6  7 .

bF -= 0 !H  - 7%m 0 B - !m %Z! = - 6  B

= - - 2 !6 & .H 27   6$d&! 66 6  !sd H  7 7 != d !6

(H B  %( 7!-  ( ( % < 6 . . !H 6 -  >6$d B 2 (  %

7%6 !B (B  %!-  p  >KZ& p - . .b6 05&B L2   .& eB UZ

.-  B !H& / -  %H B = -y6 W/ 6 !6= - &(?- 0

(UB 0 y6  !% L6 5%- !6 2 B6 ! Lm  B H

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=361214
   
4 O!

 Y6 27 F 0 6B 76  K  &! D

! g( .76 Y 2 !H B 7% - B 2.7%

7F  K 7 %H = =  27!  (1  .-

L6 DmH B F 7.

!H Lm  0  ( !K 0 .-  K 0

=  p6 ZW D  6 .-76 - !H 7 D[!m !U6

( !m d U6 =< !VK . ( 6 27 7

( = .    6 / !H 6B p6! GUK 2

>%( L !H U6 02 6 Z1%  7....

 6 H H  K  ]  7 !6 . 0 ] K6

7# D !U6  = 6 L 7 ] ! 76  7m . B 6 7(- 6 7%H $de %H  76

!6 2 !# 07- !6 !H 7 / =  (27 / 7 B 6( %H 6 !6 .7(!U6 VB !6

&`(  B 6 .7%H( 76 - DB V? 2(  !Hd `& !6(  .7%H K1 D

. V

76 -

 1UV "K b7 0#H  7Z  !H - `e  6 D !U6 - :- 6 H6 7

B "B 7%H 6  B K p .7%H B . 2 [ B !H 7% !T2 !U6 6 =< 6 7%%H76 7

(Z !T2  = .7%%H "B ( ^6 1 D !H  $de ]6 [ 2 "B ]6 5 .7 !6

&` &! ] !& . ZW 1H  &H% .- $ 6  !H - `e !U6 !T2

T2! = 2 7K 6  1%7K !H 76(> 6 0 76m e - ! Lm B .7%H

!T2  7%H

2`e D ]d( !U6 . F D H   6   !H 7 (- e 1e  !

6  .- 6 D  &? %H   7 (W  % & H  06 .-`&  / !T2

6 !6 6 7 =  !6 W  %( .7%H &6 !H H / H 7 .- `H  / - 7%H $de

( !T2  !%H ( 7%H 7K &`( H  #  !6 .7% 0 ] 7  D - 

&! Y  D !U66 =< .

$de

 !m !U6 7%6  [ !m 7#  K "%H 2 H $de   0 7 ( !H (eVB !H

(!U6 !6 %6  " "!  #B 7 %F 5 H56  7 .7 !% B Lm !m( = 7 W !m

H =(  ]H B% .7 D - !6 K (? V / . / !H 7= >F e !H !H&!

T2 !12! !6 7756 5  6 7 - `(. F6  .7%H $de  !H =  !6 7/   -

6 !H B !U6  K F! .- K 6 = / W 7L6( h = H>  .7 2 D  = !U6
7K 6  ! !H6 = - !6 6!&26 7 7 .76 .K# 7# H !H 7H ^6 !T2 = 77

6 %Z 0 !U6  -" - !H -(1 #  7%H = G$( !6 ? 7H.

[ /`e

 !U6 7/ ]K  !6 1 = 7  [ 66 7 `e = (` `( .7%%H [ !6 ![D / =-]& 7%

 . K7 1 D / !H 7%H !H - B 7%H 5T2 GW = (H 7%$6 "6 '-F !=6 7

6!  %H B  -( .7 >&?6 !T2 m [ - 6 DF  76H ]6 "d6 !6

7%H   5K`6 D ][6 2 ]  = !U6 .[ 2  !K`  ]6 (" !6! 7 !U6 s !6 /

T56`( !H 7 L !$ D6 Lm -  7.

 K !2!j6

 !j6 - "B( = LmL6 !H -( (V `& .7%%H  =  B 6 6   0- &Y- !6

7 $-6   % "d6 H YZ . B 7 0 =  !6 F 0%- J 0 -  p

- >F 6 6 . !j6 7 !6 !- =< ] 7 7  7 =  ( 5  Lm 6   

!VK ( =  B.-

 =  6&-`H / ] 6 B 6   .- &  6 -  ]/ !6 DH"

 6 ]$K 0H 0 !H - 7( 0 7%# 012  .7% !6H dV 6 !j6  ^6 =   7%%H

H  >F!VK . 5B- / .6U / =  >6  Lm J 5 !6 .- !  = 7% Z- b"# D

B 2 / L6( =  !6 .7 =  Y" 6 !H H = 7/ T56  !6 ( 7 !j6 .7%%H

L - d   6 L6  7  2 (.K  s .7%%6  6H 0 ( !H -

6 =  # !6 7% Z- . m 7%H DH  = !6  ^6 "$K ]& ]/  !6 !H B 6   m > m (>%

.7  0%-  !6 "6 !U-  Y6>%( 0 =  6[ &6B7%( .-  7Z = 

[ Z$ - 2 0 7! 66 & !6 7  .7%H !Z !6 bH7 7F   !67 L  (D  H  6

H !B-!7

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=357683

 " "  8 )"/ $ g /0  4)ZR5

# `B 2 # ! BH pd [ !6 "H!"H

([$   6 E5% ( 2V  

- - $ !6(   276  (7


 [ .76 Z$ B6 55m = 6  ^d6 6 -

0 2 B6  !6 YZY] ?" .72 ] 17

 ` 7%!K 1- (1 7  ZK

  0%js 6 B 7% "!  !H 7%

& !6#% 2 .7

ZUKW 0 6 (H !6# !H 7H 27 6 0 &` ^6 !5m 7&]/ 06 0  $w /  B

7 " !  "27 

 / =% $# 7%H !H7s G6( 7 ( "d5 .76 (W 0 !U6 ?" = %m H?

 - !6 !H 0/ = .

!6 0 ]  6 K  #  = GK  7%6 TF   !"/ 7 ! T2- &Fhm6] 7  6

%H #[ .  6 "B 0`( !H - 7%H76 " 6 2 =J=   H 6 by-  = ]/ 7/]K

(T2J   =6 $w7K .7%H

6%6 !6 0 D ]e -- -TF !H 6 6 B6 / !6 # K   !6 YZ .Y]  

TF  !6 &` `B s%  =   .  !6  ]/] B6  .%HTF !H  / ]/

=  ! (  % H( .  &` " !"6 7%H  2 6 ] 2] 7 7 H L> .7

0Y] !&"H ] !6&6 !H B % B !6 ]  7%%H !2 0:7

- 6 !H  0 7K  6! .6

0 -2W 0 !6 %H  B /.

 6 - -= !6 G  .%

= -  0K ZK H D  0 # .

 - 0 p 7 0`Bs 2 / .%H

 6 - -5  0 7K .7%%6

Ly  6#( 7"H >6 H H  B6 55m  6] ( . B !H (6#( .7%%H 7H "e0

!&"H 5 % B   0%j>%H B B !6 ( G6 0%.-

-  ^6 L# ( >%  2 [ !6 !H[ 0 Z$ - !6$ =L   B B ! .7%6

!62 0 ZK = 7 (!  !6 % 1 0 76 e  !H -  (T2J =2!  !6 $w$ ZKH/.

 0%m   %&F  6 # ( g (d  27 m . !H `B s (>% TF! &7

.-

!H  /  !62 0 >%H TF 7=>F 2!  ]/ B6 d 0  ^6  / 

[# 0 !  6  ( 0%j ( !K`B !# 7 1(  !$ 7%m6! !6 .76 h(( 0B6 `B

 s ( $ 6 ^6 7 ([$ $-% .

7  6 `& h-% ]/  %&F  .7 0 ] !"/ a:-

-% ( 0Z( (Z &]:

&]  (Z 6 6 %$ !H 7%H- 6 5 ($ .7$  = !6 0  0 0 %H7H( 6 K

6   &] = .7% !6 7H( !" 0 1 0  !H - 6 K/ B 7( !U6 

 Z$[ !H 7%H !6 - !2 0  12 !2  !6 $w 2.

6 !H  / 7Z 7% D 6 K !65   !H 727 B 6 7%%H `( 0%j [ !H 7%H B
 -  Y [  0vU ( 7%H Lm !H 7 7 1 76.7

 s [ (]6 ( ^6 7 ]& !H e !6 7 .7%$6 7  0 % 76 hK-/ B( &.7

!j= 2 !H/ 6 7%H 7%  0[ -  L5 6 7F ]& ]/  0vU .7% 7 ! !"v 0

6 !H 7 7 7F "/  !6 !H 7%H   h-% '-F .7 !H "/ 67 7 GKF ]/F - 7

.

 %&F (  ]/ ?":

( -= !6 - 6 L6 6 0 ]/ 7F H . [ (]6 ?6 !H 7 H/ 0  %&F 6 ]/ 1 =<

.7%He 0  B e 7 B 7( ( U .7%H

`( !"/ 0 D%( 7%H 2 Z H !67%$6 7  !6 7 s !U [ B ]6 / T56 .7 0%j( F

( !  ]/ ?" ]$K  6 6 ^d6 =  .76

(]/ ?" :7%H 6

7%!F6  e 6 c] B6 7%H 7% Z $e .76

56 V( (Q:7

( D  . U ]/ W 7 .- 06 ]/!2 !6 7 (Z &?  !H 76 7 [ = 

[ !H 7% Z-.7%%H (]6 6 TF &( eB ]/ 7 .  &K56 .[2  K e !6 !H = D

 "/ ? 7%HUB 0 !H  "/ &]   >F.

= (S  ]/ 67%$6:7

bF !% "/  KY - !6 YZ 2 - 55m = ^d6 12 .7%H 2!m H !m !%

6 7%6 7  # = m

[2  ( !6 !j= !6 .7- 76   !j= !6 !( 6 7 (s 6 6 6  .7 [ !6F F >1

!6 =  .7%H 0 ^6 !H  !6/   v6 6B6 =    LH .7%H !(  = !6

(a# D7K 6( 7% 7:

2  0ZW !U  - B ]/ 7F .7%He 0   6 7 !H 76 W (V (?

7#( 7H s7 =  `e .7%H

 !H 7%H KH 0 6 p-( 7  #  !  %( !% [   $ 6 . 6 7! (g( !H/

  s  76 . - !H !26  K 6 7 ]/ "e.76 .

 !"/ 0 => 7%H [?6!  6 !H 76 0 6 `& ]/ ?"2 Z $e! 

 6  /  !6 56 B6 H  6] 7 7 66 .-

(! s% 7%H (2 D% Z 0  !H - ! 0 [?6! = !H 76 s% 27 5 `H

! 7 7 = !% =   ZK 6 .  $de& m .7% !H<e 06  6 7 7- !6 -

027 v-    [ .7%H

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=337174
/*   $ 
 /

!H 7%H  e 2  !6= - V Lm 7 ZK

H/ 7$ !2 0  7 .d = Lm =<  7%H

  ("  7 =  BH 76  . wH7 0%m

(  K1 .7L L 2   ! by-- !6 2

!6 %Z 07K 6J  !H -   V  !6 7 Z# = $

. 7 2 76 V -7 =  !6B -7= 7

 !H [ !6 ZUK ] D (/ ! .76 20

]  7$ = d EF !6 6  7% ( %

 6 .7 K6 H  !H H !6= -

"U 27 ( D 6 -  . 0 -

!H ] ZK!   ( !e  .7%H ?& 27 !m2 0 ] ( "e  F  - ($

=  F &m 6 . 0 =7 (/ !H -T/ 2  !#  (( D = B6 7 . !H H 

!%  !6 >27  7-B -= 2 ] 0 ! 0 H !6 6 6  . -6 7 !6 7 0

\-Y $w '-F:7

= ( =7   7VK H !H Lm ( 7 =  !6 7  567

= ( 6 7> Y 6 7- B !H  !6 =  7  H D `H D  D  D = 

!6  '-F 2 \- 6 5= 76 $w (Y6 !6 6- cU- 0   !%  27! =6 !j 7# 7

 0L (H D !H - B( (~  0 = ) Lm H >( 6 (= .7%H  hH  ZK H

  7% - - " . !sd Dm !H 7   5 !2 0 .-T57 )U"- ( goal setting  ( "Z 

 %H( !H - = 7 !B .- !B= H !H - 27> %6 7  =  ?6[ !6 BY6 7 = 

(  .d .7%6 `H 0d( . - &  !H 7  ? !H Lm  7  7 L2(1

 .7 H7  = !H F !6  7- 6  7   = !H 7  /   .7 V? K7

T57 $K  7%H  !H 7%6!1    FF  - - T2 !67 >  7-( - $&!

 B 2!#   !$ 7%H  1% 0" :!% >Kd- 7   0B  D "B  6H . 6 

. ( !?6H ( 7%m  6H 07  ( S ( ( H ( 7%m   2 = H "7%6& 7 J( 7% "7

B77 <"2 h7%6" K .!"6 7%& "7  7Z"6 J" K( 7% "7(1 m .7  H  V   !%

= h U 02 H  .7!- bF 2 B7 0! H % B !H dU- !6 7- ! -6 7!# 7

56 !H  K 1   !6 !H H   7  6H B !H 7 F 7 [` <" p .- !$ D 0

H  ! . cde  7 ! [` p"<  .7%  0 7 2 Lm p p - .0 / !H 7%

6 7 . !H 5%   6 ( # d  7%%H  F e &6 %-  H .7%%H 7Z60

(Z  576 !H -6 ] 0   "# = `$K !H !j#   7 s 1 #  ."0    6 -
(   ( .6 $ K D =  !6  6 !H 7  7K(  (  !H  =B !H !j # 

! 6 &67K .( 7B  ( .- 0 -=  !H - 7K .

 7"H -#H  s !6 - !6 !H 6 7- 0" -!" . - ]& .- 0 !H - K bH   !6

56Um !H 7 " !6" 6= 7"H ( 7 7K =  !6 .7%H 0   7 0%j% 6 !H  B !6 L5

  s  - = .7 =  !H 0[` -- =  (  7%56  !6 7% 7% 2Lm 0 77

6 #H !6 76 -7 ! ( 5 .7%  = !% 56" !6 7%" 6 . 7 (/ ] !m 06 !H - H  

 6 7 ! 76 7K 7"H 7B  6 !% B  !m #  ! 6 &6-#H #H

(   s = -76 B G$% L5  ~&%   !H -#H  V 7K 6J H  /

/ 2 .   K  7 ! (  % & !6 V !"6 # (g Y  >% ?B V  = !6 ( 7%H

!  B  !H7-6 7 7K 0   =  #H  ^6 !H 7  H # B !H 7?- 7%

 B  !U% / -  !m 0  !Hd Z6 !6 !H -  ( 0  7Z6 ( 7  D

6   7%%H - '-F   ]6K. -

  - . . D - Lm%j=  !H - = %&/ B !6 !H 7 $"K 1  .7%H KD

 - (H 0Z  = - !6 H/ !6 7%H[ !6 BH  = Lm  !H<"= h  (?

 !H 7%  c !   7Z6 . 0 !H - (? [ !6 \ JH !6 -  7 [ .   

 6 %Z! H !$"< G ( !H Lm !6 = # $ !6 .7-6 - 6  5 7- !6 - ( W/ 7

H #  .7 -  (?  !6 - "" &~  . 72 ! !$  0 !6 0 ]

<" h =U B  !H- .7 . 7%   >F (( 0" :12 0 !6 6 H Um !H  !m 27

B !6 7= - .  !"v 0( !H - H 56 !H 66B !m 7 ." 7  ." ]5%<" h !H 7%

Um  -  ( 7%%H 0Z  !6 !# (? 7 -- 6 ( 76= . 7%%H !$"< G Z- Y/ . 0"%

!H Lm !6 7%H7 - 7#  7 ! (  " 76 7  7K  7 T2 H  ` (~ 7H (

? g( 7%HH 7 !6 . 0 ] 0Z( !H - - ( (/ .-# = > !j 7&! >

  =  7%H Z- H !H ZK7 - 7# ( " 76 s% 7 7 ! (V-  B7

 = H   s  !6 (discipline) s . 7 &! F !"H )=( disciple .7 7 F H !K& !H -

H F -  .7%H !K&  2 H F - s 7%H (([ !6 h BH #  !"H bF .

"!K&" 7"H .-& 2  7> U= .7%H Y !H H - ?H 7  H !m !H 7%H  K "!

B( 56  !66 !H 7= 7 H #  .7 !H Lm B 27 7 (  D ( 7H 2.

 = Lm bF !H - " D -  = L2 #  .7 06%6 S 5K` 6 .-  H !#

. >?6  -   .7%&!  06 !H 7  B !H 76 7 Z .2

(]  6   !# % 76   .7  Z    (Y6 6 &! B KH 7 K

= " !H 7- ]w  2 .( 2]  [ .$ % 76   .7 Lm 2 - ( F 7$

  6 = e  7%H  !$( D  Lm  G !6  B6 (Y6  6 !H 7%H &! 

B KH 7 .W D 7K ]w 2 L h"K !j= !6" :7  >(/ ? - 7 ". 7-   Z

 7 !6 . 0 ]  Lm -  .7%H K D 2 s !6" :77 ] !H 7-e  %( ! 7!"6

7Z- 6 B !6  ".7%H ."B L"  L 7 0 (~ 7%H 7 2" :76 K ] D   7

( ] 7%H  07- !6    L6   - ". !H H  H  . !6 0 ] $76 !H -

 -  6  6 . - ( 0Z - - >-F 0 B( B Lm !m :7-y6 !6 !H


= 7-

5?-F d !6 !6\- 0 7Z6 >-F B :7-y6 Y/= !6 2 Lm7-  0 !6 Lm !m= !6 0 !H 7  7-

!6 !6 h(( 0\- 0Y ! " 7  0 !6 Lm !m= !6 0 !H 7 7-" " !6 !H 5% - " 7-

&!  D ( !6#B -/ 7 0 . -/   0 .7%H -/ [% 7F $# 7%H

 ]H! !H 76 K  !U "eT2 &5! 0 / .7 7 h"% - 2! 0 .7%H = -

H/ !H 7&6 = !"6" !H - 0 Lm 0 !H -B ZK ".B K 7  #= !6 GK !m !H . 7-K

 ( D = 7%H &H K 6   !?5 ( 7 = !j  6 - .7 G$% 0> !H 5

?  - ( 76 /F .-  6 B ( !`K BH 7  H p   B 7 %- !6

6  !6 DH ? !H 7 7- !6 - ( .76

Z6 !6 2 7 H 0Z( !H  7 7-B= 0  ^6 / 0 B !6 5(  .7L 1% hm6 !22

6 7- !67  H Y !H -#  & 7 7% 0= !H - 7  $ D .- H

 ( ( 6    # ).(  %Z (  7Z-  L> (  !"v 0=  ZUK !H - =U

6 !HB  7 .7  %"yH 7%  76 ]6 L6 !5%  " :7%H= !6  2 B !H Lm& 7- 7 7%

0[ !6 !H - = 7 B !H ".7- 6   !6 -- 27  7 ]d2 -:7

"  s! L !H 76   ) -( 6   Lm 6 5( ".-  % !12 0

cde6 Lm !6 - & !6  .7%H 2" :7 =   B !m( 7% .7&6 7% &] -#%

!H<"  = hB !m 7% 7% 0-

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301527

~  Ak * 

6  7 sd / B e "~( h 75 7%H

 5 7(~7 = 6 `$K !H 7 ! 7 .7~( 2 7

e !6  27  D =6 76 76 7 6 06 = -

H !6  .7 H 0 0~( 7 16 !H - $"[7 ] D! -

W D .!  ( 0d (& . B =2 7 T 6

B = d  .  !6d 0 ~( .7

B !6 B    - Z( GK ( 7# TF T >?6

~( .- 75 7$(5%] !6 ZW !U D  !6 !H


 %( !H 0 ] D Be !6 76 !-  =.7

  2 (~ 75 76 = !6 6- dB p

 7  = !6 2 / ! 76 e  -76> FB 7 .  !H - 0 B (? H/ !6 $

= .7% 0%j~( !H KB 7 e !6  =$# 7 B6 7 L6 >?6 2  ?B V 6~( 6 !6 7 5

T2 .7 25   (~K 7 7= 7% V? K  !/  [ !6 ?/ !6 V ( ]UZ H = .7 0%m

e(  ( !2 V 7 B B 0-=- 6> 6L ( 75 ] 2= 6 7% = .7%&6 - p 2 e(

/  BH 7 !H5 ( H 756 V ->  .7%%H ~( !6 ? 7 76 H7/ !6 5 -&]

/ =< 2 ~( !H 7! bH 6  H !H#  [ .6 h 0%m  2 ! = 76 K

j6 6 !H - 2 7 6H  ! B` .&2 7 6 0V( D  V? 7K (  B B B 7 !H

= ]e/  1 B& 0. -

 ~( !66 " 7 7 6 06 .B 2 V? D 7 - d 76 7 0   27W D .- 0 06 D

6 -  "U !27 6  7 6.

 7 !H76 B6 7 6 (~ 7B 27  y- .7 !1" 0 &6 27 6 - 6 !H - 6 7

F !6 !H Lm 7 ! ( = % H .  6   L !H [ !$~( !6 7%6 7 "! &

 .  !6 G  wd6 ]6K h"U "! %H 0% p-  B % 7! ( -- 2  Lm 5 D!

7Z 6 . 6 d( 6 !H -> 6  7  .  e H( ! bH ~( !6 7 $&F /

 B .6 D 7F 6 B 512 ]K !6 G ( /m .  !6 7Z -6 ] 0 ! 7F !H 7 >

6 B 7 !& !6 (~6 Y6 7 76 B GW  ( H s%:12  06 0 !H2= H 2! ( W

7 !&H B = 7%6 ]K K (7 Z / !H 7Z6 . 6 >$[? 7 ( .  b1 .7&H / 6 bX 

 ^d6 0  s! ]K ( / H  6 0 7 1 ? 6 76  K= .7Um :12 bX  0%m

56 Lm  !H ] 0  B H 7B-  1 ? 0%m ( ]d 7 B GW - !6 ( g

s%:12  06 0 !H  / 6 !H5%  L K ` 2= K  7 $K. s 6 bX

 H 6 D = 5> 7F H6 6 . W L U H  6 = 6  .76 0 -= !K 6 $# $

6 "~( h6 7 B GW ( g .7 (  0 % !6 !    Z( 6 >[$ 6 H ] 0 .

p6 B  (  B !6&7 0 . ~( !6 7 ( 0d5 = 7K 6 K !H B GW ( g ( 

K ^d6 22 . ? V  7  p>%H ( K15 6  !H /  0%m 12 (0Z

H .  ? V !H5 B .7%-~( h" Ke !6 7  = 7 & "H !6 / 7 06

 . 0d( 2 ->  e !6 W = 7 &! = B 6  7( H 5e  6 7 76 c 

  !sd (27 ( 6 7[% 56  !5m !H 7 /  .7%H  s 6K (` 5

B7-- !$[ .77  YZ [% K  .72 = ~( !6 "B 7 - 76 "~( s h L=75

? "g 7% !6  ]w $ < [B 0 6 !H 0 - B /  !H 7% B=2 7% 76  

2 " h .72 K 7% 5  B GW ( g 7  6 ! F  ( 7%H H/ GW= .

5 76 / 5 ? 7 0%m ?&(. 7-- =- -  7 = B &](

 .76 7 = H = (H H 7 6 5 m 7%H %&B ! m .7  !H 7 2

 K 56 7 / 7 !6 $-% 0 B (7Z]  ( 7%H =  /% H .76

6 7 - 6>  7 (~ ]& 7 - 02 >F  !H (~K 7 2 =-(  .7   !H5% 0

= 2 >F 7 75 B !6 $ (6  ( B s K  .7 0 D  U !H - =  !Z
 &] .-

6  ("! (~ s !H 75 6 7%H p"  6 -"  0%m !H (  7%%H  .-  0

 ? V " 7F h !H>  ~( !6= ] !6 7 7.

-( .6?  ~( !67

 ~( !6 6 7 !W D- - =  !W K 0 B !6: -   076  s5  .0H #  %

(~B 7! % !6 Z D  7 = ( -  %( ! ] 1( .7%H  % !6 !"6   0 F !H!

T2   !Z2 "( 7% .  2 0 F !  = 76 "VB 0.7

-  0 - !H    % (&] 2 7B !6:7 ? 7%2- s .5 (6 B s 76 = K2

~( s h" !6 .= L= 7 & ./ 7   / 6 %6 %2 = (  (.7

(~B 7 ] \ J     276 . 7K !H 7%H ( K -5 - = 2 (~B  7

= 7%%H K !6 Lm - 7 76  !6 .7 h(( 0 &6 !m/ 0d( !65 ! &6 76

= = - B6 7 . !H7K  ( B !6 6 -> 5 62 7 -   (" p5 .

s% !6 !# ! !6  565 0%m7K  - [   % !6 BB 6  (6 < ("

26 .   !"/  6 1 (" p5 !6  F ~( 5%B7 !H    5j6  7 (

 ! ! (! 7

- : G$% ($ #

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=326261

  * &U

   6 p bH 0 1 D( !H - .6 ?$B

6 2  %7K  !H 6B 27! 6 6 

/ = B 6 2 7 6 7 B %H

 ...&H%?-  % =% ...- B 6 !H F 5 D

!B6 ] 1- !6 - - =(> & . =

e - >6$d !H 6 27 7- !6 ?$B !"K

 7 6 &m  L !m&7 =(> > !6 - 7F

    !?F H (#  27/ - 5 6

- &F 7 56 !5m !H !&2- !j=:7 = F !

!B- !H ZK ( 0 & !H - 0&(= !5% 6B


B 6 B &Z = 7% 6 -6 B% ]e/ !H / 0 6B $d %- 7%6  !"e.

! B F !H =<  677%F  7 %= 5 .& >(= !H 7  B6 7 <] !%< =

&- 0&(= . B 7 7   5?F  !H $d&! =2 - 5j B!6 B 2 ( 6 >F

02  U%  & 27 - 0 - - (H !6# . !6 2 ] =(> & .  =< - !6 27

 27 d6 6 !6 H !m ( cde !H 2 >F .76 U%

!6B - 5% 2 7 7 ( 0%m 7%%H !m

 '-F 07%m >-F 0   .( 0 2 =7K /  >F !H 7  7 >-F 2 '-F `H !6 5.7%

- ! -a - >F  7%m 2  &. H =(& .7 0 eF 1- !K &2:7

T p  7   B% 77F 0  $e 6   B6 0 6 HdV :12 0 !6 .

( 7 77 72   0B- D &5 B7 L H - e (71 >(= 27.-

6 77 5  7%m .7-%&6  6 s 6 B = .7%H 7  / - ] = %   L $B 6

s .7%HZK bF 0 % .&F 2  !# 7 e 6 / 7e- 56 K& ? H%d(

.%H

7F 6 1- !6 B (( h . 6 = !H B  6 1- &  .7%6 6B e  7%m 0

L 0B% 6 ! 7 !H < " !6 bB.-

B L  1- !6 K- (6 7 =6 .7(  6 0 !6 76 `- / -F

 12 D L6 0 !6! BF - ("76 01 .7 D ] !6(7 ! K1 -  !H  L! H ! ( 0 "

% T2 K! . 7F  0B% e !H % 0 !6 7Z6 =   & >F 6 0 :12 56 !m / !6

? 1 # V? s T2 & . [6 .-

s  " 0$6 .- 2 !m& .7  :12= 0  7% B {H !H -H 7 s 6 ( g  6 .-

 27 7 0%m 7  .0 7F -  :-F 2B 6 0 &F HH !m

2 :7 0/ 6 H 6 0 7 !U6!- $d 6 %H Z- %H  = 6 .U% 6  !6 / 

-. ...5

B = H 6 !H 0%m 2 `[ ./ 2-  / 7! ( ]Vd ]g 0 ?  ]d 27 ] !6

6 K 56B . - - ]V1 - F K6! 2 7%6 = [B  -7e  -

eVB 05  (K %5% 56 7%&H  #B .7&F 7% 7 !6 .7 / ( D?  $7

.  D

 ( -> 7F - B ...%H 6 !6  B  5 !H( 2 &. =(& 07 B

 :7H[ ( 7 7 d 0B- ? 1 7$( !H U%6] 7 !%H !6 L =(> `B 

 H F6 &0 FL 6 !% !6 "6    ( B !6 (6= !j= [B !6  % B7%

! ("'( 6 6  5  !6 !H 012 H .76 B !H - H .7 ( 0 h 7   5%

!6 7 `& 6  & 02 DH B .7%%$6 !6

0%m 2 bF (- 7%m !6#  6 277 5 F  22 6 7- 1( !6 6 06 !6  6 27

 7%- !6 ] ( 5 - 5& 5 ( pB & 7&H B ("? 7% $ 12 !H 0:

6 7F  !6- 27& >%(F!  7%  m !6 2 7  5% 7 7 =7K  !H

 e6 0B- =  2.

B 6 2= : 7F - 6 $-% 5 B 


 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=359890

 
J $ WJ

 = 0 !H 7%H e "B -  6 .6 VZ0

 !6 $ VZ6 & . 1 Dm <" -/  

 .  [ .  = _( 0  !H 6

7% F !hB cW 76 !6W 0 !H -   ]d  2

 0 D 6 7% !H H! e  7% B `e

7%  VZ7 !/  `e !6 !T2 1 D6 &

< H ZK 66 7Z6 .& !6 &m !H<[ 0 

TF .

( !6  [$ B !H 6 7Z6  (7  7

 YZ6 B   7 K !6 H % -!-F 2

 H !H %6H  D  !6 K=   !H -

 D 7- .

\- : 7"H

=  1[ !U6! !6 !H 7Y" !(B! 7VK(7 [$ 77

!m (  ( 7 1[ !U6 7

UB !m ( >F K 0

( ( [ 1 [B HF h"K [B

6 $de \-Y   !6 Y6 ]X !H 7- #% 6 /%H -

7H 2E  0 7H  2E7 ^6 0 1[ D  [1 7

6 (  [ 1 L2L5.7% %

VZ >?6   DH !6?6 7 K 0 $  d6 DH BH 7

 bF 2   [(  16 7 -.76 7

7%6 6 6 K`B  %j=   !6 0   H ] ?7 ! (  !"6  K 0(  % 2

 B6 7.

{ 5 B- ! 7%H  (( [$ !  H  "6 B .-(  7/ !6 K= 7 H B  7%%H

( [B B 6-  7%


( 7"H  ( p [.1

  -  &6 "B =  7%F  !H.7

- ^d6!  ).(SHADOWS

 % & . 1- & . 6 1[ !U6  7 / (] . %Z

6  !H U (  [& VV?( DH !6 1 &%   DLy/ 7F  .7%H

  V !

& .B 7= 2 6 7  =2! =  F .B 0  !H5 /  27 [ B  .%H

( "U  !6

2 6 !H $d 7 6 !6 0( 7L H 76 !H K ( % 2 .- 6 !H " !H H !K` h >- 6 7

2"H <Y m  <  %H D-`F /   0&H-y /  5 7% %H L6....

 > 7 (!  =  b%T2!

( 0 "B ( ( !&F !H 7% ( !K 7 66 =  &m !6 7 ( 6 %&6 7 6 B

 ... &6 7% ZK 0 .& -% = ( 6 0 = 77 (  - B !- ( -#H (= 7 Z  !6 &Z

- . !6 D($ [1

 % H7 -

!H H 7% H [" h - 0 1 D !J -  F Z-  Z6 .7% F !6 0B =>  6

B>  7 - 6 Z6(   6H !6 y( 0 #(  -`H 0 !%  =m !K .7  H -#H

6H B 6  !( 6  B % d( 7 &% ! ( D B !m2 !H7 = =-  )

7e !/6 K B 6  [" 7$ 6  "B 0- ]& >H (- /    6 ?- 27.-

  1H . K&Z   !H 75%6 D 2 7 2E 27 H ]UZ( !H - (7 .7

K= `w   B . < !6 !H =  0  6 .- K  1H - (7 !H 7%6  7%H  K 

  6 U B 27  7%H  27 T  K 6 0  2E  B 7%6=T 2  .

 K= !1 B   Z   .  pd  H  H !H 7Z6 ...B !H %6  %H  K B 0

 ! - (7  B`H ( {%F `( ! 7 ! ( ...6 B  !1V ! H`H = ]2  H ... ( H

! (  ZK !6 ...  2 ...7- >6"U 6   ( !H 7%6  B K 7   . /

&F !hB ...-!7%H  D"H .& !H -#% 1( 0  (% d &  . %2 !6->  

!H 77Z  Z6 .-     <  Z 7 75 =J   K 6 = 0    .

m %

 % 1H %Z (B !H - 76 = !6 ] `w)  2 7 ( % H K 5 6 = 1H ( 76

 !1   %   Um  ! )B . !   7%% J %(

=   !K 0 2 DH  7H / !"6 `7 7% !K 7  1 7& 7 &!  .

7H !H 7%H K 6$d 2E  H !1 =  Y/ 1e 7 /- = !6  &=  .  ( 7 !6

B 6  .7-6 -%  6 !6 7 7.-6 (Y6 /

1 !K  L- U% .-7  K7 76 Lm D  = 7  ` c$( !6 ` !H bH H 76 H

%H !6/ 6   B H = 1e   = ]$K H H   7Z- # = H 76 !

  $    L7Z- # H 76 & 6 # H F  76=K 7L H - $  b

U !H 6 "B  H !% B 76 6 K      # ( 


7Z6 /  GUK($ [-  - 1!  B 6.7%H -

-!

Y6 ^/$ !e`B ^d6- $!  ?U V   !m2 .7 %6 !5 0 B- !H ?- -% V! U

7%H 6   71  - !H %H!

 &?6 (  !H -7 - !6   /) 7 G"U(B

 &?6 (  !H -/ `e-   )] !677%% !6 ] &77%(

 K  B >7% !H %H  ] - . U!  H  27 7 !H 6  5 .7

 0"Z 6  7(-&5  /  L62 &F % &7% L6  . 6 6L6 02 &B !6 ! 

 . (  ]"d6 51 076  !6 6B $B 7 :L6  !H 2 / !6  !& 7&H 51 0 !H -

 !% ? -  76 ( - s% !H 7  y6 7 = ]w L6  6 7 0 = !H 1e  !5 B

 -  6   .

-!  0 7 !6  !H2 /  B  UB 0  !H! B 0 7%y6 . = 0 !H 7%H e "B

-  6 .6 VZ !6 $ VZ 06 & . 1 Dm <" -/    .  [ . 

= _( 0  !H 6 7% F !hB cW 76 !6W 0 !H -   ]d  0 2 D 6 7%

!H H! e  7% B `e 7%  VZ7 !/  `e !6 !T2 1 D6 & < H ZK 6

6 7Z6 .& !6 &m !H<[ 0  TF .

- :!#!    6 7% 7 6U  - 7   .2 s

- !H H!  B  7%6`& X -!  !6  `w .7%6 D  0XB 56 s) 7  B

7%H  `$K H B 5(    !6 !H !B !6 7 56 Lm 7  L% 01"( !H 7%6 >6 7/g -

-! B  V? .  2 (?  7%H  D !"Z ( 7  F 7  !H 7%6 B6   7 !6

>  2 B  B :7H 0   7B  B  B  7 !  56 W  ....= 0%m `e !H

-!  B  L2 !6 7%6 !% 26 pB &H ]6H " !6 :7%H   56? LH m `B -

7Z6 - S  7K -`H >6 7F H  2 T2 $! ... - 0 6 0 !H -7 &`

B  !H 6 hKB 27 2 H .& >(= !6

(  [1

7Z6 - !e`B ^d6!  F !6!%

6 L 1/ 1 K6 (  )("F / 01  6 SMS/ OFF PM / E-MAIL (H  !H  H y6 `ZL.7

6 6 1/K( ( < y6L:7

( [ .- &H !  [ =  "Z .7

6 ( !U- [ !6 gF gF .7-1

7B (  !6 7 7 = !H - 6 H 0%m  6 e 7%H  = 7 !H - " U6 c"e =>

! .76

bF ! 6 !6  H 02 7!  b  =  !j - !6($ ( "$K B 7&6 .7% D$-

7 6 0 [ 1  !H  0  !#% 7    !H 7%H  7 B !6 -% B-

VB  7 D  B 7K6 ( !61[  B VB  .7 - 5( !6  [$ B !H 6

7Z6  (7   YZ 76 B   7 K !6 H % - !-F 2 H !H %6H  D

= !6 K  !H -  D 7- .


7% (!  Z 7 "  !H - B 0  & 6    T2 77H y6L7

& !Z U  !H 0Z  " !% - %!  Z -&27 H  %( .- 7%H  !H - 7

 &    ^6  !6 !H{   7%%H7 <".7-6 U

!6 &7F .  - ZK $6 %F 7 0 6 1[ _ /   6 L 0L 1- .7%H

=2! 7Z6 TF\ 0  ( K G  &6 .  1- !H 7%H  5B [6 ! 5 .7%H 0-

!H!  =<sd 0  6  :7%H  !L !H H    -( - " h " V6Y.

?6  $"K h/e  h"K !H 7 0 76 0( .7

*(  [6 1 ?- - ( X` 2  7 7:-

(B 6)  X` 6 2 6 6  (% ] ]"d( ) / 7/ 6B !6   (&H

) ]? !s/`B ( (LH  .

(UW 75 :7  6 ] B !H $"K >y( ( /   ( 7%H 6 ]-  7B76 7 6 6 7e

(" 01   F 7  / 22   /  %  0 VV?( DH p) Ly  ( %H

( !e Y / Y6 .-

& .B 7= 2 6 7  =2! =  F .B 0  !H5 /  27 [ B  .%H

2 6 !H $d 7 6 !6 0( 7L H 76 !H K ( % 2 .- 6 !H " !H H !K` h >- 6 7

2"H <Y m  <  %H D-`F /   0&H-y /  5 7% %H L6....

 > 7 (!  =  b%T2!

( 0 "B ( ( !&F !H 7% ( !K 7 66 =  &m !6 7 ( 6 %&6 7 6 B

 ... &6 7% ZK 0 .& -% = ( 6 0 = 77 (  - B !- ( -#H (= 7 Z  !6 &Z

- . !6 D($ [1

1 !K  L- U% .-7  K7 76 Lm D  = 7  ` c$( !6 ` !H bH H 76 H

%H !6/ 6   B H = 1e   = ]$K H H   7Z- # = H 76 !

 = 0 !H 7%H e "B -  6 .6 VZ !6 $ VZ 06 & . 1 Dm <" -/  

 .  [ .  = _( 0  !H 6 7% F !hB cW 76 !6W 0 !H -   ]d 

0 2 D 6 7% !H H! e  7% B `e 7%  VZ7 !/  `e !6 !T2 1 D6

& < H ZK 66 7Z6 .& !6 &m !H<[ 0  TF .

( !6  [$ B !H 6 7Z6  (7   YZ 76 B   7 K !6 H % -!-F 2

 H !H %6H  D  !6 K=   !H -  D 7- .

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=330860

 J& ?$   2 U $


. B7  5  ! (7 

(.7 7 ( B # 7%  7K

B $6 06( .7 7 0 27 ( g= .7

B 7 B  !6?7 ( 7% = B 7

F6 07 5- &7 % T567  B !6  K 

 76 !j6 6 = B 7   Z(

76  !m( B 7 27   = B 7% w

 B K 7% 7 7 B #  7%% 7%%

! 7K 0 [ .7%% / 2  0 ]/ 0 7 !2 7 - ( & . 7 2 0 ]/ [!6 ]

[  7% (B 06 6 bF .7 7 07K 0 >% B !6 27  B ( g.7

 B% (:

` B 2 7 F6 0 ?& 7 7%! 7 !m L !m  B7


(&?  B w .76 .K

 d( .7% B #  `w .7B 2 7 <T d 6 7% 7%$6 7  <T B !m !6 6 .7-

07  .d .     .! B !6 Lm  56.

 !6 ] (  = 0 :

6 F 0  ] !6 < $ 7!  " !6] 76 7 Y L5 6   6 .7%B 7( &!K

?6 7! [!  27(% ( g .7  %( 0 # ( g .- 2 GW %27 76 W ( g = .

? 7 7  7m 5 2  !66 7%` 7 ( ( gB 7 7 !6 - 0 7L6 6 0  L5

 !6 `e 6 . 7 =  m 7-y6 = B( (J (  7% / !6  ! - 2 7  7

T56 7!  /&  J 7% ]  g( !6(  # 7%$6 .7% 2 0 7 7 B # Lm !m 7%

 - 7 = 2  7K B $6 06 !6 Lm !m 7= -6 .7 7 .6 7 76 7! 6 `e !m

B 7( ( g .76 2 7 . !6 LB . / 7% 7 7 2 !6 L  ?6 7

6 GK  !6 L.7

m 7%$6 (  >#) 7 :(7

ZW$V Lm !m %  7%$67   =6 7% =  0  !6 ZK 6 ( 7%

?" % 6 7 -  /6 27  G7%  ([ !6 7  $w  - - 27 % 7% 6

( ?$B !6  - g= .7-6 ZK   & &% !6( (K1 -! 6 # T = B sd

 / 5B# 2 ( 7 ( g 7 L50 6 ( - =  # .7%

F (Q  $w L5F 0  1%:7%

&! !6 ! = 76 !sd !  7 7   7  7K % T2! g( 7 .7 26 ZK

! 76! ( gB g( 7 7 . K6 5 6 h !66  .7  27 !6 Z ( Z 7 !

 ! 7%! ( !76 2  7%! ( 7 ? K( 76 . ( B 6 6 7 .

L!-

!6 (S .K! :76

6  !6 L6 .7% 7.   XL !6 6 .7  !656 V( 7! K !m

B (- !m( 7(% # = .7 BB 6 7L #( 7 Y( (% !B$ 7% B56 !6 7
6 .7 !66 .K B !1 ( s%6 7%$6 .7%   0 !17 27(7  (XL !m !6 !7

 (a  $K :7%

B 2( ?6( 7 7 =  7! &! B .7- 0 7K   (B 0 7   p 0

 7! ( W 7 7%! 0 7K 6 .7% !   !m .- - 76! 7$m 6 (! <T

 ?j ( 6 !m 716 !6- = (!6 [   / 7 6 !6  ! 76

? .- 6 0( .- 27B 6 7( K 7%$6 7!  0 [ !6 1  27.7%

(( ( :7%

  %T2 0   !m{  $K 6 B >F 7 K 0 [- 6 F - >% 

6 .-6 7F - 7 B ( g .7 2 7. B T56B . / 7 c$e .7 7! B 76 7

6 F h 6 !B  ^6 Lm !m 7 ! c$e B 76  7 6 !B 7L6 m 7 -6 7 !B

 GUK B 7! (- Y6 - B-("$  (6 .76 0   GUK 6 7 /[ -

F 6 B # .7%

` 06 6 K B 6( ! 6 2 / B( 6 7"XK= 7 1- 56 ?-$ 7B 6 7( 6 "B /

.76 5?- / B6 d .7% 2 " !# F  ! &6 76 # = B L.7 7

 (56 :$&F -

 ! 6 $K ]6K 6 . B  " ( 0Z6 .7%6 7 B $&F  ?  ( 7%{  B !6 L2 .7%

(#  !   F 71- .7% pd K[ = - B 6 -  B V( !6 .7% F.76 7%$

6 " 2 6 ( !6 L.7%

6 (  GK 7! / -&7    !6 -! :76

0 ("e!1  0   (  6 .- 7 K ! B 6 !6  .76 7 Z 7 =! =K

` (&. 7%% ! ( 5 7%!  0?6 GK .7& 2 6  6 -&7 7K! 6! 7! 7F 6

  = $de .7% B K( 6  (!  .7%6 6 h U 0 ?6 7   7%! 

(!7

6 ( B T56 K:7

( g  7= !m 6 B   76! 7%m[ !6 &6 !K  7#% !m 7%m K6 =  6 7%  

!6 B B 7 ( .  d6   B6 7% . Y] = 0 -!  [0 !

( g 7% B .7= 2 (  6  0 / 76 7 T2 6 - -  6 <?6 !V6 .7

L!% ! 6  ! 6 - =h- ! 6 0 B !6(  5 7% !j= 6!  - 7

?6 0 .7 - !6 27  .76 h# 7Z6 ( g   B 7 7-!  6  %( "$K

.

2 K B  K- !6 7  = 7  6  ( % !  0 2 =  7K

7 .7B 6 7%"6 7 7 6   7%  %( 0 -! ( . 7 .7  0  .7%

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=254094
@& >/0 $  

=  27 7 X6 B (X  !H 7

 L6 %&B 6 27 ( $!  0%m

(L % .7 = !  0Um !H 7 ( B

F  7%H DH  !6 !H 7 27 7 <" " !H p

(( .dX ( 6 2 `B bX .7 H

 Z B (% d  ( 7(27  17

( 7 $ (  / 6 DmH /( 

 ^6 !H =  !6 !6 !H 7%-6 !# 07 B H

.7%

 (V  6B !6 %H5  =7 7 5 !6 !H

B!- B  27 -! =  T $6 . <" h

7Z  5ZW Lm B 7 / .?- 2

H %H !67 6 7F - 6 %H  7Z K

 7 <" h !H %H X 

6  .7%%H ZK 0  !H - 5 0 Lm

 7% 6B %$ 6 !H 7 >H (hH X

= .7

 67%H !$"< G

 6 7( !HB !6 G X ( 7 7 !H 7  !sd  27  .7%6  7B   !6 !H

L6  27 - 7%  6 !H 7B 0> F  7 [ 0( . 6 7% - G& <" 7%%H !$ =7

!  !6 ( 77 B> (  .77- 0( 0 !H -! 76  B 7d . 7%%H0

(  !H 7%B !6 G 7 wH 7 de 6 7/ 0  6 &F 2 .7 K   5 7X2

K !6 B6 !6 6-7  !6 e 7 0 ] = !H H .7%H

! 6 B  6 %6 K >-F 7

 2 L5%"6  !j= :7  !U  !6V( !j= !"6 7  %H  !6W  !6  cde .7%H

ZK 0/ !H -  !HB !6 G (X   !6W  !6V( !j= !"6 7  / %H  

F! 7  &F G   <= !U . g( 0( 0 !H -  (K 7 =  ! .76

 7 %6B 0  K >-F .7

W B  6 .7%H %6 B (W !m 7-y66 B ZW (X 0 !H -7$ - 0D

ZK! 6 !6  !H - B W B 1%> & . !6  .Y] ! 66 !H X  &F 7 K

= & . .j 6 Z 7% 2 :77d G1 !6 2 ( B Y7- 76 7%H ( = LX/ 7
B .7 7 <" h F7 "! B > - 6  ^d6 .%H Y7-  %H (` B!6 ( X

5 ( %H 6J ZK 7%  F !m!  U%( 0 `( &6  7%6 (ZW  de %H ZK

6 =  !65 .%H 6J 07   !H !m  = 7%  ( 7 6K %6 V( .7 7%H / B

( X [B!6 ."U % [ by- .7 ] 0<  X2 !H 7%H - [0  B.7 7

7%m7K "

6 "   !- Y6 h U7K ( !e:

Ty6 ( !H  27 B !/ 7/ !6 ]K7 5 ( X  K .7 2?6 ZK 7  !H  Lm!6 7= -.7

6 (   7  !H 6 H/  $ 7 !m .7%H  2 !% !H/ ( ( 7%HX

 Z 7 1( 0 !6 g( !m  27 =

(! 6 ( 6  H  .7%H K  H/ " !6 &F =<  .7X6 =B !H !j  7

6 by- .7%H $de (= .d H!6 -  .7%H !  / - D!5

- : G$% G6%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=211600

& M

  (: 2 V

(   ( 2 V D= 27 !6  ?6!

)`(   (  .7%%H

 ?6!:

 ?6!  ( 622 ]/ (U- !6 2 V 22

( G6   Z- ( 6 7K D "m &?

 6 `& 6   22  "/ ( 2 V.

 ]/ ?6 2 V( 5! $( 7%:

(6 0  !

B% (  "/

6 ?& (  

$J (Q 

7 (S7d 0   L!%

(Y6 (a6 0
   :

 (  2 V 7 >6 =! !6 " 5 ?& >F( 6 7%H/  6 B  pd[

 !6#( 0%j "$K%- H !6(? (F  V.

7H !% D    6 7 H - { $K ]6K ( ! / !6 ( !H -   s cW e d  = 

( .d EF>  $Z 7& !X !2 !6 - B6 / !H H-% ?  D 5  K ! !6

 !622 p  ( / ( ] 7%%H  !e W    s !6 !H --[ ]6K 7- L 76 ( !6 g J

 %  2 V( 6 !Z ?   "$K = .76  !Z

 s !6 h < 2 V(  7-  7 !6 !Z ( J( d  (  /s  = 76 .76  !Z0

(( !H h  ` !$% !H Z 7L  ]X !6 $ Y6 cU- K 7 Z- (? ( 6 V1-

5 ` ?6!  .7%%H - 5  !H Z %$ 6 &6/    - V( - 6 &6

7 -/ ( !6# 2 / !-B6  & !6 (6#   !2 "$K.

/ - 7 !H % [ !6 "H  !Z 7H 6 !( 6 D   >6 !H  = !6 0 B V( 7

(?  7%%H ?  D  0  %6 !m 6 e  5%   !Z- -

 .K e- 0%m !6 c   .d( 7% EF> .K 1"?  &?6  !Z6 ( -  e s c K 0

 !%6 H   ( B6 6 !( 6  2E !%&F  5%  !Z  B6 #%  / / (? !6

  "H s 0F !%.B

 !Z - g( 6 B (Yd 2 B 0U6 6 6 =   0%m . - = G$( !6  %vU

% !6 T2 J( g ( ZY  5%  B !Z  H - (B J T2  K .- `  6

    F   7 -H/  ZW 5 - 5 [6 p"( Z 2 e! !

e T h  02 7Z6 ` = &6  ( 7Z6 0? 7 0%j F 77 L cU- 27 %

  !Z! ! !6 - -   ( 7  D -/ # -- !Z 6 0vU 5!  .7%

-$ 5 7&7% (T2 J Q K S B  !Z ^6# `B  $ D 1( 7%m 7&! " 1

 &? % !6  6 (  77&!  7 - 76 h(( 0  7 '-F 6 -  67&! (1 (

=  e 6  K   ]e/ ]H B 5B6   72 / !H - ^6d 22  7 !Z cU-

.-

 6 T2 !j= 6(  "H !# D :2

 !Z 6 e  $ 7 . -% !6 ` 5 = 7>  =   !VK 6  7

7%m 5 7 $-%  !6 0%j ] ( =  !6 ]  $ 7%6  / L>  [ !6 . 76 # "H ( 0

 = ^6   2 V(  !H -/    !Z [7 &6! 76 .76$ h(( 0 7s

 !H   2 ] 7   ( =  ! 6 7  7 7 7%"6 F  !H! ` %6 6 7.

(V     p$ (V H  7 76(  h(( 0V( 6 7%  `H 7 7%"6 7%m ?%-

! 76 .7%6 h(( 06 7  Y]  !6L  `H 7 7%"6  7/ ]K   = K    B-

  < `  2 !H Yd( 6 --  (&7.7  7

- : G$% = F - B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=280737
 M& & M

(Z ( 2 V

%6 >F  6{  ]/  ? ZUK D ]/

6 7- !67 (2  2 V.7%

>  ( 2 V

- !% 1[ 7  &6 (72 V

  =.

2 V( - -  hH 7#%-  !#/

W 7% &6 !m    =.

TF  v b/ -  ( !Z- !6 7F ( 7%H  DH

 (B V ?56 7  6 V.

 - !6`- [" $ W  .7

h -L>  b1 !6 B 6   .

 ( 2 V

- 2 V( : !H   ]X    !2 27  ]w?  B 6 7 !6 0 !- H-.

UW V( :  !H 7%  pUW [ !6 !H K !"v 6  2 !   (?  6 %H w

 !HZ( 6 - 5- 0  %&F  UB F 762  V( !m  7

V( :-/  6 !H 7%- >%H  ]w #/ (( /5  < DH 7% 7  !2 ...

!65 d6 p B  7%K ! L .]-

= V( :  !H 7%  ]w .7  !2 !$K < p 7F7 7 D( ]$  !H  H/(?  60

( V (    7 V( !%de  .7  0 ( YZ 2 V  0 !6 !H "/UB 0  7%H? 

 .

(7 :  !H 7K   ( V( 76  6 H 2 V b !6  T2  7% - cde '-F !H  m

L2 !%   7   L2 !% `  .7

(2 : B  6  (= 2 V  B( !67H 7%   !6 7 0B.-

( U% 2 V 2 V( :--  !H 7% .Z( !6 7% ( 7%6  &6 1 J = ( 7  [Y

 27 ( d &Z B K  ]w 7%? ! ( ]g "Vd ... 0 ( 6  2 V- ZK e 

TF.

] (T2 J ( 2 V


[` ] :>2=  [`( !H -6 W  ( V  !6 "? G6%=  -.

&  ] := % - K  !Z .%H  2 V( !H -

 ZK > ] :  5   L% ) "g "Vd(   72 V( (....

& Y 2& : 2  [B ."Z(  = !6 !H (  L 7  2 e  B! .76

2E ? :V 7  -/ 6   ? ( 2 V ( J.

0-eVB : 6 !6   ]w %-   L6  2 7% - ( 2 V  > L6 .

  ZK K : 02  D  B  ( 2 V( 7 (K J( d .7

B !- = 7( :0` B !- 7 0 ( 2 V7 ? eV J(   `w$# !H 7

  [B !6W 7 >%!  eB ]g `B 6 ] `B !K ? .7

!- g"$( :Z F  !H [ . !-   &% Z(  2 V( 7  (K J( d

.7

 2 V( ]/

H ?& ( W : W !"/ 0  &] (Z &?  %H Y e !H ZK  6  H

W "e ( H !6L (&] = 7% 6 !6 -F  ( .K.

= G ( [` : ( !"/ 0 ]/  [6 .  = G  ( %H ]/ B !m 76 !m

!6 !H%  7-  H  D T2 H    .

6 ( - hK ? : `( !"/ 0  6 %H1-   (# 0 s 0%j 5 6 !6 - >F

7F %6  $w  1% D ? B y6 "$K !"/.

(Q ( : 2 V  6 !"/ 0 0 6 ]/ 7 -  ?  "$K !"/ !6  T2 (B V "

 .%H

(S7# 6 : 7 !2 V( !"/ 0 bF   .%H  6 !6 2{  71  $w - &! = !H -

(  2 V -  =6 L -   !6 2{   s  - ]/ "$K 7# 6( %H  -

( ( h-% 2V(? 2.

 ( 2 V - U%

(  6 2 V 6 - = V? 2 & !6#( 6 

 (V 2  B  6 2 ( s - 2  L 

6 B %H Z- 6 6B 72 V( !H 0=2 B L> 

  1/ 6 V? ]X (  b1 !6 7 5 6  (756 V

7F  v (B V ?56 7 6 V

7 6 %H #  B (V 56 ( U%  [ / !H " )( 7 5% ! !$%( ! V( ! &B

-

( 2 V B ( !6 W h (! %H

]$K %H Z- -  (B V 7F  $w = 1% 6 %H - = !6  76

( $w 5 1( 6   ^6 B% V( !H ( - 56 ( U%.

 2 V( e 5 % = !6    6 ]X B !6 ( 2 V( 0! 7%6

  ( 2 V B 5 ( %H

 !6]  J ( 7% 2 V[` & J( - 2  - #%  !Z  % T h !-  Z
 !( ...

7T2  2 V( !7 27$ !6 .- 5 !H7 (H 7 7%"6 B v !"H ?& 27

H 7%6 ( / 72  V( ( h-%

 !Z U !%27   .  " !e VK (  ... 7 2 V( !%  ( h-%    -.

 : G$%!  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=327438

V  8  $

2 ?B V  Z 6 B "g>  bF 7#%-

H K  7K 7%H  .7  L6 (2 0

 g& 5% 6  7/ ]& .- "e  0%

0H  g& !H - ZK  %F  .7%H

&g 6   ^6 (` 6 X &?6J ZK$

 !2 . !$  27 !H -Z D >?6 ?"1

(&]  7 .-[% !H 7%H ]e/ 6     !$%

( 27  !2 s.7   { 6 ] 6- -7   2 0 !m2  -

 27 F  D T $6 7  !6 ! 6 !H 76 `-  6 7L !% y67 m !6   Z !H

H &?6J   h-= 27.7- H !6 B6   27 [H . .- 0 (  !H -Z( ^6 7

&?6J7# B ( `- ]"d. 0  !6  7 !6Z( 0 1 5B %H 2 B

-   #%(   .F 0W 76 7%$ !6 !/ `- ?B V  .7%H 1/ L 7 hH 7 H 6

  H/ ( 6 ( 27 (T56 J6. T 6 (Z H 06  -  > 27 (Z 76 2=.7%H e(

!H&! H( (Y6 B (  % !6  > 7%H 7%6 7F   = .7%6  h-& 0%j % !6 D 

 m    2  6    "g 7 e 7%H bF >  =2 ]H!

76 = !6 $  UZ TF .76

 6 7"H K6 (Z H 27

(L#! (B ]"d( :Z( !6 6- H 7&H > m !6 ] 27    ( .- 6 H./

?  7K ( 6 7- Z( !6  ( 1- 7%6 $w .7%H& 7   v?  (V B 7  !6

56  .76  Lm 6 6 7 w 6 H   27 ] !6.?$B - ($ 6 0

?  7K  (T2J &6 .- (Z H 06 ZW  27 6 <" U 7%H Z- bF 7%H
( g 7 TF   1 76 UZ TF .76 K6  6  (-/ 56 s 7 =  6

B !6 DH( 6 7-  !6    L6 ( 1- .7%H

(! H %?- !6 B(   : !H (  0  27= 7 &?6B 6 !H -( 2 .7 B !6 !j= !6( 

2   7` !6.- 7d(  0 7%%H "H ( !"6 7  (! 5 .7%H (  0 % ( Z-

H $de 7%H B 6( 61- 6 ( $w.7%H 0

  ]X :(1[) -/  6  (-/ 56 s .7H 0  >%6  !6 .7-/ F

 (  !H -= 7  ?6 7 =  6 B !6 DH( 6 7-  !6    L6 ( 6.7

(! B !6B : 7 0 - B % !6  !6 .7%$6 %6 ! / !H 76 =   !6   DH

  .7%HB !H 76 hK ( e  6 =   7% `& ]/ = !6 .7%H DH[ !6 2 H X

! ?  K  7 ($ B 6 B m &]  [ !6.7 7%6 .&B !H 7 ( ( !m7 6  

- K B %H  6 B !6 ! 76 6 6 `B !6 !K s (`UZ   - ( .7$ 7

VB  6 K <= :  6 K <   Z  (s VB  7  e 6

(  !6K < B L !% BF 7& ] !H B  UB !6 &6 5B  `- h-= p6 7

.761- H= 7 2 : KZ( H 06 ZW  ` 27 7 ZW 76 .- !H 7 (7%0

 e( .-  6 B (" H  (H 06 7/ !m ( !H 7%H  0Z ( 27 (Z K6 $-% H -.7

H 27[ !6  : % !6 %- F  &6 &6B 0  ( D  v 6 ]g D Z( &6

 7 .- 0! !H 76 0 &6 Lm 7  ( 7 27 ( 7/ = 7%H !1 2 ^6 &6 7 Z(

  F=7   7%H Z- bF . 7  B 0- % 7%H  6   -h(.7%H LH( 2

H H pdH pd !6 &?6 s : 1 ^6 % ( LH7%! (    . !1 6 (H h  H

B VB   .7 6 p  L !6 7%- 7 6  Z !6  6  Y6VB  .

# ( g( :g  / 27 < ]6K% B -   !YZ   = 76 7%H Z- = !j= .7

(] = g( !6 -% 7 .7%H Lm !m 7%H K 6 (Z H ( 27  B g( 77 = H H g( 0

- H H &6 (`UZ = B- !1 7Z6 B  H !m !6 7-y6 ( 76 g( 0 6 7%H $de

%H & & :  & 2EL  27 0& .-  )-(m !$ LK !H -5%

= 6 27% !   7 ` 2   !6 !H - 7 / ( ]"d 0 7 Z( 6 ZW K B6 bF .7 6

&  UW 5  56.7 ! 0  $ !H 7   27 Lm (7%  => W [B

 H GK (` [6 - K !6 6- 0 $ !6 .- /  2  7 d%  7   Z

B "g [ . 2 >F( 7 !H 7% 7( 6K D  .7

 : G$%! B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365656
* V*& ;   $

B=2

B=2 (   B% =2 eVB  ZW 7K

B !- ( L .-B 7=2  !6 ( 7%H  DH

 d( 76- K  !  >F YZ 0 W p6

  06 p6 \ J  !Y7.-

 7

  7 %Z !% 6 7 275 / !H = p

K 7  .7%H !6  7 6 ( 7%H  DH 7%  5

/1  = 6 K Ty6 -  = !6/ T2 .  7p6

 $ 6  7&?6 !6#  / 7%%H TF 7

 !6 $    #% 5.

($ \J

( 0  !6 6 ( 7%H  DH `H 7 < `H 6 h-%

 !Z % B ZK 6 76 7%H !H %Z 0 6s7  B 7 !-   #  B 6 !65% 

6 7 5 B DH - %   .7 ( DH W % 5 W GK ]   D - !U6

.-

 06 p6

( 0 !6#  06 p6  $w \ J 6  .7%H  DH 5  0 (  # p6 !- !H.-

`-  2 p6 B% !6 2   G$% D p6 6 >  -   .

( 2 V

( 0  !6 (J\ d !6 ( 7%H  DH   2 V( ]X .7H 2H  6 !YZ 7%   &

( 7%%H 2 V "? h? 6 - 7F ?  " 7%%H 6 U- 7 6 (Y6  K B.2 7%

! ~ ]/

( 0  K  - ( [ !6 \ ]X (J 27  ]/   ]X . 7 7%6 K6 7& ]/ !j%m 27-

 #  & !6 !H 7%%H    #%.

(`B 1

 0 ( 1 ! ~ !6  2 V( !6  6 . 7%H  DH h-%1-  0 ( 1 ! ~ "?  "/ 7F

 D =  6 . 7  -  0  K  - (  ]X (#  B  76 / "& !H

 7 (U eB 2 V  - 6 2 UZ !6 &6 27 y6.

( 1

( 1 (  ( ]"d[` (# = . -   0    K  - ( B6 6  & 2

!- 2  7%%H = h-  =  .7%6

( ! ~ ]/

( 0  K  - ( #  B 5 (&? J~( d 7#  6 76 7 6 7!6 $-% >%H
#  ?" & . 7Y/ 6 2  < ]w # &B UW B6 - & 0# (~`- 6 1% J

  BT2 7 6 7F `-  !6 1%$ B 7%.

(  6 !"6-

( 0 ]  B%-  ?"  27 (~ 6  = J -% . -  G6%- = J~( d 6  K

 - ( 6  2 GW B & - H> .7

L  (   !227

B=2

=2  K

=2  ZW

(V B !%6 GK

=2 /   v

( cW 

L5 6 B%

 (  ([$

($ `H <J `H

6 

TH

%

<" #B 6 !$

2

 7

` !K !6 05

( ]d ?"

  06  H 5BF 6

-7 ( % )(6-

/ 7 ]XK 6 5

 (   06

 &H

 2 !6

(&?   06 h-%

6-

 !(B([$

 (  ! ~ ]/

(&? &` "]  6.K

BDH -

6) !d V Z( ]/(

=%  66 LH `& ]/


(&?  ]/ & 6 !Z

 (  (`B 1

($w 1

Z 2 )  #[` 7( 7

6 B

(&? ./?  6 ) 5 (( 2 V

(&?  ]/ 76 7 &`

 (   6 !"6#

 B%#  B 5

($ #  6-/ 1( 

( 5"e/ 6 &B H 6 !"6 UW

 6 !"6#  7 75

 (  ( 2 V

(2= %$ 6 !YZ 2 V /H . (  !H # !H? (K J~( d .7

( %$ 6 2 V 6 ZK .K

( 0Z7 !%6 GK

!6 L TF   v B

=6 2 ( g ( V 6 $U ZK 6 77

 (  ( 1

 (~J   6 5%   5 

=2 67&F 6  7 6  

7 K !6 !H !"v 05 &! 2  -7%

=2 >   Dv 7

 (   6 !"6-

 ZK 6 !"6 7% g( ]6K !H

-( E  !"6 6  ZK  ) 7 [ (

`& 6 !"6 76 (- !6 ]- V 

= 7 & p

( s%K

- : G$% H "K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263395
 V $&  A4/ & 
)  $

2 ? 6  !6 6- 0Z( !H - - =

0!  .6 6 7Z( 0 76 0  F !6

7-  = Lm= 7VK !H - H $ !6 .  5

( %Z H H 6 !H = !6H L .

Z( 0 (V   !6  - 7 %Z!6 2

6L 7 = $   !6 7%H 7- !6 2  !H

L 7$ B   7% !6 .7(  h(( 0 76 

( 27 K 7%H F  B !6 567  B

 7 ..

 7W 0 cW $ 7-6 s !6 0 ZK 0!H -

(7Z H  H 7VK K  = 7%%H F !6  .7%-

  22  !6 G .7    7%H

%ZF 0$ F 57- !67    7

bH7&?6 .d( 5 !67Z-  6Z( .  h 5

  6/ 0?5 5 !6 . /  &6 6

-($  67 ( ..7

2  Z6  7% %Z7  Lm= L 5 !/.-

6- Z( 0 !H H7 &? V 7 =   H

 7  6 H 0%m !H H !6 $ ( (H  !6 7

7   - .7%6 d !$7 T2    [ -

( !H 7K B 0== 2 6 7- = !6 H !6  !2s .

5 (Z   2  !H  7%= 6 %Z> # = !12 !j !H 7#   YZ .7 = !j !H

 2 7%#  !m 7%= != !6 7- H = 6> F !6 .7$6

Z6 7 5  7 %Z$ H - s% !H = !6 ] 7K .  s (( h! (V B -

m 2 !6 0! ] = J( %H !6   &6 .B - aS %Z (! (  !$ DmH UB 7%m

 0%m 6 .7F &m(  / -  (V H . s K (( !6 h  76   YZ = !6 5 

 7%H = J( ! K    !H{  - !6 $w -  .

 `w 7% 56 s !H 7 !d1e D-   7  0 [ - / .7%H  1/ 2 ( ]UZ

/ F ( % - 7/ !d1e - ! .-

2 H 6 / 7 (H ( G$% 7%H   B B - 7  2 H ! 76 / 7 7%m

%6 !"H 7 0 = 7% 6% 6 B !6 T  7%H =   p6H .7    ( !6  0

-   bF (  ]g! - !6# .7-

 0  s (( h!  %( !6  ( 7  27 22 .7%H 5 L  s (( h! 0H 0%m !H -

7$( - !6]  !6   7  ?  V 2  .7%H  ."B 7% Lm L5 ? !H -  !6 H  7%H
 Lm  !H - !6! =  .

Z6    7F !6 U6 = 7 d  !j= !"6   H 7 7- ZK !6= !H -

 s5  .76 7%  !$ 6 7Z( 0  F =  d    6 hH m F !6F B

H !H H .7% B -#  (  YZ 7 7L !% !m  B 7 7%H Z6  !H 7%

   7 6 6  %Z T 6 .27

!H H[ 0   / 7%H 2 !/ 6 !6 p 76   7%H .7-(  0B6   7%H( 2

(`>  6 H !6 56 H B -#  - 76 YZ `( 0%m 6 !$   !6 .h(( 0

(Z  6  0%m H !6 7e 02( 7e 6 >H 7- !67 !# Y/ - 7%H  K 76 !m !$

B   !# YZ6 7.

(Z 6 $ 56   27  H ] !# 7     07 .- K (

 &6 !j= 6 0  %H  LH 7 . L &6 .7  K6 7%B &67 /  !6?5

  H $dH 6- hH 0?5> 7% e B ]d(   $7F H  6 0 5  !%

    ^6 / 1 D 7 !H ( /7%H 27 !   %.7%

d- ( 

 L6 ( 0&-%   !6 "   L 6 !6 ? B !6 6   7  27 (  %D

" 6    = 6 ? B !6 / .-

 B !6 6 >?6 L6 2  YZ .- 6 6 -- W  !6 6- .76 66 7 ! 76

7 . .d !H  7 6 L ! ( !H 76 7 . .7

$ H  J  !6 6-( .- H B 6 B( !67T 0B  = 6 7- T !6  L6

( 7 W % TF  .-

B  . - / 2/ = !6 -- 76 H  >F 5 7- = !6 .-?6 H 2&6 . 7

6- 7 = y6 - 0 .7= !6 ->  7- - !H 5% 2  Y6 6 7$ = = !6 7%$6  !

76 76  = !H>  = $ .7%H

= 6 7>  !5 d  = U   0 .7%$# - = 7  -  &6 = B 0

 !5 7 & 7B 7 = !H 7%H # U =6  7 .- bH ?B V  e

 = &6 m - !  6  27/ !6 ]  6 bF B 7%H 0Z( 7 (  =   .7% 2% 

 !m 7L26 76 6H 7% 7 &g  !Z U.7

(76H 0 0 !H - 6 ("L ( "( 6 .7%HL 7  K (? K1 7= .  H . B  !H7%

# / 7%B  !H Lm 2B 7% 76 %6 SH 0   7%%H ( F !  .7% 2$  "g

2 7 6 7F H = m 7L yH - "Vd( .6 B "g  7%H H !6 - L$6 D / 70

H m 7%6  6 5FH 0  ]g !6 / (s B - 7.

]e -- 06 !H -H 7 Y !H   7# 76 Z6 .77   !6# H &? V !m bF 7-

! !m 767 -! 6 76 7H 0 #  0 .7 -7  "L H 1- ?-   6 `H

 !H 76 - 7 7 m  B  2 !6 77 ( 6 7-6 7  0 6H .7 2  0

.- H 2   m 7%H  H/ K &!  s% !H -!    p.

B  2J 7( 7%6 7H 7  !H 7%6 !6 07 L .7%H  D `e !H  - K  !--7

F !H  ! ( %H T56B !6 7( (" !H 7%H 0  & "B H 0 $.
Z6   (  7%%H 7%    7% $  Y `H$ 7 F  7 2 ! 76  76 -

 / 2  -  7%! ( ? BH 7 &6 .  6 . ] H  !6 6-

( 7HH ] .7  7"H - "  %( " 6  ^6 !H - =  !H  !6> F  -7%

.7%-

!   5 7- B 1/  !6 76 .- 7%H !"# !%  H p 7 (s !6 !H   ?

-# 762  .7- !6  7% =  H7= !H 7 - " !6 !H -$   2 bF 77

7 . H p 7$ !H - 7 = !6  7# 76B 7Z6 7 7B  !H 7 B !6  =.7

 7B !6 !H B(  ! 76 ?- 76 !6 bH 756  !6 7(  7 7H 0 # 76. 7

B2 .7 7 6 7- 6  !6= 7 7    ]e/ K !HB  K 7 K B  !H7

= 2 .7%$6 K = 7 =- - 2  `( !6 6   0 - =  B b/ / =

.7$

`( 0W 2 6 7- !67 !6 B6 !H 7 H    ]e/ !# = &B  =5 7 6 p .7$

7- !6H 0Z( !H 7 76 7 T56K  = 7 B ! 6 7% Z- / 7%6 =  Y7- 7%H 5

!5 W   %( .7 7 B( B >H  % .7 H !6 56B ( 7(  W 7   

5  H !#  .7%6 W

6   6 6 7 F B H YZ 5B 6 ?-   .-H 7 ?- &F (  .- m 6

6   !6 /= -  6 . y6 7  =< !6 .7&6 ! 76   5

!6$  =.

7d 756 7%%HL7

= ( / !6 ?6 !H 7 7 H  . 7 !6Y]  !B% = 6 76  06 - 0%m( K1Y] 22

 ! 76 0? /  = " 0 B !6  6 2 "B K 6 !H L26 27 7  7

7- 6 !H  !6 = (`  6 7%H  !- . -- 7%H  DH6 0 7d 7%%H %H T56.7

 = ( 7-%&6

? 0 06 !H -  !H 7  27  V( 7-%&6 7%H - Lm !%>   H -

 !6 7%H"& !H  %Z 0 7 ]/6 !"6 - 77F K 7d !m 7%H 6 -   !5 h

 = ( 6 6 (  7%%HL57%H 0

7 ! !H 5%7H 7 6    !5 h 6  = 7 6 6 (1( L5  !H 7%H 0 7K(-  7%`w .

7d  2 7%%H 6 !H 7- = (V  J p 7%H(7%  . 27 7%  (6 >F 7%6 7= 7 61( 0

L5 !H 7%H 0 !H H   56  ( 7 6B 27! .76

L6 6 (2 & 7%H -B6

  6 0  6 T/ 6 7d 7%%H 0 !H -[ B =  H !H 7%H F L6 2  27 # 

 .77K 6 &6 0 Z   ! &6 7%H  = !H 7 B ]w( =    Z1(  %( .7%(&  60

Lm !6  !6 $  = !H - L6 (   7%%H  .7

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=262520
 V *
/O  $d $

(#   ?" !6 !$ 16 D H .- 6 6! !6

B 2- 7%%H - 7    H 6 = 0

B !H - 6  76 ( 7%H6.7 7 ]w -7%%H H D

 !6] -7 6!  %- H 6

7- `(  = !6 .7%H

# H 0 76 [ . " h-% !62 B-

 6 776 7B  !m 7 7  7-  = !6 L

(7%H 0Z $ !6 6 5H 7 B  .7%H 7%6

7 7%H 0Z

 H 7%6  !H -   ]&( >?6K .

!K` :Lm !m !6 7 7-6 K- !m 6 :

 B !6 77 B 7F - .7%H

 B !H !-  7- !6 D &? 6 7  H 7%6 =  7  ( !6 77 7F - .7%H

!6 !6 !( 6 !- 7 7%$ 7 !6  = :77   ZU 7% !6 . w 7 (  ZU7

(56 V  %( :!H 7  >   B & h% 7 7 - !6 ( G(7F !$ .%H 6 7 7

( ]$K ( !H 7%H 0Z 7- 7VK 5 - 0- !6  - 7 H !B !H / W/ = &g H !6  7 B7

.7%H

 ]/ 06 !H - B D  6 7- !67 7F 7%H by-B 27 = - !6 7 bF .7%H #

6 7%$B !( 7 [ !6  6 !H 7- !67 H 0Z UZ 7 .7

 7%6

 !6 7%6L  !H -%Z 0  H ?"  7-  !6 &? .7%HB  25 - 0- ( 7

7 -  H6 76 7  6 0 - ( ( .7%H ]UZ L !H B L  7% (1 B Z 27

? 7.

6  6  7%6 76  H  !H 7- 6  !6   .7%H ! ( 7H 0 7%H  DH  !6

!H 6 B !6 T/ 7%H 6 &6! .76

7Z6 ( !  6 -  7   !H#   W .7%H ! ( - d h(( !6 7   ZU

7 7%"6 F!  by- .7%H L  $ !6 5 H !6 0 (.7%H ! ( 0

# H 0 7 % H B  !H 7#  55m 7  #  D 6   = [B !6 .! :76
7  !6 L !6 %Z6 L  !6 . 0 ] 6 !6 Le K 7%H    H !6

 7  b $K T5.7

"? 27 7jF  "? ]XH  .-  6 %H  %HK 6- K  T2 !6 

 L H D 5#   !H ( !6 [$"g 27 7.

06   B (Z # 7%H

 !H / ( !    B  7L   - 5 H 6 !H  7$ !6 .7%H ! ( L 7 5

H 6 !H 5 H !U/ !6    # =  6    -  6 L 6 T<H .7 7VK 7! !H 76

7%H  h/e 7 7   !6  ! !6  6.7

0   B 6   (T2  J B6 .7 &"g !6 p (!  6 .7%%H 0 !-  ( ! 

H = -- m   = 27 &"g   !e`B . - 07  !/ !6 !H 7& (7$F [$  .7%H

  ! 0 6 !H 7 56 s 7 0 !H -6 (H 27  6(  !H #= ( 7 6 !6 7 d 0 B K 1- .7%H

6%6 0 2 6 %&%- (H "(  % K -   !6 H  7- = !6  bF 7%H " 

7 6  =   !6  !H .7 !H 7%6  2    !6  = G !6 0  ( !B-  Z% 6 6

 %&F  !6  bF  !H %H =  $K .7%H

( !    0  !H K  - 067 ?"1 (Z K6  7%H (` #  H !67

.76! 0 !6 - -  7%  !67 L-  D.7

 6 Lm 6F 7B

   !6 6 !H6 7- !( 7 !H Lm K D B  2= !6 7 6 7-6=  6 7 y6$ .7 "

[  ]w b  H -" 2 !6 ?s% . H c$e !H -  H ]d B & W/ 7Z6   0

 1B !H -  .

 / 0 !H - !H (g& Y6 h H !6 - YZ 7% - !6 $ &6H 0  m 7%%H H

  #  7% D(  DmH $- !6 7 !# ]H " 2 ( d &Z K .7

2B  ZK6 76 . 77 7H 7%H Lm "B !6 ( 7%H 6K7   - .76 h"U 0 6 6B !6

B(  7%6  :7    "g&!    H ? V.-

 (! :7%H   g( ]6K .7% ! ( 7  ! 76  5 !  !H 7  - ? H 7 !$

   / h-% p 7  $ . 0%m 2( K1 (  g6 7! <= 6 .76 6 ( !6#

7 7$- . 7%H

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=304546

d& ;
6  1e !6 `$ eVB K`B  

/ X = !H  7%F  01e 0

eVB %&B  =  !H %H H U% /

 L % ] !20  H /  !6 GW 0

.7$ !20

eVB 0 " 7%    7X 7 = 2

&! B -6 %   de !6 D&B =6 "

(7$] B 7%7 . X 1e 0 eVB !6 =

(g F7B !-H!6 .- ZK !e( 06  

#   0 B 7.

7K !6 = (g F7 6 g( X 6 .- Y 6 # ($ g  7%:

(6 7%F "VB 06 .7%H g( 7 7 B   6 ( g#  %( . %H 0  H g( !6 6`( 7 H.

6 0 (= 7 ( gB . v # (g 76 ! 5  pd p.

( 0 ( = ( gm . 0 !H 0 2E  F B . (  = ( g.

7K 7Z6 # (gH!6 !e( 06  :-

=B !j 76 7 7 56B !H !j= ! .7B !H !j= !6 .76 7B !j= ! 7%H LH( 7 6 .7H0K

 (% 6 !6= - B !- (s(  [ !6 .7%H w6 ]$%( != !6 7 56(F 7

`(F 6 7 56 7  Z !H  7- = !6  [6 "$%( .7%H (F G 6 6 bF -T/ 7

.

6 & B 6  6 $w (g # B 6 .7%H "B W !6 .7%H  7%F 1e 0  7X - = 

7%H [ 6 v- 1 F6B   ( 1e g ( s  .7%H 56 s76 !H 7 0 - 

6   .7% 0 [ 6 v- !20  B 7%F 1e  v- B6 7 6 GKH0B 7%F 1e

!d !6 6 = WK !H 7 :-

7 - K !m !6 7%F 1e 0 ( 0 B7 7

7m 76  0  s    W !6 -/ 6 0 -

(76 J6  ]g H L !m !6 0 6 -

 0 6 !6 7v- !20 :7%H  L

6 06 B `H !m $B -/ 

/ 5 7%H g( !m 0 !6 $

 !m X  0B 77 7%

5 7d K( 7%%H# .7%H

B6 7%( 2 -/ 0&B 2 ( 6 X ("'6 H ( J [  !# !6 #%  %( ! ]6!"6

!# B b 7= .  L H6 !H 7 7- B !6!- B[  ]6 (& d K ) 7 5

7d (7%%H 6$ ( ]d 76 6B K`BB !6 7!- ( 7-6

" !20   - !6 B 7 = - e`B76 VB!6 !6 0 ] F  2 !H 0/ 6

" ! B   B B 7d 5 7%%H#  / ]w .%H :
(DmH 6 05&B Hd 0  $V.

>6 5 7/  ]X B6 B = .

(DmH 6 H'"( 0/ 7 7  %H 7...

6 ( g 0 / 0/ = !66D  B 56 D" 7L6 7%?$ .7 6H/ 7 7%B 7%6

?6 Z 7 6#  /    !6 Dd 7d 5 K( 7%%H# ) .7%H 7%6 pB CD (.7H0 

 ( 7%H 5 = 51- .7%

 7T/ !6 p .7%H !&F 7 7%F 1e 7% 1H = !61e   7 7 L57&B .7%H 0 &!

 76 B 7%F -    0H 1e B ! h$- (g B[ !6 .7 7 w:

( X276 !6 G5 6 !"6  H 7 56 6B 5 .X56

( Z 6- 6 !6 !"6  H$ - .6 "6

B 6- 6 7L5( 0 X 76.%H K`B

( 76 6- 6 !"6  HB 7 0/ %H !&F...

5 7 7 [ F ( 7%H7 .7%6

( 6   7%F6 7= 7 ( 6 .7%H X  0 0B $V -   !H 7 60

5 ( .7%H 7%H 0 6 F - L B [ .7%H

 6 " !H [ !6 cde# B!6 7 F  7  6 2 H ] "$K 5B 7 !  !H 7%H !( .7X 5

  -/  ( !H  !6 (7$] B[ !6 .7 7 w !H H H 5 7%H 6  B K !6 Z

?  = 6 7 56 $e 76  T56 !H 7%H  &]& B 7%%H ]/ 6  B % .7%H

B!6 7 . 2 F B) 7 !6  %6 D 7%H  c$e?6 &6 -D 76 (...  .$[ 2 ] "$K 5

HB ! .7%H

v-  m : &6K (g F7 7 5 "$K6 ( 7 !66 - 6 7[0  :-y6 G# (g

7H 7%

( [6 !6 2 H ` X .%H 1H !H / ]& ]e%m K66%6 .- 0 ( (H g .- !H

 = 7 7[ !6 7 = K %H T56    s = !6 %  !H 7- !"/H 0 ? V

`B6  D  -- 76 .7  BF !H  7%H / 6 Tg( G!  7%HW 2 H 0 7!6 p 7

02 <Y[ !6 !H 7%H 1H Z   6!  [ 0 -- 5- 6 !H X ( H7

 6...

( B6 6  g( !2 (d B < 0 7% (! `H = 0  :- !66 %  6 !T2 !5

 !- GK 0 61- 0-( !6 1/ E B #  !H 7%%H / 7/^ `H -7 = !6

?= .7 7 61- `H 0  !H0 6 7e  g( !"v (d !6 .7%%H F 0-  0-

 -6 7% 7 ( !H %H Z = - $F  6 (7= g .7(  - &7% 7&7%

 6 /  ( -5 756 g( 6 (d   27  6 -  B bF .7$6

B& 7%e -  !"v !7% F

( B6 (` X 6 # (g !6# 7- 7  !6 ] 7& ]X  !6 7 6%6 0 ! (` V%

 .7 7%H  H &F .7% !&F [ !6 7%H B . /.7 7

( B6 &/ !H 7 e ( g `B 5 = 6  7%%H = ( !H 7%-5=  

L 7 76 g 7% ($J6 H  = 6  .7%%H  eVB 2E 6J =X
-  [%  7%-%  77%F 7%H g( !H 6 .7%%H

(! :7%H !H0?6 2 7(27 s %$6 5 6 7&!  hm 7 B !H!- 5 %

&!  g.-

!H06 0  !H %H 7%%H  !m  !6 G T56 75  L2m 7%%H   !6 G B !H !67 H

& !"g!7

( 6 0 g !H 67( 7 ( 7%6 #5 6 7 (g  7%%H $e (g - h#Z( h$-  G / = &]

  (g( K !6 .- ! (H  76 - e B 6  - - !6  -76 0vU .7

 % 0H /  H'"( 6 cde - 1% 27 (6 0.

(  2 6  7%F 5 7%F 7  B= - !H H .-5 6 !6 (? 2 < $5 FX

7 K K G 2 5 7%B 7 !6 D( 6 0`B 2b"# 7%F  7%H (  B 7%F !6

L !H 6$d [B 5 F  .7%H L - !6 6`B 7%F 7 B 6K!- (] 5 .7%H

# .76 !6 7L6 HF  6 ] B 6 0 .7 -76  K  6 2 7  !# 76 0vU

0` L6!6 = -  b1 !6 $ L 5 .-

( 2 /  !6 G  "  cde 6%6 %Hg( 0 F7 ? X6 7% !H H . 7&H

5- T 6!"/ !6 (  !H 7-/ "U 7&H 5- 7F K 7%H = ( !6 ?6 7 !H 7%H !( .7

6   g( 6 [ /  = 6  .%H

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=259483

  & ?     k

(  d m 6K /

( $K wH !6 h(1  # B 1% 1"? 7% H

>6 B 27 (( !H 7%%H !6# !" 0# 1%

/ b/ !6  H.

0 !ZK    1( ! - 7K "

B6K / (  >F! h$- !H# ]X &

  ]K B !- ( 7 K1.-

 XK !H s 2  -%" 7/ (d ( 

- 12 0Z( !6 2 / F !B ( :7%H 7H--


/ &6 H ( !H 7%%H 7% B 72 H - ZK !6 Y5 <B !U$ ^d6 .76 !H 5

0% U !$/V 0 6 7 -/ -    !H #= ( - :7%H 7H( V? 0

/ B  " 6K.7%

/ -- ( !5m (Z %H = Z( -% 6 eB b/ 0 7 !2 s - !

 0 Z( !6 -% "( / ?6  (Z  /  # &!   U = 

/ . $ !6( b D !6 ]Z( K1 !H -&! (]  B%.

6/ 0 (Z  U m

 0 K U s% %H $de (? !j   .- e !6 !H ] ] !6  0&F

 7 ]% .-  GK!  0&F .7% -% ("  7 7 !H 

 7&!  2 $UTF &H . .$[ 2s 0! 6 >F  !6 y6 ("-D ! 

  ! !H  ( 0 (] !   !6 0  7.

0(   - !VVB 0!   ! b1 6 ! ] 6 - !$ s 77

(] ] 6 /  b1   6  7 %Z    !6 L> B !H 7%H .76 7

2 0! ?6 / 6 %H -&! = ( #H  %H

0! / GK (] 6 6 1/ (   5 (  !6 L T27H 7 6 !H 7

.7%%H 6K

 % !6 D% Lm !m 7%F7

% !6 0 D%  7  K &B / 6 7 ! m 7%6 0 s !6 2 !6 %Z 06 !H -7

.76 %Z  !H  / TF / ."U  7% 2 K  TF !H 7%%H  ."U %ZTy6 !% / 

/ b/  s !6 --#  1%-

7Z 0 / !H ( 7#  1%  0%j# .76 $w  K`B   D /  $w = !6 !H

<2 !U$ !U$< .7% GK / - #   .7%H 7 ( 1% !H K D& 7%  !H %6 D y

" 2 L  0 !6 - <?6 !U$ / GK < !U$ D/   p 7% 6  .7%H

 cW( K7

/  > ? - !6 5 .- <B - !6 >  !U$   `w .- !6 K D / $  %H

2 H $ ]   B !U$< K 2 6 0 7 h-%( ( %H7 7F %H  -F 

(    6 . / GK  ]w D B !H - K 7 B 57 B  ( 6 !6 --

  H !H %H !%H  B [ ( !H %H H/ / H (.7%&%6 %

= K !m &6 H !65 / 7%%H

/ &6 H ( !H 7%%H 7% B 72 H-  B !H H (  0 7%!6 -

 ZK Y5 <?6 !U$ ( 7/ !% .7%%H ! D 5  /  = &6 !%  cU- [!$

!6 /  .7%%H F !m 5  !6 L !6 &6 76 (D /  `w .7%%H  1 7$(   D]  m !6

7 " .7 W !H ( K  $   !6  K / .- !H 2 7H&  7m   !6

6 - !6 7 / m 7%%H  !  =  6    0 - ( !6  $ / .7%%H

 6 06 / m

> 0( !H - B -%&6 =  ( .%H


   7m ( B ( %H =   %H%j !  d ( 7% cU- D  0 B

h$-# / !

2  ( B 7-%&6  =   = 7%H H/ K 0(1 = 7 TF GK B !6 e !H

 =-( 2 !6 .-  0?/ !H e ( YZ 7%%H B !" 0 .72 7 %H ] !(2

2 !H  7 %Z !j= !% B !H !6= -  = ?$B !H - = !6 !j= - T 6%6 . $60

! !H 0 s !6 2 ( B  76 !B% =   B 7%HB !6 D! TF  b1.7-

/  7%H( 1 D> 7%H  `H ( !%> p- 7/ 0 - -/ W 7%H ZUK

5 0 / # BH 7!

 2 ( 6   p- (` B 7%6 ( B !6 L 7-6 /(> 7 !6 H> B 7 . 

/ (7 ? e#  &6 !H &`( !% UZ F !6 ( B UZ 7%%6 !6!H 7%%H 0

7%%$6 275 !m- ! .- 0  s% 0Z- !H 7% !B 7L6 b !% !B5

 &! 7%!"2.7%

/ !H %H !m (7$]  !U$< !6

6 77 D % = !H %H D1% 7%H ]d(  !6 6 D 5 B (Z  .%H $6

( h# (g"$ <K $ 76 . =! B 76  6L6 ?"  0"(  !66%6  0  p ]

TF eB  .6 2 / !H K  %H !H 6/ 0  %&B D  GW - 7Z6GW

"U =7 ( !H  7 %&B 7%H % (Z Z$[ %H  >F  T2! .

 &! [0 2  K  =7 6 B (Z  %H   = !6!-

6 !"/ 0Z( 7 =7  6K 5  `w .   ! $ 6 0 !H 7 H  7% 7 0  /

0 !H - -! (  D `w !H 76 0 Ly= D  .  Z%e G !/  (? VB 5

  p  !Z F&0 B $ 6%6 7 0 0?  =7&    = !6 !Z !H! H

.-

  ^6 !Z 6 H/  B= - !6 2=7  "  s !6 7%%H H/ !Zm !K 0

- 2 0(1 %Z 716 0 !H - V? GK / ' 7 .- K !6 !"/ 0 "H 0F 7! 0=7

(7$] !6 =  !H 7(  7%%H ![/ =  !6 GK >m D !H - 0 ! .

2 0 d "B[ !6 - 6 !H  ! &m!

e 0 ./?  ( .  = D 0 e 0 6Ty6 7 7 = !H 0/

7 { 7&HB !V< - / B 7% !6 .  5  = >m !% 6 

?$B ( %&6 / %H  !sd27 1- .%H

= Km H   !Z &6  / !6 6 &  7%

ZK 0 !H -  /(  7%  6  / !H 7 B % !6 " 6K 7%  

6 0 7 `w .7 2 ( >"$  2 7%H 7(7 ]$ 7(>  6 ( "$K ]$ - 2 27%$

 2 7%H 7%L5 &m  6 &j5 6 !-

 s !6 !-  !6 !H H ]/B Y  -% H 7-/ 7 [ !6 ]H   06

 !H %H  0(Y 0 H `w /&%(  L5 2 / Y !U$< ]K (H !6#2 `w .7 7% K

%  !6 Y % ")( <B !U$.7

6 0e  (  % /    . 0 !H - K/ /  !6 - 6 = 7 -


%H

"2 : G$% (

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=341791

 ; R ;

B  m 1  B a - c$e B 7 7%"6

76 g -!6   H ! (  HF 7%m

g - !6 by-  X!  e X 7Z6 .7

 02 =7 !d$e !B !6 6  !j6 B =

 7%H bF e !d$e  - <T H L(

/ !B  ...  .7-7  0 6 76 1( 0

67 ^6 7 !H 7 &! 6 7 27 B

&! H 76 B 7%6 2  ( 76 1 !6 76

  !"H 0 .  0 5 6 X 5 6K

!  7 = !6Z( 7/ ] 2 .  0

( 1  Z1%  ]6  7%6 !$7%m U6 Z$/e  0 ( 1 W 1- !H Y/ ]w 7 0 F

bF! 6 7% 2 7% 6 1- 0 71-  .7% ( 6 1( 7%6- L ` !s/  = b1 !6

(1 Q !6:7 ( !-

76) 1( (  1( (76

76) 1( ( 6 $6 1( (7

6) 1( ( 7 1( (76!26

6) 1( (Q 7 62 1( (7 "D

/  -  !6 %w = 7 !H - 0-    (  16 22 !66 X$  :-

D c$e 6 2 L  = ( 77 6 !-  !6 6.7

 2   6  6

! 6 7 [" h H

 TF L .7= !H 7%m 6 2  !6 ! (H  !6 H  %6 !"6  L T2[ !6 Z

 !20  " D  76 1( 6 X 76B !H 7%m 7K !6= -    7   

!6 DH[ 6 L !6 !H 0 7% 6 = 6 7%6 76 27  H.7%


!m2&   6 %

H D H  

! 0%m 0 & /-

 D   7 /-

L6 % F 6`  . 2 Hy!  H L 7e = 7F 7%mB 6 !(6 !H %H >B >B

 7e 7 T 5 .7 7% 5  !6  . %m 6 "K !6 U"- X2 !H 5 . 6 2 6

 77&H - !6 [  77Bm F H Y6  ( 77&H 6 . !"2  7m 6   .7%6 6

2 p !H  H -  B 6 Z- 7-  !H 7% (G 56 = 76 / 2  7

/ (` 76 { 7$6  6  6 !H  !H ( 76 1 7%6 76 7%H K

6? 76 7.

 76 !H /  F

 H 7  h $H

0 6 2 [H G !H 7- !m ( G  %m= ]< 7 !H 0 " D $/e (76 1

6 76 H( !H 7  2 2= 1e 6 7% = 7% !H X[&  [B !6 ! 7% =

- [B !6 !"6 1-  = .7%6

  76 !H- 

76 7 !m7&W 7

0 !H  7 6 2 ! 7K  H 7 7 ( 7% B 7%%H 7  7 2 D L6 D 2B D

  by-  2 >F = 6.

2 H L6 2B 

 7% H & >F

 0 B 6  H 6 12 !6 0 6 2 ( 76 1 76 76 6%6 02 !6 H :12 2!

B ( d  6  0 7 !6  ( 2 .0H !H 0d L6 !H 2 6 27> 6 7= >F$B6

676 ( 1 76  !s/` !2 !H 0 B  6!6 /= -   - !2  0 7:12

 L6 2 0 !H ! L6(  -  ! !H L6 0 - mH !H 0 2B 0 6 !w !H 6

  H.-

12 ! 2 -( >?6 &/

= L6 ( 6  m

 L6  L6 !H p-

2B  6 6 p"<6

6 7 $V  !sd 0 B - 2 !6 ($ 76( !H 7  7Z6 !H X 2  7%%H 27 (1

76 76  2 756 5%m 6 B .7

m 77  Lg ( 677

>-F -- 7&H-

7Z6 0 !ZKm 6 2 - ( 7   7 H K H (`  $ - 6 GK( 7! 6%6 .760

 Kv- 0 !5m !H 0 (  %H ( (6 1 7 !H 76B 5 6 76 7  76

:12  /! 2 0 B &/ H L6  !d$e B  2B .7X ] h
7Z6 =  6H 6

12 0 0H >?6 B  6

H 7#- 122 0 0-

B m 76  L20

L6   6

?F ! 76 v%

2B 2   6 

m h  U 6 H

 !H 7%?$ 5W h 6 !H 7 6  0 B  !6  ! >&F H - 0 L6

6B!6 !2 .- !6H 6 0 :12  0  7H& B !   ( . /!H  0

7&! ( 76 1 76 76 !  T2 = !6.7&?6 6

m 12 &2 &2  .

 !- 26 6 6

m  6 "  5  7

= mm (   7

6 0 !H 6 2 ( 76 1 0 76 (7$(  !6 X] .

H  1  \ J 7 L6  = K1- H = 7 :- L62 0  \ J ( 76 1

K= 76 761- H (1 Q !6 ( !- !H - 7   Q 0 ( 7= 1.-

76 6/76 7 76

 "D/D" 6

 !s/` 6  b1 !6   /Y6 Y6 !s/` 6 X  76 

76 66/7 7 67

D" $62/ "D

   6 6 Y6 b1 !6 76 `/!s/ 76  ` !s/ 76 

6 1( ( 7 6:7

- 2 %w6  7- 6 . 2 1e&! ( 6 !H 5 H& 2 $K 7%%H  %w

6 .7 F (' 6  !H 7 J B  1-  7 / =6- !6  B B - !H 7

J  X ( 7%%H 0 bH -= !6 5 [ !6 .7- Z 6 1( 6 X 7 6B ! 7  

1-  7% ! T2 !6 71- 7%%H 7V W B ! :]w B ! bH b5 %H 7%2  .76

6 1( ( 7 :76

6 1( 6 X 7 "!6 76 !H 0  7%6 %XF b1 !6  ( 7% 5 = - 1-

 7% [ !6 Z 2 !H Y/ 7%!  ]w6   7  Y6 ( 7 6  $ .0H !2 0

` !s/  7%  &66  7 / .7%6 27] B 7% $6 7 B B6 !65 76 .7% "

]7F !g6 % B  75%-F - 7L6 DH 6%6 0F !6 H  ( :12"  ( 0 L6 >m 6 6

.7%6H] ><$ !H !g6 % 7% 6- 6 %w >m 6 :12 L6  -  K  >m 6

 0 7e 6 ( T 0 &6 %Z] 6 1( 6 - 7 7F 76 T .7  6 <1 =7

%H h#Z( 0 :-   !H 7 !B 7 6 & 6 -!6 !% .7%%H !"/ 0 6 <1
B !-56 - 0 76 1( - 7 76 !Z D-  H 6%6 76 7%H h#Z( 0  !H 0 7%

 !H 7 !B 7 7%6 !%-2  !6 & 6!  !H (6 1 7 7%%H !"/ 7%6 76 !

 (6 1 7 V 76.7%

76 1( ( 6:7

2 7% !6  K  7Z6   / !6 !H 7   7%%H 1-  $6 0 !6 /

 7 $6 1( 6 X&! ] B !H 7%  7 F 7%6 !6 6 = 5 7"$6 .7

 %H ] B p 7% $K 6%6 7 0&!  7 7 ! %H !6- B   7%

1e$6&! &]& ]$K 2 67&! 76  ]/ 76 !"6 &! !6 2 ( 7 = 76 1( 6 #

F 76 7 6 6 .7% 0 !2!6   !H 7%H&! 6 1 D 7 %!6 .76 76 1 D w 

6 &H  !$%(   - $6 1( 6 HUB [ / 6 !H - 0 !j6 H UB 2

6L 7(D 0 - e!6 "- H 7L6 2H 0 H HUB 6e 6 "- 7  .- !2 0

6 ^6 5 7 7 76 Z6 .7 ? D  !6 X G BT2 2 !H 7! $6 1( 6

[ 7 /[ !6 - w!6 T2 !H 7 = ($ 0 H !m- $ H !m !  6- H !m

!   6-  0 !6 p !H 76 D ! 6 7 6 7%- ( 76 1 6 7 0Z( 7.-

76 1( (Q :76

$/e " 1( 0 !H 7%]  7%  H ! B .7 76-  H  76 ] !6 !H 7%

 &6 L = - .7$6 0 ( !H 1 2E H B%=% 2 ^6 76 L  !H 6 = !H Lm

 27K !m &6 (  6 = !6 76 Lm.

H=L6 0   H h/e !B(- ]$  2:7

If you use your skill and imagination to see how much you can give for a dollar, instead of how little you can give for a dollar, you are

.bound to succeed

B 2 7 hH H(  . 7%$6 7 K & Y 7B 66 B 2 7%m 7Y ( &6 !6 7 7B

.7%H

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=259419

 R   k

6 H 7%$6 2 D !m' g& !6 0B-!B D

2 !m -$7  h#Z 7 7 B 6 56H !m 7


?6! !  6 !H' = < - !m 7 L5

s !B 0 $ B >%H-6 7= . ! 0- 6

 &6 .- B 27 Lm 6 !( 6 H %6!H 7

H ($J  ?- p   .7F wH (!2

 %vU 7 27 7 (!  - e% 0%m 6 

H -5 =   2!( . - m 27

= ( %H !6W 0  H7 = ! 7 !H 7 !) GK

7 7/ &F6!( K  !6 Lm !m h"K  H/

7&?6 = (! B 2   Dd => K L !6 !H 7

$J = $6 F7  6 VK L  7%(27 6' - 7

F !Bm 0 TF m" :!H 7 7 e  0 F

 L6 Dd 6g& !B B- !6  7

" (!   & 2 7"H  27= . d 2!( !H bH $J 7K B6 &6 - =2!( !H> ZW

 g - ?L L V 6 ( Z[K 6 7 d-   .7  V? 0%m 52 (g

GW  7  0 6 - !2 !6 H B6  2!( .7%6 - 2 76d  !U D .

H !H -B- ( 7%$6 h-= 2!( 0    6LY . 2!( !H - -%&6 2 (!2 -

B6= >%6 g( 6 ( g . Ye ($J6 Lm 0 (!2 Lm 6- !&2 2!( .-B

 %= 6 !H - &!  7 2 !( .-B 0 7 - (!B 2& H 7  7 2!( !H !j= .-

  2- %- 76 !H - 7  - 06 -2 % - - !6 BY6  - 7%H 6e  B

   6e2- %- K 5 B . 2 7  L    (!2  7 27 d 6 (!

2& H %6(  .7 0 ( !H 2!( 7$ ( 7%

JJ : 7K ? L> = .7&?6 B !j= !6 $ !H bH 7 H   U-L2  66 !H !j= !6 7>

7 7 .7%H 7%6 - J 0    0 - -! m 1D- = 6 !H 76 1-  7%H  0

6 -  .76

>s% : & !H -5 = B6  7%  B6 H 0%m .7& !6 7K  $K  7  !H

W (? VV  sH D%  E 7F !U 7%H d 7"H .

[` :  V[` 6 - !6 [`   6 B% !6 #%W 7/ (]H B% 6 .  !"v 7 (0

UB e ( %H K &6 . ( !# (B V7%!( .2[` [ 7%m !6( . !6-

= 0 . -$B F &F 76  B !H0 ? !6 -?- = .7L6

   0/ : Z hH !6 #% $   $ .$   $ "! " 7 ^6 !H 7%

(! 5 " 7 h =  ] !6 .7

: p6   !H %H 27([$ >    27 7%H 1 !H H ( K6 ( h-% [$ \ J  7

7K B6 &6 .7 0!-  ( !6 7% !U-( !H ([$ 7  B6 22 .7

  (  hH : !6# `( 7% &F   .- = %B - ( !6# H J  T2   ]e/.

H !6 H -#  F !6   !H 7- ( !6# .7 !6  #  ^6  !H= p 6

 TF! .

$&F !H H : /  $&F 7K(B6 7% !6 - !U-/ 0 (H !6 7 22 7L6 -


5  !6 L !U- $&F (F.7%%H Z$   7K : Z6  !6F !U- & !6  = .-!U-

(!  F& $ 7K( B6 .7

6 : 7 7K(& 7  77Z !H H `w .72 E B6 (6 7 !6 !U-7[ 7 0 2

B  .7%%H G D% B 5%6 m  2!( !H 6 6 !% (!B 2 -%&6 76  6V?& H -

(! 2  ?e .%H 56 s !H/ Y6 0 ?e hZe 7%( h 6 2!( .-?e 0 ! [6%

>[- " !H - 2= . (V( 7 ?e !H 7%H !m  / 0 !6 -/ 0! [% (  27 !6

 0!  !6 - 6 !H 76 ! `H 7 0! ?e `6Y 7% 2 F & .F 2> Lg"6 - !6 7%H

 %m !H Lm 07  0! [% - = %m 2 2 !H  K&Z <= !6 !2 .- [ 5!

[% = ^6> =-?e [B 2 .- !H 7%$6 2! [% $-% ZW - 7 ]V ?e !6 6B !6

-/ 6B 6[%   Y6 ?e 7K ! UB 6     7%$6 !H! [%

 6B ZW m ->  7 d  ?e !6 ]V ? !6  6  / Ze !6 G ! . 7

0  ( 0 (cW!& 0 (! 2 .-B 7 7%m L (!2 = $ 2 [ !6 B=eB !( 2

= !6  !6= 2!( ZK !H !j UB !67 7 >%H& 7  . - (! J~( 2 6 ?6 6

 BT2 7 7 2 %m J~( 0 B6 7 !H7 2 7  / B F 7 . [ 52!( !H 2

= b/ 76 6"U ZW>  / 2 6 &H  b1 .  B 6 2 "  "  !H= !( 7

" 76 0%m (! 2 ( 6 &" [B !6 .= b/ 0> / 7e ( H d (!B 2 6 /

 !6 $W 0 /  B% 6 - ( 2!(  6 !m TF g( 7/ !m ( !H %$6  d - UB !m(

= ( 7 .7%H 7! B !H %H !( Lm 6 -  Lm !6 7$ 5  " = !6 7 6 2!( g( .7L6 !6W

( >%6 g L> B=2  . - h"U 0 ( B B !6 !( .66=( 2 DH 7  

-% (!   !j= .7%6 2 - !H0 ] !6H !( Lm !m 6 GK6 !m .  2!( 77Z !H 6

L6  7   !12  = !6 2 0 !HB &m - 76 - 7m 7  7 %Z (!2 0

?  `- 6 ) B ($B6 = L6 Lm ( GK $ >6 .- B !(: !H -y6 m 6

6 -= Lm !m/ =>  %H

- 5 -( !H 5%   7- !6  Lm !m

-  !m  B ZK /-

/ Lm !m !6 - V " / 0 m

- - Lm !m ( ( %H ]d = 76 !H m = 7 %Z 27

2 (TF g  ZW 2!( !6 .- 2! =>  F - &! 5   F6 L !6 -W 0

 %H B 7 h ( . !H L B  H !6  J6 0"( ! .- !  !Z U !  (D%

( 5 2!( g( !6 #% 7 . 2 Y 76 !H - !H 7 ^6 " !m 2 !( 0 Ty6 .] 0

(= 7 <" p H H X ( !Z  ("Z  .76 $ 2 - B% 6   Y] 2!( ZW

7F TF = (!  6 -6 -Y .! B6 D  Z 27 >?6J2 !( 0 d

 %( .-  / =>  6 !( !H %H  0  0  !Hm (g  [ / = 22

.7%H

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301535
>< Z /,> !

s !6 L5] 7H 677%752  L5-

76 !H7 ( ]$% "B.7s67%6/ 0 

.  -

? B .  H !H7%7 6 L5!H   . -

-777H !6 -7 K H67  7K 0

- 7Z6 (. -

 K  7=7%6 7%HH  !H767 %&/

./  !6 !H7%H >#< h.7

(- cW .T &67%6 ]&6 !m  67!6

e # 7K 67 L5 . -

H !d <" h  ? H=6 7 <!%6 GK

 0.72 - !H7%H?  .&! / [%

 b1 !67 !6 !6 /7 B V(.7%-<`HGK

!%6 . -7- !6 V?  7<"&6 h  . -<" hK m !66 1"? G !6 .7 !62/

6 767Z 27B2 7%H5 (`  !67%%H  !# 0 "& !H7-H!#

B66&" = L7%H s%e ("d   H ( XL !H !5= 0  6 H < ]d( ]6K

.

HF  !H7%F 27 ?-  - !H7% 7- !67  G7Z  H s. - !#5%

B66- "B G =  TF76`&6  7L6 L !6 =  .7

<"H !d h ( ]$%  7K/     v !"vLm = "e 5 ]&. -  0 0!H -

 >6   7/7% !6 !=  !6 !#$- 6UB7=  2.7L

? !H e  (7%-<"L h B b1.7%#%-  6 KH B7  . B H 

7%FB6.76 HUB. -

6 66 0L6  7 6 !H7&! H   76 H -H#  7Z  6 !H7 0 F E

2 ]H !1-.- 7  72L&$V  V?. >6 K7 (`  %HB !6& =

7K !6 (& d K 2 !6 0( !H G   K H !6 -  b6.Z K (?  1

/ =>   H/ 06  6(71 K`B .

s% !H  0Z 0 76LmY6 cU-76. - (!  1H !6 L6 " 6 % H
.2 ]H 0 - !2 6 $-% 6Y6 .  1H

L62 0  >?6 L5  / # W H !H -#  .72/ F !H7%H (` B

27 L5 6 H !6&6=  -.7H2 7%H  !H7K !6L2B H 7$ 7%%H ]H  Z 27& 6

 .

?  .71<"H[B !6 h B !67%%H  !H 7%/ # .7

H !d ZK bKH 0 B !-F.7%%H !6:72  H -7 B H $. 7.

$ eVB !6Lm. 0 pF / 7 5B7%H 7(s !6  H !H7-H 7% .76

Z6 GKH !d 6 H 0 e !H   7% .7

H !d<"B !6 h 26:7%=7 ! %6 67 $ %H(  677%JYZ -/7 ( %2

7%%H !# U  - !H7# = B  2.7%H K B !6&6 !m566 !H7H7 e

7 !6 ># 7  .

H !d<" h6" %-/ B 1%!  0.7B6 ? -`B 76 / 0.7%H!6 -

[B 5(  !H !H7%H ! 6 !6 ! 6 $6.7

 : G$%($ .

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=247277

>* $ >8  A

    7 --  H (  Z ([$

 6 .-    =  7 7Z-

K`B  p [ 06 ]Z( .  (Z  .

($  - = 6 7%%s 0 - 6$ % "

-( 6 5  !ZV?6 6   [1

7F :7% B &  !Z K6 6 .-

0B 6 !U6& K (  =s - 

( 7 7H `- 7F 0% d( 7 !"eU / W =

 =  (K 7H !2) $F .-(  :7%

1-  W/ %H < hX = !H `e 7F /

&  ( 7% !"e !H K 7%%H / !"e !6 !m2D

-  76 !"eL / 0.-


=J 1/B p6&: 7

/ :%

/  `$ !K[  27  ( 1% VB5 7 GK

/ ( %

b/ Z 6 UB

7F 1/ "  (6  %( 7 ? !2 /  7 ` !K  U5 K  !# H> -

B J6 7 . 7 67 [%   !H 76 TF B&7 -   7 6 GK ` &F!  d

- B6  76&-% ) 1% 77Z B6  6 (!VB  6 7 7 .- e 0 (

  ( !6   0 7# 6`& K 0 0  H 27 ! &  H>  .76

!"v 0   7V 7% - &6  /  % 0 &6 - !6 ] 7 7K 6 ! H

-  ZK [ !%  27 ( % 6 =  &6  6%6 . 0($ (? - sZ2 H> b/

= % 6  J $F .-H )(   ]"#( :7% F  ( ]"# 7Bd$- 7 .-

/

 !6 7% L  b1 5 ]  J 7 6    !Z .- 0  p ($ 65   W.

  - d !6 G 6 Z 6 (Z  (]  W .-

1/B p6& !6 7  ( b1 !6 1H  H B   71    .7 < V%

/ / ZW  B b/ L6 %6  #   . ? %Z B H L L (V  7%H  B 7 B

B .7 7 hUK 0 & -/ 7%`B  ZK >%H 5 B !6 $ .-&-% 77Z

" / b/ "e B L6 %6  ( [ 7 7 [ [  !H !"v 0&! 6 #%

  .-

p6 m 6- /  ]6   $d ` !6 $ !K7e 5  2 [ !K` %$ 6 0 [1

" 7K !6 7 6 7%%H  7   6 & / 6 !H $"K [ B ]6 ]XK 7%" 0%m !6 -

 6%6 7% 0 /   7%H ( 7[ 2 GK 7$Z6 .-( Z   ^6   B $d

.

6/ ? !65   $d !66 0  (  !H 7- 7W 7%-B[  -!6 !( 6 .

!"e !% / "( D 56%6 - 0( ^6 0/  7% L  b1 [2  0.

-7%

H   !6#( 0 -7%  6YZ =<   T2 6 6 B 5 L  7 p$( L p6

[ 1 2   76  0 B = 7 6- -7% 6 7 0 [ B b%# .7   %6

 H % !Z  2 :7  27 B !H %- 2 7d - ( ]1[ [$ ( G- (% -7%

6 &6 6%6 0 27F 6 7  ($ K6 7F 6 $ < 7%HL6 L6 / !  76  p$( ! B

6  B =6  .7%H   L6  ( ]w  "Z6 pB   27 2 H ( - HH L

($ [% 1 d.7%

  (  !H (J %Z6 6Y6 !6 5  7 HH H DH $( 7%.:

 0   51! ... B  H Z HH = 

/ !65 B6 6 !627%%H7

#  e 2 7 67 "


Z H  H 6H T " - 0& $ 2-  " -

 !m .H 7   ( G- e  ( 6 & 7 (" 7   !H  = 6  06   

 .76s 0! F   2   >?6 :7 = !j   2 [ 7"( .  F5 .-

B    ?" !6 $ >%H5 = 6 H ]   0 !"6 [ . & 5 7 76 /

=2   hH 72 5T .  =J  = < B  (Z Z 5?F.-

H> UW  [H]

Ye   K6 7% ($ 65 - e GUK($ ]H    L5 6 ."B !m J

(  7 !m  " Z%e 7 % .&-% 6 77Z  7Z- K`B =  p [06 ]Z( .

  W   .7  0 H ) (! < B !6 !6U& 0 ZK D !H  !#

m ( >% `  7  B  7#%- >%H 6 h-%  !H (7%H&! UW  (  %

[( .    ( ]6K [$ 7F .-  L %Z6  J $d ( 0 5  ( "Z ( 6 (

D%( 0 d  .7

7  0 <  57 / !6  =6%6 .7%B 0  6 6( 7 Y   0%j  (6 [$

5 ! 6 ( 7%6 7%7 B  L ( .7%%H 6 $( 0Y 6 ] 76 [ 1 !H 6 (   6

H 6 pd !6 H %= !B K 6 H 02 ZK 0%m =  ( 6 ZW 7 7 < !$/

( ($ K6 .7%H

Hm UW ( 6%6 . !"e 0 / H> ( (     > (  J 7! .76

"/ h  

& 7  !H 7 7%  6 p6 (  -   !H 7% `Z( 0  dEF .7%&5 !

 7( !m  7F 2   &6  =  [B ( Y.7 7

/  [ - ]  5 =% V6  / "   )K ]w   $K

HH/  [`(  %&F !X - 7% H 1( / [[ 1  6 ? !% d Y .$K

]-  2 . 0 p6 5  !6 ( $w 27  0%j/ L B6 (Y6 b1  7%H ( 6 G !6

7/ ]K7- = h- 76 7  6 & .7%H  (UB 6 `- ( !e H !6 $ 7H /

B 1  ."B 0/ $d # -  !"e 0% /  6 !6 h<( >&?6 ?-  6 7H(

( 6 ]Z5  7 .-  !  0%  B D   !H 7% !$ D 2 !e p6  ^Z$%

7F  67K6 5  -.7

(Z / 

%6  27  7Z6  ( 7 7% .- !%   B 7 !H !5  B 76 7 (7

/ K 2 . U6 !% ( [ Z$ B   !H( 7%.7%%H 7

HH /% &2  -% :7   2 !H !"6 76 0 BB &   !Z

L .7%H cU-% p6  !6 -] 7Z  !%   !H ( 6 ]65 ]  2 [

 7Z & B% !H [ 5 =6 pd     !1 (Z B 2 62 !6  ."Z( !6 .

p6= ]B  cU- !m ( . p6 [ Z$[ 76 1 W  !6B6 7 B 6.

L 2  6L6 :7 2    0 !H B  Y !6 U  & !"6 = 2 0 !H -

B `B B> .-

 - p6 B& 7 2E $ !H -( 7%:


 06 p6 ($ Z$[ ] !6 - - 27 7 5  .7%%H  b

s B !-& U% 5 - Z ! !6 7 %&B !( 57

 = D! 5   B 6 ( 7%%H  0 Z- %H 7 5.7

 - p6 D [ !6 0 B 7 5    07  7 B -  6  (" 

.7%%H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=368604

 /   G

(6 -/ &( 6 7K

/ 7K -% /  "U 5 !6 E

B6 6 y- 6 6 &   L=$d.-

( 7# (&  ( !6 K D (7$]  .7%H <

e 0  !6 27 D  67 (7$] B.7 7

0?- 0 7% / !H 7   L6 2 K .

%m !H   B  L  7

6%6 !e( 0 2 !H ( [B !6/ >

(& 7%H "H 012  L=$d L5-y- J

 6 !6 =.

(! ! 76 K 7%H &( H U / 2 '-F .7 2( B Lm 7   = 7%y7 7

[$  !"- .$  <T H -  7 - 7 >  7% (` H hH >7W  6

U [B !6 .-  B (& -%./ .7%H 7K 5  ^6  6 27 &!  !

7( .76 -> !6(  L5 7  L 0   2 .(  !H ( !2 h-H D "Z D 

7 ]H!B B D  y- 6 DLF D 7K 6 -/   ( 2 $d (`> 7 &6  !6

& 27  LL B.7 7

T<H 6 hm &F  B  !H > / [ !6 7$j6 7 GK c$e !HH ]d !6 0 = 

7%$6 ?6 .7 ]B- T56 7 %6 :7 - e( B &6 -  = !BLy ?j

7$j6 %6 :7 ( % !5 H- 7$j6 %6 !6 :77B 7s%  

$ B 7$j6 %6 s6 ( 0 s !6 :7B h 6

 2 7%m !6 ("6 p 7L6 01 !6 !% 56 7 -.

 h ]B T56 7 %6 7 - [&F 6 =  %H 6 -/  !6 $( ( Lm  %
$ !H 7 7%H 0 !H -7 <" 5 15 H ( - 5H !% !H 7%H 6 7%H %H 

1 `H 65 7K .-  7 ZK >-.

(6 -/ H 5"< 6

2 = H 27 %2 B     6 .7%H ]H 6 06 Y  / 0 - Lm D (g

 .7 !m 2 Lm "B 27 ( ( g  = !6B ("7 U  K 7F [B= 76 . 15 H

( !6 7%H L &  !H 7 !6 ZK   .7 5"< !H 15  = T 6 . / 0 D

7F [B= 7 7  % !6 L !6 L  ]H #7B  dB L 6W [B B 7 GK-/ B

!6($!B-  " 0.7

76K  7 B6 7 `B !H #=6 p .76 0 7T56 K( .7 H !6 7%6 .7 e 7%H  B !6

H ( 7 B 1 H  #  Z6 .7 H 6 !H  H ( ( 7#  7 <"5

K !6 7%H  :-

5 - ( !6!6 DF !"- 6 ( ) H ]d(  7-16 !B & !6 $( 0W D  !6 -

 ) 7%H !$ > F 2 ( / (!7%H

76  $-% EL6 !6 D 6?6 D%H !6 7 %F  &(. !26 %6() 7 eVB !H 6B

( ]B 7H 6D%H T56 7 K! 6 H  = 7 !6 0 ]B(  ]B( B   .7- D !6D

!26  7%H ]V = " &! B  ]B(  !6 !HK 7%$6 /  7 = %6 :7 D 6D%H

H6 ?6 m !H  6 0 ) (  %H( !H !B% . Y/ 06 -/ 6 &! !6 B.7 7

(6 -/ 7%B 6 ($

7%B ( $  -- p6Z .- $( 2 - 7%?$' 7 7H =  7%Hp6

 Z H #  & B 5 (L- !6 J (= . 2 b $( :77! - (b10

!%#%2 !H h"K 7%B .- ( 0 7 !  6 7  - = !6  Z . 2 !H -6 7%B 7%

 6 / -  !H K / < 05 6 7 B6 65 B  &  ( $.

(! ! $( !H 76 7%?$  6 0 6 -/ 6%6 - 0 7%H $( 2( `& L 

 7%H%j !H B   / 7 .7%H 05 2  p6 76 `& !6 7%?6 7 6  p6( (d

 7- e 6  &6  = G.

  -% 7%B % !6  D 1-  = 7%B !$ J 2  >?66 GK !6 !H -

B V? !6 5 !U  . ! 0 6 L !6 7 ! 7%?6 !H 6  -! 2  7%B! 5  .7$

!6 ! 76 !H B6 6 ( $! 76  B 7&H - 6&2  /  6 B !6

2  7F=7 7 & B !B6 7 - = B %m !6 %< 7%= 7.

y6 [B !6 7B 2  7 6 7= 7 B # !( .7%H!  76 .& #  !

 72 !&m- ( 6 0  / >?6  =6 .7 0(& 6 !& 0 6 B !6 7%?$

h 0 - 0 B !6  !65   $w bF 7 6 -/   B.7

(Q6 -/ 6/ T20

[ !6 "H  B 75 V? !6 / T56 .7 0  D 2 !&m- U  !6  (

 7&?6 6 >H =  Z .

/ T2 !6 05 "!  7 DmH ^6   1e -%./ !"6  !6$J  7-  ^6

!H / ?H V H !6  27 5 2.


( b6 0 (B d ^67 [B 7# =  7 !&2 5  h$- !# - B 0B 277

6 6%6 0  6 0 6 -/ /  ]6 !6 bF .-7 5/ T56 / B 6 0 !d

 !6 $  %H 76  / (Z( 6  % $d 6 . `H (!B .& ` 6 7%H 

 6 !B pd !6.7

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=364927

/ $ /k >5

 0&! 66 0 6 !H v bH &` 7F= 77

 B> . - H -  F !/

< !e !6 F 2 6 T2 7F .  0%( LX(d! 6

< 6 6 ?7< V 6 "B . H `B 6 6 !6

7 !K` !- 7 hH  . (# "B H

 7F 7= 7   .7 H 6( D  !B> H !6

F B ( L B H B !6(1 ( 0 >-D

Y= 5  -H X "B H [B !6 H g

(H ]UZ !6#( 0? !m2 .7 H H ("' 6  -

L6 !6 = B /  > v 6H 6  27d-

.7&?6

H H # 2 !6  !6 27% B D

 &g  bF 7 H !% DmH H 0 

!62 D Z !H -  2 -F  !60B

F F.B

7&! /  !5 /

-  !H " _ ( " " H #%  H B- = -76 & b/ . 6 !H 7 h 7 

6= 6 7 7   7% 1- = 0 W D " . 7   B K6 / 7%H  / 27 7

Lm 0%m  B . - & !6 6 6 !H B 6 !2 s !  - 1H c$e 1 !62  -

F !H !   6 T<H 5= . 6 F 6 1- 02  7F 7   2 2 6 -   F

T2 ./  7Z6 {%F -  !H<" h H bF ( 7%&2  6 H (` ! - 7%%H / !6 5
  2 ( % !6 F D -  G27 %6 F H . Y[ & 6  6 TF 5B (`

 H H .  &6 ]w  s 6  =6 !B !H -F7 B y6 . 7  - H h/ 6

(1 6  %6 7%m !H -7%  bF  22   6 "" bF VKH X 6 H   %6

  (~H  0 `K H 6 bF . B-"? 5- 2 > 0H! s% 7%m  (7  H H !6

 %&F H  !H 27%Vd  = -&H - 2 7  !6 - !"e/ ( !6 7%H K  !# - Q

 7 .H  ?" 0H !6 7-6 5- 0% ?7K 0 6 .  1 & H 6  D 6 7 .7

H !H 7 . b"#= b !6 1--  D 7 L . 7%$6 D 1H K 7 ( pB s 2$ -

- b =  7&6 7 (K J( d .2 6 7Z / !H 0%m -( 7d !6H . 76 !U D !H /[ 6

= >F H 6 L 6  D  %&F (  7 ( b--(  6&  % -&H - 76 .7[ 0 -  !$

 : - 6 7  D 7 L>  - H 2  (  ?" 0H B 7/ !6wH

.$[ .7-6K 0 7e  7! -  H !6 ( % S !H 2  ."Z =  "$  6 6 !6  D 7

y6 6 .-  K 6#  H !6 $S 27% F7 . 7  B K H 6 6  D - 7 6

7Z6 !H - !6 ( g !6 . h(( 0 - SS H ? 0- B <  H X . H 0W

-  ?" 0H  L!  6 ]e/ 7 =  - / H%H  F .B  B =  6 

 ( H%H B H 7%H DH  2: 7

 s( X&-  0 - H  L2  

- Sa& - 7 7  ?" &H !6-   .7 !W ?" H !6 0H  e ( =!BLy

L - -&H - 6 7%H 7 !6#( 0   27%> -  . 77 "e H ( 7 0 (~b-

L6 !$ 2 -  6 !H  2LHF 1H s7B H . 7%6 !  6 ( G 7 ( !Z--   #

B  ( H !H   !6`&H 2 6 D6 ` H !H 2 %& !6  7%  K   B7

F$/e B ` 6  %&F 0  TF 7% TF 6 0 %&F 0 ` 7H  6= 7 = 7  H .7

( 2 V    "! 76/  H &   2 .

 `&( &6  ]e/ 0?  h-% 6 !H - H   L26 7"H 7.

L62 >F ]& 0 H 6 0 !H-   D 6 !6 ."Z 7  D 6 7 (  % mm K D B K

 H / 6 F 66 !6 g"$ B  D K 7 H  g "1K- ! -   D 7 !6

B VB  6 .  D 6 7 T2 ./ B " 7V1L Y BH - 6 7 H "$ 0%m

`H B 7.

H 6 "/ h    (  "$  . 7%H !m2 H ?7K 0 L6  (6 5  %

   6  !"e   6 K/ G  6 6 L2 6 67 !H 7%H 6J 5 L6 2 . - -

H !5% ([B 2 V B 5%6  D Q 7- = - B &H  d !6 .

!% H (   D 7 ?6 VB ( ?-  7 7 6 H/ H%H - > H . 0-( E

> L6 2  6 H !( . XL !6  6  6 .!   !6  XL F >F  ( 7

   F! `( . 76 6H !1K ]e/!-- - 6 ] V !6 6 .

H ( F Z 27 ( B K e 7F H 6 $-%  "d ( b--  7H 7 D H . 7

F B6 7 !H H = 6  6   F !6  = 7 H !6 F  # ( B  b$-% 6 (b-

- V?6 [ "H 7 7F . 7%H !H  !/ H  b/  (  bH 5  7%H 2 0

/  H 6 FF  ( !6 0 6 --  76 - . 6 7Z { ( ]d( ]6K ( "$%  U6
. -  F  ?6 : 12 !%Z[ 6 V  " !H HY J  !$ 012 0?- -6  

 . H '-F 7%( 6  :  0 !H 0  ]w5  6 p >1H 1 D  ( .y6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=321248

/   / ZA 8

(d &  !H 7 0($ B p6 (  7&?6

 e 0%j / 0[ 06 .7%H  &6 L

 be L !"v 0 :-($ e 76 6 067

 [% #  7%H d( h /  06 [

  .  ! 7%m !6  5 ( 1% ZW [$

? /   !H %H   !Z .7%H  (76

(%  [ !6 :]H

H $de  !6  &` =  D ( 6/ B6

 7%%H  Z- Lm &` ] B / !6

[ 5 ]6 7% = 7Z6 $ e !6  $V6 %&/

 .7% s !6 0 H- (  =?6 !H-7[ !6 7 ]H

^d6 & 7%H  YZ- 6 &6 

[ #  m 7%H = 6 #1  &B >%( $V &

06 &6  1# B  6 bF .7 7 0 !6 !H - / 6

=> [B &` B 6 .7%H ^d6

 / ( :02

Z6  !6 !"2 !%   [  ]6 67% 7!  V? ] 6 (! K 7% s !U  7%%H

7%%H  Z- !2 $ B UB  7%%H !6 [ . 6   0 !H 7B - 6 h &] 7

 .7%6 !H 7-6 s !6 7   v- (H 7%H  H [7 Y 6 h &` 6 B7

.7

Z( ([

Z6 K(  K17%m !H 7 T !6&K B   6 = &] 6  .7%` Kj B (" 6

&! ".... "(  (" ]w "...Kj&!   "!B "( H Kj 0 !H - #  " 7 H .7%

^ 7%H  7%H = 7%$6 !" 0 de ZK . 0%j7&H >F 6 Kj &` 7K & !H 7% Z- (76

.7%H
./ (Q0

?6 26 !H 7%H  7  H " "- "<" "p  &! " "- -( !U6 B B.7 7

? L2[ !H 7  K !6  ]w  7%H 5 21  = 27 6 % 7  7% .7&! !6$  76 !d V

( !H 76 Kj D " "- "<" d "p 7  0 - .7%6 cde `H s !U

(S

Z6  !6 !%  -/ [ &"6 -  !H 7%%H   7%%H&[ !H 7% 7%  Lm !m !6

 B !"v D !m -/  YZ 1( 0  1% `w .-&[ K  K -  =B >F 7% 

 6 !H 7%%H  7 .7H 0  % -(1 06 [ #  .7%H

2 (a 7

Z6 /  !6B !% [  / !6 &"6 2 7%%H  /  &[ !H ZK 7%%H &g H $de

/ - &&m 7%%H  GUK U% =U  2 7% B !j= !6  B 7%  56 .7%%H   7%%

  ^6  6B !6 7 s !U [ "6  G"U .7 Kj 2  / !67 5 5 H -.7

V( ( 2 570B

Z6 6 [  ]6  V 0 6 B6 ]& 6 W/ ZK  .7%%H ZW Kj B $K  7%%H

!6 7 !H K6= 6 m 7%%H  2   $K 6 7%%H ZW& $   H  !6 . 0 67

7%H Z-  & 76 e6 7 67% -! ZW 6  [ 7- !6 D !6 !H ]/

.7%H DH

Z- ( 7 76 

7 06 ^d6 6 1 7  ]6 7- ( !6 s .   !H 76 ]/  [ = ` !s/ . Z- 27

& [ !H 7 "6 !m$( #  --/ 56 H - 7  d B s( 676 7!H 7

 $ ? H .7

!"/ ( ?V

2 K B6  ]  1%[  ]6  !2 7 =  ? V 7"K  `w .7%% K  B

U% =U  !B7 = D ? V 7"K H 6 ]$%( hm6 6 !s/` 6 !6  .7$m

0  [  /  -#  .7%H( !H 76 6 U ?[ V "6 / 76 ]XK

/ 2 7 -! .76

( ( !6 ]6 0 H

K[ D  B 7 &" [ 7%H $de !U6   / ]6 B !6  2 H $de  / 6

[  1 . 6  0/  !6  ]6 - ZK B6 B /  = L - 7 h ]& 02

   .% ! (  % &"  h !"6 7%H  ]/ !d H -/ [  ]6 B 7 !U6  .

 6 bF 6 !H -/ `[  / !6 !K B ]6 2 .7%H

- : G$% 07

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=360847
 b/ $& ?& < 8)

 ([$ - ( 7%6  ?" 1 !  !6

!    = 0 B  =  6 ! 

.%

 b s ]Z  pd-  ($ ]:

(($ !$

(($  !$ .

!:

([$  !$ ! 6($ - !$ Z - 

F 7%- = - -  /! ([$  !$ ( .K -

[6 . B F  ( 7%- p-( 7`e .

([$  !$ K `B - &6 2

6 / 7Y = .

 0 ([$ F 7%- =(  - 7 $ B  %F

.7%

 ! % !6 7& L !6   7([$ 6 (J !$ 1 &6.

([$  !$ h-% 5% -!  7%- F 6 72 = 7%6 %  0 ($ 6 ( !T2 .76 7

([$ 6 !$ (? ( V U-   7 6 &6 (  !e.

/   s F ($  ! $( 7%:

(([$ :

e !6 YZ  5  - ]  2.

 0 ($   2   >?6 e - &6  7 .  s 6  $w  hL> !/

06 -    - [ 0 6 . B  1 ($ K6  .7%% Z h 0 ($ # `.

>6 06 7/ `& !6  ( 6 ] 7= >F - $ .- 7  (7  0 ($ - G% 6

( c.7%

(([$  :

 0 ($ !6 2 (  :7

([$ F !6 Y6 0! 7      ( % 7 ( pB!   76([$ F Y6 !6 0! 6! [`

)]L2 :  %&F  B  - (... U- F(Y6 !6 0U- 0 - ]  2.

(([$ :

 0 ([$F "? cU-  !""-(- h  B  !""-( h $ !   . 0 ([$ !6

s%  5%   Z([$  .-


 G([$

6   B6  - 6 G = 7%($ - 6 h &` # -(1   6 Z- 7 0W

 B% 0 G( [$ =  F L . 0  m  !6 >?6  (  :7

( 6 " F F:

F K  %Z 7%m !6(  / 6 7#  6  1L F 72 m - (1 .7%

06 !"e ( [ (:[$

 !"e  G YZ7- F cde  m !  0 -`B    pd? J B T56.7

F (  < :  ]6K

{2  F B6 7%%  1  7% $ 7 =  1- 6 7%- .F 7 B F 72   6 h-% - .7%

B~( (Q (F 1:

(~ B (F 1  h`B = 7%([$  .

 $ 6 ([$

K 0 7  -   $ 6 ([$ - (  cW .7 0 ! 6 !Z U %$6

? V ( ! 6 7  7%! ? V  7 ]&( K Q!   6-  ( cW  :

V? (

] K 0 2E ? V -! B = !6 G [`  7  5= !6 G (   6 7%  s

.7%%

 V? (

] K 0 2E ? V -!  B  5 = 7%-%  6B !6  6 -(1 0

K % !6 .- w : 7%!  7 7 (~ -/ B E  Z- 7%&! - GK !6 B

 W/.

eVB V? (

] K 0 2E ? V -! B  = !6 K -  5 [` 7%m = 7.7

U ! 7 !12 # -(1  V?  !/  5 / 6%6 .-7 0 6 Z- 7 7% [.

 6 B  pd!  h> K   B 0%j &2 )2& B6 2E ?6 V 5(

!  h>   eVB KB  !/ L>  ( `B (7/ !6 [$.7-6 ]K

 - ([$

 5"   YZ - (B6 22 [$ 7!  ! = 66 Z- 7 !6 7%% B  = 6($

K6  (  - !2(1 " 2.

- (( [$7 :

0 6  ] W   =  6 6 / 7 %6 b/ B 1- .7%% !2 0 1% b "

 6 & 0?  7%%! %?-  6 .7%%$6 - 5%! = 2  0?-  6 / 7% !sd 5

e = 56m 7 B  !6/ :12 7% --# 2 0 !6  !

- ((7% [$ :

0 [7% .  6($ K6  7%%   (" %1  (K` !6 (  c .7% 7% GK /  [

 0 ]6B 5 - F !6 0 [ 7%6 7 ! /` / !6  2  .7%%

- ((:/ [$


0 6 ($ K6  B B 1-  .7%%5% $de  - B - /  7%  Z-

!%de 7%% 6  - !$ .7%% 5% 0 $deB  - = 2B - ! [ T56 ]6 7 &F !6

!6W !7%L6

- (Q(:""d( [$

0 $de B 7 = !6 K %-  7%% /   ! B 7e /  1-  7%% 6

$K 6 $"U7 6 7 ]  cW(  = !6  .7 2  - 0( [$  6 --

L2  B e !6 7  = 6 K !6 .K !  !6   ( 7  &!7

6 !e( 7%m ([$ \J

 76 0vU! !m F    .7%

 !6 G F 7%%  7% .7-%&6

!U- B .7-%&6

d F B 7-%&6 = cW .K- .7%

F ? V .7-16 71

6 B F <] &.7

  0d hK (7e 0 B .76

e L L6 J! ( [$1- .7%

 6 0 6 K6 ($ ? .7%

   ( [$  56.7

 : G$%F 1 !%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=272073

= $R 8& $
,</0

!   !  F J >6   27

 [ !6 . !<" h ?$B 7- !6

J 7% Z( K  ?$B2?$B :7%

B %Z  27B BB 7FB 0&2

6%6... 0!  6 7- !6 27=7 ! ( 6

 & 676 7= 7! 6! = "$ ( 7/

 6 ( 76  !6 !( 6  B 27


 .%J !66-  !6] ?" 1 ]g ]$K

h-%7 !6 `( L    ....

76 6 !6 7 !( ! 0! 6!Z-  7 Z-  .- 1( !# 0 s 6 0Z( 7%%

1 27  7%  !6 !6  0 !6 (= 6 (?   % J( 7%  !5.

J 2 B 7 (B1  7% ZW  !B-F B !B - 2 56g( !6 V( ZK( !6 7

07 7F - .7% !"/ 6B 7 7%! J( 7%7  0"J 7(7 7% / 66 .- !6 7! 0

(! ! 76! JF p J (6 7% %Z BZ 0  ! 7B  = 7 B  K  -

 B !m (76 7  L2 Z 76 !6 &6B -= 7  !"/ 6 !6 760 7-6!  

27 K6 7J h &6 B &6#.7

L6 !12 2 6 :- 0 ! (6  #  = -!  = $

6 7- J !6 ( !m 

6 J h 2V( !66 .B 7  !6 7 Z# (` Y 0 !% .7% W ! 0 !!m2

(`  6 B6 - `( 0 65 6 7  h-% 6 cde L .76

L  1 7%! - [ Y!$   7%% 6   7% 0%j ! L !6 Z  7%%

J( 7% 6%6 7 Z6 0K6 7-( E ( g.

&! 6L 7 7 B &? 7% = by- $ .7%

bF7 7% B 7Z6 F 7%B  6 67( 6 7 7 cde.76

& !6 7 J(y6 7% 7   = !6$/ B  $w! (7 76 B K J 6(7% T56 7 7%$6!!m

  06 K =    h   = $w T 7% .76 06 GKL  = !6 .K5 7 =  6 -

 1- K.7

5  ?6 7 B Y. 5 / 7% (  6 TF  5 0Z( ( 7%% 6 h

J .-

[ !6 (6 h B & [B 7%! ! J  7 F  B27 W (" .7%

2 6 56 B F B &?6.7% = 7%7- !6`-  7  ! 0 -!  B U- F 6

B ` !6 7 K!  F! T 7 6 7L5 6  F 7F &6 .7%

!- !6 ]   7 F B ! :76

(/ J  &6.7%

F !6 (  0 .7%

( 7F &6 b1 !6  7% !60%j( h(( 0 B  F - 7! 6 0 J(7 7% LX/

.-

7F  W  VK `Vd( ]g ... / [B !6 (-> .7%

6 &" 6  $ J.7%(7%  7%!  F  %( ZKK  !  F [B !6 %T2!

F  = . m 7 = !6 !6$.7

F B 2 !6 7%6( .77 - 6! T2 7%   0 ?6!B 7  (# .7% ! =7 - 7

=   7%! -! B ( !6 h  7% = !j!  71- .7%%  G 6 F B B "K

(?> " .

6 -! 7 Y  F!$  !6= - $ 6 7 ( -! T2  .   "$% T56 7
  7e p "$ 0-! T2 2 . 2 0 !  bF7 - 7%m !s/` ]6K "$ B7 . 0

-!   6 (  U= !6 7 --! 76=<  -    -! T2  7%m6 m

.-

 27  (K ! 2 ! !6 Lm B6   7K J( 0 7%d6 -  6$V

   7! !m7m 7  $Z 7 !B% 7 6b76 7 7 &]  7  ! L6( 767

!% 6  h (!6# 76 7%5% d6 0&  !6<B !V   7%"6d6 ( 7 T56 -&F7

&?  &FG Lm !m 7%= - $6 067d 7 7%  = 56  6 $w ] !6`B 7 76 6 0

  e 6 .7% 0  %( !6 - B !6 K>K . 76 6W " p6 7767 7! J

6 & ( 7% J .- (   dB 7 !6  %Z 6 ! .76

! 7%m ( s%  :

F  ! V !6  7- 7%&  !6 ] 0  7!F  V !m !6 = 7- (K 6!

B 27 6 h-% ( s%.%

!e 7% B FW L.7

B 6 ]6 L!%  !6  2.7%

7 B F !6$  v b/ !6 =.7

?6 2( 7 6 7 ?"1 Ly= [B ]$K... h= 7.7%

# /  6 27

&! " / % 1- 7%&! 56& 7.

 =-( 0 6  0/ B 6 B7K   6B5 .-

&! B 6B !6 7% K -#  !6 7 B .7%

( B  L 7% (!! 76!   ( 6 [$ B 7.

2 $ # B 7 ->  7% =7 !"6 7 B $ 56.7

B  6 6B !6 7%&!( 76!   %( 0 -!  !6 7 - 7%  B

F.7

!65 56 7! s !m =  VB !6 7 ( 7  !  ! B6 5 &  = !6 776 7 b

$- 7 1- 5 B> Ty6.

[  B 56 7 Z-767% =! / %2! 76 h  T $6.7

6  $w1- .7% "  6 -/   (T2 J.7

 ?6 7!  !6 7  ]  7%&! B 0( V = !j! B -( 76 77% !

= !j! = 7 2 L - !607&! < h&B 7.7 7

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=242629
U $Q  !

6 12 0?- H 7 7%F H !s  !B- 6 !m bF7

H  6 7 !B 1 D ( L  .7%H s !6 07

H" .- ("

!$   ? !H !"H  H 7B "Z by-

!Ze ( !6  7% F !UB 0 B = 6  27

H.

] (J 6  0 = 0B - ! 7%F  .!s<" hK

 12 !6 % VB   .6 !  ]6K

  B 7 6   % 0Z 1 0

76  ]< .%H !H 0B6 !2 0 !6 `H ?V

 =  h- 7-  6 "U !   -.

0 !m 2 -([$ `H < `H U- Z6 7"H

6 .76 p6 0 e<"& h  7 !H !"H !m

$ &6 !  H  7 0 !6 !%=  -.7

"6H $de H 7" ] !6 &6 =[ !6 . !H %?- "H

& $&F ] 6 !s F 6 JW 2 .- !H

6 ( !  1 6   h-% = J [ 0 ]6

 7%6.

W 7K ]w% " :   %H  =  [B !6 %6 #      %( ! ".%H  =  !m

B6 7 !"6 76  !H -  6 7  e L ( .-(  !H  7  % 0 6 e

2 H %?- !6  6  & 7 5%  .B= % % 2 - % "L ( 0 - 7K .-

 ! %?- ( h-%  0 6 !U65  !6  =7F .7 K"? 6 6  !H  !67& (7%%H  !e

 (J  0 F 0 .-

 !6B s !U 76 !H 0 $J 7%H 56" :7 H !m  0 !B- 0 - ".- 6 2 L 6 H !6

6 !6 7 7%H 7%6 !"H 7%m %m !m > ! 7 6   ] !"/ 7 !%de - !6 ( .7%H

 6 2 L6 -  2 H 7 7 B 67K & J  7 7 !6 H - D !1 56 !"e .7 e 7

 e K 7 --  5% Y ( !j6 p-  = 7%H GUK 0 '- - !6 !e`B .76

] !6 012 0?-  !6 0 K 7K (! .7%H !6 2 7VK - 7  5  76 6 7 = !B 

.7%H

 ]  !H 1( 27  = 7%% &6 0d( 0 B - !6 " !6 7%%H  h " 5 / 0!%

F  7e" :7%%H  H ( = 7K 7%"6(  !H - = 2  !m  %&6 ". ] .76

= !6 ] 7%5  = 7 7  B .7F  ] ! &6 ( !H  /    D0%m g %
(~7 J.7

%  F :7%H

 $ !H 7  0 !6 !H 7  =  6 !5m 7 .7%%H B = !H 7-y6  76 h  h-%

5 & 7-

%?- !H 7%H  b/ K 5  >?6J 12 !6 % 7%%H !B 7 #% !# 6 - `H !67K (g

  K`B (d L2 6.7%

 U  !H 7%H B (VB !6 !j6   27 6- "& ] !1 !6 .7%%H 7= h(( 0 76

(! s !U !6 Z / 0 !H - VB 0 ! [B !6 7%6 !H 0] ]   !6 7/ 

T2.7

$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=274810

;U P & 5  /U @ & ~

  Z$[ 7 27 6 7% < 0  - !6 7

  .7% 7  2 !6w !6 mH ./ !Z

K/  0 0 # 6 %(5%( !U6 "!

   !H 7%  6 7- = !6 $ H 67- !6

=   77 = !6 6-  h 2UW  2.

aS != 6 7e &H Z    - 0- (&] 

7% !6 ] 7  &   &&H " !6 !H

--&H  S - 7e 0  .76  - !6 2= !6 $ 7 7% 6  $ = / 7% L 

("Vd 6  0%j 7F 7  !6 %H  Z 7%m 6 - (&? -  06   K( h

6  &H 7Z    !6 !H (#%&( 0%j ]X !U-VK  6 B  &H 

`H  .7 h 5  6- !6 7 = = B  7 .Z( ^6  2  06 &H

 .

6  6 6  !1 !6 7 27 L> 6. !% !6 7 27 6 F ^67= 0 = h-  "!

 B &H  ... 6 bF L>  !6 76 27 !6    6  ( . 7%H 7

>  5  6 !Z2  ?&  v 1 . D 6 D &? > 6 0Z B  L%  76=

 - . $K  5 6  !Z !Z 6   L% D (Z - 7% 7%%H#% = &?
7%%H - &  ( 7 B . 7-%&6

6  !Z   6   0 - 1/ !Z   %H   0 6B !6 .7%%H h-%

55m 6($ [ B6  B 67 5 - 6 !Z D  K. 7%%H  >%H

B 6 -- = - =7%  .-6 -- 6 - = h- F   B   !Z s

  !2  = !j  0 U - 0 !H -F 0  J 7 5 .7%B  %Z  J  6

!Z "H -  0  B   L  !6 !6 !H 7] ?" &! 6 "( /6 p  7

6 K`B B 6 #  &  7%  6 0B-  = 0  L. 7%%H  "( 6 !%

d !6 ! /  B% !Z  ] -  L  e B !H 7   (y6  = !6 7% 7 - s%( 6 

 B ( ]"d7Z- =  "m7%%H 2 H H   !HK < L2 6 7%m >  !$B

7%%6  7Y] "e (H 7%%H 0Z>  cU-  !Z . - - <= 6 6( ]V Y  !6 p6 H F K

<    7% !H  / 0 6 7< !<7&= `B ( 76  = 5  h# d6  06  0%j =

6 6 h-% L> = h-  & .

B B   "H !Z  ( 7%  !H 7%  0 >  % !6  ]&( V% 7%  >?6 !-B 5 E

B !6 VB  6%6 .7 0  L !Z   -  0B- 2  6 7/ ]K  (   > 7% 6

 7!  bF7%6 6Ty6 7 !Z !H 7 6 -- & ?  = ? !Z !j= !"6 . -L 2

. -

   7-  !%de !6  6 !H 7 (! B  Yv  GK .  eK 2 (% d

  eK & =   >?F !Z .  %( ! ! /  eK 0 = !"6 7% 0= 2 (  7%0

6 !6 H  eK <  7%%H  2  !"?( h p  7  !1 7  h L 7&!  .7

6%6 0 6 7 < !( 6 ( 7%6 hK  2 !/  L6 1-  7%%  ( !5% !-

$- .-

s !6 7-  0 1 !"/  L m . B6  0 (!  B $H !6    e H

  7%%H -B 0    ( 6 p$ = 7% F 6 !6 6 7L  H = 7 !"?( !%  !1

  .7%%H 2 !% cdeB p-( !"?( 0  !Z &   % !6  D < L UB-

!"?( !6 =6  B 6 L6 !H 1- = ! B 7%6 7%.

 %  !Z (B- - s  = 6 H/  J > !Z  0  7    !H 7%%H6 H/ %

 !Z  5% -  !1   % `- 6 cU- FK % !2 - W 0 0"( 6 B6

( !/]  !6  (`  ( 7%%H 0`- 2 0! 6%6 . 7%%H Z !6 0  0"( 0( !/]  !6 (

 7  7 H B% `- .- ! (  %`- - B  ( 6 K%  7 7H( !"6

6 L 1#   & !66 E  (W 0%m !H H . U  7%%H ( 1e 0`- H

= 7 7% H = 7 B ZW !6 0 ! !U- 7%%H  0 0`- D 0  .7%%H  Z ! / 0`-

 ( $ 6 eB 7H( !H -     L- eB 0 !%!  !6 .7L

s h/e  -% " 6 % 6 7?-  $6 % & !6   0`- 6 !% H %

 2 L6 !Z.7%

H L2 /  5% / T5K  & !m 0 7  !6 !%   7 -- $

6 ]X >?6 B !6 2  0?- 7% 7  L  L 7    `2! 7W 0 &H   2

 . - %Z   (F 6 7% BL !%  7 ?7   !6 6 5 #  !sd 7%m B -


 7%6 ! /L !%1- cde #   Z  s1-   (16 d U- H =!Z 7

05%-6%6 . - 0  % !6   !6  !Z "e#  (?"!   . -

 6 !6 7 !( ! 0! 6 &K !H 76 Y6   !Z 7%( eB 7  % 1- (1d L 6 !%

% !6 . 7% !   p !H -6B D "e  (1  6 6 d - m  L = !6

[ < 6 cde #  B 76%6 . 7 0d !6B h(( 0 B !6  !6  (  ]d .  6 !6 7

" H !HH 6 ]6  7%H  !%H  ]6 d  !6 L-%H y6 !Z . 0( 6 -

6 %    6 0%j - 5 " !6 (v  d 7K  ( F!   (1d   -

( -  [!  h-= %  "H 2.

= !j  0 U - 06 !6 !H - 6 H-% ( ^/$ 07  wd6 -- 7% 7 6 !6^/$ !5%

F 7 !B -VB 0  "B H s%$/e = ! B  !6  7%H H V?( !H H !6

" ( 6# # =  7 7T2  .

 0%j 5  !H "X VB 0 >6 ] B    7%H H  !Z . -   6 6!

  &H h-= 2   .7% 6   7L> = h-    . H  6 H 

7 # !6 L ( LH  s B s  s%$/e "  7 H ^6 5 ( J7K

e !2   !Z . !6  %Z p h(( 0= ]U- D H 7F.

6 B6- 6  !H eB W   !Z 77Z 7 -  !1  >?6 -  !6 =7

!6 ] - [ (" eB B6 p-( !H - !-  !6 !Z = 7 .-VB 0 1 - e !K.

  #% 6  - << Y- ! = K (&= {% &    7 76 !Z !  ? .1 

- B6 p-( !H !- " " e  2  6 ( !/   !Z6 .  / . 7%m

/! 76 L6 6  = !6 !H    !1  7&( ^6 !H - 7 #    !Z-  6 -.

?  7Z 6  !H 7 6L L%[  7%6 6 6 1 76.

 : G$% ]V ! !1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=322577

/ U /   ,

 B   6 / 0 7   0

  .-( 7%6 e !K  h-%-/ 7

 ? .-

=  ( !6# 7! 7%$65  $# 7% 7%%


=  7%6& 7  = 6 7 = 6 -/  $w B 1%

= ] !6! e !K 7%6 = 2% B -

 7  !6 $5 ! 7%m  05&B 7% V

7 !6 $w '-F >-F  7 ]& 6

   Y.

 ./7

 (  6 B 6 / B 76 (/ !6 7Z

5 >F  .- 6 =!  B 66 7 7%! ./

&  0 0 B6T .7 /  &! 6 s 7 7! :76

 ./ 7  55m7 B 27 (56 V .7 5F ./ 07 = ? V ( 0Z  B B

 ]   . ./ 0 7! 6   7 [ B B( ! 76 ./ 7  0

6 7 [ B !6( / T56    .75 7 !m  ./  .7 7    -/ B !6

5 (7 cW 7   -/ B (! ./  .7% !6 75 56 7"  6 !5m 7 ./ .

B 7( 6 7% ./56 7! 7  0    0 0 /  ./ . 7 K ] !6

 B >F 6 =  VB .7

 ./ 7 5 B -[`   76 7% !%  66 B ?- -/  1%.7

 ./ 7( ( g .7 $ 7% ] U%< 2 7% 7F = ] ` Ty6.7

 ./B 7( 76 -7  7%m 7]  7 2  F (0 ( 7/ ] B # .7

 ./ 7 $w p6 WK6 >?$ .7% U6! = / => 7% = e 7B !K 6 7% ./7

B p6  2  =6  g(  !(B.7

 ./ 7B 27 !6  ! B( ( 0Z7% ( g (d .7

6  K 7! 76! h/e/ 0  0 7 - $K  p 7 B 27 e !6   Z1& >%

 .7 !6 K  7  5 >6   7  B   7 Y// =h- (&> /

 &B .7% 0    Z1 76  <" < h d e< # !K B! .-

L 6  (!  !6 & B 6 = / BB! ( $Z . e( ! BB !6  %( %Z !6

/ B> (!  7 (! / !6 5 .-

(0 (0 (0

e !6 B7 L ( 7(6 7% 6(  .7 7 ( [$! 6-  B B K6  7%0

  ( 0 7% 76 56  = !6 7! &g !m  !7 =< >  7%(  ZK 

&= ( g .776 ZK !  0/ UB ( 0 #= ( .7%!  06  - 76 =B !j7

=  !m 7% = !j/  7% 0 e $de cB 0 :7% .7% B 0 = 0  - 0

1 7(   0...%

eF .76 c B V? !6! [ 6 - $de "e .7%

F = B(  .-B   7 $ 6 ? V12 %Z ! W 6 ? <= 0  =

-  6 0 7% 7  012  !6  .  $.7

(6 WB

$( = ]w V  0 0-  !m B 7# 7 1- 6 W( .7%B 5 (& .( 7%
-(1  ( cdV . !6 0%j5   7%7  7%6 /  (" 6  ! 7 d( !% 

.76

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=265969

]U  $*O/? ZA; A4/

-  6 Lm ( 7 6 (` # H  !H`e

$ 7# !

-&! [B !6! B V( !H 76( 6 7 . 

Lm   5.-

p 7% Z- -  7%H Z- 76 . 6

.76

 7"H ?$B . ?$B 7"H  - .- 2

H !H#   7%-B 7 B . / 76 W.7 7

- Z$[ !6 &6 2 7/ 6  6B   V/ s 7%H`( 2

!6 ( 7%H . Z- 7&! ] - 76 2

/ => 7%H (  6 H y- .7

-  L $ H 7 76 ^  .-  

m   0 (&m( .   %6

W B H !H -#  .

-  L - 7VK  .-

6 - {   {%2 .

-  $     .

 !6 H -  -B !H 76  7%H 27 7%?6  76 - !H H ./   ]K ! "H h 76

HH B- 76 - !H H .  6 = !jL6 6 !m 7%H ( H  D- !m c e 7  Z $ 6 !m

# D !H H . (7% 0d 76 B- ( !H H .7%H ]d&! $   -> .7%H

 6 !H HeVB 0  7%$6  6 0 (7 =  !H H .7%H >27 D  76 [B  D>.

06 !"e - 5 $   6 p7   2.

- !sd -! ]2 .76 (  !6 .7%%H  7 0 ]  !sd  B6 m -  J( ]H


T2 .  L  27 6 . (= D( D !sd.-

-  H .K !H - = 6 - !H5 - !6> (F F 7%%! %6  d - 6 B 6.

e - DmH&!  !7 6   L6 .-

-B 0 -  = !H - 7% ]   .7   B ] !# bH ! - . 5B 0

 (  !H   Z F >F 6  !% 0 F F  2 B .?   v    

    - 7"H 7%6 !H !m B - .-

 K 0 -  7 :H `( B 7 5T2 6 7- B  !H !j= !6 7(1 .716

-&! Lm (1   !H 7  = ZK 6 ! .76 6   ^6 !H - Lm(1 .716

"- ] - 0 !H - D ? H = => .7%HB  2= "B "BTy6 / 7  5

d   .7%H 0`( !H - .7%H

 0 - 7 7%  6 dV 0 # = b K  .

!j= - $V 27   !6 56 0 H 6 :!HH  6? - 6 2 5%-2 6 1ZW 6 7K(7% 76

m .76  0B -(   .76  %

6   -F 7! %6 6 d F  =.76 7%

- - H L6  !6 Vd% #    !1 # H DmH F >F [ - 2 !H H L6

 !6 Vd% .7 !  6 p7K L6 7K(7%!  KH 6 !"6  DmH eH !K2 .7%H  &F

L6 -2/ !6( !H %d( 0  7% 6 K H !H  %H   !m !6 7-F 0 2 0 '-F !6 !K` 6 .

- !2 !H 6 H 2[%   => >F (` U= ( 7%H !H -  5&m  6 7%H 27

< s% !6 B.7 7

-(  7%H   2(  / 7 .7 (  !H 7%  2.- 6 ./ 7

(  -   6  76  !6   (   B( K  = 06 :- %B H 5

(` .7%H

0 !6 -H D- 7%  67 76  !6 ( 7 (d] 76 ( !H' 22  - . K D 67 76 0 !6 7D

H- 7% (d" 7.

(  - 7  B(  ? V ?" T566 .7 7L6 >m 7 D (".7%H ]Z $

- $( 7= !H 7 L6 / !6 !H 7%6 = 7% =7 6 !H 7%6 DmH 7 =  F .7

- dB 6 p bH 6 W #H !6  .7-

 0 - L 6 DH  !H !6  B  .#%-  7%H

6 - F H 6 7 F7 ! .6

6 - 7 . 6 7 6 (  !H %H.

L6 - 2 #H !H  0 !6 6 07H !6 !H -   2 .6 H/ 6 7   6 2 ? = 6 H/

  !j= .%H - 06 !H - ! %H H/ 7 6 !% !2 .%&%6

 %( 7%H  Z- !H H - 7%H 27% !6 Kj D ? . h"K .7 7 H h"K !6 27 '-F 5EF 7

  . 0 p 2Z  B %&6  7-`F .

-%B L H   !e`B !"H D  : .76 KUm !H 7 H( 6B !6#  7 = T B6 7.

 -  m  Um 7% d 0 !6 7%67K  7%%H ] = !6 ] !6  -.7%6

-  b !6 dU-  .7  7K( " !6 7% "Z .77Z


H - 6 7#  B !H = !6 7Z !j= !   .7%%HK 0 !H   27  "  

1( 7 F 06 L6 2 #  .7%HH 0    !H -&! =     6 7%%H   !H 7 

  7%( !1 6 .m H 27  G ( / 0 !H -$ / 5 6 6 H 27   L ( %

( / 0 h/ 6 !H - B  .%H 27    ( H !$ !H -   Z`- ?B V

.7%H 1/

-  0B  L6 .-

-  ( !6 7  76 !H  =  B   =.7

 !H  = p -  B .7  . 7

- $ -6 2 !  !H 6  .7  .  wH [  .   . !H - .

 7K K`B 7%F 7  ( !6 07 56.

- !H  7% 0  !H H  K      .7%H H !H - 7  e(>

2 B B !H H 7 7FY!   75% 7%H  $  2 & !B %Z !H H .

7H   7 B  6  !H H .7%H  % 2  ?6 (` $  B -

F %Z ! !H H 6 5j   7% !  . 0&%

-  wH  7 H hV  !H - !"e 7% (  7m L D - - H 7&H.7

-F !6 K 0d( 5   7 !K` 6 7  K  !"K !2.7

H - !6 [B 0# H !H 7 6B ! -m !% 6 e    !6.7

7 76 -   D -  !1- -.

H   6 - (`  %H   0 .-6  2=  6 7 y6 7  H B ..7 7

-= 0>   D V?6 :-/ 6  !H  6 7.7

6   eVB "B :e 6 B 6 ( %  B 6H .

- B B   0  / !H 7% > B [ !6  .= - =  >F H "B .7Z H !H 7

B  !6= -.

 - %Z   !6 576 0  !%  B 76 -.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302977

>U !  & </  &/ !&/

- 7K / K 5% 7 D ] !H 7%%H


 5d$e - 6- F> (H 0  7

 d !6<  7 6- G 7 W/ $

=   7F H!6  = 7% ?- [ -K -.

L6 7 0 7 - m H B% !K !6

[B !6- !6!%F 7 7  =B  m -

%!6 6- - =  7 ("!  0 X= . 7

7Z6  K  G B  ! 6 7 = 

 76H 7e 6 = :12 d ! & 6  !H7

$#  6-  ! = B 6 = = H !

(?- 7sd 0 6 !HH  < Z 6 7

76 /  !67- GK !m 7-! (?- 0

6 0?  $# !H - 7 / <  5 7K

B T2 7%%H  7% D   ZV( / !7%%H 27

6 !6 0&26- 27 6 0 =7K ?-  -

6 !H =   < !V 7  7%%H !6 h D7

- !7 F

 / 0m !H - 2 >Bm 0 < !6 %6>F ]6K &F   !H 2 Y 6 1/

 7K !66 0 X 7 =- Ze  7%H - !66 02 . !H B L% 7F  - !6 -  71-7

6 ( H D&B H6 >H7%m 76 0H 6 `$K !H X D !1#   V # .7 [0 !H F

2  6 B 7  !mH - X  0 =-  7{H [B !6 6 !m 7  ?--!6 27

m 6 7 6 H -  B B F F %-  [ .7%H 2 !6 !H  = ?- ?- 27 H

(`   !6 7 /  p $  7%%H 6  =-> 6 B [&  - 7 =  ZW !H

( 7 F sd B  (?- 27T 0 ( 7%%H ]d ( B  < 7K  .76

 2 p 27 / 6<!<7 7 / 7/ !6 7%HLm ]KB !H X 7-7- 7= L2 K 576 !7!H 7

0   6 6 !m 6 D  K ( !6 7& %6>F K1 6L  $#  7 ! 6-  (7

 ?- p [ -K bF .7%H 27 2 "Z p(27 / 6 - e 0 B K[ ( 7 (B ]d 6

 p 6 .7L6 Dd H0 (- !6 7  02  D 76 7 !7 7% - 6 m !H H  7"6

  7%H Z-( 6 ( 6 !6 7= !U- (/ X 6 hH= 7 7F 7m !H    .7%H F / (6

bF7 H 7  ! 66L -!T2 ?" 7m - 6/ !6 -    7 7 7 6 6 7

566 ! 7 -  Z1%6 !H H7 !6g =6 !"6 6 !% 2 6- = ?- .7

   7m !H ( %H  7 -Y 7 - 7%m 6D ( L L% s ?F  ]H LF   7 !6

56 `Z !H 7X5 !77 K  !K 6 ( 7%%H0Z .-m 7 2 =7%F !H !2  7Bj  0 Ly= %

?- H !B 6 &6 d1e !6 !H (sd H  !6 ?6.7

B K( 6 (?- 0= p H!6 7( / 7   !HH ]6 02 !6%  0Y ( 77

 7%%H 6 ?- p5  7%-( 6 7%H 6 H !6 H !6  6 7.7

m !H 7%  L2 Y W - !6 -&! B 0%m6 7 . 2 7%m !6 =6 !% 7 - V( - !6

B = !% 7%H UB B!6( = :7X56 ! & 6  !H 7 !6Y" $#  6- /$e 7%m  ! $
B 6 = =  6!

 !"# : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267472

*>6 <>U $
,</0

(67%->(= / - 27% 6 F 76 ... 

/ ("' B 7% 7%!  0 - 6 !sd  

= >F 7%  ( h#Z  !  / 0 ("' 6 

(1  7 6! 6 =  6 27( 7  

F / '"( !J 2 B :127 6 0%m

&"  >F 7 2$  0%m 56 = =(

( ...

!  7% . -  27  ! ?-

d   27 &F 6 T2- &F #! F

(g  $w  .7 !6 7   0! = ! 6 6

(7V . ( 7 /& -%B- :7% [ Z$

0 -! 6-  7B (   .

"6K! B  # $ ?--  (h[ !6 !% "

  ! ?676 6 &` 27  5% #

2 7 bF :7%  6 ]& 027  

?" 1 7 $ 6 ! .-

0! - !  >?67  (J (g 7% 27 d6 pB W " 7 7$ !6 .- / 5

("'  / 7%% 27 / & !"6 7 6  7Z6 ]/ ( K 27.7%

!m2  `& 6  27 >% ! 6  / [ - 0 -! m 0    (  % 7e 

L62 m &`  7 0L <"( h <"?- 6 !$    7 7#  F-!7%

= !  ?- p ` `( 6B !6 27 $  ! 7%% ]  1 6 dW  ?$B !2Z.7%

/ W $"K 7%-B (.  1 / ]6K( T K B .- -/ -! /

 ?- p 27 `& 6 2  ( 6B !6 7 ! .76

 1 e( ]6K< 2E 6 !  27   ]K  %6 . 6 =  ! ( = 5 !
& 6  7! 0 7 5 !6 $ 7 27 7! !6= !U- (`& 6 7% < %6>F ]6K B 27

$e 6  -  !#%F .7%%

/ ?$B"U -/ B 7% -! / 2{  / = %m 6 W " Lm

 !6 Ye / W !# ?$B 1e B m 5 ] BV6 7 K`B -L ...

 ! B 1e 0 ]e/  7  ?- p d6 6  27 -! ? Z g( 7( ! /

 ZU  27 T= K 7% .7

!6 2$  !6 ?$B 0 77- -= !6> ]7 TF   $ !6(  1(6( F !6 $ B

6 6! ! ?$B !"6 . 7- = !6  7% 7 "6 - 7! 7- = !6 6{ ?-Ty .-

   ! / ?$BW  2L 76 [ !# 27 B B.-

 !  ?- p B 7%% W  - 7Z6 7% T2 - &Fd6 0 7- = !6>7K = !j 7

 &6.7%

76   ! 6 6  !"6  ?-  T2 - &F!! 7 B   7%! !6

27  #.5 6 j [- Z  d ?-K 27 6 .72- (d

!   L 6 [- = #  a .7 7e ! 6  7F  6 7  7%! >?6 0

 7 ^6  = 27g( ( -  $w - 7%! eVB 7F 7% .7

   Y6  0 - F7 ? .K  U%   27 L> ( 7%g(  $w -!

w 2  = !6 7  !.7

 !  27 !5%   !66 7%  7% 6 Lm 0? .-! ( (` $ =  = B0

-! 7K  27 76 =  6  6 0 $6 m  b 7 27 !5m - Lm !m 6 !6

=.

W 7Z6F !% L  &` ?-   6 0 (( %6 &pB 0 &F  7  !"6 6

  0 ?- p 0T2 =  ?$B - !6 "F 7% >    7h  ZK 0 cU- !6

!"/ 7 7 6 27 Ye !  6B !6 ?- p T2 - &F ( !6 $ B [% 7F &6

 7%  0[%   ^6 5 UW - !6 .

&-%  77Z Ye 2 Lm 6{ !6 ?-= - &6 = T 6 . ! 6 7Z- ( (`

6 7( !U !6 &F ( K 7-  5! 67Z- (   `( 6 $ = !6 &6 !U

7- -/ W B 7%-B 7 !12 .   67 ! ( 7Z- 5 6 5  > 

7%m > 0 !%/ W 7 ! 6  ! 7Z-   (` &6  7%

!e 0 "U( W (>?$.77

-   7%!  27  #! [- &  7 0 -! 6 7- $  !6V( 7 %27

 ?$B & 7!  7 !"6 7K 7K !6 " ! ]& ]/  L2 <!<7 27 <] $

.- Ye / ?$B W ? !6 = 7! Z( !6 (  27 76 7- 6- 6 70

($ 6B! 06 Z( 27   .7% W  ]w2 "5 hXV :7  !6 27> > ] 7-

 ?$B !6.7

?$B ?-

  ( v & 7% - L!  &m .T2 !6& - y ! ?-!6   0

?  6 B ! = B !6 h#Z( 6 .7  5 6#% :7-F


 - 76 2 !  < 6 B 7( ( 27  =B- 0 = / 7 y- - -

B !m 7K6 !

= !6 6[% '-F( ( :  ? !6  0! B !

(  !6  5  /!6B :12 h = 7K !6 !  7%!K` 7% -! / !6 K  L 

6 ! 0 W.-

- 7  `( 6 L 7 ?- 7F .7%! ! ( - Q $ 27 7%% ( sd 0

(  ! ]2 !6 "2F 5  7%% (7Z &6 (? T2 7 -# B  06 7 [  = Z$ "B

 / 7%! 0 !- Q`(F 27 ] 6m YZ .7%% 2  7%-y6! 7  B- 27( (

6B '-F  .

 sd 0 76   72 7F 7!  7%%  77%B -# ( ( - L6Y2 -.7%

( "$%   7 - & B- .-  !6 2 [ B  5 % 27  - 6

 0 & ...

  - ?$B -! (`   Z .76 27 (`$  / h%= s!6 !m2 = / 7

6[!6 7  ZU/ W76 7% 7 7 [!6  1 !6 "e ?$B Z- .

$ ] (76 ]$% =! " (  7  %( 7% = !j5 = B 7 !6  0 ] "! !6 6 06.0

-! 27F :7%   ?$B  !"e/ $e !6`(  ....

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=264561

k; $q$

]$K !7%H $e 6 !H 0  s (( h %6  6 7

H !6 B -- 7

H  6 !H 7#  7 B 0 ) 7%H # ?0

F7  !6 W = Hh( 01"( !m = $

 b6 (... # ( H 0 F ( p -  e!7

 6s% !H 7 ( 7/ !m  / B!6 7%

 =  76  B {2.7 7

H 7%6( 6 ( !6 77 B - %7 .7-6

H  H#% ( H 6 !H - 7# .


Z- # ( H !H (! T<H !  (    7B -( 0 

m &] .7%H

 -  6  [`H  H !6 6 !H 7#  7 5  H  !H H !6 77

.7

D - ]6K %H ( 7%H DH  !6 ( H B !62 -.7

6  ?" 6 ? H h-% - D  .-

76 6 ! 7%m 7  s7:

(    " !6 L6 7% ]/ ]6K !H 0 6  ]6K1- ?6 7%.

 6 01- =     H ! .- ( !H 7 H ]d D  7%%H %w 7K 0.7%

!m %  !j6H pB  %( 1- B H6 7% Y !H  6 >6 ( D 7Z6 .7%%H

 !j%mZ D  !H 7 [ 67Z( !6 7  B -e) 7%H 27-  s K `KF  [Y

7  "(  B H !B  7%H  H 6 7 ( 7%H!j6H 0 B DH  !6H 7%.

 # H  D [ Y FTF 6  "< H B 7%%H!B6 7.

L2 !6 Y/!% B  6 F.B

? ( T<H (_

 6 T<H K !H H %6 K Y6 7  h-%.-

0 e( B >?6!#6 7% :!H

7K (  1 e  !6 0 .716

 h U 0 h U ( 7%H DH  !6 T<H y6 [B !6  6.7

[B !6! !H 76 $"U T<H #H  H.7

 !6 :7( h(( 0 7[` - (G .7%H

 T<H(  7%  (T<H 7 !% H 6 7   !5.7

  6  ( !H  6B $-d h-% 7.-

e( 0 1- :!H 7%H

7K (  1 e 1- 7"H !d1e & 5L> .76

 &6]  h"U !H76 s "H # 6 ( 766 !6 !H 0 6 h"U !H 7 T<H #H H.7

6 6B s/ (' 7   7%6! 76 76  !H 0  !6  51 B ! .76

 :7  D$- & ( 7%76 7 7# 0 [` ( .7%H ]%7"H !d1e DH !6 7

Y 6 7%H 6 h U - !6~( (yH "-.7%H 7

? ( 7

6]/ ]6K  6  H "g& !H     7.-

 6` 7 6 D$- !H 0 - 56   H !6 .$ mH#%2 !H 76 - 0> ( H ! s

 7 0%j !  ! .76

!j%m  T<H1- !6  %( 7%H !  B 6 .7%H ]/

? -( =!d1e 2E

 7 T<H !m 7 !m  L2!% 7%%H{2 6 !H 7% =  1- K .72

  0 6 !H "e= !6 7 (! = 7%H  7.-


 ( !

   6 !6 H K` K - DLF7- (`UZ B 7.

6 - 51 !

67/ 51 m wH  H {%F &? 76 7%H 6 H  !H 0  ! .76

6 -! !d1e D ] > (  H B6 7 !d1e &? 7%%H >6  H -  6 H

   B 7 0.>?6 !6 -   ! :76

-  K

( 6 7H 7%6!- 6 :!6- ? V ("01! 0 H  6 !H 6 7- #  7 Lm

6 !H?6 7H 7 B !6.7%H L

= K

= K ]  ("01 = F  Z6 .-  7%%H?& >?6  0

/ - !& 6 / .7%

( !e !H 1-   -W !H (  7 7% F ^6 ( 7%H7 /  &.7

 W 1- :

&? !H 7%H H !m # B 7H . !H &?6 V # =  !2 s # ?7

.7

6  H \- B( :7-y6

7K !m  6

!m = 0 # B

B e !6  D #%2  %( !H 7%$6> (7Z &?H V .

 6 7Z  LF !K e 6H - !H 7%H# 7.7

6 H # & 76 !6 7%H L !H 7%H  2 7%m  7  = 7 T/ .7%H

( 6 0 .76 h L( UB - B 6 (< 7%%Hh = >?6.-

! ((  %B  7 7Z6  ?6 !"6 7 !H 7%H DH  !6 0 h( 0   H  7%H (56 V= !H 7

H 0 ZK #

[B !6! !H 76 . ]H -

- !H ZK - 7? g( 7%H Y !6 ? B 76 7 Z 6 7%H Z-= h %H 6.7

- 0 D ]6K - B6 7 B DH  !6H 7 ( !67 B - 76 B 27  6 !6$6 >F d 0.7

 : G$%! [`

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=328500
k )? 
< /0 ?</ >>8$

6 0 7VK (  LL B27% B &5 6

7%m ! 0  27 =.%H %

 $K 6  B 2 6 -  7% $Z( /

( 1B6 !20 6(  ]6& 6 H7&

?-  " 2!

/ Um (  # Ty6 ( B- !j= 7  !H 7%

 B76 !H 7% 7% !  0 !H -&! 0

 0 B !6 UZ ! .-

TF % B6 0 <  e <" ( !6 7

=    0 D !U6  DH ($ .7 

>-F ( !H 7 0U -  0m !H - 

H $ L6 2L7%

6 $6 F !H0 m  H $ L6 2L6 7% !6 7D

  ZK -- %H = 0 !H - K

$ ( h / 7%H %2 6 F !H

!= [ 6 !HH 7 6B !6 !6 -# .7-6

 = !j   06 0 - 012 !H0  1- 7&?$6

F B6  0 6 ?-  $ !6 !-

% 5 H TF %Z !6 1- 0 $ TF 0=  %Z !6 $ (" ! 5 0 !H - 6

B B 0> !B- ."B.7

6 ]/ ]& 0 6 `H 7 !H 7%%H K5% 5126 &`  ]X/  $  !6 .7

6 !6 7 !H 7%H !( ! 0  !H0 ->  K L6 756.7

 !6  !H$(> !6 ! 0%m  7%H DH  !   !H 5E L

 B 7  `!K # H B6 7%H >H (V  6 0 !H -( 0 7 # 0%m

H 7!

 $ B ?TF 7m  TF 6 7%H 0 $K H B $  5 ? - 7.

 ZK 0 !H - &6 - !H$(> TF 6 F  = !6.

 5 >-F 6 YZ !H B U  0m !H -  L6 dV7

6 7- Z ?-F !6  U% !6 !  0! .7%H !( ^d6

 --  / !H 7%H  2 ]/ 7  &`(> =66 .7  ^d66 &]  65 ]d( %Z !6

6 6 =  !-  6 / 0 >- [ 6 &] B !6 -7 5 7%H  !H0 >-  6 ]/.

(B !6   !e

 ( L2  !H )(( ( W  !6 .7% dV 56( !6 !H 7 ]X ]/ &`(> [% ]H!7

K (`  ( 7%H $de !66 /  &"> 7%H %  h ] ( 7! :76
 ( B6 0%m -  -> 6 B (" .7%H

 ( (V  !H 7%H>  (  B 7 !6  6 ]/  !X.7

GK7  !6 DH 6 7- !66 .76  6 -/ H dV  #  [% !U6

- % !6 &! ZW  - (" .

6%66 7 !12 !j= !6 !( 6 0 7  H7  H& ]( 6 %6.7%

76  D!  - !H 7B !U6 B 6 7% B 7%%H ."B 6 7% = T ! 7$6B !H0- 7F> D

Z !U6 =.7%6 7%

`H = B:!H0

 2 ( % B> " !6 H7  B5  7%6B F 76 7% !j= !H& = B 7% ] 60

 = !H m     2= .7%  0  0 D ZK  27 6  6= 7 !6!"/ 0

7( !H 7-6 27 D !U6 F7 %H 7B ] 5 2 7  % !6 D -!- & . 7

 $d 7e !6 K / !2 B ( 7%  -  H e 6 - y- 7

[B B 6 6  &27 > 7%$6 7 .76

 27 :%Z- D F 7 27! :%Z = $ !  27 ( :%Z(5% &! % 6

 6 .

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=323342

k  /0$  R

2  7K 0(  (W [$ 6 &(`& ]/ 7%6

/mB7 ]/ L ]& 0.7 7

 6   ]$K (&]  7 ( 7Z6 =

`  .7 m !% 0  B( 77

 76 "/!  76 hK B(  ? Z6 .

" !    &    ]X ] 7 5

 p .-! ( ]X 0 7  - F7

  ! 76 [ !6  = 2 cde  - 27-

K ( 75  !6 #% 7%  .7($ > --

 76 . ($ Z( ]/ cde &> &]-  7 2  7K 0(  (W [$ 6 ]/
&` / 7%6mB 7 ]/ L ]& 0 .7 7([$ !6 e !U- !6 6 &

5 ` .7 = 7 h 5 7  7 p6 076 . 7  -  0  07

? 7% ( 7/ !67L 5 ? .7 7%($  0%j  $-% 6 ]/ ^d6 ]V&  !X .72

     7K(  ( 7%6 J\ [$6 0 ]/ ^d6 ]V& &]-  m ! K 0 !U ( 7%

s 7 5 .7%%

 ! (% m &] 6 7 6 0`( 7 6 ( 7%% $ 6 # 27  7 7 Z!  ( 

([$  $ .7%% (% \ J(( [$  !6 7  #% 0 .& . - F   

! 5     ( L .& / %( !6 7 6 1/  5 .76    0B - "

  7%$ (>% (Z (W! 5 0 #  7%%<" h   V5 .7%   (7

6 %5%- ( ]d 7%  ! (`  6 =6 (7 Z   ( 7%& 7 6  / .7%

& 0  06 - (? h [ !6  - 5 .76 2  g&   ]X !6 27   0-

 !6(  !$% 5  27 .7% 0  6 L=!d (~T2 J!  h ! /

( %   6 .7 ! (6 7 =h-  .<" h  !6 0 !U-]   (B ]"d 7 L 0

(6 7 ? .76

/ p ( L  !6 #% 7 76) / ( ( 7 .76  - 5%! (!6 02 V

< !6 & 6 / . K L 5 2 0/  ! =  h-%  %( .&) 76 6B

(  T2 %Z !6 0 06 p ?-! 6 ! /  !Z 6 . - w  p ! <"h

  !6 #% $( 7% :  [B !6 !j6 0 & [B !6 !  h B - /

.

 7 0Y] GKY]  $Z 6  $K ]6K $ <"  !6 #% h [`  .7 

F 0%- 0 ] 6 5     .766 h-% 0- !m 2 6 g [ !6  B !6 56 

   7 7! 6  F 0%- (0 -  "B .-  ]$K T e !% 6

(#  27 ! ( 76 1%( ^6 7  7    F! .76

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=254462

k 
<; /0 ?</ !>8 $

m  W/$ B $K %H m  TF !H D

  0 -%H $ !6= -  ( / !6  $


7 2H $ = !6 7 K 6 $>7K H 7

B 76  7 !6 '-F- 0  m !H B $

$K  %H !m& &%H  .7%

/ 

 ]6 D= 7/  7%m $de F & ( = %$6 

B G - !6 '-F  2  !m7% 7Z-  !6

-   '-F 0%m7Z :7   V UB  5  $VZ !H 0 .76 6   !H 0 ]wH

12 / "  $6 -56 7 H !H 7= >F$ $K 6 !1- .%H 7 < !H %H H

BB ] W 0 6 -   !m ]& 0B G7 7 6 !$56 7  !H $#   66

"B !H  7 B !6 "B  !6 %H  Z- 7% 6 ! !6$    .% H 0 - - ! 

 0 !H! .7%%H  $ 5 !H G 0&- # - ! g :12 - 56 bH 7%H  $

 2 .7 6 !$ 7 $Z( !H 7 (Z  D   m $

 0 -H 1 D # 7  B s !6 !6 !  7$ $ "BH 76 $6%6 .7%6 0 7 $ !6

6B !6Z( - &?V = 6 H.  6 :-F $ ?& 6B !6 -  ^d6 0!H -

m   v$(  ]w 6 - 65- 7&H6 V V( D !/  !H ... H D  $ = /

 %2 !6 - $K  %H 0 6 712  !H ( !6 !( 6 :1256 7 6 !H H   $ - H

$K  = $ L6 (  .76

6 !1-56 7 "B !H  TF dV  !Z  7% $ !6 B 5 (6 5   7% !6 0 ] 7% W/

B $ Ty6 7% 0.7 !H  B6F !m(   !B  =   ( 7B. B6  %m < <

( hVZ 7% W/ !H 7   6B $ $K .7%%H !$   ( 6 !H 7% GW (6 %  $

B $K  .7%%H V? 0%m !65   7 7 !  .6 !2 0

 D

  !H 7 H $ 7% `2!  >F 7%m :12 6 K ...= 5 !6$ F 7 6 ( ( `

< 1- 6.%H 6 7%m 7%H 6 !6HT 5 H !Z  F 7% 7 7F 7%%H   H6 7% 12 6 G[K

` H F !H 0 7  #% 6 m !$Z !6 7 =  = [   6 . 6e 6 0  6  !6 5 FB

F BY6 7 7F H  !1- :12 F 7  ! $ 7 !6 0 ] = !67F /  h#Z 0

7 !H 6 0%m 6$ 2- 7%67/ ... ]K 7&?$6 D .15

2 $ 7   F%H 2 F 2 7 ? 7! 6 !1-  H  W/ $ !H

#   B !6  7 6JTy6 -. - $H  7 !H - V( !d- D B 27%  !6

B  7.-  0W  (V B  2:7[ 7% 6 7Z ]6 !H / V  !J BF 6 /

 $V    % ... H 6 7 (H 2 H !6 L 6 7 7&H    b"F   7

/ VH Z !J 0W.6 !H 0 !  6 e  .7  ( h ! 6 0 [ !H / !6 !( 6 ]6 

0 !6 !H H s !6b"F -% ! TZ !6 W/ B [B !6$> &K  Y/!7 m 7%H "B W/

 !6 7%B $ 7$6 F!

 7 / !H!

[ 6 - HT $de F 6&!  = F &.#- 6 !6  !H 0 6 6$

B 6 / 7 012 = !6- !6 / 2 H 6    TF m Lm !H  - b 6
$d    :12   m "B !H F F  v J7< B 7%F  ["$

7/ 7% W/ 7% B6 ]K GKB $ Ty6 7 ]Z 0 D#%  .-

h#Z 0 :7%H  !W 6 !H  / 7 Yv  m m7  $ = `  7%%H 5`

DH $ ?-- 6 6 7%H  $  = !6Yv  06$d ( BH 7 m  !H $ 7e K

e / 7%  $d W ( 7e. K

6 !mH 7

!6 - 6 6$( !H#  m TF  !6 =  TZ D B DmH 1% >%H B & 

 H$# H-%    7Z -! 2  !6  $ UB/ .  0 -  -  $ 

 !H 76 7 D 67 76 !2H -.

 m !H 0 TF !6 W/ B $ 6 7&! ]Z 0  0 !Z 7/ !B %Z B   H$ !6.

 ( 07F K  B 7% W/$( !H#  Ty6 7 76 0vU7  0 27 5  - !6

 B   ]%H.H  B &! 7F  K 5  7% B  . !H - = 7eK

-  015 - 1e 7%F 7 (! .767F 2   UB B $ e !K H 6 (Ty6 GW /

 ]6 ( DmH B !6$>  0%m !H 76 0vU 7%H ( h !/5 !   ( h

- B.7 7

H 0% 6 > !6 = 5 H   s !6:12 - 7- 6 H  !6 - E GU

76 %  ^d6 !6 !1- W  7 !( H.- H 0  61 !6 7  "!   

 27j ! 012 -  ^d6 $K !H s H  $ !( &6- V?.7  H 0%-H

]  2 T2 6   ( ]H V? 0 6%67Z 0 6 0- 0 7 =7%F 7 L= / H L

  27 !6- 6 6 =  6 H.  6:-F TF B $ 6H !m 7 #  !e( !m

 %&F   $#  2 ]$K :7  7K 6 !6 7H  v !H %H !( ! 0 B Ty66. TF 0%m 6 7

<$V H B H$ !6 . TF 6 5  $ $ 7m (  TF !"6 = 6# !& 7

 .  V UB Lg 6%6 0 2 0TF   $ 7Z6.- =  ( 7e !Z- 6TZ B FL

#%[  ]6 W (! H ]  $ 6 ( cW .H 0  #   B 7 !6( !6 GK 0

6 !$ 7 H !H !6 $H D 7%F 7  7% - = b 6 2 GW Ty 0(  $ 7 ZW

= !H !j .7%H (76

 : G$%! B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=356189

k   <5,


 >&?6   67( 6 (  .$U !H 67( 7 [= .

  2 Ty6 !H (1 !6 0 ]   27  !H 7

6 Lm 7 =  56.

>&?6 2 %Z m -  !H 6 = <  

{ T  =  -L" >&?6 . 0( !H -

B K  7! B !6"Z - -

y6.

!6 ! (V  !H! T h  7%&?6 !H $"K

76 ->  F .7%%H 6 0 !H = 27

B e  D - 6 0  7%%H %$ 6 >&?6 6 cde "  cde  7%%H = >&?6 h"[ 6

7F !6 5  .7%-

!6[ 0 .  Holi ZK  7% =< 7&H 7 6 5 H 7&?6 $ =  .- 2

/ c  27 = ( >&?6 0.-

!  !6 = 7 7&?6 !H  56 . H 7 - Q !H (6# L !6 D H  H - H B

" bF 27   (Life after Life) "27 7  bF !H   7 7 7   7%%H !H 7%%6  7%%H B

6 YZ 6 0 !H - 0 7B  = !H - (& !6 7%H  .6 Lm :7% " ..& 7Z6  6= 0& !H

&  = 7 ZK 0  !B= 27 0L !m ( %$6 !H -  ( 5 .&?$6

m  ( &?$6

7    .&!  1  m - 5 [B !6(K1 6 !H 76    V .0

B >?6 "( s !6 ][6V( 0%m 6 .-( Y 5  B 2 6  v 56 (  /  5

K 76 %H !% B K(  .V( 0   ^6 Z 7  TF 5 K 2.

  m &?6  (  >&?6 6 -  ]6 B !- <B U% ! .7 0( D F 6! - .-

/  5  = !H  (H K/ !6  >&?6 J( d B $6 F  B ( g .7 [  1%( 5

 0 -  s (! 6%6 .7%H 0 2B  ZK6 7%H g( !H 77&?6 7 (.7%H 0

 s  5 U B   !H  .7%%HZ "B 0 - 76   (1  & 7 6 !%

= ( GK  %H  76  [  !H 7%%H !2 7 (K1 [ (1 6 !H 7%166  .716 7 7  6

7&F 6 !H (1  7K 7 T2 .6

 ( !%H  $K .%H  !H %H (6 !H K1   7 !# LmB !H - ! !H %Z

 B6 !H  ]6 5  !H &%H 6 d 6 [ &   .v bj ( !6# B 7%

.

( !%5  ZW ./ (7"K - ! 6 >&?6 %H    .7%%H 6  - ( "$% L6  - p

=  7K !H 75% 7 .7%&?6  7 7-( 06 7&?6 "B !"eK .-

!"6 ( !H 7% & & >&?6 ] !6  7% (6  V 7&?6  !6 D ( - L6 (7$]

 ` .7%H 6m 0 $$K 7 (  !H %H 5%#6  " 75%   0 . m !   

7%5%  !HU-  K  - .  ( 56 6 6B ] !H   0 #   75%  !6 !H =

= %H Z- .%H 27

....7&?6  K
6% B !6 p( ! !6 bH .7%H   5 !%H 7 = !H 76  "!  #   7%H]& 5

 ! -  h-=  !6 . ! 7-.

6 7 &  7&?$ 7 5  (1e %- !6 #% 7  . 2 !6 ]& 0(  - 7%H %- 0

!"H #   . 0-/  0 $V`& - 6 H # 7%H h/6 !$7 !% 7%H  b/ !H

  76   ]X .-/

2 K( 7- <Z Y6 7&?6 !H 7 6   B Z$[ 7%H 2 -> 0  0H-

&` 7jF 6 7$H - 7  2 # .7%H

L6 !12 27  -   >&?6 d ` Lm D - F H =  Lm D .5 !%H K

2 !6  %( ! 7  ]6   !6 !"6 7-6 h-=  !6 7    76  !H ( !"? !6 UB H%H

  27 -! .76

K5  TF 7= 5 !7e =K 6 !H $- H =   !6   (? !6#H 7- . >F  !6

m  )  !$ ZK   ! ( 0  !H 6 !U6.

= !m2  7Z6 ! $>   = !6  !(B !U6 7 6 m  6 ?- "B !H .7&?$6 !U6 !6

 U% 76 ( 7  (76! D m  m - (2  V !6 b D76 5 .7 ! 

( 0 T2 0  2 !6!   DH 6 .7%H  "Z m   !  6 !5 21 0 !%H

B   .Y =  6 27  ?$B 7 =  1  !%H   $V T  .76

`- T2 6 (   .7 6 B  p %   .7%W D 2  %m ]w( !%H !H H 7 

6 7%H 7 .7%6 $K`B 2 = # Y[  7 B  - 27 7.

/  T2 6   BH 76#( . !6 76 0 ]   27(1  6 !H 7% 7 =  56 . !% 56

 ( !H K1 27   7 B ] !# 76 bH 5 6 = & V  0 .-

2 K H   !H %& ./ < V%76 7%  = .7 7Z67  =  = ]w 76 - 6!6 !H 7

K !%5 =  76 6 7%%H  DH  !6 7  6B - 56.

 T2 6! bH .7?6 2 5 7 B 76  $ !  . 6 0 !H H H >

 7B 6 7 7&?6 !H H B 77&H h"e !67( $ 2!  .2  7  !H  (

 ]w  .%H 27   0 V( !H bH = 7%H  K !6 76 K 7% ?6 7 [ !6 [ L .

] .7%H

7&?6 5 (  %  Z >%H !H -6 6 !H 6 (B6  6 0  6 7%%H 7! .76 -= 0

7 !H -  pB D ][66 .- 7 / 0 (! 6 !  6 ( 6 = 6 .%H 27

 .&  T2 6 .76 !6 !H < U%5  >%H    (1%   56 .0

  ^6  !H7 - ( %H /    6 [ =  = 7% B  2.

D  D 7  6  `( !H 7%6  7%H 2  6 = ( 7 B # - .7[ !6 Z =  6-

? = !6 !H 7%H  Z- / = .7%H DH   K  B 7 2 6  = - >   .7  6

     07.

K  m !H 7%-F =  6 = ]B 7% !B  '-F= !H 7  6 [1 Z$(> 7 $ .-

H  !H #  6  !H 6 Z$[ - bF Um  (`B6 7 [B Z$  !H 7 - 6 !6 7!

 & .! 76# 7

   K&! &>  > 6  Um  71 &%H  56 1%( p !H H (H !6# 76
(  Kj=  .7&?$6 .& H !6 7 Lm !65   !H   ! .76

 56 &?$6

(  !H 76 0vU$ .7&?$6 7 7  ]6( !H (K1 27   7 .%H[%  "( 7%H 7  767

6 !H 6 >F .7  !67 (7$] 6 .7%H ! = !H !j 7 ! (6 !H (K1  T2 7 7K m 76

 (  !6# ( B ( KH 7.

- H V 5 6 .76 K( !H 76 0 6 6 7 .  7Bj6! 6 Lm   ?-" . !6 -

7 $B 0"" D"H 0 !6"" 6 H6 K" " H B 0 !6"  U !6 7-e `H  % .7%6 !K p ZK

7   H ]H   0  0 !66 0 ! !H ][6e $"[ e b !"6 6   0 /

 7%H !   (( !H 7%6 0vU 7%6 !"/ 6B !6 K  (  7%%H 7%& .7$6 >F

TF  v $V .76 6L  = .7 7%H b/ 7Z6 B( 6 !H !j= .7%H U Ty6 7 = [ 6  !H

 6 7%H 76 7! .7%

 !6 .7%H( 76 K  !6 !H Lm5 76= B !6   . >&?6 = .7%H  -V( K

56 - !6  LH( %H >&?6 UZ   ( ( GK .0Lm !6 &6 !m  6 !H 7%H  !6 ."Z 7

6  - [B !6  5  7 !2 &6 - 0 (K1 - !627  .7&H

(s 2  .7% K (V  H >&?6 %H  76 76 !% &B ( 1%% B= 2  .->&?6 GK

ZK %Z Kj 7&?6 !6 / .7%

>%H B &6 .7-%&6K   d ( ! %H  LH >%H . d  !6 2 &%H LH

 !6 6  !H - >%H   (%H d B  = (  !# =  .%H ]/

 5 Ty6 .7 m 0 " 6 7&! !6 0! :76 D/  (! !H  = !6 # !H  v

  !6 $! B  7  7 76 - (] ."( !6 - 1--   7 !   !6 $

 m  ! /  !6 $  Y d . %Z

% 76 -7( .7 #H 0 &!  ]6! H !6 2.7

B .7&?$6 B -(  $Vm 7   7 B  !6- !# %Z !6 !H= - `B6 7

s( 6 .- < 0s " 6 7 $V B( 7B bF .7 Ty6 7 B !6(   7( 7%H $

6 7 =  56.7

 277 TF ( -!  56 .7&?$6 7 K  Y 6 ]w T !6     B  p 7%%H!6 7%

 = Z-  Z$[ !H 7  6 bF -B 7 07  B !B- 6 .%H =  !H  72!

-! 7%6 7%&?$6 276 ]  B 2 6 =  T 1- !6 >?6 & . ?$By 

.7%H

F : G$%( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=313688
k   >>R

[ !6 7K T5 2 .7 ! & 7/ 6 ` 0

- -

 !&" :7! 6 K 6 6"

"!".

m

".!" 12

 6 7 & 7  /! B &m F 07 !B  

 H 7%H 77 d( 0  $ .76

7 TF 2(5$  7.-

 6 !1-  6 !H [  6 "(

/" U !Z  26 \  (W %j 6

 .7% %5%-% 0 !1 H 7 K6! 2

6?%6 7 %B ? b ($ K6 6 7%%H 7B D 7

?&V Ty6.7

7 TF ( p-   h-= ^6 ( --< $

 0- H! %Z6  D 5% 7 TF ( p- D /

 27  %.

m   7%%

"] &6  ( 7 76 ]B ! =  L ] 76 $  .7% B6 K 0 0Y] =  7.-

p"<  5

  " eZ   B d - H! B !6 p   H`   7  -/  ) 

-/  5 ( 7[ .7  !5% m 0% 0 :- D( % K " (   $# B7

6 6 = !6 6- - (sZ  = 6% 7 2  7 6  %- %5 F%H B .7$K 0]  H

%? !H 7Ty 6 7% 0 =  # B- 2  - &/ / - # H 7K

B % - 1- .7%%H

7 (  0

=# F !H Z  B6 D 5% - >#% D 6 ? 6%Z  = 7% &6  =  2

7! 76   s%6-= !H 7 ! 5= 76 76  7H7  ? 7( .  H! F B H

6 " !( h2 0!  % L  = 7   .7%

h/e

=# 6 !H D  0 !U6 ? b% 6 - 6 =- - )  H p?6 - ( 7 0 - 6 ] 76

L 0  . D =(&! B7 7! .76 2 !2 0 B 6% 7ZK& H ? 7%% 1 <

V%  0 /6 6 - 6 !jB - K 6%6 .7% 0&!  6 ]$K - V? !% B (  

B # 76 -- 7 h(( 0B 7 (d  27% 6 # .7&?6
D !&F%-

B6  ]  H!  F b1%6L 7%6  % 2 0   = -- 7%&!  U 7 0vH 7! %

TB 6 6  H 1/  7 6     = 6 !H 6 p 7 H%>  %= .7  ` !K

!6# 7  6 !U6? p -- 7 7%-/  76  H( by- .7%%H L 0 5 - -1 =

 7K B %  !" 6 -

Y] &B%

6  6! 12! B " 6 "7 ? H  7  !6Y] &B B% 2H = $V U6  7

%H [?6! &`( B !H 6 =  7  -> K 7 B6 .7% =  `H T/ ! p6 2 7 

( !6 $ ]  = !1 ( p- (  7   = .7   7%%H6 p! 0 ]  !H  =

"" .7

 (H/ $#  7

# H/ B6   6 !H7  D  0 76 ^6 - (   TF K 5.

 h-%

2 D  H 0 - 765%  !"/ # h < !H h [  $ 6 (1  6 7%>K

! 76! !  76 7%  / T 7%   [?6 D L  &%H 6 !6

(   .!Z 7%m 7 66 7Z >K! m L$-  .7%H

( !6# ("' "$K

!H 5% D  ( W !U6 [  '-FH " 7 Y K !H 27 - - 76!6 YZ "

%Z 0 !H - 6 2 DB !U6 7% ! ]  B 6 2 !U6 76 7% 6 .7 0 !-

  = h- 6 7 0 7 0 !H - D !U6-   Z (7 7  ( ! =B 2  -76 $e .7

 7%%H !B7

6$Z 7K  5 e !2 [% 6 % !5%  K  7K 5 = %6 7%  Y .7

  76 76 L  2 >F 7 / !" D 76  %6 6 = 7 5  6 TF  ( p-

? K6.7 7

T#  & 7-

!6- 0 .2 0(1   7 H -  = 6 6 .7 0 0 !6 !H - B !   5 7F .7%H

7 TF TF! ! 7

%H 6 6B Y] 0 !H - D  7 %= 7%HLm Z6 .7  g( 7 ) 7`B  B( B6

Lm  ) 7`B  ( 6 . ]& "B !H 0?6 !H - W 0 V? !"v D 5 s   60

 7 0H -! = 6! (6#  !W = !2 ( $ B %H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=331158
k    $>

m & h ! 6 6 $  !6 &6 h T6 .

 !j6 67 $6 7 !-  B 6 #% (  j

( 7 !B ...

 .  !H - "!  #  .7%

=(  !H %- 7 p6 1 !%H 7  h.

  < !H[ YZ 7% B ]6 $6 6 "H

` 6  6 !  -[ !6 7 !H !"e/ -

 0 / !"/ !6 - ( !H 7-6 7% = 

7! 76 e !6 %H 5BF 2  / >%H

& .7

6   !6 !Z& LH`& ]" B   . ]w  6   s !6 .7%%H 7-! ~ 0

 < !<7  "B 27 B  !6 .76m -    .7%  7 ] 0 6   !( !6

! .76

(d &  !H - !B >6  <] 0 B &  7% h ( c$e  = wHH 2 s

 $K 7 ?F B !B s LF 7 7- !6 & !j6 . 6 ( 7% 7%$- =->  7 

7%%H W = !6= - .7  !# D !B 6 H !H#   7 !6 L-  p !H !6 .

% w - &( D ]2 !B D  L DH D  h  7 -  &6 !H = <"(  - 7%J~( 7

L6 ! .76

(s !6 7 H 0 6 - F >F s !6 7-  !H 76 0vU{ 6 !6 6B$ .

 h76 - 7   2ELm !6 !K`  7jF  = .-&! !6$ H ]/ &` B 5 s !6 .7%

 7- 0   h$- ( 6 =    - <]  7 B 276 L 2  H -

(  !H$ 6 !6 7 p6 B 7%%H DH 2  .7%%

 76...!H 7%

 676 7 !H 7%  .   .7V L  =  0 B DH  = !6H 7 ( $K 0   ./ B h !6

7 !"6  h-% B 6 .7%

[  .  (\ 7 7 W !H 76 ! ~ 0 =   .7 6 7 0 &! 76 !H 7H  D  75%

Y/( K1  ^6 !H /  7 bF .- 2-% ! ~ 0 &  (7( 7    

p6/ !%H 1  &6 !m !6$ ! 6%6 .76 0  !6 !%  .   6 7%H $e 6 -

!"e/ !6  /  ~&% $V ]  2 .766  0 L - 0   H $de !6 (!

7K K 5B 02 H !B  7  - D (1 - .76

-#H ' -

H-% 77Z  . !6 1( D   06 --  2  6 1( %Z (" ($  !H `H (1

.- = Lg

!H $V 6($ 06   Lg #  7%H  [ !6 7/ p-  7e H - 7/ 7e($ H


06  K6  .7%H 0   h$- !H 6 7%   B Lg 1- 7$6 &6 !6 0 ] !6 $

  W/ 76( ("   72   = 6  (H 7% 5 # `w .7% / 01"( 6 7%L6 ("L

( 7%%HL  hKB 7- B 7%6 .7%%H Ly= /  ( ("   "H 72 6 H6   7%

e # H 7%m <" hH D !6 -#  $ !6 .7%(  ! H 7%m  ! H D .7% ! 7/ ( a

L !"H  Q ( L 2  0?- !"H2= .7% 1( 0(   ( 7 K6 ($ cde !5m .76 >?6 !j%m

 )(  B6  . !6 7   & 7 H 2 B B  6 6  wd6 7 6 !6 - (7$] 7%

  B  L 7 0     6 76 !6 - 0 (! :7%H

(5%  6 $de H D % !6 .7 w e( !H D (  / p 7  D

56 0?- 7%m ! 7 .  L  7%m6 h$-  /    .  !#( V? ]H

B Z ( 7 7  \-  .7%6  0 [  Z$[ !6 !( 6 5! ( -   76 71 H 6 !H

#  7/ 7K !6 .7%H 0 ] 6( 7%m / / 6 H  !6

7K6  %( !  $de bF .7%H    -% B( - 7 !"6$-  >#(   L.

(L $de 6  H H 5# 7 `w 75%   0   H    [B !6 .7%! !H 76

 7K (H 7%m 6 LH 7  6 bF 7 .  !6 - 7jF F !6 F(s% B e !66 / .7%HH 0

=6 !6 7 B !- 0W .7%H  DH !6 !% !  76 !  ! 6  < %H!   

.7

(  ZK 6 =< 6 L 512   [ !6 .- / H  ( !H H - !&26  s !6 !B

7-  $ - B !6 !-   76 U% 7%m.7-

(Q wH 2  . !H 7%%H   !6 ] $H  !6 - 0 ]   !m  &6   7%H K

&6 H !6 6 6 !6 6-= 7VB  7  &6/ ( %$ / / $H [ 1

.7%H  !# 0 # $%j !  .76

 ]/7- !61( D  U%  e 0= !% !H -  7Z6 =7 T56  %( (7 !B !6 $- /

 = (  6 7 -! 6  .76 6 L 7 !6 H [ ]  &` !  7%%H

 bF - 512 !6 / !$VB .7% e( !6 !H "  (  $de !6 7% 2 e %d 6 7%%Hc

 \ !6  56 $d 6(  `Z !H 7% $de !6 7%> 2 7%   e 0H 0 BH 7% .  !H 

H $de 6 ! <  UW 6&   7%%H .7  D$- ! 0  !H - = !6 H (!  .7%%H

(S 6 (~T2J  6 &6  6 (  !6 - 0 !"H1- .7%%H

% !6 w  !656 !%  ( 6 0 !6 ( 7% (  %  %H  ( ! \   !6 T2 0 567%

/  0 %H  !( 0 !6 ]$K ]w %H/  % %H  %H  b/ 0 %H # H (7  %

... 0 2>  / H  # H  !% 6 6 ( !e $de `& G =  .7%H

2 (a  < % !6 L6 6  G  F B 1-  % !6 .7%%H w  2 0$6 :7%   /

B %H 76 07%m 0 !H  !2 0 !H  / p `$K -6 D ! ~ 0 6 U H 7%60

< H  ( h 7`B  .  6 !H  /56 -  :7% - !<" "B - 7= !2  "K

 b%   !H %vU .56  .%H

( <" h -2  =  / !6 7   ! !% "/!  .  !H  / B Z$[ / !66 !

&` ] 7e 7F H  ]/ .7% 6 !# ] U  p-( 7    ]/ 7% s !6 7

= ] =  7K (& .


2 !$ V  [  6 W   1  h-% ]/2 ! - H  7 !6 . 0 ]  

6 ]$K 7 H $de 6 !6 56 p !H 7% s 7%  7  B  ]/.7%

( . !H 76 ! ( !6  %#  6 !U6 (1  ( .  27 = !"6 7%H  H> ! h"- !sd

   0 &H !6 ("'   6 bF 7%H -  7- !6  p-( ]6 ) 1 ( = !B = !6 ]

.

 : G$%! 7K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=351639

k  >8 $ $V ]
0 y@

!  6 7 2`B !"- 6 DmH7 5 !6  7 .

  s`B  7 $w !$% [   !$% 

!H - = 27 L 6= 6  !6 7 %H 6.

($  `B = 0%m !H -`B >6  Lm5

( h$- &   $V !#  .    B

$6  ( - B %H %H  ( - !U6

=.7%$6 h-

6 `B !6 6 E 6 / !B= &6  .-

!H `B &B 7% UWF %H L !6 B  =

6  .%!   7%  !H  26 0 :7%  !5= 0> B  H  .%H

/= 0   2 !H 7%&(`B   K  = .7  B B !- !H 7 !H 7% 1 `e 6 `B

 7   < = ] H  .7 &B &6 / UW !H 6 p6  !# B6

  6 0`B 6%6 .-= 0  &!  7  K6 7& ]/  [ !6 "U  ]/ .

] "e !H 0 !6 E 7%%H  Z- &K% / 7& 2 0 !H -  &6 `B  "$K 

 < 7 ]/ !1V% -  !6 6 !H 0 !2 0`Be !6 ` =6 7  B6 7$ 7 !6 7K

 7 -  !#&! 76 6 7  =  [ !6  &6 !H [B  Z$ !H !U6 / 7 

6 !$ ! 7 6 7K(  e !6 7  6 267 (Z  7  !U6 . / 07 7K76

   [ / 66 7 !6  = m =  !6 W  .7%-

H6 7K &K% ]/

 7K !"H  0 e !6 ( %H !H Z6% = V? - !H -= !6 5 d  -  6? .


7K((  7%B !6 %6 7B !- = 7K ) ( 77K 7(  $# ? 0B- !6 5# H  H B !H = ?

(" !6# = 7 1- .7%H

7K $  ( e !6   < H !6 6.

67K !6 YZ  !H 0 [ ] . cW 6 =  %H  5    & <d < 

 !H<"e !6 h   ]6 7K  H !6 5  = .  7K H !H -- 7K G6% !6

7= 7  !B= !H 7 `B y6 7L =  !H B6  ( &6 7%-]  7% 7K   

< 1- .7%%H

6    !H 7%%H !U6& 7K 1-  7%%H !H  / = /  =    H !6

 `w .76 !H K  B/ 7  7L6 2 !6! H  .7%H

&61( p6 7K $ !6  ?" 06  %Z7K 1 D = d K !6 !H 0B-5 

B =6 - . 2 ? 0 7K B 7 D 7K 1- YZ 7%H   76 6  5 = 6 K7

6 ( 7%H  Z- B6 K !6 5  76 !6 . h(( 0 D Z !6  = 7  !#7( !6 !U6{ Z(  /

B  .

Z6  &K% ]/ Y !H! 7 76  B6 K !6 5 -&! 6  1 D 6  1 D.

Y!  !H = 76 6 7 7! 7 Z( 76 6 %$ !$1-  7K6 7-  !6 B/ !6

? V 5m .- !B=  &6 (`& !H   6 %H ]/ B6- # 6 6U( 0%m =-  .0

!6 6 E =  !H &6&U6 ( 7/ 7K( 7%6 7% ?- .- K 7 Z( 0%m %H !6 $

56 7 6 6 !# W B >?66 7 Z6 . H G%6 76 $ B6 -:

  ^6 ( !H`B 6 cU- !66 7 e !6( - 7  ]/ !1V%.

(    !# !H 72`B(  g( 7  h # = .76 L5    H 5 !6 7%%H = !6 [.

 $w = bF 5 = /  .7%%H

(  ?B V   v7- B !6 !- B 2  7 6  ! / !6 !H 0 T56 5.

6 &6 0[ ( `B -- - ZKH 7F  7%%H ! 6`B .dU-

( !"v K e !6  ]/ !1V% ( 5  .

( K [ (6 2 V H "& ]/! !6 &6 7%6# =  ( 7  7 Z= !H 0 (= !6 V 

(.76 7 ]d

(  / L & !6 &6 .7 7%%H  5  ># 7F %  7.

( 5  L B p6 0% !6 ]/ 5`B 1-  .7%%H

6  2 `B " 6  =6 &76 7(   = e !6( 7 `H.%$6 7

`B 0 76  - -  (e !6 7   $w  27  ! .76(  0%j !6 7=7

6 ZK  H D = e 76 !K - ]/ 6(1  ($ = 7%H F  !6 L- ( D.

7 2 /( 0 . ([$6  (71 ( .- m !6=g( 7   - 7  76 .- !&K%

( g &F !6 !U6  = 7  27% 7%%H !B B =  .

 (  !H !2 &B # e !6( $K $Z H&K% !6   ( e !6 5 $w .  !H !2 

( 6 J !$"< 6 7 >(# 7%H 7 !U6   ( 7 [&K% J ]/ . !6 6%6 .7-6 7= 0   ]/ J

`B &K% p66  .


 : G$%! B-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=366618

k  


(~ J W    6 D%  L !6 ( 

= !6  !H  56 %H.

d H H 0 7  0&B % (7Z  ]

6 5 !6 6- 6  !H  F 27

 B - - . [ w 5 !

   0%m 6 !HH !$"< Z 7 6 0 !H

1H p-( 27] 6 ( 0Z 7 !6 ]6K

.-

(~ J W    6 D%  L !6 ( 

= !6  !H  56 %H .H-  (0%m p"< 1

    ]/ [`  B K6  0.7 7

!H 5%/ H %H %Z6 7%%H ]H - -  %( 7  H = H .76 6 V( 0 

/ B6K < 0 .- L ((H 6 !H# =   H T $6.

H DF- 7%& !6 !H H B (! !V B T$  5 !H DLF D L 6 6 "H> - 5$B D

7e !H K 5%  $B 0 2 s( H 7%   B H !6 1 (7$] .7%%H

(7$] H D H !6 7%%H ]H  !H ( !6 2  L" 7%H W (! !6 .K 7K B !H - #

6 . B = !H -y6 07K W - = ( = -  6 (G H= (7# !m7K ( 57%

7 (71 ^6 > 7 0

e  !6 2 7   6 H ]$- H  L (! 6  0 # H  6 e 7 ^6 !H %H

H T $6 B (. Y/ 6.

76 !H 5% ($VZ  5% 6 D 6 H !H 0 d ?- %Z 6 V ]  / H wH 

 (%&B 7% .7%6 7%%H 0  5 !"v ]/ !6- H .

6 H 06 ? 7  06 !H =  = 2  56 s .  .<" h   2

H ! H B !H 7%# 7% 7%%H - 7H !H 72 V( - !6 D = H ( 7%T2 7%%H

 7%%H 7H D ( V? 7%  7 =6 7% .$(( !m 6

2 6 H 6   B > m 6 ( 7 0ZH .-    !H 7/ 6 !H %H F = !6 0B
Y /`e 7= . (      GK !6 56 = ( H g( "H !6  !6L -(

(L#! %H  !6 '-F YZ \- 0Y  6 ZK D- !6 ZK DH 7$( 7%%H] .7%H

   !"v= 5 &6 !H - `e[` 7 !H 7 7H D \ !1 B 27 T ZK  .76 0 D!m

 !   H !6 7 y- 5%  h 6 s 6 7%] \ 6 J !/.7%

7Z6 !H 07H 7 0 D  Z T 6 >?6 7 0 !6 == !H 7 (!6# ( 6  Z H>

 Z !6 5 =2. Z !- (`UZ !67 0 g( 0 27 H 5 !6B ZW 6 D( 7

 .7%H DH !H -  !m !H 76 6>$U ( B (7%.-

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=272543

k / $ J

6  6 0- !H -  - !6  7&H

 !H 7  s$ /   = 67 !$  0 T6

L    > L 6  "XF .7%H  ]X

B2   !6 2m !H 7  &!  . _( - D

B   7 (_  6 5& T7 6.7

B6 2 p6 K &  7 ( !H  (  %

- [ 0   .  / 0%m 1 D !H

&! =(> 7%H  F !6 = 1/ 6 5> 6 6= 7% =(>

]   .7%H 7 =  -/ B ZK  

7%%H %H 7 5/ !6 .7%%H  ?$B / ! 

 ?" !"v 0  !6 1 ( .7%%H  !6#0

/  7 Lm !H - % b7 5 &

B - = % !6 7F B W 2  .7%H

B 7F2

 D  >F !%  ?V B !6  .7%!

 B 0 XL ( !6# [B !T2 H B .

 T  !H =  & >F !% B 0 ] !H 7

>F !% .- %  !6$ $   7% 0


/ >6 !H Lm ! =  T [ 1( 7%H  ]6 .-

T ?7 ? V

5-BB 7F 0 2 H 0 V? ] !H -  .76 7  $   !6! 76 /

1( 0  (  !H -  1 !67 .7%H  7%K` 5<" h F H 06 !H 7% 7% Lm 

.756

 D D= 7  `& 6 !H -  !6& 27 -  !#%F H 76  1( 6 7= .X 7F  = !6 H 76

`HB 27  !6 5 H .766 2B 7&2 ! 7 7F 7%H  s  ( 6 7 0($ 6 K6

.7%H

 7%m !U6  !$  5 &-% $ !6   B6 7F 0 B 2 7-= .7 ( %H 

! 0  77

 K 0 (H 6 B6 (_  1 p6 [! :

7  7 0 ($  F 6! `- [%   %6   d( . 0 p 6 H `& ]/ !6 ]X

 H D   .7% 66 0 !H - 2/  % 56  7% B & [ 7  ]6%j !6$

 = 7 / BH 7 . - 5 D  > L 7 6  .7%H 6H 0  !6 ?B V  ( 6

H B `- &  7 !6 h(( 0   ]6 =6 .

6 6  0 !U67K s "X - 6 0 B %H ]& !U6 .7&!  [ 0 ?6 !%!6 7

/  [ 2 ]6 7/ 7F 6B  d( .7%H 0 !6 p / 6 %   - !6 70

] 7K  7 h"[ -  (  B 2 [ .72  7  !6  ]6 !H 02 7  !6  v !2&/

 F (  (T2  7 0Z %H !  B  B h"[ - K  .7

B 7%%H  / 0  1 >6 e 7  ( 7%- 6  - ]w   %H  /

( .7%%H  ?$B6 .  = 7& 2 0 !H - 6 7 X / ( hZ .76 5 &! [ !6   < ]6 7

&6 e [" 7%H  h 0  /[ !H - 5&! d !6 /  B D  hZ( .76 2L

=  !6 d D .-

6 -F 6 [ 0 5  7%L6 6 D  7%H >-F !6 by-  F . [ !6 1 B= 6 2

( !H 7%%H  .6 0 ! .7%

(_ { L 5  p6 B =K  !H H 0 2 K  `& YZ 72   7 6

&(`& ]/  L ]/  7F  .7%%H

H =! %H ( !H %vU B6 y( 0%m 6  ! !6 !$  = .77 5 7% <"$ h  &  6

2- .7%F   7 !   Lm  76  =`(  = .7  ( 7%% 76 Lm !U6& = 7

 !5 7 Z- ( 7  ]6 L6 B 76  2.7%

-  !62  s !66  6 !H 7- 0  1 K 27 `K  H  = .7 6 "? ]X - 6 X7 5

^d6   .7&!  % ! $ 7%%H  1/ U% &  !6 !H 7% ! (" !6# 7 e.7

 7/ !H 7%H 7K  V? !U6 ( (_  1  .%j !H  >F " !6 !U6 0[ ]B

 L  s /   7%%H  7 76  !H - 5  =  T2 6 (% !6 .7%H  g w  6

= h- 0 27 .$[ - 5 7  .7%H ] 7 0%j 2 B !U6 ( 7H D 6 >F 0 7 - 7.$[ 0

5 H H =! ] .7%%H

($ B 76
 ( 6 !H [$5 K6  %H76 s% !6 0H- !6  V? sd 6 6 /6 .-  ( ! !"v

F 7  7B 7F ! 7=2 6 !H7 5 .7  7!   %H  7 "6 !6  7F - 

B .%H -  !6  ( 7%%H  g   !H !U6 = !6w !6 L   7 = 6 (g -2 7F .7%%H

&] -- #   !H D  [ 0/  7%%H 7%[ B !6[ !6 - 6 ]6 7%

5  1-  6 !H 7%%H (  = !U6' d !T2  .

- : G$% D(6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=331458

k 0k$ /k A4/

6 H`# ! W !6 !H 

F 7 !U D "e7 !%! !K 0

 !H 7s 6 6  !6 6-76 7B #H !H 7%7%

6 7  !m !65 B .7%-6 7%  6 7-  !6

( !5m (H 0Z 6 #H !H6 7 !m !67 7F -

%H 2- 0 (0 m B $ 6 6>

  6 7  &6 ( 7 &F  0Z( !6 G

!66 L 7- !67  ...%H $de s

"BK m 0/ 7 B !H!- ( g 27

B # %H  K g( !m !H ! Lm !m0

/ !6 &66 ] 0 !H  ZW $ W !6

  !H( GW  6 7 76  %   ( g( !6 - !K   ! .L6 &F !H -#%( K1

7K!m (.K L 6 6 &6 6 B &? K Lm !m !6 !H %H -6 - V !m !6 6- 6 7

  W - (2 0 ( .d (7$] 7 !6 D  . 6 27!.

(m - 

 L6  71 H6 ( !H = 1- H = DH 6 &?  K !H 6 -   !m (LH

%HL6  !6 m  m .-   ! !H = ] `K 7%H !s/ !6 !H 7%H DH  !6 -

e ] D (V"Z !H %H !m!%7K!m K 67H 7 D  ( %H ( 6 .

=!  6 7m D  6 B( (6 7%H - 7 ]/ # :7

-  ! ( (
  -  B !H(  6 7%H 7- 6  !6   - 6  = 7 56 s `w .7%H ! ( 7 -  0

6 7  ]w([$  ]g B 27`Vd( 2 !6 p"( 6 B" !6 p"( ! .76 7 7#%2 ...

6   67/ - ( > ]K&      - ? 7%H =  m( .7#%56 0= Lm B7 7%

6  !H  =6 7% 7 =  / 6 7%H (& 76.7

(

6  7H  H -  !HB !6 7( (   .7 2 =  !%6 GW   7 7 VB 76 7

h(( !6 !m(GW B( (76F  -B !6 (0( 766 .7  7H 7 !2 0 76 Z$[ .7!H -

    6 !%1 5 B6 7.

( 71- T<H

Y/ D ) m( 7%H -( (! ] !6&) 71- T<H D = 7Z( !6  H -  !H 6 > `w) 7(

(%H .7%H 7%6  7H ZUK ( 7  !H? H 6%6 7 .7  >?6  ( 7 7%6D

%d% pB !H 7%H - B !6 !H( & 7 `w .7 2 S B !6 (  7 %d% pB 0 = p-

7&6 >?6  7K!m !H( F (0 (DmH %d% pB - L LH !6 D L .7%H - 7 "B !HB !6 K

76K .7  0  !67%  D (K p !"6 .7%H - - "H  D (V H6 B ZW( 7F

bF .7%H F  !"/ 0m D  ! B 7 ]H 7 ( !H 7 B &m >F( 6 ( 7%H hV7

!67( 6  ?&  - !6 H/.7

  !5m (%H -

V( 6 Y/ &m " !H( 76 7 6  !6 6-  7H  H -  !H 77T2 .7%H7

6 !H   6 7 7 eVB  :76

.K :76 eVB 6 %Z K  !6 &?"Z (s7 Lm !m !H 7%H 56 `w .- 7L>   6

B "5 ( !&F cU- B !  !%7 0 H $de.

]6K7$ :76 22"H 7 # 6 .7"Z 7 !m 6 !H 7%H - !67(  7 !m 6!"- 7- = !6

56 `w .7#%-B !H 7   6  "5 `H6 ...7 6 ... (  ... .%H &F ...cU-

]6K :76 6-7T2  6 7 < ]6K6 .7$ 6-( 7 "  6  %Z 7- !6

= 7 `w .76 h-% H 2 `H 6  eVB "5  s7! 76  ( ( 0L!% 7! 76

7( -? %6 7.

$ :76 >?6L5 77(  &? !H 7%H- K<>  7 !67( .716 7K!m 7(  &6 L5

 6 !  # 7%H= 6 (/ %H = 7 = $ .7%H

 7%6! !m ( !H 7%H ?& :76 B 7 07 ( .7&?6 .d"Z !H 0 ( !H 7%H' 7- = !6 7

!m B - ^6#  L5  B  6 .7 7 - D 6 "H F !6 6-7 &? 7%H 7/

p- 0  (' 7(H( "Z !6 !H 7%H7 L( 56 `w .7-6 7 6  "5  - (

 %H  ( >  d !  >?6 B Y / . -7( %6B .7  ( 7%H DH 07 6

1(  (.K! . D7 (]  7 = #% :  2 H $de !66  "5 76 

&F ( 5  H m) -% -( ...!- ...7 6 `H 2 /  H 6 d .! -

7 0 !%7( 6 6 .6U 7 !H 76 (m -  = 66 7!V?& ] 7   :76

>   6 7- !67 :6 %Z 7- = !6 76 Lm !m 7  56 7 !m T56.7

5  7 


(!6#  

    : !6 >?6 0 >    (Lm 0 .7%

   `w :6 !% 7- !6 D7 Y 76B  p6 .7%H K

7 p-

( 0Z7 p- )7/ /`Ue (p-   . [ H !"F  .- 76 6 7! w D 

7 7/ p- &  6  . B  !H 7%HB 6 7 B !6 D  $ 6 `w .7 (   !6.

bF7-  !6 7 V    - ( 7- = !6 $# 7V 2K( 7 06 &? ( 7%HK

 #= !6 7-6 H76 77#( 7 7 T< 7%H  ( e 7%H 2B- (Z B ( #  .72

2K( 0%m 0 7% %6>F -7-  !67 6 "e     V !6 `e .7- "e

W bF 6 !H  7H 7 !6 !( 6 !Hm 0  6 B (!"F 7%H 0Z  7/ p-  &?

.7%H

!e`B!H0

6 =! 6 7 6 7%H 7 0 ]/ 76 (   # :7

(7( &? .7%H

(7( .7%H 7%6

6 ( 7- !6 07(!6 (.7%H s%

 (Q ]/# !6 =< .7%H

 (S # !6 !H= -%H 7 ( 7%H  7- !67( .7%6

 !6 !( 6 (a !6 !H #= - 77K( ( s%  `e .7%H

 ( a ( ]/ (   !# !6 ( 7%H .7-6

! F !%[` m 0 6 77%m K6 D 7 7 !6 /`Ue  m( !H 7%    p

?" %-  1 27 B6 7.

(m -  ZW !U ( 7%H  DH  !6 B 7-%&6 ( .7

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=370802

/V 0k J 

 7  !2 !6 B  27 %! 7 >?6 [ 0

  >% B ] = . !m! (V " 0


( - 7%%   .7% 7 !6#( 6 !

2 B%" :7 (& !6 = 7  = 

=7%  ."B ".7%6 !12 !" 0 LgF -!

h K "! - 6  7.-

   d  27 &?  7%%! 55m !6 !6

0 5 B  76  71 ? 7FB 7 .7= 7% b

=2!  76B !m - -76 !m #  7%  0 !6 - 7-6!  76 76! - = 6  27

J( ? 6> T2  !6! (76 .- ! 0!  7 1 `e! = !6 ( !m  &F G  7 27

("' B6 7%> ."B - 0 .- 0? bF  7  #  5  V7%

`e  &B = .7 K! [&  = ?  7  = !6 ^d6 7 05&B 7%%

7  6 =< B ( 7% & %26 .7%  (7Z  0 = !   5 `$ Z6 !6  0

! ? h/e 0  -% 7:

 =7 K - `K

  V 

(  76 K 7 B c$e 7

"!  ! B

? !d$e

5- &7 )  $2(

/F

7 bF F  ! 5 K .72

 0B7

7e   7%F .5 2 76 7 B  = 7 % T566 V( 7 !2 6B 7! !$ = - .

Y ! 76 7%&%6 (  ! (s !6  &F G  7%  by- .7%  0 6 7%m  5

7% 7%$6! 7  "K7!B 7 = = !   7 ZK 76  7%F 7% 0!  B(  !6

-  $w 6 1%& .7 0vU

 5 !  ( 7 7F   76 7%  [% B 6 76 = .

[ 6B&  %vU G6% !6 .7% !  = !6 ! (s ? e e   7%

.7%

0 7-y6!  !m 76   .7%%6 76 hK! TF  !6s 0   g( -- 76

 .7% !$s !6 L2 m 7% 7%6 1 !  0 -  5    >B 7 =  m .6Um

>  .76  / 02  - 7!  0  7%F -  6 - >/`e  .7%   1 5  7-F

 p  ? s ( 7 .7% - 0!  !6 76 $ 0  !.7

 b6 ZK 0 e [ !6 .- w  (  "76" = 7 ( 7 = 7%F !6 [% 7  (!

B 7!  $ 7% 0 $K ]6K !6) .76 /  b  = >B7 /B 7% 2 !6 (!76

 [B 0  - 1  7% & 1 2 7%! !"6 0  B  6 [B !6 0   7#

? 7 .7 6  / 0B !6 7 6 7 6 ]/ ]& 0 T/ 0 m 76 76&.7

 6 !6 - !( / 0 7% = y6 [B !6 :7>% 6B [ 1 " 5 !  7  7%<"h
ZK  $B 7%  &6 GK 6 ("  "  - (V <. >6 ZK

 0   !"v 76 - 2 d " !6   7K !6 L (` 6 ( g 6   .-

Z6 0  7 7 B 6 2 0<" :7%( 0 !- ( !  - 6 0 6 % T56!"   0

 $ g( !"6 .- T/  5 -= !%    0 $e !- &F   F g( !- %

T2 0 >%  7%F .7%  0 s 6B 5 -6 0 7 s & -$w L5

6 K (`  7%! ? ( % T2 0] =   >F.7%

=<  W ?  s  1% - /> [d ( g (` 6 % T2 0 6 7%F.7

 7Z6 (7 7( !6{ =  =B  7% !6 - J (`Z( % $/V B 7% - 7.7%

?[$B    7# ?  0&F 05&B%  $/V 27  6 ? 0 = 2 TF T

6 W %B .7%

 0 !m >6 ! - 6 B T/ .  V? 76  0 ."B 7%F^6 7

 7! 5 6B  $w 7% %?- 0  dB d 7%%  7% .7%  L B

  B ->  .7%B 2 7 07K   7%  B ! L  !6 - 

- e e ( 7 7%   71 !X `w .7 B> 7%!  $w g( 2 ( !6 7

 56 7 Y  6 &? m .7% ! 6B >%  6   "X 0%m 0 !( ]6K K

.-

bF   B !6 !"/( F !12 .7 5    7%  W 7K  B(  6B $w

-! 6   B 7.

F 6 12 7! (   h ! = !m! ?  G 7 -! !   - !Bm Z

.27

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=254174

/Lk  /0 @;    <W@& >8 ZJ

B 7  !$% 7%H  !$% 56 7  !$%6

("5 ( - 7%H H ? 7 !?6H !2 B

6 7 !6 !$% 0 - 7K 7L6 - ...H 0

 .7%H  B 7H 0 # 76 7  Y L5

6 # H   6 H 67K 0 7 .75


s% ( 76 1 D 7   !6 7%H &H76 L5 7

(&(. m .7%H s%7  6 H !m B( 7&F !6 7

B( 76 L5 7 7K  6   67 7% D

B . !H.7 7

L5 B !6  B6 L5 K(1  !H 7 B7

!6 7-6 7 H # 76 7 [ !6   L5 #

H 0 ! 2 .76K ]& "BB !6 !H -

76 L5 Lm !6 !H  B  Z$[ ] .-6 7

1[ !6 0 H !6 KH 5H .7%H h<( s !6 27 Lm 0 - = 7 !6 GW W

 6 "g H - 0!B 6 (HL6 -  B7"( 0L 6 (H ...  0s 

B H H  $ 6 - 6 7%H  B ]w7 H D 7 7 7#%2 ! !6 27 

 Z D7 % .7 2  s!6B  7- 7"6 6  ?7 H D6 ! 6   6 2

B !6# H 0   ]/ ]&  . 2 "B .7% 76

ZK 0B  !H -  . B 2 27 .

 0 B !6 !H   !6# H   .%H 7  76 ?- T2 (7 !H # = H T

6 .  wH H H  / B 0 = 7 !6 K# =  H "B 6   %H p

= # Um . B !6 76 L5 6 6 !%B !6 7( 76 L5 7 !67( 7-676 Y B - 

7%H B( 7-y6 !6 2# H (s   !m 7%( K1 7 { 2 &F 7 0B # 7 H 0 .m

( #%6 Um !% (B !6 7( 76 L5 7 6  .%H

56 V( (B !m 776 7  07  ]& "B 7V6 !H -B !6 7( 76 L57 6%6Y 0 -7

&? 6  7- = !6 (= by- 7%H 2V >?6 !6 H ( (DmH ( 6 ( / 7  7# =

66.7

(&F ( 76 7%H 2 & L (&F { H !H#  7  .7%H $JH 0  !6

& 7m 7 67  !"e 7 7m = !6 L7 D .77 H5  !6{ 7 $J 0  !6 L5!6 ( 7

(`( ! .7

( (VZ  `  >?61- V( 7%HZ  `  >?6 L5 7% ?j    ]d!H 5

Z (7 K -  .77 (V  B  !H !6 7  = !H 77-  !6 7-6 7 L5 7 &

 7 7- % ZK? H .7Z D  "! ( ( ]w (H  ! 76 ( 7Y L5 6

&F 76  !6.7

" (Q? 7 B !6( = H  !6{ = (! B !6 7%H( = m !H 7%H B !6 7 07 .7-6H 0

" H !H#  7  !6=  Z$[ "B .7%H2 !H -  Z  H " 02 !H -

  !m %H 7 .6 ! 6 D = 7 Lm  %( 6  !H - (  (` 6 = !6  .

= (S  ] !6 = 7 7V !6 K 7( 7- !6 7%H Z- 7# =  7%H =  XL !6( K

 .7 2 07  (Tg!  h-%= - ! 7 H 2 (` 6 &F (  "g  Lm 5= -

 XL !6( K  .7 !6 K# H  = 7%H H Z$[ ] !6  = 7 Y 5  = !6  .7%H

! : 2 = !-  !H 7 7 !6 [ Y -  7 [H !6 .$  ( 7%%H 6 !H 7 = $B6

6  .76H 0  0 -(L5 7%6 UB !66%6 7  6 0B !6 H -( - / 7 7 (H H  Z
 7 bF = 6 H !6   Z!  ZK .7  p ( g 7 6  - H( !6! 76 Z-

H !6 !6 .$[ 7%H( y67 H 0   (  7%H ( 7 W !6 $   !6.7

`  >?67[ 6 12 !H 7- !67( Y -&!  6 L5 B !6( 7F .7%H D 0-

76 !H 75 Um H 0 #  7 !m !6 $ 7 L5!7 K ] #%    ..%H H

 L#Z 7K(  h !H &F !6 H 7 L6 7%-6 0&F K`B !  = !H - 7  7K

("7 0) .7 ( &6 (0 e   -m 7% e [` H 2 27

 %F  7 () .7 7 (

F : G$% 5[` -`e

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=371149

/Lk O/6 /$

0! ! $ F  B / 27 %

 

 ]$K  6 Lm76 7 ! 7Z6  0   !

6   L6 !m - B (7%B 1U .%6 5

5 7! T56= !6 7 7Z6 -6  = .$[ .%=

 7e 0 -! 7Z6 7 F7B  %(  7%% =!j

7 B> 6 7 .7?6  2 L 0 !- 

 7   ]$K h BB ( (B= ]$(- 0

(V  7%  /!  F 2 0( !6 K 7  F F

Fm [` - 5 < <!V F 6676 B

pK 7 7 ...  $!m 7 ! (V  F 0

6 dU- 76  ..-

6 7 (7%B 56 56 `Z 7 >F 7 60

K/!  6 7%- 7 . ...76 L#Z s%

2 / 0 2 7 Z- 7 !6 7% / 0 7F

7%! 7B 6 70 6   !2 s ( 6  %(

(  = 7 !66 - %Z .7 !12 0 0 -! 6 2 ! 76!  60 =  / - 0(1 .7

 bF 7% 7%6& 7!  6( !  / (` 6  >%B !m 7 7 . 7! 76!


(!/ m B !m 76 0vU  %( !"6 7 7! 0(1 B 7.

hB ( 2 #% !6 & 7 7-6  7 %  56 ! = 7 F  (1e !m 1m .7 2

1 m 0 !- B  !6  %(  6 F  7% B  7%! !6 !j%m[ 0 . ?  [ 7%%7

& 7! !2 !6L L 76 B 5.-F 7%

6 bF (6 1e 7%m   6= !6 7 7% 27 F :%

(

2   ]g !/ 6 776 7 7!  &?6  h= 7- .-!T2 L6   7!  7K 

L6( L 76 -! =  6 &26 B &6 L6 7 6%6 0 2 7 F7 (- !6 6 6 7 ! 76!

  0 76  F !2  !6 7%"6 ? 76 .7- ]w 7 6- # ZK 1- 7% !6 .7L6 UB

?- ( !

7  ?-(67%  -6  ! ! [ ] W/ . ! - !66 /  

  6 %& ?6 7 5% / ! 7K>F 6 ... =7K !6 0 !  ! 7Z6 ! (7

  0  6 5 !6  (7$]  7 =  7 GK 5 . ...7 2m 0 6 776 7 7!  7 F

 1! ?-( 7%7% 7K h/ 6 %Z -%   B !6 W/ 6  7% % 0 p67e

 (]6K  e L  7B7%F! !7%%

& ( 6 -B6  !Z

!6[( 5 = !7%6 (6  F 7! 27`2  %( ! =  =!B 7  ! - 7 F

6 ( ?- / 7 !6$ 7& 7% W 0 56 7m 7 ! 6 -Z K (27 B7

 . !- 0 (  7% !6 / / ( K .7%

s (Q - 6!T2

-!T2 $ / ] 7 F (# ( !"6 76 05%- 7 / - 6 B - 7 =<  !6 B 5

6 . 7 F L / 7% ( = #! ( !6 7[`   B [B .7 `# ! VK !W.7%

(S7&

7& =L" 57%  0[`   -!  !6      & b/ h/e7% &m bF

6 e # = L( 7.7%

d ( 

  !6 V? .$  ?"  7 K   7  !j%m .7%  ! "& K/! 7%6

- -!6 ]  7   ( !6 76/  !Z 7%%. ...

( (L

 J(6 7% B  1 67  0Z 2 s . 5  V F7 !# !6  L2  (g

  7 6%6 L  0 .7%(V? 27  d7- = !6 %6 .7 2 &`  m! 2 =7= 7

7 B !6 = 7Z6 .7% B6 ]/  !6 B (L5.7 7

B (7 (6

7 F B 17 (6 6 B m 72 s ! L- 7% L  bF7 L6 -! 76  60

6 BB  [( ?6!7

...   !6F 0  !6 ( 7%= >- 7 [B !6! 76! FT   ! 6 !5m 7%= 6 7

 .7%%
 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=244036

/Lk 
4& ( n >8 Za

6 7%m 56 K - e(  B ! / 7%

(? . . .6  F  !2( (

K - e(  = 6  !6L6 6 7%m

6 56  !6 0 0 7 - ( . !6 `e-/ 0

(  7  ZK! /  / --#

6 12 !"6 !"6 & 0 B  Y ! (  67

 ( &- 76  0  1% 0 6 7%m 6 70

( .%

(`  % -!  0 06 -  76 .

27K0 -7 7 $V 5! `e  !T2 7 [B !m ]$K 6 6B .7%

 F >F  2 =7    7%!  ^6 / / !67 7%L6 5! =%

B !6 /  6 >[ 77 .7 & 27 Lm    ! 6& 6(Lm 0  6.

5"e/6 5B ?- 2 27  ^6  7  = 7% [ ! 6 7 B !B# 76 7%

0 0 $V ^6 - 7 =  .

0W ( !% 6 K  1 - 27 "B eVB 0 76 B  K !6 . Z ! !%

<"7 p.

6%6B !m 0 - 0(  !6 GK L ZW $ 7 5 B !6  %!   2 6

!m  .  6 d- F7 7 p6   ! 2 2 =  = %27 $

 ]w - .0

0&  !6   !6 !   /B !m 7% - !6$(  .7%

( 7%m0

6#( 00 6 ( $w 7B p6 (  ]w  0 g( 27.7

0&%6 B 6   0

!6\- 0Y   7% B 6( e 76 K ( 7! 2 7 = 6 ( !m7

Z- &6 7% =! s  Lm ( !6 Lm 76 .7&?$6

27  # b/W ?$B ( e 76 0vU 76 6 6 7- !67 7F B 7.
e 0   U  $d( B6 Bm .7 7 =   Z-6B 7%% 5 $ .7%%

% BF 7%

$ B %Z !6 0 Lm 0B- . 0 B 0 ( # 7%2 0 6  #  dB / B7

 7 = 2  # 7 dB &6 .

( s <7 ZK! .76% s <( ZK 7 6 6 2$V  B-2

" 2 .7% B 6!- - B .7% - K BB 7(    ! -6 >

# .7

-> 7%

 L2 B ->  7% "6>  !6 05%- 5 / .7%  .7% ZK = [B !6 7!   

?-  6.

5% 6 $  h B Z- 7% 56 >F 7! ( 0$ " 2.7%

" !6 $ 567

Z- 012 !6 7%" !6 $ B  .7%  !    6 # 6 / / (& .7%

Z- 7% " `( < !6 & 1- .7%

 0 ( ]w (` `w <" 5  dB "B  !6 !%  & . &( !$ ` 6 - ($w J

 "! $ ( ( 7 ( / !6   76.7

!6  7%! ( 7(  !6 $#  ! - h<( 7 .7% 2 0 \$ J  5

=> 7% !6 ! 76! ( 0d (Z (& GK!6  (  K L5# .7%

/ 7L6

  =%( 2E ! !6 $ 7 h$- ` 7%!K/ 7 .7L6 K 7%! 22E B B

 `w2E  ( - 7  =  6 / .7L

=  !6 Z- e 7% !K6 2E  $w / ?B V 6 12 2 .7%  !1 B !6 p(

VB 7 F !6 6 7 7 7 B 6 $.7

 K/ T2 !6 $ 07 5   .7%/ !6 7 27(  ^6   0-/

7F  !6 $ .7% - -! s !"-  6   $ 2 7 767 0`B & .

-/  (T56 J.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=260416

/Lk 
>8 ZJ ZA
6 B !% 7%H ] 1H  76 72 V( 27 7VK 2

0 1(6 !H 7 ]  !6  0Z 6& 6

 ( 6 76 !6 7  B  76 7%Hh(( 0

6 !%  1 - 1- 5 "6 7%H 2 7W

B p  6 ^/ 7%H - 7%$6  !m!m p-( U

  -1- K  2 by- 7W ( g[ 7

( 1 B % . 7%H 7%

 ("!  6 !H 7%%H !j  27    =2

. 7%H hH

 D L( 6 (  h 7#%6 ]( 6  (V

56 7 - !2  ( 6  ZK 6 

  62 7 !j  . 7%H D (L  0 p

7K GW ]  6 bF 7%H 7 7K GW ] H 7K GW .

! ^/%H %Z !6 !"6 7% 7  %$ 6 27`-  7% &?6J. -

 Y  $ p-( 75 !6 - 7 7&H =  K - 2 ) . 7K( 7%  / . ( -

   ]X6 5 B6 1H  7K !T2 7%6 ) . -H 2   !6  #   K( 7 &F

6 0 ( . 7K 76 !T2 7%6 7Z6 !H %Z 0 ( 7 hH !6# 7 "U  !e 0 0 ]5 F

. 7%H 1V

7%m% 6 V 7 7 2 : !T2

Lm ( (TF g . 7-%&6

 ( 76 hK[ 6 !67 2  !T2 . 7%% 6K

7  !6 ( H -/  Y!  !# 0  Ty6 7 / B % % . 7&?6

($ B 66 1H 2 L !  L2  ) 7%    ! 7 %Z (.

5 7%H Z- !%  %F &?6J B 76 7%H 7% !H %Z 0 7X( h" !6  5 7! . 766 2 !6 7

6= !H 7 [  !H"  6 72 7%%H  J  `- B 6! . 7

Y - 0  H 7%H Z- !H  H 06 Z( 27 ! ) 76B V? 2 B "g   Z 6>

 bF 7#%-H !H K  V? 7K 7%H. ( 7

$ 7 Z- ! 0  !6  ] 6 !H F  !# !6VB 6  . %H

(  !6 

( 7K GW ] 7%H

( 7K !T2 7%6

2 (Q L !

(S %F &?6J

 !6 (a 6 !H !5= 7"  6 7 7%%H

( (Z H 27

!% =2  B K : ? V  ZK ( L. 7


 !B : G$%&-% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=248280

/Lk   _ 0  >8

%H ]B B = 57%  76 1e `e Z6  ]w

  >1H !6 !H - F ! 6 7$m %m - !6

F 7 !H $m7 = d .-

-% -B  D &]  m 7% 77Z

  !6 `$ 0`B -/ ! & m B

 7% / 6 -/ & &$d !6

7 K L.D

bB " 27

 " s?- -%  2E  $w /

  ( !H - $ !  6 -1( H7 L =-

 . B6 0 2E   6 e 

7F  7%H ( 0  =  !6 )bB-( (7$]

.7%H

-B  B bF7 H   

( K6 ($ 65 2!2 % / G

(! >6 !6 7/ 5 6 - =  7VK !6

& ... 7.

=  / 6 -/  !6 !7%%H -Bw 0 (!

7%H 7 \!- H !%7% H 6B !6 2= 7%%H

- -B  F 6 ( 7    7/&( ]K . 6  (& (7 .7%H

?- GK e !6  6  0  m ! (` H7%>   6 bB  G =  !H

?-( 7% & 76 .7 ! 0 L ! ( K6 ($ 65 !6 ] -B.-

B -! B

 7 # `& -B  6  bB# (  !H 7%H= 07 7  G (7  % .- GK

-B  7 H7 =V? 7 e  = 7 B 77! 6 5 %H !6 W/ Z!-

 !6 . h(( 0 >6 !sd ]$K 2 !"e G    !6 L% (7$]  ( .B p !K #%
W %H  7Z6  `H ZW m 7%H 1 F 5  .-

7Z6 (&] B6 bB  [7 !6 0 6 p6 0 6  = !U67T2 J( 5 (  !H 7/7 !6 7

7#%6  != 5 ) 1 ( 6 ( 7%6 -B ]& !6 `$ 7% 6 %H  T .7$6  (`& 0 27

 B 6 bB ) 7( ( !6 0  H:

( - K6 ($ [1 0 ( / 7% -("H 0 6 L=$d 6 -/ B 1- h  .7%%H!%

2 "H 0 1- = 7%%H =>  7& 7 &!  / 52  /  =  & 7.

B  = s !6 - 7 W < Lm -  6=  !6 - F D6 bF7 B . 77!  !H "d `e  7

?F 0 / !6 = .7  GK$  F  6 7 B  7! .-

 !"e - p6   7 -! -B X 7 ^6 & 27 =    m 

[( 0 7 [ 1 -/ [  ]6 =6 T56 .7%H !% G [ !6 5 ]H  ! .-

-($  ^d6 !6  G   7d  .   6 L  G  bF - 7 D [6 Y 7! 

B  m !H 6m F 7%H 0Z( bB .7%%H

- 7 7 !6 !6) 07H !%6 !6 D -Bm (7%6  (` 7  !%  W.7%

 0W  ]XH ( -   =  ]  . 0 7`B6 0 7H 0 2 6 !H - 

7 LH !% =    - 7%%H (` 6 H  &6 &F7  7%%H  GK( p.7

 -   bB !"v 7%#%-   ]X 6 F =(  7 7%%H0Z( ] 0 Z `w .- = 27

&$d 1H "$   7 B7  7 ! -$ H 0.

6 2V( - B 7 - !"- 6 L% 6 6 7   6 .76 bB 7e 0  6 7&! ]

7%%HGK  ! 76 " 6 !H 7 bB !6 .7%H GK[ h(( 0  ]6  BV% 7 .

 s !627 !H [ 0B ]H 5 B 7 !6  27 7  !$

- =!  ( 6 "U &%H  - 6 bB!  - p6!  7% = ] ! 

B !6 - E H h"- - .-

- 0 =6      7%%H ( `- !H 7/  Z K UB 2.

-

6- &  7 2  ( 0Y`B -/  !H - = !6 bB m  .-% ]

6 "e  / 0 L% 7 =  .7%

[ % 7  %( ^6 G 6  = X   0 7&( ^6 7B 2 .7 7  GK ^6  = 7

( &! (7%6  % / !6 2 5 =  [ .7%%

 5 &` -/ 0 6(6 6  /  #5 .- 6 ! !6 Lm? E ) H p

? !6 ! BH  = (ZK !6 (6 ! 6  27$( ...]  .7%H ! 0    (  / !H %

 $V  =   7 !H = ^6 B  = ^6 B .

 / ]w 5 G6 X ! D Lm ( 56/ 7 Bd 5Y`B -/  6 !6 `$

-B .- 0  H L( ( !H 7 "U (  =  >6 !  7 B

.7%H

%H !m  = 6

! y6 [B!6 6 !H   bB 2  6%66 p 0`( 7 ( %H (7Z] ( .%H

 ZUK 6 6 0  7  6 p 0  6 7 :%H


Z$[ - bB 6 %H Ty6 6 !6 !H  6 -B !2m  .7%6 0  ^6 ( 

6 .76 ]d( ]6K

% ]w !6 !"6 - !"6 0 ( L J  "U 7 / . 0 (7 6 7 ( &6 .

>F - B 7 !"- 6 L% 6 & 6 .%H `B& sH W bF ( - B$# 6 7

!6 & !6 . G h(( 0 #%  7 -!% H.

6 - B7 ?6  %( V  ]$K 6 0 L% !6 /  [` 76 ( / %HT2!7 !6 -

7( .7 !H %H .6 V( 0 `- -/   Y .-

Z6 - `( -B !6 `$  ( 7%%H h-% 1e 0 `e .7%%H e 0 6 &"& (` 6 !H ( 0

.%H DH  = !6 7%%H 1e

 $ % 7 0 ? %H X =   56%H . DH 6 ( 6 7( !6{ .%H !$"< ]& 6

- !H   < 05  $V / 6 %H 6 ! !$ #% !6 !"6 (76 cW !H

  / .&H  #B cW( 0 6 6 5%"( U% ] !6  / (7# s7  h-%

.-

-[ !H H 0 6 -/ ( L  .7%  ]6( 0$# 6%  % [  %H

[ !H  ]6 H H 6%  !6  g( H 6 .  B !T2 ( !6g( /(  

# .%H

- 27    ]w !6 !"6 7# !6  7 !6 p .7 (76 cW !H7F 7 0   ( - 6!6 7

  = 7/ T56 p .[ 7Z6 !Z  - 6 !H 0H> !6 & .

- 6 bB 0 !H 6B !"- -! 7%6 6 B 7 Lm76 = "$ !6 (! 7%%H 6%6  !6 0

?7  ?H  (& .%H !H 0 L!% B 66F Lm 7H B H   &( .-

(&6 . ( 0  $w 06`& B6 0   .-

6 - ( ]B B L% 7( !6 ( %H 1{ (g(  p# .

6 -- =% GUK% !U6 0 m Z( 1/ 6 .  =7 7( !6 ]& 0{ [6 B.7 7

-  DLy%  & 56 DH.

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=292972

/Lk&  >8 50 

 27!   67Z  --   0 !H 76


L !6 -  ?" &B 6  #  &B .7%H

# - &B !6#( 06 6 1( &B  6 . 6

&B  ?" 1 5BF !H = .-

 YZ B  !H 7%-F ] m 0 &B

=  0 p!  7  05&B

7F m 0 ]  / (  !5m 76 ]& -

H ]/

(  !5m 7 B &B -H

( {- &B !  "B {H  !H -  BB 7%

 = `B .7%%H (76 $V GK  / 0 !H - %H

=  $V .7L !--(L5 0/  1% !H - X2 D(   = Lg !H ( 7%%H 7 6 wd6 0

B &B ( 7%H  F - 6`B 6 &B .%H  B 5 < < !V >?6 & / =  ( &B .76 7 / D

6 5?5 7 # 7 5% 6 7 Ud h-%  Hd 6 - -/ !H -!   =  !6 (!6#

 7%%H  ( &?6 &B 12   27 - ! = !2 !6 ( 7%%H  !6# 6 7%%H  Z-&B 6 !5m !H 7

B %H 62 .7% 6 71 !H - 2  6   !H .7% #  &B] > 22 7 "!:

(#   !6 !"/ = )H ?( ]wH d( 6 / H >d L- L !"/ (...[ 7 e

&F 6 # H `B 6 ] B UW  2  .5 wHK  6 K 0]  d !  27

 6 0 H  B &B 6 ?B &B 0 ("  .7%%H 7%m  Z6B p6 ? &B 0 <(  h7

H- 76  (d &  H  B  %( ! !H - &B J( !5j 6 06 7 $V !"6 (760

  B76 = .-#1 6 ^6 YZ &B= &6 5?5 >?6   Lg !H-/ (%H d ?

.7%H  05&B &6  #%- s !H 0 >6 6 !%   7e ( 7  b%  - %- 05 6

e !2 -] # &B 7%%H  d ! = 6  6K - !2 .-6 0 -  &  :-0

 7 !6 '-F- 0 ] !H# &B 7%%H 6  ]X ] 7% &` VK 7  7 ( p-5 7

 "U p  27 6 ] L ]w 5H %1"( / ! (  K76   K 7Z6  .7%0%j

  5 (  !H ^6 7%L>  $V =    ?-F 6  7 :- QQ) LK 7e(  & )a

(7e = ) 6 (7e  ) a 56 !H (7e   5  p #  .76  6 d L $V

 ?-F ( p-5?-F 0 6 2(Y6 5BF :7L 0  ?-F B !6 VB  1( 6 6  -  K

K ! .-   %H 1( 6 &B( 2- H B (Y6L 07 %H  $V GK -  7Z6

K  .7%!  =2   !H F  %H (   76  5j6 B  B pd Z

22  F &B 5BF (  K 6 !H 5 H F> T2  K J( ! ~ ]/ 55m .K

H 0%m 6 5 - 7%  7%H/ !% 5% B ! ~ ]/  L 0  ? 7%H 6%6 .- 0B= 0

 &B = 0B% H %H !6 = !6 &B D  $w W 6  0 -   0e  27 

( 76 [ 0$ 6 !6 . 1H 27 = DH 7%.

 %Z  27 B ($ 6- K  ]Vd( pd H B  6 6    !HB6 7%  h-%

! ~ L=  ]/ !6 .-   7/ !H 1% J( ]K /  5 T56 6 B &B !2 !6

6 J  .U !H  7d( - ?"  56 22 !H - 6  &7 B &B 6

 Z6 72  0 #%2  HF : 7K Z 76 . b1%( ] H ` ) 0


L  76 6  /7 5?5 !6 7= ZW (  g 7% / %W-  &B h !H W F 7

  (7%H ( 7 B7F = e !6B B H 2 7 H H ( -  !6  pd e( !H

 p %H  B -  !%! 7 (76 h ^d6 W  6 0B= !6 &B < (  512 (]Z

6 `H  !6 &B D  0B= $wB !5m !%  ( ZK D 5BF! B %H = 0B!%

6K !5m 5BF! ? & 5 . 676 7 !H 2  !"/ B76 &B # B 7%%H $V 

 5= % 0   (? J 76%6 .%= 0  6 K6 ($  U%  6 h-%5  ( 7  

%H H> J  &B 1% = 1/>  `-  6  J2 GK.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301528

Ak  
  >8 $

= ( %H 6  (1  ( 6 !H  !6 - !H

(V  7%H =7 !- K 7%H DH &F "B /

/ !% 7   =  % 6 K `K 

T26 7%  ]w 6 0 BY6  = !H  7  .7

EF&5 66 0 !H 7 !& K 7  6 7%6

 = [ !6  7% ]"Z( ]6   K  ( 7

- !H 7F# 7 !6 #% B - .

 B - 2  7  = >F "B - B !% 

( !6 V %6 >F ]6K 756 !H 6 .d( 6 .-

[ - ) ]$K 5%  & 27 2 bF

=( d !6 !# 0H !m !H 77-   ( 7

%H   !5  !m" 7 h$- =   .

6 !$ !( 7 & 6  %( !H 7 0]  ( !Z[K

d  = !H 12 7 !6 `B 6 !"6 7% =  ( !H 12 ] 6H  6  27  0

(  0 (5 g   1% (7Z] = K6 ($  -`& GK !6 ?&( .- ( -- ] 0 1/

 !6 !U6  .

s%$/e !12 !6 <"B h  B YZ `& 2   6 `( !2 `& ]/  ( 7%%H! ]X

/ !6(B !U 0 ( 7%-6  0 p   6 !H 7 &]  7 6 6 !% &` 6 %H ]/  = 7 !6
 ?&( GK  76 "  = &F 56 6 .- .d( 0 Z U 6 !H 5 B p6 2# 7

H - D ! (  6B !6 !H 7%& 7% !H 7% & 27 /  F.-

122

[ !6 "H! -  K s`& - !6 ] 7  ($ 7F h-% `H=  7  %( .7%  0 ^d6 (1 

  6 h$- !H 7% 1 &   !"6 7 ] "e 2  %H 55m 2 0& .-

2  L%"H H  6 :7 !6 -B !U6 !6w !6/ D bF7  7%H 5 "! = ]w 7% 0  !H - /

B 27 F 6   !6 %H  27Z( 0 6     !6  6/ !H 7- B 1e.7 7

 5 &`( 0 !H -  B 6 >F 7 0 !H - [H 0 #  B 7 !6 !H 7  (7

5 - (& 7K  [ /  ]6 !2 6 H   ]XK . 5 &`( !H

= 6 0 6  7% 0 !H - Lm Y !H 56 -2  7%.7%

6 $w '-F ( 

!6 e &` 6  !H 7% - h6 7%  = 7 6 7%H 0Z( %Z - Z !H 7%%H  Z-

`B  B $ 6 7%&?6  !6 !H H !6 $ !12 !"67 Z( 7 &6 TF 6 .7 6 !% B 27

( 6 &?6 7  ? ( H h 56 s .  0   !"/ 0? .- !6 2$  = 7 

 "B 6 $  !6  ( !H - L2 !%  -.

 !"/ ( 0Z K -76 6 7 B( 6 !H 7-y6 ( !V?& 0   6 m ]6 5 B6 !5m  !6) 7%H

 0 ]   B &6 !H ( & !6 UZ -  `K  !  B76 7% !H 7% 6

7?&F- B6 !5m  d .(7%H !6 !# 0 -! [ !H 7 B6  65  (Lm 7  

?V !65 56 !6 .7 / !  - ( 75   $-% B &  = !6 $ 7% 0 Z$[ `H

.- 2 K =7 - !6  7&H 1 D >6 !H =6 !j 7  B !6  &?6 0 L 

    !6  7= . &  = !6 $   !H ZK  H 6 &6  = 7B %

( 0 .%H  LH6 -  6 !H 0 6 7 = 7  % !U6  6B !6 H 7VK !6 /  >F

 7 -# H `[ !6  6%6 .7&H >F 0 = !6 !%   6 7%H/ !6 -  2 .7%H 512

6 B 6 !H  !"U# !2 =  B/ ( 7 !-  & 6  6 7%%H 2 ! =   76 !12 %w-7

$ !H !6 7&7 ` !H UB X   T2 .76 !( 6 !"v 2 6 27   6= 7 L !6

T 7&6 H 6 = ^d6 !6 .7%&%6 512!   6B !6  6 5&F !H 7%  .-!    h-%

  & 27&! 76[6 7% H =  ( B .7 7 02 DH !$ 6 %Z !6 2 !U6 

 1 b6 !"6 = 6 >H $ 6 ( `- !U6& .- B  !H 77Z D "! & >F

(L6 J 6 `- .

 6 -  % B -  B ! 76 >F (  / [ 6  ]6  T56.7

B  ! %H! 5

 ( 7  DB 27 s ! B !H 76  B6 6 6U p 7  ( GK( 7! !H 76 [ !6 ]H

  .    (TF g - /B 2  ?66 7%   (.7%%H g( 7%

6 6 !% 6 7 1 D 7%H 6  6B 27! 6 76 7  !H !5 Ty6 !6 7  = B6

6H  ( g( 7 7 (V (g %6 0 6 "H !6 7 .7%H  - 6 !"Z 7%#( !6 D - 

7K 0 7 !H 7 D eVB K`B( 7%F  !H 7 6L.7


 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=321080

Ak Z 8 2


 Ye  B 27 ] !6 ?" %H   1

(2  V ]    ^6 !H Lm .%H  !6

  76 6B B !6 56 "=" H ]2 0

 $w !# !H - 7K B !6= - 6 . !# !6 !%

$K ]6K -676 6 7 7F .%H?   D 7jF

-  6( J6  !6   7  p  B6!H GK

W L6 / 7F 27jF ! - 7?  

?  7 ! m !% 7H  !5m B ? 

%H  !m ?  2  DH  !6] ?" 56 1 !6 `w .[ %   6(  !6  5

B  V? ] !6 7 6 71 56 " !6 F pd>" 56F pd . !j= %Z [  -

(T56 J(  6 7.

B ] - =7 % "Z !- ` -H pd  < YZ .!  ( (H %H  Z- 0

? m %H 6H 0  K L !e !%     - 7-  (Y6 !# !6!"/ !6 .

  7-  !H Lm  7 !6 = 2 - Yd( 7% .- - &F " G 6 Z%e <.

(  bF 56 - H 7- "B 7V !6  . !H "/  = 12

(? 7

(? 

F (  - 6

(Q7- !67.

% !6 w( 6B D %&/ 0/ .- (( &F H D m 7Z6 S:Q - . 7 LK  a - .-

"!   6 .B GK !6 7 )7-6 !" !67 GK !6 : "! 7 W/6 (. 7( =   7 !6   

B 7Z6 hj  T5 . !"e/ 7% ( - D! 0/ . B>  7%H 6B L m D  6 .K=" : 7%

" : 0/ !"!% B >  "B %H  " .7 - !6 7% 6B %   )? m 6 (.

-6B G  )F  F 0/ (.- 6   0/ a:S - . ( "! ) -7- !67 (. 0

w !6(  /  ]/7-  !6 7V7 &? H [ 0 ]  J [ 7  !" ]d ( !B !H

] "B 7Z6 "" e 6 0/ %  0 "7%" 5"e/ 6 7% 7 ( "D !H   ! .- ( 0
6 > ]/  7%H % #% !H - 7H  6 B  ? H ]/  Z 6 >  27

 J 6  " !6 !H 7%H 6 =    /  .%H

&!  m %

!H   >?6&! ?  7- !67 7%H  DH  !6( !s/ %? 6#( ]H  .- %Z

? !6!  (6# !j= %  - G% %H  !Z W H/ ? B  7Z6 #%-

 s !6 !H 6 7- !67  6 - ?  !U .%H !6#( 5 !   %H D - !%

`B 6 !  !6#( % B% ] H  UB F 6 7- !67 ?  .%H[ !6 7 6 W 0%m

 Z6% 6 ?   $6:

6 (- ( !6# ?V

6 (- %- !Z

6 (- . D

  B6  Z6% 6 7%%H  DH  !6 !H 7% 0 6 7- !67 ? / .%H Z( %$6  7H 0

 G6%.m %

!6#( ( ? !H !j= :V [  27 6( J 6  ]# 7 ZUK "`w .- K H H- !6( B 

$H =(>    -$ - 7 6 %Z( J =  6 UB !H 7 ZUK e # H 0B !6 

!JJ  h-= 27.

%- (  !H !j= :!Z [  - ( !6# ]  6 "$K  .7  !6 0   ?  =

-   !6 G 7= - %-" .- ] = !# 0%-  ( (6#  7% 

= /  / !6  = ".7%  wH G T J( $ %- 6 T2![ !6  !H 7 XL %

%- = -  7 .-   !Z& !K 0  7 %-  6 7Z 6 T 7 0# $.-

( "YZ :D7K H < Z Z  L   D / UBF  Z< .7 6 H 0 =

  !H - H "B 7 H 0%m !H # .7%  ?   [ 0 .- ?  6- D

 6 H  0%m !H 7 ? H Z < .7 6 H= [B !6 %-6 !H - g !Z 6#( 6

 % - L2  H 6U . GK !H? H  ( 7/  6  !B%   $ .- 2  /

  ?  m  D ( 7UW5    Y/ 0 &  !H 7 ?  ( 7/ m D

 7.-

 : G$%! = L

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=371281

Ak / * 
6  (V   !H 7%%H 2  7 !H  /

=  (1 7% 06 2  7 7% (02  %

(Z 7e - 2 $ -   !H !j= %Z

% %Z 2  6d 7 7e !6 =!6

7e (! 7%H =  ( 16 .7 2 Z  !6

&  %&F 

( ( &m    5:-

6 H !H 5% 7%H $de 5   !6 7% 5

 !m 7%H2 !6 -/ 7% -7 2 2 7%&6 7%

 6 76 7 0  6%   $Z( 5K`6 .7 !$ 7 B  6B 7    0[ -

.7%H !my-

H 7H( ( ( 6 :-

2 J  !6 !H H & !K` 7 !12 h U !6 7%H  7 ( 6 e !6 - <12 F 0 !6 !H 7

!12 2 7%!K` 7% .- !( !$! 7X( !H 76 - H/ p-( 7/ 0/ !6 = 7% !H

B  7 / 2 6 K.-

( H/   m h-%1- :7%H

H/ e h-% ( 7% 2 &m   BH 7 !6 .Z   .7L6 7%?$ e! 6 6e D

7%B  6 "B (& (7%%H . 0= !H -  6 7%H D 6 6.-

(Q H/ H d y6L:7

 6 5 & `!12 !6 !K 2 7% 0!2 !6 7%H Z- 7% !H -    !H 7 ! Lm. 5

!65% 2 $B j - !6 7 $ 7%H 57 6 7 6 7%H H !6 !$% !H 5d y6 .H 0 ^6

 2 !H 7%/ 7 !B 7% 7%H !12 !6> `!K 7.

>-F (S U 7%H B  (:76 cW

!12 !H 7%H b/ ? K ! -/ < BH 7 0/ < 6B 6 %$  - (cW

!  B &6 h.7 7

/ 7%H Z- (a 2 7% :7% GUK

 762 7B h U 7% ( bF .7%H = !12 !6 $> & >%H (  7% Z- .7 !67&! 27%

76 7 6 0 7/ !6 2 & ]- .7/ !H 5% 2F 7%   ! V B.7 7

& (  !H 7  7:7

!6  K2 K ( 7 '-F !H 7%H 7X( 7  7 7  $K  - ( ] 0 - H/ 6 7   6

= 6 !X D  s  >-F- D 75F# .

2 >  ( 7%  7% = !6 ( g:7

&# !H `H  %?- 0 - &! 6 - $  / 0( /m76 6B 7% 7  Ye

($ ![ D -  2& #   !H- &g ?6 - 6 7 7%H $de  "!$ 7%6(

B !H 76 !6 76 6( 5 .76 K6 J 7% 7   !H !sd 1( !6  $de B  7%H

%?- - <] 6%6 .7 0= !6 7%H Z- J 7% D > 2 7% 56 ( (7$] 2 !6 7& 7% -

!12 2$ !6 .7%H LH( "Z 7% 56 = !6 !H !j5% !6= - = 012 7VK e 7% 7&.7
(6 H/ ZW 76 (:7%H 1

=6 % 66 H/ ZW 76   >?6 $ 6   2 ` 1( .- < `H 1 =   (  6

6 !H - hH 7.

(5% 2 76 ZW =  / :76 /

 K (  022 7 (]  2 !6 .76 ?  7%&%6 ]6 K H   & 0%

6   / .7%H Y6- 7 `H ZW%!6 .76 / w 7 F 0B F ( 0& !%- !6 - >%( !& 7

 .76

 : G$%!  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=292003

 eW,  = $/k / 8

2 H =     55m !H -- - =

5-F([$ B 2 H /=  7/ ( - "g = !6 -

!6 .-  H s 7   L >?6

= !62 7% VB 7= ] !6 !H d( [ .7%

-!sd 7e 76  <]K6 !6 ($ T2.

0 0 a !Z U 7eH $de 7e 7e

2 H QS 7e B !6 VB 6%6 .7 0 1H s

 = H s2 7% H  B6 eB 5

Y .- !6 H2 !H - H )7% 6 (listing )1 (heaving .-

7%!"H 6 !H - (= e >?6 7% H !6 /  !H [= . (dD 7% (B- p- 2

  ]% Lg !6 7  2 H  Z !6  (7jF B% !H ( $Z ( 1 !6#( D

/ ]  $ !6 2 5 H 2 7 B%[ 6 7  ]6 !6 .- 0 ] ( !H -

$de  5 7% 76 = !H !6 ZK 2 !6 . 0 ] 6   !12 !H= !6 - 2 !m

2 7%  ` ? $de % p . 6 6 2 L 6 H 6 - 7% 6 G-

6 6%6 .7%%H2 0 H  7%6 !H - 7   !#  B6 :76

  ( (!.

  ( . 2F

  ( .-Z
  (!

 /6 2( h-%  d( &m ...   (!    / .76 2  /6 26

2 H    6 76  ( 0<"7e 6 h (-  7%H $de (T2J~( 7( .76 76 !/

( !2 !6   !H 7%%H($  ( ] = 7%%H 76  06 !U6 7%H 1/ ( L   " !6 !H

6  7  76 7%%H ($ (~T2J(  G .($ !Z-( 5% ( .Z 76 6 7% !H 76] " !6

!"e  h-% [ K ]6 2 62 ZW TF &  = 6> B !6  $F .7H

"e"!= !  B 2/ !6 - 0?-2 5  ( 7  m B - !6  7Bm !6 K

.2

( d

(6 h-%  d B 2 HW & !6#( .-   !H ( c6 7% / 27% !H 7%L6

&76 D&B 7% .7$ H/6 Z !H( % !6 -  2 e B ("    L -7

0%m 6 ($ K6 7%%H ! 6 B !H%H  2 7%6 2!2  0 (~TFJ  > = 0.-

76  !H - H/  <] 6 s 7%%H H 7"H 6 7  !6  !- "( !6 ( L( -

6 6 =B %7 ! 6 ...F 7H L   0] 5%  $de / h ]67 (F 7 7 #

($  U%  1% > # .7%%H

( &m

( &m6 >?6J ] 2 ` !K 2 !6 H ( .- 2 &m 7% K - ( L TF B >F

 7% h .7%H 6H 0 ( 7%H DH &? - !H K %H K 7% 2 7/ !m (  % . [( .

( 7% &m`H (. Z 7 2 7% %&6 . 2 GK H %Z !6  !6 6  2 7%  ( !6#

B 27 ("  .  6 0 !6  [  ]6 &m !j &m .- !6 7

&6 / 7 61( 0 !H6 &mL 0 76 !H   !6 g % -  - ]6K  H 5 .- !6

&m 2() 7% (&m (!e 0 K6 ($ 65 .- 2E $FH "e"!= ! =7

!H - 5% 12B 0$[? 6 2 7% %?- ?[B h &m !2 6   !6 &m H 57 5 6 !"6

H [ !6  ] !6 ]6 .K  6 h-% ($ K6 e H7. ( ( &m1(6 !& 7(  76 &B

 ( d  DmH ("  . 2 7%m K 5 ( &m/  7%%H / (B J~( d %

 2E   ( # (   6 h-% &m  [ ( 7 !12 !H &m <" h 

\(J  0 2 .-

(! 

&6 !H Lm 0 7% Ds /  B% - s  2 [B !6 !H 7% =  W/ ZK.

5% 2 H %?- !6 $ 5s( 7 H !( !6 (L !( !6  %( &m  /H 1H 6 !"66 7

/ ( B%    %Z H 2 !6 7%F 0  ]% h"K !H !6 L 7% 0 (! H

  2K 7% .

  2F

  76 = 7% B !H -   6 5  !5 2 !H 76B ZK 7% Z$[ .7%6 !5m

$ 7% !H -7-F 6 7 \- 7Z 6 `  GUK ^6  d% 7 2 0?- 7% .$ 0%j6 7% 7

>-F  B !  D 7 7%H  = !6   .7$ 0%j= 7% 7 7K / 012 0?- !H 7L6 B !6 VB

.7 / 0  = !H6 H 2 12 2 # ($ 76 [  ]6 ( '- <
`H !H -/   m -1- H 12 !6 2 H $de  H  `w  !H [& 6

7%m - $de 122 6 7%H H 6 7  !6# ($ &( 012 0?-H .:

e( (6 76 ? 5  ]w &6 "B  s !6 -  ]w /- ]$K .

( H $de !6  ! $de !6  7%"  %H $de  1U! .76

- (  e  !6 56 V( !H 5 7%H $de  B !H Lm !6 G 7 = / 7%H  7L6

(&. (H

   &( 2F. (H&( .-. '-F (H - 2 !H - 7% (& ( 7%H . [ !H

] -- B 0?- 6 7%H / 0 7% Z L  !5 . GK  v = 7% !H -

6 2 7% e 0  $de !6 ( 7%H  !6 ZK D " = !H  7%6 / y6 7%H B6.

(` 6 ( 7%  !5B 0  2 H/7 - !6 7% &&( .7%%H %& h H. 6 (H [

 V? X` > ]6 & !H 7 2 6 7% 7% 7%  .7%H "H 6 GK ` 6 7% 7

2 ( 7%H Z- 7% 6 ! &( $de !6e .7%H . 6 7d !"H 7%m[ !6 76 ( 7%H DH ]67% !H 7

76  GUK $de "B ZW !6 2 &( .7. 6 !H (H 7 12 0W 2 7( !6{ 6  &6 7

 ]/76 ( ]Z 6 (12 G 2 1- K .72

H F 76 (&( 0 (H .  - H 6 !H .76 2 0 1U !H -! 76  0 2 

/  '-F . (H !"6 7Z6 hB   76 cW( s 5 ZK! 76 2   L (&.

2   > 7%Y.7 !6 H&( !H -.  %Z !6 (H  ? / 6 1 2 7% [ !6 p !"6

 ]6` 76 !H 7%H/ 7>  7% . &( 2. `H  1[ s '-F 6 # 57 %

2 7% =B 7% &H B 7% .= 0 !6 7%- ($ .7%H DH

\- (H 6

\- H7 >?6 TF ( `H ]Z - ( 7 =2 7% H %?- !6 [  2F > ]6 ! 76

 6\- 7 (H 6 76 0$( 7VK !6 &6 27 5 G 2 76 7% ! 7% < e 0\- H 

($ - K 2 L5 7% 6 - ($ 6 06  2 6 Y[ [B !6 2 7d [B !6 !6

6 \- 7 = 2 26 7% \- !6 '-F 7d !6 ! ( `H ]Z  06.

- (!=L

- 2 !6 7% e 7% ( 7  =  !m] 56 - 7%H  7 K !# B ( 76 6 (. " !6-

- .7%H !6  e 5 ( 7 (-/ !H > <"  7%H !6#( 7%H  2 ( 7B ] !6 7% H/

.7%H

76 (- 7 >6 7/ ( !e  !H (-( Y 7/ H !6   %( ! 7 !& !"6  >?67 '-F

 !6  7%.-

'-F -Z

B % 7%( ]  '-F -Z- 7% %Z/   1 Lm 2 !H 6 7%  T2 6 -

 7%H H 0 !2 !6 # & !H 7 7%   TF .76

'-F  m -Z    >F:7

cW( (

(2 !6 (H !e`B ?-F cW 7% !H -s% ]e 6 6 7%  .7%HB cW( D6 (H 7 76 !e`B p

F ]e 2 7%  7%H bZ% XL 7( G !H 7X 12 2e 7%  s 6W ]e.76 LH
(Z -/

s% Z -/ = !H -# -/ U 2 p-( 7!" 6 7% B !6 (H 26 7 .5%

2 !H 7%  &" /  7Z -/ !6 ( 7%H DH# B  H [ 0]/ - !6 .

&] 2 6.

(Z Z

Z  %Z!" 6 !H 5% (H L# 6  6  0 -Z- ` %Z 6Z -/ (7% p-

6 !6 7Z  Z d `H 2 0?-F L 7% !B %Z !6 s% 2 7%  %?- '-F  0

[2 . H H 7% 7F &6 BH 7 $ !6 5 2-/ / . !6 (H '-F7?6 7F 5

Z  ]e/ %Z.

(QZ ("?V

Z ("?( V ? V W (H "e (-/2 !H - 7% Y[ >?6 12U 2 H - !#

= ( ( p-   U H bZ% 7 DH 6 .  0( B6 $de B !67p$( 5

B- -/   ]X [6 .[ !6  = !e`B 2 (cW 6 (0 H76 .  D 0 ("?  -7%

2 !H - 7% = 1[ s 2 7 ?"( 6 ! 6.762 $de 2 "e >?6 ( 7%H DH 7%

12 7-6 !# !6 2 6 = 7Z6 >?6    L  &? V .

("? B <"6 h 2 7% 0  - ( B ZW " !6 (cW 7%H 2 7% K - ( " !6

 (.   .7%H $de &6 5-F 6( 0%j 7! -! 12 D 2   2!# B!6

7 7F 5.7

L2$B : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=368198

/k?  >R

!6B !" 0 K :7% - 0 #   / >K

7!

( / !6 6 7%m !" 0 !127  7 !% 6 6 6

&K  7% 7% &# !B / L6 -

d   0 <" h 7 0 K 6 #  

 .7%%

 7%6  %67 0  !6 .- %Z 0! Z6


 6 7 # !6 7Z6 F 5 .B7  B ( 0Z

 = by- 6-    7%6 0Z( 6 Y/ .7% !6

 6  07 .-

Z- 7%  B %  6! ( 761- &6  $66 .7 =7 0B 6 ? !5m B= 7

  ?B V 7 .

7  L6  !  K ( ?- !6 &6  !6 !"6 7%  7% (7% !6 .7% %Z 0!

 B - ( - Z# .7

61- ( % 7    ( !6 7 -1( / c  Z 5  B 6 . 7-6 1- !% 6

 Y  ! (7$] !6 = Z !6 .7

6  6  =2 0 !%   [ !6 1 5&m .- ! [ #   ( 7/

7 !6 56  ( L5    G6% 5 - 6 . - 5  ! `B = !6#  

F 2 0? GK s% !6 $ 6 7&?6 7  .-

 6 &? 7%

s%   - -!  6 F 6   6 - .-Y6 ) -( 76 !

(~L6 J 6 "    1 [ !6 .- "  (  2 !- !6 ( .

!- ! - =<76 0 6 Z F  7% 6 6 Y6 #  .7% !- -

7Z6 0F  6 F 7 6  = - &6  GK 5[ B= .-2 0 h  7  7%!

!   h  66 GK 0 #    >F .7% 6  Lm 7  B  0Z 7% = !6 ?-

(   `B B VB .7

 6 5

[ !1 2 [ 6 7 6 5 s% 6 .7% w 7] 56 s 7! 6 X6 7 `K

]%-F 67  K ?" 2 K 5 (s d(> !6 L.7%

B(  7] 56 s .7e 0 6 &?6 7  6 B  % T56 .7 Z- 0%j7/ ( 7%

 ] 6 7 (1  !  h !1K   > V?6 7 5% -  ( . 2 GK

(  - = - !6 ] 6 7# .

(L#! (`& ]"d

=  (Z( 6 7  B 1- 7%    $ - / (1  ( cZ( . !60

 -%Z! 6 7  6 #  6 1/ $ 6  p6 BB 2 - /   Z  7% !Z U

! .76

=  $K  "e  7d  -  % Z6    27  6 #  !   B7

7 .6 ! 06 E B  ! !j6  m 7  # ! 6 7 B !B ]B B  %( !6 #

LX/ 7% .-  / 0 7d !6 !( 6  !   !6  6 7%6 7 7!   Z  

 ( 6 !6= -  &6 #  W (T/ .7%

= 7 ( "e >   - 2 K Y - - ( 6 . w  ( <T - ! - (

76   e ( ! = .

2s (Y6 GK B( (  7 77- Z = (7Z] (  .7%  \ !- L (7B

1- .
=   6 F !6 0B ?( V 7 2 K  ! 6e 7  ? V  0? 7%6  7F

 !6  .7% / 6 !6 ( 7 --/ 7 y6.7

6 `- 1/ 2- !6  `( !K y6( .7 B ! $6 Y6 012 7 !U6 1 65 K6

6 .7% ! 6 012( 7 0 [B !6 .! 76! ! 012 Ty 0 (  = h 7 012 TF 0   (

.76

T57 7%

6 1- !% 6 6 ? 6 7 7  L( .7 7  ? V B 2    

 7% 7-   = !6 7% .-

 &6 (  c6 7% 7%m7 &27 6 .7%% - 7 [ !6 ]  >F .K 6 "e  0

 .-

 676 7 Lm !m 7 B  27 7 !m - !m  "   L5 6    - 7Z6 (V

02 7  = 6 <%6 T .7 < e 0  0 -7  76 K6  $ & ! 5j 7! =  = !6

-! 7 !

 Z !6 bF  y6 7!  ] !6 07   6 F .7% !6 ! 0!  ( !  = 7/

# 0  - = 6 (  L6 F  7 !6 #   m ( 7 ( ( .7%

# 0   0Z 6 ( / ]6K% ( / .- s% !6 7- !67  6 7K 7   m !

GK 7 ( 7 6 - GK6 ]( .7 0  m ( 7  < e 0  - 7

76 = !  ]e/ &F.

    "( !5m

/ !     s (( h#  ( ( !2 V6 7 !6 7  !  6 ("   !( 6 .7%

   !  U6 !6  6T2  27 !6 7 7%m !6 B ! - 77!  !5m  - .70

7   !6  !6 6 ( 7%6 L K  < 1-  6  $6.7

<" h 5%! !  7m 7 & e  6 6 7   .7  h#ZB F Y/7

6 ! -  %Z   %Z (- !1 6 " 6 .- !6(  L 0 " 7

6 w  (  ! 6   Z 5 !2 s[ !6  K> .

 0%j   Z  ! >?6  ( 6 .   " 0Z( eB - 7% .7% F   

 "  Z  (1 d -   Z.

7Z6 !66 L ( 0  0[ !6 - < s%   6 #  ! - .76 7 K6 70

F GK 6 .- 7 =  6 !6 0!  01- .

] 7 7%

 Z6  0] 7 7%  (  7  7F . !B   ]d ("  01 -"

]  < B~( 7 0B7  0 0!  m 7Z6 B F  [ { ( 0"  7%!  K

("  .7%%

7 s 6 0  #    >6 ( 7 ("L  >6 7/XL 2   7 5

" -!  76 = ! !  h (` K  .

6 B( !6 %67

!6   ( 7 !e`B  76!  B 7 =L 7% #  7 6 !6 .K  6
( &(XL .<" h   (6 7% ( !6  Z  7& .7%6 L

6%6  = 0 <%6 T 7   - 1( !6 ( ! -= .7% 0 6  !6 0   - 

L6  m -! 6 7# 2 . %( !6 -  0  6 ( -=   =  =6 ! &# .7

 6 5  0 !6 0 GK -! 6e !6 7  # #  .76 -  0( 7   L

 6  .56 V( 7 77    ( - !6# = y6 7 - 7Z6  6 5.7

 0- 7  !6 ( 6 - XL . !6 0 h(( 726 -   (6 $ (] = 

B(  T2L . !6 0 0 -!   6 7% - !6 &6 K !6 5 !1 7%

( V  6!  6 .$U%  ( 56 - !6 .7! 76! !m2 =  !6 L  2 K-

   >6 = !js 7 (` ( K "  2.7%

 !6

 !6   L#Z .7%&! ] 6 7 &`  !6 .7/ !6 ! ]$K?!  

  ( 7% ! d !1  $K ]6K 7/#  7 ( K  (" .

6 ]$K  !   6 ?- 7#  !6 7 L.7%

6 F L # !"# 6 K= B= . ( # .7

!6#  ( y6 ( 7 e 7= >F  W  Y B ! .76

-( E 7 

7 !6 ! 6 B( ! 7-( E 7  (  L6 7  76 71   -  ! 67

#  ( ! 7% =  h(( !6  # .7

&!  !m (  !6 $ ! .76 =  ( 6 B -  0 7 ! 6 7# 

$J K `K 1- .

 s d !6 0/1- (  .7% !6 !"e 0#  ! 0 !Z U !B  B -F 7 !6 .B0

  ! 6 7% 76 s% 7 7!  5 ! 7% (" .7

B( 6 ! !6 012 !   6 -#  7= 7 012 ! .7% 6 7 /- B d

6 7/ (.7  7 7 ! 6  !6 L !6 ]? 7  L 01"(  ! 6  !6

  7 7 !65  7 7 -  ( L/ .7

B  2 7- (  6 eB - 756 6 = ( 0Z .7%-  U%W 0    7% B !6-

 /  T2.7

Z- 7% L%  7% L  s% B -  0 .76 !6 6 7  5  ( 7 5B 7 06  K.7

6 p  Lm L( .7  B UZ !6 7%! - .7" ! ( !1K# 

T/ 7% 7% K e   ( !6  ! 6 7# .7% 7

!6 ! 76 7e-   ( 27  ( ]e/  %( 7e   Z -! #  .7

(  bF = $ 6 .7&?6 7  % !6 L6 6 T57  7%67    Z Z !  !6

!6 ] - 07   7%1- .7%7 GK   !6 0  ( 7 (7%.( ?- ! 7%

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263157

"" /k /

 6 - "012 "!"6

6 6 !% 7/ 7  B   ?V B( !6

 6 -  7  ZUK !H = ]6 "5 "!"6! ( 7

.7%H6 -  0 0 !H - B 27   7!6 7

 =  B ] !H " !6T56 7 .7  0 0

 6 - 7 27-  $K B( 76  ]6 Lm 5

!H  6 7$ -56 "!" 7.7

6  7   [ (6 !H 7%H s% 7 K  B 6

 e  dB !H 7%H  7% (V B !j= %$ 6

B( ? 7(? !j= ! 7%H5 ?.7%6 2  $K

B( 7d (Z   `- 7% Z- B UB !67 !B .7 2 B <]  7B !6 7 - B

.7%H DH

B :7-y6

( / W/ 27 >6 Lm !m !   !( !6 '-F >-F 0 6 7 7d  =  !-7%H # 7%

! - D =.7%   !( !6 !H  :7   ]X & 27 L% Z(  7 !B !-7H 

 `- B /( 6 7  H  6 B( -F 7% H !6  !j6 6 ( 7 7 !1 !6

B VB  .7 / &6 W/& 0 7H >?6  27 &

( Y6 -  !H 5% ( ! H S 7 = e !6  7 - 7 .7%H

= ( 7 -  0 7 7# s%( !6 H-% ( !H 7%% !e 6 B !6( 6 7 ( !$ K 56 .H 0 7%m

-   B !H 7-y6 2 6  !5m 76 7 5 %H $K [B !6! K !H 76 H -

6 B( #  -  bF 7 6 .7%H ] -  0 !H - &"6 656 "!"6" 7.7

= !:

B -  !H 5% H ]H 7 = !2 yH 7%m =   K  !H 7 [ 7 " .76  7 =!%

&- $ ( !d1e ]6> (yH ... DmH -  0 (H  bF - g  7% !  hV ]6K

.-

!" 012 6

!H 5% B 0 s% % $de  !6 Lm !m %$6 !H  0B 27 H !W 6 !"6 Lm !m %$6 7

B 27 %H T2! = T/ H  . 012 "!"6" -  !H 5% $ !6(   B "e ( ! H-% 7
 !$%  6 !H 7 B 27 T/ B -= 7%H6 7 .V( 7%m 56 "!" !% 7%j 6 &] - !6

! 6 !H 76 ( H !6 012 "!"6" !$ < Lm  B !6 ( =6 !j  "!" !12.7

]& 012 ! 2 6 -  B B $% ( 7%H $de 0  / H !12 !6 .7%%H-% 6 ! 6 0

6 !  012 7 ? V  $K B .765% >6 W( D 7 cW( 7/ 7 (V 6 7%B '-F 7 (! .7%H

e !K B 6 '-FL 1% '-F 7 "B76 %Z !6 6 .  (  / 02 w 56 7 1- : 7

# H 0 6 ZK  7 .  ]6( 6 !H  56  h : 7 ( $K %H  !6 !%

6 .% ZK 012 ! &6 !m (6 7%H 0 - ( B 7 7  6 -H 0  Y/ 0 .7%H

7 !6 ( D `H !1 !6 !$( 7%m 7%$6 ( 76 hK !H  - $ $w '-F 7  0  .7%H

( F !1 0Z &67 5"<...77 =2  7/ !m ( !% B  H !65 y6B 2

    ( 2 V 1/  .-

(%H   - ] !H Lm S 7 &?-F "!" 56 .7%H ! ( 7H 0 66 '-F 0 - 0Y =< :7%H

6 2 H !6 7 56 ! Lm 7 76 !H 7 1% '-F 0 / 76 2 7F ? F 7 0?   !m

7%

= F  ? !H 7 = e 7%H s

!U6 F 7VK !H > 7

K ? !H 7= 7 !6 7L6

L6 G !6 2 / %2

= / 6 Z %2 ! 012- 6 6 !$"< 7/ %2  G6 !H 5 # 7d   - 6 $w  K

 7 66 .7 (  gB 27( 6 (? (= ?- (V .7%H/ %2 # 0 - 6 G

 $K "B" 76  .- K 6 D B  / B %2H 76 . <" 6 !$ b/ 0 = ]$K 76 767

!H/ !6 %2 dde  !H -%Z 0 !2 >F.7

<" 6 !$

!6[ B 56 !H 7   (H g %H  6  !6 7 B .76 ! 2/   B 77

T5 !H B 6  LH6 7 B !6 = !H 7%HB 2  K  776 7 / &B  !6 >#

5  y6.7

/ 0

!H 5%  K B =<  7% Y/m / B /H 7 (V B V? 7%B 7 7KY .72

 76 H 6 D 7%m e - / BH " !6 d( 0 y6 7 DH !6 77 7= 5 6b/ 0

6 7 / $&F 7.76 5

- : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=274423
/k  $J
U!

5 !6 $( !6 B !6 "( !6

 ( 6 !6  =- H "H 0

  ( 0-   ($ ? V? 6 V.-

)H y-(

 s% 7 5   .

B s &H   #B U .%H

 (   ".%H h

  %vU .7 !56<"(  h $ 6  !" 0

 % !" . !H  %( !6 D & !H 7%= 7%

 06 p6     Z . !m 2 7H( 7jF - 0L6  ( [$ !6 = %  K6

H D($ >?6 J ( .-($  06 !"e h J   2 !H !  !$%  27 ! >?6

   !6#( !Z . V? 7 7 6    ( 6 K6 ($ .  {%F !  0  Y

6 #  06 p6 W !6 >?6VB cW (   :

[ B% ( ]6

  (  2

  (  6 

  (Q  Z( G

(S5 7 66 76 ?[h

[ B% ( : ]6

d   B%5 h(( !6  ( !X :

(  !$% B%  : $w   !6B  !$% ? V "6K B B6 !- 5 .7%H  L

6 &m 6 7% !$% !6  $w5  75 B p6 = 6 ( 7%%H  7H !2 !6  J -= 7   =

 .7%%H

(  !$% B%  : 1% $  ]H bH( = >?6 (" 7%$  .- 7s ! V? 6 !6

]H h 6  ! 6  . 7 !U6  !$% 6 U%  1%5 K6 .%H D($  B6  !6  -

 !$% 6 U%  1% h( 7e (d D !$% 0 X=  6  ? V !6   6 .&H 0

B6 `  7 F &m 6 !65 6 <" ZW !U 6 !$ & #  6  G 0 !% .- [B !6 !$

! !H 6 ZW !U D - [   !6  7F 7= 7 -  ( s  [ !6   2 7

6 = g( !6 . (H .7

( ` B%( .` 2>  = 6 : 6 !% ($ 6 6B5 K6 6 %H`( 7 %H&!   -

eVB  `[ !K "6 76 2= 6 ` !6 ]H2 .>  (`  h" !%  = 0( 6

` cde . mm "U 2   $ 6 6 p6.

  (  2 :

/  "! `  : 72 D ( % `H - 2 5 %.-


    K6 ($  J %Z B h[?  6 #  !H U    6 2 7%H F

s%.- 0 !12 !6 !H - [ ("  s !U ?[B h 2   !H %H !( s% !m 6 =!m

-/ h K !6   !H / 7 .K.

6%62 0 F 76 h[? ? !6  %Z6 !H - 7% 7 %&6 7%$6 7 / 7%H 6 !12 7 [  ]6

 $Z( (2 .7%H 1 F  7V 7F  B h[? !6 !H 7%H 56 !H 7 /  6 !m H .7

  !#(  2 H $( 7% :

(    (! ] :

 / (6 2

h-%  d( (

( ( &m

L < pd (Q./

 / ( 6 2 :

($ ( 5%{    76 6 7% !H] " !6  !"e  h-% [ K ]6 56 62 ZW

TF &  = 6> B !6  ). 72 ZW TF  7%$ !%- !6 - F 7% F(0B

(1  : 5%

!% 6 !"e 6 5% T2  J( 512 U 1( !H    DB % = L -  J6 . ( ] ($

 B  (  5 h-% !"e 7 !& # 6 UW  / 7%H &H = 6 - B ZK

K h-%  YZ.7  h-% !"e  !Z 7/  - .-

: h-%  d( (

76 h-% H/ 6 B 2 H W  .- Hd( 6 2 !6 !H 7 B 7%(  - % !6 $Z " !6

? VH 6 2 !H  .7& ]6K H/ !H 5% 7 H> ! - L D"F H !6 >&m 6 a

!J H 2 - H  7 K " s .-% H/  / F 6 L 0H !( D>?6 J

 W 6 ) - H 7"H 6 7  !- 6 0 F B7e !6 = 7%6&5 .( . . .

( ( : &m

( &m ] 56 >?6 J `2 !6 !K H . -H 0 ] (= LH 2 6 7% &m 7% ( 2 !6 2 g

&m e >?6 !6 76 5  ]w - / H/ 26 by-7 e !6 5 ( K6 7# (  &m

(.76 ZW &m 5%  B 5 7% !H 7 22  6 7%  6J " !6  !6   B

 2 != d !6 7%  7%H  5  !65  5 d B6 .1-  &m   Z6 .7%K 

!sd !H/  [ 7%%H  ]6 # 6 B 7 !U !6 . 7  B 5

L < pd(Q: /

T pd %Z( !H 6 = $ L G  06 #   7%H 512 ] ( p   = 7%. (!

 !H 7H  ] L Ud / 7/ !6 .7-6 ]K L%  ( ("L e p$W B H e L ( ("01

H GUK . . .   L L YZ 2 / 7% 6 .7  7% 6   L 7K (7  !H 7%H

/ 6 ZW   &B  ]6  6L5 . 7% !H 5% 7%&  L &F/   ]Z( !H&6

 ( ]Z >  ( 76 > 6  6 . 2 mH = 6 !H 76  7%e 512 ( T2 L  6 -

  7%e !Z %H K L ! " = .

(    : ] 5F
(6 0H

&( ( . (H

- (  H

- (Q (! =.L

(6 0H :

6 0H( 76 2 6 H $de Z6 .-  K/  [ 7%H  ]6] .7%H $de -  &( !6.

.  GK2 5 7% B $de p- `  -  !  / !6> &  !H 7  / 06%H

 : 7% - 0%&6 &6 !U6 !6 ( 7%H  DH! . 7

! 6 0H $( 7%  U !6 : !H 7- B ( !6  T2  2] 0 %H $de 6 K.  6

(1 2  B  -  %H $de 27% 7  5 $de !6  6 !H 7%%H =

 76 h-%  512 L2 (.7%H  ]d

&( ( . : (H

'-F - 2 !H 7% (& . 7%H  . [ ] -- B 7%H 6 / 0 7% Z L   !5

(& .   7 (H.HF 76(&( 0 (H .   H - .76$ 0 (  (H 56 70

 1U : !H 76 h"U! 0 . 76 2    /    '-F 6 (H   7% !H 7

( 7% =  1- B    76 cW( &6 :7%H 7Z6 ZK 7B  '-F . . . 0  %Z !6 (H  ? 6 1

/  2[ !6 p !"6  7%  ]6  76 !H 7 / 7>   7% e( V( !H! !6 76

B $de ! B L 7% 7s% 7H 7 76 - .7%H

- (  : H

5% U 512 H -    UB !6 h (  ]Z .H 0 7% !=  !6 %H 2K 7% 7

 ]6 K  7 2 !6 !=  !6 e 7% ZK ( 7 B ZW 6 !    7%H - 512 !6 (7%H  ]d

- &6 .   ( e !6  6 s H !H H 0 6  (71 >-F  .-

- (Q (! =: L

<= !U B - 2 = 2 H ( 7% .- H 6 7 - = T2 26 7% ( 1/

6 B h U  56 0B= . '-F %  6 '-F 6 2 D H cde 6 W ` !6.-"

/  p 2 [ 7L6 (  ]6B ]& 7 6 - .7%H >6 (  7/ !6 77 7Z - "U . 76

 / 0%m "B 7% 0   !B 7 B 6  &m> 2 6 !H 7   7%   7% . >?6 J

 2 !H   7%H $de h-%  - !H 76 H- 7%H  "( ( h-% '-F   / /

.7%H

(  (  : ] -Z

cW( (

(Z -/

(Z Z

(QZ ("?V

B % 7% ( ]  '-F -Z .- '-F 7% -Z/   1 Lm 2 !H 6 7%  T2

6 -  7%H H 0 !2 !6 #  & !H 7 7%   TF  L ?-F cW( :cW( . 76

2 !6 (H 7% !H -s% ]e 6 6 7%  B 7% .7%H 76 6 B     d F "e
2 !6 7%  = = by-  .7%H  bZ%B cW( D  pF ]e 2 7%  7%H  bZ% !66 B 6 7% 

 [[ 7"( . ) ( "  "H 21( cW( 6 (7%   [[ 7"( .  512 YZ H-  7%H

VB !6 cW( !H  / 6 h-% " !6 !H K  (   7K6 ($  $w  L6  - 2! .76

( J c/     - 7 !6 H>  .7

Z -/:

 -/  (  ) ." s% (L Z -/ 0 !H -#  -/ U p-( 7

2 !" 6 7% B !6 (H 26 7 w. : :U  ( !H 0 ]  6 7 ! L  6

 !  .7 :W  ZK 7%%H 7.- :U%    Kj 7F h-%  %H !  W !H

 -/ ?" 1 (H !6#  %( &B .-(    7  ( $H ! . % $de 

&  6 . W6 76  !H -/ 6B  7   !H 2 !# 7# "e7( 6 .- 512-

7/  / >-$J  . 72 !H 5% 7%  &" /   7Z -/ !6 !H 7%H  DH

#  B  H [ 02 ]& ]/ - !6 . 6 m 6 LH( 6 . W  ( -/ 2.7 2= 7%

"H 6 LH( ( -/

d !6 !( ( F "H

& ( 76 76 7e 0(  m  /.H/ ) 56  ( ZW7  >-F -Q- 0 B :!H0%m 0 2

%ZW (H  !6# !m -/

Z  :Z !H-/ / . !6 (H ?-F7B  7F 5 7Z =  ]e/ %Z.7

w  :  -F- :&!   V? 27 -  .7%H H  !6 &6B 27 6 6 .m : 6

 ( eVB ]X/ 7 $V  ]XK Z  YZ %Z !" 6 !H 5% (H L# 6   6 0

 Z .- 7K "!  6 76 ( (H '-F .- 6  [7( G Y ($  .

Z ("? !e`B : V 2 = 7Z( % / !"6 . .s !X [` 6 ).-5( Z ("?V

( ? V W (H "e -/ 2 !H - 7% Y[ &?6 U 512 H - = !#  ( (p-

  (  U  bZ% 7.  %Z >?6 0 U  %Z " !6 7 %H  K2 V?"( '-F .727%

K  - !HL !12 B ] !6 !H 7%$6  / 7/ y !m %H 7K 5 !2(   ?-F 0%m .70

2 7"H ]X 7%6 !H  6 7 !6(7 0! U 0  76 7  2 !6 ?"( .7%HB !H 7%H  DH 7% !6

" ( cW - !e`B .7%H  L 0  L !H 7 6 - 6  7% "H  7 !12 h U

6K - 2.

("?  -Z 5% >?6 J: 7% !H -

( ( 2 !HU 7% H %H -  K .7

(   [` ( p$ ? .7%H  2 !6 !H " !6 7%H  DH 7%B 512 7"H e% dW  7%H

  (  6 L : 6   L cU-   b1 (B 0ZH 7 .  /  ? !6 Vd% V

 . /  27 /  B>   7%  6  6 V?  0 / K H 

2 !H = 6/ 7 5  L (! K   !6 !H -$U TF  . [ !H/ / !6&? VD

 1/ %Z !6 D 1/ %Z !6 !"e D 6 !"e 1/ %Z !6 - L h-% # . (  5 7%

[B .  s (U L= d  -  H/  B #%H 7 V !X c ( !e ! 7

(` 6 -    # B !- B !B  $d 6& 7 (` 6 < H   

B>  & !6 "K    .756 !"e  #  6   K  - !H / ?B V6
 >6 = !j  / (1   7  .7%%H   7%  ( [$1-  !H 7%H K -/

B b1 %&B 7%H 1/ B W !- B> $ 7%H / / ?B V 76 - 1- 5 

 !U"- =6  .7%H6   / -   6 !H   ? ( 7%H  7 / 0

 7%5 H 1/ L  (K 7   ? .7  7% / B> 5%  W B>B !6 !-

5 ( 7%H  7Z / ?= V  (# K  .7

   Z( G :

= !"/ !- 7% Z( G !6 - " !6 ( 7%H  DH 7  !6 7%K (] >?6 < ? 6 7 5!

.7

 !"/ 6 : D 5/  6 6 1 ? !1- :7%H    5  (    ?" 6 !6

/  !6 $ 7 ? V    % 5 / !H " !6 . 6 !H  5/  ]XK

(Z =  ( !6 ("H .%H 0 < 76 $ < !d (! 6    "H 0  G ($    B

#  0 !H 7%H[ !6 L2 ]H  7F .7%

/ 7 ]XK 6  5 5 6 !H - &? V &    . = DH 6 !H  !6 2 5 

= !6 7e 0( %H  5  !H ("H?  %H Y7- H !6 !H  6 ( !e`B 0  ( 5& 7/

76  7 / .7%H ]%

 !"/ 2 : ( 7%H - !H K 5 ( : .7%H !6# bF  %( bH  !6 !% 7 -/  !6 52 K H

=  %m ( H !HW 2 7 h" 7%/ 7 B H) .7L6 ( 2 7%H = !j  !H !12 5!6 !" -

"! ( 7%H -U 2 !H B !H  =  = !sd 66 = .- Lm L2 B  B 7 !6 7% !W

 Lm L2 !H !15 5 !6 - 7 $6 .7 & !% / 7  ZK  7%H D "!   %Z

  s 6 .%HZ  /  7 "H B( 1- 7%H 6  /  6 !H - "H B 

1- .%H 7% !1 0 ! 7 16 !H -L !%  . 7Z6 H by- .76 B e 7 B s !H

6 .7%H

 : !- !"/ 27  : /  B 6 bF :7%H =! / B  !6 $ % !6 5 D & 7

!6  7 !H 7 27 >(-/   s% !H - 6 7%H B [ !6  ]6  {%F 7%  0

 !"/ =Z( ]/ 7% -  7%  GK.

( 27 B !6VB 6 VB !6 7%H Z( 0/ F 2 (H - YZ76 -($ K6  6 B.7 7

( "H %H! % .7%H

12 ( 7%F 6 7 .76

(Q-/ B 6  ( .7 !HL [Z( 1 >?6 7& ]/ <? ]/ ]6K $6 7.

ZK (S L  !H 7 =  - !"/ = 7%Z( G )6 27  B -/ ( < W 2 .-1 D

 / - ! 5  0%m p 2  $V-/ B 6 L  $K /  GKZ(  !(B.76

5 7 66 76 ?[ :h5 7 )  < B `H  < `H5 K ( 6 J #

($  J($ < 6 `H  (  $ 7# = 0[ .H/ !% 7 6 7  5 &- F  07 7 6

 ( -  [ .7% &[ 0 K 02 - . . .   H 6 K5  7K 7   6 .72

5 7 J ] !6#   !( B(   Z6 L2  &6 !H 7%%H 0 7 6 55

0 !H -$# 5  7%H/ h - B F .7%6

$# [ !6 7% & H/ - 0 H/ !6 !( 6 e  =.7%%H !( . . . ?[B h 7%%H  H/ 6  % 
  .5 7 66 76 H !H -<"e !6 h B = 2#   . 2 0(1 B B !6 e 5 !6

] < B h[? !6 `H  2 Y/ :7 V?6 !sd 0 1( ( 6 0 2 .1( 0  !#]6 p6

? ($  =  T2  J . (  L% 7    =  67 5T56 J.

"H : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=318176

/k< ? >8

  !  6 > m L5  7 55m($  6

!H - = 6 !  . ]Z 0 7 ! 

!6 !T27  7%m 6 ^d6$ L5   != !m - 6 0 H

B - #% !6  !H($ L L Y= D1%

d   .7 D% Z%e ( H  $ ! 0

   - !6#  .7%H  !5m !#($ K6 H 

( 07% ( [$ !  .- 55m 0($ 6

 =  - .# 6 h-% p ?[6 h H ^d6

  ( !H - pL  /  Ud

56 s !2 !6 !H 0] J! >F ^6  ^d6 GUK

&  !"66 p%j= 7  !H 76 h-% B  !6! $de! (   .76 6  61- H ] 0

  ( pd [$ L$--   H  e !6 m = pd D  %H &6= D  !6  %&F .%H  !H

 Ud 0%m !6   B 6 = $de H - = ( GK  7$ 0 $K  .7%H 6 !#

$K 0   (6 7 # 12 D 2 p 76 h-% hH .7[` F W  12%H Z- 2

W 7 = 0  5BF  `w % !H pd D $  %H Z-6 [ Z$  %H $de pd

7Z6  ^d6 . 6 0W $de  W D 6 7[` "Z = !6 $ ! 6 $ B% D

[  ]6 ! .76

 !5m 7Z6 %H $de !6 H $de  F    ^d6 !H (W(   L5 "H 6 hB =

W $B !m Um %$6 56 7 6 D/ 7  %H $de !6 W  "e  6 !2 !6 7 0

^d6 56 - !H 1 !H - 0    K#  !H %H !6! ( ^d6] & 6 .7 0

H Y ]6 ? G% - 56 s $de % Z-    6L5 / . 2  / H !H

 /  H 6 -7  H    H> 6  .7= 7 [` W !6 G ^d6
! 6 ( 6  6 7 %H B  T56 !6 % $6 F.

!66 ! !  !H %H  !m -  6  !H  6 6 6 !H Lm 7e  %F H> -

  Z( .% ( %H Z- 7# H $de   $w     .%H!  0  $w  !6

!m7   - 0 !H - 0 6  7m   . -(   %Z L6 6   0  $w 6 

H = (& %H .  GK - !6% B !H %H ` !K  B  ^d6 = !6 -!  !6 `w .76

56  "BTF  7 6 B !H 0  B 1e 0  0vU w D 6 7L6 56H !( 0 7 

2   !6 !H [ 0   6(7   G  !6   - !H 0 / 7  / $V 0 -

 7%H  Z- 7( H 6H ( g 7 w 0   07= - H -? !H 76 7 !B >H 7>%H

& 7  (  !H $Z   .%H

 g( !6 -   (  0 !H.- 122 \ J2= .- B !6 $ h[? b/  6 7

 !H /   !6 $ = 6 2 6 b/ 0 ! 12 21- 76 %H Z- .%H  !m !67 !K`  !6

!6 !( 6(   !K` 0 %H $de ? G1 !6  B V? G1 !H 2  s   G%

6 d  - / !6 /  - 7   / H !H 7  W ([ !6 .7%H  ]$ !H 2D

W !6 ^d6 K  = 76 $K  7%H   W  B . - ! 6 ^d6 W !%  0

w D  7  ]6 & (    &` B  &]  D L !H D [   -7-% 6 !$

  ^ J  76 !H 0  ^ J H !H 0W 0 76 7  / 6 - .%H 2  ^6 0  !H &]

B ]& !5 7 7  6 / ]/ !H5 6 &] B 6 !2 >F 7 B ]& 77 . .7%H ]/

?[B h -! 6  767= %H Z- 7 /   7  h[? 6 5! !H 6 B W= 2

-! 6 ` !6 6 7% !K ]& !H 0 H .%H ]/ = . H [B !6 &6    7%-%

H 0 ] s 2!  J~( L! .- 6 7Z B6 !H p6  27  hL> HH  h-% 

2 . ^d6([$  26 7  0  - ^d6 D ! = 0 !6 ]e6 --H !( 7:

TF 0 76 7K 

  7 7

7e K 5

TF ( 0 76 7K  : %Z  6B ( 6 76  TF 6 TF= 0 [ T5 5 `w m ?7 F V

 $ 6 7  H $de ! ~ 0  2/ 7 !H %H  6  7 6 7%H  - pB D T& H 

6 7 56 !H H 6 ( Ty6 U . %Z 6 !H W L !6 %H  $de ^d6  &] Lm !6

% !( 5 7 2 -! 6 0TF %Z 7K 6 .

(  77 6 %H Z- : 7 B %H  T56 >-/  !6 !( 6 %H !H 0/ 

   6(  Z- H7  5 K 56 76 0  !H  %Z 2 !67  /2 !H -! 

 7%H 6 2! B %5<  / 6 !"6 %H  ( <  / L5  Z6 .%HK  ( ( - 6

 / (~ %H 7 ( 6 / /  ( !6  / !6 !H  16> 2  .

7e ( K 6  : 5 7 D !U6 # 7e !H %H K L 5 H 6 76 "e 7 0[%  !6 76 !H!

 / !H   ! 7e 6 K - <  7 6 7 !6  D =  !H [% = 76 H/

 76 !H 7  / 0 (!   !12  0%j 0[% 76 h[? !6 !H !2 !6  / 0  ` 6 2  

 2  6 2 6 B 6  .-= 7 7K H 0 ( %H 0  0[%  !6 6 K6  !H

 .7 F 0H   "B !H Lm >F -  $  .- ]$K 7 %6 $de h[? 6 !H 06  s
$ !2 0 7  2- ^d6 2 !#! .6B s %Z  %H  ^d6 7%6 G  p = B !H !$% 

%6# ` . !H "X 6 7 H" 5 D($ \ J . "! 06  !H - 7 D($ <6 `H

?[ !6 h =B . 0($ Q !6  ( !-:

GW7 : !H 5% d = # 72 7> = !6  !H 7 ZW / = 7   .7%%&%6!6  -

6  /  .7% %Z  7& 2 7 !H 5% d  $V #  / 7 =  / 6 . !6 - & 2

B 2 !H 66 6    7%%H 7%  & .7%%= ZW 7 ( 7% Y/ -5 % !6 ` 6

` !K   "(  = !6 $ 5K` 67 B !H  / 6 " - !6! `  7% !K` 7 (! .-

(! h !6 ! 6  5K` 6 ` " !6 $ ` H !K7 B .- " - !6  B  / 6 &2 !6

[  ]6 ` 0  B $de !6 !H 7 ! .7

( :&mg& H !H 5% 7% !6 $ - g& !H $de( - K6 &6 &m !B-

= .7%H  1/[ 0  [ H !H  ]6 - ( K6 &6 &m   .L> ( ) &m

! 7 B 0 !H 1 ? ` - % ( 1(  (6 ` 7 (& . .76 5 H !6  &m 0B(

 (6 !H 76 ` 7 = !H/ 5 B .7%H GUKL> ( (  L &m .76 e !& 72B

0 X ^6 -H / [  ]6.

:7%?$  7%?$ !HT YZ 7% 6  5! / 7  7%6 !6 !H ! 56 7%%H 7%6 J~( h

6 7%?$B 6 .7%6

:b( 0d 0?- 0 7&H >F L= !H `% 6 `H < X ? b( 0d 1  ( 6 & ` !K

H !6 -6 $ X` 0( 7%:

7%?$ ($

6 76  /

T2 `w) 5 0 6 - [ (]6

( &m

] 7 " !6 (- )6 D ( - Z ( s .( - -  & !K` 5 - ] !6

! 0?- - 5(-

GK !H  b( 0d e%1-  7%%H  s5    B6 &6 .71- `6 `H< X

$ 6 ($ !6  %Z D  B 2   (    B ( H  .[ `H< X` !6 2 ]6

(! H = (  7%H 1( -F 7 = "H  "H % !6 .7 7% D6 F  76  !6

2 7%-  (   .7 7  H !X   =& !H 7  B 7 7% = Lm !H 7

 B56  !6 7 0%m .7 6 ZW1- 6 76  / =( 7] ( " - !6 B &m ( -

  ?" !6B - !6 .7= 7 %Z D  5(  B H $de $( 7%  (  B  H .?6 7 7 0

W  0vU 7% !H 76 (  !6  76 F "H ( = ( 7%H  Z7 2 =7e % H p-

( K6 6B &m  7%H 7/  &6  W( 02 7 . 7e = &m 6F !6  / 0%m 0 7.

`(  `H< X G 7%($  0 e .7 c L 0 -(   = !H -e 7% / D($ ( ] .7%%H

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=301403
/k >8 Z *$ <v    b

6 $w J\ ?&( %Z-/ [ 1- 

 B 6 -(  .0 7 ZW ! 7 - 7

[K6 . ($  J 6 6 -/ (1B h K"

<d( B ]X 6 7  (s [% 0 ! 6

   $de g( 7%.7

6$w &! =- 6 .   !2 7! ]Z1% 6

6  %F  -/  7B  % -2

= .7%%   %m / !B   7 ]d! m

[g #1  7 <" 0%m h %m 6 = $U

-! ( c6$w .7%6 ]Z1% 7%  %Z !6&7

 012-> !% 6< (  .= !6 7 [!6

1( ` =  6$w .7 %Z/ / !6( / -  ZK /! = 6 ? . 7

6$w / `((  / 0  7 ( 7%6 B( (27 /  6 .7% K!  $de 7%"6 7%

7K #   7 $"B 5  7 &! 0& h  7%e = 1/>6  - !-

 6 (g

B ./(:

6 ( e/(  " "01- .7% 0  !6  ( 77 /( 76 m 5 6 

/ 6 - !j= .7%2 0 7% 2  7K bF .76 $de !% 7 K- 7% ZK

  .7%6 =  7-y6  =!12 !j !m 7 -/7 e c ]& .76  !2!  7%6 6

[ !%Z 76 -> 5   .7  ]/ (s  %&F  7  0 7%! 6 66 6 T "T 7 &6

! 7%  .76! 6 6$w 61 7(J .76 L5 06 1  (d  76  !2%! 0?-

>  L=VB.-

L> :

= T2 ?- !67 = /  7%! / 7 !"e/7  B6" GK 5B6 B%  7

( ` 7`B - /  7% 6 .76 2 0 5B <" h&! 7  !- W :

Tg( ! B  B .

B -:

 76  (0  Tg( !6! B 6  J  Z6 . cU- !% B !5 Y6 Z- 7 7%! [  !6
!- {%F #/F 7T< 7  m! .76&! 6   - !d$e 7% <T ?6 Tg .7 25% - !6 0

  `  2$ h- % B 0 7  V !6 bym (`%  !Z U GK B7 7%6 F  7 e 0

B( (7Z = &]  .7% 2  " !6  s <T 76/  / 7%  s 6 B7 7

K 0%j ( !6 6 L   L/ =>  T 6 / [ ?6 7 . T< 0W 0 L eB

Y/ 6 - T56 J(  "Bd( .7 " .K [ ! !T2($ 06 B <T ]%7%%  $V

7% F-   LgT< .7% < % F(L 0v 0F (  7%! 7%  $V -!

6   ( p$ .-67  hL> L   ?" -( 0 ! (= J 7%%

0( !6UW   7% 0 0WB -= .76

B :

 ( 6 K (   !676  7  6 7 K  - (  K 27% 7 [ 6 !1 0

!6` c$e B 76 7 7  (7Z6 ( ]UZ  ?B 6 .7%  ( h#Z 7%! m =7K !B7

'-F 0 !6  :-7  ?76 7 (  %  .7  GK!  B  7! d 6 %  7%%! 76

 "$ B 6 ". B h - / 76 B !6 &6 (  ! < ]6K d .

%  7%%!  ( {%F !"e !6 7% !K / 76 ] B  / !6 67 .7 B 6!    7  !6

 1 5 - LF "&] B=  "2 ( 76 7 `-  %.7%

6 0 = J = !66 5 <" h ! GK ! LF (&?  7%! &] B= ?( h 2`- h

 [ 1 .  `B B [ !6 BB !%F= -! 6 b1%( K( %Z !6  h`B B

= 7 >?6 6L> UB [  h ( p$( 0L !%F=.-& UB 7B -  LF L> 7

`$ = !6 B " !6=  2 > 6 >6 6 -  Z V( UB  27%  %( .7% 6 $ ["$

B ` &? 6 -76 7 B y6!7

 !  B !6 - !$  !W/- 7%%( 67K &6 (  7!  Z /  7% m

 B= d( TF = BF 6%6 7% 0 ! - /  7%%( ( - .7 (K[F

( !e  6 ( `-

> ( ("L & >6 0 !K  6 6  (y

 &&  % 2 0 !6

($$6 1( b%( Y6) d(!K

 Z (1 $<6 ]w d ( !B6 $(

 = Y6) 6 ]w (!K  7%( 0- !Bm %

6 K`B 7F  Z 6

F ! 6 !6 ?" ?  [ Y1- -=  !6 !"F

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=250595
/k; & /0 >8 $J

7K 7((7% 0 F 6 (dH D  0& -

- [ !6 0  s% . - &6  61-

7&! `B >6    %H( !H 76  !6 7

7- . 7 !6 07 7K( 7% !H - K1- = 

 7%H/  (F " !6 !H 7%H   . 75 !H

 F !sd 0 7F 2 B 27 T2! . 7 %H( H

- - 01- H 7 {   !6 !H-

=  15  7-  . - - 6 0 - -

 "] 7K(6 7% 0  - 0= 2 . -

1- 0 6 - 6 71- T<H - 7 7 

B !"v ] !6- D = Y6 6 %6 ( . 7 !H

>  - &? %6 .K ( 76  07

  " 6 = 7F 6 . 7%H w B  2 [ 7

=( =B 7 S 7eL> = 7 - ] !6 ) !5m

 ( =  7%=7 S 7eL>  ( U 7%H

[ 0 [ -     /  p6. 7

? - ( 7/   1H   &?  -  - !m  76  6  B (716 7 bF 0

- 6 B 7( !H 7%H 6 H - = !6 76 06 2 7 (7% 0  76 K 0 !6

  {%F ( !- 7%H ( 7/  - !6 . - 7 -   6 ) : 7%H`( 7 6 ) ( %HH - 7 L>

 (  {%F H 7Z6( !6=  - 7%   = B ! ( ?- . - B(  6 !6 / !H 7%H

 Y/ . 7-6  !6 K 7%H H - s !U D  =  ? 7%H !"e`6H !6 -  7 >?6 0

( 7%%H 0Z= 0 7% - !m W 7- 7 ( GH !6 -  7 7 6 &6 H ]/ =  !"v  7- !6

7 7F  . 7%H !m !6 &6 7= - 7/ H !% !H6 K 7# 7F 7   &6 7%H .K 2

76-  0 - 0 {%F !1 7%H   ]/ !%] 6 7%H 7 ( 7 !1 7e !6 7-

 = 7 [ #%F {%F !6  !1L 7 7  7 !6 . 7- !H 7%H !( ! 0? [ !6  Z  p- - !6

!-  m  77& 7% <" / h 0  6  H 72  7%H   !H K   ZK  . 70

 6 !-F 7    !K . 7 !5% ( 7 F  6 7    ed . 7 7"H 

= 7% . 7% 7 %- F(  !H 7% 7 =  2 6 7 !6 7 . 7-6 7 L6 (  !H 7% 7 = 

6  ]/] B 1- . 7%H 7  (  7% < ( %( %&B ( - ( . . 7 7d 0 7 !U

s !1   7"H e% !H - . 7 K!  c$e K - - 01-  7%H ( B

(d 7%H  D = !6  . 7&?6   Z  0 p5 /  !6 !5m  !H 7%%H(  - 06 7 ] B 

]/  71 =. 7


? s !U !6 YZ 7- 7% 7 - !6 0 [ .& >%H  : 7%

2  ( - 7%   !B !6 7Z6 7% 7 H e  = !6 7Z6 7%   7e !H -`B "K

 7%? !H  ]w e - - 0  = 7 = !"e`6 . 72  7B !6  ] = !6B 7%

W  !H H ] - !6 K%  6B 7 7 B # . 7%H  !U6 bF  !% 

= - !m !6 7 6  2 7 / = !% Ye 0 7 6  2 7  2 7 . F 7 B

. - (7Z  % =    7%%H 6  . 77%6

( !67%  B %  6B . 7( 5 H -e 7 (  !H / 0 7 7 ! 76 76  %Z!H -

 Y/ (B6 7%(  !H 7= 7 7 T56 ] !"/ !6 !6 . 7 ] K T 6   Z 0&  (7

= !j Y !H ! !6 76B 27     . 7 0 !6 !H - 7  6 7 76 0   7 !6 B

!6 6- 07 . 76

 0&  d( ] !- J( d( ?-  D $ ] !- 0( 7%:

(7  7 !6 "U

 (] &=7

- (Y  h-% . #6

 07  7 !6 "U %H  &F  #  0&  Z  7%H  (Y6 cU- !6

 [`  GK F (  . 7-

] &= 7   ?6 !H  = 7 ]/  7%H ]V - 6 -  s% K`B 0  L>  7 

!67K H H !6 - 7 (& 7%H  . -# -Y  h-% 7  h$- !H #6 7 7 7  ] 756

 0 !6  7 7# H 7  % 7%%H   "g H  76 !m( H ]/ ] . - (

7 H 0  . 7%HK 2 !"v 76 6 H ]/  7! "g 76  B ? 7 . !m

L6 !"v 2( 2 ( 76 / !% 56 &6 7 - ( G( ! 7F 7%HL>  /F . 76 (0

?   H "g !H 7%] &6 L6 2 ]/  7%%H  ]V 0  [B !6! 76 !6 27

 >" 7- 0 !"v !H -  ]/ H . 7  0 !H -  Z - 6 !H K  2 " !6 

6( . 7  1H !"v ]/  27 !B H ]d  K. 7

& : G$%! 6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=290038

$*>  /k >8 

 &" 76 27 &] (? X %  ( ]d


 % !$ 6 -   0L  [- ]e1

]- %&/ -6   $V  7%6   L

( X % ! 6 0  (76 X %( - LF hH

 d6 7%&H   7 d  !H X  7

 (-1 # { (.  X %  !H    0

 (  6B  7%H  27  ( 07%H  K -

7e  !H  . %! 76 0  bj 7!

(76. 76 0 ( %  = !6 G  -eV? 7

= 2 L  d6 !H 7%H b/ 16 !H  H 716 7-6

 B 7-F   !m = 6 #   /

!H -$ 6 &! 6 7&6

Z6 - ( ."U X % X %( 6- 2   !  7%%H !$ 0! ! 6B -  0

( !H X % ^d6 !  0 X %( 6 -- 2   D -- .%H H_  ( X % /  !H 7%H

B- m $d X"H  7 (B X % L 7 H  !"2 7  !12m B 7"H 7%H  !"2

7 B -(. - ? (  % 0&"& 7"H !H - B - -  0  b$d ]1K 7%%H

B 6 7%%H - !H -( 0 -  0 "/  = !H %= KL (  % / 0 Ty6 !H

B -76 B& 0 d H ?7K 0  B X 6! m %$6 Y/ -    7%H (X %

B 7%&67 27 7 6- - p6 6 !-% B =< m. 7X  (L( 6 7  G ( .X

= 7X 6 &/&  -! 76

   !H  6  v- 0Y !6% UB  0 `w 7%%H 7X56 -5   6  7% 0&B

7 $d 6 7 bj "   0 Z  6  W/  7%H  B(- `H 7% T56 7  ]$K1-

7Z( 7%%H % L . ) !H 12  06( 7- 06 bj ) 12  5  6 !5m %H $de

? !H e ( X % 2  7%#)) 7%= 7 B -2((  X / "B d(.  B6

&] ( %  7= ]Z6 - !$% Lm "B 7F  6 !H - -  ! !T2  6  &6

  `w Y" !H  Y6 F- / - &`   7H 7-F . &` EF> 

" & B  = !H -L2 (  % 7%H  !H K Y 7 (B X % 6 = m 6 7% L6 G 6 

$Z6. 7 = 5 ( m 6  % UB%j L6 2!  / !H 7%  !6 7%%H L 7 D" ( %  0-

m !H   UB 6 7%%H 6L 6 B6 7%%H 7%%&  h !H %e !6 %& h 0 / ( % "#

 2 !H -#%  %( b$d  & 7%  - !H 7% 6 - = 16 !-F L  =  7%

.   B6 7 m 0 UB .Ks% 7  !H  0 6 /! UB  m 056 -$  7  0 K

UB !H 6  7/ ]K   6 B B% 7B 0 !6=) 12 7 B  &]  0 0B( -(

D B =B 7%H # 6 !H 7%H 0 B  5= 7 B 6 K 56 %( !6 BY6): 7 6

B  / 7= . ! !   %( m L =  Y6    6 !H %H #6 7K7%6 (L !H

L= / - 6 0 7 7Z6 F 5 6 %H LB 7 B !B   H /    7%B K` !6

5 B  (B  = 7-F !m K(B K1 7  !H K 7K 7 !6 ]  T2 7 B 7 !j !H

B 7 !V% !6 7 6  ]w !H 7%6  7-6  5  (F  !6 H  K UB (

( 7 7%H  7 UB 0 %j   L5 !H - D2  V( !Z !H 7 !6 B# 7- B  B B T56 !6 7
L ( % B& 0! 76 7` UB 0  7Z6 L#( 5! (%H  ]"d

?=- UB 0 7%H  b/ !H -  !1B 7 7   Lm  7 !6  &/ 756 0 s% 0

- !% &/&  6 7 / 7 !H K6 7 !sd 7%m 6 5 12%  7%H[ 0 b/

 !H 7%H!  7 7%H  ]d(  !6 ( m B 7 6 != 5 ? 76 7 ?

B 5 `w7 7! 6    7%H  $de  6 "-/  $# !H 7%H 7"H D

(7V 7%H .V? !2  B 7? !6 0 ] (      6 &/   7V( !6 7%H"H .

! ( ?B V? 0 "  / != !# 7%H 2! m L% / (" BH 76 56 ( 0 b/

 !H 7%H! < = -H 7 / =!   e !6 b 6 7 K6 7K (H D 7K  7 B(  7%H

!e`B! =%j <  d6  = 7 p"  6 !H 7 -F !67 ( H -  !1B 77

 ! 0 &/ !H 7= 0L <  7%( Z ( 7 UB 7 K 0 !"6 - 0! 7 !1B

/   0 `(6 D (H $Z !6 0 ] !H - ( %  7%# (7  % &/K 7 7%

7 7%%&6 7  7%%H !6 " 7 .d 0 &/ 7%% V? !H 7=7% !%56 ( p-  = 6 !H

`K  B 7%%H G"K !K 6 0  UB  m UB !2 (- #1 -#1  ( %Z !%

 6m  %( 7L  ( !H 7%-  7%y6 0 !H - Z  6 &/ 7 6 H 2 0 / !6 7L6

 &/Lg 7% !H 7 H 716 `Ue6 ! = 7 !H ( % V( 7%#  (  !H 7%%H ]w 7% 5

6 6UB 0  7%%H 0 - !H  B UB 0 = ( 7(-UB 0- 7%H  7 B ?6 7 -0

0 L !"H ]w - 7 !1B !"H #1 6  ( 2! 76  >   [ #  ]6K < 2

( 7%6 ]dU !H 7%B /  ( %H =  1 L7 D !6# F X  L !#   0 !H

 -/ B  %H !% 0/ $U B 76 7%B 7%$U =%j   H X2 !H 7

= 7%!  = 7!  =&B !62 !H 7%  7L  ) 12 27  0 s -K 5  <T B

&j6 $6 ]w - 0 !H -   / %H  276 0 !H =%j / 7 H  % 6 !H =! (&!%

6 27 1 27  6 B  !% 6 -5  5 Z 7%H  0H 0  H " GK!

B&  = B H  7- `/ 0  YZ   H !6 %  - !H -( 6 7 =  < B

H  b/  mH 7% ` !H 77  $B 6 !H K  . = %   ((H K  !6 2  - 5%

-  7  [ 6 2 !  7?6 7 B m K D d B ?6 [ 77  1 ]w -- !% !6

=    !H 7  # B & 7 7% m ]w   1( 6 7%6  !H  / 0H  27 7H  27 7

 6 d%6 / "H !6 X2 !H B 7 m 7 - UB 0/ !H 7%%H  b/ 7  %2[

 = !H 7% !m GKB  = B= 7% V6   /  7%FY !H 7 .H 27  7% !H %m (

   7 6 =! [  !6 F = "e $ 7 (B V V%  76 7 7L6 B 6  2 7

= 7%%H  ]1K 6  !6  &B 5 &g   7 B %2 d6  = 76 0  m UB 02

  ( X %  7/ 76Y 7# 6 ]K  m UB6  7 7 6 X5 2! =   -( 0 UB 0 Lm X!H 7%

= 7% W/ / 6 B( 6 !m 7 6 7-= !% 65  T2s% 7 0B  !H - 7 -  -( 0

F T56 7 2 (  76 "Z6 7 $6 F 7 B !#  =  -. 7( 0  T2-(?"V1 !j

 7 2 !H%? V K 6 !5 `Ue6 H$ >6 H 75 ?( V d%6 %d d6 7

("B p = 6  7%B- ]#= &- H$ 6 7  H >H( "6= !# 7  !H 7(  B %6 6. 7

/ 6 H  27 76 0 !H 6L6 62  %& hB  (H X %B 7  %F 7B- 2 B 6

B X %( 76   L Vd GK  %& hK 7 6L6 62 !H H  %( H !"- ( 66
L62 6 .  16 !H K !H 7  X %( b$d 0  7%H =! B = d6 g 6 =B 7 H ]w X mH

  7%6 !  !YZ  B 7 (  %L% 7%H  b/B != #6 !e`B D 7%y6 ZKB 7 

-!    7%6  c$ Z[ 5j 27 ZK 7&j 7~   2  V( !H K 77 ( v  %  L 7

(  7%6 ]w 7[ B H 0%m !6 7K 7%H !H %  ~   7H ]w %F 6 m 6 &/-

  F 7-F  7 e 0 =   (# = KH 7 !H X-( !j6 !H 7%6  ?( V H !B -6

! =  ( ! 7! B (&=7%H . 6Z &6 (Z v-  %Y   76 !H 7% DH 

( 76 7- B  Y/ 0 m %$6  ( 6  H .   B 7 / 0 Ty6  X %( " !H 7%

6 !H  !%= g 6 ]w !H 7! ( 2 ( &m 7  0! V? LH % H 7 K6

2  7& 27 7 76 6  - H !"6  7 7 7Z6! ! H 7 ( 7 6  (7 (  % !6 !65

6 !$ 2 0 56 WH  6 7! ! B ( !"/6`- 7 = ]X 56 . !%

 B !- Ty6 !H 7! ( V? LH %j H  7 K6 6 !"6 7&  #B -  !H 7%L

  ]w 1 7% ( ]& " !H 76 ! !T2 0 B(  7   V( %Z   !#  

-> H !$ 27K  !H 7%[ 6 ]& 0  =(  K  ` H   h"U.(  !5m !H %0 7

B V? ZK( (& !H 7%H .6   7  7%H 77K 7K !6  "6 2 5?F 6(  !5m= 7  /

`- 7K 6$U 7%6 B( 6 = 7

`   !X !H 2 76 ]  "B 5?F-"6 B 7 7 ( % 6 B7= 7

.& 7%H Z- $d5 $K 7%H B=) 7X2  76 H Kj$K 0 7 H !H -! ( 76

 '- 6 7( %( !% 0   7  .& Kj- !6 $d<  7 -7e 0   !j6

!H !1B -B "B 0 &]     /  6   B !H #= ( 7 Z- 7%H ] 12 !j= !6

$d 7%H5 $K 7%H  0 76 H7H) 7-y6 - 7H $d & !sd ( . 7%H  0 6 2 =$U 6

(  -B $d 7 7 $K 7%H $K  $d 06 !H -  =  D% !sd 7%m 7L6 &m !6 D

6  7%e 7 6= 6  76 7%&%6= 7  B 0 7%H b/) 7X56 - 2 6 !2 6 m %H

(7 $ 62  #%F !6 76  7%e D 7K ?6 " 7%m B B( 2 !"Z 7%H  ?6 (

7%H 76 7 /( ?6  7 !H 2 7  6 7  (  J GK = 56 7 Y/ !H 7%H b/7

2   Lm 7  !H - 2  7%HKB . 6 $U  6 = -

!6 h GK !H K?B 2 F 7 B ?6 7jy67F 0 !H 7%H 72 7/  $d 7 GKB 6 7 7X56

) -L 7%%H  "d( 7L   7   !H $U 2 !2 6 7/  %( %H  B2

!6( 0 "B 7%H ] 0 = H  !H H  (  H B 7 7 (6 X % B. 7= 7

=  76J! B 6 B 0) 7X56  (B( 2 76$K 7 "B !H 7%H 7 7! !  !6 77

 !H 6   (  B = 7 $B 7  -B 6 !-F 76 B 0 7X56  K 7%H Z-

B (/ %H ( !H = 1-  H6 7$6( 7  !H 7%    6 7%H  !H K 7%H  27 76 2

6 76 7%H> =  >F 7[ 0 -w J. b 6  $w B  7%H # % L6  2 7 !j6 !H K%

  >6  ( >&m 7 #6 76 - B   !%-2 !H K  B  $dF 7  B

 7%H  #76  h h(( 0 F !H ) (  !#  $d<T ! - 2  0 !j6 

L6H 0 $ 6 !H -  7 ?$B - `-  76 !6 -- 7K  &F (&]  7

Um76 !H %Z 0K 2 H ]w 76 6BW 6H B  7%H #  h B= - !HLm 0 6

B 6 = 12`$K !%m. 7 [  7%HU 6  =  >F$Z6 7 " 1      L Lm
 %H   !H .(  2 B &F y6 -  .&F   6 !6. bZ!"e/ 7%H ] 12 !j

! eV? 76 !H K   B !6 7( 0 0 ] 76 K= 7%H ] 76 !m 7%H 0= !U-  H  (

!1B6 - !6 57# 7 ( D 7 H bF.7 B (7 7UB !H 7  m Y6 !2 7Z6 B G1( 57%

 7/ (B  X % (- BH 7 .

- : G$% ($ #

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=319195

 /kR  /0 >8

? 1 ( !2 DmH 6K &m  &m !

 7 !H ? 1 Um H -  (T2  J .7

/  7 (7&!  6 B6 = 6  -2 

 .

$# 2H - !H 7 6 ?" V? 6 1 B6

! 76   1- ( 7%H&! .76 .

!H H&! 7(  / Z

!  ] ]   .-% H !H -(  Kj7

 - 7 Ty6/ !6 "  !H 0 #

 .76  !H B &! cde - 

 !H Lm -  56 s 7% (? g 7.

[!  6:

 6 0  ] 6] 0 ]$K !H - 012 >(Y (Z

( .7%H 7# B(  7%H = !6   $ 7 56m !H 7  L$ &  6#  .-1-

"H (7 ]w Z Kj &!  .7%H ( !"H  !6 .7%H $de "H "B  !"H1- 7%H Z- .7%H

H 0 &!  #  6 ! 7]  6 .01"( &FH 0 6 - (1 "B 2H 7.

7 !H H 7%H  ^d6

( / !6 6 B6 H 7e p ( 7%%H  $de !H 7 B 7%&6 / 7 .7!  %%m 6 !6  7.

 0 H !H - - /  76  ( 0 Z ( ]X 0 !6 p 7%H ^d6 0 ] 7e !H>  7%.

!  H 1 ? .  !H Lm 65  2 ]& 7%.

[!  6:


 0 - !-- !H 7  -> 7&%6  6 0  0%m 6 !H  (  7! 76 0T56 !H -/ 7

> ( y >$de 06 .T56 7 7 B  !m56 7 .7 $de K> (   7 s( 6  !6 .7%H

 !"Z( H =(>   s (7 6 .7%H =  / !H H> Z ( 76&! B 76 .7 7  !H

Y  -  ? 7%H 1 &! B .7%H 1/

!H H&! 7%H  % %

 0 H !H -&! / L6%2 H B -  !H&! ! / Lm /   .7Bm

B h/e! 7 Lm= .d !m 7 .7$ !m 76 !"v 0 F  2  &6 . &!  !H

&]  &! L62`& 0  7% &` 5 6   ( .-

[!  6:

6 B6 6 0 `( H 7% &66 .77 !H 7%H Z- 7  H (   K B( = 5 2!6 7

VB F  2H  B( !6 &  .7  = - !6 -  T5 7 7%6  2 "! =  -

 !H 7 7  !2 !6B -    76 5 7H !6 -  7 (V B H .7%H

 # . !"H

 0 H !6 !H -  H  B H L !6 2 H . !H - - &!  7 7 B 

  6 75 H 7 / .H< 26 6  6 J( 6 7> 6 ! &? 6 76   7Z !H -

H B !  6.-

[!  6:

 6 Lm 0  0%m 0 !H - 2 7> ]6K  > 7% ! BH 7 !6 . 0 ] T56H 7 B #

!# ( 7 = 6 7%H Z- .7%$6> 7 7 5 6> ( cW 7&! 7%H $de "H  / !6 / 

 / 7! .76

!H H  #%B &F7

V? 0 !H -!  !6 - 1% . 0 &!   H 276 !6 &g - H 0 YZ

(- &F #  .7 -  !H L 5 (7$]  !6 L = .7%H

[!  6:

 !Z  !H W 0 [` 7F H 7 ("B  !6  % 6 !6 56 !H 7 H> [` .7 2 6 H 0

#  7 ( / 7/ H B BH 7 0 !$ " -   ! 7L6 Lm  H =  >-.7

V( !H H 2 5  7

 0 H !H -  v 5j$ B  TF ( V 2 5  7.

[!  6:

2 6 -   K   v Ty6 / 72 V( &6 2 6 .76 2 $ 7! 7

 6 / - H bX .7%H 2= !"v 0

!H H&!   7%H

 0 H !H -&! / < H 7%  H .- ! Lm !2 &! 6 Lm  H = 7F

 .7%HH 0 6  #  ?6  = !m 7? !m 7%&6 7%.7%

[!  6:

0`B B !6 .- 0 ]   ( 7 ( g .7 H (  !H 7%6 7 0 !H -U6 = 6  7d

.7%H- !6 2< = 7 B6 -  (  7%H !6 7 56H !H 7 7  ( / !6 7> 2  .7 0 !$-
 /  6 BY6 !6 7 !"v 0 !6  .7

2! H 0  ?6...

 ! Z- 6 # H 0 B6 6 &] H ]d( H .7 % !  . 7 .7 0%m

 ZK  ( 7 H  # .7

( 7%H

L 7 [ !6 !H ]H 56 7 7 ( =(  !H # 7 B6  6 0 B .7%H

H (> L2 7

B6 H 6 0 7 !B 7 `e & 7 .- Y/ 5> 7-H !H - & K !6 H

[` H .7 =  B6 0%m 6 .-

(B -  7%H

 ( 7 7 K B  7%H - >?6 !66 ( 7%H ]% 5 &! = -  `B .7

(Q B6 0%m 6 ...

H 0 !H B6 0%m 6 6 7%6 7 0B B !H -( .7%H 1/ 2 0 ( (` B  V( 7%H 

H ]d B $ 7%H !?F 7%H Z- .7%H >H 7 1%! ] .7%H

- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=257414

>8 R4 
* /k

6 F L  K/ !H!  !6 D7 Z =  K

 !6  7 !6 !H> =2  ( !6 - 0 -

=  L7% . 7&!   Z = UB !H -

B >F&F      / eB =  V 76

0 GW 7K UBB H !H - 6 2 !H

 6 L -%H =  7 &6 0.

 YZ  0%m eB ]" 6 !6 #% !H 7% =7 0%m

 7 ?   `w 7 0! &5 B  D

 ZK E  Lm 0.-

 7 6 ? !H V!  B !6 7% 7& 7% 

 6 6 ]/ #%/ !6 &6  0/ 0  L !H


&  2 !H 7 L621 0 &6 0 !6 /

K/   !H 7% L2s  . 7H  B !6

` 7 D U-(  / . 12 L B7% 

 s !H (' 7Z( !6 &6 &5 -  !6 .7-

] (6 7 ]-6 7Z U- 7Z( !H -  7 

H (7Z  7  -  !6W   !H p"< 1( 06 p"< .- 1( 0  %( &F !6 U6

&67 %Z [ 0  56 !H U- =  -] L6  !&F B 7! ( - 6 s ( 7%H .d

` !6 (= .d  /`( 7%  7jF "B  h# <$ L h .- m s 0%m U- - !6 U-

(  /  07Z( !H $  7  H  F - !5m .7%H L 6 D 6 - 6 H 7

 &6.

/ 2 %H K 6 - 7Z( U-  7> Z 7/ 6 H (  U- H 0  7%m &!6

( 76 7%H B 7%m !H %Z 0 d !6( K1? 7%H  7& &6 e 0 (  7 "H / G

7Z( !6  7  76 7 7/ ]K   s !H 6 H !6 G (7Z  7   $ . - U-H 0 

m 2 !H  H  s -   !%.7

 !H  w  0 = 6 L621 06 &6 0 ( B H 6  0 7 $ ) 7 !$   7 !H

B H L6 1 2 &6 U- !6 =  !H 6 H 7 !"v 0 ! (. 76 2 6  "X  s

6 !H 7%H =  !6 B h-% ] 7 7! 76 76 ((  7 7 6 12 !/2 !6 -$ .-

(&? !%  !"v  !m !6 ( d 7%B - &?6    - (&]  7 =B  !H !j-

= 6 ( %H 7H6 0 !H 6  .d(  !6  !H 12 2 6  !"v $ 6 e "   s 0"... !H -

B 7 6  %H GK ] = ! %H  B B 0 76 ] %m >F&F !H - (   0

 !2 !H - 6 s 6 T5 K6!  . Lm !H  0    !H  / $  " D-

!H!  = 7Z  .6 7  7Z 6 F L 0%m$ U H 6 0 s !6  6 0%m

D -- = 0%?- !6 !H - ? 1 d !6 !Y7 2 y6s% . " 2 !Y7 " = -

!H ZK / !6 (  %H H  $  = !H %$6 5?6 2 B !H %H GK 6 $   6 0Y" !H

 ( B !" 6 6 7H 7%

- : G$% H "K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=263386

O/t   /k& 8& /0 V $ ? >8


!7

6 ( J H !H $w = ]e/ 7 = V? 27

   1 H -d ] !6 [  (H g

p6 B 2  Z (g 2 K

   !6 h$- =7 &`( 6  <]  7.-

 L62 0`& 0 ( !H $  <" =  !"2

$ 7%H (     Z H pd B 2.-

7( 0   H pd BZ( 7 ^6 2 06

H  !6 277 76 7 B   (7$]  0

W ` 6 1H 6 !H 0 p6 1% J( 0! [.

6 = (B <  $ " !Y-  Y L !%6 W

VK &H (.7%H ]d

W 0 ( 7 h$- H 06 B (7$] !6/ !  D 6 6 -  eVB   =  Z-

H  7 [= . H !67% B 6 K6 ( L !% < h `Z 5 H> .7% =  7!6 !H 7

H7% 7 L6  H     = !6 / 0=   `B 6 !H (V H !H .6-  V? 27

hK  !%F) 7% !6 0B 7H 7 h ^6   5( H  V? 27 ] 5] !"6 7% hK

7.75

  !"/ 0 % !6  !H  <]  66 7 # ( H 06 B pd = $  B% !"/ 727

?( V &? 7 (Z  ( .-

(

2 K & H %m  !H 7%H  !B  =  7%H H L D  H  27   ]2

B  %H 1( !6 ]/- c 2  FK6 .B ( H 06 B  K ? V&! H =  -  

  ( 6 7 !6 D( !6 h-% L   .7-6 s ! $ !H 7 7- ( !6  7%H 0 !H -

6 7 B 6 7- ( !6 56 >F .7 6 5 !6 275 6 7- ( !6  76  65  67

( ( V? K`B 6 76 $ 7 "B .76 d yH D  7%%6  !H 5%-  =% =  ( !6 7- 7

 B 7% 7%%H 7"(  = !6  ! 0 7"( !H - !"( D  !H - !6  0 .7  2 K6 F (

 = L H 27 ?B V 6 76 7 B 56 >F 7 6 B &? ( !H 7%H %Z !m !6  s

.-

!6B L( 76

!66 L  d1-  ?  V !"/ 0 7- ( !6  H  V? 27 - m ]& !H K0

!5m  !H - B H 06 ( V? 27 (6 ( 7%H s% 7  =  T $66%6 .76 0 7h-% !6 D

[[ 6  .7%H / /B  `( h-% !6 D  Y6 ]/ H 6 .7%H  !6 K  27  ( !60

 !# YZ !H 7-[  &?  6 !5m 7%%H 7  ?B V 1- .%H

=  - !6   =H 7% B 2 !6   7 7   B 7% (6 1  =  !6 ]UZ 7 5

(ZK #6 !6  !H ] 7 !6 0 $# $K !6 =   [ .7 !6 / H 7 .76H 0 0

! 012 %Z !6 - !6 &65 .76 0%jY 7 H 767 7 Z< %  7%H H !H%H

6- 7 >%6(7  27 # & g B %[6 ] 6  ( 7%6 .7%H 06 7 # H 0 $#
 & m 6 7 -  !#%F !H 7%H  5 6 ?- =  s !6 %-( / 7   !H 76 0vU .

!6 6 Z  71 6 27 !6g B= 7% .<" h 5% !6 &6 L = !H 7d 

7%$6 !7e ZK 6 !6  6 .7%%6  !7e   hH !66 L 7 ! ( ?B V d K  7

  Z ?  !H 7%H  .76  >F !6 -

2 6 : (  !H 7%H7

  7K  !H  27#   !6 !6 76 0 = !H  B !6 (  [% 7 6 .B

6 > !H 0  V? 27 => ( !6 7%H Z- 7%H (  G G 7! 76 = 7%$6 = e

B &FH 7  B (' L ! - &6 27 / 0 H 6J !V?&  %( !H - = "e !6 !H7& 

7%-- / 0 ( !6 !H - # H 7- !67&  '-.7

L (`Vd   6 7K 76  %= 0 F(  7H !67 6 0  7B . 6   0 ]e

 27 .-

 "U 7% (  0 = F !6 !H - B [% ! 6 ]& .76   076  = !H -

B !H 0 ! "( 7%66 0  7  = !H 7(  L2 7% 6 $-% ]/ &` B 7F  &6 .7%%H 5%

 ! ( ]& 6] "( !6 6= 6  " !j= .7 - 0 !H - `& 6 !   .

Z6  `& 6 7  "( ?6  "( 6 wH 7 bZ6/ B  .7  7

 ( 7? !H 7%H 7H 2 K 56?6 bF 6 ( 7.7

2 B : / V( G G 7%H

 7K(   s 6 0 / !H - !H  >F G 7-(  `H  0% 7K 0 !H

(V 7%H76 27 = B !5m G6 7 .( 0 !    = [  eB 7 !6 p !H  

( ."Z! 76 L  bF 7K 0 1- 7%H (V `& !H 7%H   7- ( !6  7 G -  !6!

&` B <"H !$ .7

0! = Lm6 !H - 7 2 # V( .7 ?" !6%   7 B  27 !2 !6 !H  

BV( 7 B .7%H / / FL !6 0B ( 6 .7%$6 ]X 0 0 7H 0 0 !H -# =  L !% 6

7   ! = !H (  H56  !6 7H 7( -# 7 .7

B H T565 7  B !7$ Lm( / 1 `H !2 !6 ]& 6 !"6( .7%$6[ 0  !H 5 "/

  !H 0!  = ! 6 p 7 ( -6 5  0 .7% `( ]/ !6 K G e% &m !6

= p 7%H  5 7% /  ! 6  7   !6 !H 5% G &` !"F ! L% !6 6 Ze  = 7%H 5

 7 7 &  !6 B 7%6 . = 6 !H 7 $ G  = 7%H (Z 7%H &` B !6 7%H ]V

!6 !H ]/ .7  #%

2 -[ :  2 !H 7%H H !$"< ]& 6 7

( 2! !"/ !H 76 76T56 - &F -$ 7 - !"/ H . ?-6 2 H (  !H 76 7

(V H  !H 76 G %H  (  7[ 7  2 !H 7%H >6 = !H !j/  7%H b1 !6 7 /

 0 - L  B Y6 b1 !6 (.7%H h#Z

 !6 ] 6   (B !6 7 5 &  !H 7 ?    7  ( # H   .7

6   / 0 $ 6 !6= - ( = 7  ( 7[% ! !H 76 - 6 !  ? H

6 .7 (] -  !"/ 0 7 !6 !H Z (  H  7%H ! ( 7  #%  V? 27  = 6 !6

 Y6 !2 !- ]/d .7%H


!H 5% G 0 [ !6 ]H ( 27 T/ H 7 T/ !6  G .7%H[ 0 76{ T/ !6  G  -

B y6 .7 6 7%76 7{ H 0 .7%6$ `& 6 !"6 !6   = .7 6 ( 7%H ( mH  K !67

 # 6 s `& 6 !"6 !6= -.7

/ = (  :B7- ( !6  !"e 77

 7H    ( !6 Vd% hH -/   7 (  !j= .- 5 Z( !6  $ / 7- 7

Z( !6 &6 .7-6  B  wH e 7- Z !6 5  7%%H !6 0 " 0 7%%6   = !H -5

 . 27 W &?6 7 !6 " 0 =  (" 7%%H  7  ZK 0 !6 $-% !# 7"( !H - 7.

6   6W 0 w 7%m !6 (!  :7%H  a !H 7 6 GK  Z H ]d !6  6 . !H 0

(& ( 7%H  . 76 !B  6( !67 y6 B 6 !  h( !H 7%H  ("L &"g

 & 6 ! Lm 6 / 0   7%!  .7%H

6 B ! - 7%m  <] -   27B 7Z6 D 5 .-H 7%m - W ]( 6 !H

[ //  dB 7%H   &! B !6 0 ] !H  ! 7%H B (&] 7

2  H - ( .7%H  d - ! / 1   (7F 7 7F L6 >2 7K/ !H 6  7 7%H 7

- H .7&6 ?  = !6 ZUK !H 12 7 -! 6 "2 0 Z6 .   ( 7%%H  e #

H  !H 7%%H5  = !6!  6 .7%%H  0 "B 7 H !6 -#   L !6# ( H 06 27

?  #% V = 5  !H / W .7%H

 0  - = B !- B 27 !  !H 7! !6 %6 7Y] 1( =  " 5  .7%H 

7 .%  e 0 6 !H 7 !6 D !6 h-% LB 27 = [ !H - 7 7%H 27  66 7 7- !6

B 02 !- 6 - .7 7K !12 7&! 6 0 2 0 &] .-

6  2 7 $ !"/ 0 $ 7%H  57%m L ]/ &]  .  07K  6 7- ( !6  276 07

!H 76/ !6 5  B L bH( 2  .7% / 0Z 0Z( 6 p !H - B - Z( !6 !H 1 (

(  7%H  !X( 7 ZK ( 27 # .7%H

6 76 =  ^6 !H !j / 7%H 27 !  0 7 (56 V Y/ .7= 6 5 Z( - B

( ? !6 V 6 T<H(  .7 !6 7 ] 0 = 0" :7%H  27 - "...!H "(Z  0 ( ? V0

( "...!H - Z( !H B ( ? V e !6   7 & 7Z6 !"/.7

 7  76 0Y (Z B %6 T<H 7 (  2 -= !6 7/ B !6 6 T<H7= 7 T<H

V /[ ( 7%H -/ B( ( .7%H - / !j= W/ 0Z(  !H -  - 7%m (

6 0 7%HZ( -  !H 1 ( Z( 6 7 !H 1  0 - ( ! 76  7$  6 = !H

6 g( 7( / 6 7%H  = / 7 e !6  ! .76 { Z( 0 $w  ( 0-

V( ( 7%H  DH  !6 !H ( ZK  ( G ?B V !6= -.7

 : G$% 7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=307593
$<> /k /0 >8

 / 6 !5m 5"e/ 6  $ !6( ( "$% B %H

] ?" 1j 7 , 07 7 , ZW , cde !6 0

- , 0  1% 7 (! ( !6 

7Z- B> B , %6 H < # > 5"e/ H

6%6 .76 0 $ 6 0 !/ H>  6 06 = 66 7

(! !6 D ] (~T2J ,  h-%  H "

eB (? H76 ,s% 0  !6  h U (! :7%H

]$K (  ( !6 !( 6 Lm  7Z- B> Z 7

]6K --  6 .6U p   6 B (-

 `w) 7  7 7 7 02  b ! 6

(.

s% !6 ( 7- !67   s 7 !6 D 7 

7 7%6 1- .7%H D ,T<H !1 D

- -  !$ - 5 H H

?" `H , !Z U - ,-B , / T< , B B , ,

 , $ - -  ! eB bF (= , s%  B K !6 .$[ 7%H Z- , 7 ( ! !6 7

# H   Z  !$ y6.7

!( (! 6 76 K < B  !6 LH L 7 ( !  , 7 K = !6 VB  7  - [

 = !6 !1 y6.7

(Q e( !H/  7%H  #   Z ?" ;  !Z U -  7B 6 ,7  !6 .$[ 7%H

(7 7%H ] 7 0 < e 0 B ! 7%e !6 DH `w - 7%H K7e  02 .

(S 2  1% / ZW B 7  5"e/ H ^6 %6 H= [B !6 6 , - (  7Z-  

B !T2> (!  !6 K  , 27~ = !6 $ 7 7% !67 = !6 $ %$B7$( 7%] .7%H

(a 7B (! ( !6 ]H 7 YL  [" DH h  > \ J # => = !6 7 7%6%6 , 0 (!

(7B !6 ]H 7 # H  .7%

(& !6#  6 - ]/( ]& 0 ( !6  %% $H <H 7%6 6 6 7% ! ~ 0 &`

 !6 5($  & 6  7%-   (!e  6 - 7F 0- 7 7%.7

6 ( ]" 7 ] ZW B> ZW 7%H !( .7-%&6 < $ 7  >%6 !6 (7 1 B B%> 6

("  B7  %7 ( ` 67 (&?  ( L    !T2 ] 6  7 7 K

d 7% b1- > {  &! .  D  0] - (F! L2 !6 0 L.-

6 (6 7 m 7%H 5 ( 7% 6 B6 7 5  .7 (H  7% K   >1ZW

(>6 - $B 7 56 H -B V( . K 6 !( (F$ ZW / (2 ] 7%.
bF ( & 6 `e !6 !( 6  ( 7% B ZK6 ( 27 !6 7%H L 76   6 L2

= !6  .7jy - sK - / (1 c $ ! Z ( 7#%56 !6 0 7  B (! e !6

6  B~( -7H 0B - 7.7

6 76 (Q   L5 K! 76 !6 E =J  2V( $w  B B> [ !6  2= ]H.7

pd (S 27 H ZK B ( g 7 6 G    Z 6 -7 6 w - !6 !H ZK>   7

( !6  5?FK 7# 56 .7 ( 2V 7K B>  %  =6 ( 7= !6 7 6 65 

 = 6  7%H  56   !6  Z [= V( . -.7

(a H =- (" 7%H  6 6 YF 0 ! ?- =- 2 !6 .$- H  !6  6 7 !6

B ("( 7%H 0 7 0 56 V( - 7 ?  # = !6= -.7

(W 7B 7 `   12 K  7 (" 7 6( 6` F  y6 1L .77 "( 0 

ZW L L -( .  /- F2 6 =>  (  b1  6 - 7%.-

!6 (7 ( L (V B  6 `e  T56 7 ?6 7 ( 76 hK    >F 7 

(V B> 7% B~( !6.7

( B BF 5$- ( "$% - y6L 7 T5 75 .756 V(   !6

!H H 6 ( !/  K 7 - ( 7  2 K L.

V( 76 ((  6 !6#( 6    ( 7 K  - [%  bF .76 &  6 0 6 - ( 67

7&! B (56 V 7 76 -  e7K .7%H

(6 V 67( 6 7 7&! =2 Y - 76 "?( .7#%6 ] !6 0 H "( L F K  F -

] - 7  6   %Z !6 - . 0    !6 %2 7 =.7

( 7 ( 2V (~ B ] h$- - %Z G% 0     6 !6g =.

V( (  !6 F B!T2 !6 = 7 (! m !H 7%H 6 !T2 # H   = 2.7

( (V  Z - 7%H K  - TF5  ( 76 7 # H  76 ( ( 2V 

 ( .

(Q   s% !H (  6 \ J - .7%

V( 6 (S =- H -7( !6 { B 6 ( 7% B> 7F= 7 7  6 ( 2V  &]

7jF -.7

(a W  7F LH( s 7%H Yg 7Z % y6L-= 2V( ( 7( e TF.

bF ( ( 67 & V( hK B  7$ %- 7B !6 (7F .7%H ]H (V( !H "K 7&!( 6

- - 6 / ( h$- ZW 7 (L L  27B !6 Z 7 U >27%6 !6 !H / 2 $d

T2 7 F !j= !62 = >F%&B 7B .76  7 `e - "U (ZK % .

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=345334
`P/ /k

  ( cW   ( 0 {(  0  -

6 0 7%7K e =  -   6 (6 cW

0-[` "$K ( [ %  ]6  !U6.

 ZK ! ` 6 (1  # 7:7%

" "Z  B 1 7 F 5 76 .7 6 70

`Ue !6 !( 6 >= L `= 7%!K 76.7

6  Z 1 06 7 !m"( 1- 7% >=

6 !m 7 &% B & 7%  1 0 ( 6 #6 7 7 0

^d6 Um 6 !6 7 "$K p67% "Z  6 !sd

7( d !"v b  7%  V( 2 %! "Z p 6

- ]& 0  ?- 7 $ m - ([$ 6 L

!"v 0!6 .

% { EF> B 6 !5mU 7 7% 27%

= -- B -- 6 !5m6 7 27% 6 7%%

6-  b"F #1 Um 66 7 5$B !e`B7%

6%6 %6 0!   ( cWV? "Z .

 ( cW

 cW( "e$ ( 7%:

( !X[`( !  p [ cW( . ]6K  .7%

!6 ( T2 [`   - !6 6 &.

- (  7F7 6 7jF 5.

(Q 0  6  ( ]Z.

(S6  7 VB 5/ . .

-( (a2E 7F "e7.

& (  d    B %.

 !m 2 Y67 "   ( cW 7% 6 !6 7 ! 0 (! ! 6! B6 07 !6 B 6 ]Z( 6

B6 5  7F 7%%  `w  0 "Z - W V? cW( 6 ^d6 7  s 7%  &

!  bF p 7%  s ( G 7 - !6B ]X ]/ - 7 0 !6" <" p.7

 (cW

!m 2 ! a 7%6!$[ 7Z6 !6 .  6 ( cW 7 !X -  (cde 0 "( 7%6!$[ 0 6

=U  .7 7%6!$[ 0 (dW $( 7%dW( : (dW( 1e ( 1 (dW . Y7-

(dW (6 1e (& ]V1 c!B-   =7% !6  B6 .7 ! = $( 7%:

 ( ! 6  dd-  !6  ( cW.7

& (  "g!  !6 `Vd -6 ( ! - !e`B "g .6 =.


LF (!B !  V  6 & ( cW.7

(dW (6 1  ]X 0B- 0!   !6  7  LF ]w! {  !Z b 6 6 (cW

 7 (~J K   B 6 .7%

6 s !6  6>-F 6 (dW  Y7-1-  %! m 6  7 m `w  6< G7

  $"K (G-  m Z6  >6 5g"$( J~( d( K 72 = 6! (dW   0 -  !-

( cW 6! 76  !6 56  = !X 0 ! = ([  cW 7 L - B   YZ (dW [ L

& 7 >-F !6 '-F 1-  %! BW 7%  (0dW( . [ >F 7 L (dW ZK

6  7 >?6 0 6 0 (dW-  B .

6 s !6  cW( 2E"   [ L 6 !m2 .!XL2 7 %! 0 2E L 6 7 5%7

$ !6 ( 5 56 ! (F cW 6B !6 / 7 BB !X L6 .7 7 h"U 0 6 !2 0 :7%

&! [ 7 L = <" h - = =7%  6- &  7%! =  [ L

(7 (dW 6 dW( % !U6.

  [ L

L6 >?6 2 EF> 6 [ !6dW( L %Z  2V( ]X ]/ !X- ]Z (&1( c

? ? V  7$ 6 ] 6 .-(T(   7!  7$ !Y# 76 !6 L  ] .7%% -

VV? 5 B 0>[   7! &] [` (? #% VV [`  s%6 1 !U6 (&]

5 (  7%! [= !6 !6#( . 7-7   0"Y 5 2 B- :7% FdW( B 

(dW  &6 - m 6 06 7[`   < % K e 6%6 .% 05% [ L

(dW6  m !6 7 \ !1 !( :%

?& (  W! B = ( cW.

(?  e%" !"v 7  W! K cW( -.

0Z( ( !U6 e% 06"W 7.

(Q p6 (dW !6[` "$K  s  0[ % 6 ]6 7/ !6 w7- .

  cW( !X

>F 6 -2E 6 cW( "e56 7 ! 6 1- ( cW "   :7

cW( (` K 0 1-  %!  6 5 ( ] (dW  7 . !6  !

 <" h  0 (dW 1- .

-( ( K  Z- V6j "   &! B6 %(  =  6 ( cW 

!6L> 5 1- .%

 (>  YZ K 0 1-  %! ?6    7jF ( cW = ? 5 Y

6 # ("  7%  !6> T56.

2E (h-% cW

(%

76 ( 7 %`   ( 02E (dW \ J- !$dW( !X  0 7/ ( cW !6 56[`

] 6 W ^d6  > [` [  &?6 p  ]6 Z 0 ! .- 0[` 6 " !6 7 cW s%

]% 7% !6.%

(VB
 VB h ( ?[$dW(  !6 !6 / = 7 .7% 16 % 6 6  !%

(dW ` 77 ! ! L 27% 2 bF LF [ !6 [ cW(] !K 2&m  .7%-

/ 0!2 :7 2 G \7 Y[ J $de bF  .-  B6 Z U #  7

 !% 6 !6= [` - ]Z LF 7 ! !  06 7 [` 7 !X!U6 

( 6

!X` ](dW[6 7/- ( 7 2 .76 !6   "!  K 7 67 L /

?[$ Lm ? F 7.

 Y" ! 7e  ]w  66 = 0 -! B s 7%m / "! 6 .% 0

5%  6 - !" 7%m( 1- % ^  = 06 % ` 6 7 ! " !" !$   7%%

T2 !6 . h(( 0 (7Z !1K 12  2 0%m  . :7 !6  ww  0  12 B 5

(  %  5 0! / B W 0 L .% ( !e 7%! 2 0L / [`

6 7 7%  = 7 % T2 . 5 "] 7  12[ h-% L >F  .- L 0   !"/

[ $de L.

^ (Q

^    =G -7 =7%  >F  (dW 7 7 12 L> ` .7 6^ 0

[ !6  ]6 dW( ( 7%  &6 .7%& 0 6EF -> e !2  !% !

& 2="Z 7  ! 7%!  "Z! bF (dW B ^  7[` !6 &6>= 7  !6

#/ h(( 0 [` 6 - !6 2.7

(S6 h-%

(dW 6  6 h-% 7[`( 27% .76VV? K 6 B  $dem 7%% 6 7 /`Ue %

)6 (1%e1- 6 .7%%Y - 7 !X 1% !Z !Y- b-%6 B27%  - L Lm 2

= !6 [B 51 7  VV? 0  27 B 6  !U6 7! 6 (?  = VV  7%  `w

6 LF ( $[ ]X e ( !6 VV?( Z  1 B6 7 /`Ue LF1- 7%  2 0/`Ue

126 6 2 1- 5B h p 7% == 51 B.7 7

=2] 2 :7 !6 !60! 6 ? $de V 7%% 6   V( 6 h-%  6 [` [  ]6

7K ]X ] !6 ?"6 1  .7%% K`   6  $de 7%% /`Ue  % 1- .7%%

 6 K? e! [`  %  $de 7 7%% /`Ue  % 1-  7%% 76/ Z-

   ]X 7%% !66 -( 6 Z <?B V ( cW6%6 .7%6 0 = ! Z B -6 % 27

6 1%e /`Ue (? VV h K"  6 ( a.%>  6

( (dW! / "    $  0Z !6 7%7  2 EF .7%> " 5&  7%!  !m

(7Z " `  7K  $  66 B6 ]w) 76 &6 L5 Lm  ! (7%m L ( ([$

e /  % .

L" {2 ...!  < .K [ 7%6!$ 76  6 (dW &6 7 !X .7 0  <76 .K 0

[7 7%6!$:7

(  Y  $ Lm 0%m!  0 Lm.

( (&77 1% ! 7%m !6 ! 7 0 ! ` !  2.


( ( 2 7/ !67( $ 7& Lm 7/ L.

( "6 6  / !6 &2 [ 0 2 7%!  ]$K 0.

( K 0Z 7 ( 7%m .

( 2 V. !$%  ] .

(  / ! L2  K <" h 7[ 0 76! .Y/

76  -!  ( `e  < .K1- %   w K 7F  `Ue  $( .K 

6 /`Ue K "( 1- %  2 $ !6 2  12 % W ? % 7 . `2

 77Z!  ZK! B Z %  6 % - (dW  % " 1-  !e(  = .% 7%%2

B % \ J6 7 GK ?& 7 7%6 0 & `w 56 s 7! B !6 7B G 56 7!

6= 7> B 1/( ]X 6 ( 7% &6 L! .76 ( !6  %( 7 56 0%m= :7 6  0- ]Z"

  $ -  !Z 7  7%%! 6 => 6 0 !m 7 # .7 2 B 7  !!e( 

 (% !X6 756 0%m 7= :7 6  7%e !6 (! 76 - ] 0 B  7%e 0  b1

!6 .>6 h(( 0[`(  !6 G -! ( 7 = [= .> 7F .7%

~( (7

 5 2E   (dW \~( J 7~( 6 20?- .- B6 6 7 7% s (  !6 0 W ( 0[`

" h 7% [` <W 6 " 6 .7 =! 6 7% 7 (dW  - $66 Z- 7 e% % !

($  !"v !6 W  ?& 7.%

[ !6 "  (~ 7 (~ 7` <` . (~< 7`6 20?- & 2E >(dW( !6

 <` 1- ( ]w) 7% -  6 &5 7%"6 7e(s% .  (~ 7` 1-

!$% 6 -! 6 20?- "27% !( h  B6 !6 $ [`   ]-  = !6 .

&6 6 0EF -> 6 !6 ?" "Z 7 ! ! ! F  (J\ h U !X = .-

6 F 0%j ! (~< 7` )(7e g /( s >= " h 7%  = !6  ( 7% B !6  6

 =%?- .77-- # ("L6 "27% !( h B W !6 $ /7 7e B (g

%?- .7% 6 L 7  !$% !6 ?" (dW B> / 6  = .72  6 $-% (~ 6 7[`

 B s / e - &m - ( 76 Bg( ( # .7%%

  (cW

 !6 6 0 d 6 7dW( &?6J B L16 . !2 0 0 - - )[ ]w 7  !?6

&!(  " ]w) ]V1 > 2 7 67( .7%66 1- L6 7 7%   Ud

=EF >  e !2 - ` 7 7 71- ]X- ]w) 1"? - 

 / b1K =  > 7% ("L( .

6 6 bEF G -> e !26 0L6 7 ! ! 0L6 6 (  1 1>= % 7

 =7 =  # ` !K7%% = 2 F7( 7%% #  =  L 7%  e =#( ( 7

?" 1 h.7%%

w `

-( 0 6  (0 (dW 1- w ` (& $  .-5% w  6 - w 

1- W ( % 6 " 7% .76&2 0 :7 bF 2 [ ^d6 w 1- % by-6 

W $de dW( % B (71 6 7%  `w -  -%!Z 56 s 7! B6 7 &# -
!  1 -%!Z > ( cW .7 B $de 6Z( !X 16 >  7% 2$ > :7 -

5  ! F 6  5  p$( !Z7% w by- 6 > ?   .7% = ! &# B6 6

> 0 = %w 7% 6 = " B6 7 2 by- 7%6 :7! ?>  ?" 17 bF

&( # 7 6 F > - 2- ( 6 .7%

6 2

27% K 7 !6 6& &6 !( 7 !?5  7%  &6 h U d( !1-~ .72  6

 dL> `27% 7%!Ke !26 .-- #  7  !%6& 2  7%! (7e 7 g 

L6  - h 5L> `27% !K dW( !6  6 .7 2 :76 2 ! ]  

  6 [F Z$ < !6T / 7 76 -!   %?- "e ( cW 7 !B% .-

6B

( B !6 B  %! 27%dW(   76%6 .76 0 %$6 7! = (dW   7 6 .B

06 6 7B Z (dW B 6 -.%

EF> B  !%J 6B `&  7! ] 6 6B - 6 1 %Z J~( 7jF  .7

e K s = '-F6  = !6 B `   6  !  bF p = !6  = '-F 6B ]

.7%%

? 0 - 7( 0 6 6dW( J~( - 0 -! !6 <`  7% 27% !( %  6B 7

B  T2"Z . %?- #  . cW( 0/ bF =7  m !6 / 27% B (!  7%% 

`- 6 %$ X7 {2 2  5K`6 = 6 -2!$/V .7%% =  !6 - !6 LB-

7Y6  06  5 6 Z B !( .7%% = !  d   6 (1  7&!

( (~dW( J [ . <` .#%6

 5  6 F L !6 [ 7-F ]6 \-Y " .- 6 !m 2 0(   L !6

$[? p-( h U B $6 F  >-F = ( 7%% B6 7% 1 27% % &  !6 7% 

 <" 6 !$= ]& 0 -! B 27% -y6! 7 >?6 (dW   &6 cW( !6 . 0

  ]X$[? ZK (71 -  0 !  0  = - (  [B !6 !% 7% 7%- s !6 %B

7 '-F6%6 .7%6 YZ 0< X` ! 7` / 6 Z 6 ( 6 Y =  . 16

>

 5 dW( 0B- 0 > - !6 EdW( K  6 6  d   76  `w

 "2 65% ( cW  B !6Wm  7 = L! ` = !6W & - .727 0 0 ]w 7jF

 !6 YZ  ? d V 5- B !67 &  6B !6  = .7% 7%! 6 0B 7

(& . 7%%Y = 7?6 / 0 =  < 6B Y - 0vU6%6 .7 0 !" 0! (V /

L "! > /L (V !/ !" -  .- 7  > ( cW 0 -! >

2E   "e & 7 (! 27%%6 " h7% 6  =   ( L2  !6  7% 

 7 7%! 7Z6 = 1- .%

-F : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=259530
/ $A  &U /k

B 2 7 H ]d !  !6/ T56 7  7 7

Ty66 7 7[% !H 7%H ]e/[  "( 7

 .7%%H !H 7 - ZK 0%m !6 0`( 7% 6

7e K - .- #%  %&F  !6 !H %H

61- =  ( 7 H( ! " .716

(! Lm 76 m m $K  .7% 6K !"6 "B 2

 m&ZK "Z  !j= . H 0   hV

7(HF 7 (  B .- 1 ? Lm 6 26 7 7

27 76 ( Lm6 7%H  [B !6! 76

YY7- B 7#%- 6 U% 7%H &!  !6 7

27 5 / T56.7

B ( 6 .7%H $de Z6 !H 0 7 &- 7

- %  /  7% ? !6 Vd% V  7

( 7%  = ! 6 .7%%H  B H $de &! 6

 !61- 76 .7%H  ZW g( !2 $de -

7%H  (! ! $ !H 76 !6 7 ! / p- 5 y6 7   ! ( !66 6 .7  / !6

 75 2 y6 7 s !6 =  (! Y .7%H  "B b !6 ]Z5 '-F ]$K .7 / D(D( /

("H 6 7%H - !6 7Z66 6.7

(%K .76 2&! ! B s%  5 HH 7/  - 7 m (K - !6 7% =7 

[% 6 7%%H F L6  /  6 .7%%H/ T2!6 !6 0 K5B ^6  !6 L  = !H 7 7

/ T56.7

(Q -  !Z U 76 27 .7 0 <$K]6K("H 0  !/ -7 2 76 $de Lm !m

 !2 7 / 7%H .7B 2 7 7 s( / 6 7%%H 76 7 ! 6[`( .76 2 -

76 2 7 0 !% ! 56 $- ]$K .7 B 7 !H 0 56 / 76 = [` .7%H hH G

Y 1- (S .76 . 2 [  H -  7 7 H 1- GK7H .7 1-[`  >%  !d 6

&H 6 57%H 2 B 2H 7 &!  6  76 0 6 6 7 .7-6 s !6 0VB H B 6

( 0d < .7%H $de

& !# (a 5%?- .7 L6 %?- (T2 J 7 $w J( 0  ( p ( 5 7%%?- !H 7
 .76 !( h  L( !6 2  7- 7 =  H !12 .7%H B ] 6 .7%H (Y6 !H

!12& ]  7%%H&!  / ( 0d.7%

( B (Z  0 .7%H -  #  76 B (Z T56 .7% 75   &H ((0d

.7%%H?6 2 7 B - (Z p 7%H !6 % B !6 "B hH 7.

B ( B .7%H 1/$ L6   !H 7%5% - & K B 7 B .7%%H 1/  06 GK7

L L 7%H !6$  76 ]/ ( K1 $ 716 $V 7 7  %H 76 -B p .7 ( 1/

6 ( 7%H 7  -! .76

B ( $ .7y6 = YZ !H # ( 7/  6 5 K $ 1H 7%%H  > --

K =  B 7 . [ $ 7F H ]d( F  =  6 !6 0 7%H Z- .7y6&! ( L .76 s%

((eVB 27 5 7FH ]d !6  .7 =7H !H 7 ! 7%H .-%?6 2 7B eVB 27 6

! 6K 76 0vU 7%H 2 ?6 7 (V  7 B(  = 0# ( ( .7%H 76 76 W  ]d

H T :7% 512 H 6`& -- h B= p6 6  !1- . 0%j 2 H ]d ]& H 6 7 ]

 60 6! H%H W 76 .7%H 512 H 6 !d  B ? U .7%H

 !2 7 ( 76 7 6 .7   7 ! 76 ( !5m !H 7 ( L 7/ 6 &6  .7%H hH

/ &6 B ^6 ( 7 75   .7%%H "( 7/ 7  !#/ T2 !6 05 7 H !6

=.7

( 76 7 bF5 ( 7 .756

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=349718

KU /k  O

 27%$ %Z6 !% 75 B - !6 T .7%H"VB 0

 !6 K`B  =  -76 7 =#  D   ( 7

L 6 ?"T 1 !6 F 6 0  T2(  7 !H 127e

6  T 6 6H - ( H 6 !6 0]6K /

B --6 7 7% .7VK  `( &6 !m ( . 7%H

B6 7`( . (! ( H  !6 B - 5 

(  !6 7 0[% 76  m !6 !H 7 D T (7$]  7.7

]/
[ (  B ( .7%H cdV 2  76 p "U 7/

K ! 2 76 h"U 0 !H - D 6 Y6 b1 !6

 / 7 2   0%m D7 -/! .76

  6 0 d 7 7K 6J 6(H .7 e `H 76

!  2 h - !6> !  .7%6 7 76 ! D

0%m ZW (6 7%H  0 7K  h#  76

bF 7 y- 7%m = !6  7F  .7%H

 ( !j e   7%H Z- .7%H !j e( 

e ( 7%H Z$[  / Ty B ! 6 .76  m 0

( 7 !6 7%H !65 56 !H 7   Lm.7-

(($ K6 .7%H 6 !5% 56   &m 6 7 B 6 ($ (- 7%H K6 ( 7X( !& !6 7%?$ 7

7L6  B !6   .75 `e  b  ]Z  7$ ]6 !$ / 0 6 !6 7 ! !H 76 H 0 

.7%

 (Q  y6 [B !6 .7! 6 6 0 H `K   !H 7%H Z- 7%H y6 [B !6 .7H 0 6 "B

  .-! &  2= 7% 7%mB 6 !$( 0 ( & ( 7%H % 76 K6  by- B  = !6 L

567 % !6 w `- "-"  "" 0 .  7B  = 6 !H6 7%H  s/  !$( 7%m 7%H Z- 5 = 

( [ !6 ( 7%H ]H % .7%6 K6 7m  &6 =  ( !6 &6 7%H(   7 [  ]6 / 

!H 7%H &6  - 7 / 0 2 &6  6 !H 56 L> 7F  .7%H

!6 (S5 ` .76 7%K  2 =% 7K `K H% !6 7 w D ` - - -

...  B ` 7%K 7-  = 7U (Y .7%H - L  = !6 D 7-y6  =  y6 [B !6U .7 H

W "X 0%m D 76 7 H $de B  K  7 =$# K   %( !H 7  H `H 

6 - (  .7%H $de7/ ( 7  B(  .7%H $de L ( [ B ^d6( `& 7%K  7 & 7

( !H] B 512 !6 7 6 ! .7

512 (a  W 6 .h-% 7  [ !H 7%H $de (W  !K`  = !6 ]6 / B 2(  `7 !K!6 7

=  76 7 H 0 ! % !6 .7 w 2 G D K 72  6 & h H ]2 ( ( !6 !H2

  .7%H $de 7 H 6 2 2- !6 !H 7 ?" 7%K` 1(  7% 7  2-  `!K

=  "! H %6 5% .7%H $de %-

 bH  s 7 !H (  !% 6 76 V? D56  = !6 7 !6 p !H 7 ] ` V? .( !H -] 7

 W ?" 65 ^d6 !6 .7%&%6 512B 0 6 7%H  ( 75 (dW Y  W ?"

6  6 .7%%H 2 76 - 56  = !6 !H 7&  Lm B6 7d - (76  =Lm !H 7 &6 

=  ^d$ 56.7

H $<  !6 ( 5 ( .7%H 2  Z / H $de  !H 7!  d !6  V?6 ? D

/ <H $  Lm   76 7%  = 56 !H 7  -Lm 012 .7 !H 5  -(  77

 % (7$] !6 D T .7%H / 0 6H 0  ( b/ 7 5 B !6 L " .7%H h! [ !60

  !#  !H 7%- K !6 $ 76 75 7 .7! !6  !# 06= !H 7%-& 1d  - B7

6.

( 5 .7 !6 7Y" 56 7 7  7 `B 6 !H !12  .- !6 2 56 !1[ !H 7
- 7 56  !6 !1[ !H 7 7 - !H 76 0vU 7  6 / 7%%H  $de   6

  T2 7 6H 0 $( L =  B - 7 = 7Z6 !6 5 / bH   6 ?H 7.

7e 6 ( K 5 (Z ( .7%H 7#H 0 eVB ( L  b15 >   6 Lm .7% B !H  =7

? 7%H    = !6 U ! .76 2 H  B H  = 7 6 6 = 7F 7%H  = !6

 .7%H6 2 # H 0 >6 7 0 7%H $e/ -   7K H! " .7%%H! /  6 7%H

(& . B  ( 7 &F !% 6 =   = / 7H 0 #  7 =  (Z .7%H 2/  Lm !H 7%

  (7F g H % !6) - w 7 [ $ 7F = !6 .. (! 7%H Lm !H  = B =!6 7

6 6 .7-  2   B 6 7-F = 6 7%H - by- B 6Z( D F !6 #6 .7-6

( TF (Z (6  7# .76  0 B6 !H (Z ( 7# 7 eB B bF  7 6 0 .7%H

$K   (Z (/F 7# ` 7%K  &6 "B .7 012% "B" D" - 6 >F 7 = :s (` 6

" "7= B !H  dB  " !6 !H 6  "B 0  H "  .7%H$ 0 B  (% !6 7%  (Z

( 7#  (Z    !6 ]6  .7 / 0 6 7 K! 6 !H 76 76 (Z  5 % !6 .7%

w Z( 7VK !6 H 2  7" :12 7m   B 0 !H - !67 ( 6 ..."  $ 7  560 7

`e eVB 0%m D 7! 7 /  6 !H %H (  0 <"6 p K  -".

7e 0( ( B %H .7%H  W 6 !H 7 [B !6!  76 H $de B6 .-  !H 7%

B /  7%%H  % !6(  /Z( 7% (& 5 TF  .7  0%m D 6 &6 77%H K

.7%H $de  = 6 b"-( 2] 56  = !6 7" !H 7 7 $7e 0( "7 6 7U 2  !H 76" :7

$ ".- g( !2 (7e 0 6 d H = D 0 =  6  = !12 !H  7e - -

(  .6 7 (7e 0 B  7%H p$W = !$( 7%m 2 ! ( 7%H &6 g( !2 .7 B( - 7%H

7e !H  &  !H 7 7e7%H  $de K (  !6 !%$ D !V B e 7- !KH p$ !6 7 7e

B ! .7

! 7%m

&! B dB  7VK .76 K6 H 5 - $ !6 7W 0  0 !H 7%H  = - $K  !m

& &%H  B !m 6 B 0 # .7% 2H 0 # ( K= 7 ( JH 0 6 e  

B 7 7 (7$]  !6   p !H 7 FH W [>  !H H .- ? V  T2  F ( 5

76 >-6 .7 7&! [B !6!  !H 76 =7 H % (  !H 7 !H 7% &6 .7%%H   !6K

 B H 6 !H 7# .7%%H   7%

L T(  !H 6= -76 7L !6 7  K`B (H 0d 5 56Z( .  ( 0d B %d 6

G[K / 0 ! 6 .7%H   7 !ZUK 7%m !H = ]$K  7 0! ( 76  (H 0d

 6 7%H  T H6 !H 7% 7%  Lm !sd 76 7%%H = B !6 .7% 2 K`B  0!

76 X76 = 7%H5 5 (   ?.7 7

2 K $#   7 7 6  !H 7%H H 7(1   75 = !6 $ $w s ! .7%6  0%mU

 ( 7H 0 7K 6 L6 B B .7 F .K 7% 7%B  6 !6 !H 7% 7%%H  DH  ( /

$6.

  7 "L m 6 m T 66 .-76 7Lm !m !H 7 [ dB  7%%  !m $ /

=    =(  K= 7 6 7 0?  =  ! .76

2/  !6 !H 7%H$  (` 7 e B  (  7%H 7H 0 !  B  7%H 2 


B "e & 7%6 7= (Y6 7% h"U 07K  !H 7%  $V  = .7 B  - !67 62 7-

 76 B ( 7&6  b1 7%H cdV .7L6 7%?$

&7

^d6 7 y6L / .7  2    6 6 7%6    (T 77F % 6 Lm .7%H 6 !H6 

=6 76 7 (  B .7%6 7% !H/ H 7   B 7 7%H H ^d6 D B( =" :!H 7-y6 ZK

Y !H - B s !sd 0 U %H" 2/  !H 7%H !2 L H 0  76%6 7K 0 ! T6

2 7%H U H B s T566 7 D K.5

  !6 2 B !H( (Z  7%? 7%H .7H 0 7 5%&K -(  .7L6 7%?$ 7 1H 0  7%H`e

 & / 7 2 = !6 bH ?7%2 .7 K  !    .7 0 66 7 B =  ! !H 76 7%%H /

s%  & 7 .77  dB e H =  6 .-

 2   >6 cW( "? ]X 7 7m 7 e !12 B 6  06 .7H 0 & 7%h"U 0

 !H -  F b1 !6B6 %  7 (  ?- !66 7 !H 7%H5 /   !  7 .70%j

 0 -- 0 (1  L# $[? !6  !H 7%H B  7 7 (V  s% !  = !H 7%H(   7 B(

7VK56 V(  =  !6 7 .7!  < W !12 B T/   7%H 6 / !6 &6  

2  6 .7%H 0  06 !H - hH[` L &6 7 ^d6 - (Y U 6 .7%%H 7 !H 7%H

?[$ / (  m( -  .

B6   $( !  !H 7% T 6  .72  $6 / 7 T ]6 !U $( !H 6T .- b/ 6W

5  6L5  (B  p $ b/ 7W  6L5 $( .7 T  !H 7%H  B  % 7

 T( 6 T (  .

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=337122

/0 /k  

= % =B6 0 ! 7 . ZK [B !6 77

(  ! $"K = !m 6 F 6 g !m/ F#

.7

B 56 B . 6  -[0 6 !-0

(1 ! .& 0 . 7 % L2B !6 .& 2 $ 7

7% .& 0 ( [ B  6 276 76%6 . 0 0

7/ ! !U6  6 w $6 7 & . %& 5

6 - 7- !6 Z =2 ! (K &6  % .d( !6


= .-

6  ! BB 7% 76 - 7%m 7% 6

-B 0  !X.

 %("e 0" 7 -B 0 F L  h

B .- Y/7 7!  &6 - GK>  B

2 (/`Ue :]w 7% 76 F ./V6 76 B

 !s/`6  !W6 !?" < 6 7  

7= >F! 0%m 6"( B ( e 7% !6 GK 6 0

" !6 0 ] -!  B [ ] 2 % ! ]

6 6B 7 0 (& d K ?- 

&m B / 6 5 27 !  7%/`e  &?617%6 7%.

 6 bF Z- -K`B %  B & % eVB !6  B -> %  K B 

 % B > GK  6$ ( d.%

e( ! ( !65%  $   B B !6 ZK 56 (7jF 0 : =  ! !

 6" B 6 - -!  $   B  ( % B % !6  L ?Ty6 U 0

 $   0 ] 6 6 6 ( . 0

6%6 0= 2 2 7 ( K 02 $ ! 76$  - !6  27] 6F 6 

-.

"B  B X 6 (%- ( 7 7 % &]  m < Y - F `w . 25  [ !Z 7%%

- 2 `  !# !6 ?  -%&/ .-

6%6 0 2m ( 5 7B !6 7 56 :7 0! 5  [ 7%% 2  0 B "U !# !6 7- 6

/ 7%% -  7j . !Z

 5 0 -! B 6 ` $d 6 $e .6 6  0 -! &! B  !6! .-6 Lm

 `w  6 B 76 - . e( !    B ` 76 -  (  B 

&6 -! .6 2 B !6  6 .& &6 7Z6   !-  B - &F ZK

B .

B 0[6 W 6  ![d 6 :% =>  !6  7%m p !K Y e .-

 K! (6 7%m 7 &m 7&6  b1 7%$6 7 ( #  B  7%b1 K 6

( 7 L 7% =! B !6 56 ( 0 :7 - ! B Lm 7Z6 .- = / =>  &6 7%

  7! Y  &! ( 6 UW  27.7%

 ( 1 !e( :7% % B = 7% / !6 B 2   .7 ( !sd 0 / 7` 0 (

B 0 :7% - .B 0 :  .&?6 7&?6 0 :.

bF - (7 7% 7 !6 B 2  .7 GK  6   eB ?  Z6 .7%  GK

F  /7   B6 7%% 0 6 5  1% B $w 6 0 . Z$[ !6 0 7K = ( B !6

= /B >%  # .% 76  ?V B   (.766 1

-B 0 %Z 0! B !6   !6 :- B  !Z 7% =   ?6 W( .7 5  GK

&! 7K .-
"B   !2 7! &! B !6 p (! 7% !   %( !6 #  7 ( 7 5 B - 7%

m B  -F 0  %&F .7  !6 % 2  B ! 6 `& ]/ !2 %   0

 7%=.7

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253409

/k & < ; /

 h  6   > p6  7%%

!  W 0    <"= h 7K 2

 ]X!   !  6 !6 0 

6 0 # ($   .%= 6 K

   $de .  = % ]  

 !U6    7%!  06

- K6   0( 7%m 6  .7  !

(!  76 p6  # 12 7%%

2 !  (  56 =  m

 0 ($  = !6 !5m  .-

 !6 5 (! 7%

!   7%! 7 (` 6 # ($

  0 -! 6 6 %  

% 6 7- 0%m !66  7

(! !65 `( !/ - B K .

   27%   ([$

(# 6 0  26 :7 7 K 7%!

5 6 Lm !m !6 .7%"XK " 7 - Lm 0%m !6 0 $e  6 #% 6 .-

65 ($  s7%

6 F !6 " !m !%   L5#  ! 7%   - bF !"e`6 = 66 7 7 # !6 .7%

  6 0 0 -! TF 5B  / 67K 6J 2 %6 >F ]6K 6 7& %Z = 7 7K  7% 7!

5 ?6  6 7%($ K6 .7%% 6 =!  s5 ?B V) !1 B =  6 7- s !6 (W -! ]$K
#   5 7 B B  -.7%

 $ F bX 6 DVC 6! B6 &> % "  ( "  7% 6 0  2 :7 2

`K  %= ! 2  71 !6 5  !6 -# 7 !m Y/ 6 /  0 7$ !m 76 ]XK

  K.7%

 6 ZK K6 ($ 1- 7%

  6 !-F 76  0! !5m (  # 7 U6 # =  ( .7% %Z  7 ]w e

e m      ($ ( -!    - 71- 7%$# !2 B6 7 

6 7- !6 07 [ .7% !  bX &   !6 (%jF 0  b"#= b (` 6

2 #( p6  6 "- 6  6 ZK ( 6 (# - !61-   .  2:7

K ("  01  12! / !"Z 0 6 ! 76  0K` K  B c$e - 7Z6  = ]d

7  W/  e  - F 6 %Z / c$e QS/S   6 S/ - e !d$e =  6!6 .

 6     ZK ( - !6 7 !2 $K 0 B 7% ZK . -! L62 0! ( - 7

bX  !6 b-  .7

2E B 7-%&6

/# B U6 ! #( !6 #%    &"  . 0 !6 ( s% % 6  %Z 7e

 76 / 0 !6 ( =(  .76 2 7 Z !  2  p6 ( =  >F 7  6.7

( L  7% & %6 6 0  2 !6 :7(  5 7% 6( = .7#%6  2 :7  !

 0 7%6  &F G - -% `w 7%/ K! &/ (-   5 < [`

% -   ! (  0 7 UB ! .76 0%m K B (&? B 7( 7 7K( !6

] == 7 2 Y -! =! ( >F 7  6 6 w%B =    ( - = 6 6 .7%6 7

 ($ K6 .7% K6  v ($ 7 65 T5 7 !U- 5 F L6 .7% ($ K6  6

5 (` 5 2 7% (" 01 ]  (  = 7 6 - p$(  6 Y[ (7 . 0%m 7%m( K "B [$

F    71 !6 hB - /  & !"g  !6 ( .

($  K6 7%

 7%  2! K6 ($ [(  !$ . 7% 7($  !12 !6 .76 J !1- 0([$  !$ 6

"B 7  7.-

 2 :7($ 2  !$ 6  7%! 6 `$K $  7!  !$ !6 (  !e 7%%  =   !m !$

7%% =  ( $ !   $de  = 6 K  7   B 7% ! /    0 0 0 - !6 /

 0%m # ($  -"Fm  !"6 (-= 0 .-

  2 &7

1/ !U6 (#  1/ ]w !U6 7 . !- %Z (#  0 6 - =! [ -  " 6 6 $de

7! 6 7 7( [$ 6 =< /.7% (" 01  ]  ( 7 ( p6(  7 22 -.

- : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=228113
/k / ; 

 6 - !H H -  = !m 7 7

6 !m -H 7

`- - / Z -y B 6  % .7$ !B 012

H H 02 - !6 B7 7

- $B B

= -Q H 7  D H !6 &g H.

- -S= G H T< L  7m .1-

F -a  W H  e  !6 ( / > .7L6

!6 !e`B [(  . 7/ B B  L% !6 6 .7%H

/ ] H 5( 2  !H 767 B $(: 7  - 6 .

2 Z6  / B  %F  7%%H 7K 6 = 7= 7 Km   7F !H 7 = B7%

 B . 6 ! 7 !VVB 0 .7%6 - 5 / 6 B [ !6 < !6 &  !H 7

7m >-.

-  $ !mH 7

6 -% -  H.

- B -# H >F <T B.

!"2 -  !j6    H !.

-QBF -  6 - ( !H (ZK6 Y/  &] = 0.-

56 7 7 0 F >F - e 1U '-F !K= 7 6 =2  0  7%H  ]  = !6 XL p

2  (   7%H

- 2(  L% !6 6 6 7 !m 7

 ( 7 0`B   0 =7  !B !6 Z$[ .- -  7 ./ 76 ] !  6 !B !6 . B

  $ 7 e  =7  L% !6#% B .7%%H F !676 6 " 7 ZK 7F ( 7%H -7/  B 1%

& &%H 7 !H 7 !U6 F &B & .7%H

6 " 7 =7 \- 7%H !2   7%HW 0 6 6 - / 0 6\- 7 B = %d 6

U = 7%H  bF  !H 0  B H-H / . 6 7 ! 5 [B !6 !H 7%H 6 H &-F 0%m

6 .-B6 0   $#   !"e/ 6  !6 ]  = >7 ( cW.7

 2 7%( 0d < !- !  76 /   7%H 6BK - !2 [  !B !%-26%6 -0

 0 0d 6 / - 7% 56 `w6 ( !6 7   - .7%H

  [ "g 12 !H -wH  ( L% !6 - - -6 7%m 0 $B 6 ZW - (  -

< 0 .7%H  7% !6 5 0  H 6 `( 5 - K7-  .%H %H   !H 0 0% 0 !6
$V - 6  6.

 6 !$ - e 0 (" $B B !6 %1 7 !6 76 ./ !H 72 7 (" 01 -  B6 .7$   

2 7% 2 6 %H 01"( !B !6   = 7%H K 26 D   5 &6 L6  .

 H !T2  % 6 !"v 7 B 7 6 &6 .%H - " - 7%7= .K  76 .7% s% = 

6B - #%H  B  !"6T< 7% [ = d !6 !H 7%%H T< B  Y/ .7%&6  !6

 T56  !H 7 "F H 7  ( 7%HB H 6 T56  W/ GK !6 !H !j6 !6  <T 76 7 ! !e`B

  V? !"- !6 !H 5 6   . 2  ( 7%H &!   !6  L . !H  /K

7/ -% ]K/  !H -  ( !6 7% / !  T56.7

 $   =    H -= p> 6 /  6 .-$K 7 H !H K  - 5

UW 6 - !6 (  76B 7 = !6 6B 275%  .76

6 #% !6 7 B 7-  ( !e !H  .%H7 - %( !6 7 <T ?6 7 6 / 7( %H( 76

Y ! !6 -  (! .7%H 2" 7  !m(   GW $ 6 7&?6 B !- =6 -6 B 7 6

!2 0 =7  = .7%H &! H e 0%m 6 6B (    .  0%m6 ZK6 7 B 2-

7F  - ( 7%H ( =- H !6 [B> 7-6   6 % 7 (?7F VV .7%H % ZK]g

 72  H -  6  VK B 6B 7  B   &6 . JW !H [B

 !6 66 0  - 6 6"U J~( 7 p6  T2 . !H H W $ !6 - 5 B !B

`B ( - 6` 6 $e & &6  .7 !$ e( 6 !6 e 0%m 7 B 767 !H 7% = ]6K

$K 76 !2 6 7 H !6 B (7# 7%H s 7 H p 27  .

 % ZK ]g  72  H -  6  VK B 6B 7  B   &6.

JW !H [B  !6 66 0  - 6 6"U J~( 7 p6  T2 . !H H W$ !6 -

 5 B !B `B ( - 6` 6 $e & &6  .7

- 6 -  B6 !m %H

B &6 -  - !B !- 5  & 7 B  - 7% - 0 B !6   $ 7%

B >F   :7%%H6 !m ? / !H -  = .7  0 - 5 7 -! 76 B ./ 0 !H -

 ]X B  .7%6 G"U D -  ( - 6  T56 (  / <6 !$  7% 

!H 0 - $e %-  B  ( 766 7 .7%H H 7 B 6 !6 7 0  (!  &6 !H 7%%H ]

 !"g& 7%   6 B  T56m 7  ( 7%- m 5 UW ` !6 .7%%H m  0vU7%

 =  6 ]& ]/ 7= ( 7%%H   7% $ K !6 7 56 Lm  !m2 .7% 0 7e~( 7eH 7  =  6

.7%%H  0%m  0/( B  p  7& / .7 ( !H &` H B 6  T56

&?6 GK 6 = !6   !6 .7%H  ]% !H 0 ( s ! ( 76 -  6 

T56 !6  e .76  %( ( 7  0W= p>   7%H (  ( .7%H 6  7 0   ^6 (

H =-> 7%6 >"& !6& 7 6 = ]/ 7K .7%H !B 0%m  !H -  (( 7 < !V>  .7%H

 -Q/ h  ( 76

6 1( b/ 0  6( 676 7 !H 7 !m !/ = . s 7  ( ( 7%H 7# & /  2

B 7&!  h"K(  ! 76 >6 2 7/  L (Z  .7%Lm Kj !H 5  

2= 6 7 ( >F 6 .7% 2  #H< !6 7 ( ?6 - 2 Z6  / B  %F  7%%H

7K 6 = 7= 7 Km   7F !H 7 = B6  . 7% ! 7 !VVB 0 .76 -
 5( / 6 B [ !6 < &  !6  7m - ( - .

H << -S m H 

 &6/ GK  B !H   7% -  U% -  6 d  h"U .-H !# 2 B 6

 ( ( H  6 1% ]e/ 2 6  7 5 - 6  .2 >F>< 76 7% K`B #   p

 !B  -= ]d !B !7> =>   .- 2UB X  &` B !62  $K 7&6 >BL

 !6 6  %F !H L 0 !6 / ) 76 !$~( %Z !6 h"U 0 7 0  ( . B ( !6-

== 7 K! Lm  - !2 6 . %H! / B6 $de B T/ .7%H

 !6  !e( L .  6 :%H !H 0  & 6 -6 7 &?6 7 K < B  !6 p VB

 .7 D  !( !6 /  % .  $  [ $d . & .  6  6 ( / %H  = 6 ( 7%7

!ZUK  !6 .(  2 7 B 6    5 .7%H 2 B   7%%H  7% GK

7%&6!

2  >F !H 7 6#   .   $d 7H " .7%H h  ZK 0%m = 2   

7%H  L2 $# !6  !H 7%H Lm >7 5.-

2  -%H & 0 .7%H  L#Z !e $de

 B  !HB! 7 !6 .%H  0%m 2  p 2 !6 %  012 6 .7 H !"2 2  Lm H

&/  .7%%H  D$- B  e 0 !6  / !6 .7  2 76 7 (~ .7%H 7 ] 0 ! !6

e  !"6 < $ ( 6  [B !6 # .7

  0  !6 - 0 -> 7 >6   !6  .- (

$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=220148

/k( /  ,5

!   27 <5 -  .Y D !/  .

/ !H`( 2  6 7%H   ( 7 0126 - .

  Lm ! Lm  27Z( .7 B K  = 6 !H

`K T2!H ]X 7Z->`Vd( `H D !

.Lm  B 6 7H 0 B L6 " 2 5 (J

T56.

] <5  !6 H 76 !H Lm ]$K 0 / 


T2 . bH =  / 6  7%H 6 ?&V  L

0 . ]XK`H 0 6 6 ( H  : - .>/

( (&?

  &6  F #d  = .- 7m  `( !H 7%%H < 56 !6 !H 7%`Ue  Y 6

&&m 2 ( / . &m .-  2  2 .7%  2H !$( D !/  &m 76   2

( H 7%  hm bF .7% B(  6 !6  /77

(  0  D < 5 (  -% H !6 .%H( / (&? / >F !% / 76 

H/ . 76 2 ( / ..7%

 0vU 2  = !H 7  0 / 012$ 7% b - !6 7 & ]Z  .7H 0   ^6  !H

 ]6/  27%  #B7%H 2 B  pB  !6 7 " &m5 L6 ( " 7Z6) .7 ! 0

/  !6  /   !H 7- D Y H B &F  m Y/   !H 76  27% !6

7-(

2 K  6 ? !6 -<& 5  [B !6 p !HY] B %W <>  TF .H 0   ^6 !H

7-6 H = !Z 7% 5 YZ .7   "B ( ( -- 6 0?6 !H 7% H 7% <?6 5!6 7%

 0 ] =  <( 5 & 72  Y6 -  >6 >F  2.7%

B6   !5m 7% 567%

[ !6 &6 "H <5  m .7% !6 0 ] !H&!  (Y  -&  % !6 . w 2

 VB2  `Z-m bF 7 /- 7Z6  H - =  7 "> 0 !H - 0  ( 7

 L6 2 7   = .76 !5m !H 7% 6 7 %?- &6TH F T56 !6 7 0 ] &! &-  .

H 0 7% !H !1  L2 !1 ( (d 6   .7%H L   !$% .- ]w - D 

7 W/ ! / Lm 7 - (  7 6 5B- - 7 = G [` 6 (Z H7 . !%

! 6  =  !H )6 0 !6 `e $ m !H !( 0 !6   .12

HL 7%= G  !6  L [` D !1  &g 6 5= .   H (  0 !H !6 / /

6  ]w- D$H D !66 ]B  6 6 (V  H !H5 ( L 7  Lm 7 ! 6 .7 ZK

< 6 ]6K 6H   `$K 0 .7  Z H F - =  &m L H D<$ 5 .  p

B ]w - D  7%H ( = 7 . 0 !$ >F  h"-  !65% - 5% ( (  #H

" 

 5 H %H 6 D" H -  6 "=" 7! = 0 . 7-F !H ]e - ) B e(!  

 $ 6`K (- H 6 B 12 ]e - L "= 0   7  = B7 H

 0 !6 7%[ [B b% !H "e !6 ".- / H !m 0 7%   7 !m 12 =7 H 6 b% !H

]e  (&?   -% #% H H  s !6  s !6 .7-/ <5 7H (Y6 D-

!"6 !6B "B K 7 5.7

$K $7e K

>6 B6 7   7%&% H  ( 7%H  B >6 7 V( Y6  7%%H   !H 7%%H !( LH

  K V(  = .7  6 !H 7%%H( !6 !6(  /B 7%  ( &` `B 7%%H   H 0

&m B  .7

 !H  2  %( ! 7   s[  06 !"6   6 L   !12 . 7 /7
! =    h .7% (  !5m  / 0 7s ! !H 765  756 7

H 2 56T2  Lm 7 !6 !H hm6<5  7%$m  Fm < 6 5  T2 .7! 6 Lm (

B .7 7! 6 !H 7%H  2 U  = $#  7B ]?( K H7 H !6 7%6  6 7 -%

7%$6 7 5 Lm  !6 .7 !6 012$(%  7%H (  s5 L6e .7%H  2 76 !   !6

7e K B .7 H !H# = !# 7 L6  / 7%6 !m  !m ]g B 27.2

6 ! %m !H 76  e !6 !Bm D  !H 72  s! Lm  - !6 5 ! B 6  2 0

/.

/   !H  B   & ]w - !6 !H - -  0 bF 7 !6 2 -

7 /`- ( 7 =B !" 6 7%( = 1- .7%%H

B !6 012

D6 %w- K " `e 5 B "7  7% 2 5 d"VZ( 7%) 7 ]  !6 !K` ?F - (...

(  27 !6 7 L B D .7 !6 0 0 ]  TH !H B !"6 - ] = 0 !H - B 1

6 K  ?V B !6 76 . / & !HL L  = wH / !6 '"( .  B 06 .7 76

B K= 7% ( (( ]d / . 7  = Z$[ .7 7 !- 0%m 0  6 .- - B !67B 27

$6.7

(!  7%H H 7 76 / .6 !  0 K` !6 B =K  !  6 h/eB H

7K 7&?6  !6 ] $ !H 7%  ."g B !6 7 / T56 7  [ !H  B  = 6 - p .7%H

 B6 -  h"U 0 K !H %H 0 0 (# 6 & . `1 H !K .-

( 6 -%  <5

(V  !H 7%H 0  7 7 7   " 2 B" .- ( K 0 ( - H 2 /  !6 012

6 6- "B 7= G (&? :7

&m[ &m .  ]6 ?6 .7K 6  = 2 6  >6 &m D 7 &2 6 7 &! <5 .-( 2 7

F H  5  !6 >&m[ 0 =U 6  &m !6  2  76 7& B/ !H !H 7 > TH

 d.-

" 2  K e 5(>  .2

%&F   !H 7% B %6 H 2 ?6 7 / 012B 0 .-(   D 5- 2

>-F !6 '-F B %6  2 7%H  0 0 =  B.7

!6 2[ 0 = [ H  H/ ( d !6 (W !6 $  LH  ^d6`B # .7%H

H 0 0 7Z6H - "H ) 7 0(1 6 B(  76 7= >F  0%m UY `e  2 6 !H 7

"H <" 7 1"( p 7# ( (7%H

 %( 2 ?XL !6 V   !K  /  6 H 7 B 7%m6 0 (  .7%H !6 & "B

  s 7- ]w - D ]H    .

- 7jF ( d( 7/  7 - 7 {2 ^6   .

X / ( g W  wd6 >-F - d  7-F - !6Y    '-F L.7

&!   - !6Y "! "= ( 0 !6 7 " 1-  .7%H

- (Y &Z1 !6 !H   m .7% =  !J  &2 7V   =   !H  B> 

- ( 7%%H B 7# ( 7%H 7F  !12 !6 ( 7%%H &6TH  6 .7%


XL bF 7%m 0 = !6   )6 2 0%m D(6 K1 B   !6 / 76  =XL !H 7

6 6  H- 7%m (7 7Z6   - - "( 6 5= 7%H  ?" 6 B.7 7

> 6 0.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302426

/k
$ 
>8 Ra

=  06 - &" 7= >F =    >#

7K ?-- 6 !H H 6 7`& ]$K 0 $ H

UB - D - -s% !6 $ 6 p6!-

$- H 7%H !H - K6 1/([$ . !-

.-

([$ !- !$X 6 p6 ]< 6 <>  $

7B - !H 0 !6 ] 2  B & !"g!6

  s H 7- 7 ( !2 .-Z( -  H:

s% !6 >F  - ! ( !6 ]Vd &H F .

 ]d 0 K L &6 5 = S 0 L !6 !B B& # 5H  276 .7  !H 0 D  D&B

=  $ ]d( ]6K.

( !H 2 V($ K !- !6 G 06 = .76 !6 D D -  !6  H bF L ! 6 !6 7%mD

7 -   d!  !6  H - . ! <T ]e (Z  H 7  06 (] H !H e

 = DmH   0  6 D K6 B !6  !H T5 7%m .%H H s%( d !6 6 !H  6

7?6 5.

F - (6 7 e 7/ !6  1 a G "Vd - 2 V( !H ( 7Z6 "Vd   .6 !B 0%H bF

- S T2 % [ 01"( ! . F 6 D ( .- / W/" 0  !H 7%6 ]eY !6 7 7%

6 !&2( 7 !H6 7%"(- -  0H- -  `  0H-"5  7%  HH ($ B 1/

H .

 7 0  !H  " 6  ?" ( 6 = - 1 (!  7($ B !- 2 1/ !e

m 7%%H  6 7% [ 0  6 B ($ !e! .7%6 6  !"v 7H !H 7 ^6( = >F 6 !H 7%H  7

L D -  6 %H ( !B 7  6 !H !2 $- -  !B - B 2 <$ - %H  F 


 L <$ 7H  %H F  7 T  $de 6 - D - 7H [B !6 L 76 -.

/ " )(   ":7 ) - (/= 5  - !H  7B - !- :K { 2 )  !6

  (7%H $ ) 012 7% %?-   >s1/ (7  76  !6 ) 27 1g-  (7%H

> !6{ 7 0B - (76 :- 0- H6 ? !H - !6{  7 6 -  -

 ":7 0\ 2B - = &B !6  - 7%  7 6   ".-

! 7%m 0 y6 [B !6:7

Z6 (K(  !H Lm  %( 7H 7 7= >F $6 06 K` D !6 .-7 76 5 7 6 &] $de 7= >F

.7%H  ^6 !"v 0 !H6 0  66 7( 6 !m 7%H 5 !"v !6 !H 76 ]& 0 L Lm GK- D

(1 $ DmH .-

!6 (5% 6 $deB - 7e K! 76 ! s B !6W 6 7%H !6B -  L  !H 7 7

s(> 6 bF !H 7%  .7%H &] 7= >F 0 - $de =- !6 .76 / Z6 K  H 7H

 !6 [ ( Y .

[ UB >&?6 b/ 7%H Z- (  ]6 ` !6 !K - B ( 6 .7%HH 0 =7F 2  !H 7%H 2 UB ZK

 h 76  - 7&?$6 p6( !- $ 6 .7&?6

(Q 2 `K / ! 7  /   7%H76 6  .7-167m !H 7%H H  7= >F p

 ~ 71- = 7 6 `K .7%H

6 d-   !m - H Z6K !( <" (` ($   -  !- = 1/ `( !6

6  !6 .  (! :7%H

 (s 7 B  H p$W 6 - 7-16  !H 0 F  D1- .7%H

7 2  6 !H -7 $de 5 6H 7 ? H 6 ?6 by- . 7  = ^d6 !6 ($ .7%&%6 s

H   !"#  !H ` !K- .7%H ! ( - = %6 !6 !H 7  7 = 6 - 7%H F &

 !6 !H 7 .7

! !6- %6 7 ?6 6 7H !W  h U s= 6 H& - 7%H F !6!6 h(( 0

- -  m   ! B !6  2  6 !6 [ 0  . s -  7 G"U  (7 h U 7 7

!6[ 06 . 7 5- .7%H

2/  6 !H 7%H 6 7 "UZ 6 7%H $de -H 0 #  .7 7  L 7e ( !6 .76 7= 6  60

[ . 7 >6 !H -  - 7 $B 656 $B 7.7

- : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=289401

/k  $ 
 
6 2   27 7  27 ZK (!6#

  %( 7%%H = !B !H -6  !5m 7  !6

!7%-6

  0 = !6 `B6 6  7Z !H 6

7jF <  0 -( K1  0 -= - !H 0

(  %B 7% 0- .- 2 !6=   27  %( 7% =

!H -? ZK !-B 7   ! 6 .76

  6 0`( 7 7%H =  !  0!5m !H 7

% # .7

6 7 !12 !H !5?6 7 !H 7 76 6 B6 0- 7Y] H! 7 ( .76m 7 - !6 L2 !5m 

7 p 2$ B ] Lm 7-y6 B m 7-y6B  = !6 2$ !5m  ]/  2.7

7X6 D 27 56 s ZUK . B  [ B   !H 7-% 7%6 6 7 /   = 27

B .76

= ( d6 7 !H 7 # =   H

= ( d6 77 !H 7 - !6 <2 05 7%

= ( d6 7 !H 7 [  7%6 !"e/ 6

= (d6  7 %&F  = !6 !H - T 6 7 $- 7%%

=  B  ZK   !H 7-%    ]X{ 7$6

s%  7%B  $V e B - "- 6  !5 . 0 = !H ?& `H - 7%   7

.- D 27 ! [  ! (1 .p 7%H  7 B D  6  m !- =  ! K 7%

U% .

 6 &6 H 7X6 = % . Z( %Z %Z# %Z$-  =(& 0 %Z ]HJ %Z.

 %Z7- !6 %Z.

H   !T2  / < !H (7%  2 .-  H 2 !H!  (7% 7%B -  6 (H g

- ! !( ]6K ZK !H -#% 1 `H L 27  77%m `$K .-  $7%m ] (1 c   

$ 7%B .676 X 676 - &F .  K X = X  .KW X    6H X   .!$H X

B 6 X!

 1  76H !H - (7 . 7 7 ]& 6   ZK !H - (7 .! & 7 - /L> =]6K 7

(   L! . 0 e( `$K !H -! H - 7#  H   Y/  !-

  6 7U ( g 7 s% 2 ( 75 7K T56 >F ?- 7 $ .7 ] 2 - (1 B 06 p

-   > m 6  Ue! H 7K >F  -  h [  .7  7 ? !H 7 VB 0

6.7

&! 6  7K  6 7  [" .76 h 6  7Z6 !6 0 7 7 7% 06- B 

76 7e !6 !$ ! 76B 2(   (  7$ !6 75 .7%H H 0%m

( 7X6 % 0 !H#   #  0 .7( 0 0 (6  %  #   XL !H -  - 7%m 27

 7 - (7$] !6 (   7 0 $w .-  !6 !


 p 6 p  2 !6  7 05< - y6L eV? 776 - !6 2 7 - .7 6

 !6 1% 7 p   -- 7 !6  !/ (K J( d  7   !6 $ bH   06 76 Lm

.7%H 0%j   -  Z 6 !$ 2 .  7 - 0%m !6 27 -- - 7 

`H 6 2 .7

(  ( 6 ? !H V 7 ^6 !T2  !H - !6 2 < B 7&6  7X !6 [? .7

6 !H ( K6 .7%H (  V? 0%m  7 !6 V? D7$( !6] 7%H =  7% e !6 7%6 UB !6 7.

7%H Z-  " h 7H T .7%$6 & 7 " !2 ( 7 y6L / 76$d 2  " 0

> .7%

6-  $w (  (F %- !6  % 6   6 (v( eV? .7   .7% = # B( TF 7%H 

  B 76 (`% ?6 LB.7

( 6 !- B  !6  7%H - 7%H Z- 1  6 =  B( 7F= 7.7

2 h [ ZK  %&F D( D( !6 76 ]  .7%H %&F 0 6  0  7 6    !H 1 & 0 7%2

 L  $w 6 bF  T2 J( / L B6 7 !6 . =!  ?6 7 `( ZK  - !76 . .7%H( :7%

7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=330791

8  /k / $A &U

B  2 7 H ]d !  !6/ T56 7  7 7

 Ty66 7 7[% !H 7%H ]e/[  "( 7

 B .7%%H   !H 7 - ZK 0%m !6 0`( 7%

67e K - .-  0  %&F  !6

 6 !H %1- =   ( 7 H( ! " .716

6K !"6 ( 7$ 2

 6# K 0m 6K !"6 "B 2  m&ZK 7 & !j= . 6K !"6 2    hV7 (H

F7 (  B .- 1 ? Lm 6 26 7 7 27 76 ( Lm6 .7%H [B !6! 76

YY7- B 7#%- 6 U% 7%H &!  !6 7 27 5 / T56.7

B ( 7%H $de

Z6 !"6 bX &-  7 - %  /  .7% [B !6 0 0 !6 Vd% V? !H -  7  (7%

 = !  7% 7%%H  B  (6 !7 H $de &!  6 !61- 76 .7%H  !5j !B 0

= !6 F !B7 $de  .7L6 -


 (! ! $ !H 76 !6 7 ! $de p-5 y6 7   !H  ( 66 6  !6 .7/ !6 0 

 75 2 7%H s =  2 sY .7  - '-F !6 Z 5  76 ]$K 7 / D( D( /

("H 6 7%H - !6 7Z66 =.7

(% K 76

2&! ! B s%  5 H H 7/ B - 7 . Um !T2 0 (  / KK - !6 7% =7

 [% 6 7%%H F  L6  / 7%%H 6/ T2 !6 !6 0 K5 B ^6 !6 L  = !H 7 7

/ T56.7

1 ( (Q # 7

7 0 < $K ]6K ("H 0  !/ .-7 2 7   !2 7 %vU 7% $de Lm !m.7

B  2 7 7 s( / 6 7%%H 7%H Z- 7 ! 6[` ( .76 5j - 76 2 7 0 !%

! 56 $-.7

6 %?-  B( = ]$K 7%H ]$K 7 !% 7 B 6  / 7 = [` .7%H hH G

Y 1- (S76 .

2 [  H -   7 7 H 1- GK7H .7 1-[` &H !d 6 &H 76 72

 7%H B  2H 7 &!  6  7-6 s !6 0 6 6 7 .7-6 s !6 0 H B 0d( 6 <

.7%H $de

& !# (a 7

5%?- L6 %?- (T2  J 7 $w J( 0 ( p  ( 5 7%%?- !H 7& !( h  L

.76( !6 2   7- bF 7 =  H !12 .7%H B ] 6 .7%H(  !mK H 7  7

.7%H ] &6 7%H Z- (Y6 !H !12& ]  7%%H&!  / ( 0d.7%

Y ( 7L

 0H -  #  76 B (Z T56 .7%- 7 0   H &H (%d .7%%H6 2 7

B - (Z p 7%H- % 0 B !6 "B hH 7.

B ( B 7%H 1/

$ L6   !H 7%   - & K B 7 B .7%%H 1/  06 GKL 7 L 7%H !6

$  .76 ]/ ( K1 $ 716 !H 7 $V 7  %H 76 -B p .7 6 ( 7%H 1/ 7 

-! .76

B ( $ 7y6

= YZ # ( 7/    K  $ 1H 7%%H   & -- K 5 B7

 . $ - 7F H [ H  =  6 !6 0 ( 7%H Z- .7%H 0&! ( L  / .76 s%2

H 7F 6 " 7%- ? 7% 1  7- (Y6 ? .7%H

 (7 hK 76

/    6 !H H  H 2-7% L26   7 &6 " B .7%H

(eVB 27 5 eVB7

 7= H !6H !H 7 ! 7%H& .-%?6 2 7eVB 27 6 ! & K %vU 7%H ?6 7 (V

 7 B(  = 0# (  ( .7%H 7%H Z- 7 W   :7% 512 H 6

Th
--

&` p6

b-

= B 6  !1-

 0%j H 6 2  H B 7 ]   !H 0 6 !U6! H%H W 7%H Z- .7%H 512 H !6

[ H 6 !d  B ? U .7%H

Y ( 7L

(  ( 7%H Z- 7 Y 6 B B !K` .7%H 0  s !6 !H6 !VZ "B - 7  s5

U%  (V 76 %  # BH 7 .  s     B m 7%H  0 Z6 -

&B .7

 !2 7 ( 76 77

 6 7  !  0Um !H 7 ( 6 (  L 7/ 6 &6  .7%H hH/ &6 B ^6 7 75

  .7%%H "( 7/ 7  !#/ T2 !6 05 7 H !6  =.7

( 76 7 bF5 7 !756

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302529

 /k  >8 $

 7  H 7% !6$  H  H !m -

m  H Z( 0%m  B b/ 7%H / !%

 27 6B !6 ]H B!  76

  !H 7 0/ [ .7- Lm !6 "B

!6 !6=  - 7(  &6 DmH  (T !"6  7%

 -7

Z U EF>  -%  -& B  !H 7

 2  ] F $ H7 )  7%  6  -

/  - "g 7%%H -1( !6 7T d >?6

 ( s%  6  DmH T2 ) B  02 s  (&.

H 2 !6 0  ( 7 (H ( (Y6 !6 7L6 0!


7  ]X H

F !6 ?$B 7 6J !H - (7   ZK  Y6   6 E B 6 B6  m $

7 56 ... m !H5 2 6 27 ]   7 2    # (    7%

( !H 12  s F7   65 7 bF . 7eVB !m !6 H " 6 -

EF>  (1e 6 6#  %Z ?  6 h-% ]g V(  7F  !e -  T7%%H  7H~( $

 1e "VB ? V B Y6 b1 !6 6 %6 2 / 6 %H B 6 0  &6

7

  %(  / D   % !6 !"6 L Lg ZW($ .&7% % hV 6 F  $H( !H 7 

HH  !H H Lg  ."B  05&B ... 6 7% (1  . H    !U% !6

" 6 ' &K   !m 2 %5<  / Z- Lg !U% 0  &6  -

` H g( 6( !H K  Lg#  H 6 7%HH = T2  J~( L . = D> "Z !H 7

(1  F [`( !H 7 !% (&? "H  = !6  7L !6 - Y/  =  56

 [ Z$ `-

-% 7 = !H 26 `-  7%%H  ^d6 [ Z$     2E 6 . 7   - ! !6

6= 27   % Z  eZ   . %H   -- e !6  !""-( $ F Y6 !6 0

 ] .6U (Z H -

 !""- 0( h  ( j 7%F 6 !H!  >F  !"F !6 0 = 6 B F 7 !"F T56 >F

- !"F !6 0 6 F 7 !"F K  [ 0 ( (Y6$ !6 . !"F 0  5 -(   !6 0 0 )

B %Z (  W F ( 0-

B  ) (B .d (  ( (Y6H !$( 0  !6 !H H . ) 7%-6 !$( 0 !H  = %Z  H

( 7Z- 7B [ .$[ ( -     U- F( 0  %Z   $d %/

 0 $ =6 !B-  = . 7 #  7% 7 "6 `- 5?F => B6 7   7%H !H 7%

 #H !67

  2E    (eVB 0 B- (B .d  7

 cdeZK

TF Z$[ "H5 B&0

B- 5?5 2 [6 Z$

(! 6 ]X !6 B& 0 -% !1 7H

 "B !6 `-

] >%H  6 !6 L5 

(7 2 ( !6# 27

( !6# !

 - /  !Z 6  7

 0 6 ]6 p65

 !67 >6 !"- 7K (&? B 

$ 6 6 5

L%[ b/ !6  B
= 27%% 6

 6 6TF % &  

   7Z !H - [ Z$ H B 6  - `H 7%B7   (1 .? !H e `- H

B677%B  B !2 !- !6 7

Y !H !VB B (! = H-

? d( !6 !H !$"[ (6 B ( 2 F  5

V B ( 67K 6 !& !H ZW /K B 6

B B- B  0 !" !% - ]H !6  6 2 ) ! !6 D B ( L%[ $ < = -7

` 7%B 67 ! =  [ L% -7&7%! $( 7%"6 7%B  !6 !H (-  H/   

B F  = .  %( L%[ !2 0 (K H 0d  2 !6 !H F! `- B6 7%6

EF>  H 6J B B !H -  -  6 0  & 6 !"6  27-  Z 6 7%B . -7

 h"KL 7  Lg  7&?6  s  ( 1% `e  7%H  H>  . 7

 B 7%B !H  L5 LB  6  - (   6 & !6  7%H  H ( -76 % Y6

 6 . 0 / 6  B  " D [6 ( 7%H  DH Z$  6 => &6B 27 7%H y-

2 ! T6 7%B 7 7%B7  6 $w 6 B  # 7%  L] \6 J <"( 6 !$ (7  6 . 7%

[Z Z$ (  - 65 7FK6 - H  !"Z 7  2" &B !6 m 0< !H-

7%B &B 6 L6 / 2 ! T6  H - 6 &6

/ L !H ( 7%B 07 `- 6 $w J~( 6 7 !6 7$- 0 5 6 H  - 6 -

=% W = 7%B  B 6 7%m%H 6

[   !-

B L 6  %   !- eZ ]  "e  7

:6$d

 6$d %Z5 -! 6 - ! 7%6

: $

  $ %Z TF 5 6 # ( 7 Z ?&  v

:

 6 . %Z H V?6 H  !1 "e  0 L5

7 : G$%  G6%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=311572

 _ /k


- QS !6 !H 5% 56 !T2s !6 0%m !H 7-

L62( ] 0   % !6 0 & #"y  (

B  6 .b6 !H 5% v"F = !H 77-F (c

77 7 (> # 7%6  '-F 7j

7 0 B  b (7 c.

- 6 b !5m -#%

#% 1( 6 !H B ] 0  6  6 7

 T5:

 ( 76 - 7(  7%$.7

(    [B !6 0 !/TF D 6 -= 0 .->

( ]Vd &B   5   6 (B !6 ]Vd - 6 .

 !H W6 ZK    ]6 X . H

 H 1Z- H B !6 = !6 . 7% ]6

!JF 7 K  &6 .]$K 0H  %

6&6 !H 7F 0 !6$  .7% (  0 0

  7F 7   66 . K !$  $ !H

e  L !6  7Z$( h  6 7! H h .7#%- 0 !H 7%m&!   %&%  !6 D []

&6 %j6K (  % b/ B F  % ( H p # 7 76 !H  =  bF =6.

H ( 6 !65 =< :7%H

  D( 7 ( 7-6  !6  % ( DH 6  %5  !6 77 B - .76 05 ] -B  

X H%H 27% B7  .7%  2(   7 -( 7 H  %( !6 #  7 ?6 !%

 !6 6 7%H B H6 7 .  p-( b YZ5 - 6  K 5.

  6 ( B K 6 :7%H

 K B 7-%&6 =  H !6 2 .7 B ZW  7-%&6 L $# !% !61- =   7% .7%H 

H 7K !6(  = 7K !H B 7   .7%H( 7 7K(B 7% L>  B  1ZW 6  m .7 ]$K

6 Lm  7(  7Z- > B p6 7-%&6 6B !6    !H 7 =  1- .7%HH 0 / B

6 b L> 7.7

>6 (Q =5 !j76 bF 7.7

? 2 7 B  b B !6 !6 = 7%H 6  .76 >&?676 7 7&m6 5 6 7K6 .7

 0 &   !H 7W 0 7K ]w" :  76 -  " 5 - ZK  !j= !H 76 0vU

7&?6   !m 7 %Z !m < ( s%6  !6 ZK 0 5 2 H( &5.7

h-% (S  `- 7  / 0 :7%H 1/

s ( h-%  %( `- L s s% . 7 6 0   0`-  T< cde .- ?6 7 Z

.76  0-  !Z U !6 ZK =y6 0B $w .77> 76 .76L !H 7  ! 6 Lm .(  . 6

 6 TF 6  /   ZK F L B .7 7 L25%  h  !B !H`& !6 7

 7 7 ?-& `- .7   !6 b B 7% 7K   6 !"6 B( T5.7
(a K6 H ($ [`   - :76

 66 7 !6 6B !6 75 56 !H 7 7 ? !m 6 .7  (  B `H H s% .7%H   01- "H

012 0?- cW  0 6 s% - `H 6  7K( 7% .- e 2 76 6 L 5 .7 7%m 06

?"6 b 6  !6 0   H  B K !6 . ! !H 76    7

6 ? H L2.7 7

( H Z%eB ZK 2 6:7

76/ D  6B !6 7 !6 VK 7  ?" = 7 -  76 G"U ... H B 6B !6# 7

7Z66 - ]g g( 7 1H  6B .  7   H   !"Z %$ 6 Z%e D F6! ! " 

( 7 %6 eB 6#6 7%2- !6 .-[ !  B s  .76 K6 V% 5 ! &  !H 7 ZK

B !/ H= 7 7  !6 ?6 BH 7F 6 . !6 0B 076 e b !6 - !6 7< 6 .7 !m(

... 6

- : G$% 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=276097

/ /k K /0 !!! >8

 B = !j! 7( ^6 e 6 5 

   !6 $ $ .7  0 >  (7

#  Ty T 6   TF J( .76 !( ]6K

 66    76  6  (/ 7

- !U6  6 . 76 J 27

6 0?> a !6 =- !    (6 7 T# 

 B 6 7%6 7 `: 7% !s/

1 76

0 != 6T - 76   6  Z( . T

( &m !6 6   / .7$ >-F #%- !

  !5m1 7 76 T566 7 6  w:2 

 !#16 Vd% = 7 5  %F %  

=Y  h# < h   Z B 6 /] %( 7  h$-L

7  5 2 . K6 !$ 2 76  


2 7  Lm 0! ?  .7" 7 B J 6 #

6T5 7! ( !6 p$  16 Vd% eVB  . 76

 <" 5 7%%# 7

0 7  65 L- m  0-   ]  $ /&  2 . 2  67

6 = T 6  =  0 L s% - F . 76&%   56 0!  = -!  !

s (  7$ # 7F 6 `w 7 Z <  -$  = !j!  6 7% B 76 7 .

eVB%w- B 7%

 15 L5 -! <" h   %%6 7!  ! =  ( d$ 7  .7% !6 26  $de 5 7%

!T2 & B   27  "g 7[" !$ $K  6 7  (6 66  6 / 7

 =   !6 $de 6 .7 2 0  7%6(  !6  7%  %16 Vd  ( h! B 5 7 .

 ! /  L6  [6 L6 .76 Z$ 6  w  m - 2 [ !6 7 76 L6 ZK %V

 B 7%  !d5 B 7 . 2-  ( h  6 012! 6 7! -  7 2  !6 

B 7% .

2 27  76 2 7

6&  V( 0 <" 7%6  p!   /  % .7 6 7[%  76! !67  2   .7 #%

  ( 7 B 6 .7-%&6 K   /  7%$ ! (6   %6  = 6 7 $de  = !"6 7% 6$de !6 7

  L(  .7 6 7 W ? B    &-F( .7-y6 0 ZK % -   !6

(B 0 7 . 5%! '-F(  6  7  &-F 7  5 ( 7-y6 $de !6 &6

 .7s 7 B  7#%56  = 06  L! 6 7% "  76 0vU .7% K ( B 6 7% B:12 7

!K` 0 !6 ZK .

 Ty 76

   7 ! 1  !1  Ly 5 0 . %?-  !6 1% ] 7 B .7% 2V 7!

 w/$ !6 Gj --  T h  6 7 -! W ^d6 \ g( !6 Lm .7 5! 6 7= hK 76

^d6 # ! s .7$  7 d b -  " 7 !  (`  ( 7% 75 ( g .7B 0"

B -! s B W !6 G ^d6 6 L55 K%76 7 =!  B ]6 $# 2 7! Ty6 $

.-  =! 6- 7  K 6  .7 = != B  #B  .7% b]  !  $

 B !6 .%[ ! 76!  (76 Lm 7 7% . 7$

B = !-7%

  $ (-/ %6 K !6 &6 B   6%6 7%  6 0B - 6 ( 66 .7 W

  - = !j ! - 7 6 6&27 K . 7

 : G$%-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=257587
/0 5J /k & >8

6B 6 6 B &!:

6 - !  F b H B 6  H= h2

6 )& 7 6 ( B 

ZH 77! - 0 ( ?- & 27$ .- - 0

"6  (  "  7 =< 6> /& 7 =

dB  76 7%% bF B eB (7  -.7

!m  - !m 76 7 y- /  

=  [B !6 !H 7/    !6 7 -!K` 6

 7 7 H  6 7 7  B6 m  7 L $V2 .7 K (V  !H 7%Hm  7 $ 7 !K` `e

 !6 DB 27 7 H H .7 ($ B "Z   !B 7   7-F !6 7%H - 0 = !H ZK  -

.7

0-/ Z$[ `H  .7%  D 0%m 0 (7 ( 7  %5  2 (V  !H 7%%H ZK6 27

s  =  ( .- bF !$ 7 y- 0  (  7 Z  !6 $ D27 6- " ZK"27

F   .7 ]  !6 0  ZK 6 27 7  7 . & !H D  / H

7 7F  6 !H 7%H-    6J - F! 76 7 L6 0%j(  !H #= ( 7%H Z- 7 7

-7  [  F.7%H L

- H -/ :

=  7 !H !6=  [B !6 77  K   !H 7 B / (76 0 L p76 -F .7

 " ]w %- 6 " "`-  J"  7% 07  0%m . 6-  7 Z( B 5T2 (! !6

  6 ! 7-   $  B T2.

& .F 6 ZK! / :

& 7 Z( . !6  !H - B ]6  6 .7 6 7%H Z- 7 0 6 -76 -= !6 !H  Lm .& .7667

 !H %H   0 / W/!  ! .76 7 h"U 0  .`( 7% 6 >H  .-

-/ D  = 7%  5 7    !H 7- B 7 - 7/ = 7%H  $V [B

  7/ L6    !6 7  - 7   !B 27 .7 !sd 0%m & !6 .   7-

 %  . B  7 !%j (H 7 Z 6.7

 ( 76 p  02 s(-/  .  7 0  %( !H -     7%2 = $B 6.7%

?- 0  !H -  1 !6 L 7%H  D   ^6 !H6  & 27 7  [K !6 Y B K6

.76

B & 27 :7%H sd

B =K $ !6 7B  0" !H 756 V( /  (" B  6 ".%HB 6 7  !H 7%%H 0 6 

7& = B6 7 B  L/ %2  .7%%H wH " !H& !U6 65 K6  7%%H
B !6 B 7VK & 7 .7 0  &] -    !6 !H  0 <" p! 7F  7%H 27

&&H  -  6 !6 B B  .7- 2 !H !j= 6 .6U - "- H F B   %F &.

) X& 7 6 ( H .-   " :   !H 7% (  ( 7 =< !6 & 27

=   7 Z ( 7 6 &` = ]w 7Z6  0B- [B D 27 6  ".7%H sd ... >6 7 Z 7/ 27

& & .7%H sd

 cW( "- B !H 7 =K $ 7 5  ]6 B (Z ($ .7%%H 7#( -" s "B "-$ "0

(F "g  J( d K "2! ! "!  / b/ !H 7%  D  27  6 7L5  ^6

  = !H 7 .7 /-/ B  !6 $  ? b% !H - 7%6  .7% 7  5  0 6

dU- 7%6 DmH !  &` L6 2 6  !6  = 0%m .7 YZ -  0  !H 7%

7Z6  6 ^d6 B   = !6 .7%H  !Z = V?6 !sdTF h-=    7 -     6 %Z

( 2E !H( = 7 !sd .H 0 !    H 0 !H7Z6 -  7%H 7 6 !6 7%&%6 H

^6 H# T 6   !6 B(  . -  K - &F !H  276  F 7%%Hm 7%H L !H

& h$- 6  %(  !( !H   1%  LH.

 ( ( D 7 L62(  !H UB 0 7 55 7/  ( 7 7%H 7 "0" % " ]6"  .76

7 H& 27 67 F 5 7%H L   !H 7( !  6  !H  B h"K !6 !H 7

bH7 ."Z( 5.

 . !sd :7

- 0  !6 YZ & 27 ] ( g (Yd- " "B 6  .-7 5  e  7%H !6#

H  s ]$K B Ly= 02 7B 27%76 F  ....7

7 !m 0  .& / 1H7% 6 !H Lm6 7    (    76 0 !5m !H -

( .& 7% `B !K 6 = .7%  %  H  !H 7%H K 0 `K #  7 7%H Z- !6

  27 VB 7/ .7  - ]K$ `UZ( !6 6 6 .7H 0  6  ([ 7  !T2 6 7F .7%H

.  b H B  6 " Q & ".U%   6 !H 7 0 6 6 & . 0H !H - ! #  .70

   !H 7%(-/ ( .7%%H  $w B .& !6  !6 $(  / .76 7 Z !H/  7%H

7 - 6 7 >&?6 (B GW H 7%H 6 7/ 5 0 .7%H  [ L  6 6H

" 6 &!" )& 7 ( B7 0 .H 0 ( !6   %&F  !6 %H E   . H 0

!H $"U !6   B 7 6 7 mH.

 H B ! 6 !H !6 %6 2 "  B  = K !6 7 5m  H 7&?$6 012 ".7&?$6" 7

(  !H 1"? Z 7! "2 %  !H 7&?$6" ]w 76  " ( !H 1- H /  H !H#

&F =  !6 ".  6H  v !H - !H#  56 7  !6 7 7 $( ]$K 01- 0" :7%H

H $=  (   &?6"

6 6 &  $ U 0%m   !H 7 H B &F  7 ( / 0 K  7 ( :!H - = 6 2 V

7%&?$6 ( !%H !% B !6 .7%   !$ 6 !H    ./ !H - !676 5  .7 0 ]e

- 0 B "  6 1- H 6  !H 7%HH 0 L ^67 D  !67 5 06 ?"( 0 .7

( 76 ( =:

U !H % H = 7 Z 6    - 0 76 = .-- 0   (6 7% &! 6

 =  $V ?"( /   7%6 7   >&?6 B 6 & .6  .7%6 76B .& 7 6
e  d (7 Z (TF g - 7%H /Y -7 % 6 .7%HH 0  ( 7&! ( !6# % !H

 ] ! ( 7 7%H &6  . -   K !6 B 7 K6 .7%H 7

F : G$% 5[` LF - `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=227949

A4 ( /k @@J  

!6 7 6 !ZK LL 6 ?- -  ./ -

bF  LL  27%j  .<7 7  L6 L7

  0(1 Ty6 7 (` = 6 7%%H %H 6 .7%7B 2 

( 2 LL  H  bF 7 = B m 76 7-F

7K 0 / (  6 7 ( 27 76 7  7 -

?6 776 7Um 7  ( 7 { 6 !H -

L L ( 27 H !Y 66 #H .76 77 H !m 67%6 7

- 0  [ "? G=  >F 27 7% d6 GK

F (   7 6 BY66 ?-F 7 =  T2J(. '-F

!6 >-F 0 !6 56! B6  -  H B = 0 [ 1  L( 56 L !6( L !T2s% .

`e6 !H  0 7  !"6 7%H 6  ZK 0%m 77 !U6 6 7 K6 .7%HH 0 [ 6 LH( 6 Z$-

L   .d     6 # 7 !U6`( 7 .7%H

< !V 7 ( !6 7 Z 0 TF %6 >F 6 -2 7  67 p 7   = !6&   #% !H 27  (6 7%

= !6B 27 ! 76 .7%<7 7 76   !H 7 0{ G1 !6 - !6 !H K7 0 L6  ] !# 2 B

2 (  7Z6= 7 Ty6 !"/ . 6   !67 p 7 #  !U6 ( 6 !6 !T2 27  %&F  .

7 ZK ( 7 -% = 6 7%H Z- 56 B  .7   >    (  >F b1 !6 

(g( 7 J( d( !H L L -! #  7! !6#( 0 7 7 6 6 Ty6 7 !6  7Z   !H 7%H

( 7 6 . > m 0 6 .7  (y6 7Z6 DL.7

6 %1-  &!  ( 7 ?  ( !6# 76 7 7&6 ! s !U   0 6-

7%H 7Z6 7 7 L26 .7%&! B( 7-y6  0 (  7H 0  7%

(  !H H K  !6& ZK 6 !2 7 (B 7% B 7%%H 1/ 65 H .7%H !H 7%6/

 = &6= 7%$6 .-  ( 7 !j= !6 =   !2 7 7%H !W (g( = !6 =6 ( 76 7

L6 ( 0 %H 6 7 B  67 p 776 ..7


65    . "B  !$% L6 DH 27 2 - / 0 !%  ( 0 & .  6

H !6 !B= 02 B 76 =  6 B !"-  .7%H %  K  !H 7% [  (  g.7

& !B 7  (` B [ !# !6 ( 7%H ( Y ? .7-6

(  !j= .76 06 GK 7   (  7%H 7# 76 7  7%H 6  0vUH !m 7  (F !6 7

.7-6   > m 0 7 27(7 &6L .7 7   ! Lm ! bH 56 7  6 !%( D .76 0

 - 7K %H T56 6 .7 %1-  `( 6  !# !6 !-Fg( ! 7- -g( .G - G K B

7 !6 02 LL  TF .

Z (Q F = !6 .76 !6 .7%H 5 7%2 D B! 7y6 !H H YZ .7 -  7 6 5 p6

<? 6 V7% 6  !6 02 B7 p 7H( 7 !6 .7[ B  7%H 5 !   6 ( d p6!-

 "Z # 7 p6 7 6 sB .7( =< 76 7%%H `- =% 56 .7 2 (/ !$ 7 6 !H H

  7% U 76 ]&( 7%.7

H (S H !6 .7 H/ 6 .7%6 B 0  0%m ] U --1-  .-#    

7 7  6 / .6 2 BZ 7$ 7% 7 7! 76  7<= 7   = !6 ( 7%H .7%H

(a( !/ (76 g .7 H &? V# 76 !6 .7 6 7 H # 76 `$K !H 7 =  T  6H .7

!H 5j6#  7 - 76 56 - 6 .7 - K T56 7 6 !- 6 !1 F !6

6 7  5 L6 7K Z .7L6 -   - LL ?6.7

( .7%H 6 B 7 !5d .7 6 B 7F 7%H ! (-/ 6 56 !6 .7B h(( 0( 

6 &6/ ( ZK =  % 0 .7 - D 7Z6 !1 yHB  !6 H 7F 7%H  0 ( 7Z6  !-

%j  = .76 K6 5 7 !6 .7$ !H 76 H  6 U 7K 6 7  %H(  .76 >F 7 0

0%m H 6 !U6 7! 6%6 76Y 0 0%m - !U6 # 7%H !6 !H 7 16 0 !U6  !m %H p

6  .

 T27

7F K       GUK !T2 6 7F  !6 7%H K   / 6 7F   GUK  K

 7  - = 6 7F7? 7%  L2 >?6  T/ 27   7 <  %( !V [6 Z$ 7-

.-1 !6

!U6 7 6 0 7   s   s   `H ! - 6 p6  !6 Vd% 7F .-  !6

(  ?- 7%B 27 76  7 7%$  .756 -   s !6 %- 7% ?- YZ !H 7%-5  (!6 7%

=  (! 7%%H =  / #6 .7%6 0   ^6 YZ   7 B  %F  !5 7   YZ-/ B 6

F 6  .7% (1 <B !V      ^6   % 7 H 0 &6 5{  7&H

<B  !V.

 bF   7-/ [  "< !6  = 7%   !H 7- 7 0 - >  7 -

!  B    B 6 .7( =  6 T2 6 .76  7 ( -/ [1 H> B 7.

Y 7 7F 76  6 6  GK / 55m 7& % .7&6

s 7! 76( VB !6  0%m   U ?6 7   Lm !m !6  7/ 5 7B !%( !6

56 .77H 6 7-/ = 5 Ty6 7 0-/ Z ! 76 / 7  = 2 ( !6 .7%7B 2

H K ZK 0%m !2 7  [B !6! :76

0 ( - /   (7  7$ ? 7%6 / $ 7%L6 < (  ?- . - -/
6 =  (&76 ( 7%H c !5m 7%  ( 7%%H.76 ( /

(  ( ! 7%H 6 (-/ = %6 7 [ B (& bF .7%H c B  7%m( !  7m 7

(H g 7  H -/ 7m H DH  !6 .-

Z6 ( VB !6 =K  &g 6  6 $-%  6 !"67   0 .7%6  g& - !H?  7%H

` !6 . 7L !T2 76 D !6 e(   !5 7.

[B (Q( !H (7 7 - [ !H  %6 7 .76  = eB# [B !H 7%H %j ( 27

 !5 7! .

!H 76 2= (S - !  - 2  B  7% 0&  7 (  < 76 L26   6 !H

 7%%H / 0 .-?6 - 7 - - 76 7 0  # .7%H 2>  H -( 56 VB 7 6

!6 B H Z !- .7%66  7 6 !T2 57 5- =% .7%H $de

[  6 27 7   2 6 !"6( !H (K1 =    7#%- 7 $e . ( 7%H  DH ]d= 0-= 7% (

T56  6 -/ 76 K H 6 =  7"H 7 .- (  H K 7? 7%H [ !m 27

(6 K1> 6 >F 7  (  B bF 0%mK  Z .%H

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267176

4 /k& eOU /0 5 

!  B !H 7%  s5 B /6 7%6 wH 

( .7%H 0   L 76 p .76 7Um !H 7 76 Um

 .7%H  ?"6 1 7- !6s% 0  .

! 7%m !6 #%  76 ( %HUm !H 7  s5 /6

" .7%HH 0 #  7 B 7Z6 77m !H 7 -

` !6 7% !K =.7   6 7

L B 7F ]5B 7%H

L D B &!  >F[ B 7%"6-H 7   ^6 !H  s5  m .7%H " 7% m  D

B / $-  B 6   B %=  = 6 .7 7 - 76 / ? H 6 !H 7= 7 =7

!H 7%%H   .7-%

 !6-  7L

7%H Z- $ - ! 7 6 V?& 7/ .7% 01"(  = !6 !"v 0 7  7%H K&! H
7  !6  = !H    = !6 7% .7L6

&! 7VK 6 s% !6- ("7%H 01

6 p / !6- (" 01"( .7% 01 p .7%H (H$  .7L6 Y 2 6 6> gF T56 .7 6  = 2

(  7%56  = !6  5 7L !"v !% W `w .76 7= >FB  2 7 76 7 -  = !H 7

  7%H =   6

B $ 7y6

 7 -= 6 7  _(76  7 = .7%%H 7 2  !$ B  K 6 7- 6 6 H 7 " 0

 YZ !K     s


Lm (% 7%H 7%H Z-&! ( h B F .76(  !H 76

.7%

 G"U =76 2

 - H 6 7 =6 !H 7%%H 7 7%  $"U .756  & 7[`(  B =  T56 !H 7 

- m .7%%H  0 LF 7VK 7%%H  - .7 0B `e .

 76 2 ! T6

 2 !H  .76 D  G$[ 2 H 7 = !6- & Y .7  2- G$% !H  7%BZ( .7

.7%H 1/ B& B  2Z(  7 7/ !H 7%H Z- 7%H= ]K Z( L 6  !H 7%  7%B7 2! .7%%H

 7$

 / 2 B   6 !H - m .76 !B  - !H 7 6 K&- 6  B  = !6 7 T56H .

7 - =   & (  !"6 .7%H Ly !6 7 - L &"  T56 7 KD

 6 h- 6 ! ]& !H 7%H Z- 7  .7%H

-=76 L

2! XL 27 !6- 56 0 7 - T  & .7&! Lm  5 !12 7  &! `!K

 !6 7%= 0 W .7%  K6

ZW (  5 H !67

 ZW H (  Y  !H !"v 0 !6[` ! .7-6 2H 0 = 7%6 1ZW B ^6 7%B

[  .7%H -/ Lm !6 $ 2= H 6 7 U  7% B >F  5.7

6  /6  =7%H 7

?6 2 7&!   B !6? _H- B 7%H(  "B L   / !6 B .7= 7

[ 5 2  - 6/ [ B !  76    B  6 !U6H 7%.

 !677%H Z 5

L =  2 !H 76  _H ?" !6  .7%%H  Z  2 _H -  = 7 !6  .7%H Z !$

!H 7%H   2 0 2 !6  B .7 =  p  = !H #   7%-% Y/ 6 K !6   7  

B $deH 7%.

&!  K - 6 67

7- K -  . !%  K   75 !  ? .7 7% 5 !%- (V B7%

H   !H7 5! 6 !H 7 7 7= s% p 6 #= !6 .7 "B !H 7%H K  .7-

 / !6 ] 7%H

] H  / !6 K  !65  !H 7%H  6J ]6K  7  (  / H . ]  !6
 /(   %( ! !    ^6 !"6 7%H ( 7%m -  76 -.7

=B b"# !H 7$ 1 0 (  7%H

B=  2 G !H 76 1 0 ( & 7%H  L  !H 76 / .7?6 2 >6 7 76 7/ b Y/

7 = 7% B - 7.

6 6  !6 07%H L

 7%m K$ )- $ H !6 (- 7%H L 5   .7%H! Lm (H h 7Z6!  .7%H

( d B U 7 -7

H7 - 6 H 6 !H 6 - !H 7 $V Z %H B  - .7(K1 0 76 716 -  

6 7& >%H  .7 Y  %H !H 6V 76 - .7&! B B .7%H 1/

/6 76

 !  0   ^6 !H  G- % !6  /6 B &  !B% .7 Y  6 !H H 0

`( "B T56 .7%H 7!  Lm 6 >F.

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=310562

4 /k& / a 4/ /

   B> 6-  D  $ >#%-

K   .7  Hm6 D B?  B6 s5

 0L6 - " 7%6 56 `H 0 (`Vd( 6

 p   27.

( ! !67 B -! 6  66 0  ?-

H% 7 d . & .7 0 h"U ]e.-

6/ 0   L (  !H7U- !67% cW &?6

 - V?  1ZW.7%6  BeV F> (0Z

 7  = 27 Ge"  0%m  &6  . 2

B 27  p (H !6# 5 7 !61e 0  ZK 7%6 7%$6 ( 7 / =  B 6  

7$ &6 .B

2 &F 7

 0 - "e 0% ] 6  ( ]Vd  1[ "g 27 0 Z( !6 .7 0B 6 .76
 0L ` !H6 0 =  & 7 " 6 7%` 0 (! ( !H 7%%H H> H ? 7  5 $

6 K # > 6 H - &1 6 &! B - 6 H Z( !67%6 ..7

H 2 7/ 7  "6K  !6 =  !6 ] T ! 6  H 7 # = = ]Z6 Z2 &F ZUK 7

7 &] e" 6 62 G1( 7 ./  !H 7% B  -  H 5%! K  L  D6

( H 6#  = 7 = !# B= !H 7 7 [ !H 76 (s 7 6 # ]  6 s B.7 7

 2 &F 7  YZ ( ]$% .76  - 6 ! T Lm ! 6! 6( !% L6 # 

B ( =  [  1H . H 0%m 6? ]d( ]6K < e - ! ( -H  % ^6  = -`B H

5H !"6 7% Z  L 5 0- %m !6 !VVB 0 m  7 ! =  .756 >F

( 

 G "e 5!  0  6 .- 0%m !%  K6 !H 7% 7 .  Lm !m !6  7 ] 76

( 0  K !67- !67 B Y  .7% s &  F>  ? = h 5 .7$ = 7%

!  !H "X   2 5$ B7 !6 #% 7 7 V6 67 =   2 ?[ ( #( 7 &s%6 7

B 7.7-

 e ( K H ]d  06 >F - 7%  !H  &/! K 76 ? G( 02 !66 7 .  ! 6

=  \ !H  g] 7 7 B ( > .- !5%? " Y6 !6 0 !"F (7 K7

= K"Z  7% 76 07 &/ 7F &6 6 .7%TF 7  !H 7%$ -( 0%m >F !H 7

=  = %-( 7%" %6%6 7 0 !  7?6 h-% L 7K !H e B6  ZK 0%m 6

 !5m 7%6B -/ 7%.

(&? ]/-= ]& 0 ( B6 2 &F 6 7 6 .- H d  $e H7 $  !H TF

\   H! > !6 B 7 &/  7 p B G1 !6 ( g.7

-

  . & eVB 7% = 6K" ( 6 LH7&!  6L 6 .7$ 6 (? 0%m27 &] -

m B !H 7d `H  !6 7 Z# H  XL  DmH%`( .7%  6 # H  XL = m - !H! 7

7d BH 7 .6 2 (  H 76 K6 V mHK L2 ? 6 7 !67 B Y 7F - .7

2H D H !6 H7% H ?- B d H = H 7% 77 G-! U6 76 H 0 ![6 7% 

 W 6 = F m ( >% &   7 !# !67- H m B 7%H2 7 .7  / 0 `Ue /

-  7 "- 6^ H> K K`B !s/` ]6 H  .

!5% H ?- (`  Y! &27 !  L  B 6 H6 V 6 71  s%( .77%$.K

 (  7  [6 H  DH ]& 0 B 7.

 %

 ZW %6 - "Z6 0/ % H 5 ]e/ &F . 7 Y] 7  !5% 

6  = " 6 & 6 B  ( " .76 7 !1  7 [%  7 h ^6 =  5.

6 w 7 B6 ( !6# V?6 &?6(  7F h 77= 7 / 7  b1 !6  .

w 6  7 K ]$K  0 6 ]6K L 6 - 0 H !H 7%  67 `e # H  d! % 7

= ! 6 6  22 H !6  B !5%  (  !H 7% 7    \ 0%m 7 =6.7

% # L !"vL e !% -! U B6 .- ] 6 7% F& ( K K Z"g&

 7d B 6! y6 7- 7 L2 !5% !%  %&F H &?6  27d 56%6 .7!m !H 7%$6 0
6 Lm  &6 6[% V( [B 56 h-%.7

[

 0  -! Y p 6  bZ%   . B 76 = -  0  7%%

 0- =  27 1   &6 $ ! ) .7%6  `e27 7! ( 7%6- " !6

(J  1% 7- 6!  6 ?-  .7%%

B6 [ 0 /F ! -] 7Z-    & 7 ^6B 0 2( 7  "6K (  2.7

6 / L  (  0 -V( 0 6 =( !H 77%   % 6 B( 7& 6J  0 = %676 !6 7

6 $! =%( 7 2 #% .W 0  0  ^6 - 7 ( Z !/  6 ! $ !H 76 75 V

767   p 6.7 %56 6K D 6 6% =  5% 6 7 H 7(7 [?6! !H 76 0

 0%m !H 7 = ds! ds =( 6 B L26 7.7

2 !2 0 p66 -  H 6 !H 7#  7  - - 6 B & pB !j%m.-

(7 7 H !H 7% !  [%   = 7$ - KZ B ! < V% 6 &!

B 27 6& .7%H

7 G6%

  Lm#% (  0W  !H 6  0! "6K  Y   -7 6!  [?6 p ] B

%H B &F 6 7 .7    G6%  $H  7 5 ] 76 B  \    5 7 ](K D.76 ZK

H 7  B  p  ( 0 L   !6 !H 7%= 7% 7% 6 1 = mH L! (V( 6 (-

B 7.

6 6 GK7 =7 !j6 D  6   2 B 7 g ^6 !6 67  " H 7>

B .7 7 0  5 / '"( . 27 !H -&!  6 K =  .76

6 !$ 7 6 p !  !H- 1  -6 "!   22 p  L K >#%- 5 .

   0 -7 "e  76 7F B HH ?- 7% 6 6 (H 0 B D  !6 L F 7 F

 %Z  76 .-TF 7 !H 27 7   s  0 -?- (g K !H 756  0( p

 ($UB . 6g( 0  D L6  &6 .

 !627 5

7 "Z D !- !$ (> -7 U6 7% ?" 1%6 . 6 .7  !% H  0T - 6 ! s%6

7-6 2   s = !6 5  6 7 - .7K D7 6! 6 h2&! " 6- .7

B -  7%6 V B  1%6 de  7K !H 7%H Kd    !% 6 6  e = -76 ZK

 6 ( 7%%H W.7

iran4me : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=335003
* /k & T & <ab 7U >8 e 8

 27!   ZK 6 !H 7 / 1 7%m!6 G

 !"v 0 .%H $de - $de 0 "!  1%H

!H 76 -! 76  0  !H G D

B 2 H pd ?6 6 -   .%H $de

  2  Y 0 !%! ZUK 6H 7  6

&6#    !6{   6.-

  !H   ^/$s h/e wH 6 = (1  s7

 !7 6  !H - 12 B ?  2  B6 .%H7%

  h"U ]e - 7%m J~( !7 7 p6 e( !H

h  !7 2 7$ 0&%$ H $de !6 h

27% 7%m . ZUK

B $de 7%H Z- bF &! 6<= !7 D 7%H !6 by-

y6 ^d6 ]e .7   !7 6  / ( ]Vd

6  0& 6 L F !7 !6 0Bm &]   7

 !6 !( 6  7/ ]K e B 2= !7 "H:7 7%

6 !7 - 76 V? 7 / 0 7 6 = &? 76 7% ( 7%HK !H 7 F W !m !6 - !B.

$ !7 -  %( 7[` eB 6 !"6 7%H ]% 7% !6 7% 7 T 7%H 6 `H 5F Y L5 !6 =.

6 h U - 6 7 6 p$( 77 ! 7%6 5 !H 0 F ( !6 !7 !B !H = ^d6 B  !# =  & !2.

-    6 `H B 7%H Z-( [$ B  7%#  !H 7%H  $w#   0&% ^d6 !6 6"U

 76.7

 F h U !6 0B`H "e bF  !7   s! :76

- "H ]6K %Z 61- .7%H

-  % 0 /`Ue  (? !6 H VV W  6  .7%H !$5%  6  = !6 7 H.

 W $ "e d( 7 &Z K !"v 0 2    !B 7%6 . FW !6 0B e   ( 7

-  W (H  ]w [`  h6 5 / W "e1- 7%H T 6`H 6  =  6 L16.7

/ 7%H Z- W   !6 s7 H[` =2 ! ]H p"( 6 ( 766 = .7%H $de

!6 - ! 76B &6 7%H !Z U &6 !m 7 76 &6 !m 7 6 !6 7   67-

- K  !$% 22 6 76 2= !"v D &6 b1 !6= !6 G 7%H  $de B $w b/ 0 7% !6

B ]% LH 7.

6 - !6  W " ? B F= !6 0B 6 7%H e L  7%6 !"v 6 p$( !H (XL L

(&.7%H c

-5 B ^d6 7%H s =   G"U Lm 7 !H ( 2  6 >F ^d6 7  H 6  $

27% #  76 7 =   e6  7 \- =  7! .7%6

-- 7%  L2 / ~( %Z !6 K 7  !12 6  / .-[ 6 7%H Z- 7 1/ L (- 2
\- B6Y ($ W 6 `H =  H !6 &( ^d6.7%H .

- ^  [ Y (F 7 y6L7   !2 0 ! ( H/  % 7 (" p =2 W !6 $  H -

!"6 5% ($     6 / h 0W 27% (F B 7 ! 12    -

!$H 0  ( !6 0  W  0.-

!( -! (  / 76 0 K L !6 L (  6`H 12 d  .7% &! B !6 

(! 7 !6 ! 7 ! ( "Vd bF .(   27 0 ( "Vd  L! 76  1  7e s

B ( ? hH  76H 7.

 - - (      !6=  6 !H 7%%H - 6  ( !6 0 e K  !H 77  6 L

 =   27 H B  !6  L -.76

- : G$% `-  7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=221597

/
 /k  q / /0  d

= H     7%H = H  

  !7B 6 ->  7%H = -  eVB

Lm  K`B 57% 6     ( g 0d

H $de&  7F   = !6 !H7%H  g( 7  7

`eU%  7$ (V(  %   6 %$ 0.76 ]e

B  2 s 7 ZK5  B( 766 7 7 H

\- !H 7%H !6 ZK  ! 76 76  !2/

  = &# ( ]"d 6 -.7

 75    s7 -! 7%6  6!6 -

 !e !% B !6( ( 7%H % 27 =  = [B

  = s !U ( 7%H Z- 7 B !6 $( ( g6 p .77

[B !6! B6 !H 76 H/  K` 0  !J 76 s !H -  = "e   (&] 

.7

V( K 0  0 !H $ - 05  !6  !6 $ = !6 7  " 2 =  6 = .

H !6 - 7

V( (  ]$%(  7%%H7


7%H 7K >F

B -T2   v 7%H &6 &6 H  - H H ]d B 76 .76 K6 (! H !6 !6

 6B 7 [ & H ?- !H 7 ( -6 s !6 0.7

YH B  !6> T567

B L  .7% B( B !6 K`B H  ( 7Z 6  - &F !H -- 7$( 7] &( !6 7K .7

 H !% =  (& 7K T 7%H  (  .76 !6 !$ Lm 756 0" :7 7 !H K B T2 0

% ZK  0 !6 L2 6 !H 7 v   7 H DH".7

H/ hK  B 76

K 7%H Z-  7% !6 %H  B L  7F .7 65 D  h-%  L  !5 6 .7  H - 6 ]H

 W/ 7 (  & !"H 6 H B ( .7%H

V( (  (=  7%%H 7

= d Z B ( g7

( GW! .76  2 6  !H5 6/ B6 7%H 0 H 6 =  &]  - !H [ &

B 6 -  K H 7%%H 6 !6  756 = 6  !6 B/ .7%

 TF 76

 6 !HB    H7 Y !6 6 . ># 6  $- 7%H = !6 !- !H

6 - 72 - m 7 !& !H "6H !/ 6  .7%

/  B 7%H L L

6 ( !% >F 71 - H $de 76 .7%H  6B !6 (! !6 $V 7/ !m ( !% 7  H !% !m ( 5

7 ( h F B - B(  .7%H 1// hK B( 76 H !m 6 !H 7%H K / H $de

.7

XL !6 7%H K

$  ( 7%H 0( 6 h & pB 6 .7%H $de - 6 !H 1%e = &g H H %= 7 7F 6 .7%H "

= - 76 H ]d 7%H Z-( &! ( h - ! s !6.7-

V( (    7%%H ( 0 7

 B 7%$67

 !6 B  H ( 7 ! 7%HZ(  !% 7%H 5 7%?6 7Z6 .7 H - K 6 ( 7 -

7%&%6 ? 6 = .7 !H  (& d K   = ( 7% 2-  = !( 7%H ? !6h" 5

0" .7%H ? 6 (Z H Lm  H h Um !% (   7%?6 H D 76 ".0  ! H !%

/ =  B( F H ? 5 ?[K h .7

7%?6 H7

B "B % !6  !H -  D  6 7%B  !B% 7  Lm7 . Z !H  %H 

 7 G 7 &g 7%B7  7% ( 7d  T2 - &F!  "B 756  = !6 /H !H 7(  - 6H !6 7

6 2.7

( h 76 s%

H ]d 7%H Z-( !/ `H H .7-6 s !6(  Dd B (yH 7%H F 7Z( 7%H Z-   !H

6 - 7/ !6 7%H  forward.7-6 ]K


V( (Q  p  7%%H     07

W = 7%H

7%H Z-  (6# B 0 .7% 512 H 6 !% - !m ( !%  h 6 7  !B 7 !m 7

]  !H  Lm 7%H! 6 7  = 76 .7% - H [ B6 V( !H 7%  7=   !6 7 !6`Ue

6  - !6 ! B !B.7

76 7

7%H Z- 2(   H- B & W/ 5 7?6 !% 75   Z  ( !6 !6 .7 $B6/

 6 -&! 2 !6 76  B K`B  !% ?" H !6 2.7

V( (S  &  7%%H ? b% !67

6/ ] 7%H

 B % p6 Y 76 .7L  02 s 7/ !m ( !%m 7 !-- 7%H Z- 7 6 2H  !7B

6  7%?6 56 7%.7

 B 6 7%H %6

/  6 % ]X !6 !66   7 d 0%m 6 7 7-1 5  H -  F2

 .7

V( (a   7%%H&! ( B7

% K 76

( B  7%"6 7 L  !H 76 H 0 B "g !6 6 .7  H B6 !%6 GK 7%H  !6 &6

 = .7[ !6 2  !6  "B 76 h 7 7%$   B% !6 B( .7 7  6/

 !6 56 6  .

76 " !6

 D H ]H 6 !H 7#  7%H ! ( 7  7%m K$ =  6 .7%H Dm [% &6 &6 6 #

H ?" 56 s .7 H Z T5 .7 2 B 7 6B !6 !6 7%HK / B6 7 ( !H F 

>F  (d] !6( 7-6 !H    `e [   0 !m -(1  <  s% .7%

V( (  !6  7%%HK`B F7 7%$

- 76

 %&F !6  !H 7 .7%H K  !6 GK B s 0 7 .d( !# !H 7 5  7 5 K-

.7%H  !H  6 7%H  "? ]X 7  .J G$% $J .76 7

B - 7%H 6J

% 6 H !H H7% B F !2 s 7%H  2   B G1 !6 H - 1- 6 .7%

w (  (" %1 61- (" !H %1 B( K   7 1-  < #  yH 5- (.H

H & pB   H 7! &   7% ( 7%H !Z U 6B !6 D !2  !$ .7 K6

v 76

2$  -= Ty6  !6 .7 ! 6 !% H  $ 2 !6 5 7%6H  v 7 2 !6 56 7

$ =  .76

56 V( -7

2  BH ( 7 - # B s !6 !H 7( 7=  -   (J  6 1% =( "g 7%  
( !6 7 / # = 6- .7

!6 0# B! 7%H DH

7%e  F !K7e 7%6 %&F .7 !H 7%H  H2 D (&] 7% = [ !6 .7%  0# B! 7%%H DH

 6 D6 = G   <T 6 7% <T .7%%H G 7& 7-

V( (   !H 7%%H H 2  ZW  7

B6 !- B & 7

-   56 7 B p6 =  1- .7%H  ` . (   "g  &6 H7[` = G

.7%H

 = !6( 7%H

 ? V5 6 yH  ( 7% Y !H #H   = 7 7Z6 B G1 !6 !6( .7-6  (  !H !6 7

B # H& 7%H DH bF H !H 0  6#  7 =  7K (& .7%H  !H Y6 6

 H !H 77% H 6  6& T >?6B  - B !6 !6 D7$( $]  .7

7  LH7

!m 27   !6 $ !m 76 - $s 0  !H -  7 L  !6- D  h !%

 B  2 "g !% .   ]6K !H 7-y65   5 !m .7% >-F 0  (7

=  !6 6 ( h H B (   .7-y6 L 7  1% s !6 7$( $w] 6 .7%H s s% 7%m 6

6 p .7%6  g( ]6K [B !6 7! $ !H 76 7 =  =  [B.7

(` H 6 (s g 5  B !6 `e  =  !H  %Z 0 TF! `( p !"6 7  6 !H H ( 7%H

 / H H  7% 77F  !6 $ ( 0 Y bF .7%%H  Z- !H (B V? g( ! 6 .76

- 76 K6   !6 $  F .76 7%$ ( 2 (`  6 06 !6 6 7- D 7 7 H D!B

 5 H !6 7%H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=311031

/$ /k V  $O /0 $ $ /0 $d  >8

!  & !H K H   V? 27 BB 2

  .6 . HF - !H -%H ?-

H 7 bF  (7 F=7(. .7 07%!K`

 !H 7% ]H 27 Z  ! = .7%6 ?- 0

H6 B &-  LT2 K6 .7 = 0

\- U  ( !5m :!H H B 7 %H


= !"6 ( !5m :7%-F 0 6 ("%H .1.

K  6  . & \-  = '-F

&6 ! 0 >6 !H - =! =   Z 7%6

 Z .7%

!?$Be %6 eB !H Z( !6  -

 .7-  !6 !$  = e H 27 . = 6

! 6 0 0 s%!6 %H H!6 2  


 e !H 

- !6 / (K g 6  .-

7 Z( (

6- 7Z   !H H  !U6 B

 . 7% (! 06 7 (Z # & 7%%H !H 7

= (`Vd  V?  6 1( 6 .7

 D [!6 (1( $(  7! :-! = #

7 eB 7 !H Lm .7 = (.76 7 Z

( 7 Z     !H - F 7%"6 ( g  !T2 H/ !6= .7% K= 7W 6 p

- B  !H 7 7 Z( 0 = ( !H - 7Z6 H/ = !6  7 Z( .7   =  7%H !6

  = ( 7  6 !6 6-7 s K  D .

( 7 Z = gF76 !H -   .& 6  6 7 Z( .%H 1/ = gF6 !H - 7-  !6

  T<H 5  L = .%H  -

7 7 Z !?$B  %2.-

($

 Z s $    ] B  7 0 !6 !67 F - !6 7% X 7  0]/ 

6 &] 7jF e 7%m .!$ D  7 .7 Z   6 !H 7%7(!6 -{ 7%%H H/ " - !6

[!6  7Z6  !6  5 -.7%6

  2  76 U$% 7- L6 G ]e/  2 2 !6 "B .7% 7K 6 7

(d   H X= !6 !H 7% [!6 5F = .7%%H H/ " !6  6 7% 7K W  7K 0

( .7%%H

(

]e %ZL bH (  % %Z `( !H bH !6 X %( !6 7%H- 6 ?= 7 !6 !H % 0

 Lg&!  6 H Lg D 6 .7%H (Y K  - Y .! .6     %Z B  H !H

 7%%H Z 6L2  !6  !H 7%H 6  6 !U6 B ! !m 6 H pd !m  B 2

[!6 Z ] !6 6 ( (7% B .

  . 6   H!6 25 6 B !6 DH ( .7= X    !6  [ = L5

 7 H  = 6 L ?" ^6  6 0H p 6 27 = !6 = !6#( hH !6 !( 6 .7 5

 0(  0.

(QUZTF

  6!& 0 (Z H  27UZTF ? .- 2 = B( = 7  g( ]6  0 ZK
 &m 7%H7   K 6  B 7%%H76 7 bF .  !6 !sd 0UZTF B  7

m  K eZ 6  .7

. 7 e  7% !  / = 7% ! (  % 6 (g $- = !"6 7%%H ( G  .7%

&6 !H eBK 76 !6  %( 7% 0 ]  !H /  7 7% [!6 X  !6 H/!H 7%6 X

66 &6 7% !"6 7  !6 !H 7 2 77y65 &( g( !6= .7%%H .T5%6 (d .7%6

F Y 76 !H -

  m 0 ]e H !/ L & .  27 !6Z 27   H !H 7- &!"g  H6 K

%H B 6`2 ! ! 76 m 0 6 ]e   !H - 7F !- ( d! - 7%

 %&F X !H - !6= !"- ( 7% B  d !U6 !/ B < 7%%H (% F Y -

B = :!H -y6   L   Y !H Z -(  e(  !H  $wg( !m - X Y

-  6   B # %H

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253661

 /> AJ &  /k

 Lm !m 7 ( D  ! ! D -b

.76 0 !  %  % !6   6 07!  %0

 !6   7 $  = 7 ? ! 76   -

!  ! (7K "#( 7% &  . 7F7  -.7

Y  6 ( 76 y / !H 7$ ]H ! ! D

%6  6 H p 76 !H - 7-/ B ]%

! ! !H Lm .7%H - !  L#  eVB 7%H

6 = .- [ 0$d !6 . B &   !H 7 !6

7-%  6B 2= 0  p  p [B .& . -76

= .7

( 6 !H Lm  = !6  7 - "K 0 h-% T<HT<H  !6 7%H Z- .- - ]2 b 6 =!-7

T<H !H = !/ (V !  &H) .6 Hm (!%  7 - H D  d1- 72 .7%H ! 0

B 7 = 6 -  7 5 6 7%H  6 0 0 H D  !6 d = .7%H  DH

7%H Z- e 0 !6 .76 c 56 !H 7 !m K -/  #  7%H H !m #    ^6 !H 7
 0%m D -/! .76 W ? "(" 1-   ! ( 7%H ?[K h >F .7  !%

7%H $e !sd 7%m 7%H 0 !6 $d !6 B   .7%H- 7Y  6 ( 7%H DH  !6 7(  !6  6 7%6:7

 6 -( 0 m

Lm !m ! -  7B !H 7 `$K = 7 $B!

-( DH 0 !H ( / !6 6  #  m

-   H !m 27 #  2 !H 7  - !6 $

. GK !m - 77

7H - D 6B   15  7%H

 6 -H& [B 0 m

- ! !6 g( !m 7-F(   27# 7

(   !$ ! 7 !6 [ !H .] 6 7 H p 7%H - Y .7%H H  !H  76 "B

B6 (-/ .7%HL" DL" - 1H  ! .7%H cW( 6 eVB E = !H  - 7 .7%H

7%H Z-  "!   !6 Vd% 1- 0" `w 7%H 2 B 27 !6 !H H 67 ( K` 76 .......

 ".  "  bH  !6 GK7 ( 6 7& ^6 0 !H/ 6 ".%H ...... !7 0%m D !6   6J !H(!$

7%6  !6 6  0  7%H  5 - (Y6 0.-

D - 6  !  !

!  B -/ ( ZK  !6 $ 6 7%H w  1- & !H 7%H [ !6 $  !( 7% ]6

H %vU .76 6 !H dB H #  6   7%  6 bF 7% - 0 7# !6  = .7%H

 [B `( !K  6 7%H == 7% B 7%H " 012 -"  L Y .7%  "B  ! !H

[ Y  6 p 76 (H7e 7 K  7%H .76 e

 K 7  !H "L !61-  Z !  ! 7%H 2 -! (  76Z 6 7%m 7

B !"- !6 h-% ? 7%H =  .7#%56 ! 0- 2 eB (    0 7 Z e !6 !H

 online  7%1- .7%H 2 Z 7 !B D-`H 7 !6$ 6 < Z  2H 0 7 " ( 0 6 

& !6 "K6 .v 27% H 0 .%H  Z  !6

7 ]H ! !5%$ = 5 6?6 K 7 !6 2$ B 6= 7 ( .7%H cdVK ! 0 6 - 6 B 7

  B  !H 7 D= J( DmH $ $6 06.

B  2 ! J( 7 6 6 6 7 =    .7%H 0 HF     g  (d  7F 

 .7 1- = G !( D  ( 7 "B ( D .-H 0 6 - G :-  7%H 0= !5% 

 UK 7%m 7 = 6 6 H K 7j6 HF  D&B `H ( 76 s% !sd 7%m.

! ! = 7 ]H 7%H F = '-F s% .76 !6 27 B H  0 76 b - B(  L! D

!  .7%H

- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308036
/  /k

!  6 6  ZK K !2 ! 012"! !

6  6 6.- w  6 (`UZ  2 6

- 1-( h(( /- 7 7  0

! 6  7! 7K !m /  6 !B  7

dB B .7 7% bX#  &6 GU

 [" h/ 7% =!  6 = !6 - 0Z( ]$K

 .7-  B 7! ( 2 7 [ ( d!

B =  !6 -   .7% $ &F

B7 7B  - 7 e  = K .7%

?  V 6  > L% !6 / 7% =!  ]

!6 = 6 7  .7  2 = !-  7! !6Z

 0%m ]6B- 7 "(   = 6 7%

X 66 0/ B 7% 0 7?6 -76 77

! m  5%! ! 012 (  c2 !"6 7.7

  05 - - ([$ \ J 5 =7 = !6 $-6%6 .76 p6 0([$ B "( 7%%  7%

 7%! !6 !$[   X  .76 !66 7%  6 !m ! 012/  %2m 7%

 = !B6 7 % = h-  !6-/ 5B !- B 6%6 .7&6 - 0/    v $K

-/ ? V5  " ./ !62 7%  =  2  76 .- 0 h(( 0  -/ 1 6 7%

=  !6 ] BB B7  76 7  !6 !2 7! 67 7 76B  75.7

6%6 >6  0 B(  bF ! 5  7 K  ( XW  0 -/  7% U$

K !2 .7 0  h$- ( /   6 7%5 = 76! e ? 1 L26 W( 0%m  &.

!  % -/ - 2 F 7%! ( 7% = ]  7 !"B.7%%

!m  012 "! ! =- -

 0 ! 6 7# ?&( -/ - 2F 6 -!  - 6 .7 w 2- B7

(  ]$ 6 K 1- !6 0 012 6 7%"! ! !m {  1%  %6 >F7% = ( !6 7- B '-F

76 1%= 7 6%7 ( 7- !6 2- B 76 1% '-F= 7 s F  7 0 =  h7%

 bF 76 s  L= !Z! ?&( 012 7 2 = 7Z6 s 66 &6 5 GK .7%

6 w  0B !6 -( 7X5676 1% '-F 2 6 !m - 0! ( ]$ !6 K 7  0&6 / 

[B !6  - !2 0]   / = [B !6 Y/ ! "! ! e !6 !6 / 6 7/ 6 &6 ]XK

B.7 7

 0 -  0! !6 W/ !W &7 dB 7$  K = !W 6  0! 6 - %
 ! 6 .- 6 K ! ] !6 7 >#  7% Y/ B(  / .7 0 0%j-

7#6 5   05&B 7  !2 0 "! ! e !6 <` -    ]X !6 G !6 55%

/  G 2B .  7 ]d( h$- 05 B!- -! 5  B 7% 0 h$-

 =   !6 $6 B- < B U% (& bF .7 . =! 6  B   !6 h( ( U%

6 7 012"! ! =7F 2  7% 0 /  !6 6B -.7

7K 012 7Z6"! !   !6  [ !6  ]6!2 !6 - ! Z[K 7e     0vU .7L67

F < `  %-" = .7% ($ K6 &m  7% = 0d`   B F T B -

!= [?6 0%-   7 "( !6 6 GU  012 -"! ! Z ?76  

6  B6 7.

6 = 0B- - !"/ 0 ZK ! F UB 0 '-F 012 7  1% =< VB !6 .7%  ! ` 0vU

 7! 012 ./"! ! 6 .7( 0 0[% B !6 B %6 7 ( L 012"! ! ZK &](

B -76= 7 . BY6  ZK! B !6  7 0vU( 06 h$- 0 [% .

[ !6 Z B6 !6 ! 012  = - 5 - Y/ 0 6  - L< !$ B  .7%K

 ZK %6 >F 7% ( 0 7%! = B !m ZK 012 .12 7"! ! [ !6  e( c 0!6 $ .7

"!  B 0d` !65% . 76 2= 1% !" 012

ZK &]( !  !6 $ B '-F 55m  012 6 7 0vU !6 !" 05( : 6 

7%  B B 56 by- .7-/ B 6 - !m 7% 7 s    Z ! 012 !6  .

K"! ! 6 6 7 [  ]6%j B6!- e 7  0"! !  &6  .2 7%B 1 ? 6 7

&F = .7% = !-  7!  "( -= !67  =7 $V 2 7  6 Y/  = !( 7

U6 \ h" J 7% 56  = !6 7  1 ? 0 s% ZK ? 1.-

!6< F !5% m 6  - 62  UZTF L6 7 [B !6 5 B!- B T2.

(&?   ! 0 -!  0 B B!  - ./  . 7! ! !6 $6 7 0 / 6B

! .76

 7K !6/ ? V B!- B (! .7% !6 !"6 0125 / WB &6 7% 7.

 : G$%`6 = & -% 7 6 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=250466

/  /k ! ! !

!  6 6  ZK K !2 ! 012"! "!"


6  6 6.- w  6 (`UZ  2 6

- 1-( h(( /- 7 7  0

! 6  7! 7K !m /  6 !B  7

dB B .7 7% bX#  &6 GU

 [" h/ 7% =!  6 = !6 - 0Z( ]$K

 .7-  B 7! ( 2 7 [ ( d!

B =  !6 -   .7% $ &F

B7 7B  - 7 e  = K .7%

?  V 6  > L% !6 / 7% =!  ]

!6 = 6 7  .7  2 = !-  7! !6Z

 0%m ]6B- 7 "(   = 6 7%

X 66 0/ B 7% 0 7?6 -76 7 7! m  5%! "! " 012 (  c" !"6" 7

2.7

  05 - - ([$ \ J 5 =7 = !6 $-6%6 .76 p6 0([$ B "( 7%%  7%

 7%! !6 !$[   X  .76 !66 7%  6 !m ! 012/  %2m 7%

 = !B6 7 % = h-  !6-/ 5B !- B 6%6 .7&6 - 0/    v $K

-/ ? V5  " ./ !62 7%  =  2  76 .- 0 h(( 0  -/ 1 6 7%

=  !6 ] BB B7  76 7  !6 !2 7! 67 7 76B  75.7

6%6 >6  0 B(  bF ! 5  7 K  ( XW  0 -/  7% U$

K !2 .7 0  h$- ( /   6 7%5 = 76! e ? 1 L26 W( 0%m  &.

!  % -/ - 2 F 7%! ( 7% = ]  7 !"B.7%%

!m  012 "! " ! " =- -

 0 ! 6 7# ?&( -/ - 2F 6 -!  - 6 .7 w 2- B7

(  ]$ 6 K 1- !6 0 012 6 7%"! ! !m {  1%  %6 >F7% = ( !6 7- B '-F

76 1%= 7 6%7 ( 7- !6 2- B 76 1% '-F= 7 s F  7 0 =  h7%

 bF 76 s  L= !Z"! ?&( "012 7 2 = 7Z6 s 66 &6 5 GK .7%

6 w  0B !6 -( 7X5676 1% '-F 2 6 !m - 0! ( ]$ !6 K 7  0&6 / 

[B !6  - !2 0]   / = [B !6 Y/ ! "! "!" e !6 !6 / 6 7/ 6 &6 ]XK

B.7 7

 0 -  0! !6 W/ !W &7 dB 7$  K = !W 6  0! 6 - %

 ! 6 .- 6 K ! ] !6 7 >#  7% Y/ B(  / .7 0 0%j-

7#6 5   05&B 7  !2 0 "! " ! "e !6 <` -    ]X !6 G !6 55%

/  G 2B .  7 ]d( h$- 05 B!- -! 5  B 7% 0 h$-

 =   !6 $6 B- < B U% (& bF .7 . =! 6  B   !6 h( ( U%

6 7 012"! " ! " =7F 2  7% 0 /  !6 6B -.7

7K 012 7Z6"! " ! "  !6  [ !6  ]6!2 !6 - ! Z[K 7e     0vU .7L67

F < `  %-" = .7% ($ K6 &m  7% = 0d`   B F T B -
!= [?6 0%-   7 "( !6 6 GU  012 -"! " ! " Z ?76  

6  B6 7.

6 = 0B- - !"/ 0 ZK ! F UB 0 '-F 012 7  1% =< VB !6 .7%  ! ` 0vU

 7! 012 ./"! " ! " 6 .7( 0 0[% B !6 B %6 7 ( L 012"! ! ZK &](

B -76= 7 . BY6  ZK! B !6  7 0vU( 06 h$- 0 [% .

[ !6 Z B6 !6 ! 012  = - 5 - Y/ 0 6  - L< !$ B  .7%K

 ZK %6 >F 7% ( 0 7%! = B !m ZK 012 .12 7"! ! [ !6  e( c 0!6 $ .7

"!  B 0d` !65% . 76 2= 1% !" 012

ZK &]( !  !6 $ B '-F 55m  012 6 7 0vU !6 !" 05(" : 6 

7"%  B B 56 by- .7-/ B 6 - !m 7% 7 s    Z " !" 012 !6  .

K"! "! " 6 6 7 [  ]6%j B6!- e 7  0"! !  &6  .2 7%B 1 ? 6 7

&F = .7% = !-  7!  "( -= !67  =7 $V 2 7  6 Y/  = !( 7

U6 \ h" J 7% 56  = !6 7  1 ? 0 s% ZK ? 1.-

!6< F !5% m 6  - 62  UZTF L6 7 [B !6 5 B!- B T2.

(&?   ! 0 -!  0 B B!  - ./  . 7! "! " !6 $6 7 0 / 6B

! .76

 7K !6/ ? V B!- B (! .7% !6" !"6 " 0125 / WB &6 7% 7.

 : G$% & LH "d( =0

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=231250

/? >k ) V

 5 !6 [ B 67( 7 !  7  !Z

(  % 7  &? L 6 7 #6 .-

2 F&= !6 0 Z L  &6  6

 .7  !  !Z ?- (Yd !&2 22

.-

V = 0  !  6 7% 76 = Z !6

 6! 6    !"6 7%% = B6

7%F &6 7 B 7 (    L% (  .760


( 2  !  (  7   !6

 &? 7$( 0"%] 6 .7%  0 -  !6

[% 7 ! 5    6 ]e  h ?!

K B 7% V?.! 5 = Z  6 .7

Y !6  !  B  `K 6  &? %B B.7 7%

-&!  762   B  = 7  !  B  L%( ( cU- =  (L% .7

 L 6 6( 7 6( B $ 6! = ? 6J.7%

- 5j% 7 7% L-2 % "U  m .76 & = 7% -!  K 6 7 6 B 7(

  g 56  6 $-% .7 = Y !T2 5 6&! L  .76

7e 6 - 7% $de 7%"6 5%! 7e 6 6 7% $de 7%"6^ 6 Y6 cU--  [ B 56 .7"$de 7%

 = 56 -!  K 6 U% ^d6 !65  7   L# Y7- & !YZ  7 =!  B7

/ B( !6 ]-( 6 !6 &B . 7&%6 -j% $de 7%"6 0 !( h" h$-[ 5 .1% !( !$

-Q% B 7 - 7 !  % V B 7 - 7   !6 7! &  K 7 !6%

-/ # B  .76K  !  %  B( 6  Lm 75! K 6! % LmB 57

6  B B 1/) 7% =? -6 7  !6  >/(.

!6 -S5 & B 7 !65 m& m  (Z !65 d  2  .!  B   6 75

 B -7

$de-a >F 7% GUK =!   7 7%6 e 7d $5 6! F  .7-6 $de F7 &!

L 6 7 B6  (     .76B  2B 7 06 B = s%6 W 7 $de 5j

7% GUK  2! m 6! # 0 7/ 7 6 21 0"! "TZ  B" K7 6! # =   .7% 6 6!

1  = - ! 6  ZK 7 -/ 5 /  ]XK.

-&! % K   76 -! !6 K5 / T56-.7 K G "K  `K  ZK   "g

 /  .76j% 0  &?   !m 7 6   7 ( .7%

-- B eVB 27  6= 7 7e K V6 6L2 0   0] 6 1/$  &?

 XL .76 6  & 276 .7%6 K6 !d 7%6 0 V? 2    6! -?m 0%  

K&Z - 1-  $de !6 !U627  !6 .7

= -  7 7<" h 0 U6 =2! #  = .7%  76 0B 6 7%  V? 6 .7-

= 5j  7%?6 != 5 7 6J 7 7% L 6 .7

L6 / -2  5 7 6  GK 7U ! - 7 / 5 B 76  !6 L5 / T56.7

 !6 0L6 " 02  (K 7 !   B  7%%! Lm   7% ! - Lm  7 KB G

] ] 7 7% U%  . - S !6 B >F 76&.....7  % 6 6 ( 7 ( !6#( 6 .7U%

 6 =! - S F>   L 7! Lm 7.7

!6 -$ 5 ?7% 7 0 ( F 0 -!   0 -# .7%5 !  $ (h

& 7  B    %( 7%s ! 5 = 7 -! $ UB  6  7 =  F &m

.7%% =    6  = !U- (? K 7.7%

-` B 6 - 7 7 0 - 5 7! 6   .76 7`  = - 6 !j 7 !65% ]B

7 L% !6 B - 6 .7 = 2T!  6 5j`  L - 6 m 7%&% % &! L 6 1  .76
>F - e <T  76 s%!    -& 7%%&%6 ! 6 e <T !& L -6 7( ( 76 s% 7

  ` - & 7%%&%6 = e <T 2 .7!  6 7   6! e <T .7%% ! 0!m2

! 6%s  7- 6 LX/ .7$

 ? -Q  7% b = Y =  >B .7 %5 21 56 ]   !6  B  

J B !6 &.7

- !6 -S  7% 5 5%!  G 7 76  "1d B - !6 6 != 5 7% 5`( 7VK !"e =  ]d

! .76- !6 K   5% 75 6 !5%  7%%!  !B !&2 !"e/ 6.7

= 0

` 6-   &? 6 7 / d B K 0] F L  .7%% 7  6 -6 77

 % `  !  .- L 7Z  76! 0- j%  7 6F 7 5.7

-&! 6> 6 7% 0 7 K 0 = Z 6  B .76 / 0 6! B  -

56    76 &! 66 7> 6  5 ( 7 $ .7%7%m 2 0   !6 =  6>

&56.7

- 7%> 7y6 !6 B ( 0   >  % .7- ] 0 / 0 .76  J

-> 7%&%6 7% 2  %( B 67  B- %  6%&   7%6 6 - &7  7%e 627 =

) " 6 $! K = B` !6 (&  7%e & 0  7%e .7%

B  -Q !6 76 7L B 2 T< L = 7   0  pX-"!  2&   B  7%e $

 6LB6 7 7  B (7 .7%

-S  B LB6 7&! 5%! !6 B[  = B  2  B LB6 7  7/ ]K5%  B

LB6.7

-a- 56 7      ZK 6 7B - !6( (7 % 7! &! 76  &6 e

6 K  cU- 7K  ^6 7L !6   eVB ! F !6 7"6 !%F >1 .76

 -   != 6 7 0  w #  7% 6   6 ?& !6   .7% 5%!

  K  76 6 7-y! = 7  <T ] ! 6> 6 !6 .7 &  7! 6!

=->   ]XK.7

- Lm 2 !6 >- 0 !6 6 2 75% ! B Lm !6 >- 0 = 6 0! 6!

67B .7 = m L 76 >-  ! F !F 7 %- . $! /  !/  B 7 ! .

-  !"F% B  6 7 5j  &F !"F / B  eVB .7% K 0( .76 7F%  7 "(

/ .7%K 0 %5 $ F 6 L 7 2 . 0%j 5j B L !"e (.7% hZ

- 6 K F / 7%B !6 0     7!  =B 7 2 .B 2

 2 %  $  = % 6B F  6 7  0 7! B bB 7 7 ! B7 .7...

 6 0 -!  6 &? 6 6y6 7.7

- / 5- B & 7 5j / 5- B & >F != 5 7 =  .76 !2

- !6 2 !6  6> ]/ 7% 0 !6 & 7 7!  6> / ]XK 7 =-> /

B-.7

F : G$% 5[` LF - `-


http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=227815

/   k  A  >>8

] 7Z ] 2/ !   "!   

 7J!   (B  = 0  .  > (0Z

7%% -  6   ` ] 6

  V? !6V(  % =B 7% 6 6 (' > 

7%6/ . B -y6!  7 !-   

! (" /  7   ! 7B ?" 1!

&27 !6  = 7#   e7%%

= / KB !J6 7%  (1   !6 !"e`6 7$

m  7  0!  7  F& 7 "(  0

 ] 7= >F =  7 m `w &$K ]6K  #

  h7% = - & 7 &# B s

=   7V  B & #- m  

%  pd   . = 7   h%

m  7%F &! &( 6> UW !6  m 2   %   (  !6#%   m 5

!  ( Z6 B ` U .

66 0 ! 6 5?-F m ( !6 6 776 "B B %  55m !6 / 7 F pd !6 s

 .%  7! W !6   !Z U!  B6 55m / 6 626 = .  !6$- /    = 2L

%- = (% !5%7& 7  / !J !   27  7 ] /  B 7 `e  = 6

 .- Z1% 7! = =B 7%  !6 7( &6 h  76 V!    = 6 % !6  7 .= 7 /!J

6 !6 7( "6       (  .7%= 7 /  !6 !J  = [6 . [  F B

.-%&6  6

 7= 2 / !J(1  / 2( !   !6  = 6(  ( ?- h  6%6 . 05 2 !6

/ J!   = 6 27 !6   5= 76 !5%B  ! /7 &?6  7   ( ( 27 (&]

 7% `e76 27 / !5%- 6 &B !BB 7%%6 7sd (. T &?6!   277

 7  =      ( $  ! [ B & 7  0 7  T  676

/ J! =  2   (  .7  %Z 6 %  ! / 6 !J !6   7 ( 6  = $w

!6  ]6K e1- (7$] e .%!  7F = < e 06  ? 06 7 L 0 2 = -!
 !6 !5m]   5 %  !m 7 ( !6   F( . 6 6 / !J 7(  / !2 Z = 2L Y 7

U F&   !6$- / ! =  (7$]  e !6 0 [B L5"B .%  7  !B- !5%

! ( B !6 56 .[% ! 6! 6 $e B . -  7 ("' (/ 0 ( 00

 e 6.%

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=259894

/W k KV /0>8 $

 !m"  6 7%%H  2" &F

 6F 6 - 56 <" h   = &6 H - 

?" 1 6  H TZ D B .77"6 m 2 0

TZ B - !6# "U  7# - 5!  6

(7Z   !  !H  K 7%%H  !6 7%/

s% [ !6  7%%H ]% ]6 K !6 Z B !U6

 !6  = e  ?- - (1  7 Y - !6

2 7- .- --(  !5m !H -#% 6  !H

 V[`  % F % - - 7K( 7% 6

1H  ?"K !6 7 (7$]  76 7 ( 0 0

  7 F  7%  66  / 7 5

! 7!

0  6K L#Z - 6   (  !2 

(! 6 U% = 7F H.

(7  %

!6 h$- " !m - 0!   7 7 5-

W 0  (! `6 !K &-% 6 7Z  ?-F  = .  L  0 H !X  6 !H 7&% 

( L>  272  6 .-  h < s&-%    .- !$  "VB % bH

 !6 Vd%   6 eVB & B% 1 % 0 2 !2 06Y  [%

!e`B% 7F %Z  .7%H 7%m`B  1e D ("     (  H 7 # s (eVB !HH

&7e . K  B  27  7V &?7 V.7


6 0   eVB <= 6  -7 !6 B  2  7( 6 .-7 7  b1 !6`- B

d  (6 6B %m 7 &F B 76 7  = B !6 #%B<   B 51

 .Z !H -#%  G1 7 0 7 Y `- !    "d &    &H

[% 7$( 0 ? G1 !6]   . 0 = "K !"Z !?F  6< !H - 7 /  B 7% B>  

.7%%H  -

0 1 7 ^6 6< 0   !6 $6 ( !"6 m  6 K 7%m = .7%66  "/  !H 7  K  s

!H% % B   V? G1 - !2 !j6 H 1 6 .76 !$ 0 B7 6`& - < 6

H - 0 7 6  = !H 7% Bd &m >F B %$6 ]$K K ` 6 = 76& B6 7%m

1 [7%m % ]$K" !"H 6 K" .7% .

:`H  Lg

`H  Lg  >  B B !-  06 = ! &-   #    .7%%H !H7%m 7%m

 !H 7% . 6- 1-" D"    " D   " =  H F .  !H 7<" 6 h F s! ]

 %    06  #% `H s (] 6 L5 0 !% .  2  Lg 7 !-B6  6 B=.- 2

B= 2    !H 7  B !- H-  7 F  7B .- !-  !H !6Y] U% K`B 

  5% 6 =  V%  7 =  B=2> ? 5 1! .- 0 &! (`  [ !6 7%H B

7-%&6  !6 5  " "0 H 0  !6 .7 0 ] 6 7- !6 07  (` T2  .7%H

 7  0 7 "   B  "!$  6 7 bF =   LgU 7  $ !6 . ( /2

  $ 2  B !67B " :7    " 7%B 6 7%H  Z- 7Z6  >/ B eB D

7"K 7%H  s 7 B=2> (] 7#( !6 7  B / 7  ] 0 .76 $B 6

6%6 0 7  ./ 7 B 0(  / 7  6 6 -B 0 !- B6  7%H U%7%$6 %Z

m B 0%m !- (  !5m !"v 0 H ]/ . 6 7H 0  0%mB UH [! / 6 D

.76 5

 &-% 2 !K   72  7 (6 7%%H  !e 5&F - !2 (1  6 !"e`6 - (

TZ B .7%6

 !m TZ B %H

$K :  v

$K   v 6 7   > m 0 TZ D B  .  . H  &6 B [

(V( 76 V 6 !$ 0 ( 7/ s (   %H  676 - 7 2 -/ !H 7 0 !

7 2 - K     v$ 2 !6  2 / 7 2 - ($ 7e - TZ B |7%H

= = B  H .7

(:76 cW

 $ ( cW 7 5  6 7% !H 7$H 0 L !6 1 !U  .  6 1  !6 - 

%H ]6K < p 6 pd - !6 B( 7L6  2 ] 7% V( 0 $ !6$ = &F H

(` 6 $ =  Lm !6( 56 ( 7  L / B 76 D 7 6 / !H 76 0vU 1 :!H 7

" !H / =Y 7 6 &".7%

 0 12 H - 0 7 !H  7e !66  F  K & !j 2% %6 7 K6  6

 7 ]XK < 0  76(  6   W  [B !6 0 >6 $ - 0 .7
TZ B . !"Z

Z6   7%%H 2 TZ 0/ B H (V  2 !6 76 56 7 %2& 7 D$- [  ]6W

6 !"Z !6    6 . !6 - !2 0- 56  c( 2 76 6 $# & 7 <"H p  B

(  6 7%H H -   VB !6 7%  H m 6 !HH 0 !67$( 05&B %] BH 7 6 .H 0

7%H Z- !H %/   7 7  H B 6  7%H  %( 0  B6 7 7e 6 !H6 K 

( cW TZ B .7%H

`H = B !% !6 ! 76 D ]6 !U6 -  = >6 !j  Lm ! 0B !U67

-7F !2 H  V G1%  B 56 H/ -- p6 ( -!-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=369216

) $ 8 k  A4/  

  &F  6  7  !  ![/

  7% !  = !Y # -

  ! !    . ! = =>  ."U

($ pd 6[  . ((   

&F 6  7  !   ![/ 7%

 !  = !Y # .- 0 K! =#

 27 %! Lm  6 K`B K .- ($ -

 = !j ! -! 76  .7% ! 

 . 7% 0  27  = .7%%  0

&%-  = .7%% 0 .7%

 0 !   6 p . 7 56 GK!6 -> %

6 ( 6!6 7 716 > 0 7F .7% K! "

> 6 T2 K!  #  

!m  % K! 0 6   !  

!6 ( 76   !  = bF 6 6 . <" <6 %  ? 7. 0  Lm

! B 7.7 0 ! !    Lm !  B!6 76 - 7 -.

 0 ! = Lm -!  = 6> .7 0  .-!6 K 0  ]e 76 5

? %Z 7 p !"6  / B - 7 7K !6 K`B B ]e 7 7 -#  6   ! ((

   B.7 7
 !2! 27% L6 (' ( .7% !2! Z( 07%%  .7% !5!  ( 0&7% & 7

 !    ! -  FB ( 7 & 7 >/ 2!6    .7-6! B 77

 . K! B !6 ZK  !  (   ]e 7 K! B !6B %[6 !- 6 F 7 K!

-# B 5  7F  7%  ! !6! 2= Lm   .71! / !6 - F 7.#%

 $ - B [ !6!  15 !6 L5 & .7

B bF 0 m K " !m- Um ( 7F>  0 !U -! 7 !6 = 1- .

!U -!  -> %  7 T2 7 (  !6 !U .716 ! 5 =  % $

 !U . ! = => & 7% Lm !6 ! ."B 5 15 6 7 .7%5 &m 6 7  = 5

 ]w .7%67% ! &5 B !d1e"K 7  7 T2 >  6= 7%! =&6 L-  7

 0   27 7% !6e 0  - .

6 7 56B ( 7 !6> 6 7% 56 !6 7 [(  ]e 7 E ! > !6  ]B b/ 7%

 ! &m !6 ( 7%$6 76 ! (%6 T2 6 7% 27 ! 76 -F 6 ( b/ !6 .7%] 

 ]e 7 b/ 6 !5m 7%-/  ( K6  .7%  GK! = T56 7  ( 7 /!6 6 K

 K`B1-  ( 7% B 6 .7%16

( ?-6 K 0  B !6  0 0 -! 6 7 - B( % 6  .7<"B h  ] B 1-

( % Lm - 6  =  ."BB .% ! 6 Lm (1 716 076 =   !  = 27

  .7% !sd   27 7%! = 7  6 = (   .7 (V B  27 7%! 

/!6 = ( 7K 6  -/ B Z   .7     27 7%! B7

6 6 7 6 .7% h"K -! 7  6 = !6L $- 6 2- 7$ 7%% .7%

   27 7%! T2  &?6   .6 ! = $ < B 7  .%6 ! T2

 VZ &m   .%$6 ! = ( 76  (` &6 . b/ % .6 ]e

 -/ 7&! ! -& >%  !6( ! 6 (1  !"6 7 -/! 2  !6 7

K L6 s  / 2L6 s 0 B ."B  ! .6 !  B 6 &6

 !"6 !   .   6 !6 $ 7 L  15 !6 .7 ! / K! 

%( !6  %  -.

  .(  27 7% B !6 2(  ( 7 7&! = 6 ($ !6 .76 !  T 6

 5 5 .7% !5m 7% #  .7  7F  -! !6 / [= . ."B  .7% ! !6!"-

6>   / % ! & 7 .- ! -> = !6  7-.- 0  -! K

K`B! Lm  [> 7 Lm !6!6Vd% 7 B Z (7$].7%

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=269032
 >8 k   
J >>8

 / %

7F    0  [% !m L p6 !m p6 

- -  s !6 .7-  - 7-

]6K ! .7%6 -! 6 7%  ?-27

!(  = !6 .7%% [%  -!  !6 - 

 = 7 6 .Z(  ]e . !6 K   7%

/    7 = by-  %  5 7 !m

 !6 -/  -7  %vU/ B. 7%

 7  ( L !m !6 [% 7 B  =

B (  7/ !m   7%   B !6

  7 6  .- K   B B

 7F %vU  6 ( 7% L p6 e! 76

B= 2 B  7 !6 0- 556 & 7

  0 ( !6 2  6 ?6 = h- $ TF

B 7 .7  ! 6 B p6 !- /

[  1 = h-    .7

!m ( %  [% 6

!T2   67 0 6 5?-F !6 >-F 0 .-!

  pd  = K  2 .!  !6  !67 5d  bF .  77Z! = 0%m 

6 7%"6- = !6 "  .7%6 7   7%! `$K  = !6  6 .7  7%! !6 `$K

 =  $w >%  .7 g  B  7 7%! !6 b% 1 =  6 ( 7/[% .7  

=  7 7%! ( 7/  ( 0   s !6 5 .7- - <T ( !  7%! = `- !6 [% &6!

 .767 7 !-  $J  7%! Y ]K Z( 1 7%m =  " .76 7% 0 ?  !

 B  = !6 7[% 7%.7%"B

!m !6 6 7 

 !  B 7   ( .d 7% 6  F  7% 6  !"v 6 & - !6 " 7% 

  7Z .7 6 L 0   7Z  Z  !6 .7%%2 0 ?   7%!   (% d

? = B? =    .7%% "B 6" B Z( 7% 1 .-!  !6`Ue "B" Y  . &   ["$

 .7% 06 = ! 0 7! (  .7%6 (67 2 7%m  6  7%T2 6   6B !6

TF%?- !6 7 2  7%  6   7 7%% >  ( 67 7 `  (6 7%   #

bF 7% 06 (67 7Z 0 (  = 0 L26.7%

!65   !6 L  = ( 7% 7%%

Ye "VB 6 (" 0 (  h-% >% ? #  . !6 K  2m? :7 ( !6[% ?...

 B= 2 B s   0vU = 5 ! d ?= V 67 .76  ]6  e p6
e !K .- 2  ]6 !6 $ 5 6 7K 7 "      !6 $ L B .7 7

- 7  ]6 >% &$w  !6 $5 >%  $w  .7%% 0!    K B !6 756

 .7% 6 0!  =  !6 c( 5 7 d -(  7/ <  6 bF 7%% / !6 $w

5  0/  = - .7 0/  7m e 76 ( !K7 K W ( 7%% .- Ye! 

7% %?-! K%( 6 76 -F  7m 7L %?- !2 0 / B 7% !6  =  B

=7 2 2 `Z  27 7%!  6 6 !W %?- !2 0 7! .7%6

!U6 / %

/ $ % - / =  $ .UB 0/ B GW 7% #  7%  = => 

/ .- % [ -/ %6 6 (/ (~7 6 0  .- Z 0 V? .7%! X/

7 ( % UB 6 B  (  7% 7 .76  - 5BF 6 UW & >%  

B % 7 /  G UB  / .-( p6 6 /  % 6  Y6  (~ J! / 6 %

 # >%(  / 6 5?5 7 (Z Z6 .- -%  77Z! /  % / # B

7d  !"6 / 7jF -! 6% !6 7  1e "e] ? V d 2.

"=6  " L %  2  0 6 ! 0s !% -- !X  m &! 6 0/ 6

! $  7 - :/ [ 7 & . ` !K5 $ -/ ( % -/ 0! X Z K UB -Q

 % !6  ( !VB UB -S7 5 % !6  U 76 BB -a/ 7 /

2 - %676 - ]?6> %&B !6 W B  - pd/ (& >% &>  ( 5B 6 5"e/ 6

 /6 62 - 2>  h !6  B !6 $ -/ %2  - 27%`B TF B !6

7K   &F $"[  5BF bZ 6/ B= !6 565 / j6 2  27

(" 6` 6 ] - X 76 7  0e !6 % 7    g  B -QBB 7

2 Yg 7 % 7 .

- 7% / %

B  p- 7%  - 6    - .    !6#( 0 0 6 YZ !% .-  T2 6

 6 B 5   p$( L 1[ p6  2   .76 B  7d %- ($ [ ]1

( G- (% - 7% &66%6 .- 0 2 7F 6 7  ($ K6 6 $ < 7% 5 B (  p$

6  B =6  7%    L6 ! B e !6 ! 7F -  6 ( 05%- !6 

& 7%  % 1[ p6 d .7%B 0 h$-# /  % =   2.

!U6/  % 6 pd B

 pd   !"d !m 7 L !- (&7 7/  % 6 % \ J 0 .- - 0B  7% p (~J

. "B 7 G-! 76   YZ Z (~K  = J  2 !6 0 . / EF>  ?" &  !

 p  eVB 76 $w   = $w (  7% 1e 76 1% 2 >%   = 1%  6L5.

7 L !-7 $-%  2! B 6 767%F  1% J! / /  % (&7  7 .7% 2

[ !6 7 1"? ]" !6 7 (! 7 0  7 !-  !"d !m 7 !- T = d( ( 7K 7 2 !6

/ Km / UW  !&2 % 5 (?"   L 2 . 0/  % $ 5BF 6  .7%

F J pd !2 0 6  L6 d% ](K 6   Z  7  U 7 7! V? !6

=  =  = 7 /  0 - 6 !#2 6  0  6   !"6.7%%
- : G$% `-  7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=221548

/Uk&  5,<:!

B= !6 !H 1 0  TB H Ty .7%H  7 `e7

=BT !H 1 0B H TF! &B 7( 6 .7 m 

 ]& 7%H T dB  6  [ 2?-

(]6 = !j 0 !1 W !d1e B E  7

6 - T DB - !6 !H  e/  K!6 7

7! !e`B  2 TZ 6B &] W 6 7 E

0 !1 ...7

DT !- B

TB = J - ]Z !H ] =7K  !H

- %H T .B cde B - .%Z

L &? V !H ./ 2 D 0L !6 - &

/  B TF! &7 TZ  .-

TF ( : ! 6 7 B Ty6 !H$

H 6 7  $ $K .%H

($(  :$6 TZB 6 7 $ $6 -.

6 ("H 0%m `w T DB  :7% h-%= ^6 2(

7 ... 7&?$6 !6 2 " 0 - ? 7 TZ

B  6 ... - !6 K($  0 :`w .7%HZK

H $ - &F !H /  . . . .>?$6

B( (76 cW( :7 "B 7 0 6 %  G  0 `w .7%HdW( -( Lm !B :76 ]$K 0

6B  / $ 6 !6 %  &g 6/ $ - . . . K  0%m !H( K1( 5 &.

(7VK (Q   >?6 :76 B (6  cW !6 7 ! 0 7 h( !j= !H 7%H$ 7  ( 7VK 0 6/

7! . 0 !H V? !6   7#  !H 7 5   ]6/ 7%H / 66 5 !VB GW.

e (S !K / !e ( :7L6  !6  !H / %2 B &F  [ YZ ]6 !

 = !H  ] &F ZK !5 b/ .  !6  27%5% TB !6 ]6   !H 7

$ !H H%6 !U6[! !6 6L 0   27% GK D/  V? !6 !H -   7#.-
$ (a T :7%HB $ GK B D  / VK 6 .- $ 0Y TZ !H -B7%%H

/ 27% !66 6 . TB "H !m2   "B 7 1H YZ 6 .7%%H e c!m 56 0 !6 :!%

H ( %H T56 0  &?$6 "B Y .-

(7! 76 ! ( :7 D7!  h-% ( JT DB 1 6 7%mT .7%H 6BL6 "B ( = Lm!H -

<"h   / 1/ .%H? B / 1/ B  !6  6$K 7 H T !HB ( 7  

 7-F 06 !m .7%H  1 7%m 06 !m 1 06 !m  ".

T HB %H

6 D- ># `w / !H K H %H GUK /`UeF >/ p- T !"e`6 2B  0 %-

5  TB (J 76 -6 .7 D ? 7 66 `w 7 !% 1 D H d( GT B

e !"e`6 7 BH / . m 7%H (76 / !  G = W  LH  5  &6

6 .7%H TB  0%m 6 (7#%- 7 / (77K %H L6( 0 (76 - 6 G 0 T DB J

0  !H - p"< !6 (V TZ !H %HB &! V? ZW - 5- h  . !%K

H 7# !6 `e B  T56  ! Lm B 7%H ]/( 0 V( 0T .-B  d-

? V .- 7e Km -e !H !K   %HH $.

 ?- m -B !H B 0 6 D !U6 6-  .%H  m - !H 0 D

[ !H ]6 T `e Ty / 7%&6 = !B=  !6 % ( 7 / !H  !H 76

= L ? U 7B 0B  7B 6 5 $ % &! B `e   . ^d6

TZBV(  (V = !H B    "B 7 .- !H KV( 0 (V d !6  d ?7 

 YZ D !6 &# = !H 7?6 2 = $6 066 6 7 - TB . 56 sB  !H 7( H! 7%

D  .7 - c$eH - !6 K( = 7  H ( !6 -#  7 D  b 76 

] &? V H  - ]6 (   7%H (('6  ZUK .7%Hm 7# !H/ V( 7%H (V

B !H( B( ! 7 0(b / B 0( ?7  7 .- 0%m &# 0%m>#  p

T pB - !  TB - !"6 5B-T DB .cde

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=368300

/Uk&  


= 6/ B  7 .- 2 7%?6 7 2 7! 7%H

T 7 $6  7 ( 5d$e %$ $"2 6 .


/  !5m 7%H Z - 2  7%?$ %Z

 H D  !sd    7% 27 5

 7 1 2-/ 5   ( 7%5%  6 H = 

!5m 76 - 6 H 7 0 %

6 -/ # 6 d =  H 512...

m -/ 6 =   7

>6  6 LmW !H 12 7  $ ? H 7

 !6 H  %-/ #    . ZK 0  !H -  -/ B  .-%&6  ( 76

Lm !m 0-/  !6 =   ( 76  F  !m -/ 7 Lm !m = 

dB   7%H /  $K = 6 !5m 7 ! 6   0%j  ( # 7B 7 !2 !6 %H

H ( %H h-= 0 B !6 F   .%H  6 ( !5m L GK 5 56 DH !6 !5m5

5%  =  %H DH  .

= ( B6 !6 7 -/  G  7%H

-/ &?6  27  (&]  .7!   6 6 05< !H6 05&B  1% Lm L6

6/ HT 6 67-( U 6 6 % .!  %-/   !H -

 ?" `H <  = `H 6  6%66 0Y/ 6 7  # B -/ = %  0%j-/

 F B -%&6  / `H < `H5 !6-/ =  $6 F  Y/ 6 K  #

-/5 = %(  '-F $-% >%H & .

= Lm !H 2 7% #  7% -/ 5 (T2J -

.!"6[0 [ !6 .- 7  "H !% !6#(  p-( !H (-/ ( p-5  ( !6# -  

 !6& (-/ `- !6 7  .7%H DH !$ ]w (-/ 7/ 6 L &B 5 !6#( ]6K

-  06 d - 0-/ 7 =  ?" 1 .76

(s VB -/ 7 7 m

7 7  6B6  0 6-/ 7 7 ?&( .- TF 0 !%!  7/ -/ # 7 7

 ?" ( 7%%H !6#  0B% !6 !H(  = !"- 6-/ # 7[ !6 7 7 J H 5

2E `- .-&! F  K Z   !H 7  $V .7%H 05&B 6 "H !H 6

/ < 7  ( 6 7 (  1 L <[! B  B !U$< L 6 D  =(>

/ !B-   6 7 56 6 0-/ 7 .%H

?6 2 & . / B  27 6 ( !m %H 6 7 %H

6 0  `[ !" 7%m w  ( 6 & . / &B . !6( 6 .7%H$  %(  !H 7%

 -  = &6 %&6 ( !6 0 :  ! ?  % .& ( % -  6 L L

 d  0 %H ( => H % 2!( (   6 ( / & %$6L L $

- . .& !m  &6 $d6 .& !H 76 0vU 7%H  &6 $d BH 7 .( 22 7 K

[ 6 ( 566 p 7 !6 !% 56 7 - . !6 7%H $de K (! H%?-  !6 $w6 6 7

(2 y .7%H 7= :7 !m  h"K (?  6  7%H ! - $> 0  - 6  !H(

.76

0`- 6 !6 L -/  E .7


.!"6 K[0 7B .- Z =K H  $d `!K 06 !H   &! 7K B> 

.- )W(   !6 !H&  & .  7%%H $d  66 %< 0 &  Z 7% $F

2 `- )(  6 L 0  !H & .  7%6 $d2 / 7 K H ]g6    7  $d

H ( d6 p6  J $d !m2 .- KT2J !H - 76 h"K e    H  %( $"K $d Y -

= !H   =J = 6 -/ 6Z    6%6 0  & . ` !6 !K( 6= 7 76

/ 76 / < (Z 7%H B $d 6 .7-6 6 -/  $w  27 0 !"H - !H

 bH 7% =  !B 6 p6 B  ( .7%H

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=364926

;*k& *U 4/

>6 - 6 = !H - L%6B 27 H K (

(!&F 0e # (g - G  27 .7%H &H

 ?VV &H =  !%& -%L> H

 &F  $ 6 "g -- " L>

-= - L> $ 6 1[ `- $ 6 p6 ZW

 7    `- 6  7 .-

VV? &6 !H  / L5 7%%H Z-  g( L5

7F= 7 = .7 " L6 " # H ( -

B 7% L> .7%

= L%6B 27 !Z U K   !% 5

(. 0 L6( 0 H 0 5 e !6( -

6 H ]6K !H1- 6  !  .760%j

  F  B J 6 H !6 DHH 

B6 H !6 !2& = .- B !- %U"-

%!  6 51  m   .- ( 6 7%

"    L = ( - 6H 7" {%F DH 6 7%

F !H ! -B 27 -  6H .7 Q !6 !H6  7 !( 7 !6 -H 2 !W (e7

-H  %( .- !H 7 H - {%F  !6 7-" S 6 6 - Y  .


= L%6 - 6 & 6 276  L  Dy  m    6 - & 0%j 7

6 H "!  6 = H  bH  7/ 6 H 7VF 26 5 !H 7B 7 7% 6.7

  27  B  h# = - L%6 ! - ` a B   7 7 / - Q W/ 0-.

(6 ]Vd ]  !Z U  !6 >- h U 0 Z 6 .   ]g -7 B- 6

B F= D( ] mH 27 . !" !"- b  DK 02!<6 K6 !W .7/ !H  / "H 6 !W

- .# ( ( 2 V B H> 7 6 s% 0H  ?" 1 H !Z U   !H<"h

- =  6  K% - T  7%%HGK  6 -5 H Z- [     h-% B7 .&-

B K bF.7 =! H> B 7- !6 ?=  7  .( (H $ B 6 7& !H 76 76 7

  !H B H H -   27  . !65  !6 !H 7%H DH7 B 27 -!6 .7%6

s !H 7- &6( $V 5-  6& $ 7 ( H 2!H 7 !6# bF 7%-6  (6 7

  "U !# !6  !6 7-6 =! K   6  H .7%6H 2 ?6B ! 7 !H 7 7

7 . !5m.-

H F(H 0  K .  5 - ( !H %2  (F0 6 2 6 G[K V( D !6

H 2 K s 22 B # H 7 (H&6 = 0   B ! ] .7F

 L 

7-  !6   Z-  L !H  !6  = 0 L6 DH 27B 2H 7.

6 7- 6 ?$B !6( 7 D   1% !%de(27 T/ .7%H

F !6= - 5%   L5# $H !H 7%H = / .7%H

 27 = [ !H U= ! 7%$6 !H( B.76 7

! (6  % 7 !6= -  =6 !"6 B 7 = !5m !H 2 H 1/.

66 7 (  !H 7%H 7d 6 7-   !6 (s .7

B  76 . s% !H 76 $-% p 6  .-

 6 ( 6 !6 77$( ZK] .7%H

 "  `& !H - 6 &6  6 6/ 0  !67-  bF 7 (.7

(g  DmHL6 b6 #  27# .7%H

(V   - !H - ( ! 7%H 0Z p.27

- V( D GK !6 !H L 6 !2 '- 7K( 5 F.

 !H - V( 0 7   -.

7K (7Z (V 2 !H 76 &6 7 # = B ]  6H 7.

 - 7K D

=   !H 7 H - 7K D -- 7%H = 562 / 76 77K 7  b1 !6!

76 K[0 -...

= B ( 6 L ( 7%H #  0 7K 0 6 7- 6  = !6.7

H 2 # ! 6 76= 7 ( 6  $ .7%H

 ]w  0 7%H ] !j= &6 !m H !6 2 ( K 7.

 !H b1 !6 776   72 V( 7%%H bF 7%%H ] by- H B .76 V

(  ]/ ]H  v 27  56 7 6 .7 !%5 76 V 7 (! 6 7%H6 -.7
 &" T6  - !6 7  = 7F 7%H 6 6 H L6 2&! ( 0 :7%H  7#

H 0 =6 F  B =< .7&6

 . 0

6  7 6 B( 6 7 76 0 6 7 % 66 ( 7= 7   7%H 5 7-y6 7 '-F

6 7   !"6 !H [ !6 .7%H

 6 0 = %6>F= 0B- 7% .-

B 2 7  bF 76   . 7- = !6 6.7

B 2 7 H 76 . 27 !H # =  &/ 7# .7

! ( 7%-    6 . ( H 6 !H 7# .7

7 !67 B  .7%H

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=345827

T /0   &  / 

 m  >6 &  !j ! $ $

=     !K g( ^6 . 2` 0  / !6 2

~    /  6 7  / (B J~( d  T2.

Z- bF 7% !&   m  $V &B L

5B ?676 % T56 7  = = !6> # 6

#% `  76 ?$B.7

 Y/  ( 7 B # (  .7%B 7 K

/ (  .7% 7L6 7%?$ 7 ! Lm 6 g( 7%B.7

76 $(  2 B K  /  7! 2 m ZW 7

! 2 B   / !6  = 7 7% 2?

!B 6 5B 7 / B 7(  . b 7!

0  # m 7 ! ? .- 6

  !  %  ( 7#   / ( 7 /

 !# /   ( g 7&6 .  1 .7% 7%?$

. 7L6B  2 g( 7 B 27 # B 7% "L 7%


! = " !K 7%&%6 !%  . 7%?6 7 7 0 ?  s !6 6 !/ 7 76 7! 6B Lg ] 0

(d  7% ([$  eB $V  !6 Lg  = 7! T !6 #%     !6 !#  / 0  .7%

bF"  7 0 -! 5 / !6 = !  !6/  7K b1 !6 UZ TF  !( .7

! 76!  7 L !6 Lm -d( 0 6 ^6 !j= .   F / 6 -   / 6 

.-

 7%$6! 7Z6 6 27 F 6B   .7 2 F p- 2  76 m! = =  76 7 G0

 = !6 K 2  !6 7%-= p-  7F = !6[  77%B  7%F 6  .7%% 0%m= ZW F

! (2  %   !"2 !"6 7    .7%

B  2 7 !sdm  2 7> = -!  [B 76B 27 !6 = .7  ( !6# 

B 7% !T2! .7/ 2 B !6 0K 76 G 27 L 7% = B 0 - # 7 6 =

76& 7  = !ZK  0  7 = /  !6 .7%(  h(( 0 7 B /   Z#

(sd .7% = [B !6 7!    T 6  (sd .7 >?6 - # s 7 (V XL 6 % ]

!d1eB 0 (&]  7 = -/ B - 7K  " .7  7! [B 27  0  >?6

B 0 ( #.7%

( ]$ m !6 L #<   UB$ !6 .7% 5 ( !6 L # ]$5- -!  &m ]6 7% " K

( 7 hV ]$ -  !1 ! Y 7= >F ( ]$ !6[`  `w .7-6 !% [6 2( 76 7  B ]$K

& <F 06 0 7( K >6 7 7% L%6( 0  7%- !6 7%[`  !6  ( 6 .7UB X` 0

6 !m( ]$ "6 $6 06  7 0 m 6 76 %Z !6 UB (( . ]$  ( 0 "$ - .7%

 2 7%! / >- ! m<  = 2 7%% 7% UB  6 !m!  !Z 6 .7%6 7% 7 &! (]$

 h  !  .76 GK "e  0 .- 7%m K 6 2= !6 7%%   5 7% ( K.

   = !6 &m 27% $ !6(  = 6  27 !6 !"6 7%7  $w %Z !  (!  .7%

&] -#%! 6  5 ( Z 7%% 1%  = !2 B s L6  0  " 0%[ F 61

! 7 J  6 7 7 B s   # % = 5 !%7 6B !/ (  h#Z .% 2 0 GW !  w 

K B &6= - !6 7 / / - = [B !6 / .7 1- 0  =<   !  6 7 !/ 

B ".7 6 p

 !# ! (  h U 0 2 0 -! B !-  ZK  g( L Lm 27-/ [   ( 7

 !sd  = % 6%6 .7% Z- 0 7% !  h    #  .7 !6 0%  %- !6 0!U6

! 6 $de   6 0 76 !1U 012 - # ( J   ! F ^6 7 [B

B 7% !d1e 0 = [B  0.

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237534
 O > @!

 = (   6 H27  7

(] Y !H -  G %H 27 6 6 !% !6/

65 ($ K6 H 6  7 Y  2 6 0

[` H  Z[K b1!6   6B `H

7F H6 . Z[K 6 -/ (`  6b1!6

Y ]H  -   567 ! 012  7(]6

-/  1%  $w ( W B DH - 5  . !

012  7 (]   ! 012 Ty !6 0  h-%

 p   h-%   6 !H - 7 56( 7

6 !6 7 / 76 7%$6 $-= !%   .7%H 275%

H DB  6 - !6 -  (! .7%H

 &?H GW !( 0 .

6  " : 6H 7 5# 76.

& : 7 ! !% W 77 7  7F 5 6 .7%H ( 0  0 Y B -( U

Z( 7% V !6 TF  0 # H D 5H 71 !H  / 5 # V( 7 - ./ 012 ! .7%H

  !H  ?6 7 (&? 76Y 7 ( - 7 = 1- .7%H 0  76 !H 7H 0 2  0 - 7 hK

B! `w) 76 -F- !H X BH -  ! 76  ?6 7H !W 6 7 /

  h !H 7 !6( K  7  !B !6 ! .(7 5 0 d !H -H B -5 ! 012

1 "? p .- K DB  - Y 7%H  [ 6  ]67 7%H Y  / 0 7H( 6 -

B - H "  6   .7%H 6 -/ 6  !%Y/ 7 -/ ( !6 !6 /5

56 7  0  - p6 1   "B \ J6  .- 7 56 7-/  1% ($w -!66 2 .7%H

-/  $w & 7 7F 6B ]g !m H .

-/  1%  6 7%H  0 H !H#  7 / `$K .   %H &B 6 !6 G -/ 1%

H $de 66 . " -/ (cW 6 =  !6 E & 6 -/ Y 1% 6 .- " -/

 $w (Z ( 7# #  - p6 # J\ &6 e -   076 ?&(  !H - 7  p

ZK ?" ` $  h-%1-   .7%H BH- ( DH W 2 27 = >F ZK !H 7

DH !65   6 756 Um 5 B .%H DH -B !H 5% 7  6 7%H DH W( H-

 !6  (! ]& :7%H &? 7%H  - ?" 0 !6.7

B7%H -  0 0 !6 - 76 7HD # 76H 7Z6 0 !6 5T2 7%H.

(?6 cW7  0 -6 D 56 5 7B KH !m 7 # .

  B DH -  D 6   - Y = -  567 !6 E H ]d `w . -F- 2 X " 5

 / 7%"6  6  7   - 6  76 7e "B 7 c 1 !6 56 0 :7 [ B6  /

7 !6 " 1U  0 - ( .7L 7%H 0  0  - 7%   = %B - 6 6 !%= 7

 27 W GK H !6 $6Y 7 6 - 6 = (B 7%H 0(  7%H ]?( "? p 7%H Z-
-! ?- .76 - 67%m B >F(  "? p ( J\ "B .7%H 06 - .7%H5% 6 ` !Z[K

6 ( !m !6H !( 7 6 Y 76 G[K !%  - 6   !6 Z[K 6 -/ B 56 7  p

ZK ?" ` $  h-%1- .7%H    6 7%H DH  !6 6 6 &6 b1 !67

/ 7 s / ( 65 U .7%H

(  0vU :&m 6 !H V? 7 7%H $de  Lm6 5  ( &6 .- K !6  7%H 5 ( K

&m> .7L

76  / `H 7%H Z- :!6  K 56e 7 6 7 7%&%6 K V ]w  .7$

  :!"e/H 6 [ b1 2  !6 ]6 !6 "B !H -%Z 0 L7 D h-% !"e 7  .7%H

H/ 6 :- 6 !12 H/ - 56 DH 7 H 0   ( 7% !H  V( 7%6

 7% /  !"H 7 7 $V.7

Y/ 6   m : m 6 7-/ =2 !j 7 .76 % K /7%? 7 7  K  7 .7% BD

=  m W 6 7%6  / 0 &  =  m D  6 76  / 0 &  /.-

[ 0% (7e 7%"6 g :B !H 5% 756 !Z[K !" DY 7  7% !H -7 6 H 0 67e 0%[ !6 7 (!

7%H 2 2   d 2 ` 7%H $de >?6 B6 `H ( 7%H 7H 7e 7%"6 ( g.7

H$de b"- :   "B ! 0"H !H -  h-% b"- ` 1 6 6 7%7 27% ( 7%H

]H .7& !"e/6

:h-% K  K-/ (1% 6  7%H ( W B - H 7  02 s 6   .-D

0 7Z6 !1 "B - .76 [ 6 -/ =Bsd 0 0 H - .7$ -  h-% 6 H 0

? [ ( 7%H 6 ]6 ( 2V K! .76

2 2 : B 67% K   >?6 6 B - .-B K 7-/( 76 K !%0

5  T56 F6 7 =  6 Y 7%H 6 e - '-F 76  = !6.7

7 ` #/2  !j= :6 >?6 7   6 6 -/ H  B -W D !6 !6 .-

=2 !H !j 7 =B !j 7# 7 7 ` #/  0.76 g -

 : G$%  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=328367

_    
5 $

2 -  e#  76 776 7 < 6 12

 b ( Lm 7 7F 0 (K J( d 7  !6 !$


!%  7 ]w - ! X  6 B 

 s( Z6 & 27  756 s !sd 7 =

<] & .7 -!  0 -& 27 ( 7 77%

/ - !$ 2 / >(= 2  !K 7L6

` [ Z$ - ( B6 6 = 6 h-% !U6 %j

- !5 7  2/ 0 7 7 < 7%6 U% J

` ? .7

7jF >%

!   B 27 / ( !6# / ]

/(  ! -/ ! 7Z6 =  !6-

 B - !6  s .$[ .-%/ >%

7jF -  0= K 6  7%! b/ 7%%6 !U6

=   ( 7K 7 !2  1 0 !U6 UB.-

B !U$< b6 !   p / 5 6 - !6

/ &! ( 6 -   27 -  !6

] &/ %" >% B & / !6.7

2 7jF >% 7% " 0 -! / ] !%

2 -/   .- ]w (-/

 &B $V< h7/ ( / / 

 ]w- [B >#> ! 65 hK 6  B (B !6 $ /  L  >< ]w (Z .6

-Y g  !6$ [% 6 [B >% (  &B / ( / !6  $.

/ = 27

/ & 27 & / !$ . !U6 ! / / 1B -  6 2  !6 7% 

=  !  K5 B !6 (7 c 7% &! d  7/ .7%6 5 Z `  0

(& 0d( !6 .7 5 `( ( 7%! ! 7%6!  &! / 6 6 ! .76 0

/ -/ =   !6 $ ( &  = .  (d .7% 6 ]e/ b/ 0 1B   Z-

Z 7%% ?  = F !66 -7  / 2 7 7 < 76 U%- ` 1

.-

2 / / B 7/  &6m [  7/ ]6 7/   -  `w 2   b/

7% 6   >6 G 7/ /  $de e 7%  !% ( bX ! B-

 Z( 7/  7% /6 / 0 !6 ]   7/ 7/ [ -  ]6 0%m .->% &

 6 p6  7%   06 1/ -> B K6 7  K -[ 0 = [ .7

 ?--

L  2  / 6 7e 7= !K $K 6 ( 7% ]& 7 [6 / 6 !$"< .7% $e !6 (` /

. b/ 2 7%&! /  !6 26 5j6  6 & / - ! .76  - 6 6

= /  !  6 B  - =L K !(  = !6 Lm 7% / X 7 = 7 -!  0-

& 27 $6 06.


!  6 !%6GK!6 B 6 .7 "X !6 %6! 6 ^6 /   5 7 7% B( 7-y6 2 ZK

Um !  %$6 ( 1= . ZK& 27  0 UB- =   0 ZW (76 -  6

B 6(  !  $w! 76 Km / 7 !6 7 6 7! (  - ."Z(  !6 !6

 / T2B !6 .( 56= 7 - % 7 !6= >F "& [B 0.7

[% 7F [B .7%  6 0 <"/ 6 !$ = -! ( ?6  !6 7[% 76 [B !6 .7 ( 77%

! B 7 h 7% !6 56 p .7/  % .7% !  0 6  T56 .7 ?66 7

[6 7  !6 b/ 0 .7%

 / 6 !$"< 0

6 !% (` /=B L  !6 $( = 2 7 ]$K =!   7K  h-%! 6 76( 7 (% #

76 .7 / 7% 7 7  27 (= 7  27 [ !6 ] 6 ]$K .7%  ( 0 <= T 7%

( 0 6 B( #  7 6 7Z6 ( = ( .7% < T !6 - ( .7%

% - 0 6 7> :76 0]  /  <0 - 0(  ! / ^6 !T2  77

 % .7% - 0  -/ T56- .7 ?6 7 (  (-/ !  6 - !6

! 7 .7%

]$K # 06  / 7 ` B .76 2 -(  $V  / 7# ( 0. J 0 <T

6 5 7 =  !6 - ( .7%

% - 6 76>:76 0  B !6 6 !m%6 7< - 0 6 7% 0 ! > :76 6  0 !6

6 !m7%6 7<   - (7 60 %6 .7 2(7 - !6  0 6  6 76 eVB .-K

  - ]  7%&%6 7 6 =  6 / !6 .7L6 h(( 0   /6 &6 L5

 % = .7-%

2( / -

 0 / = ZK 7% !B 7%%6 .- ( ]d 06 GW ( 7 56 s:7

 ]& !6[ s 5 5 .7%( 76 & 27/ &! & ..- 2( 6 & 27

 $ ]XK 7= >F "& 0%m /(  !6 .7 77(  / !%B !6 Z( 56 Z- 7 7%

 / .7%

 h( .76 2 7 eB [  6 ^6 / ( 7/ ( ]K ! &] [6

 0 ( g 6 e - 7Z6 .7 $de ( 7% 60 ( !6 .7-6 . 2  g( ]6K !6 L2(

K (= g 7.7

(  # .7%   e1- !6 ( 7%( 567m 7 !6 ` 7%!K 7  !6 p ( ."Z .76

= 6 7% $de 7% &!  &B! = 7% $de .7%

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=242373
_   $

/ 5%(1  !H !j= !6 $  !H 7 5

 7 7& 1% >%H  .7 0  D   --

!H !U6 6  .7/  2  77e Y/

 = B 27 (H !6# 7 /( 

s(  !1 !H - 6 06 =  ?- 5 - !H0

6 <"`(  = 6 !$ &?6J# .7

2 0 0 = / ^6 Lm !m 7%$6 !H - 

ZK B6 . BV(   (Y/  0

#   "B !H 7%H (6 .7- 7%$6 7V( 0 

!H (Y/ / 0/  0# m

 `w K  6  D -($ K6  7%H7

 !H0  6 !H H 6  7%H $de -/

( .7%H

2  - >K 65 T56 7  7 !H0-

5 c(  !6 7 ? 5 7 >K T56  67

.7-6

 K/ / !H 7%H %H  !6!2 -

!6 b 1% & ]Z 7[ .7  ]6    7%

-  LB  .7% !j=  / 0 !H D ]6K `H[% 6   !6 2 #  #  / 7 2H 0

 / / .7%H $V   !U6 B / bF 7%H  76 7%&6 $6 06 .7 b/ !H  /

/( `H 06!  e H ^d6  !6 G-/ 7%H 6( [$ !j= &B 7Z6 !H ^6/

/(  6 .7%H

76/ !H 7 5&F D ? V .-/  K  !6 7  '-F 5V( !H !j= !6 !"6 7 7%H

 = !6 5  !  '-F$ !6 .7 %- !6  5 %  !H ( 7- % (1 1

 7 L2 7b 7 & ]Z .7

6 6  7 H  6 5( H $ #  7 b %- !6 $  1% ]Z !H % ."B

H `w !H) 7  6 5  (  ^6 (-  / ? !H B !6 56     !6# H 76

H .7[ !m  (7 7 & &6  7%H ] (Z / &6  .7!Bm 0 !H - 6 06 = "B

?-.-

 B b1 !6 ( / .7%H Vd YZ / 7  %  F b1 !6 0 Z6 .- ( GK &!

7 ( b/ ( H p- !H >- 7  ( d & . (! 5   bF .- !6 20

 h"U !H 7 !   5 b  = 27 "Z 6.  6


   Y6 b1 !6 / !H 7% K (? K  72 TF!  7 0&! [B !6 = !H  0

[ 7 Z6 7K [ 06!(H  = .7% / !H 7%H 2 `B# 7% !  0 & ?.-H 7

= !6 p 0   = !H -%Z !67 Lm 2 7.7

! B 65 FB 6 .7%H L = .76 - H   !H  27 76 "& !2 7

B6   27 (/! J ]w 7%6(7%    = 27 ]H 76  & / .  L .

 B 27  B6 7% =  6 -  !#%F H 77 7b 7    27 -

 7 m &` 7 77 5V( !HH 6 .7  7%H! Lm 7 -B .7 7  = !H 7 &` 

27  .7 =  B 27 5 6 H !H0  B 7 7- ?$B  =  B y- 2 7.7

  = 27 / 6 .- =   56.7

2 !H H 7%6 !H5% >- 7 65 B 6 7%H y- 7m !H 7%H  6 6 6 Y .72

7  Y !H  6 7 7 7 0  - B T56 7 (? 0  = !H 7%$6 7Z6  T2  6./ 7%

/ !H 7 7%H  = 2  $-% e 6 7%%H  6   6  /   H !H 7%H 0/

 Z 6 7%H Z- .  - B - 5 2 H B K .7%H y-

 .7%H- !6 2 2m /  7 b/ Y/  [ !6  ]6 06! &6 .-K [% 

!7B !T2  7 ( !H06 0(1 ( ^6 716   7 .- 0 B  ? !H 7-y6  s

= b/ `$K  6 06  2  1%$ bF - 6 7 # ]w  7%H  2  $w -%H  >&?6

- < e0 /  p6 6  bF .7%H 76`& ( 7  ]/.

/ .76 $w  ( 6 %$  .-  e 5  (K1 !H 7%H 76% 7 7 /

 L2(1 ? 7% .   / 0/ (K1 76 L>  7%H Z- .7  $w !$% .7%H LH( Lm

!j= [B!6L5-y- 7 76 [B !6! !H 76H H 2 6 !7e  !6# H 7  =6.7

.H   b#(  H 0  - !7e7 ? 1/H 7 . H  2 6 !6 7 `H 7%H

 H !6 2 7 7(!U6 6 m 7%H GUK   !H! ($  6 .7  &6  /B  

/ !6 `H B 7%1K - 0  6 !H& U  0/ " !5m !H - B  .756 0!H -

 [% Lm( !H -/ " 7 56.

= !H !j0   - 0 !H - ( H/ " 7 B 56 . 2 (  % Lm D  ( 7566 7%

/ B $ .7%%H- ! 0 - Lm( !H - $ ( bH" !6# = 6 $ / 6 0B-D

B 27 7   p6.

= ! 0 -  / 6 % !6 Ty6 ] D 7 B [6 !6 7 Z 7 = "B .7%H  2( !H 7%]

!6 /  7 p 0 / 7/ - ] H 6 = ]/ .7%%H

76 TF 0  0 )/ %Z( Z-  = (  / `B  .7H 0  D ]w? 0 DB

( !H -5 7 V( K 7 H 6 =  7% L2  . 7 ] !H 0 Z-  / B

 7%%H !K !H 76 0% 6& 7K !6 7& 76 H 6 6  / 7K !6 !6 H27 L !U Z- !H

[6 H = ! .7%6

6 D {  06 5 0 !H - (/ 6 7 B V(  = .7%H !"6 / !H 7%%H L ?- = V

!H6 "/ = V  . !$Y] % 5 6 7  /  ( ]w (6#( g !T2 < /

 2 TF / !H - ( $"K] !6 =  6 7H - D #  .7  !6L6   6 eB <"!$

/ 6 . 0L6  ?&( 2 h"U 0 !m !H - / - !6  = 7 H !m 6   = 67
# . /!  -  1% !H - B 0 - . 2 0- !6  06 77-- 7 Z B

!H -y6 0- / - ( !B-  % !6 '-F .- 0 ( 7%H DH  !6 >-F 0 06 ZK B

(&? 76 .7 K   / 0 $ !6 / 6 B6 7.

 / 2 <s%! !6$ - !6  66 !m 7H 7  / 0 7&6 . b1 D !6/ B  !H 7

76  b "Z  .76 (   / 0H   6 7  06 y B! ZK (&?  !6 .7

/ 76/ 7 b/ D 5 !H -  27 B  7%H U6 6 !6  bF .7&H !m( 6 = G 7K

.7%H

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=359681

  $
AA 

 &?6  27% !6  .- D 6 7 W/

  H!  7 e( !HL6 >?6 !  0 2 27

 (&] .7 V? !6#( 2  !  767

!H/ 7  B !6 & = .7  ?V

1 5 -    6& !6#( 1 0!%

? 7.

7  < 0 7 6  ? V  .7%H  0 

 - L - %H !"6 %H ^d6 =7 = 6

Lm !H 27 - !  -

  ^d6.-

<m !V

Y   Lm K  - B & H 2 / . H ]w Lm


< !V Z$[ &%H Z  !H -

-  b ]Z# s%) 7%H H -   Lm 27 .(- 05< K !6 $ 

 dB 1 H  < . ]/ .

76 / / 6 &/ 2 = .%H 51 GK -  F %H 2 D&B H H .7L6 0/ !6

$V -  7&H &B . h-= !H !2 6  !7e $ 6 !6 d - >F 7

-6 Z ( < 0 7 . ?"  1  $ 6 .7%6

>%H =7%
B6  ("U J T2  6 ? .   7  / 6 (  .7%H-/ !6 1%

] 5BF  6 6 !"e/6 .7%H  2 Z$[ !"/ 0. -

( >% B  0 >6 - Z 7/ Z6 .76 m -  - 7%`& B `B B

.7

 <7 !m ( !V [ 7&H

~( !1- !6- 0 !H < <7 !m !V [  ZUK ?-F 7&H7 . 7 B6  D- D

Z6 7  [$ 6 (Y  .7%6 0 7%m --   !H 7%%H$ !  0 >6 7 >  [ !6 7#%6

 6 !H 12 7 0s / . !%6GKB -  6 $ 6 !6  7% !m - !6 7-B

!-/

%H =7  6 - ?-  .-<" hK Lm  %H b/ 27  B .- =7%

< .- - L L ?- !H -  6 - 6 !6 0 H  B  0( 00 .76

%H  - L26  ]$K 7%/  ? .

T2 7 (D$- - (H 6 27  ]d( ]6K T >?6.

{    !6 27  7  27 6 6 2 .   60( 0 7% = >?6.-

TF  >?6-

[ 0 / 6 7 mF [ Z$= .- %m <  !T2Lm !H 7 B ]wB 76  #

H 5 .7%H b/

 6 0 ]/ !sd 0 0 !H --/ ( V? 6  T56 !5 .7 0] ( (  % {(

[.7%H (Y

<7 1- 276 !H - y- 7 . &H ^6 !6#( 0 ( 7%  ?  VL 6 . !6

-  B  2 6 7%H !  0 6 $w 5 7 B !%6[ !6(27  ^6 =-( 6

&h (-/ -  7 =  .7%H

p6! ...

 !H H !m 2 5 7   %Z !6 0 H   .& .&! >?6 Z- K6  27

 .& .7 ` 06 !K ( !6 !H  Lm 1 = !6 - y- .  %( !H 0   s s  %F 77

= %Z !6  !H B6 .7%5 ( 6 7%- V? !6 !H & .7 7 .7%%H

 /  6 7%%H ? 6 -  5 !6 5 7% & . 6 d( . 7& 7 7

 0 6 1[ p6 5T2 "  $w .- -6 L6 DH 2  0 .-

  7%m 2 02 : 7% - 6 6  7 H ^6  H   H-% ? s 0!.7

 7 !12&! m   .6 &(.  [B 7%H !T2  1( .7%H6 Lm  !H

&(. = 6  -L6 DH 7 2 B ./( &(. [B .-( B 6 -  7%HT< K B 7

12 !H 5%.7%H 2

 GH 0  B7 !B !6  ( 7%H DH ]2 / 0 - !H 767K !m  !HB >Bm !6 27 ! 7

!6  .& 0 2 66 . 7 56 7B 6 ! %H s/ D  ! B h 6 7%?$ 6 !"6 [B 6 !T2

("  . = 7%m !H! 7= L2 7%  [B &! h"K   6 =&   .%H

 : G$% "5
http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=282463

    A4/

 1 H! 6 6  - 6  0 !H 7

5 6 L  = ( %H $&FH 7% 1B 27 ( 

 6"U p 6 &27  =.7

/ 7F  v  !m  ! 6m !  H -

 7 /

Y - H!  U !65 ( %H DH [ 0.

7Z-    -.7

6  /  !H  H !H#   [ B

(T2  J $w !m -  bF . -1% !m! H !H -

B 6 K (! H] #  . K 0  6 = % H% !H = [(  . !6 75 ( 7%H DH

6B & -% .7%%H

 = - 6 ! 76

 0 H - [  m (7 &6   B b1 !6 76 - .77Z- ( > 6

7! !6 76 0 ]  6 ] B - 7  !#  0%m D U $B &F ?6 7 .

0  ?  !H V 6 ! 767! !H - (  K 6 = T2 . -  27 

L6 &! ? V ! ( !H  =  6 ! /  B !H =  [ !6 6 ]H 7! .7

 = - (&7%H .

" (  ( H 0 # "  0"  (  ( !H ". 7 0 2 !6  =&( .7%6 % . e !e

DH  !6  6 ( 7%%HB ZK 7 .7%H 1/ L !6 !m (! T$ &6 =  -76  6 !# 7%H0" .7

! F ( !H-  ZK H (  !VK% 6 0 $6   7%6  !HY  6 "B / ] ".%H

-s B L> 7

  !12  !6 YZ = !H U  %  (& !H 7%%H  .s !%6 GK ! .6 !5%

/ 5    = 7- 6 7-  6 !6 0 (< .7%H hY 7 2 !H - cU-s( $6 Y6B "B .

"Z !H -  H  s   ! .7%6 [ 0$ !6 .   7 [ !6 !H ( /  27

L>  .7

/ -Q 67%H 2

<" !6 h 0 ] B  !H H = - / 012B '"( .  m .%H  B !H&!   6
" .%H  & 6 !H /H .  !6 -   .  %(  7 (  !H 7 !6 7 Lm Y !H

( %&6 56 .7 !$  06 pB 7 76 !6 ! 5BF  m $ ["B !6 h 5.7

-S D 76 ! 5

 5 Lm  !H [= .  (  (T56 J    H .-  &6 "B !12 (J

T2V( .7  !H 7%    H 0%m  = .72  s #  7%   e !6 =2!  B $J 2

  p$W .U e !6  !H BH 5 B (" 0 %H  7B !H -  6  5 6 5

  6 .6U  2 >F !H 7%H Z- bF . D .76 h-% 5

6#( -a B ( 7%H

  7     B  7 Z =K h- 56 !6 0 ]   $( &m

6 .%H  FH 0  5 (6# B d H  .(6#(  !5% 65   T2 !6 7E

 H -B  7  = 6L>   7 ]6K "  7%H  0   ^6 ( [ B ]6 L  !6

/ .7%H

 = - > m !6 7

" 1"? Z "> m !H Lm .  s 7 K 0( !$-d" -  = D>  [ - K / 0

 d &"  .76!  6!   ?" m > m &6     H 5 ^d6 > m !6

5 - H D  !6 s 6  . $ !$ 7 0  7%H  0Z !# !H -  ]e/ . H

B  6  = ( 7%H ] ]H ! (7 Z B  = by- 7%H $ !6  6 ( 0 s !6" 7%H 7  0F 7

&6 - H  "Z $ %H = !6( -6H 0 # 76 7 Z( .$[ 6 B ] 0H <"...

- -Y 7-y6 h-%

B V? D  H 6 D=  !6B 0Z  2H !m !H 7 6 7# [ 6 !"6 7% -Y W h-% 6

=   7%%H  0 =   ( 7%B p  6 H (V  h-% (?  .7%%H  (H 0%m 7 #

7-F 6 .7 -Y .K   H  !6 B  = ( 7 6 7% `& ]/ 7F 7K  = .7%%H  B7%

6 Y 2 "." VB 0   - :Y  !H 1 6 6 &6 .7%H

 = - (7%H 7

 Lm K =  -76 !6 !H 7$ =  .7 !6 2$  2  H $w  = bF 7 7F 7%H B  27

$(& [ !6 7%$6 / 0(1 B 7 . !5% H -#   = 7% (& .7%H .!6 $ K

2= h"U 0 7F !6 7%%H# 6 = 2> 7F eB  6 .7%%H =(   = 0B- 26 7&   T56 7H D

6& 7L6 01"(  = !6 7-16  =   ]65 7K .7%H

6 - =  e K 7%H

Lm . / 6 !H = e K  6 .%HH 0  6 ( 0 B)( B =  T2!  0

6  !H 7% 6J !U6  = 6 !H B 0%j =   ]XK . B p6 6 5 T56 K 7 &6 27

 7 -.-

- : G$% (MLM ""d

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=233224
 /k *0 5 
4 >>8

 !6 7K  e ( 7  7%  7K .

 .- 0! 7K( / 76 7% .7% =- 2

  L B 6 . 0! ( 76  / (

T 7% 6 ( . 0&2 !6 K 0/  &76 7 g7

! ((  %B 7 ?$B .7%$6

7K 2  56 7 7  =  76 7% 7! F 5

> ?6 7 . !6$  -! 7K !6 > 

! 76 ZW />   ( (> $w

"  bF .7 76 hK 76 7!:

- B 2( = 7.7

 L2= 7  F !6 ( & / .7 2= &6 7

7 !6 L2 B(  T56 .7 7( / 7%!

! Lm - -     B !67K -(7%

(  .

"U - 6 ! :7%

5 7 B ( !B ` .7% = 7 ( &! 72 ]w . 2$ 6 !6 ZK W     7% 6

(` &( &6 . .7%  e 0.-

!W6 ( - ! (B !d7 e 6.-

( !W 6 !  %Z ? 0 . !6 %ZB - !B B  .  1 &!W6 ( !6 (!d e 6 &.

 ]6 .-

 - Q B `/ &` 76.7

&] !6 56 7 ?6= 7 ]/7% (~ 7 7%! (  % K ]/ !6 !"v 0.-

 !6 - S 7 7 7 .7% dV

 - 7! &`(&  %( !6 ]/ 7%% 2 Lm  !6 2 7 %( !6 %Z K W - ]/  ]V 7%

e L  6  T2 dV 6 .7 B 27 ! .7%

- - a  &.7%

0 - B $!  K - 7 -   = - !6 7 /  = 6  .7% 2 - - !6 -  7%-

/ !6- 0 - .&6 e %Z [ Y   0= %Z !6 - 6 [B 76   [ 0

.

 !6 -  76.7

2  B  B 6 ( 7% "B 6 .7% !6 >- 6 B !6 B (7 !7L6 -  % $   7$
7 Lm 0 -! =  2 = !6   .7  = !6 2  0 7!  .&  !6 L  = 7%.7

 - - ! 7K .

(&  !6 7K F  .7    m! 6  #  &( .7 7K ( 7% / 6 L 6 .&  !6.

 - 6~( 7 7.

( ( (~ 7 7 (~ 7 7%  6 h/e( 0 !( 0 - (~ 7  %Z .e

6 -  7 [% .76

!6  6 .7%[% !6 [B 0! ( 7  ( L !6 76 /  !6 y6.7

 -  (& ..7%

 &( . . .-    7% &F &( ` !6 .  b/ .7%=  0 (  [B !6

y-.

  7%?$ L 0 7Z6  K 0`[ 0 ( &! [B !6!

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237946

0

 5  1 7B

bYY
 0#
$ 2 L6(= !1" 0 >% :!H - "B

7$Z)(  0   ."B [B !6 5 !H 0

$(L26 7%%27 (76 27%6 0 7B B6 7% 2

/  Z- 0
(Ys 0 $ ."B !6 7B  :!H -

(Y= Z   Xe %-  !" XK) (


!B \ 7$ ~ 0

 !H =6  6 \`( >% 2 7%H ! L - 7B 7

$ H !H  /  h  h7 6

L26 .-27   $ VZL57B ( 0  !6

B6 7%  = - B 7 H B  !6

(7% 6 7&H D" !6 - ] 0.-

=!  UB $F !6H "e "! = ! !6 = !H

 0 D/%( 0 DZ$ \()0% F 6 B


 :7 1B

6 \F !H % ( 56 7% . % 1B 6 !- !H =K H H !6 ! %H !6 -! H   U

L57B !V B / !ZW L57B.7%H ZK $ e \% = !6 7% F6 !m e( c 0

7/^ = - e "! ` 



! -  7%   XK
 /
H
 D ! 
d
 /  0
0 (   B \
 7d6 Y  "Z6 Y
 !H 6 0=  :

! ` Y %%6 !%6)7B !6 (Q  "e 7d "! = ! "


!  H `?6  1 e
/ < 7% 0 
 "(  7% 0
 

"! `   !H H -6 !H 5% % L / [B !6 =B 6 7 B6  bF .7%( 2 

[6 - !6 7%H ( 2 7 DH 6 7%H ]/ 5`B 6 2 =H e( !j  06 bF 76 Y ?6 7.

7B !6  "e 7d "! = ! " "! `   !H H -6 !H 5% % L / [B !6 =6 7

B B6  bF .7%( 2  [6 - !6 7%H ( 2 7 DH 6 7%H ]/ 5`B 6 2 =H e( !j

 06 bF 76 Y ?6 7.

6 0L H 27 7B -B (%6 7% !6 $ !H5 !6 2 07 L .7%6 (D -7K 0?- 0 !6

 $/~   .  6  1U Z-  /(S) #X  B  0$d bF .7%(L  = 0 0


= :!H ?"

 6( 0 (H  = 0  G  .-

7B D% - / 0?-  "! `  .%H

6 (7 $7 7B-

`B

 TF  " "!  !6 7B `B - \6 0 !6 7 h" L5W  L57B  76  !m

 V B ] 76 &6! = 6"U  FB (0` .7= 7 6  B`B (a)] ]e 27  "! `

(7  6 L 7`B  !H " 6 !m .76# = "B 6 -  ] = !6 7Z6 ]= !6  = V B

6Y " ]Z 0 7 ()]Z (?- ] 6 6 B


!   $  7%H pK- T   "! `  :

HT
! - J
!  h
!"  1 . Y  7/ D
] ] "V6 1%
] .- = ] 6 6 77-F !H 2!m %Z  : V

! )(  7!  7 6 7B 6 !5 D6 bF 7%H K1>


h
HT  d (
! ` J
h
(  d

% !6 ]  !  %F by- . H =  7%H 0% K  d "$K ] = 6>

! = .  6 "> = % bF 7%H  d "$K 6> "] " ! .

F L 

 7B- ` 6`B6 7    $ !H 7 >#  =F  .7%H L6 0%jB 7B [B !6 7 !6

T2% !6 0\ D   %\ 5  y/ .   "! ` 60 &5:-

 L   "! ` =6 !H 7 dB   s !6 .7- "  dB .7-F :12 06-

7F 7%  !H :!( 0 6  7%6 !H - =  (  . 1 6 !6 \ >% .76

   1 6  !H %  6 7 `   L !6  77= 0  0 !6 7H Lm6  0 .

!  7Z6  !7%2-  !6! -


 ( U$d
0 !U$/
 (
(
  "! ` !6  Z : 6 ./ D

 6H 2 B 6 6 !B J  7Z6 p$/ 6 J . 6 :7-F 15 6 !H 0 Z  B

F 0 D ] !5m 

27  "! ` (7  6 L 7`B  !H " 6 !m .76# = "B 6 -  ] = !6 7Z6

]= !6  = V B !   $  7%H pK- T   "! `  (?- ] 6 6 : B ]

.- = ] 6 6 77-F !H 2!m %Z  : 7!  7 6 7B 6 !5 D6 bF 7%H K1> !6

% ]  !  %F by- . H =  7%H 0% K  d "$K ] = 6> !

= .  6 "> = % bF 7%H  d "$K 6> "] " ! .

 6 :H 12 !H %?- 0  D 1 B H p$/ . (B cW -   := 0! ?6   T0

Y )( \% >&?6 B % 6  .7% ][6


=% "U$( Y 0 6 (K7e
= !6 !H 0 :12  T5 % = 7!  7B : >&?6 : B % 6 =  ][61 7 ( %  %

= = 6 B !"6 7&?6 !H = 6 B 6= . 5 = ( s !6 = !6 7 (7 - = 5 !6  hK ( 5

   =  !6

 :12 = !$ 5 !6  . 5 ( :  = ] B H ][6  . m :7-F H ][6 

=  : ][6 !5m :12 !H 0 6 !H 0 Z  B = !( 6  H  B !Z

= 0\ ]6L/  B !Z  # h$/ h/e b ... "- 6 7  B ( .7% e 0

K !6  5 = .

=  7Z6  V( !6 1g-56 !m bF :7-F    0 56 : -   .-  -

$/Y) (Y
D(K7e   %
 6w D
 7
Y K
%   0 . %m 12   "! `  :

F >&?6 6 ( !6 &2 p$/ 6 J =  ] .7

7B ( 7/

 7B  "! ` = 7 !6 :127  .0H DH 0 !6  :7K0 ( !6 bF 12 .7

 B .0H DH : 0 ( . <`! 7e% !6 ().76

6 Z

  "! `  :7 "! $ ? Z% 6  V      T6  Z%   %  L  /  <)( 7B7

27%6 Z !H> = !6 VB  -  H - = T6 7%%H >&?6 B 2 7%%H = 2 !6

5 .7%H ]%

6 0-   "! ` K 02 (Z LH B6 - %- B!-   !H 7 7%7-

7 =  T2 !65 76 T $/e    6 ZK !j= 7 !6= - 7 Z Y y- 

76 7% JT2  !6 7B B !1 76 7% !H 7%6 0vU w J e (  !1 7B !HZ 0 

= !6 y- ( - 6 2bF T2 = !6 5.

" 7/Y
  Z
  "! ` 7/ w6 Z$[ !6 5 0 ZW %-  6 = 0%m  s  :7%H

] (" D  v L" Z%)( 7B Z H 6  5  !H 0   !6
 0 d
{ % 
 "! / X
 s

 &6 !H H bF . 0 / ( Z 7% ]d Z K .7

 7B

L57B  7% L    5 [6 Z$ !6 7 H 7B !H" 7B = ! 7 6 !H 7B !X

 <  6 .7 (d  0] " 6 `  2d% !6 7B !XT ] (~  "K 7 =

 7   7B T2 / (0 ...7  .7% %H =  2  ?&( !H 7B 7 !6 -D

? d% ( h  -  = FH L! .7    "! ` 60

B:

* " L  06 2 !6 :7  "! ` 7 : ! 7B  !6 ]XK !H H - &F - ?6 :

(Q) % - &F  ? 7 Lm H 7  = !6 7 = L6


"V( Y  1"BUZ( Y HL 6  6  %

#67B !H 7 = L6 .-

h# wH ( a)K7V 7%6 Lm !-  !6


1g-Y 1B
  "! ` `J : 7$Z 6 0g"$W "! wH :

W   :7-1g-  ( 6 %  !K7e.

J= ( 7B-

W : e "! `  " : " =6 - 5 7B !H 0 ($ ( !6  Z :7
J H ( 0 6 - H !6 6 & 6 (  W(S).

h# wH ( a)K7V 7%6 Lm !-  !6


1g-Y 1B
  "! ` `J : 7$Z 6 0g"$W "! wH :

W   :7-1g-  ( 6 %  !K7e.

F$   D

0
] 
!   ?    H G%Ue 
0] d!Y 

] Z  !%Ue /
  "! `  :

()< 0 ] H H !6 B &6 7% d B !6


Z  7$ ! ` !1 %6 G%e   0$"U    !1

- m F $  = H 6 H 7%6 Lm !- bF .-  !6 W   :7-1g-  ( 6 %

 !K7e.

 H H 6B B  H - T (& H 66 5 $?6 7.7

 !H H =  7d !H 7%%H -F- & 7 7 7  ] B 2- 7 0[ -

$e !H  0 7% bF 7- = - &(# 7% 2- U  K 6 627 !--&

$e  K = 6 #/ 7B& ] B !X> B -L 7 7B 6 !6 76 6 7GK 0 (6 7 &6

-= (6 6 0  -H #/ ]-= 6[ 6  = (6 m h  (6 7% 76 0 mH 6- 0

=- .-

(7 7B !# 76 6 (6

] 7B -   B6 7B "!  7B 5% # !H H Z 2 d

 K  7 L( .  "! ` =15 6 !6 7B =  7d=  :7

07%X
0  d  "   0-   %[ 7  7 %  he
~6 ]1( 0 =  7d   0ZU %
 

("  Z
 (/ 0  K &[6 0 -  -  K {#d6 0$e%  6 ] "1  X  7%
T%-   %   B

7
Y Z  - "] h#d [ "  " T ]1H 76Z  " $
] 0  "
]6 7   wH6 GK
6Z

"  hH H 1B )(  !H H =  7d !H 7%%H -F- & 7 7 7  ] B 2-7

0[ - $e !H  0 7% bF 7- = - &(# 7% 2- U  K 6

627 !--& $e  K = 6 #/ 7B& ] B !X> B -L 7 7B 6 !6 76 6 70

GK (6 7 &6 -= (6 6 0  -H #/ ]-= 6[ 6  = (6 (6 7% 76 0

 m h mH 6- 0 =- .-

T2 % % ( T2 7B % "7d "K !6"H

!1    V !H   6  7  6 % !6 - !1  T5  7 - 0 !# !1  6

5 - !6 H B -% !6   - !% 6  - B  F 7 7 0Z( 6 H%H ! ( L5

 6 H 6  6- 7 H " !76 B (  .7%%H - 5 0 ]"#( !1  7 !H - 7K

-- $K 1e 6  B ] ( !6 .& GW H 6 7B =F  L  - ? H

T2 7B 7 - 7 7%m !  !sd !sd [ Y   B  `- ` !6($ 0! H !6 !2 

1- K  7 e #% < % e !6 ? -% h-= V s ($ 66  %H  !X

D 6` 7 s (   L% H%H  `e 5  7B !6 $  &K 0 /

( >H{  7B % 7B ? V 7  0-  6% !6 % 5  !Z !6 7B h-%# !/

`( 7 & (& . & !6 H  > ( /  "U  !Z 7 L6T2 !1  .-!1

 e %H ]( ? ( - !j= !6 T2 L6   %F  s 7  s !6.%s 7- ( 7- !U !6

"U  / 6  6 !"e L6. (s ]& 0 &H  J !H !Z ZWH/ -
7 0 D cde % 7H %H 6  ! - 6  < U% Z cU- 66

 ]6K H% !6 - ! ?6 V  F 7 D    &%2  bX K= :7&( bX 77

"!  7% H 7%  Z 7= >F L ] / !6 !H 6    m 7%H H #  .

$ W/ #%  # H 7%  GK  !Z6   (?"  K/ !6 0  =6 .7 7 

!H s D d $  -7 7   v # H -  !H6  6 # H ]d !6

 !1 7%%H  !Z B ]d !m.7%$ W/ e 0    7%%H !Zm B W )(` K L !% = (7

 (`& 0%m  ( 6(? (7 6 - 1( s B 7 !6 FH ]/ ( 0 - 6 5 7 !6

] 7 =% 6 H1( ]e B 7 0[` =J = 7%  UB 7 !6 F ( 0%  7%%H ( c

!6 !=  !6 7% 7 "e !H ( s%7 & pB -- !Z-(  >#%-  6{ "

s de 6#  B - !6 0 D (7$]  7 7 K  / B  6 !6 -"

VB  !H 7%5  ( # = .7    6 " - H>   76  / 6 

 !#7 H K W  G  67 !% W 6  L  . 06 0 = !H bH ( $V

.d66   H 767%  L  7KB  7%6 6   !# 6  K  .72 s H 7%

 = L = h- B  H !76.&H 7%  (&]   !H 7% `Vd s =  !U-  

 7K !H 7% !/ 0 !2 7%6  % wH !6 ] 7 6 0 H ]g !6 !/ 7% = .7$"[ /

7 TF UB L  <  hB- - VK 7 ( !H FL !% V 7B HL-  !% Vd

 e -  6 6  H7   !Z v( e  s s = 7 h$- ( - !H

& 5   ]Vd  7 !- !6(  7-  ]< L  H H7 7%! H.76 !6 !H ]

7 - K`B 56K =     76 0 !6  - (  % (  % 76 - c$e $J

 7%H & H -  6  L5 ` !K !6#  .7-  Y" !H 0 7 K  7&?60

b/ H 7% !H -6 ]  6 H  2 7 -   7 &H  H 6  (Z   !"6

 0 6 !H - H (Z   $ !6 6 5   !% H  V?( !H 7%%H (  Y 7 7

B 0 7 !7 W  H 6 h = 7  .$ !H -#%( 7 (  ( 6 V  - H7% 66

 H 7  67% T2 &?6 !"6   6 !H6     7 W H 7% & 

= !6.- / <6 [ ( 6  !Z U  -   H 66  &  !"e !H 7 6

& 7 &% K`B /   7 F B !   / H 27%%H !Z !6

-   7   H 2  .6U !1 #  2 % 6 - 0  / !H - = 

%  L6 -m 2  7 67$( %] T2 % %  !6 7B %6 - .- s [ - (d

!67 `e  -  66  ( =  - H  K b"# 2 !1  !6( !1 6  (7$]

.

>  7# 7B

%j >F !H L5%6 0   7 `- /  ) %B(:7

L57B 0 !62 56  6 7% 0 !H -56 $7%

d `H =  ) ]/(6 L  7%  sZ 0%m $$%-    !H  !Z !6 7B 5 $ =

   !Z !6 7B. -  !1 05%-L6 7  6 !H!  - # H 0 XbX ]H]H1(...(

6 7 7 !6 7B L $  !6  .

( 6 U?( 7 0e  -- ! s !6 % $ L %2 !"6 L6 &?6  .76
%2 L6 &?6 !d  " 0.- 7 !6 bH (> 1 !U/Y - 7B`-  0

76  !6 7B ^d6 612 7( B L57B  7 !H - W 0 ]B -6 h U 0 LX/

  !6 7B.76 6 !2 !6 7 L2 % !$% !H 76 7! !"676 `B (6 % e  Z/ W

2m%&B !H   G%&B h]& D B  Z/27 !%m.7 0/ p6 ")( .7%

[6 H   F7 :Lm !- !65

 DmH ( 7B(7B= L6 .7

 %F( = 07B(= =.7

 ( =6 6(  W .76 >?6

0-! 6! 6 >6 !H 0% % .d(7   sZ.6 $ 6 H/ !$ !H 7% -

d - <= !XK K 7-6 !67 m 2 D !H H/ 0(Z2 " !"/ !6 7--0

 Lm !Z !H - >6 >F=7%  .767 - 0 7%F7 !m2  7!6 -

cU-  5-  ( L K 5- - &?6  -!76 !6 [D(-

&H  -  - &?6 /-( eVB76 065-  &6 !H 0($ H 7B -!6

  7.7%

>  7  7B-

= !j  0  / & 6   !H 76 2 & 0 m -7 e7#

26#6B($67 $ - !%j=. 27 !X[ )(2  7L6 02 7/6`& !67

2  H  27-.7/ 06 "( 6`H7 !ee !- 56( 6=7%! 76 

5  ]X&` BYv6  T56. 7/ !%j [ !6L7#< L  7 !H -!%

7#6 b/=   # -$  2$ !6. 57XL /  [ !67#$ !-`B(7%:

(L>  b 7#6

!6(=7 B [B /= ]& !H 7# = 7 ]/.-

(J 0 B /[B !6=  0 7 6 !H %Z6.

( (Q{  % `- 

/  )0%(  & !7BUB D  !6 & 6 / 27-X &(`& !6 !5%

&[B !B-:-

 !D K B  -6  !6 27- B K 76$1 =)V6 51 !( D 

 !H 56 s ?6 V 7% %H 7%%&%6 ( 6 .7%%H

/ !  7%  & 0%m67B6 ( !HH ."B (6 06- -$ 5 2?V

B 0%m -  5%?-( 0H (H 76 6 &//7% B.7%L66 0 - 7B)(7%  !H:7

5- 6" -6 !H /76 UW ZW ./ =   !27%.

= !j76 s7&6 ^d6 0Y Yv p-( -  K &HKs cU2K % !67# 5

d7BLH  !6 -  ^/& !/]  :76

( % !67# !6 7B  D (6 07B 5  !6 -

L> ( !Z-    !H =6($  ! 7%6 5-   &H .76 m

&5 7F!   !?6H 6 -65%7

.....
 0 B6   !67#    L%Y !  >6- 7B .dLHm76  DH !6 7B !H

(Y6 7# 0L62d  7B 0  2.

- 2 `-)( : 7%

6  Y 7  ...Y  !B 7 7B .76  0

( " 6 7B 0   7Z6 sL !Z-( !6 7B ( 7L #L26 ]d 7.-  > 7%m [ %Z

7 "/ ! $ ) -  ! K  !( / 6 !H2 / &K" e !Z  2. !m 0  7

 s 2 TF 2 s>  s $  7 6 ( %<... 7B76( KL !Z !6 -= e 6

 2(` 0B- 7B !6 - "  !67# !6 7B.7  =  %7/ !15- 

 &H !H76 7B 01- !6%6 -   sZ H7# !6 7B $  5 

6 p-(75 / !Z !6 bHB/  B> L6   0 Z H .7

( !6H HH  .6U7 

56 T2( !6' 7e`- (%H  7# !H 6=<7F> (%H % !6  ]JLHd(&%$F  -` 7B

F5 6 `6  F  / p6 !6  - ! -LH7#.-7 !6 L"6 0 -

2$F `- 6L -  &(   d /-6 5%  -- 5%/

   Z H % !67%  # %H   $7## 

5%--VK K = d   7.-[ ('  %( !LHH !"6 7& !-H7#

 !6B  7Z(6HH = LL  7 >67= > !6 >F %(d U- F !Z !B .-!m2

HH 5j=7#& 7-HH  L7# ZU 2E !H - 0( ^6 2E 0

HH 77#.- 2E "eH 0H %   Z !6 $  =  !1m-7# !H 6

= 7%% !H[B Z # 0%m 6 B h 7B !17%F! 7 ]$K 0 !H(! % 6 L5

 %L  Lm-% !H 6K 7K = ( !6 2  ( ]VdW 6 2 66s=.72

67# TF   vHH 7W6 h-%7 % !67# !6 %(  D 6 2!6&6 !"6

7# 2 6= !HB 2&! 7B7VK6(7%%H  1/(   G ]Z ]/ "e >

TF6 & H.7% (% TF HHTF  -   v6  G W  !ZK !6 %( !7#

B K6 / ]&(6 !"6 - `-(  L5[  & H ["$   6 ZK6 B 

 .- 7#  2E > TF =  !6 !(6 p=  -HH > TF !6 !(6

(Yd  !ZL> H> !   ! .-W 0 6 ! -  !6 !(6 p  !ZTF > 0

HH 76  = 6 "Z( p6K6.%H Ks D %  =- % !6 &% 7 6 ! 6

75  67%1 !X "  0- >6 >F 7B7K - 6.72 ? Y  -

   !6 0?  !H7%    L%7K.76 -e ? % !67#  7B6 5-

!6 0WH    Z (!  !6 7  (   !%L> 6=H %H 7# GU 0

.B-

(  7B67#-

56  Z !6 !H7# cU-=<(%H # !2 d7# !H 66 6  Z -W 0 !6

] 6  &  7# ' 5 " 6 )$F.-(7#% !6 %( ! 7F Dg 7 

B  2 !"67&! 6((Y6= !6 $ e 27 7.

7#7e`- (%H ]d`& G   6 -  !T2 ZW`&  !6 !H H
? V  !67% 0 7  !Z  &`(&  L7V p-( # .7  ]// -

- H)( % !H %6 6  G / !6  =T66L 7 (! Y  (7 = (7/

[6  76.% !67# h(( 0  (  !H  ]d($  Yv  U76 62 /.

7% "  DHL   )$F("5 .77 7%  62 0 L !H1Q !6 Dde

)$F(6)7de !6 !H77  7(!1e-= / >?6  7#- ! 6.7&H! -

BF K 0 [ !672  %W !H76   Z7 H ]$K m1/B7/ &-

#  6H.7  !BLy=7 LL( `( 6 !H- B `[7 " 7%0H

K7# `.2 ` (6 W   (7B7-= h !H7  !X> %H-  7

6 B- B K7 e7# !Y- 6! !H7 7#Y F 2.7 L!

%U!?6%[= G$%G Lm .7 5

= B H6 "Z 2$ > = 2

 !H U> = 6  >-F '-F 0 F 6 B !6$ !-  h-%  h-% -- 7

  "Z 7B 0W s =  6 !6=  p  (g H  - 7 1H - B6 H-%

/ ( "Z ("Z 77Z 6 `H  !6 7B 0W !1 \ !U- 7Z "! ? 7 -- 7%m L5

6 = 0B H !6 !B= 2& s% !6  !6 '-F > = 7.7

 !H U> = 6  >-F '-F 0 F 6 B !6$ !-  h-%  h-% -- 7

  "Z 7B 0W s =  6 !6=  p  (g H  - 7 1H - B6 H-%

/ ( "Z ("Z 77Z 6 `H  !6 7B 0W !1 \ !U- 7Z "! ? 7 -- 7%m L5

6 = 0B H !6 !B= 2& s% !6  !6 '-F > = 7 .7 0  "   h !H -

> = 6 \- '-F 02  6 - D 67 K`B& - >6 5 7 "Z-

 LH6 5.7

!  %  UB  K  !H #%- 6 0 e  !6 !5 L .K  #% 6 0 7& !X

EF&  L6 HH L 6   7B 0W# & 7.-

6 ( "Z 6 !/ =   ( . -

 6 H 7d - bX EF> !6= L = F !6 '-F= !H 0  #%- EF& 6

=  7B 0W# !2 !6 -  2 &?6 :7   = F  `Vd 6( LH

  ]&( "Z >F !H 7% = 7 H  "Z  !2 >?6 .7 5 =  !H  < LH 6( LH

 "Z  7 ]Vd  7  !   7 (H   72 1H Y !6 0 !6 !"-=  -!"6 7

= 6 = UB  .72

6 0- 6 ( "Z 6 !/ 7&?6 . !6 =    Y !H! =Z 7 & 5 ( "Z 6.-

= 0W "Z !H VV?( !/ D - e 6 " 0 H 0 1H  .7%H

 7Z :-5% <] 6 L &F !6 !( 6 7 (g == 7% !6 7%6 L26 7%m   7B 0W

(`& 6 $H ]$K $ L -  H !6.-

= 0  d( 7%  7L26 .7%   # ! / - !6 =  ( 7  5

!H 76 d( 0 T2J 7 6 7 (! K 7 .72

$ Z 6 !U6W L >#%- H6 6 = 

 W" HEF  1& "Z( 5 ( 6 = F 6 !  EF& # !2 H !%6 6 
 2  7B 0W[ !6 :7 "H - 5- H 1/ [B !6 B 6 7  B [ !6 ( h !6

= 7 L 7 =  B= 6 0!  " H6 == .7%H % F  L = 0W  %w 7K 0 !H

(d &  7 ( !# 7 - &6 !  <" LF [ - {%F ( !- !6 6 6L> 

 !6 .76 !H H h(( 0 D&2= 6 Y6 cU- 5 =B 0!  " ! B    ]Vd B 2

!6 - {%F ( 7% =2= 7% ! B L V !6 !  " ("] B 7 6 "Z  [ 0 .-

!$ 6 "Z !6 7  > -76 %Z !6>  & / ( "Z ( d ]w 6 6  -%

( 6  !6>  (? VV  ! B (" p! 6%6 .76L26 027%%H   6 7B 0W 7 0 7

K s = 0W 7% `H 1H !H  7B 0W  . 6 !$= 12 7   ( LH< 7 d !6 76

= !H F 7K !6 ( 6 !H 76 7%- `# (?"Z VV B= 6 0!  == 0W 7%H % !H# ] L5

VK (  "g  ("Z 7 6 / `H  7%H h<( 7B 0W  7Z :-

= F  Z !U6W 6 7 L 2 H6 6 =  7 7B 0W EF !$>  7d !6

e  6 0 #  7& !H -  >?6 7 = d    "Z T 6 Y 7 . !$

 ZK ( -  H6 H 76 w wH > = `H$  ?V $ .$U%

d hH= 6 -  7B 0W "! -H 0 .-  6  !6  L %-"Z L5

6 H !6  2  0 `H 7%H  h"- "1< !$ 1-  # 6 L 7 (! K 26 .

H6 H =  L 7B 0W 5%! L s =   .-

Z <"6 p ? 7-

$[$[ 1UV - & 5 7   6 7B 0W "Z  2 :7= 2  g( .6U 7B 0W

hHL26 - B 71 6 7 . [ !6 !H U - S 05 [  H ( 7&H  (7F g ) 7%H  B6GK

 - Q  6 ( gH D   7( 7%m T2J  !$ F  GK   7 7 !H-  

H 6 7B 0W  ( g! =$ .7% %  L H `Z 5 = 0 [ !6 .- "H %H L26

`H   6 "Z  6 7- hH [B !6 e .-

 L >6 :7 S7 7e-=   !H !6 72 -  !X= 0W 7% B6 !H =  (?Y V

 7 7 HF [B !6 p -  B 6 /  d `H L62 - !6= 0    .7 !$ B6

Z 6 ? 7-   cde6 - w Z 7 0 H -% H 7 h  7 !H  (6

 "Z = G$( !6 " (v T5 776 7  L5 `H   .7 0   h "Z   L5 #

& !6= !U- Lm  !j6 7 `H ?.7 7

7    cW( 7B 0W 7 ZW :7 5 !H = 0  B  &m !6$ B !6 =  -

= 0  H g( !6 Vd%  7 - .- 6 !$ 6= "Z  (  H !6 L 5 6 2 w

2 / !6 !H `H  7B 0W   EF !6>  Y "Z  L $ B =  cde

($ 7/  .

\-  '-F 6

12 6 2 Yv  = (  (  !/ (L26  ) "Z 6   (7B 0W6 L H= 7

=  (  7B 0W ( 0 !% 7%H 0 (`   6 # 12 0%m2 7- !# !6

\-Y   = .7 '-F 6

 %Z D> =

&LF !$%  -


?6 2 !"H> = s- (6 %H e $H( !H 12 7 D-

) > (  06 D )=( ^6 !H -#  !6 ] D > =   . [ !H 7F hH( 0 -> =

H6 !H - = 0B = -76 > Z- (`  7%H 7 "e D> = 6 Y6 / " cU-

H6 H &>    0%m (? VV.-

> = !H  76 hH !6> &g   7 F GK! 6 B=  - !6 ( 7= !"- "

2   7Z6 T56 - &F.7 %  6 =% 6  " !H -> = = H h K

  -  72  /  B ]$K 7  7%%H `- 7F &6  .7%%H  -6 B 6  

2 ? ! ( "Vd = !6 !H ` !K= 7  .7%%H

[ ( - 0  = 2E " 6   72  ( 7%  > = B H 6 6

(B " $w # .7%

 > = (  !m7%%6 7% (  !5m " 7% = -76 !H e !6 7 H6 " - 7 = 6 =>

2 " > 1- 7%

]$K !% > = ?6 7\- 0 '-F6 7 7 [ = B 2E  L5 6 B # !H 7%H

7%m =  $  7:

( #% !/ 6 7% `& 6 !"6 ?-

2  6 ( K`B 6  B  !Z U  

&( 6 = `B  !% "

& (Q 6 H !6#( !H 7 ^d6= 6 512   !6 !H> = 7e " = 0B-  .-

(S 06 H L5 H (`

D> = ` 66  %7K 7 6 H   6 ! 76 76 !H 7  6 7K F .-

D> =  ( 7   $ [ 6 .7%H 0 B B> B   7%H Z U !6 !( 6

EF> >  ( 7  <" p B by- B $6 06 .> =  ( 7 7H L !-=-76.76 7

= 6 H   Z  > = 76 6B ]d !-  %&F " H = .-

6 w :> = !H  / (   !6 7 6 # (g( 7 !- "!  %&F 6  

=  7%H Yv !6 H 7 !-  !6 7B 0%j> = .76 5 !$ D> =  (76 7 !%  L

 6 76  %&F B ]6K Yv !6  > = `( 0%j B >H 7K !6 7B

76 !-. H !H D> =  ( 7# 76 !6 7 0   B . 6 Y6 6 B !Z U cU-> 1-

!% 6 =   (  L 27H 7 6 B 5 # .7

H !H 5  ( 7# 2 7   Z F (&H . 5> = 6  H  Z 0.-

=`B H6 "Z 2$ > =  2

L2  6 L H== 7  "Z 7B 0W

2   % :U"-  !H U> = 6  >-F '-F 0 F 6 B !6$ !-  h-%

 h-% -- 7   "Z 7B 0W s =  6 !6=  p  (g H  -7 1H

- B6 H-% / ( "Z ("Z 77Z 6 `H  !6 7B 0W !1 \ !U- 7Z "! ?

7 -- 7%m L5 6 = 0B H !6 !B= 2& s% !6  !6 '-F > = 7 .7 0 

"   h !H - > = 6 \- '-F 02  6 - D 67 K`B& - 5

>6 7 "Z-  LH6 5.7


!  %  UB  K  !H #%- 6 0 e  !6 !5 L .K  #% 6 0 7& !X

EF&  L6 HH L 6   7B 0W# & 7.-

6 ( "Z 6 !/ =   ( . -

 6 H 7d - bX EF> !6= L = F !6 '-F= !H 0  #%- EF& 6

=  7B 0W# !2 !6 -  2 &?6 :7   = F  `Vd 6( LH

  ]&( "Z >F !H 7% = 7 H  "Z  !2 >?6 .7 5 =  !H  < LH 6( LH

 "Z  7 ]Vd  7  !   7 (H   72 1H Y !6 0 !6 !"-=  -!"6 7

= 6 = UB  .72

6 0- 6 ( "Z 6 !/ 7&?6 . !6 =    Y !H! =Z 7 & 5 ( "Z 6.-

= 0W "Z !H VV?( !/ D - e 6 " 0 H 0 1H  .7%H

 7Z :-5% <] 6 L &F !6 !( 6 7 (g == 7% !6 7%6 L26 7%m   7B 0W

(`& 6 $H ]$K $ L -  H !6.-

= 0  d( 7%  7L26 .7%   # ! / - !6 =  ( 7  5

!H 76 d( 0 T2J 7 6 7 (! K 7 .72

$ Z 6 !U6W L >#%- H6 6 = 

 W" HEF  1& "Z( 5 ( 6 = F 6 !  EF& # !2 H !%6 6 

 !6 7B 0W  2[ !6 :7 "H - 5- H 1/ [B !6 B 6 7  B [ !6 (h

!6= 7 L 7 =  B= 6 0!  " H6 == .7%H % F  L 0W  %w 7K 0

= d( !H &  7 ( !# 7 - &6 !  <" LF [ - {%F ( !- !6 66

L>   !6 .76 !H H h(( 0 D&2= 6Y6 cU- 5 =B 0!  " ! B    ]Vd

B 2 !6 - {%F ( 7% =2= 7% ! B L V !6 !  " ("] B 7 6 "Z  [ 0

.-

!$ 6 "Z !6 7  > -76 %Z !6>  & / ( "Z ( d ]w 6 6  -%

( 6  !6>  (? VV  ! B (" p! 6%6 .76L26 027%%H   6 7B 0W 7 0 7

K s = 0W 7% `H 1H !H  7B 0W  . 6 !$= 12 7   ( LH< 7 d !6 76

= !H F 7K !6 ( 6 !H 76 7%- `# (?"Z VV B= 6 0!  == 0W 7%H % !H# ] L5

VK (  "g  ("Z 7 6 / `H  .7%H h<( 7B 0W

 7Z= :- F  Z !U6W 6 7 L 2 H6 6 =  7 7B 0W EF !$>

 7d e !6  6 0 #  7& !H -  >?6 7 = d    "Z T 6

Y 7 . !$  ZK ( -  H6 H 76 w wH > = `H$  ?V

$ .$U% d hH= 6 -  7B 0W "! -H 0 .-  6  !6  %-

 L "Z L5 6 H !6  2  0 `H 7%H  h"- "1< !$ 1-  # 6 L 7 (! K

26 . H6 H =  L 7B 0W 5%! L s =   .-

Z <"6 p ? 7-

$[$[ 1UV - & 5 7   6 7B 0W "Z 12 6 2  2 :7= 2  0W

g( .6U 7B hHL26 - B 71 6 7 . [ !6 !H U - S 05 [  H ( 7&H  (7F g

) 7%H  B6 GK - Q  6 ( gH D   7( 7%m T2J  !$ F  GK   7 !H
7-   H 6 7B 0W  ( g! =$ .7% %  L H `Z 5 = 0 [ !6 .- "H

%H L26 `H   6 "Z  6 7- hH [B !6 e .-

 L >6 :7 S7 7e-=   !H !6 72 -  !X= 0W 7% B6 !H =  (?Y V

 7 7 HF [B !6 p -  B 6 /  d `H L62 - !6= 0    .7 !$ B6

Z 6 ? 7-   cde6 - w Z 7 0 H -% H 7 h  7 !H  (6

 "Z = G$( !6 " (v T5 776 7  L5 `H   .7 0   h "Z   L5 #

& !6= !U- Lm  !j6 7 `H ?.7 7

7    cW( 7B 0W 7 ZW :7 5 !H = 0  B  &m !6$ B !6 =  -

= 0  H g( !6 Vd%  7 - .- 6 !$ 6= "Z  (  H !6 L 5 6 2 w

2 / !6 !H `H  7B 0W   EF !6>  Y "Z  L $`B =  cde

($ 7/  .

\-  '-F 6

12 6 2 Yv  = (  (  !/ (L26  ) "Z 6   (7B 0W6 L H= 7

=  (  7B 0W ( 0 !% 7%H 0 (`   6 # 12 0%m2 7- !# !6

\-Y   = .7 '-F 6

] \ "Vd( &F 6 J> =  7B L57B

 !H (Z U  B6 J~( !%] g 6 "Vd( &F> = # !2(  !m -  7

7 >H !  0 -!   7Z U 0  6K 5 2 &H .J g W "Vd( &F 6 -

 .{ EF>  6 p6  5$ 6 7 ]  => K .72 D { 6 !6 7Z 7Z !6K 7F

( ( !6   = de !6 $[% H ]e/.

Z U F 6 !H 1H!  & 7 ( D%  !$/V#  2 0 EF !6&  5 !6 !H 7 1

!H `H >  7 "Vd( &F 6> = 6 6 L  = ?&( !H 7J 2 0  . 0

!6 (-

!6 -  ( 2 !- !6 !6 - s )= !H !j   -  7  7% 2 !6 (-

- 7( ` 0"Z !H !j=) 7 7%%H  b 6 EF> = !6 <" e h2  2 (7% !6 - !2

)=H !H !jH ZK   ( (72 . 7   6 %$ !6 W( !% - J\ "Vd( &F

[ !6 .- (  !e`B   !H 2> =  e Lm 2 ! = YZ 7%6   72 20

6 e =    7$ = 2 d B$ !6 .7 7% 5 L !m ( W !6 - s  6J 6

H  !6] H 76 &6H &6 B.2 7%

6 &H / ( !Z-  !6 LH L - !m 2 7% 6 &H !6 6 - 

1 !6 7K  Z- e !6 !T2 " (7 7 0 7% !6 B6 - &H 0 ZW

7  =! [ !H !j= !6 [ 5 &H 5 HH 6 V?6 2 B !%7 W " H !( 7

T$ & 7.-

 ! 6 7 (! K 2  ( % !6 L (Lewy ) -  5] ( !6 7%%H 0Z6 - ]

Z U  H7  !H 7 !6 LH L6 - !6 7# = (! ! .7%6

(] !6L  !6 !6 &6 h U & -  7 76 = !H Lm L2 =  !-H .B H/ 6

FH !- !6 -  7  %H ZW  h U 5$ "!  ] 7- F= 0  !6 
.

!6 6 - 6 7 K (7Z]  7 6H !( 7 7 !H 7/ !j= ]K  !H `Vd 6  H !6  !6 7

HH 6 7= b 6 7F 0%j! Y 6 6 !% !6 7% bF 2 < ( ]Vd! 7% d 7Z6 !H = !6

 =  !B- 6 Z 7 7H hH !- .7%6

!6 7Z  s< = H (  7 7 !W W !/ >F !6 !6  - => (K !6#

!2 .7 6 !6 0%m  6 !"v !H &( 7& ]/B !6 .   g `Vd e  !5 G6%

  L> !  -  s !6 7%%H 7.7-

6- B6 Z U = / 6 !H !m B L6  gY2  .[%-   V6  6 -= &6

B6 - - =     !$-d> &H  ( 7/ > " .-  "Z( ]X s !U (!6 6

  s B6 7- !6 0 = !/ "Z 2 H L5 Y6 B6 6 = W " = 6 h U

6 s  =  6  7F h U H 7%6  >6{  $  =  7 7/ ( /  !H Z6% !6 B 6

56 -.

!6 -<" h  K  72 7 h$-   "( "Vd( &F YZ . 0 ] 7 7  B

 7 > !6 L "Z HW  &`( !H - Z6 &H ]  !6 .76  -

6 =  !H 6 = = !6  6H !    ]X 56 .- ! #! bF `- 6  "5

% !6 6 = F! 6 TF .  !U% !H =  !66 H 7%%H  $deYoruba 6 776 6  "d

6 by-6 Yoruba 7Z6 7 !-  !H = = !66 e "5  2H s).  "5 !H 6

7 !-   !H = !66 %F  (.7%

 (Z U  !H [% #! !6 !H6  Yoruba e 7%%H  "( Hausa & !2  7H 2H 6 K6

= d( "d K  &6 72  = !H - =  66 e "5  2 g( !$!  = 

6 =  !66  H "d FL !% .- [ 51- 6  0 "d !6 -W D 7$( --]  

Z6 2   0 -1- 6 2 5 Ty 7  !# ]& 0 6 &H .76 K6 7& ]/

BY6d " 6 !j= 7 !H !6  - (! 7%%H bZ% -  6 0"Z- d v-Y d

(7 .7%%H  b (  Z 0  !6 LH L6 - Z[K > 7 1.7

H (  -  =

  $H !H H  =  F "Vd( &F ( 0 0~( .-H D !6  > = ) ( 0H !% 

7 !6 7%-6 !-  1-  0"Z > = K L (.72 "Vd( &F  27 L>  .7 "0$y

7Z( K H  - 76 H D 6  > = !6H D 6 > = ( g  $K 7e> =

!6 S 7e [ - D ( "VdL> 7F H )(   D6

  )& ( fuller a $H !H H - B6 W !"v - ( B !6 -   $H 0 6

L &F> = (~ T2  J &] "e 0(  !5m !H - H ) - 6 7%m /( 7Z( !6 H !6

K (~H 0 / 0 ( 0  !H = !6 -> = 7 !6 !eB  .[%- B 7.7-

Z U #  7 ( !%H G  - #! 7`& L 7 7 !H 0 !% &  6 !H 7

- =  7K <= /`e  7m .- H   %( !6 - 6 !"6  H6 0vU 7 !H 0 7 !6 B7%

]& !H 7- - "Z !"-6  = !H 0  1- K B !H 2 7% "Z( ]& D ( 6 / 0 

.- ($  6 =  -- 0> = H !6  [7 !?6H .U L !- Z U .- Fuller Ifa

 &  !H 7 7Z( !m H &6 7 !?6H ( p-> = !6  !2 L "Vd( &F>
= &6 - 7 76 X 7Z( !m H  !H !2(  K    L 76 &6 &F

> = B7 B &66 7.

"Z ( (7 b ("Z 6

EF>   ($ 6  (7 b ="Z !j 66 7 !6= - &6 &F   7% 2 #

e 7% !2.-

"Z !6#( (-

"Z 2 !6- 6> F !6 - !6 &6    = `H B &  L  = .7% K 6 !H 

`H e  H >  .7% 627 `H !6 s 7%H  ] - !6 (7 L2 6 !H 7%%

&6 6 > = K (Anderson et al . ) .7 6 0  !# - 6 !H( 7 >H H !6( 6

# 0"Z [ !6    !/   .[%  .[%- H !6 7 !2 ( 7B #6 ("]  76 !$

/ 6 !"v 0 "Z (   =  L%($ .

= (- H 

6 !H 0"Z = 0B-   0%j (  - H `H > = T2 K  !H %"Z !6 $ 7%%H

H 0 #  7%> = =  {   hH  6 .7% 2 ( 6 "Z 6W 0 (~ 7H 6 0"Z 2 =7

$# W H !6 7%$ Ws   7%$ 6 2 www.zibaweb.com.76

  (- 

 !H 0"Z  s> = (2 ?-  ( GK( !H %"Z 7% K6 - s G `H %"Z 7%

!6 !H s  7% H B  7%%H  6 !H !j= 6 D> =  !2  !5 6 6! =6 !j 7  !6 2

- 7%1K !6> = h U !H 6 ?   !5 e 77# 2  7%  !6 !H %"Z> =

L ( 7%%H  DH   h U 7$6 F 6 h U 06 7% "e  ( L 7%  ( . "Z  0"Z 75 >

= =  B6 (Y6 "Vd( &F.7

B6 7 0"ZH ( 0  !H 7 d .[% 0> =  !6&( h U 2 .= .7%  )(Avalos . a

0 (Z U !%  m &H = 0(Y#  - = ]2 -  7 5%Z U 0 .-  &6

6 ( - H  !6 "Z !2 0  !H{ 6 6B H 6> = d =  -766 F 7%.

(`Vd 

Z U & (Iea ( Peaker . a  !H %"Z !H 7 7 ( bF (Y6 "Vd  !6 $ 7%6  !U-

 !H %"Z 7 (F "VdB 6 ( 0 &6  7!  .7 !$ 0- 6 Yv = F &H

H 6 !H> 6! = F 6L> (7Z > = 6  7% $#T2 6 77   6 ! - D  `Vd

]-    = !U- 6 (7 b 7 = !U- -7%m 7 (" . >?6

(`Vd  "Z( !% (6

(Passow et al , a) -F 1( !2( L 06 "Vd( &F> = [   = ( "Z ("Z 6 =  7F

 .-& !# 0  !H 7 d   ( (`& "Z 6  !m .   Z 6 (7 /b 2

 ?" 7   = W ?"  -  - B6 { !"e/   Z "Z 6 !H 2

> = >?6 J `$K - .7 !X Z U !2 0 d !H - K ( 6  (6 "Z 66 7 7&H

 .Z U 0 & 0%j  (  !H 7 7  = !6 !H  "Z( h U ("Z !6 6 VB   

H> & != 6? - =6 !H !j "Z W # .76 7

= e !6 7B 0W Z :-  7 (H D !1 == !H !j [H .   7.
 /  0"Z [ B  Z !6 !1 7( %Z b 7 &g   7  !1$ ) V  ( B= ]UZ!6 (!1

 7 0"Z # "Z LH ) ( K  7(  F ^d6 !6  = .7  G &` & 

F 7  % !6 L   " !6 % B     !12 .7%%H = !H   p 67 6 = J

>?6 - 7Z6 = B  - .7 %Z[ 2  7B 0W D ( 0"Z 76 !1 !j= !1 !B= !H7

`H H !6 B 6 7% 7Z6 = B ] !T2  !6 7%& Flugger .  !H -J = [H . 6

  Z "Z ) 27 (B% 2( J =  !6  7 (H 7B 0W B6 7 . 0 ]$K L !%

6 "H 2 !#EF 7>  &6# 2.

B6 &H = 7B 0W$  .{ Z U & IEA  !H 7= K "Z  Z 6 " (

 7 ( s) 76 = 0B- L6   =  (6  (7 &6 b  "Z !H -  = 7 7 7 

  T2 7 s !$% e !H 7! .-

6 &H 0"Z !H 5% `H  7%%H  H 7B 0W> = =  ( 7  ]UZ !66 h(( 0

"Z H `H !2 0   F !2 Be W  2 . B6 &H 6 L "Z H   0W

./ 7B !/LL 1- !% ~ F  B (  !H6 7% FL.76 !%

 %&F   = !H 7B 0W [H . $ ./ !/L  = 66 F5 B . 0  Y !$% !6 -

 " 7%%H !( &6 = 6 [H .  7H~( &6.

7 (  ( ]Vd 7 !- L%

7  = !6 !H VB    "Vd( &F> = >  U6 . "H H !mH  &6

e  !Z U7 5 6J 6 .7% !6 0]  &6 h U B7Z( .2 7%  - 71 (&H 06 "Vd

( Q - 7Z( .- - = ! 0- .76  - ( 7 !6 !- 5 - ( 5 - Q )(&6 /

(6%6 .7%H  g6 0 H 5 - Q 0- ( !H H 77Z( 7%  !- - =  ( - ( Q 06 7

- .76

6 !( 7 7Z( !H - !6 !H ZK = VB     0 6 !H !j= 6 - =  T<H1 7 .76

&H   !H =  - ( "Vd Q - -  ] > = - ( "Vd !6 ] (`UZ

 7 ? V <  0"Z $ 6  B H `H  7B 0W < = .7%

6%67Z( 0   !6 ]Vd( ZK(B H h6 7/ .  "Z 7 !"v !-  !H - !( !6 E . B6

&H 7K( 6e 7 2 )6 !  B  "d 0# 7 0 7 7"Z ( (!- 6 (7 b 7 /

7F .7%%H

VB 7  6 !H= !6 7   -VB  76 - 7%m !% !1 6 7 - 7%m  D 6 -7

=  Z U    .-

H ) %&F (Carroll,S H 6 !% D> = B !67   h"U6 ! % !6 6 B (" p[ !6 76

- > !6 p- 7 !Z U ) m 6  !" {%F6 (51 Q !1 -  !H> = B6 Y6 "B L5

7%6 7( p6 L b B 767 0  ( 7/- Q !6 wH ("] .

7  =  (  !$% 5  K !Z U = 7  ` !H - `H !6  2 (7b

VB   76 7  !H> = ` 6  2 `H e  ) 7%%H B ]6 F <( 6 Z U

#  7 0& !%  !H 7% !m7 0  7 5 6J 6 76 &6 !6 0]L  2> = &6

.-

 ( BY6 -   B6  .7> =  ( !H &6 -#  7% ! 7( . !6 6
 = !H 7%m (    6  T2 K  .75  ( !6 2  -   "Z 2E  > = 

(! K 7 !6  ( 7%H DH B ZW  `e =  L 7-%&6  !6 2( hL>  76 .76  -0"Z 2

6 H L5 H H B6  7%$  Z !6 5 - 6 &g  7/  ( !% -> =

  T2 K 2 B H6 7.

- ( ( ` 7!-

Z U )& ( Fuller IER,Ibid  !H 7% !2L 06 `B "Vd( &F> = 7 DmH L6 7Z( 6

> = 1 & 7& 7 - (  !# Z6 7 !- L> & 7 != 6 7 !2 0 = `$K

  h-% .7%6 7

( > 6 !U6`H H )(7Z > = `H( U6 Z U "H &  !H 7% `H  ( H  H> =

= 5  &6 ( !H H -`H H !H 76 1 S e 0  = 1    .(  0%j 

 L !H "Vd( &F> = &H Z%e `H  >6 1 QS &H / ( !Z- `H

 >6 H 1 SS>   !( h  .76 !H - ! ( $U#  06 7> = F! &H S #%F ( 6 HH

1 a `H Q 6 0F> = `H ( !$ = -76 6%6 (IEA , ) 7 !j= 0 &F> = >  

( 7%H  1= !"6  -`H H Lm !H - `H (1   .7  `H  ( 6 >6 H a> = `H

 !Z U !2 -   s !67 !H 7- a 6 % !6 (7/ H/ !6 wH = & !$ = 6 !H(

!67 6 H = (7Z > = L6 76 7(  6 `$K "Z b  !2 0.76 7 %= p

 &`( !H 06 YZ 0"Z !H - (7 b `H  ( 6= p- H  6 . !( 7 !H2

( Y6 -`H H6 0"Z = 7  Y 6 (7 b `H  ( 6 .7%%$6 Y6 H6 0%j 76 H L5 / = 

`H  ( F !6 H =- !6 !H 7. 0 2

1- 7  1 1 !- 0  76 !H 7 L> L !% -! 6 (7Z &6> =  $J

H . e( p 0"Z !H   6 (7  s !6 7%%H b 7- !%> = 7H  6 7/ !-  J~( 76

"Vd( &F ? 7 . 6 !$ "Z 6 = -76 = &6 7 2) 6 71 !-( (7b

 7%%H 7  c( L 0 7%7 =   6 !H ( D%B - HH = (7 !6 76 !- !m2 .7 6

&H 7 V6  6 7%m = 7  s !6 77%m J~( !H 7-  6{ 7! = G .- [` &6 0

6 !% B 716 7.

7 (   -

6 &H "Vd( &F 06 > =    .[% - `B  &  - 7 !6  0 -0

`B .[% G1 !6- 5 76 !   !/ F .[% 6 L6 0 !H - F 1HB6 0 .7%6

 !6 .[% 0-  !H 7% B6   .[% !6 $ (76 ZW.7

VB 0 6H !( 7 6 V?( !H7 06 G% 6 ?" "Vd( &F> = = 7 \ J .-[` $

(7Z  L  !6  > = (7Z (?! ]6K -1- !6  ( 7Z( (  6m &B H 6

7Z( - % !6  ( L #(   6 = " " ) / &H <=  ( %& 5

H6 =  !6  > =( 61- { - - !6  2.-

K !6 6- !2 0[` -- !U% !/ cU- &H m !6 7$ 0 67/ 7 ]K - 7%m $ !2 0

[` = G (  .  - !H e  2 . !2 0[` 61- ! !6 2= -

 6L#( 7! ( 7 ]"d 7K 6 h-%  K 6 &6 !m H 67 06 6 # 2 .  0# (  L "d

0B DH !% .- " -- 7%  0  ( 6 ` ( .B= h"U s -- (  $G-
(?!  !& -  5 = 6 ! 7 76 6 7 2www.zibaweb.com.

&` E 7  .[%   7 . .[% !2 0<" DmH h 7% 2  p "Z D6 !H 77

> F!  76  %( !6 (7 .7%H b  0%m6 U= 7  Y 0"Z !6  0&H !% /

((  !Z- 7% (6# &H !&F1- ]& .7%%HT 5 6 0"Z HH 7 - )<" h (

7 5 =  .[% !2 0(Chivore,) .-

7 (] = 0"Z 6 7  0 7  .[%- = 6B !6 .[% 0"Z 1H .-- L 6 &F

( "Vd> = ($ F .  7 (~ 0 05 (  !HF 7L 7%6 !%&! .7% H

> 7 76 L !- LX/ & ( Fuller,a)   .-  7 > !H - 7 !-<" 6 h 7!/ s) !-

(  pd % ($ = .- 7 - 7 bF ? =  !6 - 0J  d 6 $w 7 !-!

6 7 &?6 Y/ = 7B 0W [H . ("  .L !%= 0 [H .  Lm6 5 - 2 !H 6 !U6

d 0 ( !  =   d .7%H   Z = 0  6e !6 7 " ( !  7 5% 6-

d 0%m  &H 5 !6&H E 6 Z%e 7T$ ]H K 2.

 &6 !H [% 7- 6 0  - H 7 7% 7  ( !6 7% 6 7 7%%H ! ( 0 [ 0 . 

7 g( 0# 6 .7%%H ! 6  = !6 !H 77 B $# ( 7%%H  6 = ?6 7% !6 7 !j= 0 !B= !H7

(Z  !6 0%m .7% J 6  &F 6 15> = !6 E> = F!  - !H B s7 ZW

 7%! .76

)( Sawadisevee , Jiyono and Nordin

7K  0e !% !H !2 $J H !e`B . ( 07K > 7 7 (! 6 .-

= ( 

K !6 =  1-   -] ( [$% !6 5 D6 "( !"- = `H

1-  6 Y6 "Vd( &F> =  ((Mcanany et al,) .76 J\ 7

(  7 ! !6 F -L !% 0 .-L- !%! !6  > = B H6 7 .  7H~( Mcanany et al !H !2

W 7 !H - D  e% => K 72 e W ]$K  7#( !6Y s 7 =  e 2 .K

( 0 - !6 "B 76  =>  Y  "Vd( &F 6 B~( > = ? 7 L !% !

(  !6 77 B 7.

]    !H 7 7% 2 (K J~( d  7% EF>   0 !%#  !H 7  = !X 0 #%

2 6 . EF>  6( !6 7 (~J ] ?" (&? W . = G !6 $ - [`( &F !H>

= (~ $w J  1%  7 J~( Y/ 77K s .  0# !% !HEF 0>   ( de 7 -

=  & ` !6 .7 W - &H 6 L K  = `- F 7  !6 L B

! .76

 6 0"Z !H 0 "Vd( ZW> =  7 2= "? - 76 7% 6 K !m >H &6 77

 7%[` 7 7% 7 !- 6  K ZW D `H  7) !- 6 (1   (%[`

! 76 6 0%j76 7 7 7 ZW !-  F! ( "Vd ! 7 6 & !6 !5m 5- 7 76 !-7

  Z !# 7 !- !6 7%H L [` Y 6 !6  Z L - = 7% B ! v .76

6 !U%76 7 !H 7 D 7 H !5m  1( !6 $ 7%H    - s = =2 ! 76 ( 76 7 !m

K B 71 &6 G6%6 7 6 H 0  7%[` .- !6 " L " d !%  .[% - 

?" &H  7%[` .- 0%j[`(  > !% D ] )L #(  ZK= "Z1H
(77 b 7 !- ( "Vd( &F> =  "? -  .[% 7  . !6 L0%j

676 7= !H 7  `Vd = 27 ($ H -= !6 !Z 6 7F  7%%H &  = H ( !Z-VK 

!5m- !HW 0 s cU !$. ! 0

0%m   ( [6 . - = G s% B (272 V U- ?" K .s !H K 

= [` Y 0%m !% 7Z( s -- > =  `H7/7Z( !- (  K H d( L s

= B 7! (  7%6 - !6  = 2 [ . 6  !6 s%= -.

1( K   (7 " 0%j 7   !6 $ .[%  ! (  76 (~ B1( 0   6{

" 7 "Vd( &F s !-> =     =   6 . 0 [`(  !6 !H 7%L =

  = !6 .7

%W 0[`( &H 5 ! L "Vd( &F&H D = 6  ) !6&H 6 E !H  sVK (!$

&  6 (7 ! L (1  ! - 6 &H  ( 6 -.76 7%

76 2= s% 6 `-s D <  0 .- 0  / !H -L !%# 7/7/ 6 # 7e 6!

7 76 B !U-6 7.

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=362221

b @? n0 >R

 !Z B  K= 7% ( 7%  / "g

 7 H B .7%-6  !6  H pd !6

"L = !H - KB 7  H pd 6 ( 7%-%&67%

K6 6 !U6 B &F (B K .7%6 .

 6 7 `- H pd( 7K !m 6K 0 %= 77

=  "B 7 B J2= 0 = h-77 !$

K= Z6  [0 m =7 h- 7  =B !H # (

pd !e !6 F H T2!= 7 (Y6 B !6 VB

.7-  - B 27  576 H -  6

6 6 ( %H -K 0 >6 7  %= >F....7

B (yH7 - = B& 6 5 =7 % 7Z6 .

B H D TF! 7 H !6#( 0  H.

 H 7H( "B $ !H !6 B  L%

76   = 6=B 7K6 2 .%H&!  12


 p H pd -%= ( 6 $ 7 !B pd !6 B G

6 - .

 0&!   - !6 0 H 276 6! 

 7 e ! B - !67e mH -

.7%L66 D  =K B -  67? !6. F 56  !H ( 7%H 7%6   6 . !B 6>

- =`B6 . !12  / 6" !6!   6 ` &( 6 6 H 6 SMS!6 .

  &( SMS 15 6 m W 12 H 6 !H   6 7% $# H 12 . B !6 p 

 ( ... !% 6 B6  7% & H =  7 ! DF . B ]2 7 0 h#Z( ^6 "!6 !( h

  .7 ] 6 7  0 H 0 FF HH .!m %Z   7 5 0 27 6 . /

B 6 0 e  6 / !m !6 7-0 . 6 K / =  7-F !H%Z !m ]2 0 :12

( ]2 0 !6 ! B 0 !6 ` (! H 6 p 12   m !2 5 B- !6 $0 2

& &%H 77 5 - !6 6 76HV :12 .7 $ 0  0 .  !6 ]w ... % 

 !2 - 6... h 7%H 6H  0 .%6 27 -7B !6 . =  ]w! 7 .7 -

H- 6%H !m .  6  7"6 0 .12 - !5m .%H

& hU

 6 H:

 K  !Z 7 =( !H #= D(D( 7 7-%&6 -% Ye 6  = ]H K6 !U6TF

6 6 7-  277H  K  7-%&6 = 6 7H %Z !H  1 eB 6 75 K6 !U6

h  .7%H7H !H -#% ( [$  %Z  1 7H 0 6 B =K   . 7#  6 !H eB =K

 16 76 %Z  s 76 !j= b6  16  s 6 - =  B  1 ! .76 06 0

!26 -/ ! ! 6 6 7 (! K 2 .  K 6 H ]d !6  = !j ` !K-

 %H %Z &m !6 5 !6 (  .%H 5 !6 B - !H56  ` `w !H -  `

6 "2 G B -  5% B- 2 = 1-  %H = !% 6 ]$K   !( %Z 7%H E.7

6H 0 !6 eB 7H !  .72= 0 B676 !H - V "$K 67  eB > m

]-  !6 !H 7%H 6ZB p6 2 H  = h-K= .7 7 J 7 7 H pd 6 = UB !6

1 7H 0  6 F 7 B6 - !H L]< - 7[0 . (H B - (6# =  1- 7%%H

= 6  .7%%$6  0 !Z D !6 !H 7  - p6 F 6!  .U% ! K = ] 56   0%m !6 

  . 0  %(  - p6  K !H= ]$K 0 e 56.

0 s !6 $  6 0 !6#( !H  .5 7 !T2 0 K 7 - 6  !H (e

m 7 F 6! / B ]6!-  7! = ZUK !% (  6  7 DF ? ]27

 !6 !"6 - [B!6  !6 #%m .7-  2 LK pB  &?  6 !6 L2 7 p bF

. V

:-

%H  !H Y/ == !H 7  7%m6 0 !H 12   ]wB >?F-   6  0 ... !6

Z( F T2 (& H   `e  1 / 0 0 !j= 6 / 0  7 ! .-

 6 H:

"B !$    !$ =2 !H 7 U6 27 B  .7%HB "B 0  !H -
!6$  m !&26  .7= 7 7H 0  -6 6  56 m "B 7Z6 "y H pd

 .7 !$  !H  pd&6 5 >6 7 0 s  !6 . / 6 77H 0 ( 7-%&6 =H ]d !6 !H 7%

7 7 76 &] &= 6 .7  5  0H $de 56 <" ^6 ( p# 7 ! $ 0 -  

!< !U6 6 .0H GUK  = 6

:-

-  0 0 !H - e H pd ( 6 #H76 7

 6 H:

  0$ !H - 7 H pd e 6 7 / !6 ? V .756 $ 0 1 .7 H $de 

  6 6[ 7 / !H 76 ? 1/ V LK pB eVB B 2 "B . e ! 6 !6

LK pB 0 T2 7 <= 0 = !6 Z !Bm H pd `- !6 e >F 6 !H -  = h-bF.7

 !"e  H $de   `w .- K  0 - V? D  L !m !6 !H 56 6 0

 ` &]  6 .H 0 B GK !6   / !6 ?V    .7%&602 7

 0 - 6   .-  `w 7-  > L% !6%Z 7H D 6 !H - 7 = y6L7 Z .7  0 

 B B = ` K (  -6 "B B - !% &  0 g !6 ` [B !6 (g

 ( !6 %Z -6 > L% 2 .-  K  7  (7  [!m bF 7-6 7V !6 (

  !7%H  (Z( 6 !H  !6    YZ 2 06 7 b% - 2 < 06b%

U  %Z (" .

!e`B !H 0 7VK 2 - 7 - H pd D 76 K6 `- !6 e %H  - 6B T566 77

!6 / B( (! 7%H 2  (  B 7d (Z 7  s B( e "B 7%6 c !$

[ !6 !  !6 U% !H 7 16 7 ./ .7%H %

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=367155

 $L0  2  */ J

 !12 ! B 2 7   .6 7&F 7 $e

-! .76 0?- 0` 6 - [ (' !6

$J 7- .-  0 -/ 5  ! = 06

&F (  % 6 pB  .  / 0 =  >F 7!

  2 7 e`B = !6.  /


(`  !6 ( 7%  7%! = 7  7-6 B= !6

e`B .76 &F  /  0 !6 (]d

/ &  (  .  /

( !6# 7% 2 B  7-F! = 07 0!

/  ! .  (1 %6 %  0  7%!

6 =  <] &F .7 $  !6  22

7  !6 7%%Y   0 ! (1&  .

 ! -$ "6#  7 (  %  B 

$6 " !6 !U  7% $   !B    "e/6 !U !6 .7%-  ? V! &F 6 -

& . ` !K $  7-/ 15 L5 (B !6# 7 ! (?- ]d 6> =- .7%

 0 7Z( 0 V?  2E! -$ "6 6 #   27 7% 6 :% U ]

7 - B  6 7%  0UW  !6 2 76 $ 6 %F  F % -

/6 -   7! 6 !m  27  .7% %0  p . -  27$  6B 7

7F 7% %Z !6 ZK 27 ! 7% 0!  p!76 7

5%! 7 bF 7 76 7 B B !6( 2 7!    .- F ]w K .T2!  ]w

 7 .7 != ... K -! !6 7  27 7%  !6 2 "[6 =7 " .7 -! =  Z 

!  6  7 !6#  7- .&- ` !K &F #  !"6 7$ &  -! 5

m = ]d( !6(76 .7% %! b/$ (]d !6 0%j%   !%B 7% ( 7   !  Um 27

 .% K W  $B6 ! 6 - 7 7 ! .7 7%% 06 0 %! ?6 2 ( !6

7$B6 d    &F> 7- %  :&66 !m (  .7 b6 5( .- / 7 7

56 - .

 !6Y" ( !6 0$  . -( Lm  B% - B 7!  6 &5(  B - !6 &!

!  0! 6  ! # Z6 ( YZ . 6 ] !- 07 7 7d 5  ! 7 ( ]d 7%

-$   >F  !- 0] {   w .- .6 0 2 %! ( Y 6 h-% 

 7 !6 0 7 = !6  .-( !2 K 7%! w 0  !- 0 ]B !6 0 .7%B -

 -%  K 2= 1ZW 7 . 5%! B K !6 &!   ( !6 67Z-   

Y/    (.-

&] -0! 6/ !# 0 -  F  77%6?6 0 2  6  ! =& 6 &  !

( 6  -B !6 G !6 7 !6 -  y6  = ( !6 .  6 ( -! ! Um

( 0 #   7%6! ( ^"w 0 !6 ( 7%! e`B = !6  /.

&F  L =-( (  (>%  <   =  6 ( !6  / 1 .-  0! &F 6 $e

!6 - 2  -6 7 (6# ( B  ! %Z 7 7  27   !6.7%

!6 Y/&F - m &F  7 6L5 ! 26:7 "  ? F !6 -6   $

 ?- !m -6 G V? !   76!  !6 &F 6 >7 %?- !6 L2 g  6

/ = 7%5 (!  7% > !  7 7 !6 2  .7%6 ! B 0LB6 L2

s 7 ! 5? 0.

&F B ]w7 ( ]$ .- K!  (( ]$ B  2 !  ! 7m 0( ]$ 6B (
= .7% = !6 0  %Z -! 6 7    ]w (  ]$ B77 " ! . 0(1 !6 ] ( g!

( .- 5 L ! 06 B%  B K ! 6 B  de L % . !m! =6  0

( L  = 6 .6U L B >F .77e !6 2  6 ! 7  =15 &  !6 2 7 %

B (  7/ 7  h -/ T= ( !6# %! 5B = ! &F B 0 (% !6

B 7.

6 /  27$ - -  5%  !6 2&F 7 F> = - !6 6 $"K !6 7 - ( 6 

B 7- !67  6 - 7 % K !T2 Ty6 ZK = 2&   76 G

! 6 !   7 !6 = >?6  7% 2  .

6 0! 6 # 7 L5( 0 ( 7% 7   .  -7 ! $e &F 1e = - 56.7

0   K 6 6  B6 7% ! %  "Z   7 7! !2 >F 7 B6 7%K !6 .

= :%  b !B- B>  -  B 7 7!  7& 7.-

 : G$%! (1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=250722

0  )/&  $

 = L 7Z- (  !H - H 7  %( 12  !6

- L !6 H = 1-  .7%%H

= ( %H 6 (1  K`B b/ !H = 5  !6

/ 7/  7L6    !7! 

7K 6 7 !$Z .7  7  K`B  Z HH %(

7d H !6  H !H 7Z- ]Z1 6!"6 7%

6 7  !H!  7Z- ]Z1 6.7%

= !6  =7m !H 7 [ !H 7&H- !Bm   27%  56 >F 6 !%  7( 66 7%m 7 (h

  $7 0  = 7e L  .7%H# K`B = "L ( 0  - $e .76  !"e/0

 ! 7VK ( - "B !H 7%H DH  !6= G K`B B 27 .7%H

($ 7 ?V 67

2  Z (B p 7%H DH W(  &6 !m  "e  .7%H 2 D 7 F  0 7

L 7 = / !H 65  L  T56 .7 0   = !H  (  1( . 7%6 !6 0 ] &F

 H  B  Z( h( !/ 2 .7( 2 B  6/ !6 7%-  [& 2 76 7%Y  6 7 K
U-H  27.

6 ( 2 (1 !K`Be K 7%H

 7m 6 6 %H 7H( h"U 0  . H s% !$  0 !H  0 D H ]H !6 0 VB 7 6

  !H 7% 0 %H & !"g H  # 7 L  !H 76 0vU bF 7%  = 7 =  6.7

B ( 2- > 7%H

F [ !6  .7%H "H D 76 .77 0 !6 ]B  B > .7-16 HF h 0 #

=> =   .7H 0 !6 !H 7%H  DH  0  ]6 `B B =& &6 2 .7

B (Q  7%H $J

B 7  K !H 7%$6 %     = !6 2 .76 0 7K 5  K`B7%H Z- .7%

B   m 7%H 0 !H -  =  <= !U 0 .

!6 (S ?B V ] 7%H

"  6 "2> Z 7K 7 " % " ? 2 s 6  .- 6V?  7 B !6( .766

 6 Lm 6 !H B - 7% 7% 6  6 ]XK =  7K .7%%

B (a( !6L6 -] ! 7d D 7%

6 !%  % D 6 6Y / 7  !H  6 "K 0  1- 6 .7%H F 0 (H 0

   6 !6 "K 0 2 T<H 0 .

76  76 H " !H 7  "%  7" 0 H   (F 6 (!  - . T<H7$ 7"6 -  2

 6 0 06 !H B  K 6 7%   ( b 7 $ 56 .7 / 7$ 7"6 0 2B= 27 0 _ (

 B( K 766 7%  K ?6 7 %6 Lm .7 D 7%H  Z- 7%% /  7 6 &6 ]e

H (.7%H LH

H !K` 6 ( 7%H

  h$- Lm !m (  c$e (? B 6 y6 !"Z Lm !m .7 %j -   !5 H >6 !H !

(  c 7# m 7

2 K  - !H  =  !6 7%(  /  7% !H 7Z-  (  7% " .756 0

%" !6 >%?- ! 0 H !H -(  2" !6# H 7 7%H  !HL bF 7 7 !6 !H# = !

2 .7 K Lm   B ? 7  (  Lm  " 7 56 .    h$-  67

 B ! .7

5  2 .7$ DH K DH 6  B6 !6  H !H 7- 0s  H =   76 .7

!sd 0%m B( = >F 0 .7%H -!  & 7 =   !6% UB 7%H  0 -

= !sd !26 !2 7! = !H 76   7   !6= !U- ( g ( 7%H Z- .7 (  !H 7

6 # 0%m D 2" Z .7 "K D T<H B h ! !H 76 K H 7 -- .76

7 H DH  !6 !  0 6 ( 76 7 K`B = &6 B 27 56  6 p .7 =(  B 56 !H

 ( 0 6 # W ? V#   !6 ! 7 ] " hW 5 . 7%H  D  0 B 27

1- !H 7%$6 ( 7%H = g( !m 27  5 # %. 7

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302952
/0 >*U  5* : M

= ( / !6 !6H  0 Lm !m  !H 7   - GW

 % 76  !6 L 

((`Vd   "Z % B  

 >%H  "Z  7/ ( !$ Lm 0

  "B / 0  &6! !6  2Lm 0 Z

 7 ( 7B  = 6 76 !H 76 ! .7 7 7 / W/0

Lm 76  K p  % Lm   !H 7%

( !B% .76 7   &6 "B  !B%

.-

7 !B% >?6 GK  !67  - >?6

 - !B%   B 6 !5m ($ K6  %H "!

7 2= 6 &d ]Z .7 2= ! 5 !-! =2 

 -  6 6 !H6 76 2= .  6 2= Lm 6 2= 27 6 2= 7 6 2= $6 2=

 ]2 B .% 6 7%H  !6 7%H7 H b/ . H !6#( !6 7%H H 0b .7&  #B

$6 7%H#6 7 7  7%H b/ !H5  `$K L2H 0  !6 .7B 7( ! 767 .7  .7%H 7 !H !sd0

H B g( 7%6H 7.

( 6 7%H  6 <= 7%H 6 7%H ! =< 56 .7&! Lm 6 &6 7 (H !6#  .

 !6 &6 !m DLm 7%H 5 B &6 = B 7 . -   6  % 7   0 !6

 57  .7%HH D  Z 6 7  B 7   0 - !6$ 7    . .7%H 7

  0 7e - !6 B Lm 57  !6 .7- 7%HB 7 ! 76 .7$ !   "Z h K .76 0

 p  ZW  - 0 6 !H  /  LmL   .

(V ( 7%6 0 7m =  K 7F ]Z   [B !6 p !HLg !H 0 H !6  7 ( 7 D 5 7F

d B 7%%H    w !7%&H . B  s%L !H - !6 Q - (" .7L6 01 -7Z6 D 

  6 !6 7%H 6 .  s% - !6! B !mF (  7 ./ !H 01"( !6 7 .7%L6 -  s%

 7  7  s%   - BY6 Q (" 01   7Z6 .7 6 !6s !    - .7  m 

(" 01  .7

    {%F > 6    - .7 5! &H 0< B B  7/ !6 .- 

>-  m !7 m   7%H  %( 0 0 GW  H H .- !6W 0  7F   !H %H  %( 7
`- ZKB6 %&6 !H 7 0 ( (/ 0   0 B (  !H H .7B !6 7% 56 :7% 27& 0

= &H !m 7   5 H.

6 ! 6 !6 7 0 .%H  B B < j6 0 2H !m 5  ( !!"6 712 !m 7%6 .712 ]2 ZK

( L !6 (" 7L6 01 56 7! F  7 2 !m ! ( &m !$ 0 ]/ F >F H D -

!6 /  6 "B - .7%H  .-7K 0  7 7  .7$%#6 !$

 ( cde 7H (  - 6 =!  ( 6 B LF D `F 7%2 =76 LB 7%H - = - 56

6 ( F 76 !6 7L6 D/6 - (" 7L6 01 6 6 "B .%- 7$- (~ - !H -  !6?6 0

2L6 ? H .  =7   ?" 6 B H 27  = !H B !6  >$ 7 7.-

B p"< - !Z$[< Z$[ 76  %! 7%6 &$"6 6 !H - !HY (    7/ `e & 7F

 0 . -`HH B "B !H  ( Z$[ 0 .- 7%6  ZUK &! 2  0 !6H :7 6 6  0

7K  !H -7 6 Lm !m . [ Z$Lm !m .- -- Lm !m <" p ( -= !H K( T567

/ !H ! %&6 !6 7 7! 2 76 7   ?"  6 6 - by-? 7%H 0  BY6 !H

!6 7 !H ?676  0! $6 [`  ^d6 - <" p (&? 76 7  !6 !$ =  v !H

?  Ty6 7 7Z6 = !H   d H 7 7= 7 [ !H   B 7  >%Z 7 .7-1 0 !6

? B( -> 7%H 7Z6 ]/ 5 d .7%H

 0 0 -L  / L6  !6[ 0  5     0"K !H 7 6 7  

?  7%H & 6  %   .7%H 0 "6( !H - -( 27  7&H  = 7%H  L !6 2

[B !6"6( !%  !6 & 6 D Ty  %  0 H% H=- 7> 7%H  K W ]e   .7%H

5 [B !6Lm 0 -> B  .7%(  !T2 .7 v 6 !H !m  7%H / !6 !sd 7$j6 !H

= J  = 7( !H - ZK B .7L# &?6 27 Lm . 5 !# 27 "H !6#( D!H -

( L =  (~T2  J .7 = !H !jB 7  =g( !hB 7 76= .7  56 .7  7H 7%H

==  >F !H !j 7 56.7

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=306511

/0  8

= 6   B -!- B 65  T567= / 5 B 2 H-7 = 5  !6

[ ?6 !H- 7% 7% = 6 ! B !H H !$%12 !6 7% ] s B ]& 7%Y$6  !6!7

6 "B  ZK ]$K 0  7%%H/ = 7% - <"6 h # = !6$ 7K -  h-%.7%


 ^d$6  !6- [ Y   .6   0 (Z  U  7 -   GK 6  ]

B ./ 02 6  -/  B>  h-% d !6 e !K[ !6 - / !H 5  F

T5 GK ? !H - K - B G1 !6 ] 76 7%H  !2UW 6 B F 6 7-/

B ZK e !K6 7%H 76 / !6  (6 5 B ./ 56 .6   !$% ]6K`e ($  

.-  0  B6 6  - 6   .7%H 0%j (VV? ]Z V?6 K d

7K F 6 5 (1 LF `w) 7 -F( 6  J.-

( GK $! ?"K DH 6 $ !H  !  % 7 2K L  72 / B   7%%H (  %

!H - ./ D? 5 %Z6  `H .- ( (  12 0 <" h( !$% 01- 6

 `HH 26 cde >?6J6 .-6  !6 K ! !12 !6  !Y# s 67 .<"h

 /  p $de  K H   bF 7%65% 6   $V YZ ? !H 7 &/

(& d [ 16 .- cde ?s% V V H b6 .-

 6 

 ( 7%  ( [$1-  !H 7%H K - B b1 / 7%H 1/ %&B F B W!-

B> 76 / / ?B V 76 -1- 5  !U"- = 6  .7%H

Ye ( 7%%& h 7%  ?6 s% $K V  = .7%! 6 !6= - B!-& (`  .7%%H 0

 6B b1 !6 7  0 h$-  = 2E 5% (` 6 B !6 6-!-& H UB H $

 .7%-

 ]6 0 B6  6 7 !6 6  .72 >F 0 !-  6(? $-!2 !6  Z1 

 !H 7%%H5  -/ / =  6 / .72 7? !H e !ZWB D$- 0  7? es6 

= K6 GK !H 7  ]X  7%%H 76 (! !6-/ B 65   .7%  GK  7&! !6

B !-5 ] 7%%H ( c 7% B!- B U% .7%%H b$/ !%- 0 <" h / m

-  5B Y`B 2d( D -F ( b1 5%{ 76 mK !H !66  d .7% D

( ]V1 .d6 H/ H/ 76 6  7 6  & H/ !H 7 - &! "H 76  (0

H/ 6 !6  = .7 !# 0 !H 77-6  H/ 6 %H  7 !-F 7%7 - 7 !H  / 6  6

H/ ]w (H/   (V  6 .-L 0%j ( &m !H] 6  &6 7 = .-

6 F 0%j ^6 7%?$ !H 7 ( 5  '-F &! 6  76. 5BF ! 7%

 !% 5% 6 

!6 ] !H  /6   0 -  !  766   p6 ? 2E % <6

 !6   %  K G p H/ 5 .- & 0 !H 0?  s5  !5m  7

5  7%%H  !m  = !6 $  6  B6 - 6  !H  1 !6 <  6 <"h

% =- h-%(6 6 ( bF .- 12 !%6 J( 5%   66  T26 . w

B% !H T7 $ 7 ` 76  % !6 D  $Z  7%%H TF!U"- !6 ( 0 .7%

 0% (!e m 7e !6 H 2 "- K e 5( [ !6 26 6  6  .7%H %Z6

 7  & !H  7&! (1  5% 6    #%  5% - 

< !$ (7 F  = .- 06 7%m F = B / &H F (1 B &m !6 !6

[B1( 0 !H -6  - &H  B % = ]&  0 . /6   1 D 5%

= - !- "K B% !H/  7%%H " L ]w) 7 %F %m( H
-F71- 6  .7%%H

B 0% / [ L6Y2 6 E 7 0 h- [ !H !26  HH 6L6 6Y2 (c$

 .7%%H 1K  ? %" 1 ( & 2V 7 0 7 $K ]6K  !6 .7% ] 0 B B6%

6   ! -  s  (" L57B  .7%6 !6 7 0 ] !H -  &6 G (] 7

 GW  Z1! 7%6  !H  / .75BF

6 wH-  6  H/ !H -6   B6 p( .- 0$ p( 7% 6 ]Z( :5 !B ]d

H =  6  &H  B 5% 5 D( !H 5% (  % -  %H   .7%!H 5%

$# 6-  B "$K  7K .%H7% - 6 K  6   /  ($  5%

B6  6 d 5% (VV? 6 ]Z 7K( 7%  7 6 6  ? b% 5% ($ 6 (.

 % 6  )6   (

/ >$%  (!    !6 6   ( 7 = !H 6 ) (TA - !6 = B K 

.- !$ VB 6   H 6 !  7`& !6 !( 6 !H -  6 7%m (=h#Z .

L> Y H B ! 7[F 6 !6 6    6 7 !H -7 0 0 !% DH !6

&6 .7 / W/ K ZK !2B !H 7!- B U  7%%H ( &6] / ( 7  F 7

B 6 .7%6   ?"  >?6 22  Z VK  !%6  7K $w

6! .7%H 76{  &6 !H6  ( &6 7%%H !6 .7 7 h(( 0 !H6   7%H  !Z -

5  / !6 7% =.7

 6 L6 7/ 6 h-% 7% (&  B6 b1 !6 6 K !66  6 .7%6 GK =< H6 H

 [   7 !H -5 p" G[K K Z$[ / !6 B 7%  6 = >6 !s/` ]6K `B !6 >F

B K6  06 p6 6 Fd( .7 & 5BF !%   !H - L 5BF `H VB

 = &6 7 <"  = h ? 7 &67K 7( 7% 5BF !U"- ZW ( !H  / D 0

% !6 =7  D d .

K -  6 B !6 !H [%  B 2 76H ( d5  7  (!d .7 6-

#  7  !%6  d b% !  77    6 [ B b%# &66  7%%H

6 -/  1% ? b% - TF &6 7% !H  / p6b%#B6  5BF! 6 (G .-

0! 6V( 0  5% !6 YZ !H? !H e6  VB 7%%H !  $    1e

 >6 %  1e6   06 .7%%H 5 6  5% (Z  $w 5$ 6  

! ("  . !H ZW = 6   %H   .-

%  !6 !Z6  H  7%m  .7 B7 H pd !- < ! 6 6  H  J 

H B67 6 !B /6   .7%%H H pd ( 7%6  7%%H  .b6& 7  !H 7 !6

6  (#  7    `H !6 D7   6 .7% K D ^ b"F B6  6 6

  7%H6  72 H- m !H s  7 6   ! 7%%H !Y76  B6 .

[ 6  !U6  ]6  J( 0%j   > - L 6   .

m  !H 6 66   $V) 1% `B  (s- TF &6 &  ( < K!$ .7%H 0%m  6

 `w K  W( -  7%H ! 6 !H K< DH 0%m !$  7%H  - B 7% !6

 0 ]  !e( L 5% ($ < 6!$  67/ - ( ]K KK6  = 6 d !U6  `B  s -/

 1% BY6 .%H [ `$K !H [ % 12    ] L ]6 YZ .-[ K  ^  ]6-
6  - !Y7 7(7%   H!sd H/ !66   & 6"U >%H .7%

7  6  !6 !Z6 

( 12%  !6 !Z6  H  7%m  .7 B7 H pd !- < ! 6 6  H J

 H.7

K5 /   = 7%%H 05&B  /  B6  ( 6  .%H ]& 0&!

( 6  F  p-(  0 76 % 5?- !H -7 B  7%%6 / =   .7% <"h

 B G HB !H H 6 76 B ./ d 7%H !$ U   6 %$ 5 ) 7F( #% /

(L6  7e &% ...H !20H 7 !- "Z !H 72 !j6 L H- -= .72  L<"G h

6  >=  7 ( !6  %>= H- B !H !6 L2 7K Y =2 7( !-7%% 7

= !12 0 . H pd H L%H "B !  !H 7 !6 h 2 &56& 7%  F ( !

 7   !H 72 $ 7%% s K= !6?6 6 bX $-  >#  - = :!H 7 H ]d 6 

%!

6 GK6  L 7Z -  6 !H (6 7%= 7 y6 .7 ]  6 0`B  V? 27

&`  6 .- "K  "g6 ZK !H 7 - " !6 !H 7  6  7H 7 !6B

7&H .- 7F 0%m !$ 2 7%6 = !# 6  >?6J  7 /  6 d 07K !66 

 L  K 7K = `B  .

=   6 

 &H &6 `H Z%e !&F  7(H 77%"6 =    5 ( [$ .

?VV =   = (   ( ]6K L  5BF! !H [= . ? !6$ / B ./& 0

   F ./5 - 6 (  6  ! ]XK .7% 7 = 7 6 (  H 

6 !6 7BB 27>  .- = !6 7%H DH   B6 7 /  ( !&"H %

 .7  6  / 0= 0 !6 7K ( 7%H DH ?  B B> F .7%

B6 !6 ] [ 7 !B ] !6 H  TF!U"-  B6 .7 " !6 5( 75BF  &6

%6>F ]6K d !6 ZK B6 B TF!U"- B6 .7 5BF 57 ! = 6 = -

!H  - 7 / ? V 6 h-% d !6 .7 / - B6 W/ 6 ( L #  B

#   6 pL!%  $ e  7%%H !6#( !6! !H 7 0L!% 6 5L!% 1 - $ !6  6

 %L-  !"6  !%!T2   - !H - == J 7% 6  B6 7.

&  ?" 1 =  H !6 !2 B6 7   B !6 2  (7Z] `e 

   ) (Behavior therapy1-  !H 7%%H7 -- H !6 2 0 =[6 H 7 0 

 !H -  !6 #% ]6 !U  = .   !6 0%j < `H `e =  !( L

[ 0e !$ j= . < !6 `H ?   7%H 2 (T/ [$  =  !6 6 %L

(- [$6 . w6 !H V?  "g K !$/V !26 - 6 ( B 56 0?- 7  6

7 - .7% 5 2!$/V &m !6

6       (J YZ 0 (>%(H 0  ( !H - 7 (`Z ! ? .

2 0 6 7-  B !j= !6    B= ( K  5BF!   (!`Z1% L26.%

GK6   $  B6 !H  h# = B6 7%6 = 7K B6!# !"6   !H - bH

 (( 0= !6 7 -({  .76 !$% 06  = bF !H - hH  0  2 ! ( !H 776 7
 !2/ %2 ! 56B 7!-  U - 7 `H (/($ K6 7%H !   = !H6 

H   b1 !6 7&6 6 Y6.

 : G$%! 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=371278

$
,</0   M

=   7! <  ]X &`   L627 ( 06 7  !U6 

  5 1% [ 0-

K  76 5 1% 0  W !m  $w dB 7%% 27

76 7$ !m !U6B 6 B - 7.

 0%m    ZW  7F 1% B 7 s%e 6 m  W

 !6 [  ]6   V Y/.7 2W 0  !6  $w B 

1- K2 6 7 = `e  $ !6( ( !U61- .

 6 K   5 1%  0 1-  [ !6  = U  -

   s   $w !$% & 27  ? 7.

Y/?6 2    5 1%  6K -  656 7 !  0%m !  p$   7%6  

 Z-  !6 7% $( -  / $6 - !6.

7 5 -   !2 !6 >(-/   7!  5 6  $d `? K6 !K bF.7 7  pd L (7

 p 6 B  7K !6   - !  ( b] 7 6  27.7%

bF bF !U6 7K !6 (7 - 6   !  [2  0 b6 7 .-(  5 0 !U6 ! .

  5 1% Ye 7 6 B K  %  7%%! = !6 2 7 !  ( 7& -5B ]g - 7%-6 ...

dB B W6 7% e( ! [ 0  ! 6 p  % 6   .-

!2 0  ?$B  B B $ !6 5    # .7%%  5   5 6

 p.5

   dB -%  ?$B!  27 /   B6  7% 6 1 7e KB 27

 6 B     T2   = .7 7! ]   (~ J  ?$B ! .76

( bF K !U6  76 -dB 7 6  27. ` 5 1% 6 !%5  L7 - !2 !6 7 B6 

7%%!   [& 6&  .7

 &` =  0 -! UB  $5  .7%&?6   /  - !T2 7%%  (T / L
 6  .76

 !j%m 7 5 0- -  B m &] 76 %Z L%  ]d &] $ !6 527

6>    .  7  ?6 7   1%  .76 2U% ( !6 -!  !X !( %.7

]$K =  6& [B - %! $ 1% 6 $w %Z !6 .-? 7%!  B 76 0676 7 B  .06

B F ! 7 7%$6 ! =  B .

76 7!  5 1% 76 %676    T  - !6  7% B 6 bF .b 6 %6? (   

  =( 7% %6 >F.7%

6  06  6 27  $w 7 7%  1% T56/ .7  !6  (! :7

76 7! / B !6$  B  = $w bF .7 B  dB ( 7% .76

?$B 2 ( V= .-  ( V!  656 7.7

Y/ = !j g( !6 ]6K B - !6 7 / $w .7

 =(  !j g( 7`( 7  7%   !6  F2  (] .7

     !6  !6 1%$ 56  $w .7 7%m! =   $w.7%6 m

 (1  1% 6 B 7 5 7   $w " -.7

!T2 T56 - &F 7  /  27.7%

5 = !2!  7%76 -!7

 : G$%!  H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=251972

$
,</0 4 $Q  $Q/0

   6! - -V  6 0! >

  / 0 UZTF !s/` ]6K B6 .-

 ./?  V/ !H !6 B> H F6  V/ 

  !%  = !6 X> F6 1e 7&!

[B%(  7 &6 F .! 0L5 K

=2 ( !6 = 7% !67$( ? ZK]  !j= .7 !H

7&! (V  7%H  7%6 B 7 7 ^d$ !"v 0

Y6 1(  .7 6   !H  mm 7/ 

&` & 7%H 7  X !6 XB7bF !7


 &6 !H  h#  "Z V7% &] ! m B !H = = >% 7 bF = F !6> B 7 !- Ye

H D1( !6 !H  / s &% 7#%6 ( 52 !6 B 7.

=6 !6 !H 5 5  ( 77  6 6W   2  # & !H %H 7K 27  !6 - -

 !6 !H B H-> 5  - => ( !6 %H !6#( !5m -  F /

B H-> ( !6# !6 D 5% 7/ 7F - %H 2  = >% / ZK D - -[ !H

Y6 7 HY7-7d  (L#! (]"d (  % 7&!   7%  Lm ZK( 0 !H - 7&!

7#%2 Z( !6 = `w !7= !H !2 / '  / 6 ? `H !H07 75  7T !75 {

?$B ?676 $ ! ! (  !H 7% 22 7% 7/ 6 L / 06 !"e !7

 %(  6 ?$B - 0 / 0 !H -!e 27  7d  !6 ! Z   2

L2>% 7d Vd 7%%H 56 7   - !6 !H X7/ %Z 7 & . ?$B% 

 X !"e`6!

7"H [`

 = Lm B !H Ty6  $ !6 2= 5  " B !6 TF = !H  2= !6)(B 6 (1

K -  !6 B!-    2] 76 V( % 7&!1  ! ! / 6 B h

  72! L  p-( ?$B   !6 =  6 !-

( Z cW  %Z !6 ZK H .6 6 12  !1"$ / - H = 6  h K - -

 ( 0-/ - e !6 5% = hV ]H  B !"/  !H -% >  !6 27 =

6 0( !$ %H ]e/ B% =2! `6U (1  $ =   76  276 2  6  %Z

   H .& !6 - B X .7-

B 6(  K 7 =

B 6 7%H  !5m / !5m 7 !5m 7%H B 6 7-F < !H  !$ [ ?6 !H   %H

 [ ?6 !H 2 0?-!   7% / 2 "B B> 7! 7& 7 6 56 0?- "e/ !6 7>?67

B - 7(  B 7   /B !H % 7 7 B 6 56 0?- 7  6 //  !"6 !7%H

? !H 7 =  /B % ?$B  7%$6 ?676  p( !H 7B 7 = / ! ...7%$6  / ZK

 %H ! B = `H  / 6 7%-B7 !H  F &! 6 #%H b/ EF&5!

B> %H &! 6/ 7-F  -y6 !% %H  Lm !m !67&7 6  / !6(?676 !H00

F  !H%H %H  &!!! Vd 6 -/ Vd ?676 B 1( !B- 12  .- 

( 77 7 / (  > ( 7%H 0 ?$B F - 7 !$W 0  %Z !602 7

&` /  27  7 7K(6 7% <" 6 !$ZK ("'  - 27!  7%H B 6 7!

56 0?- !"Z 7 2 B B 7  6 bF "6( - B ( .  0 &! " &m

6L bF 76 0vU 7 6 B>    % !6 = 6 . BH 7!

 =2

 7H !m 1 !6 &?6>  76 !m  7 !6   ?"( !m  !6 % 7$( 27] = 5= 7%H H

7&?6 6 !6 B .76

H` B =7% L D BH 7 . K <T `- cde !6g ==    6 "H !6 L

H 2

!65% $ H = 27#%- = B [" 0H h  0! 6  = !6 !HB -  m !H s
 ZUK 6   LB! ]H B  - !6&2 7.

= !H 5 H pB !6 7- L6 ( 7 6 !m !H 76 DmH -(H 56 ( % ( -  &!

H- 2.-

7 !- 27 

= 7 !66 !- 7H -F 7!- 7Z6 !  2 "B  7 !H !K B 7 H !6 %H

T2! 2 0   7%H $ 7 !6 !-7 !6  % 7 !-(. !27 0 (]H7 0!- !H

    7 0L6 !-  =2  7  =  ...7 F   ( `& 6 d  7

5 d 2`H !6 !-F 7 (Y6 (Y6! ( `H !6 = B h  7- -#% 2 > =2  -

 5  .7%6 6 B 2  =K 7 2 !6 GK = / (`  !!6 6  !H %H- !0

2 B  %( H B s  6! 7 76   !->= 7Z 6  ? 6 7  bH

d "e    ? .7 7  !H s% d & $d .  - 0d  ( 0d

 27.-

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=314369

/?) $y
/0 ?A

(_     % `& 6 !$"< % 1%

6 $  "2 "$- Z? "-% U 0

6 B ((  B %6  ! 012 "6 65

5  ? V6  ? = -% ]

Y  7  ]X  27] !1" 7%$6 277

 (  & K V?6 K= !$= 0

Z (  &?V B -  =Y 7 6

5 J((7%=  % e <T G 5&m UB 7X

("6  % 6  7 >1    2  >&?65

% $ 6 &B  7% =7 6   K 7 F-

76   ]X 27B %6 7]   

0$j - -FF 2 &m L 7%6&1

6 h-% $   L> =7K> S !KYVd L6


" 7%% 7%  W 6= %  m &B 6 !$"<7

% <"5 6 !$ & -% %( 6 !"6 5 # 

<" 6 !$( 2 5- 7 (7 V >

--    B  m %6 L(%y 7&T% 0

( h-%7  7Z2  5 0 #% $ 0 K H

6! s% = 7 6 H ]d !6 0   0`K6 ! B6 6 $ - 7y ( L  !6 

 6 7  /  56 7 ( 7%H h  0vU !H 7 - 76  6 0WZ K 0

 p / 0  - H! &6 7( 0J 6 [ T56 ]6 .7 / 0 6 d( 7 B U B(

/H .7%H 1  D1 b 7&6 . !"/ 0 $ &6 .7%H  [ -  B  !H 7&H (_ (

&! .7-6 s !6

 - 0 -!"/ 76

 c$e 0 02  [7 Y T  6 .  !1- !"# !H! 6 76 = GK - !% 6 77

 / B 7/ !6 .7-6 ]KH 0 7  (H#  7 =  m 7%H !H= 2 "B -F 76 D&B

 .

76  &6 7 = 6 .7&6 !%  !e K H 76  !H (7 0/ 7%%H 6  T2 7

(- 7 K 76 &6) 7(  0%j6 7 (H 7  02 YVd H  y  7%%H

1- 0 .(7%H %&F 0%j  6 %H 76 B  7%  !H G  7%%H 7%1- 6e) .7%H  "K

( 6 7/  7 D&B ^6 (.7  -F

7  ( a :$!K

e 0 - !"/

e  0 !H -  `K 5 = !6 (!  6 bF 7%%H L( !H 76 0vU 7 `- .- 7H D F

7%H DH  !6 7%%H  76  =  -! T2 6 .7%HH 0 ( 0m m   e  %F  7 U -F

7F 6  .7%H

>6 7 7%%H F 1- m 7% 0 !H-F - B 7 .6 0%j !( 7! $ !H 76[ !6 7 !

 0 7%%H F 1- .7%H D 6 H !1 .- 6(e 7 6 &6 !6 7 Ee -F 2( !%H

 F .-

7  ( :$!K

( - !"/7 > 

 6 0 > ( / DH !6= D?6 7W !% .-(  0%j 7H 0 bF ( 02 !H% /

?6 # = .7 2  -F   ( 7%H7 >  =- H / B 27 6 27 H>  .7

e -F B [ !6 6 ]H  B>  = H ( 7%H # B !6 27 2" ( !"- !H  . K7 W7

( 6 B T56 /7 by- .7 6 after shave B -F -F ( 7 6 =  7 / 0 [  &6.

7  ( S :$!K

H (H -Q !"/  0B

H (H  0B bF  6 02m - 0B !H  (   7 6%6H (H 0&   ( / bF . 02
 0B H G !6 ?  = 0 &.

7  ( :$!K

 -S !"/Z- 0"H

 !H y- 76 7%%H $BZ( 7W   )  6 0  6 " 2 # 76 76 6( 1- H 7

=  7 !H 7- L 0"HZ- ) .7%H >6 7 H 0 # 7 (7 0"H 6 7  $ B !6) 7%H y-

% w 2 &F  "2 [B !6 (...! !H 767  076 6B 6  %( !H - ! 7B !%(

0"H$ .7%H

7  ( :$!K

[ -a !"/ 7%%H

K= &6 7 - 0&-F 7 m 7%%H H 0 6 6 06 -F 71 66 .-e 7 76 B  [ .7%H

6 p 76 !H 7%H K e 76 [ !6 L# 6 7  [ 7%%H1- 7%H !6 E-F 2 / .-

7  ( :$!K

$ - !"/ 7F

 0  6 7 76 ]$K !H 7$ !m K   B [B !6 .7y6 7! !"# !H 767 6%6$ 0 

?  !H 7%H !6( 7&H 7! 7%6 !6- 6 / $  .7 -

7  ( a :$!K

= - !"/ 0-

H -  6  wH    2 . 7 ] = >6 !H 76 0 7 YVd $ 1-  7%%H

 0%j -B 7  =.7%%H 5 !%

 6YVd - 1H 6 B7 m 7%H 7 !H  &6  % 7  !e  K  L 7%%H H =

   / !6 ?  = . [ YVd 5  1H 6  m <  " %.7%

7  ( :$!K

 - !"/ 7 

6 77  6 - B  H6 ( 7L6 ^6 !H# 76 6   7 6 06 !e 7%( .7

:K /  .7L6

7  ( :$!K

"H Dm - !"/

BY6 =5 !% 7%6 7 = !H 7%$6 ! " .$[ 6 Lm .7

7  ( :$!K

= Y/  07  0 &6 0K  2 [B !6 p .! !6 6 !H 76 h-% L (  s% 7

H  6#  ( .77 =7% B( B (_  !57

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237971

   $ >V $

=     27 6 <" >%( 6 !$ &` >F

! B -  !Z= -  .7%  0(   K 

- 5   ( !6  ZK 7$( %] .7%

  2 !m 6 7# 7 !5m# .7 %!

:h"U

$F)( 1 :7% $(  ) . 1( 7%

( 2 V( !"v ]/ 27

61- (  7 B% 7 6 !67# -

$-%  K`BT -- hF  ...= . !6

1 " 7 7% = .&  7& 7% "X ]/!

6& =  >FB &6 7 F  6%6 .7%%= 0  

( 1 (`B 1=    v 7 W 0

.76  !"/

L6 $F `-)( 1 :7%! =< 7% `& ]/ " 7K %" 7  )    277

v(

( 1= 7 !  !#7- 1( !6L 2  ]e/  h#   06 . ZK  27 = 7  %

  2  0 !"6 5V Y/ ZW $76 B7.

6%6= 0   ( 1  Y7- (  !"/ 0 76 J\ 7 -2    =K  =7

&6 :-  27%6 = ! 0?- -  7%%  6F  = 0   7%  %  7%! 7B =  7 

!6  %$/e - ]  ) 7%  1( 27 (

  7K h/e( ] ^d6 !6 # !B !6 !( B d  Z6 GK 52 ( 1 ] 5  2E0

 B -d B K G 27 K/ 0 = 6  %w2 0 K &`( 6  6  = !

"!   !6?7 - = !"/ 0    1( 27 7K  Y7- ( 2 V   ( [$ ! 012

!6B - Z ... 1[ !"e .76 J\ 7 6 72 &6 0 7 76{ 2> 2 !6  - Y

7 &6  YZ 2 0   B  72 [ . 2  > 1    !6 

 -  76 ( [$    06 p6   &   7  LX/  .76

=K  = 7 :-   & 7% ( !&F ) 7%  &( )   06 p6 (

 s   !"/  6 6- 6K 2 . !6$ 5?-F !6\- ]$K 0Y 0 -

 0 5    -#    07 - !/ !m  B ? % !6 '-F ... \-Y 

7Z6  "  (&] 7 .7 $76 0%j  > h  %  6 = !6    .76 27

B=2  (  6 7 # L  b1! ] -- #  &F L5 V?  - 7  h  76

(~T2J 6 -2  #  7/.7%^  : $ 2B / - 5  L 6 7% ?6 b1 ) 7 L

(b1
!# !6 6- e   ! 6V(  = !U-    27(?  2 (     27 -! = 6

   07   .d( 27.76

T27 K < 6 6 &`  "  2 7% "U 27  6 6  !6g  =

e( !   7 6 `-   T2 55m7 K < !6 6  ")(   7% e ]K

   %g 7 =  ?$B G1 !6 Z- B> 1-   ) 7%% 7 6 T2 55m -`-7 K

<(

6%6 0       - 27 6 !Z % 6   K %  [$ 

`-1 .2  %-  % ?" (&]  76 .-  27 "  $w \ J 0%m d %

 !6([$  / \ J  $w 6 >   -/ ( .   !/ 27 > 0

  ( B 1 !  --  !B% = hKZ  (   27 ?-  ! !6 0

 (  (= !6 p$   .

 L    ( [$ 06 p6 !/  "6K 7 6  

 !6 %   :% ( [$  06   7 6 %  `- 

 .& !6 (  :."Z(  ( [$  06  &

 L !6   :b1  ( [$  06 B =2  07  27 L> L b1

 B !6  :   07  27 B=2 1(    K`B(  ( 06 [$

 \ J % !Z  :  ( [$  06 p6  &   ( [$  06 ! & !

  7%6($ K6  65 6   [6  7% L6 "e ! 6 ( 0B- G1 .-

T    "! = F 6 77K Y VB K6 ($ pd 6 cde s% !6 # ($ 65

#  77  % !6  6 !Z76 7 !Z 7% ! = !5m 76  6 - (   = !5m > 7%

B d !6 0/ 1 .7% 0([$  %Z Z- ([$  06 ( !2($ pd 6  L2 6.

6 !Z 7-] ( [$ 6  B  = 0-] ($ ] ($ ` <` < ....-

 ( "Z (= 6 -! 2 !6  ( 7%  B => [B/ 7%%2= 6 p ! 0 (# & 6 !"6

[` & Z (  .d.76

6 [  6 !Z - !6 = 76 .  7 - 6  cde[m 1 1%( &B<(`& !6 #% ...$

B .77 !%j6 - [  (? 7 .76

6%6= 0  (   6 %$ 27& 2   Z  Z .-  0  6  2  $w  

/ B& 0 ( p6 `- /  6 >?6J.-

 s !1 = F = !6   B7 7d 0    6( !"6 .7 TF  v  - (7%

 - s "e ( "Z (d 6   !6 . 6 22 ( `-   

 .   0 \(J 0 !6 0 =    27.-

 : G$%!  H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=248209
U; !A4/

  `- -  !67> 7- 7B

6 L6&6 !6 2  .  L2 =&  ( >(d7

7& !B  7( !6 ]$K !  . 27

F - ( - & h!    .2E & 

.

 0 -! 6  0/ eVB  7!

6 &7% 6J 7! >&B  

!% ?" ( % !6  %7Z- =  `( % &F

56 . 7  2E / K`B ( B

."B %  $6 06( L  . (60 6 67

76 ! ! . ] !5m:7

6 - e - :7%

!  !   b .7 ]e- 7eK

!/ -& K  0 .76 -  6 h  !6

 F 7%6 !6 - 0-  7%! (   pB

$- 2 5 6.7%

d - :7%

[B !6 0 2E -! ( 7% !  !6 G$ / 7%% ! Lm T56 - &F  = .7726 L2 = !6 .7%

?- -  `(F :7%

6 0 F >/ 6= 7  1Y  = .! 7-  !6 ?-  7% 6 7-  !6 

(` T2 .7%%

!%&( - Q 2:7%

=  `6 !K  6  2  !%  .7  B .  Y6& 7%    7 7K 27% 6

T2  = .7 ( !$%  27 VB !6 $(& $ = 7 0 6 7.7

6  - S e:7%

( / !6 K 7!   7m .    6  .7% 02E - = K`B! 6$d

 &6 7%  = !6( 0  7! - 0  L  7-  !6 .7%%

- a  7  !6:7%%

K = !6 ]  "e -! "   K cde  = L   ..

- ! `& 6 !6 $  ]/:7%

`&  = 7 !6  e`[ - 26  $ # < 0 !6  = . ! &` ( 7%-  
7 .7   .    0 ]/.7%

(  % !  Y/ 0B 0 B( (  ! by- .7% 7!   L   7 .7

(V   7 = L6 F 6 B( ( - .7%  7% B-  ! B- - 6 / W/ B-

 6 - 0 &!V(    6 B (]  ] 0%m L  .7% !6 !& 7% >F - 7 

7K 6  <] .7$

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237951

?  e

7K  !1 >&?6 & 7%

= K  % !6 $ 0 "!  .7%-% F

[  Z- >27 ( (`& ]/ !6! 6L> 0-#

 y6 6 7% W F%[- F-

 5?- ( .$U 76  6 7% - ZW7 p .7

!  6 - !6 5 - 0- 6  7%m ] 0/

 Lg - Z6 (> %j  !6

g& 0 .-  77  !6 ) !6 (1-

7 7 7  27  -!  = [( .7

 27( ! .76

7 B  27 => K c"e 7

=  0 -!  6 27! [ c"e => 6

 .B !1-? L2 ( 5 275 27

( g  ( 7B?6 7 ( 0 U  !6 7%! !6$ B 6 F K !$"<  = 6 6 F .

 27 0  K $ T2 bF .- e 0( 1- % 7B 6 B c"e = Z- 0 .6

  7B 6 c$e B K "B %  Lm   %Z `- 27  (  0.

[ 65  7%! -  6 7 7%%

 06 !m 2 -  s !6 7- 2 K ] = !6  .- ZK .6U  2 0-  7m % 27

 .7%

 .6U (`[ !e  ( 6= / GW .7   0 %!  UB  ]w -5  2

# K 2 7B 27%&?6 [B !6 77B .-(  !6 7 $  7&?6 .- `( !6  

(7 7&?6 (! !6 0   !6> 7B 7% < . ( ^6 $ ZB h 6 bF %$ 7>
% 6 ! -  0 .%

 $de hK B 76  !6 76 6B p 6 27%

= 7Z( !m 7  p6 [B !6 e !- <W >6 6 06 !6 7/ 7-- !6( -

6 6 6 2 6B !$%  $w1-  6 0 77  $de .76 !e( #% y6 [B !6:7

 7 7 < W  6 6 !j= p 7 ! 6 % 5  .6U Y - 6 26 .7% 7

7 !m % 512   6 ( 0 ( - &?6> 6> 7<.-

76 7 '-F 76 67

76 76 -UB  ]w [-  " -!   ( B ( K  .-   ! 76 [ U

 b1.-

!  6 #      m !% Z6  e !6    !6 76 ? 6 / 7%%

 0 m -Z ! 76  (  ! (6 7 >$ 7B p .7% 7 -! ( 76 7 VZ

"K  .& 6 7 - 6%6 7%6  07B !6 7 7 ! 6 -(> F .%

( !%   7$

2   27  T2 F! h-=  !6  ./  - !67 -  y6 (  .7%$6 10

 6   71 - 6 Y !Z .- 7# !d  /  !6 p 1 ]  !%  7#W -

5(  .- !T2 (76 g( p  7B?6 7 !  .7&?$6

 0&!  Z- 27 !  ( =# !  Lm  6 / 2&] 6  .- 5$

7B p % 7 -!  UB L22 .7%   - ! m 0  m 6 7 27%  

7 !6>-F 0  '-F.7%

0 !$ 27 1-(  .- 7VK 7 Y[ 1- ! 76 &!  `e 5 s( 7 7 0

7%6!  !1- 0 -! (7Z  6- 7B 7# 6  . [  1-   !6 27%

7Bd 7 .

7K  !1 >&?6 & 7%

 !6 07Z !1" 0 ! %2 L6 VZ ! 6  %26 . !6= - Y b/ 0 !( -! 6!

7B 7    .-

%2 h(  K  ]w - 0 -! ! 6 7B 7-  % [ = ! 7B !6T 7  ! 

  6 ! Um B 27 7 .% 7B 7%j L6 VZ m - !6 ` !K   6 7!

6 " !m  UB  VZ- =  0 (&? 

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=247624
 V?/& /  
4 >8

6= 6 7 !6   .7!  0 .2 - Z6

 ZK  /  / - 6 1"m FH 

%H  #B  = !j !H  =   %H

e 6 /6 = "H 6 h-% 6 = 7F  0 .%H

-  D /( - !H 76  H B

  0 . -  0/ (.7%H !6#

6 0/ 7%H !"6

  !H Lm - 0 !H - 56Um 7 0/ B

%H H ZK 0 6 .7%6 !m UB  !% 7

/ ]6 $  6 512 (  !6 -7

 !H 7%H Z-  ]6 .7%H 7

6 w K  D !6 /( -- ("  2 7

 25 :7 $ "B 0  !6 L$ DUm  . 

 7    "   0 -

0(K1 716  56 \-Y   7! = !H 6 .7-y6 7 0 Um B6  7%H

0 !?$B 6 "/ ZK 0 . 0 ?6 ( 7 56 !H 7 ZK 0 Um 7%%H /  .7%H

H  (Z (7%H  7#

 !- !H - - H 06 56 !6!  7%H  H H !j  7   =  .7% !H 7

7F 6B H .77K -  .7%6 -Z

! (g L    eg& !K (H 0d (Z H    .    #B  ZW7

 Um !H 7 '-F 0 - 76.7

56 !m:7

2  D -  6 0 .- ZK 0 !6 GW% 0  .- -  ]w& D (  (HH 7(

=- .7%H5% 012 !" 0 &m -

T56 &6 J( ( 7%H 5.

 ( 7 &( 0 = &6 H (  = .7%6 1 ! H! &F-  H  - H/

!-1- Z( !H 7 16 ( 7%H >1  !2 7.7

=6 B !% 7#( 0 W !6 (  7&6 ^d6 H 7  (g( 0  Um !% H H 6 7 .7%H $de0

  ^6 !H- (V W 7%H   `H !  7.-

!62  "( -7

 (76 ZK 0 K(1   !H 7 - 56 L>  ]w  7F  -B   .77

- #= !H 7%H 0vU 7 W/ 7 H #

 ( 7 /  H .   !H 7 Um 6%H ]& 0  = 7  B 7 $6 06 .7/ 7 6

- ZK 0%m H - Um . 6 6 = !j ( !"H - 7F  7%H
56 !m:7

 6 0 0e !H - ( .76  H ]g6 ]w) !- - !  T2 0(  (...6 7 7%%H DH

Y .76  -"Fm H 6

56 Lm .7%H !H 7= !6 ZK   .7%H 2= !6 ZK  56 7 : 7 B K &F 0 -  2(  ZK7

H 0 # - 012 7  1-7

 0 Ty6 1H  .7%H !H 0 H H /( b"# 7& 7 7% 0 !6 !H -   .7

GK 0 - H 7 6! .76  (( h  B b"# ]X 0 - H ( 7%H  /  HZ- .

7%H (  !m 7#  H ( 7  /

.7%H H !" 012 !&"H  ]w 6B 27 B .7%H !" 0 =  %Z 6 H p.7%

 =% H B  

6   L p6 ! 7 $# H ( !6  7 %vU .- 6 !"v 0  / - 

H6 !H 7 !6 H 7  b1 !66 76H !m .7  7%H

56 !m:7

- 0 !H -&! [7 7e K  012 ZK 0   76 d"V $ 6 !6 "B / -  DH

6  7%H   .7%H 7F H  6 "g

7 ZK   7 56 !6 .7 [%  H !H 7 6  !H 7%< !6 h1-   6 p 

6 .7%6H 0 B ^6V( !H 7 7 7%H%  

  Z   76  b1 !6 -! B 6 !6= - !6 . 56(  !H 7 7 /  DH .7%H

K 7F H H 7 7 !6 76 !H 7L6 / .7= !6 7 ] .7%H

(V H  7#

  - !"/ !H2   !6 -B  !H 7 7 -B T56 Y6  . !"v 0  G-

(Z  7%H 7%B 6 ?  2"B Y6 !H 7

- .- -  G 7 /  2 !H 7 -  Y6 !m .-B  676 77

56 !m:7

  6 0   0 ZK 0%m 0 !"v !H - B !6 !2 7%B  $de  56 `w .7%H7

7m !H &! / B -(  6 1% .7

5 0- "B !H - - TB H 567 76 7VK !H 7! .7

Um  / D - 6 -  -

 Um ]w (/`Ue  Um  / `- ]w H 6 / -y1-   7%H   . ZK -76 77%

Um  !H ? p  = ? 77%

H `- !H 7%6 ( GK  !H 7  56% "B 7Um  7 2  06 - = >F !H 7 0

W   - 0%m 6    h

012 !6-  .7%H >27  0%mB6 !m ZK 7

56 !m:7

 !5% 7%H Z- GK W  .7%H LH( ^d6 2  Um  /   !12 - ( h  0

- &6 7%H s ( !e B  !6

56 6 7%H Z- .7 B6 6B !6 H .7%H $de  !6 6 !H -Um  / D &`  >27 6 6  7%H
 / !6 H .

B H(  !6 !-7%H  0

 07 -7 ( !U6 L 6( !6  76 K ?-  T2 7  0 6-  .7%H

- 6 7  27 =  !6

(  B   6  h#Z  . 7 B 6   = !H 7%H K 0! 7 = 6  6 7 H   0%m

-  %  !6 $ / `7%H  !K

0 012 6 -/ 0  6 !H H !6 L L( -H 0  .- 7- s%  7! 76 !6 /

/ .-  07%H  !m GK

56 !m:7

 06  >%H 7= 02 7 / [ .76 !H5 / =  `e (!  7!   K !6 .-  "6

B bF .-> .7%H 5 06 !H -

B - H $de  6 `H>   !m !H 7 16 ( 7( K1 .-

 ZK 7%H ]  !6

 0 !H -"H 0  !6  h-% !  ZK  7$ 0 6  0  ( 7 6 ( / 0%H p

6  !6 .7 !%/  / - 6 1"m F

s% 7%H B (H 6 ]H 7e6 K .7%H

iran4me : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=335008


4   R!!!

!H 5%  6 . 0 7 L? 6  B

2 !6W  6  - !65 H/ (7%"6

.7%H

2& 27 L6  T56 s ! 7H 7

ZK !6 !H L6 -! 7 & 6W 

?- B H.7

 !H 7/ 0 K ZK 1 ? 6 76 !2  7

 G 676   6 .-

 /   27 L6 B "K !6 =  ?6( 7


6 5 !5m !H 76 D 0 6 6 ( 7% 6 6 G &` .7%% B -

H 5  .7%6 7- =%    s !6 !H H ZK  . 27 -[` 7F .7%H Lm! K 6

 7& ! 7 6 !H 7  L6 G  7= ..-

 7 76  ? & 1 ZK !6 G L6 7F - .%H   =  !H 6 G $&F 7

B 1- .%H !H 5%  ! %m $ < %6 !6W =< m -/  ( !H = (!6# 7%6.

 (   F !6 (7$] .%H

%Z56 -= H !6 7%$6 T2 - &F !H  !6 7Z6!   %H 5 .L6 7%?$  %H (56 V 7 

 !H Z -  L$-56 %< !6 Lm 6 .7 !H 5 H pd  L% "& 6!6  6 76V

" p 7 = " 76 7F .7%H

0 ( " 7$ 7# 56B !6W .7 ( 6 !6# - e( 6 !H = 56 -  . 

  h# < $- "B 6 G F  B $ (   ]XK . - ZK !6 K

B !   = Z$[ .%H $B - !  !67& 5 7% 56 :7% %6 0%m %m H

.-

6  0  !6 - 5 6 [B !6  76 V mH G . K  H  7% [ !6

[ V( Z$ 2 &  7 .7H K B  7   [ !6 [H Z$7%  7 5 ->

.7%%H

 7Z6 0 ! ?6 H 7%L6 !6W  !6 7%   &6B  - ^6 B  . 

1H6 J   $ B .-

5ZK B .76( = !  D> T56 7 7 ^ J ? D U6 B !6( = 7%$6 .7%H 5 1ZW!H 7

>F 0= ! L2 &77 1ZW 26 7 `e = H !6 -  &6 .7 =7 B !6  !H 7%%H

( 7  `e  b1  -.7%

B   7 K 6 (- J7 !6 . H !H 7%H DH= 7K( Y !H!  ZK !6 -= -.

 V 05 ( J 5 . $J H !H0 5  "U 7%H $ - (7 !2 !6 .

-B 7   7 K 6 .7

( 1H6 B  Z .7% (Y6 56 s .7  7% -H . ZW B  #

 = by- `e .7%H ] /  "e# H 0 .- < !$  0 =  !6 !H !2 0 7

 :7 0 D ] 6 5 66 7 UB !6 b6 0 B 05%6 7 :7 0  5( !H - 7  0D

L6 7F 6.

= $   :12 D B H 6 !H - $ !/ 7 h( !H -!6#( 7

7%6B   &6 .   762 . : -2 -H 5  H .  !5 -

7 7%6 !sd D& .7 -2 =7  /6 H  !6Y] "Z {  "Z  h.

 !6 -2  (!6# 7 F =6 &6 2  `$K !H "& 6  !6& p  !6 .7

$( 6 bF !H  (>  !6 2 !$%B :7 !j6 0 ! -2 B ( !6 H !5 6 FL

$ & !6 = !$% !6.7%H 7%

V  !6 ?6 0 $K  G 6 .7%H -"g 2 7 7 566 .7  !B # 27

d B $ 6  ?6 76 ?6  ?6.7%%H e(

 0 % H 7%H  B 7%%H  7% 76  0 H B p L 7 e   = !H 7%


L6K 2  .7%H (b1 !6 5$K B d  V .7%= 0   !67 B  7-.-

&] "e 0 &6 !H - ?- G !6 K H B 6  p 7 = s 7 !6"g h(( 0

.7

K7F 0  !H 7%H [ !6 BH   1% )%H 26 &6 7$( (h] !6 ) 7%H $w!

766 "   %( (. !  D  ]/ ]6K < ]& D ]/ ]6K< 7%H  !H 6 .-  !6 0 

6 "/ &`   "/ T B !6 .7%H( / $de  6 6 0   "/ 7.7

B 6 Z !6 KY 7  !6 ]H  \- $6  6 .72 h - 7%H 7#( !6K 7 y6H .7 - T 6

d  7% 7%H- 0B  F  .(H (m

76 h((0 K6 = 6  G!6 B 7B!6 = ]/  - !6< = .7 ZK / 7 !$%  $w

B ( L= ZK 7 .76 0 F !6 ! !H 76&!  - !6 Lm< = !H 7s >7 [ .7

 $w .7%H !$"<  6 ( 7%$6 2 %7F ]X !6 $ 0 7%H! ] - !6  ] B.7 7%

2   F 0V 7  B B    0 # 7 m  

= . B !6 bF 0 56"g 0 :7  ? .7

$ 7 &] (6 7-B !6 7 7Y$6 ("7B !H 7%H 0 - 6 DH !6 B . 7 7 &" - 6.7

`& ]6  7%H H 6 6 06 =  #  !6 !( 6  .7 ( 7  H  . 7 7B !6

 B !6(  (Y6 /`- 0= !6 !H -  H /`- 6 7 >6 /  G . F h7 K -

 .  F 7K(  !6 !H5% 6 &`    5.

5 2  F !6 ]H( 6 0 !H 76 02 !6 H (  = e 5 7 7 !6 .7% ]% 0 5

T56 7H( $( $w 7 6 !5m 7%$6( B !H 7 7 76 "/ &` B 7F .7%H

F S%  7%H DH !H F !6 (7$] :7%H

(  !2 !6 6 7%H 6 !H 7 6    - .  6 !H 5%! 7= " 7

&!= 6 by- 7%H 6  !6 !H 7 KF 5 !6= -.7

=   ( ! 76 B(    -= ] !6 27 .7 ZW $ B 6 -  = by- (cdV

.7%H

6 H ( 7  76 ?6  ]" .7%H K 27 bF ( K   7  h $ 7F .7%H( 76 %2

H 2 !6 ?67 0BL% !6bH V % & 7.-

&F (Q F7 = 6>  =L .7 -7 .7%H H/  (- K 76 %- !6  7% &F

= !6 7%H Z-> 5.7L6 -

S [B !6! 76   ZK[ D B ! >  = . 7F 6 6 by- 7%H= - 7  7&!

B B -.7

 : G$%! [`- 0

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=351883
 $Q  $

1- U =
K

> 7%m ] 0 %m  !6 6- \J !H -

B F m  7 Lm 7=!H 0 7%-%&6  !Z U

K .K 7% ]e/! B H !6 .72 ]0

7"H.76 K

V K F  0 =  GU !H- ( F ( 7

 27  2 66X . !  

 76 . = %m 6 !6  X2 !H 7%&! 77

2 2 &6 !H = 7 F 6 [` %-

 s !6 .7 / !H 7-2 0  F !H 76 [`

( 6 !6= - K -! ( (6 F

[`  6 2.7

7! L6  6( 0 2 7K( G6%0 -!


0

! = !m !H
   76 .76 6 !H - 
6

B #&6  ! 6 ( 6  % 0K

TF76 .- 1- -  !1 

- (   566 %H 7B  %

6 &6 Lm h/e  =  !H !m 56  6 -.

!  Z   76 m  !H -  22 6 &- # bF


!%
-! L6 6 !H
0

B !2 .7 7H G$% 0 / !H7e D !J ( L e7F 27 - >&B T2J 7  %( 7%H

(H B (H .- = ( = / m / !H -   6 7 7%$7e  = ! - 6

!&6 ! 7%%H

! =   7- = !6 0-


6- / 0 2= 0 2" K !67  >% H !6 2

F .76

1- - = L =
 2" !% (` K
 !6 !H 0 6 F B  76  !Z U

! 7 H B K .7

! B  K !Z U 6 .76 0B -7


1- ! K 7K 0 =6 2 Z !H 7
6

!H GW(76 7 H B 7-%&6 g( !m6 !H 76  2( X !6 7"U GW.7-6

# H   7- !6V 0 :7%HDH

D -  Z !1 76 B 67 !m 7%$6 ( 7%H - (K e H!m X 6 ]e/ - 7 

.7%H

 d- /
H !U62- 01"(    !60 ^d6 72-  ! $ T<HF7 0&2
 Z !"H ( [ 7 0  K !Z U 7 T/ 6 7%$6 H  H> 7H (DH !6 &6 7 6( B

y6 7 66 B L16.7X

!6 !( 6[`( !6 !H= -Y s 7  pd H L( !6 = Z 7   ! $ 7 7%"6 B 6 !H

7- !67 (Y %6 7% 7  Z !6 (DmH7%H( 0 h(( by- Z 0G$%  7 ('  

(? 7L6 0  .7%H

 Z 0  !6 7 DmH! 51 ! 6 7 6  ( 7%HF   H6 !H X 7

7Z6# ( !  7X H ]d Z (7 K .7

H 7%H Z- ! [6 .$ h(( !6  #  .7 !H 7%H 2 [ s%<GW 7= >F H !6 L

 7# =7 7Z6 [  !6 !1# .7-

 "H !6! ( 7%HY g( 2 -#  7 B &F


7 ! !6
F  H !1 #  7 6

[% .7%H]e/

2 F B !1 H H &F!7

67 B D& 7 B -7 H D h7 ( " D !6 D  -  Z T  !6 !H

B !6 7(F .7

 7%H h#Z( 7 L 7 p !H5 F !6 = .7%  0 - 7%%H $  B(  !m !H 7L- K

F .76 F & B !6 => .7%H

B 7 !H 7 6 J H=7 (7 `B- =  e ]$%( -m 7 (]$%( 76 = H !H  71 !X7%

5 = !6  = B!6 F !!7%

[ !6 B% "H2E B  - 77  07  7% 6 s% -7&?6 !6-] 7 H pd

&? HH   ! 51 ! # H     7% h Ty 2V( 0BH 0

 v 5 Z!6 012 !  ]e/ 6 H  !H X !67(Ld 7%H (D H Z6 H

e 1- !"e  7% (H !H KH ]d !6 !B  & 5 = 7%H 7 F B !6 = !H 2

L-  Z6 7  6 J " 2 (` K 1- &6=  .7%6 !H 7%H   H

B!H 7# = :7-y6 7 H 0  !6L7 7%H (D ! B 7 !H 7 ( 2VT2  h-%( K J

B 5 7 .

/  2 7 H 6 ?6B 7 7  !H7 g( K# 7%H 6 !"6#(g Y  B(

 K6 &6  6 / 7 0 !H - K( L> (  H Km!B / T2

.-!B ( !H = = 6 B- K 6 7- H>d%  (2= 7!  !YZ 0!B

6 H %  K 02 2 (06 ?" 1- 7%H j  s%6T2 = .7%&%6 ( !6

? .- 6( (  !H76 L6 F ( %Z7K 1( XL2 >%  ] B .7 71(7

L2 >% ] F $ ( Z( !6.7 .?  !  6 E T2 55m 6 K !-F 7!6 !6

6 !H76  - B K 7 7 7 6 !H- 06  - B !B-.7

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=266371
 
, >8

 72 7 K B 6 0-0(76 0 6 !6 =.

 bF h? .76

  ] 0 (' 7K !H 7 ?  6Lm 0 7 !

((  % 7 !H =  7%H 27 ? !"6 7%H

e  6 ?  ]g 7 ( /V( 7

56 6 !H 7= ]e/ 7 = ("L  Q S?6 LCD %!7

? .- 6

? H ( [ - 6 - !sd 76 !H

 ? H !d$e !H %H "?6 b    

] ...  ? 6  6 (/H 27 Vd

7 ? !H  &6 L W / !6 27

=.7%

6 &-% "  L6 !H 77Z2V( 0 

7%6  !6 !H 7% B (( !m2 .% Z%e ( %  W/ V =b ( ( !2H- "B...

! ! 6 7  - !6? &6VB  7.7

  7%HH 2  !6 F 7T2 7b !m 7% "Z B & 7! =  .77 h#Z ZUK   = !H

H 27 &6 7? 06 L2 !%Lm D  6 Lm 0%m 7 !6K /6 756 V( !H 7

!$&!  6 0 ! .7%6

  6  W/ ?  6 b 0  ZK L2 06!% &6 6`( 7 .%H!  <L  B !H

L> H G - /! / 7%m !6#  7H H 0 7  ^6 0 $V H

.

m   !H  !H Ud $H 7 - 7!   K Ud !2 !H $H 0 ! $B

6 w  ( 7%H !6 7B LH D6 7 7 H B !K(7 # 76 7 267!

5  

<" h (7Z L2!% 5 7%%H -  =  !H !j= 6 ( ! 6 =6 !H !j 7! 6!

H .%H  7Z 6 L2!%& =6 2 7 !6 0 ] B H  6.7

!6 6 &-%  ./ !H K? 7d &? 76 " 6 B !% ? (-

76 V 7 7.

0  / !H - 2?  -! 76/ B- 7%H 2 B(  Vm 7 !H 7

(H !"# 2V !76 676 7B / !H 7  0 ?  (T2 J.

U% (V !6 !H 7%H$ B 7 !B D 7  p D? 7?   7 ( ]6K %F-  %- / 0 
 0  .-  0  6 p?  7%H  !6 !H$ L 6 D" S  !6 K  !"d `(!K

 %&F !

/W 0 ( !6 7? (1- 7V p67 ZK 0 ./ !H -? "B 6  W !6

B 7 !H /  7 !m  !H? 6! !# [ !m .

? 

!   L2 &6 !H!% F  7% 7%6   27  UB !67 !6  0 ] 5 (&>  6 =  %Z

7 . 0 / DL2  :-!%   L6 &6 ! (? 0.

= 0? L6 ? H   !/ 27  K ( 02 V?    27B 6 7-

2 6 756 V( - - !2 B H%&/ .

$ !H / 7 !H %H!  ( !6  L # B%  ( H %6>F !% !m ZK -/6 D

(B V L  0 m . = >F H !H- 6 !j= 7  = 7 .%H %6>F

  0 !H - H 6 F(  %HL D ]H 27  T< "- L ]w !H -? .%H?

7d ! (5  % (&> 6 06  / !"6 =  .- ( &6' &6? &!  6

-  !& Y/ B `w - 7( %2 7 W 0 .76

W 7/ !6 ! " 7-!

# 7 Ud7 !Z ]w 7  ( 2V W !67 B H 6  6 !66 0 ( c !6 0

2= 6 !H %Z H !H 0 2  ."U 7    &F ( -  (  . 6 &6 5

L2!% B 7d . %H ZK 0 b/ H6 ?  7 ? ? .-

Um L2!% B 6(  F 7%H

  ( (" 7 $ &F(-/ !76

6 XL T5 K:7

( 7%H 0 Lm DmH B7 V(  Z  56 .7 6 !H &?V 7d 7%H !H 76 0vU

-? BH 7.

:7$ 0H-

 [ Y - !6> H  VB 0( 6  76 !#? VB 7  !6 .7H 0 $(

56 7  V 7Z6 !H 7  6 0? .7%H

2 GK :76

TF 6 0 Z6 / !%K ? <"  6 p 7 0? 6 --/ ((- 6  .75%#6 $ /

 2.7

:7% 5- &F !6

(V( %H 7%H =  < &26 ]6K2= 6 .7% H !6 -? 7L6 B( $#B - !6 !H 7%H(7

#  7 7Z6 5 ?.7

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=300491
 $Q  $

   6 0

 !H 6  2 !   - =2

-= h$- !j= !H>   / [ K !6 !"-

!B-  (]  7H .- !H H   !H

 $/V >-  !He  >K&Z  !6 7

B7B  %( ! !H 12 7 !B-   7

=->= 0/ !"6 7%  d  L  6

=> >?6 Ty 6%6 .76 0  0 F 0 !H -

 s 7 56= 7  !6 $7 2= 5

& d  Z B K .

TF TFg( / 0 L62 0 ! F  !6

7&!  B  !H 7-F 2 )7F 6 B 

  7 (...  0 ( =B !sd 0$ 5 27/

 6 - $d d  Z  00 -

= !m2  2  6 X!6 7= - ( !6 !"- TF!  7 6 !U6/= L K6 !e H 

-7 ! .6

'-F !H H - >-F 0 766 6- = ] 7%H  7  %( .  `- => &F !6

B &26 .7 $J 0 H !H -($ !  6 .7%H 5(!sd 0 (L5- 0 

  = 5 7%% ~ !1- = ( 7%7  ># H H .7 h$- !H - L

 7%e 5!"- [> = h- 7 = .76 [B= 2 2 = $-  7 -27 =  .- B Z6 7%

 67 &6 5 ! Lm= { .76 7%!  K  !6 5BF BF  %-

6& 6 !$H V/   !6 $7 5 H - !6 - Z  (H !6#  =  .7$B6

- < L5!!"2   7bZ% !"#  7 $J 2 ! 2 = 6 0 .7%6 7

/ =! ]e 6  L { = F> 6 `- !6 6-  F  0#

 6 !H 7%H 5 "U U6 ! ` .76 6 0!   . F !H 7%%H =  %( 

6 !U6 5 ] !2 %Z  76%6 .- 0 0 H!6   06 - 0 6 75  0 F

.76

  0(6   7( (6 !   6 .- 7%!12 !H 7 :7 !& 2  - 076 H`B 765

!6 ? !Z H   ]s%/ B - 6B =-( B ( 7 % ( -.

!U6 6 5( F   -6%6 .( 0 `- !H  7 !Z  p6 =>

=->  2  0 H!6   02  6 0 .- &6 !m  /  / L5 
 = 7 2 = 6   %< 6 7%H!U67Z( - F  B L 7X 6 (!e Ud

= #  .7%H - 7B !m 57%

[!6 "H B !H 7%(! 7%F5 7 GK 7B  !B- = 7K  Z6 . &-%

[!6 !H 77Z ( #%F $ 7e  << L6 0 !( !H -5 "H h  (~= 7 K 2

#%F 7e 5> !6s% 0 !H - [ 27  bF 7 !6 !"-5= ]!6 2" .  27

6  7  !HB ! !6 ]6K L 7 D $e6!F %  B  .7%

- ! ?"  0 &6 !H - 6   0   =  ] !6 7Z6 ! .-

Z6   0 K !6  :7%

 ] 7K h !H 7 7  - K 67 7  .

   `H < !H `H F \ J $U .7%H

 7K " F h !H 5- 7 5-   .

  12 y- !H 7K  !6 !H H !6  .7-6 7%%H

 H/ " & !H ]6K 7% 67 5 F  .76 7  !6

 = 2 (& !H 67 7% 0 2 K B 5 .76

 ] 7K & !H 7% 2  X6F  B .76

  H !H ] X-% 6 / / !6 5 .-

 >   !H 6 & H DH !65 H!6 2.

 H 12  !H H!6 6UB  = 2 5 &?6.7

 H 12  !H B  = 6! / B !6 6 .7%H

  ] 12 !H  7  $&F 5 & .7

 H  !H   6( %  !6 $ 75 / .7%H

K ]e  0B- 5  0 [= . 7 !B !-  /  s ! ? "Z( V (7% 6

W( &  = !Z .-> <= B  F 6   !H H  6 0 [!6 "

6 H!6 !e 2&2 .7

7H~( ]6K !H -   6 !H   0 !7K !6 H  %( 7 (~ J 6 F 7 $d 

7 . !H 7! B H!6 !66%6 7 027% =  V> ( L 0B= 6 7% H!6 02(6 00

  = L#Z 6 !6 5$J 7%- 6 K 5 B>  !U6 !Z 6 H/ (.7%&?6  Z

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253700

 $Q  $
!  " 1  ?" H pd (H !6# .7

2 B! = X5?-F H DH  !6Z 7%

& 5B =  m  7 ! B !1 #

6 .7%\ &6 -= 7 !H -2 0 [!6 Z 6

  !/ B> L !6 7%W Z  7%

6 !6 -   7 /7B .7 2 0 <" J\ h =J

 Vd& H 7% 7  F .-  &6=

6 0 Y6 h 7B 1H 0 6# ( % (6

H !% [!6 . Z &B 0 6$d m 0

  2 0 .7LB6

[ 6 G 5 `B6 2 0  7%%H $ 5 6 X2 H ]d !6 7 7&H 6 !67 2 ! 7= .7 L

!6  H Lm !6  57& .7% 2 H/ H -  7%%H  L5&"e  ! = 6 ( 76 

Z 7 5 != 6 .7%%H 0 6 H2  2 ( H .6 0  7 &6 ^6 0W =

 %F Z Yv - .7

(1 0 2 ( B 7 !12 !j= !6  %B . " 2 !6# W [% / - 

& Z =  7# >%H 0 [!6 >%H < 6 B p6 2 0  L"U J T2 !6.

`B W 0  L  2 e = .- ! (  %Z  7 %&B 7B !"6 7  L H  W

 .7%7 0 W  6 B p6 2&  LB JT2  !6 7%5 . 6 2   ?" 2

!W 7%&H $"K 7 0 W2 !&m- .

[= .$  &% = &6!- 0 &H 0 c$e  !$%(1  7 Z - 7Z6 !H K ( "UZ

B $#  !H 7%%66 H !6 62= !H 7 7 - !76 L  2 ! 6  %( &6 !H 76  Z 

 7%H  !6 (Y 5 "! / B !6 B X ( L  Z 7%1( - 5&m 0 2 

#%H ( 7%H! \-  B :7-y6

] 1( 0 m  2 ( !5m 7% 6 J wB   7  e >&B! 7%6

H 6  (.  &6B 7 !H 2 H !6 &g  !H 7% = 7Z- != !6 `6 7%!K

6> = 7!6#( .7  %  6 H/ L 0L2 !H -H >% h/67Z- ` !K = 6- 0

] %&B h$- H -   !6 J\ 7B  2 2  76 ! 2(  6  `- 7 &F

 !Z !H! d"VB - =  7% F! .76 0 ZKH !H -  H &F h/e

  5= !% H 67Z- ` !K   ? ! .767Z- ` !K  Lj J&5 = 6

 (1 $!6 . 5  (X !6E  !H 76   5- L 0%j

/ 5$  Lm !6 $H   6 5 1 .-

6%6 0 (  % (( 7%X B  !6> T56 7  e >&B! !/ !6 !H 7%6 y6= !6 !H 7

`6 7%!K = 7Z- ! 6> = .7%6 7

Y6 h U !6 &6 K ( !#6 !6W  &?6J  0/ !U6   2 [ D %&B

Z 2 0 J  6 H!6 27Z- `!K [  5 - 7 !H7Z- ` !K

6- F !6 5 & 6 . 0-TF  0B% !H 7 F 7Z- `!K m  0 F


 .76

 B% F 7Z-7=   Z6 !H 76 --  %Z 77Z= 27 0B-2 0 7 =F

H!6  = 02 .-    L6 2= &6 !Z / 0 D( D( !H - (X

E B6 7  &! &F !Z  e 0B-  Y 6 &H F H!6 2( 0X

 22 .76 07Z- !Z  d  !6 7%H (!6 0 L 27   !ZL> .7

TF !6 h U 0 >-F 0( !5m !H 7# 7Z- `!K = B-

=- 7Z- `!K 61-   7 :76

1- ! "Z & (]Vd

& !6 !Z7  B - L D  6 !U6 H ?

B 6 6 6 - H !Z U !H X H%H( H !K` 6 ( X#  &#  7.7

 H = - LH & ? V 0!%

6 (&? -7Z- `!K  6 - 7Z H !6 !2  = ]e/ 6 7"H .7#%6&H "e

7Z- `!K (! H H!6 X !H - [ -   27- !(  7 6  = 6.7

=- 7Z- `!K F H!6 2L6 2 07! !H -  B !6   !6 !Z  .7H 0L"

e K L76 !%  - !H &H F =   !6  !Z7= 7- L6 !H - K Le !% = 6 7

 ]6K!  &H .76 F 07Z- L26 !/ >%- =   7 ( ]w6 .-

= K !H #  s H 6 H [  U% ! >?6JH!6 !H - y6 !H = T 6

6> %Z - m < e0  27 5 6  $B6 s 7- 6& 5 F  6 !6

 !7 B !# !-B6 >&B 6= -6 7%  !Z B ]e/ X (B  Z> d

-.

= H %ZH 6 !H -- 7Z- !K` =L26  %( .76 7 7  0 p !H - H 7B e

1- & !6 ( 7%H $ !K !B H - !6 - Z ?( V X  % !"- 6 B

 =L H  = !#  7%  "6( D $  !6 7% (7 .7%H

B 2= 7% = 57%`(  %( ! h U 0 BH 7 !H 0!  BH!6 2%!6 !"6   D7 Z 7

V! \!- =   \&H J BB 7 &H !H - F 7Z- `!K 7 &H !/ -

H B K .7%

 !"# : G$% H 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=264500

* $& $
,</0
7B 05  < !H &! "B - m <

(6 $ ( 0 !U 2E 7B ? ?" >K "VB 0

U .56 !2!  !  <  ? !V<

 !6 7  %HB 0  7B ]e !2 -

7%"6 0 H . "  / H/! !%de &F

 !6 !H $B 6 !% `w 7  0 $de 0 p

U H B  " !6 !( h  7 H %! (K1

-   ( !H   27 [ 7B !  00

 Z6 .!W7B K B   B ( 5 

=7 !B!H 7  7 B !H #% B ! 6 ! .!

$F   !j6 ! 7# $F !6e 6 !H 0%

6  $F !%H 6 !6 !% !j6 6 ! T5 !H (7 

de  ( m !%$6 $F H / ( 7%m !5 ? !6

2 76 ( 0H ! ( 0 !- !j6 !6 - 2 !   7# !6 / !e`B .-6 2 ( 7%m 7%  0 !j6

 $ 2 6 ! .   B !6 $F 7# !66 B !6>  : !5Um 7 7B $F 2 ( 7%m 6 

H!!

( 0  7B B B K !m !6  !%$6 ( 7 B  !6 6B 6   %? !2 B 6 67

B(  = ]w %H B - !H 6 "B L6B !B 6 `e B ! y= 6 B `e 

 6 7m ...!!6B !% e( $ 0  :

  `W !H 7%H 0  6 !67 T = B.77

$e !m bF= 6 " !>(= 6 7! " S

( "B 0  $ 2 6  7B 7 &-   K[ !H  2    ( 56 26- 7

B( . - 7/7B 7  7%6 !6 %&K "B 7  7 %Z 2 !H   !2  ! ("!6 5%

H  !H !L% 2 = "B !&- =  !% 0 ( =! :

=! :   ! $V  0 !  7 >F 5 7 =! = 7F= 7 $J 6H .- H 0 7B 6 =-

= ...-! !j= 6 ( :  -! -7 ? 7 76  !6 !j 7$ - 7B  B B ? 

 -.

!e`B !%/ 0  ( =B : 56 %! B !6 5 7%6 7%m 0$6 !K 2 6  ! %B !2 7K !

77 &%B bF 7B 0H &(56...

 - 6 ?$B

m  !m ?$B :7%-F  0"Fm

 !"e ?$B !57Z6 ?676 ( ?676 0!!

( :

! ! !6 >&H!  %&F !$  7-6 0 6 !H !%H 7V !6 ...- !$ &!   7%m ...01 7Z6 !K!$

F  7% >&H &m! 5 F !67% !$ ...7F :!5 !$ / 7 ??? 6 [B !6...

!& LK >&H  !6 7%m ...!& B6 7Z6 !K U ] &!  GK >&H H 6 7 F 6

( !$  ...76 !$ 7F :!5 !/ 7 ??? 6 [B !6! >&H ... h!  7 >d ?6 &! !$ !6
7V  7Z6 ...!- 2  6 "H !6 >&H !% -7 G ( H  7 ??? 7F  !%H  !H !%6

!6 >F !6 : ] B H ...0H 5F B ! 76 76 ` !6 !H  B  !H  !-

 !# :K`B !% "g ( !2 [` B "g L6  e $ 2= `H 2 ! 7 -

( :

! `H ! 6 !& B ( 6 6  H  H ...! 2B `H ( ( ]w (  % :7-F 6

%&6  H % `H  : 2B ...!(  !H !$ %H 0 & B &g - ...7 /  F 67

2B 2 B!

 !#6 :K`B 6 !% %&6  H 6 % 7 Y6 Y6 &! !6

( -:

! \  &%  7 6 H  7K "- - !6   ...7  ! m  7F 0  0%H

 > 7 m 0  &!6 0 :!5 0 ...  7H  = D =6  " F  &% ...%H  :!5

 0 B  0 ...!0 6 ( !H - 6 ! K6 . 6 D 6  5 <  7! F ...6!

7F &%\ 7Z6...!& 7   " F B  0 ...!0 Y/ 0 Y/ :!5 (  %H 76  ]/- ! -

? V !  6 G$%  = #6! 6 (  / F ...%H!    7F7 !6 0 7Z6...!& 7 Y/ :!5

7 ...!X( 6 B  0 :!5 !H (   7Z6  ( !06 H

 !# :K`B !%&!  !H 76 X !!%H $de

2 7F 0 H 76 7- !66 . 7 !.....

2 ( 77 H76 7 66 (!...........................7%

2 B76 7 !..................................-Y6 K

2 (H H76 7 6 ( 6 B  K..................7

- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308578

* $&  $

( - U6  -   7#  0 -

 !J 7%m  6.

( 0  7 Lm !m !H !"6 7  0

H !m !H - B 27 .7

(B !H 5% 65 !  7% GK


 B  - $  .7 5 6

16 Vd% .$

  (QH 7 !sd D# F ( !H 7 

 &F h 7  2.

6 (S 7- = ? !6 = 7 B( !6 7  Z .-

2  6 6 (a  #  !H - e  =.

( 6 7 5 B %H 7%H  =! ( d  B B.7= 7

H !6 $  ( B v  s%e $ = !5m !% (! .%H

( 7m  <= !H D/ F !U6 ! !K` 76 -/ =(& 0 B & 7  6 Lm -=  5

56.

 K (   " !H 7% $ !H # TF #  s%e 7% 7F =.

F ( L6 6 h-%   .7$

L ( H  !6 5?F (# L  2 = (# 56 ! L !6 . 0-

(B 6 0 0&2 7d =->  !H -.% 7

(Q 7  !HB  - B 6 76K -/   !d BH 7  6 7  K >&?6 .7

(S !H  H  %( 05  K >&?6  B6 7K  B(  6.7&?$6 7

(a 7    76 7 !  h"K !H 6 7  ? H/ 7.

!%&F (  ZUK  p = !H !jT2 J( 7 6  7  ] = V? 2B 7% v .7$

(   0 !6 - Lm D 7/ `H  7%%H 5 Lm 1 `H .7%%$6

1H (($ K6 H  ( 1H 7%%H 0ZB  276 7.

K  (  !6 7 ? !H !m&6 7-6 7 =!  ! !H 76d- = 7 K B 0 = K

.7%H

6   ( 77 B 6- B !- B ( 7%H 0Z ! B !- 5.

( 27 !T2 = 7%  27  .7

( h-%( 27 B 7% 1/ 7 ( = BF 7.B

(Q  #H  !e6  !H 27 =  e  7% B 7.7

K  (S  7$5  ( 7%H -! H  %( 7%6  !H 7#  !H = 7 -%

2.7

(a  2 s  B !65 5 LmLm  %( 7 7/  = !H = !6  7%L  7 B( K

B 7% . 0 0B 6 - !-  6 1 .76

- : G$% G6%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=274523
 
5

 2/ !6 $  6( 7F (  7% 7  6

6 ! .76 0 0/ B   B  !67

  2(  Z$[ 7%  d >%( 

(1( # B .7 76 2 !6 7 &  7!  7%

= / 7% 76 V%  !6 !"/ B 7 7 !6

 h(( 0- ]& G - 6 . 0 !$-

[ (7 m 7&6 ( ! (6  %6 7 7%!  5

 !  6 !"6 7-6 -( 7 ! !T227

B  ! 6  &B 7 !6 =  h- 7-

F >27 6  .7%6 7 6 !6 6J 7%! 

 .7%Y 7 7%m 76  7%m !1 !6  7%m 0 ! 7

( ` !6 0 7F 0 7%! !$ !6 K 0 7-6 0!  B g( Lm 7.

7 6J! <" hK ^d6 & <" -/   7%%  . 2 7  ]$K 0(  K `w 5K

&" 7= >F ( !d  6  =  $de !6 7% 6 7B 7 ! 2( 7% !6

 />   7W [ !6  27 $ 6 5&m B 7.

  "/]  !6 B 7 ! 6 !6 7( 6J 7%!  7% W 0 &6 K 7F  7%!

( -/  .  7B 7  !66  .7%

- 6 7 7% = !6( & 7

 m  /  (Y6 5 06 (!  7%! 6 &   7 7  !6  6 . 0  (7

B  m - !6( 26 7 &m &m 76 .71-  / 0 ! (&  % 7%    7-

( 6 !"6 L (!   T2  J J . e 0 / 2 76 / 76 7%! / 7 K    / 7

( 7 16  6 6 T .7% K(  $deY/ 7%  B [  % 7%! &  6 7

7  6%6 .7% 0 2 7%B 7  ( GK   7%?6 7 0 .7%6 2 /  - B !6 %5<  /

56 7 B ~& J  .7   !  7 5  & 7%% 7 7! <" hK L 6  & 7%%

 7% /  !( .7%%! 76! p 2 ? J 7%6 7[ !6 !j%m !"6 [ Z$ </ L (

( 7%  7 7   B & B 7.

- -/ ( (7V .7

( 7% h#Z  !12 2 ! ( >6  ]  5 !6 0 !  !6$6 F >(-/ 7 =  .7% 0

6 -/ [  ]6 (~  = 7   - 56 0 .- 0 TF $  / !6 7= L  e !6 L -

7-F 6 !"6 76 \-  !m ( :]$K -/= !6 G !ZK   $(  (&(    0 :7% L= .

 $V ... 6 06 7 76 ?-! .... 0 #  ]$K .7 !%` 55m !6/ (  K7

 5je 7! 76 6 "/ > = / 7F VB !6 .7%  !%  YZ/  7%%7= >F "& 2
 - = !1!  - !m= Z [6 .7%

s !U !6 - ( 7 %6

 0  -( 7% / 0 s 6(>  7$ .    7%! 66 7 = s  ]XK7

6%6 0 K  7%6! = !j!  2 7   7% /   7 7%W 0 LX/ -!

!6 & s !6 7(>    .7 6  / 0 0! 7   !-- ./ 7 !6( 7 7 6 & 7% s

B( !6 ( ]d  6 7  !6 - 0 !6  s 7 6 .7%  0!m (    0 :]w (` GK

 2[ !m ( %6  0 !"6 ....  J 6B.7

 - Q (  (! K 7

 --( (~ 7/ s !U  .76   - 7<" h 0 "  .7%6 6 (Z <T

 ( / !6 L  . 6 ( 6 !j6 / / !6  / . B6 7 &

`w :7%6 dU- - 6  6  %&6 ! = %  - 7 ! / 6  2 !6 7( 6J7%

!   !6 7%  /  6B - 7 !e `w . :7-y65 Lm !6/ !m 56 0 !6

 B .... !6 ( . dU- 56    :7! /  6 %  7& ]XK  ...7 ! /

7   . ...%

= - S ] 7

=B !"/ 0 ( ] !6# YZ .-s !U K   Ty66 7= .$[ 7 ] .7% 6  Y -

  ! L 7 [ !6 B 6 - !- ( m 76 . (  ]/ 27  ./ .7 !$0

76  %Z -! 6( 7] ! 76 K   e ]/( 0 / B    .7 !- W 7%6 !m

   0 ( !6 p .7- .-( 0]  L  / 7% - 7%?$6 W 0/ ( -! 0vU

 ZK  .7%

.& - a `B !K !6W & 7

   ! !( !5m `B !K !6( &  7   76 0vU  27 ? V   6  !

 ( ` !K  $d  6 !6 d 06  6 .6  !V B $d 6/ !6 ( &  7 6B .7 !

6 / 7  7% 06 & .  $d 7K   = 76 d !6 0/6 m .7%  d6 =   .

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=234891

 $ $
k / $

6 H Z !H / 6  c( !1" 6


 >6 7%  Lm %Z (!  :7%%H m !H 

    7 1 (d &Z K .7

T2 $ H 7&! " !1 ( 1 2! ('

! ( Lm  %  . <> % %Z<  > !- <-7K.-

 0%m !"6 7&F 6 !H 7 !"/  ( 1!2

%Z  L   26 6 H!  0 L ( -

=&m !H #7 7 1"  12 B6 7   L Lm

7  % !6 %Z  - 6 6 - ]6K 

B 0 & ( 06 7 %Z !  !H %6 B !H -  / . e  &! 6 .7&H

512 >F !H 7- d = "  76 %Z s% !65 27! - !H 15  !m

 0 !6% %<  B v 6 h-% 7  < s1 27 6 7&!   6 .-

512 >F !H 7 27 m 6m( K B 7 !B%>  6K - 2 !6w !6 %Z

K &m >F 2 !m . ]  %Z %Z !H - 27 K  7 !B%  d  &6 !6

B ` -  !6`Z- 2 !6 !( .W !0 e <%Z> !H - b/ D "( D !"6  d

 "B7 !H -  GK  27 !2 <Z( ]6K = 76 .-- 0%Z %Z 7%%H 27 - ! = p !"6

!j 5  !6 L &2 27 !H 7 =  6 6 27  ]6Km 7%H " % !6 !H$ %Z %Z

 ! 77 /  = L.7

m 27  >-F 0  27 = %Z .-

(Z B% h/ 6  !H -  Lm 0 (Z ( Z6 55m -%  Lm DZ( .- V( G6(

 G6( . B% K .-6 >-F  27 (Z = !67 -% !H  27  B ( 

(Z .%Hm 0%j  B%27 6  0 - ! !6 $ / 76 D76 Z(  0 (G6

27 B% K h/ !6 !H- / Lm GK .27   V( G6( B% ]w .7%  %27 (G6

 6  B% (7 G6 6  !U6 GK 7% / 6  .K`B

 ! 27-  76

= "  76 -   7 .7 7 / B 2> = by- .B & 7   d

=  6  6 .   ! e / 2 6 6 K = d s : =" X/ ( ' L  H

($F !6 L 6 $[$[ 0/7d7- !` 7 . B6 2  7& .7%H

-  76 bF (] 7 " 1"   7( !6 b = 7%m  - !H - / "! K B6

 LH&5 .d( !6(7" b Z % &g .-& =J "  = "K !6 !H 7 = "! !7:-

 c(1 6 6 7e` hg !7 c(1 !( 6 - 7e` hg 6 6 !7 e 7e` H7 ."B 7 H/

 [ 7 G$ !1" -   d  ( 1 7(- /^ e 7 H  s! (( ]K h Z

!( 6 &] Z 6  ]B7 e ! .d(  e !  .U% s%&H 6 ] 7- $ !=

/^s ! &H [  " !1- 1( `- ( $H( H/ J v( 7  $7 0&%

 .U% -%B%&H  L " ] 7 s ] 7 D`B"Z( $V 6% bY "Z( 6

( 7  7"Z( !H( 06 61- 6 "B7  s  G#( D" 1( ]B7 H"-  ( .d%-

/^K >#%-  " 7!.


!%m 27  (76 .- &-F 0 % Z(27 1 !H  pd -% -( -

7 !H 02= !% .6 27 % !H ! !6 5Z( 7%H 5 27 1 5 6 .

" Z( L 1 5 .  7H !6 27  .75 ZK ZK  B !6  2 GK / H =

76 - .- GK27 ?" 2 1"?  &?6 7%6 - (Z  !XhH( !H 7% .$[ 6  &?6 0D

( !U6WZ( 7  (G 76 !# hB .7 27 K`B %Z 27 (Y GK 27 0-27 -

6- K 6 !H`B =7 `B 76 7 %6 -   K`B  .76 7ZK5 6 !6w !6 27

!7 6 27 .$[ 6=7 `B 7 m`B 0   B  7H  %Z B !66 5 2bF

`B !$% 56 - ] ^/  !$% 56 0 2) - 6(   ] ^/ 7$ ]   !H

7B.-

Z(   0 =7 6 Z( 27 1 !H - 6 m 7`B m 0 .76 # m 76 7B (V -

( ! `B ! 0 6%6 0 27 0-  !e`B !"H7B !6 $ : 7B ."B!6 $ >-F .7B

!m!U6   27 0

(Z !H 1 $ 7 !X 27 "Z 0  2= 56 0   27 - ?- B =  7

 7 . 2 7$ 2= 0 7&!  7! !6 $  76 27? H  . B% %Z =2  !

!% !m  !m -% -% B%!Z !m !m`B 0 = ^/ 2=  !H - . %Z

 0 K7&! . / 27( 0 !  .- 0 GK h"U ]e.-

 27 6 $ !m7 57

  6 - K !H = .- = K K 0 -   0 >?6 GK  27 .- Lm

!H "< !1 2 #6- >?6 .7% B !$   % - = !6 $ B - = = !H - -

2  #6- - 6 2 7Z( D =7 6 .d 6  !H 7 = F!B ! .6 = GK  

.- 2   0  6 F& 7F `-6 7 7 27 ^/ m B ?- 77  K6 (Z

d (Z  B 7 . GK    27.-

 27  !me 7%6 U6

 27 ^/ &6 !%   %H GU !6 E Vd 76 - !H %Z 0  [ Z$ %Z  = ^/

!H - 76 [ K Z$ .- 0  K 6 27 &6 . =  !H 27 !  B%

 ( ( h  5 &?6 .27 / 27 GU 0  ( !6# K 2 . m  27

7 y- 6  7% 7 0 ^/  7 y- 27 - ^/ 7& y- ZK - !2 27K`B

 6 % .76

 27 K`B  !$% %/ 7 / .- 0 27 7 7% (!# 7 =  76 27  !7

= 6  .27 %Z !H (7 0  ( K K6 - ( / ]Vd= .27  7 !H = 6 7 y- /

 27 6 7 .76 0 H 7B = 7> :- 7  B d H "Z< . 0 27 7 =

 27 - 2.7%

 $ 27  0 7%H ]"d( !5m

'-F- 0 !6  .7 0 0  !$% GK 277 !j%m .-  L 0   27 .- 0

( !7 7 76 27  !# 27  6 e  .27 0  !H % = K  7 6  !H B  K

!2 = !H !j  - F  e 6 - 6 (!6# 27 - 7B   - ( ]Vd 27 . 76

 e -  !7  .!# %Z ( 7 / 27 - .d . m  "B 27 7%6  7%
 GU 0 6  / .

 27 / ( !5m  K 6

V 2 / /( 76 K`B m2 6 / !6 27:%Z !6 27=7 .  %Z !6 27 !6

2=%Z  %  27=7 / 7%  { = ( 27 7%6 7%  $ 6 e ./ 227

76 = =7 / 7K 76 .- V !$ / ( L Lm 7=7 K`B m .76 % 2 27 0

  (  !6 76 D 27    7 !-H 7d  / !H ]w  27 0 D!H -

H (7  7%H 7Z6 F  B .

 27 76 6 $ !m7 57

!j%m !T2  ?-F!  / 7 ! 27 7% 6 !"6.7% ! -76 %2 7F . %Z 272

 ]e/ 76   ]e/ m 76    !m2  = .- %Z D ( !6 %Z -

!H -    7%H 27  YH  ! ('6 !H - - 6 !sd7  ! 2!H -

6  6 Lm  7H 2 / .V !H27   6 -76  .- 0H 7B 7 27

=7 7%F !H7B 7 6 - 5&!  H % !6.- w =!> :   7 B< m .]$K 0  270-

76 76 (V7 276  7$ 7%  7% & !6   & 2  76 - / -

 .7

6  27 6  !5m7&7 = ( :12!  27 6-

6 B- D 5 = >%  -   6 - 7- =2 ($ &6 67 .5  0  e%

 27 - 2H !6 - !2 . 0 H 7B = 7> :-K -6 D6 ."B .."B TY  ."0K D6HY

" " 6 " TY  <"Z - 7= L 0/."B> :-Y "! $< 0& !H = !66  6 !6

( $Z  e% 2776 .- 6 )12  2= 7-! / ( &6 27 7% 6 7% % !6 &6

 D TF  . d( 2$ K / - 56   ( ]Vd /27 -   !#/ 27

-  !"-    6 { 6 / 27 "  = 7%.- &6 !T2  `( %Z [  . 6 pd

 !6 &6- 27B.7 7

 27  7%6 "Z( !m

 7Z6 D "e ! (Z  27V?6 - 6  !H / %Z!6 27m .-  6 K !H -0

`B7  6 6 7F 7%H !Z D - = 7%m 7F - 7$= 7 - 7  !H (YHh/ !6 !Z !Z 0-

!H 7 h/ 6 !Z 0 -  m ( Z6 0  7 .d / 27 !m2 -/ %Z !6 27

& !6  - ( 7   !Z .76=7 Z GK D ]H &627  0!H -

527 6 !6 7Z 0  7#%- . L 0H 7B 7= 7> :- Y $  J d V<  %Z !6 !Z

 !ZD! !H / 27 =  .dB - 7 .7# 7B  !6 :0%m 27> -   %$H 7 6L

Y $  J d V< !6 L !" K %Z !# 0 7- !H -  !Z - !6 27! - 7Bs 7

  !2 !6 (( h - !6 !H=7 H/ D(D( !m2 - &6 6 =  ? 7% s  27

( & d  !6 0 ( 7%H H/7B !% 7 =  !H 7 H !Z 0%m - [ .27% B .d

-.

 27 -- !m p6  $ (7%6 7%

" " " 1 12  &6 5 &6 27 ^/ K 0`B 7 ( K !- !6 :- 27 (d

K ( T h`B .B 27K d( 2 (L% 67 . 27 (K d 7 --76 . (B 67 76 (!Z 67
7 !H  56 &6 G - ( .d 27  !Z B  !HB 0? 7/  GTF.d( - ?7

6 " %Z !6 !H --. " 1 !Z 67( % -  / .d( "e 27  0  &6 !Z

.-( %Z / !67%6 27&76 !6 67( !6 !% 0 27  ( s% `e ]( by- 7&7

.6

 27 VK 6 J( !m7T2 57

VK  L 7 67( >F  7 -- K 2 . &?6 %Z 7-- !6VK 2 6 . L 0  p 27-

 7% 5(  7 { .76 %Z 2 6 27 p  e% 7F ZU D !6 7= 7 7 .d( !H 76j (Z6

=  27VK = h-% 7F 27B 7 !6 .7= 7 :0?- 5VK  !Z hZ K !6 7 67( :7K .- 0 2

VK m &] m F& 76  ( .d 27m F& &]  7.-

0 - 27 7  e !m !6 6 cW( 7

7  ("e Lm 0  27 .- %Zm 27 76 / 7  ! (VTF TF.d( ! -76 . 7  7F ! 277

= 7 ! F 7 !  .7!  m . 7   27  27 7B !6 L=K .7%H D 2> :7 7 

K " < ( 7B !6 > :7-  0%  ( <% 7B !6  .7-= 0! 6K ^d6 !H -  { 6 -

2!H :7 0 7B !6  Lm 7- (  7B !6 B 77- ( %Z 6 !67B 2  7F .7%H

1( !m(  7K 27 7 7

 01( !H - 7K 27 71( h/ !6 7 &6 7K 77 .-B 2 7K 27 7 7 

6 -%  7K 7 7 67 76 5 -% Z D [ ( 6 6 0 -% !X ( =.$[ 6

 -%!Z= . Z 0 :-&6 2 -=7 K`B 0 ]K ! 76  27=7 - 2

`B - K 0 ! 76= - 27 H .-  % B% 6 0  G.-

6 7 7 &6 !T2 G   0=7 6 7  .%H G  Lm !m %HG !Z 0 B !6 &g !

g& Lm !m !T2! Lm !m .- 0 &g    !T2! - Z(&? %H

 27  !T2 27 h/6 !"6 .- H&F &6  -  0 &F!6 !"6  / 27

&6 %Z D $ !6 /$ T2 V% dU- H .-

 27 = % (7%6 p$( 7%

F K %Z !6 % .$[ 6 5 5 ] !H -  !% !m :7%H !X  / !% !m  ." !%7K 0

F- 5 !6 - .% % ]B (L% 67 (7 67 - !6 .-%Z 0 L 0  p 27 .- %Z !6 %5

!6 !6ZW T2 &6m - ( !H Lm !6 76 27 76   Z$[ 6J  6 .

w K % K -( B-   &6 e !6 Z K  = -7%  K (  s%

 - = e !6 K   = .7 K( "Z (6 "Z e !6 7%H F K 7% ("Z7%

 !Z (K >F d V .7 % %Z 0   !Z 6J.-

 27  " !1 < e !m !6 U  7 e !m !66 ]6K -

- 0 6  .m - 1( !H 02 6 27 1( !6 "!1 ( L  =7 0 !T2 / . !$<

0  =7m 22  by-7 F !6 ( 7 F!   !H- .  ) 6 (`-!

 LB  L27F FV .7 7   LB  !6 = 7 - "U <"U6 .  61( 0( 

6 /!1" 7 "  < !T2 /  6K - 2e !6  .G K !% L2 !6 >% (?h

 !# %H.7

>  !H < (1 = !"6  >?6!# - H !20H !H  &6 !Z d"V !6 !6 2
E !6 7-6 -F [2!1B #% 7 7 m 0`-  ( Z$ [E 2!1 -F 7< !6  V

"H 2 # -  0%m   ZU = (> .%H hZY% % # K Y( 7Z%&B <. 6

2 & h$- = !6 $  !H 2 7   7 6 !6 V .7%H

=B0?- 0

 D s% 0 &?6 h# / 0 &  7 K !6  : 27 Z hH( D .- ]w - . %Z2

 ?6 7 # D 6 7-y6B m 27 7 76 27 =   eB %Z.

 : G$%! [`

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=364589

 *  $/U!

=   = !- 6 !H 7 UB ZW B

( ! 6  7%%H 2U%  7 5> !H 7- ] =

7 16 F G.76 h 0

 0  0J( - 1( 65 ! (  767

7 ^6 [%  =    !6  !%   = s

F B !6 0% ("  .7 0 !$  -  !$%

H V? B 2  d d 76 2

&!   $H B ( ! 6 6 - 6 1% J( 7y6B 0T2 7.

 ]/%H d( ]& 0 B( .- 5> !H 7- 0 ( ! 6 6L.7

! 6 7-%&6

  !H 7  H 2 ( ! 6 6 6 6 B  / !6 / 7%H --   (76 . 0 !% - B

76 - 7%  / !6 5 [%   .7%% % !6  K !6 !H  B ]  V( 7%H 2 6 5  7

UB  v B 2  7  !6  .7%-%&6  (V BH 7% !H&! H Z( !6  .7 7 6!%

  7  7# H =  6=  v 7  TF.7

H 5  / ?H 7 .-  ?6 2 7% H B  7%%H DH - =B7"K 1 0 B7%

H.

 76 0vU 5 ( g 7-6 .- 7[% [ 6 ".7%H h

"" !H (`& "e =  2B p 7( ".7

7 
6 267  s[ " h =  B !6(6 `( 7 eVB ( 7%H ( ! 6 B %H T56 .77  6 (g

6:7%6 0%m 7

" h/ 5   = G% - 1- H 

( g (V 5  % !6   !6 ZW d

L> b/ b1 !6 < B

( ! 6 H 5...-

5 ( ! 6  7= - !6 .-7K 0  6$ ( 7%H 0 B .7%H

6 (ZK !6 7

 ]w!   5 7K 0 6 ( = 0 7 16 !H -m ]& 0H .7 7% h 7  "& 7% !6

B B [6 &B . - ! 6 5 $K  B 7%%H(  6 7H 0 .7%6

B 6 ((  m7

[B !6 !%? Kj !-6 7 ( ! 6  B v 76 7V( 7  H - !H 7 _m  6 0 .7

 6 5 7V( 0 %H T56 .7&!     6 !H 7 ./%6 7%$ .   7%%H 6  !6 !%

/ .7%%H 6 7% Z-& ( ! 6 !H 7 16  = !6 ( 7%H 6 .7%%H  $%  p! Lm .7%H  (76

!j= ( ( -# 7

B 2( H !6 7d !H 7%H  7# =  = 6 7 5  7Z6 !H VK [B !6 H H B ( ! 6

.7%HH K =  >F  !66 7 $K H   = &!  .76 -K 7%  2 !6# =  7

$ $K !6 = 7.7

e (Q 76

( ! 6  !6 L7 <5 - !6 .-6 !H " 0 !6 7 ! 6 !H 76  ?" ! 6 !m K =

e .7 76 B(  0-  ( ! 6 6 .7%H /  B(  [ 0vU ZW K /

B 7.

 (S H %H T567

 76 0vU H #6  [ 6 Y6 ^6 K B(   . ! H  B  0  6

  v 6 - 7 UB 7% Z- B 2 !6 0 = 7%6 .7 (J ( ! 6 1% B !6  HT 7

B g( - !6% .7%H

/ (a 7L6 7Z6 5 7%$67

 56Um !H 7 76 "H !% T 6 ! 6 [ - 7%H TZ B .7%H5 - 2   H 7

 ! 6 7 (H B Ty6.7

"=  6 7 - 7V( 0B (H  B 2 !6  pd[& 6 .7  Um 756   v ?B V 6

  Ty6$ = ".7 L

(TF 76

$UB  (H  B 2 !6 56 7  77% 7  2   b1 !6 .7$6 06 K/

(    ! 6 B  7 7  H 7 6 $# 6 !6= !6 &2   .7%H 7%F H K 

  7% ?6 7  = cW( &66  !6 .7 &26 !6 !T2 !6$   6 /`e =( 7% .76

(B !6& - 7F 7%H

6 - L D  !H  &"   !6 !$6 (  0  .7%H 7%6 e 0 < &6 $
6 (  B 7F BH 7 ` = 6 H !H 7 B !HH 7- ( !T2 6 2 -HT(  !6 7

.7

B 6 ( K 7%$67

7 7 (H 7 7%"6 B B= 6 "  0  = !6 6-  %6K .7 ('   7%H  7 ?67

= F !H  .7%H K7 e !6 ! &6 J( 7%$6  B  6 7VB !6 H !%

6 !-F   s ! .76

h"[ ( 7%H

 !6 !% K  B e T 0B- !6 7%H ! 6$  .76 ]/ 2  !6  7- - ?67

c$e !H  76 .7%H 2- !H 7%%H  !"2&!  -(   !6 ( ! 6  !6 7- B 6

56  = !6 7%B -  !H 7( ( / .7%%HY 2 !6 76 ? V  ( 7%H !Z 6 (  0  .7%

5 ! 6 !7

de L  `-    v B( B .-(  ( 7? (  7%H 7 ( ! 6 !H 76

  v H 2  7  6 (V 2 6 5  7 5   !6 7 7 7e 6 %vU KL5

  b1 !6( ( `-B 27H 7.

B6 d  6(K1 F  ] ] 7% (V  s[   6 .- (V( g %

5   Kj  !6 .! & B  !H 7 7%H g( 7  0 76 %H T56 b/ 7%H Z- .7 = 

6 B !6 "( ! 6  !6 .7%H h !6 $  .76 ]/ - ( !H - K    6  0vU

76> .

 : G$% F( 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=302546

 

6 H 6 - &! 7e / Z6 K (" 6

6 .- 7%2- K 6 H 6 - e h"K

2  V? !H /   2H -

B -  7%H H 7 2 _m - H

- - 6 &/ 7 6 Y6 . B6 

  / H -- -1- .7%%H

 / H - 72 ` !H 76 Y6 !6 6 F 


<T .-

 / H - F !6K 0 2 5 Lm F!5 0

!  .7%H Z >7= Y6 ($Z 0 (&? e V? !H 0  - & BY/ 7

H - .- [ !H6 - D  (" TF!U"- 2 B " =   H-> 6 

 0  / 1- .7%H

% !6 w  B V? !He `H 7  76 D  HB - 6[ 6  ]6  7%H Y/

2T56 7 `H 6 V? !H e !K 2 >F   H 7%H / 012 !6-> 

&?6 = 6 [  ]6  .7%H 7%H/ wH 76 2= `H H/ 0! #  76  h(( 0 !

7e ? K.7%H 5

H 5% 2   %F H H Lm D-> B &F K  .7%H  0%m B !H !6 7 B

56 7-> B h T2   !%- !6 - H/ 0 ! H .7%H /

<" !6 h7% =%m 7 & !m " 6 ?7 Vd = H !6 7%H !X->  7%%H 5 Y] $Z

 H 6 p-   .-

1-  7 H6 -  h - 0  !6 7B 0 !H 7-6 7% H 2- !65% 2  76

  !12 6 BH 7% !6 '-F- 0 = B .- 2 D = H 6-    7%H6 7

27% B H 7-6 s !6 "B 5 6 !H (H/ !6 75% 7e K 7%6 7 7 H/  !H 1%5%

2 1-  H 6 7- 6  K% .- [ `$K !H`H 7 H$ 2 !/ H7%

( !H 7% B 7%%! .7%%H ]( `H < X` 6

 !m1- `H$  < H/ `H 7e !6 K5% 2 !( !/ 76  6#  . !$

( 75% K6 ($ 656 H H- ( 0 7 B  " (.d7 [  7K H/ !H H

- 6 (7$] !6 D ( ] !62  H L h  ! . !H - 0 wH ( ?- !6H 6 7%

- 6 56 7% GK1-  H/ 0H 6 7> 2 (~ J! 76  (&e  6 !H 7%H .

.7%6

7K H -  < H !H `H !( 0 B !6 UZ !  &67K 0 B6 H p-( --

  !X   cde d !6 !H 1- K 2 (! 7K 6 1-7%%H   7%H 7K 7e

 - !65  .7 H/ H  / !- - "e H : - H Y6 !6 - F !6 0 H-

6 !6 D  / !6 &51( . 06 6  / !- 0w D &?  : !H %H ? VB!H 7%H -

!$Z 7%H 7%"6 !U !6 5  (  .7%H ]/ 6T2 0  !H  D =7e %"H  m  /

1-  7%H  H  / p- B ( g.7

H  / - % !6 Y6 !6 7 ( < H/ D L= 7 TF!U"- 1-  !H=  72 6B !H V? .-

B H/ -  7 !$Z -/  !H 7%HB - & 6 - D  Z ZW   -

0B -/ ( 7 .7%H 277 H !H !&26 - F - !6 0 !"e`6 -7K (7 .7%H

? !H V 0%mB 7 -/ 6 !H 7%H !$Z 0 D -   !6 $ 7/ !H 7%6 %

 !6 56 0 ($  6 % !6 . w !H V? 2 0B -  7  (  ( -7

B  - H 6 !H - F !6 0 6 7%H H 2( 76 Y6 - !6  -] TF !6 &6 0B-

 &  .7 !H V? 2 0B -   76  -$K ]6K H/ 0 -  7K Y 6

1- = B6  .761-  &5  (7%%H / 0( !H -( ? D 7 $de 0/


H H !6 $6VB !6  !H ZK "H 6 .7L6 !6W 5%?-

  2 !6H 0 B !( 7 H/ !6 H - F !6 0 UZ Y6  !6 .7  !H 76 p-( (/

 #  6 ($w J5 T2) !1/V .7 -(  !1/V2   <& 0 .-  !H

 <& 6 0 `K H 7- B !6 6 7 H -  H ?& ( 7 !H !2

/`- 7 - 7  %F K T2 6 .7 H H/ -  `e  7 H !6 - h"K  H/ 5

( g .  07K - 6 /H ]1K H-  - !H - <"&H h "5

6 !6 5%  `K = !(B L   .-  ( {%F 06 YZ6 1 H/ .7

- TF!U"- !H $ U !6 !( 6 2!U"-6 (~ J H 6 - Y6 !6  F !6/ 12 0  7

 0 H  / - !65% - 6 - . 6 7%H 6 0 7 %= V? 6 7 [ .$ -&5

6 / 67 5 - 6 .7H 0  5 !- -- [ . -  7F $ !H 7%H( 7%

2!U"-! :  6 .76 p" 0 6 7%H Z- ? 0 -6 hK

(" =( 0 :L 6 .6 p" ? 0 [B .$7%H ] 0 !-

6 0 :6 ? 0 - 6 . -2 B 6 .5 !- 0 (2= 7!  7F 7%H  ( 0 H 6

=2!  - !H  =( 7 7 D J ? 6! .76[`  >?6 0!2 2 {

Z U  7%  %H - 5 .- 2!U"-!26 6 7 [ !6 - !H 5% - H !6 -

F - 76 0 7F  .7%H  H !H  - !6 76 0  H !6 $6 ? -- !6 7

F 76 0 6 0 76B %Z 06 7   !H" 7 (!U6 %H !U"-! .76

Z U #  7 #%F  m 7 & . 7 = 1 Q  %( ! !H =< 2 - 6 !"6 7 2!U"-! L

1-  .7 [ !H6 - D & B "< &F !6 "(  /  2 B " =  H-

!H Y6 !66 - & (" !65 1-  .7%HVB !6 H/ 0    B !H -[ 7 %H ]6

! 76 / 6 !H 7%H p" ZW.-

6 !$ !H 0 - H 6 - & Y6 !6 "( 2ZK - Z(  L 7 ! 6 !H 76= 7

% !6 .2 s w !H V? =( -{ 6m " !6 -& H >ZW 6T 267 H - !6

6 "(  / =- .-

 !H B !/ -& 1-  7% 7%%H/ 7%% 27  L 7 - & H 6 7

 [B !6 p 0 $K -& .- bF !H (H/ - $  7% 6 &6 >#%-

?  !X 7 ?  GU `TF!U"- X 1-  7%H ? 5BF X` 2!U"-!( H !6 6 . !H

? 6 2!U"-7 5 - 7%$ D  0 7 !H  / H 7%H Z- D - 5  / !6

(" 26 H 7 -   / D K 2    / D K 2  b/ D/ (1 !6

5  .7 0 02[ !6 -   !H -7F D  B !HF !6 7 -  ]wD

  76 7 = 1-  .7%H 6 !H 2!U"- ? D!6 ( ]&  %( ! 7 H -  / !6

(" 26 !"6 7# 6 ] 0 cW.-

- 6 H w%B - 2!U"-!  ` !H 26 67 %H #( 6  - !6 / !6 ?[ V

 ]6 6 .7%H / = 0B 0 `- G"B 6( !6 7= " 0 B _m F !H  /B - 6 -

" =y6 7 F by- .7B - 6 " !6 .7 !6 7%H H/ _m - !6 / ?V / .7 F

B _m [ !6 F6 - (  ]H H/ 0 6 by- 76 - .7 ^6  0  / !H - [

26 "(  / !6 ]6 .  ^6 0%m 6 !H / !6 eVB%H !6  .716  - - B
6 - 7 &?  !H 75% - " !6 _m F 6 7 F 6 .- wH F -7% 0  !H

2!U"- V? 6 !6  7 K 6"U ZW  72 UZ H  6 H7 H H/ "K !dV

T 7 ? %H 5 !62 -( !6 . 0 - T2 " 6y6 _m F 07 ! H w%B !H 7 D

? 2!U"- %H 02 -- $  H !m .- 6 " - 6 !H 0 - !65% =% 6

?6 V 6 0  D$K ]6K - - ZK Z6 <=  !H 7$ cde 7 2 - !6 s .760

!H - B ` D =27 ]$K -  -   - 7%m !H - B = :7-y6  0$-

 = ? 0 `K dB 0 6 - 7% = !H 7B 6 27 76 !H $B 76  >(K` !6

! 7 76 - 0 7% !6 1% 7F - 6 7 B7  7] !6$- =  7$ 76$# h(( 0 !6#

H  !H7 -.

 !H H 0%mm =(  7%6 = !H-& L6 = !/  - 7$# 2 !6 -  / 7

(7 !6 .756 Z7% H= = !B !H ZK 0%m  6[ ( 7 s% !H -  >F ]6 7%H -

 2B - `- ` !6 ( .7% - -& = H 6F - !6 -[ !6 0 /

5BF!( 0 -  !6 H e 6 7%%H ( 0Z D($ 6 6 .7 0 - ? ? 2!U"-

5BF !H -&! =< L 2 d .7% - H 6 - F !6 0 7%%H $#  !6 !H 7%H / D

TF!U"- = 7 m - H '-F - 56 Y6 !6.

7%m 0   H w%B & H 6F - !6 - 0 (  . 7  7K !6 -1-  7

2 K H 0  - <= !H V? - 7%%H - -<" 1- h 7&H -  G   0

 .- H/ D Y6 02 [ -  ]$K ]6 - 6  0%m .-  (7$] [ !6 2!U"-

 7%H ! (%H  % !6 - !"6 7  - (6 ZW - K !2 H !H  / L  - F !60

.- =  !HB6 0 (6 7   7%%H ]#B =  %&F 76 7% 2  6 $K / H !6  !2.

 !dV2 &- K 7-- !dV  7 L .  0 -<= ? 7%%H D ]6K

e 7( ]6 ? 0  7%H %m !m6  0 ?( !6 !H V 6 2 =7 %H !6 7 6Z J~(

T2 ? ) ]6 (!dV 7%%H  7VK  / ( .7%H 7 6 &H-6 p 7 ?!H e

=% <= 6 ]H !dV 7%%HH !6 7 67Z(  %( . 7Z !dV !67  !dV  < TF ]6K

VB !6 7% 2- -    b/ .76 6 !dV /  = % !6 D < !-

-  -  7-% <" h = !6 !H  ZW V? s $ 7% !H 7% ] = 7 267 H /

Y6 - !6 -.-

!  h 06 !H -  !H 0 1-  7%%H ] B=6%6 7%6 2  6 0 ]$K - !H 0

 !6 G  B !dV s = 2 V( 7% 7 - B  !6 G - B s .7%H B

7%%H&5 ` Vd (_ 5BF.-

~ !1-  6 J [ 6 H =  7( 5 . `H 0 L H/ D 76H 7% & [ %6 !6!

1- - L 7&H 7% & = H 6 - F !6 p-( YZ 0 5BF1-  !H7 = "e

!"e 1/ " 2  / !6 <= (e) eVB !dV 7%%H .- 0  p-( 0%m !H L6 -

7 7 / L6 eVB( B6/   7 / 0 1-  .- !$5% - !6 0

 B " - !6 YZ  /  F D .7%  02&5  7% & -  !"v p"e

  7 - ? 1- 7%%H 0 $ &5 [  ]6 2 - . 0 6<= !H 0 7%%H

] -  !6  `[ !6 $ 7%!K  ]6  7K GK b1 !6.-
 7% & 7 "e  02&5L !"e 1/   h-% / .- 7&H [ ) ]6

!6 (!dV 7%%H/ ]B B  ( $Z :<= 7%%H ? 0vU V p !H - / ?B V

/ 7%H % <= 7%%H B6 5% / !H - mH (e) eVB 6%6 0 [ Z$.-

V  !dV & - 7e K   .-/ [ !6 $ ) ]6 (!dV 7%%H.-

 0 ]   6 7  !2 s.

6 _m -  0B- ]%-/ <= !H W  7%%H] -  7 1- K 2 L = !6 !6

 !H -<= _m - 6 7%%H - - % !6 .7%H H/ Y6 - !6 7%%H w= 02 { %Z !6

 -/  02 !6 $ &6 76 - >6 ! 02 Y6 02 - .7

!H 0<= _m - 1 ] 7%%H / !6 eVB  6 eVB 7%%H[ !6 .- "H  02 - ={

( 06  %- L D B&7 $K ]6K -  0 <= _m - / !6 p !dV 7%%H 72 (e) eVB

1 !dV  .7%H ! 02 - Y6 %Z !6 - / !6 6 eVB 0 / !H -( ] -

&6 L 76 . 0 6 p 7  !HL 7F D D -/H !6 7 .

<= 2 !dV 7%%H ] 6 6B  !dV 7 -! 276 !dV 72 76  <=  !6 7%%H

.7%H

0  7-- !H - 5% `K 6 27% 7% `K & 6 7 !dV 7 H !6 - 7$6

76 7%6 ! !H 0 ] 0 D B &H - 6 1% J T2 7%%H.

 : G$%  -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=314878


 A4/

7 %F !VK !VK- 6 !H %F !VK 7 7%5 ( %H 6!VK .

!VK7- 7- - = !VK !H - 7%-6 7

.7%-

2 7%= !VK 0 &F !H - 7 7 H& &F

2 72 .7 7%- = B !H - 7"67%

%?- 7%%H 6  2757Z . 2!W !VK !VK 7%

( -W6 D H .- h# - ! 7 76

2 7% 5 =  >K .-

Z6 2  7% -  !6 =.7


Z6 W 0 6 7 7 ( ! 7 = !6 ] .7%%H

Z6  !H 77Z%- 0  $ 1%H H H !m

6 . . .%FZ6 . 2H ] 7% 6 m  m %FZ6Z6   !Bh/e 7  0  . LF

7  7Z 7%H 0 =7 = h"K 6 !U6  6 !H -  H .%H

Z6 0> 6 .&- 7 !VK =   !H 7  .Z6 7% =7 ( !V< 7 7

 H d !6 .7 %- 0 Z6  7 7%6 0  .7= D 7 5  72?!

 .7 7Z6 !1 7Z !H !B 7%! =>  7 7% 6 H [ H !"F (`( K 2 7%H7L

&K(F  0>2 7% !B #%.- 7

0   7 / 7 7- 6 7%  0   L !6 6-?j   h-% = .7% . !H

 7 7%  77%- = B > !.7%-6 !H 7

6  7Z !H 7% %- 0 / 7%-/ -Y m  2[ !6 !H -  = 6 !m   %H ]2

"B .]$"6 B H 6 7% %- 0 m 0 = B ( 7%%H 7%%H !&F "$%( !% 7%%&%6  !6 p !" 0

!H 7%%H  !6 D ( - !67!

= ( / !6  H 7 m  !6 6- = 7  !6 6- "!  $w % H - 

 ! .0 .&- 7   H %- >  - D 5  H   -

-H 27 B7 !?6H !%  F H !

 7m H 0 7Z( !m %- 0 &5(27 6 -  !% !H D ` 0 B7 7

7% !m 7 -/7

 - !H >2`6 - H 0 6 s 6 H  [ 0 6 H  :- 7 D  

L % 6H !H   !%  7 !H !?6H &6 .6 7 7 L6 "B 

 (H "B .7% = 0 Lm 0%m ZK- = 7-  !6  !6H  b1 !6  `w  0- 0

 0  `H !" = 6 7 =  ( 7 !" 6  - !6B D  767  <Y

( h-%7  `w B 6 `w !!" 7 ` y B 7K L6 - 7%H L>  b1 !6  

& 6 !H !67 L6  (&7 & !6 .  7%%H -   B p .76

- &6 !HH 0 ] / 7%%H B V? !H 7%H 0!- ! F 6  !H  eH 7% 6

H (!  7%m B !6!- % 0 .7-6(K1 B Z  0 s!6 . 02 -d( D "B --

- G(1 716  7(  0 s!6 .  " h/e > &6 6- 7 ?6 . =>

/U-  / =2  7% 6 7 `H  27 - (` H ( =  = 5 Bs% !%  !$ D

F 7 = 76    . -  76 /  !H - !67%  7 !6 7%  L!6 7

B H B . Z6 !$ H  #( !H 7%  7% ZK ( = 71 B ZK !6 .7%  !  !6

(&? B - 7- Y 2  - (.%H !6#

 H ! - QS (  `B6 - 2 :7%- 0 6 = `[ Y6 6 6 Y  !Z 1 0 .-!

%- 0  0 . 5 - 0- D  .7= ! - !- 27  6 7&H ( !H ( 6 7.

6 D H Z- !627 !(B  &= .7   "B6 /  Y m  dB !H !6 !H  - Q 0%- 0

= 1U !U - 27  0 !6 !HB 0  H 7%"6 .-

6 !H 7d B [- 7  6 7%HH   7 - 2= :7 &  7   !Z  (]6K 7e

 !H [   7%%H 27 7 7% !6 G# !20  7 .7%%- 0  !6 7 -! 
$  7%H   = !6 ( 6  H/.7

 %- 6&# 0H- !H B56 6  7 $de !H F 6! - %- 0 &]  %

H !e( !6 0 : - %- 0 H H7 GK(  0 5 06 -7K0  .76 !"e/ 7 !H#%

  ! - Y/ Y/  7  !H 5%- 0 0 !6 !H -  &`H B.

W/ G !6 %- / %H 5 !H !( 0 B D "H h . !H B 0 F 6 7= >-2 :7

>/ 0 F !H -  7%m !H - K - %- 0  7%%H H B 0 7%-& 6/ . 5%&K

76 6 .7    !H 7  76 7% 6  7K( (  .-

/ !H #% 76  =K = 7 .-Lm  % !H - 2 7B !6  ! 76  = !j 7-

-  7%H !Z U  0 76 ZK !6 ]$K! B ]  %H 7F . 7  $ 6 v &  60 % :7%H

-% -%!Z B !6 EF ! "B 6 !6  hH E K6 !% ($ 06 cde

 B D   6 !Z7 5 J hH 0%j 66   ]6K 6 ! &K  !6!(d = 7 

&H   L$K  !6%?- 0 &  .7% L :7  0%m6 U !H 12 727% B6 ?5 

=6 H  HH  7 T 7%%H  (6 7 7Z( !H =J "K-%-%!Z ?5 

0!6 !%( H h =J (!  7 m 27% = L%6 0  6 ( .-

= K H W 6  & 7% 0 H !H - (!  7 0 !% (7Z Y6 B6 2 !H -

H 0 7%m6 0 (7#m 7  7 .- 7 7H 0 ( - Ze Q !H - 0 7 - 6 Q-S 5&m

6  - aL 7  [ H .-

H  $ D% 6 !6 >F 7%m !H7Z( - 0> %- F !B B  L 0D$- h/e !%

- [!6 !/ H  -%# 2 7 :7 !H %- 0 s 7%%H H 0 !H - !H

-`H 0 %  ( .-

 : G$%! & 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=331191

?  <

UB = B% !-  B%   !H 7%   $w

`B #  .7%%H [ 6 1( 6 7B= !H ?- !6 %

( TF !H /  >6 /   

 >6  -  71- . -

( Z[ :
512 !6 [ B .7%H &6 K-  K

 B  ! H 6 !H 5 (sd %H =  K 

2  ( 7% (!  K ( 72  512 =  0

B% UB 7F .7%H 76 7K   7m ;7  = !H2

6 % =  !6UB 0  !6 B% / !6 7F

 7%H  !H 5%6 7F 0  ( . 77& 7" Y

6   ( V  -5 !6  0Z

7%6 J6 B( >6 / !T2   !H 70

6 -/  71 -B 76 7.

 ( Z[ m K/ D !J 7F 1% 7 ( 

( & 7  `H 2  %H Z( D[ ] !2

$ . -  w  6 # ( L= !g $ Z !H7% Z   !6  :7

! B  !6 .7%

!  7.7

! ` 0 v [ .7%

&! `6  0 - 6  .

 %- !m - % F. -

!6  H  B .

/ 7 !H 7 K  D mH <T B  7%%6! <T %H T2 7 [ !6 "H B  -

.7%&H 0 w  # ( Z [  6 !H 7% K [ B    5 B L 7 . [ 0

7&7  `B !H -   #  = .  ?6  b"# B H H `-7 `( !H 6

Z6  =   7%6 [B !6 77

 !m 7 !   ]w .7%

  7 7  7B  !6 bH !6 ZK  .

 !## 0 !H  Z( b%[ 6 !m 7% !"6`B D  ; H %Z ?6 (   = . 7%

?6  7%%H H ( !6  % 1 D 76 7%  ( Z[ ! & / DH 7/  =  `B # H 6

2  !j= 7% $ 0W .  -- ^d6B !6 !%  p6 !6 !H ? B K 6 .7%H B 0 !H

  %H 6J e . [ H !s/` !H ` 7 Z( "e[ `H H !6 6 s ("H !

&!   K .... -

&6 0 Z( !H  `B[  #  7%H / Z  B 2  27 . - " !6 !H

`B -2 & !6B 0 -%  7%%H  !Z - 512 D ! &  !H 7%&% = 7%H0

B% UB` . -  { ( Z( 0  L= !g $  !H -m `B -2  7.7

= s !6 = K  0 7 . -

=&! =  (.7%H  d

!m2 Z( ]$K 0 [ 6  ? D [ 6 6  s !6 Dd 7-  6  !6 !H%- D7%m

/ !J  L= !g $ Z( !6 - ! 7 `H7 [ .7%H  " Z$ Z( !$[  (2= 7 /F U[F

 !j= .76 ! ? Z( !6[   #%K  6-  1% `w ; - 2 !2 !H( 7/
Z L% !6  = 7  s &! ( B b6 .   2 !2 !H  ( 7%H  W/ 7 0Z

7  T< K -.7%H W/ K

UB 0 2 B% 6 ( :s  K 7 -!  !6 L2-/  %H  !( 0 &! 0 6

76  .7%%H  " %H

Z( J[ 2 ."U  (  .6 7  `w;76 K h" !6 !HW  ` 7%K -

 wHB GK !- =6   6 76 D  H 1-      (= : !HH L2 6  0#

  = . 0 B !H 6 ]  (   B 6 7%6  7&: !H 7 H 6 !H #   HL2

( W !6= - .

( (  B% UB 07&!  !6 7 H7  27  [? !67 2 !H ]/`B 06

( Z   2 7 !6#% =   2 . !H  / 76  D [ 6 7  =   Dd [B !6

Y] 6-  s !6 DmH !H7-[ 0   .

/ - = !H -#%  ( 6 ]/H !"v 0 H " (7$] UB  B% !6 B%  =7$() 0] !6 T.I.C

(T.O.C TF -   !6 0= L5  U H  B- . !H s = 6 - !6 ( %H DH  !6G

UB B B% $Z( !67$( ( -] =  B% !6  $w H2  . !6 7  : -

( [ !6 2= "H  0 (  7 07K 6 ]/ !"v D - 76 h"U 0 % !6 D;7-%&6 ]e%Z

 !H 0  B% ?] )UB 2= ( B% 7F  B7%H !- Bg( !- !( ]6K  $w  

.7

( bF [  D UB B Z- B% !H 7 7 - ]/ 6 = % !6  ]/U eVB .

( F ; ^/$ !# 0[ %Z  UB 0  !H B%  B67 !6 !X ]/ B "H FB

H6 (( 0 0 6  = !6 BH H.

 ( `Z7B !X  ^/$6 =%H( !j B 7B 7  7%H !67&!  B [ 6 !( &6 K 7 5

 !H 7$ 0 6  .

- : G$% -

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308057

< &  $  >8 28 U

Z- 0&! .&m ! - 7%?6

%$ K! < !V .&m ! -

&!  6.&m ! -
&! &6 6 .&m -

m  s!  /  7% 7!  6 & !6

 !/  L5 7 "B B %&K 5 h

 ...  = !6 !K ZK- 0 2 .-( %Z !6

 0 !e( !6 %6  %( /5 ! &` 2 

< !6 - y- 7%?$ ...   %F !m0

  % 0 6 .76 ?-

!$  6 0   Y ! !

 7 [ / 7%m ( !e ...7%%  s !66 7-

 !%   6 6L #( !6 L # 7( .6 0= ]w - -!  56  !66 :7 ` 0?F <T LB

  !6] !-  [ ?F LF  7 LB <T 5  !6 .7 e 0 -!   b

"B VB !6 (`& 2 - ! 76 b 0  .

/ 6 B = %

2 0   7  7%=   56  6 =2 / B T56 .- 7 !" 01%!  6

% e( " !6!e( 0 76 6:

  d (B 1  B% ^"w = #!   !- w"w bF   B 0 6 !U !-

!- 0B- ^"w 0 ]$K . B7 ! !sd 0 0  7% (s 7%$6  !6 G !- 0 ...m

!- 0 ]   :-

B&0

(# "Z

=7%

]e 0X d 726 (1 6  W !- 0 :-

B&:]w 0

 !6 0 B 0 .  !6 -# .

(# :]w "Z

  !  % - = =.7

=:]w 7%

?  6  / L2 .7 7 L26 (!  h"K ? 6.

 !7%6( ^"w 0 - "B 7 ( 76  "B 0 &B ! 7e  !$  ^"w  `  !6 

6 .-

 = !j   7 #  7 GK   % J h  .7%76 - 7!  2   !6 -

( 71- J( 7 !/ -/  T56.

7 !G 6

K!  7 22 g& 27 7  !6  G B6  %  [ B  -%

! 6 B6 6   G &6 / = &!  7%?$ B 7% 7%%  B !6 2 )  % h# 5

B!(7

 / 0 -! =  !  7! 6 B B% ^"w $ G  .7%% m ]w -F! !  K F
 (  G .

L  2 = !-  B   7! wK 76 7 7 = 76 2! w"w ] !2 - 2

/  7! & B - ^"w ] 7 6 0 7  7%! 7  > B !7e .-

2 L = 2  7! <" hK !2 <05 7 (V  0Y &g B7 h"U 07%m p !sd 7%m 7

6 !sd B(  ]XK 7 5 B B% ^"w !6 7%6.7

/ 0 [B !6! 76! 2   6 & 6 F !6& = - -!  Z( !6 ( GK( bF .

7! 76! F 6 B7 ! 0 2 /   Z.7%

2 7-  !6 $e 6 g( .--/  !6 .2 ]w - ! 7 (!  B6 6

- Y/!  K 27- !2 - !6 ( 6 L$-  6%6 .  0 6B !6 7 76 e .7!%

6   7K !m  Y g( ( - !/ . %6>F ]6K 7B !6  56 ! ~ 0  .

7m `( &6 7% h B ^"w - 766 !6 (G!/  &F  -.76

2 - 0 -! B !6   $ 762 .7  07 - w"w  7%  ! 7Z6 7! 

UB !6! .7 $ "e 0 -! (V 7%  6 !67  .7  ! ( !6 [  0 ZUK 7 76

 (6#  6  !6g = .-6 2 7 ...7 $e  6J  !6 ( 76.

( 7- !6 `...

7Z6 (7 !% B B% ^"w  $e 7 6 7 2 !$   $g( 7( B !/  b/ 7% /

U6! 65 7  6 27 7 g( 0  $w !6 5  ! 7( !6{  7Z66

=  B .

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=248158

  !

 K 7/ % F  !H %H 27 "  ?" !6

(V  !j%m  " & ]H !6 . !6 7$

 L  H  27 B H 7 6  . -0

5 ."Z( s b/ !6 0 !6= - =  

- -2  [ - ]5%  s 5

=&6H 27F !g $ 27m6 6H 

! ! =  .- !6 `e  7%- 7 $J-


Y/ 2 7H  !ZUK !6 6 7e7%m DmH   0...

W  (  6 $J !67- = >7#%2 7Z6

7%e !2T2 H !6 !jK (H V `( 6 L2

7 1 ? &F  67 56 7 / ( = `- !6 !H # / % >F ?$B ? 1 = !H -

2  J `$K( 7% 7   !6 = - 6  .%$6- !m2 76 - !m2  !56 5Z$[ 6 

= !m2  !56 !m2 76 &/ ."Z(  !6   = = h"K d  [B !6 !H $"K 5

[ >y6  %( !H $"K - B (  h"K 7y  !$"( D !-! - !  (` ( 7%

 L5 6 & d !6 ( 7% !H &$"K /  !6> T56 ! 5 7 0-  Z - `e

(F `( ... 6  (` 7[ !6 !H -  h"K !67 5 7%H! 6  0 - 6 &6 = !j

J %H( 7%J  !H Lm   7#%2 J ]6  / -.

W/  <h

  7F= 7 7 = 2 76  L2 6 (UB h  7/  %- 6 !H H  L 6 - 6

 >6- $ ( (  .7%H 7 Lm  (( 7%H !6#= 7 2 !H %H !6#( " !6 L(%y

7 !j= !6 $ %Z / (1  !(6 - = 6 2 $ !6( Lm %Z / (1    <h

6 %H T2 = W 7 bF 7 L2 = (1 !B Lm / #= p !  &?6 !6 7 !s/

 7  !6 / m 76 $ (= !6# ? ]/ L H1 ( !H0  6 H 27 / ?$B

 H 27 B Y6 ! 7% . 6 5H 27 76  !H ."U = e (` B 6 . !6 !H

 !"v 7B 1 H = ( H [!6  %H !6#( 7 = e  L2  (? "$K UB h  V? `w 7

56 s W - 6 !H 7 7/  $V -  - W 6 $V   L  bF B $V L6 7

6 ? 0 6 6 7= &B !6 &F  7 76 6 !H  / =2 (! W   s 7%H ]/ w 0

2 !# !H ( 7 B  /=  2 7%H 27 2= 6 7 !H 2= 6 2 7  7%H 27 L2$

L > (   2  6 T5 76 - B !6 %H Z-> L [$ D $ ( 7/ !6 .%]K

7- $  ?$B b =-( -.

L6 G  b1 !6

 L6 G  ( b1 !6  6 - 0 <"( 6 !$ 7K GK !66 - w 2 H $de G

(  %( 7-H $de ]/  G 0W .-7 >?6 !%   b1 !6/ H 5 6 6

-( / 6 .- &?6 = ! / 6 !"6/  0 !6 - / / ( !6  5

" (7F "#  7%H B &  !H H .7 b1 !6  7 B / ( ( 7/ "Z !6

= ( 0 / B W . [B 0W .7 !% 6 (7  2  $w  & Y6 b1 !6

7%H -B6 !/   ]%  !6 HH  = $w    $w  = 7%   Y6 b1 !6.7

B6 .& 6

2 :7% 2 27 6! = !H !j - -! 76B .&  !6 L 27 76 !"6 ...7 7 %H-

 0 & .m ... 1 ?( !H L$( L "e/  !- !6 ?  76 76 7 !"/  %( !H(V

&Z !6 55 .& 7 - 0 - .<Y 2] H ( 6 Lm B !6 T 6 %H= !6 7 &6 .

 D !$ !H -H   !6 !H H 0  7%%H6 !H  % = !6 ? .7 % .& ZK7

 = !6 H 76  !6 !H -.7

L62 2 0%m:7%


 27 (! 76 - ( 7 27 6 .&  !6.

?6 2 Lm 7 T 6 7%H= !6 7 &6 ..7

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=296458

 $]W 8&  / *O

 0 !m !H 0" ^6L> L   -

%Z !6 GK - 7"H 0 !67 !B  .-

!H bH 7"H 0 B ! 76  1  $"K 76 7 GK

!%#%2 - = %m !6 .-

!6 -7"H 0 [` (  !H    -

= 6 !6 ( H !m7%

6 !  0 6   7"H  h"K !6 6- B = %

:7

(6 ` !K -

 $d L  27 - Z6 -% !H 77Z

6 6   7 [B !6 p  $d H- H

[ !1.-

 = `$K !H !2 -  $d ( $.-

$FH ) "e "! = !  ("-7B :   = bH

&6 ! - !6 !H- B &6 !   6() .

B  2 $d   6 75 76 - .5

76 - ( 5   L 76 -6 .7= !6 7 &6 . ( =  6 .&  !6  %( .7   $d - !H -

(  D   7 h"K 1 7F H6 .  7 - d- = 6 7 $d 0 ` !K 6 H = 66 ] 6

) !6  6 %Z L 7- (  H.

  $d m = 6 !6 !H -   .7= 0  F -  .7%%H F6 ` !K  $d 6  -L 7 

  6 6  06.

 K6  e )"! `( 2 6 6 !& 7# H .7 %H =    .7 ]  0 :12 b"#0

? - . !") K6 `(  : 2 >- !6 56 - `B !K = .0H 2H 0  h
- ( 7F  .

7/ 7/.!w
! h/~6  !(  X- Y GU
)( : 7 6de
H -

- 7B)( > B   6 &6 !H 7  - 7% 0?- bH   GUK.

(  % -!  $d ` !H - Lg  < "1 &6 Z$[ !H -L -- / 7  - =(> 2 $d

! `  -.7

H 2 - !6 56 - `B !K = .0H 2H 0  h - ( 7F  .

( (GW

( GW e " K`B -  ( 6(  GW(Y6 7 0  hH 7:

( 0 GWZ.

  bH( % - !&F 7B  Z( 7 6  Y6.

 = !H !j  #%  ^d6= - ( !H -(  GW 7! (  - b6 . $( !2 L6  06

- e 6  06   !K1( h.


G 7$
0  W
 $d 7
(
`J

 e )"! `(  :7

Lm !- - F 7%  ( % .>&?6

K " )"! `(:

G .!$d
J  W

 J -( % ( GW.-

 06 VB F !6 - 7/ H e :  !7 2 H " !H   & 6  !H !6= - 6 ( 76

! LB !6!   !H 0H Z - ! & 6  !H 7%$6 y-  h"% d 6 6 !( !"6 - "

K !6 / - H  (L16 GW !H - ( GW H`B . 5  -  7e !H  $d (2 GW L2

 .76

bF ]   ( ( - GW ( % - !H !2 7/^  = 7 :- ? !H 5%  ]6-

B ( 6 7%H $ ` 7 H  !")W `(  L =  K ( GW!:

7 d 6 6 !Z .&$


hde 7V 6 . GW Z

6 -( % 6 0/  ! 6 B 6  .0H

 "  7 ] eZ !H -  !  h B 76   7e !H 7%H  b/ / ]B  =.7

6   !H 7%6 = 7   !j<6 H G  [ 05%-(  !H -= 7 7%H 7%"6 !6 7%6.

& = "B! /   76 =! = ? !  ( 7%H  DH 2 7%H 7%"6 6 T56.

 2 !   7%H  5 .7= ? !H  = !H 7%6 % .-76 TB  7%H =    H 6

( !6 GW&  L% !6  K= B :7 7F( = 7 7  02 !6 7 7 6e  $#   7%H

B 6 $6.

 = d !6=    0 7 ( 7%H  !6 = bF  0 FHL  .

= ( 2 GW 0%m / ? `B (T2J ZUK -= J  - 6 6 !H B 27 -

 $d L26 7 !6 7( &6 h  ( ..-

6%6(  ( 0 !65  %H $d 6 /  .


$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=354261

  k& / 

) :12 -  B m 7%0!  F

 B = T56 =  B !7%%6(

 $m !   !6( /  F 7! B

T2 7 B 7% 6Lm 0 ( 7 [1

[6 m 7% !  !6 / . [ "B 

&B . 67!  ! ? V& - !6 7%

 - 7( !m7 -  %Z7

  & 0 2 7! 56 dB  

- ]2 !B

= !j! ! B! 7 7 -! B "B

-.7  ]2 !B ($ U ! !

B( ! -$ 76! -7"2 !# %&K

-   Z  7 /  h ] !6`  %!

 !W.7%

!6 ! 76! B 77!  m (7 = " !6

B( 7%6 7  .76 (!( h

) 0 (07 % d( >6 ) !$ (  )m   0 (0 :7 :12 76 

B  6 c$e [B !6 W 0F- !6   L6 !$Z 6 B7 = 6 7%6!6 FF 2

  !W 6) :  6 0 ]( 0 ! ( (.-% 56  !6 =  "B !B !6 7= h%w-

6 0%m 7! 6 m  1 6 .

 ) (_m ` !6 B 7 =   T2   = !W  ! = ! 6 !6) : s6

! &! 6B 0 !6 & . (.7 !  - !6 7- !6 (" 01 ! 56 6 7 0 6B 6 (7

7.-

  5 0 :12 - "B c$e - 1"2 !6 ]$K h    ]2 !B ]2 !B

B .$7 c$e !6 7Z6  % > 6 T2 6 .  ! 6]2) : LK 7% !&1%6

= 0 !m2 6  ]d   ( !6 h (.%! 7= !B !6 ]w 0 6 U"-  V( .7 6 0 ! 6 dB
  F !6  /   !  !6 ]2 !B7  J LB .- 5  !# - B7

 = !6 7$m! = ! 6) : ! ( %  0  F (Y6 = by- (%  !

6 0vU > 7F T2 7%= . - !# L Y/   6 0 =).-( 2 ( :70

 0! ?6 KB  7% !6 7%67m 7 `B B6 7%/  .777! ! =   7 76 m  6

&   !6 !( h  # .

 = !j (2 V !6 7( 7! 76 7  76 0vU! 7! ] .-&!  L W#  7 27!(

7"2 - = T56 ]2 7 27! - !"- -  m = T56 7 2 7jF 7! =

7%6!6m .7%  - 7%6!6 7 6 7%% 27!    % - =  /T56 %.7

  bF 12 - S % 5 - 0  !6  . =   6 76 (V  !

 B 7%  B  $.

( 0 2! - # 7/ -&  h 6  !65   ?V ` B 7 = !B !6

= K  7 2 (7%"6! 6 = !  B= 7   `e m -  0   ` B7

6) ! / 0 7 ! =  ` T56(.

  :12 5 B L6  7 -!  B !67 7! 7 7 7 L26 7 ! 7F 6  6 ]2

0 V( ZK  !  ( 7 5 -  .7

7!6 6  &! = -! )( 6 ( 7! 7 !6 %Z 0 -! )( 6 (.

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=236110


 
 

[ (L !6 %Z .% 27

-  !  b   7-F 0 -! >BB= !

m<  !m ( .d!  6 06 !6 !m7

-6 !B  - 6Y &]  7 27

! - 0%m eV?  .%6 (Y -F 5%!

Lm 76(1  7% `& 6 = !6 

) U! ]6K< &?6% 27 6 (.- 

'-F !6& [ .([$ ! ]( /  %Z #

 B  B  -.7%6


- 0  `6 !K

v (   :7 2 76 7! !5m 7% .& !5m

6 6  ! >-  7%  . 76 0

e ( 7   0 [!6 6  27 0  .7%%!6 .& !6 -  "ej <T -7%  /

 &6 .  `-   /.-

& 7  7% !  .& 7K ( 7 Z 7% Z 6 !6 $ &6 UB "! 16  $"K

[- K VV? .7 h"K  %  7%%! "& . e&! ( Lm  7%!  6   $ 6

 7%&?6  ] 5 !) LF <T5- ! ! ( ( 15 J( 0%m 7! .76 !m2-

! 76    - 27 - %!6  6 ]   (  $d &.  !2! 

 %6 K ( % 6(d  m  6 ] 5 !  (   1/ - !6  .7%  / 0

- 0  B=2 "   >F 7(!6{ -- 0 0  !2 6 G -!6 0

 W B  !6 !( 6 .- !%([$ 6 `- 6 (/6%6 7% 0& 2 $K -

7 0 L  !j6   .-

 $K

 !2! >F 0  &?6 %Z ]( 7 ] `-F .- ( % Z = %

 7%! " [ ! 76 T< !6   !6 K %Z 27 !  !$ . !2! 07 7%6!-

  !6 =  !6 !( 6 LTg( 27!  7  ] ."B h eVB  5".

W - %Z 6 ! 7 !6 VV? - 7 6 ?&( - ( .77 ^d6  !-Y 7e

 7 &%     %Z ]X 6 -%  T !( $ .7% = Z U " !6 !# 0 77-!

6  Z $ 7%) %Z   (L [!6 (/  `- 6 $w (T2 J! 0 /h -

( G $ 6 6 !5m .   h !X / %Z b/ !Z 6  27 " 6 ( 6 7 B 

76  F 7%"6  K 27.

#  B

 / 5 )   !6 U5( ( h  b1 !6 - /  1/ `- -

 B%F . 7F "- b ( .d -  - 6%!6 0 B %6 !-F  B 

6 ! = [  . 6 - !66 0  W&  G .% 1 06 7 %6 7 K [` -

"  6 - 0# 76! - 6 ( # 1( ".7%   0 -!   $d  !( 6!X

 $d  !6= -.7

!6 !    7%%   [!6 72   L2 `-  7%%! = !6 " !"B2 "7%% 7%

= %!6  !6 Vd% / B ( !e  7 = 6>   .7%%&# &5& 5 = !

7B  %!6 &?6  Y[ - ( &5  !X% 7%  7! (g( [ 5 )"!

> (] - !6>   6 d(  6) b1 !6 ! =  1 -(  )( !6 &6 7 Z#

&6 [" (!$ =  #  7.-

/ % 0

!m2 b% 7 - 6 "U  ( 1(  6/  % ! (  .6 66

ZK 27 [!6 !6 ZK =2 ! 6!  !6  6 ( 7% 0 ZW - 0 .

( 6# 0 / 6 (6 d( .% &  7 ! 27 %  7 `- /
 !6 $ &6 ! 0% 7B6 7.7

( !Z-`-

 7 ! 6  !6$ =  7%`- B .-  !Z (( 6 7%   -!6 7`-

(T2J .7 ]B 6  e  7% 5% $- 05%-  ( !m V1-  %  ?7  ?

!  K 76 6- & K 7% ! Lm ! 5 ( .7 =  ( G6% 6 "B -2 6

> m `- 6 $w J(   "! $ 6 6 . ! `-   0 7%!6 -

$ s - 7%6 0   7%! (V !6  = !"-! .

>-F

d 2 ?"  - (Y   %( b/ .77-F = !j= #% %!6 `- 6 p$( UB ( %

 = 7%2:

 = :77-F / L ! 7 7%

(7Z  ! "6 '-F6 S/ 7 6 6 ! [- F /  (?7 [  ! - -.7%

 = :77-F (B .& &  !6 7

(7Z  ! 1% '-F S 7 !6 &6 7e !%- !1K [  6 `$ ! - {%F.7

&#  = :77-F LF !6 7(0 / L 6 7%

 ! 1% '-F &6 7 !6  - [- 7Z6  6 [ Y 6 .7

6 = :77-F $"K / -! 7 7%

 ! L 0  S 7% &6 7e  6 7! / -! 7  &6.7

6 # $"K = :77-F  d ) ( 7

/   ! 1% '-F 7 - {%F6 !- 6 &6 6.

# 5 = :77-F $"K !"/ (  % 277%

 ! "6 '-F 7  - >6 6 6/  .7%

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=254589

;  b/&  


!e( 0 & 6  27 ((7 eB h 7 6 p

  - (  7 7%6.7

2 ( (` ( 7% = !U/> B 7K( T56 .7


  06 G ( !6 6-   6!U/ 0

=> % !6 .- & Y/ !"v 0 / 0 -

!   !Z27%%  K .%(K1 L6  7%

!  F = !U/> B ( T56 7 6 pd 6 = %.7

(  $  K !6 .7- 7K  !  $7

  $ >F .7 $ 7% =  56.7

( 7&! B !6 $ 1%== ;75%#6  = 6 76 2 = 

ZK - 7% 0%m 2 - ] = = m B !6( ?-

27 K   ( 7B 7% 0  .7B !6(

=- 56 !7 Y/ !"v 0/ 0 -!  YZ 0 5% &  6!Z27%% =  .%

B !6 ( (Q  7 Z-Lm $w !$% 7%  .7%$6 !  s !6 d 7- wK 6 7%  5 1%

6 =- - (7$]  !6  . 7Z6 !Z!  Lm !6 $/  1% K( 7 7% 7 !$% = $w !"v

7F 7% = ( L .7%&! ( !$% 7Lm 5 7%$6 ( !6 p !"v 0]  56.

(S !/?6 7% 7! 27 6 6B  ?"   !m . %< !m ! `& 6 L6 2

 !$"< 27 s%e .7 (7Z  & 6  27 B=7Z(   B= 6  L [    7!

6 7 =  =.6 2

6 (a 7!  !m !  F !6 7%  ;7-6 0 B !6 5 7 .7 ! (  ! [ 

6  = 7 #  7/ B 7%  # T5 .7% 7   7 !$    !6

y.7

 !6 ( p !( % .7% 2 !T2 27 7% /  - 7<" !6 hB 0Z 2 :  /

 276 7% = 7&6 !& 7% !T2 56.7

Lm (  56 7! 6 27    = ;7% F .&   !"v 0  B -   -! # = T

6 7    Lm -!    .7%

76 ( 7!  76 Z$[ K 27 .7% 2 27&!   6 .  6= 76  7%F

=  . 27 52 - ( 7 Lm 76 = ? 0 76 7% 7 2 h - Y6

F(  .0 7 76  !6 5 B 7% L 76 K !5%.-

!126 ( !/   ! (  7= !6 5   .7%  ! (! 7 .7   !

$ L6 mF =  ( ;7 ! (  = 7   .7% 7 7= ;- = 6 6B !6> 6

%m !/ =< 7%! 2  7KB &.7

 : G$%! / 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253552
;  b&  $M,

B 6H7 !H  F  6 =2 ZW

  " B (2 V - !H / !6 

  6 . !62 bX / F  6 7  H7%

!6- 6 / !6 F  7- ]$K H !H0 B

 UB 7%H F !6 2 :7" / - / 0

- 1 !H - / 0 F .%H &H!H "-

2 !6 d  7 2- 6 B :7 !H - 0

- 17/ . 7& >H!H- ]KH K7K!m !H 7 0

-  !6 !$ B6 27 =.-

"B  =7K d !6 27  H  B  !H %H

 L6 %H( 0 !H  - 0  B 7& 0

&6 !6 7B by- [ 0 . 0 .- - W B

 6 W ZWVK &H    X56 76/ %H

/ !H (Y6 !U !H - D% =    . 6  7m !H -  = L H !H >6

 %H( !H 6 6 $Z( !67%m! " D T 6 %-B 27 H .%H

L6 7%2 2 !&  %( :76 7  7 - 7 !6 !H X  7 6K6 6J 5 H 7 ZW

!  [ !6 7  / 7  6 -  7 (76.

!$ cW !H -7 1 ? &F b1 6 bH  !6 / B6 B 27  !6 HW 0  7%

= 6 L Z6B  !H =  !H 7%&27 $ 6 7F 7%H !6 -[!m !H 7% 02 - 6B6 .7

7- !6 V? 7 Z d H B K ! T  27 !6 7% 0 ] B ] 6 !m2 = 6 27

W 7%F 7  .  2< $  !6 $W 0 7F  H p .7%%H -  H !6 56:7

  X 2  !6 7e !H 76 2 7 7e K= 7  B 6 ( cU- 6 7% L 7%H !% GK

-F(- 0!T2   # m 7 !H 7 (H 7%m6 0= 6 !66  27 B `w .&2 7  2!

L ( = 7- 7L (> 6 7- !6 V? 7L .7%H !%  H !% %H  Z !H6B !6 2

 ( %H H -6 7%  7F !% H %H B  0 - H  L &F

K 0  .7%6 !5B 27 H 6 &] ( - 7 0L !% 6 BCD 7 (e   H 

= (H 6 p$( e .7%H

- S `w 2 [ 76  7 - D  = = !"v !6 VB  !6 .7 [ ( !H `w) 7(%

7(7 0[`  H !% !6= - 7 H pd !6 / 7 ( - %HH  .7%H DH LW D  ]w%F

2= :7 ( !6$ H 2 7 H !6$ = (= 7%.7

6 (  7Z :- K H B  66 0= 7 2  06 !H 7H 7 7?- .7%H

 B6 !$ GKL5B B !6 #  7 0 6 !H 7% 7Y L5 6 &F H&%H !6 6.7

 Z  google H  H7%> 0 %H &F  ( 7%H &F  :- !6 ]22 7 7H D(D( 277%

56 . 2 VB 7 - H 5  .  s !Z U -! !H 7%6 76 0
H < L $ L- H%H [ ( s% H 6  $ !H=  = X! 76 H= &6 X/ %Z .&6

67K - !H0(6 7% s " 6 (H D(D%H  H  -- `H X B6 H 67% s

7 !2H `w .-7% H 0 -  H 1( !6F c 7  6 H 0 (1 d !65

B =  K [ - .7 !H - H 2 B 27 ] ] !6 H 76 &F !6 22 /

.7%H

 2 - !H %H 6 !T2 # `K $de 6 X !6 -  ! = h[? H 

! 6K . - 7Z6  6 -  - H !H 12 6> 7= >F  -(

 0 .7- m 6 !H7 0  ! .%H y-H ZW%H = ZK6 7 .(yH &F 1 D &g

6 6  1 7%6 H $de   D .7 1 D - sms  H L &F 7- B DH

H $de 01"( 6 5.

- = 2 ! 7%mH 0/ 7%  !H 7%! 6 &! 6 h  76 0 6 !H  2= >?6 ! !H

Z6 / D =  2 7  01"( pB H 7%m 7%VB  6.7

B  6 7/ !6 >?6 0 !H- !6 B= - v = 2 !  %d 6 !6 !-  0 :12

!H "F 0 0 1- &6 &6  `w H%H ?6= !6 !H 7 B 7%%&%6 01"( s% !H !6 -

7/ (# (" 7%L6 01 6 7%%H 6   = d !6 !H0 (< !H 7%H h - 6& H  71 6 !%6

?67% !H ?-F !$ Lm6 0  2= 02 !H ! !6 &6([$ 56 ( 6= .6 !  7%m

7 ]UZ( 7Z6 7 ! ! 6 H !6W >%H B H H ( 7%H  1  b/ 0 & !6 6 !H

B &F !# &F = .-

!$ 0  $ 7  s  D 0   Z s% !H 7%#  L5 -5  7%  eVB

  .( 0B X $w L5.-

6%6 0B 2 7 7%H g(  27    (6 K 56K 7 [` X B DH  !6 7eH 7.

27  !6 p !"6 7$ 7Z V? 7 0H ] - L= !%  FF .7%H B B 0 7 >?6 7e

(1 06   (6 - 6 0 (&]  .7K 0  p !% H  !  ( 27 =

1- H . H  2 D6 7- 7!T2 6 B p6 6 7 ...! ( 7 /  7e

F B =  !H 6  7 &FB 27 !2 s.

K [` X 7eK D   X L = X5?-F L 7e D 6 7e p .- 6 p6 7H ] 7 !60

K !6 D ! (7$] = .7%HB &m !6 2 B 7= !5m !H 7 J (T s% !H 6 !6 7T  27

B.7 7

 !"# : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=285559
 ; & / / ; $
,</0

27 1  2 6  ?$B 27 ] Z-

 6 !2 !6 F !H - =  (= h#Z/ B6 0 L

(7Z  7%B h  L - B6 7 . 0  6 $

  !6 !H  /$  ZK 1 Z 7%

2- / !&2 B- 2 7[ !6 .7  05

w ( y    !%de>   7 ( 

 (6  %% F  ?" ?$B > !H  ?676 1

 .7%%H   B  B B   7

  $/e >    .7%6

  7Z 2:-

H ?$B !6 !H - Lm --:

H ( B

( !H -] H .7%6

- `(   -6 !-F - - 6H !6 0 Z-  !H  / ?$B 7 !sd 0 6 = !6 !H 

7&7.

  -   %6 ?$B!  2 :7 - D 6 27?  !6K D %2   0%m .

v"F !H F%6 1- !sd 6H! 6 0 e   2 0 :7 0 7%$6 -  %

B  ? L2 7 0 !H 7 !K B K - . "F K F ?$B !(2 0?-.-

66 0  :!H - F Z- D K - p 5 7%m 7 .7 !H !2 12 6

5 ! 0 (~H 7 !6 '-F GK !m :!H >-F 0 H %H %H  2 :12 D >F  01H - `B 6 .%

H 5 0 67%-  27 F 7%   !H 7  -F =    7%%H 2 2 L!   .7%%HD

5 L F ?$B !6 ?$B  ZK 2 !- !6 6 !Z  7%H e !6(   $ :7! 

26= 0 :7  0%2  $V H :7 6= 0 6 0% = 2   - % 0 :7 ( (.

"~( 6  B6 G   !H 6% 6  =L H  B B !6 7  7F !" !"- = - &F

  & #%F &F ($H 0( - !% Z-  ?$B 7% 7  6H 2 &5 5%

7 ! 7 !$UB = !%     L! 5% 7m = 7YB `H 6 6 H !U ? V K

H ?6 - H '"( h$- "  !7  27 2 76  # 6 !H 7%- - 76 0  (" !- 0

H ?676   F  $d 27   B H - 6~ 7 7 7%&H & F $

B ("' 7$  .7%%H F 5 6 2 = !6 >%  = !6 $ 76 227   B 27  !(B

!!7%

%H s 0 27 5 ?$B :!H ( ?676  !6= - 7! !"6   $

 ZUK -7 = 7%  0   !H >F ( 7B K  &F  7 %H  2 = T2!

 7 = / K B6 7 .% !sd ?- [ - K 27 !L  - 0%j%:!H 7%

?6 "2 = = !6 7%6 !H bH L  71- JH H


76 !2 0  B h"K  - 77Z ?$B !H bH  - ( bH (= g 7 = 7%

 ?676 !H ( - `( !2 67( ( & 67 = 22 ? 7  K - K-

5! ! -

27 B = 7%B B6  0K !H - (   V !  !2 !6 - <  U%  - !H -

 !( !2 ( 1 6 T5! .- !H%H K "] ?"  < B  &m !6  

Z !&m-    &6 .7%  ]Z h- ?$B h$- L- ! ?676 F `67 =(> =B0

 m- !$% - !% Z- - = 7% = B7  $ h$- !-  ().7%

 1 ?$B

 / 6 ?$B /  eB  6 !H -/ E -[`  2 $ !6 5 bF 7- !6

YH  G$[ 6 !H U -2 - B !-  (` (~  / !6 7%H  0  -= !H 76  ?$B

2 .7% = !% m  / = 2E 7H = - ?" 1 :

?$B B6 ] = !6   7%  2 :7%   0 7  = 6   !H= 0  ?"

- !6  !H $ = !6> ]  !6  ( ?$B $.-

V( B6 H  ?$B 7 W ]H -  2 H ?$B :7% !j= !6 $ !H - W ]H!

76   !H 7%H ZW  = 76 0  ` 7$W ]H .-

Z6 ?$B 5 7%  6 T   7%  2 :7% 7Z- ?" 1 !6 L !H7Z- K

6  7%H  (YH !6] 2T 6  &6  T !m ?$B 76 &6 &6 .$[ 6 ( ).-= 0

>6 / ?$B  Lm Lm 0  !H! %&B 2  !&m- 7 . Y #%  T !H T %Z !6

/ T .2 s ] B6 [B  0&%B 0&%  L $/ . =  ( ?$B

`H T   Z1)(

-  )  U ( 7 !/ "!(  7 6 - D 0 27 (6[ !6 !H 7 &   .%H

 6 Z- T 6   :7 7% ] D7 7% s% D = D B T< D  0T - = 76 

 %( &m 2 (  %  .  %( !X  !# - K < L 7Z- .  !6 56 W/  !6

 =6 7% 7! !$% 0 6  2 s = H / 2 = !H ` ] Z- >?6 -  e T 6 >?6

= !H  H Lm D Z- &6 >?6.

& !  (  :7 Z- = !6 ] 0   Lm Y =  7%F  !H 7%H = Lm B

=-> Z- (~7%%H  0  6 (1   !H 7 = B 7F J .7%H  $> = (L G6   [` 

0 .- -  Z- 7%6 >?6  !6 ] & 0B% =$ % = 6 =  = L2  = 7%H  (

m 12 Z- ] = !6 - [= ]1 " 76 " bF Z-  6 Lm  =  7%H Z-

 6 Lm =  7%H Z- !H  / Z- 1( bF .- !67 = !6 %m  - 1( !H

Z- !6W  cde L  W= 7%  cU- 6      56  2 =   Lm

=  % B K  7 7- = !6 H W !H 7%H  ]e/ 7 7%"6   cU- F 0 .%-  1

2  s !H7 =    =  07B7H !H -  &6 7   = 5 0 ? !H -

  2 6!   .7%H / 0  1=  % !6 2 B H 7%-6 W  B ]e/7 7 !"6 H !6

T ] B  =  6 .&2 7% d W !"6 d T  6B 66 7 .  W W T =  1 .-

W W T  )= B  !H ? 7   2( W W T (   5 ( ]H .-H 2 Z-

!6 0 !H - 7/ wHe B GW ! 76   !2W H  7$   [ !6 s  H !6


Z- ]  7 7  7H Z- 5( ( 7%  Z- 2 !6  %( W 7 56! H 76  W

W  wH = "K  L  B! (  76 12  1  s D!Z- ( 77%  H Z- (Q).7

? 2 0 27 Ty6 ?$B !H( 7 ] 06 W 0 - !6 - !# 0 5 - !H 76( 0 0 ] !6

= ?B / !H -Y B H  -  Lm! ( 76 [ 0 .Y/  H 7/ !6 ]K Y/ 6H !6

7/ .7-6 wH 0- = ?$B ]Z 7!   7 27 . !H 5%= 0   % !6! B  7-

]H ?$B ( F &m  !   V( 7%6 !m  (S).7%H

# 6 6B !6   ! !H 6 -- 5 (Z- 1 ?$B ]B - =  2 ! 6 !$

 1 ?$B6%6 .-Z- / 0  T X !  !$ bF !H - (~B 0 !-  U / [Z$

 7/  !6B 7d     6  !6  =6%6 .7:0

Z- $ - T !  !$ ] !  !6 !$! YH [ !6 7/ !HYH wH s/  [ Z$2 1-(a).

Z( 0 ! ?$B T  7  #  Z1 ! !"6 ] WK 27 ?$B 0 = !H 7%H  # Lm

T   7  Z1 T %Z # = = !6  !H Lm &K = %Z = !H Lm B [B !6 - #

 .7    Z & !H !6# =  H  %Z !6 6B !"H /`Ue().-

s! ?$B(

\- 6 !H 57&7 / ~ ! U ?$B   0= !H - ?$B ?676( - 0 6 0

Z6   !5m !H Z6 !H -   B  !H 7  7 !%  7 !6 27% 6 0/! =

B  . !H 0 2 7- ?$B !6 0 ) -  0 !U6  ]V  cW( 7Z6( Z6 

B  0 % 0  7  7 Z6 5 B 0 Z6 B !H `e !60

7 .7 `H !H 0 ?$B ) 76 !H !mJ 0 6 !H ...B -6 (7 7 2  - 6 2 .! 5

! !H ~ ! $ ?$B 7 = < "1? 7 6  - 7- Z- !6 %Z B  ] !6

Z- > "e 7%H  1  !m 2] L 5  6 !H -  B  .- !%  B 27>

H ? >6 - B  ( 7  B> L26 7% !6$J 7 (V = H7V( ( - . 6 . 0 ] ? 6

6  B  0L6 B 7B .-= 7 >% K L6    1 !H - =# 6  1- =

 - 7?- = K L6 !6 L B   0 %Z 72    .:7

B! m !6 "6 7%6 - 66 "Z  7 

 m !% % B6 B   7Y] 6 F !H =   Y]  s   2 !"6  

0%m B 6 ( ( 7%%H  ]d6 7 7%! 5 ?6  H B> B $ - 6 7%%H B 27

 !d F =66 7% =().7%

B6 1 6 0%- <"= !6 p - ( S $ !H   !H:7

 b1 "(Y6 Y!    %  *7Z- T 0  1 %      7 B *.   0  Y  Y

 D6 Z D6   *7  T7Z- 0  1 7 B !%#   0  Y  Y U D6 < T#

B !- ?$B ( 7 ?676  ( 7"K .7%%H 0  /  %( ! !H - =!  6 0%m !6 !"6  0

W Z- !H 7%H  6J   6H7B .-  7 :7 Y  7Z = 7%  0 0

 = !m ( ? 1 = 7:!H -

=7B  7  %H H / 2 !H Z- K( 7% 2 ( .77% H 7B !Hd 7 / 0%m !6

H  - 7# 7Z- K  ) ?$B B (?6766 7%d 7%H g( - Y Y  = $B !H 7 7B7

TH ">  ]  d 0 .-


6 6-  .76 [ 6 !H  7 2   !H  Y]   B 6 ( 1 7%% ]d =! 0

- !6 !H H BB -  Z-   F  7 K -!  B Z-( 7% 7% !H H 

L26 7 7 -!  B (().77%

Ty6 2 ?$B !H ?676( - 76 B   !6 76   7&H "Z( ( g 6  6

B6 77= . $F L -= hH  dV (& . ( '6 -> \ TB L BY6 F  5  6 7 - 

 !.

=   !H # B $# 76  B 7% $ $ 0    Z$[ $  $VK  76 pd $ !6  %( 7%5%

012 ?-   !Z U 7[ D" 0  7%%H  ] B /  7 0%m L2 7 !6 7 0 ] !H -!6 2

/ =  (# #  !Hd ` '6( .d #   7% % !6 7% W/ L2 !% $# !6# 0

H - !6 .7%%H s%e /   " $   !H 6 ] ! !6B 7 0 FB6 !"6 76 7%$ 6

(   B6 6 =v ? .-

 h !% =   % !6 "Z ]Z 7Z- % !6  # ]Z = 7 .- 0`B  7 1U ! !6

!H 76   B F 6  F 7  6 F  Z- ( 7 DH  F 7$ ? .7 7 76  D0

7 B H ]  %( DH2 !H 7 7  ? 0 6 B B 6!  7  0%m 57 7F H

().7

= !6 !( 6 !   !H ?$B U #%  ?$B 7 Z- =B -   !6 5 "B =(>

6 (7% 27 Z-(7% ?$B G$U 6 .& 6  (  L 7( m 76 !H 26 !5% 6( $

$`( !6 !e( 7 H >H H " hH 7  ... 56 2  0 6 L B= ?$B UB !6 -!  .

 !H= !6 0  H ` J~( 6 B= ?$B ?$B  7J\ L = !6 (V 7 c.-

[ !6 w  " "! `  :7%

B 7 :0"VB  BY %g   7 :0"VB  BY 1 #1)(

B Lm 6 :- F2L   =B 6 -  %Z %2 .

7/ 0^   !6 =B 6 -  %Z  6  7K !H ?$B \ 7J B= ?$B 

>  7  !2 0F -2L %2 2 2 .  !H %HF J2L %2 =B "Z  6    0%m

 !"6  B ] J  $Z( !6 .7%6  !"/6 7 !H 12 ] J   $ - 7B h ((  Z

 !  !H F 2  Z- T2! 6 - [ [ ( K .7%H . 2   F !$% 7 = 

62 .    6  [ 0  .-  6 !m  %Z )   5%VK (... !m B %Z =

) VK ( 6  L ?$B =B \ J .- " "! `  !67   !1%/ 06 7d:7%

 !%6 B " D  !% 6 TZ- 1 7" !V% 17 0&! ! "")(

7! 6 (   ( bF - = 7B !6 $6 %F  0  K ] F&  !6  !6  0676

-.

7/ 0^  !6  J 0 ] p6  7 !H - Z6 V 06 . =B & 7%H Z6

6 !6 =   .-  !H - 6 B  (= 7 $6 06 ) 7%m [ !H H

< 5  B J( ?$B (.7  6 B   = 6 %K ]w 5 <" 0?- .7%H !$ 6 0  -

 0 !"e/B ^d6 0 .-

7 6 !U6 ?$B

6 6 - 0  ! )7 6 (  (?$B  !H 12] \ J 7 6 ] T2 J ( ?$B 6 $


  7%  [ g ?$B !H7 6 -   ]w "X .76  g]  6( 5% p

VK [ !6 6 "H g 02 s T ]w h / %Z m ]    !H ()7%   !

> L6   1 .7% ]V) !T2 Z( (]$K ?" 1 = ?$B  7 Z( !6 #% ? V 7 6 

F ( !B (V = ?$B 6 0 6 ($ 0 67 5 > !6 !( 6 0 7 6 > 0

6 ?$B .%H

&-% 7 6  ( !6 $Z 0/ =>  % 6 &!  UW  2 (Z  0L

B6 `- 07&! (H 1  (Q).7 7 6  ($Z 22 Z  7 .- !6 #%&  %Z =

  :%H

7 ( 6 

7K ( (~] 6 B2=  %H  !m !H 0 m  (S)%H

 ( 7 B

(Qy 5m! =7% 1e 

( (S %H =7 & 6 

B (a B  $

(7   %m !H ZK

( :pd 6 p"( (   7H ([$ $-% 65 B6 7% 7K $U -2 6 (a). ...Z( 0 "H

 ( 76 !H 12 7 6 0 `- 76 %Z  0/ =>  % 7 0 2 UW ...

 ( 6/ (Y6 ?$B b/ %Z -  ( / ?$B 12 - 6 p$( ]e

=  6 bF .76 6  ( ?$B H b/.

g \ J ?$B

7 6    6 ...  g / 22 (d  .-] 6 ] 2d( 22 (  Z  -

7 6  >  .76 ]& 7 " 7F H !H `- 6 .76 J" T b% 0- 7%E hg 

~( ]g] (`Vd ]  VK  5%] & B%j .U% B% 1( ."B V? ...

`- > \ J .7 7%m!  B]  / T h / %Z -%  7 !H 7 (~0

`-  \J .7  (  m / (7 6 6 p$  !6e 0  6 :  (). %Z wH

 0] J\ L ?$B6 !H .7  7H  m 2  ( (~7(  h 0  `w .2 s ]  !H

 7J\ ?$B J 6  !Z.-

 " "! `  :7%

 6 1H Z-   !6 .J 7 0 ()7

 ?$B  !H b6 0  0    .76

  ]  !H J\ ?$B(  7 !H 12 pd 2   = Ud 6 -76  02 sTFJ

 Z$[ - -= Ud 0%m ?6 7  = 0 ^6 2  ># =  2 !H 0 ) (

/ ?$B ]B.7

 e "! `  :7%

76 27 / 2 (/ ] !-  : = F .LB ]e/ 0

 (  !H 5 L ]   ! ~ 2 s    L  !6 !H 7%6 ]   L 

.7
 " "! `  >      ?$B:7%

Z- 0  ( ! ! Y 6 B! ( ! 0d e ()7"6  !K

 ?$ = !H - 6 -2 7> 6 6 > F-  >5  c e

  B .76

 0%j - !6 J] " !6 !H ?$B 6[ ! `H 6 = B  .%H

F : G$% 5[` ( -' "!1

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=325058

  a >8 eV

(" K 7 = 7

6 0-d  K6 7 = 7 -! 7/ ]K 2 G"B

`-  :7

( = ! ?( 2 ! !6 7 ! 6 !6 !v[( h  5

 F .7= 2  !6 7 - W 6  e !6 7

 %= 72 0   6 7 - (` B 6 7  < $ K

B  Z !6 7 ! 7%  2  7  - 1- 7%%

-  .7

2 (   7%!   6 6  5 6 "  

2   & -/  7% [ !2 V?6  ZW (? !vU ([7%F  !v .7 e [ =  7   !%

= ! 6 -2 0   !2 L d"V 7&7% [ e  27  6 7&!  "  .7%6

K !# 7 =  7 !6 (  !- ( K : 7 =  U% K 7 = 6 .U%

K ( 7 = 7 U%

 K 0%m7/ 7 = 6 -! !6 ]e 0 L B 6 7 !U/ !6 ! - / ] F K) 77

= 6 .(U%

 K 0 7 $ 7 U%( :

 p  s7&! ]

=  p6 7 !U/  ( 7 !6  % 6` "K7&! ] B  5 7d - >% ] "!

5 [ !6 (  !U/ TF7 L K 7 6  72 m < 6 7 `e `e e 7  2 7

 0-d % Z h  7  = ZUK 0W - 7 !% ] 7K  L -    s  L2  6
 7 5ZW !2   6 . 0- !v[( 6 7 ! 6 Y7K K 0 !6 J -   - Z h-

 %m ! 6  GW  -- B GK 2  2 - < 6 = h- !67 5# 

 mm K 7  .72

2 !U/  7 6 = p !( 7 !6 (  6  7 !% &6 1( !U/ 7&!  b  ?!$

)  -- (...  Z h %  0-d 6 .  -- 7 ( 7K  % " 6 7 7/ 5TF 

K -- & -  ( TF K! -! [K .$ ] 7% ! !U/ s  7 ./ L.

- /  ( 6 7 ./ L [$76 5 5 1d - !%m  !6 7 !U/ 77K " "! 5 

7-   !e`B d s 7.

6 - -

< = 7 -! B 0/ 76  h   7&!   ]Z L6 . 7- 0%m !6 776 67

 0-d   >% Z= h ( 1  !6 L 7 = 7Z6  $ !6 .  5 7 0 5  %&F ]6K 7 76!

 7K76  0-d d  0   ... 6  by- K d W   7 U .7%

7 1

< 2 e ?&( 7 e (~T2J " 6   ] 76 cW -! ?[6 7 hV 7  7K K .762

 7K 6 V [   !6  6 =  7 .( L=L! 76< !6 L2 "U   7"( 7 7 !12 .7-d

 (T V( 7 d .-  $ %Z !6 0 [ K  = %Z !6 !"6  7 -!  2  6 6 7K /V %

<`6 & V B  ( "6 / V( 7 d  6 7%! !12 :7 %! 0 "6 V.c

= 0 %&F 7

6 -  ]$K = 7 !6 \ )6 (7% - ( .d  0 =  !6 7  =:7

(%- = !6 ! ]e \ 76 %

!j= ( ( =  = 776 - (d ( ! 1 \ 76

V ( \ e = G  h U 2= K76 (7e 0 T  ( ./ 7 Z = ][6 s% !"6 7$ 6 GK

 ] 7e 76

\ (Q 6 = GK !( 7L2 = h- (V 76 !j= -S =  =B= 7 0 J   \  F

) .76 ="(S :S

76 [  !2 {%F ]/ 76 " 7 =B= 0  7  "e(  !5m 7% B !6 ./  7%  7

6%6= 0 L 0 %&F K 7 7  .-

/ 0 .d( de -%- 7  e 7  e J % ( 7? 6 - = 7 !6) "B

B 7 ]6 !  !Z U -( c? ( .d  / ` / T  0 (-  ) .- 0

( :

 "  s 7

`$K  7! s !U/ "  ( !( 7 !6 . =  s 7! !6 7&! = 5 6 -

-%  ! =% !%&F 6 6 ^d6 W 6  7   !5m .- ! " 6 [ Z$ W...

=B !6  %  ./ 7  7   6 7% 7 !U/ 0 

!$ !6 7K 0  %Z 0! L 7K 6 (%= 7 ) 7%   76 (7 7% !% L 6 7 W  7

s h/e! 76 L   7 - s -! F  L-  0 -  76 6B s! F ( 7$

 s b6! F 76  7K 0 5   !m2 .76  0 ( ) 7 s! F 6 5( d
 ] 1 0%m .7

7K  6 7(  7/ 0 & F ! 6 7K !U/ 6 7 !   7 76 %= 7% !%&F 66 /`Ue

e $ = ~ ^/$ 7 ( 76 7% W ! 7 6 !6 W 6   ZK.

!$= 0  06 %Z !6 7  6 75 ~( !"6 = 6 7 - ! 6 0W 7 0  !6 % =

7 -  0W 7&m L 0 !% - < ! L -% F !( ]6K W U 7%! e 0 

  6= 7 !6Ty6 % 7.

 [ 7%6 !$ 7

  w/$! 6 7%6 7 V/ $Z 7 !6  hZ( 7%W 7%6 !$[ 7%  7    6 .- w:

0 Y ~ ! ! K 7 - 6 - !6 7 6 " !U/ - =  ( ] 6 " !U/ !6

 -% 6  /`Ue g " $ 6 -

bF [W 7%6 !$ 6 776 = !U6 " 6 ^d6 > 6 "Z = ( 6 0- $ 6 = " B

6 -.

(  7Z6 !"/  0  `  6 - %Z cU- 7 1 .  %Z 7   (  !6]  \J

7) 0 6(  L] 6 B% \ !6 2 7% ] Y/ %[6  2E ) 7  !( (B%

 `w6 6 K`B  $ J  ]Z ) 7.(K`B

(  L s1 7 J `   F 7%6 !" <`6 /V2  7%6 & 7 ... 6 - 0-d

Z= h .12 0?-

[ 7%6 !$7 5  7 ^/$  )(   ^/$ d .- 7 ^/$   !6 B- 5

\-) !7- !W 7  (... F7%-  K  G6% ...    d ^/$ 1 !6

d-  ZWY]= 2 !#  K`B ^d6 1 ...   ^d6 ($J.

  5 1- [7 7%6 !$  0-d - Z h  - - < !6 !( 6  ( h-% 7 -76 !6

 0-d Z !6 by- hF J.B

K ( 7 = 6 U%

 W 0= p6 = !2 6 7! L !m2 e --  7% 7 L  7 ^/$ !/ F!6  ( 6 2 7%

=  ]e < W  L \-  6   7  ]e/ 6 .7% "!  6 $ 7 U%( 7%:

   7

 ] 6  7   [ 7 ]e   7.-

 cU-  L   7 = K6 7  7 U% .- cW - !&K% 0/ ? 06  7 ?[h

%Z &%#  7%!  !-%m L2  %Z 6(7 6 . 0 ( h-% 7 -   - 

U !-  (   7K V  7%  TF 7 7e !Z- Y B 6 .7

6 7% 7  7  L 56 s6 . !=   & !  %  "# e  76( 6 L !6- 5

K 7%m ?6  -   7 6 !6 7 6 cW -! = = 7 -! 6 7  ZK ?[ $ !

K  7 -  2 s 7 ]e  = s%(   h-%( !6 U  .  06 6 7K !%cU- 7

TF  !Z   6 7L6 d - =- ( 0  ( dU-W 0 7 [ 7% !Z 2&>  

  "6K 676 {  !6  ( 7 Wy6 ( . .

6 ]e  7 F Y6 !6 0 6 !/ = b

!m2   $[? cU-  ( ]e 7 1 6   s !6 2 7  7- 66 7 U- F ( 0 ( ZW
  (     ( .- 6 7 0%m =/  !Z#  !/  b1 !66 .- 

\  7K - L 7-  ( !/ GW & TF =  (  .7%   0%m b 7) 7 F !6 Y6 (0

 ( K ]e !m2 . W GK 6 = 6 eVB6 !d (  ...  1= 7 G

   (   h-= - 7% .- 07 !6  ( 7 !e:-

d  !6  5  = ( 6 -%&6 6Y] = !j& #   %= 7% .- ] 0 (7%  (71

B 02   .-  6 Lm & 07Z-  % (  7 - 2) .= !% 7

-(:a

&F  !6- / ]Z   !6 %  7! 7 6 7  - { ) .7y6 (S ! !<`$

!6 6 "  !d $w h-%

= #! < ?( 7 h 6 06 !6&7   = = 7 -! d  7   h-%?!  ( J  67

J\ &6 .7 0B 6 7 -"  $w B- U h-% 6 . w(  >-F 6

V 7/  6 w 6 ?[ h !  K Z >$  . $ !%L 7  h[? b1  \- 6 7 !"6 6 7!-

& !1 67 $ 6    U  . 06 < 0%m(  ( " 6 6  1% &7 .2  6

/  !6h[? GW

6   6 7K 0 -76  K  7% 6  7% '-F 7 0/ 62 K   7! 6 E 

"> p  . -#%! 6 7K= 7> B B  7` 1// !6 ( 7% ? V/

<7! ( 7% 7Z L  ? b1 ?  \- $.

  7 !% 

= 6  7! 1 h$- (~  7 7 J  7 !%   7 .-  Z (~ JB .- -

 7%%76  1%e  "&() 7  "&( b-~( !6 5% (... ) --L/( 7K 7%% = B6 5  B

Z  7 6 - . .K      \ K .7% e 0 -!   2 7  h-% .

 76 = - !6  - 7%  ?[= h  2  ( 7 = ~  J.

2= [ 6!

= #! !6Y]    ( 7  B s  B   !6) 76  6  = (~!Z J

[( Z$' % 6 ...(B 7K  B ~ J 7Z  W >F  K ZUK !j= .-  7 !"/ 

( % !6 7% 6 7K  GK( 7= -! B 2 B ~ J   6> 7%&  7 !6 2

= !#  6> !6 ) 7%6 ]"( ]6K !-  =2!   B !- < (7/ ]K   7

Ke !6 =2! &!    W >F  >6"U GW     0  ]   7 ( 7% (

7/  V Z "  .76

 7%6 G  2 !#

(= 7 ]e B B )6 ] 1 -  (... - / = L 7 B B )  !6 6

"  $w  (...!d F 7K !6 7  !   =  =  7 6  06  GK  U

 7   7%6.

6 7K 77Z Z6 ( 7 7/  76 7 !12 B6:7

=K   !6   27 .7 - ) -& (# ) B-( ! =K ==   !6 7 ! &$ #76 7

(~]  -  7% 676 7 7! B6 >  67$Z( 7 F - 6 bF ...76 7     = 6  K$ ( !6

-  / 6  !% L 2 5 ( $Y> F= 0) .7( a :


5 5 cW( &F !%m 7  7  7  dU- =  F 7 0%j!"6  1%  %( ! Y6 !6 0

7K - 0 6 ]e 0 -! > =  "Z & # -  .7% !$ =  7 [ ! 6 5 Y

6 - &Y L # .-

  27 ! = F !6 ( 7$Z B6&    7 - 2 = "  ZUK 76  V/ .- -

 - B ((  K1 F 0 = B!  ./   06 - $F = B ! h/e Z

-  6 !6 7 -  6 7 ] - 7%%B !m2 B ! -  L ! V  7% = B B

 !? B !? 7  5 ?V B - ?! -  %m ! 6 ] L " 7

L 7K   !6 7  = 7 6 ]< ! 6 !6(    7 6 0 = 6 !m2 cW -! ] 6 J~( `

 h[? 6 7%%  &6 7% e( !   7 7%% & 7-% B (Y6 b1 !6 7.

(  7! =  7  0!   L 7 / 7K 76  !# !% 7 !U/ 2  27

]  .

(Q = 6 7  = 7  ! L 7  Ty6 = !"6 -! 7e !Z- ]d( !&F $e 7% 

%&6 . ./ ! bF 7%  7 B  7% U  $ 2  7   7  s ">  .7% ./ 0%j

bF GUK($ 7% 6  6 -= cde 7% Ty6 = -  1 7) 7%  7.(7%

(S = = 7  ! L 7 (~ $w J = ! !"6 766 2 w%B $w J~( !2 !- 6 1%  7  %(

e - -! 6  = 6 6 7 U% 7  B  !2 e (~6 / $w J 7 7 . e(

 ! (~ $w J 7 1% T2J  w%B 7B - 7 -7% !6 0 ] ! 0 Y - = J\ 7%B J 7 0

7K 7 ( !6 (    7  7 %    7%  !Z  - !6e / 6  1 2

  ! 7! 76   $w.

(a = = 7 -! < 76 0 -!  7%e %&F  K   ( 6 7 $J  6  6

  . !2 07K  <" J\ h   717  = #! % = 7 6   7 %   !Z&!

7 77%e !6 7% -  K (  Y 76 . #   (& 7 !6 . W  -- %

 ] ( 7 6 7 G! .

 : G$%! 7K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=267814

;  )  $ $]W 8 $J


U<

- (y( B "Vd `H "Z #%F6

`H  7 bF $de !Z .6U !6> = 12


!H! =  !6 D7 -  . ]XK  = 06 K !$

 12 Lm 0%m 7 eV? .F !H 0

mH " `H   7%e 6  !6 ( 7

- y( B !H 7%m B 7- 7( .

L ]$K> = `H 0 6 .&! $  0( !6 wH

 !j6 6  7  5 !6 >-  .7- ZK

> = (6 $ y( B - 6 6 W

-#  !6  7  $K  H . 7( !H6

`H / #%F  y( B (F !6 2 V7

(- "Vd  ]$K 7%6 s (  " !6 7 ?7

$6 F 6.7%H >H 7

`H "Z ( 7 F 7 ! 6 7( :> = 6 67Z- >1 ( .- B "B #  7 

6B .W `H "Z ]H F 7 ! 6 7( :> =  Z .-` -> >-7

 6 [B !6 `Y  !H 6 !B -m &] /`H "Z .- - F 7 ! 6 :

 6 (6 7 2 (  7 .- ( (`> 6 B7  7%H  7F !6 & . ` !K 7 .2

 Ud p 7% g( !B !6 ]& 6 !6 B.7 7

`H "Z  m ( 7 F 7 ! 6 7( : B7  H ` !K 7 !6& !-  .7-  7

2 `H B6  >6.

y( B F !Z U 6 7 ( ]& !6 7 6 F !%  !6 6 B > HV( .  = "Z

6 ! > = 7 6 =.7

7 !j6 ! H T<H $  5 6 7 7jF L !6 7! ( !H 7 ]B  Z T<H D $-% ] !6

6 7 7%6 !6y( B . 7!  `H- 6 H . 7( !6 K 6 H D 05 7%m !H !% H 7%$-  6 D

&!  m !- !H U> V 6 7 = ]B 6.

0 !j6 7%B ^6 `H  7 y( B  !j6 7%B H GUK  Z( !6 $ H 7%$-= by- .

 !6 #H - 7 =  U B !6 L = 7( . 7Z6 ( 7 76 (7 !- 7H $e !- ( y( B

7B !- L by- .7  !6 y( B :12    6  y( B .7 7Z6 7B s/

( 7 0 ]B 6 2 Y[ (7! H . = 7Z6 !6 = 7 5 %H (7B b7 0W " !6

=  27 & !6 .% !j6 !6 F B !( !$ E H  7( !6 L.

bF  (7 7( 06  .7 7 y( B !m &( &6H  .  -  '-F ( G - !6 . 

6 ( !j6 0 `H  7 y( B 6 !6 !H 6 !12 !H! !6 D7 -  7( Y/> =

6 7 >6$d .- D y( B 7Z6  ( 7 H !H = ! 6   6 "Z 0 0 !H 7 

! > - 7Z6 5 (B !6 7 (y .7- ! 6 !H >-6 ( H 2 -  7 -

6  L 6  !H%j  6 "Z 0 !H 7 (  !  m - 7Z6 =y( B ! 5 H

!H = (6 ! 7 6 !H2 ?-! - & 7   !6 & 6 5(   !$  ]Vd

6 .  (H 7H 6 y( B !H  6 "Z 0 6 >27  m .- - 5 T2 6 ! 5.7-

6 0 ( cW( 7 6 bF !H   ]Vd( !6 !2 V( b! 7 H 0 H 6 .-  y( B $d

( 0  6 "Z 0  UB H 6 . 6 0 ( 7 F ! 6 7 ( Y[ H :v( H - . %
( & 7 6 .- = - ! 5 7( .7-6 !12 ! 0 6 !H 7 %= B  B 6 7% .7%%H (cW

 6 7F !H - 7%m  >F  7 y( B B> H 6  2 7%H  - - "H !H "d

6 YZ & 0    !2 sy( B .7%&%6 76 TF "UZ 7/ m 7L6 H  7%$-

( 7 6  05  B !6H - ` = 6 !& D  6 7( !H U> = 6 B 7 !6 -

B 7( . K y( B "H 7 - 2 !6 & ( !m y( B :12 >2 !6 !H 0

 0 H 7  & [B !6 .7 ^6 !H 0 0 7/ = !H %H     & ! [B !6 (Y6

& 0 !6 !H 0 (  !H 7 ( %H g  &y( B . !H D &m 2 '-F( 7( :

 %H  $6 ( 0 (  !H B= 0 !6 !H ( ]$K 0 .%H g = 6 ( !H 7H $de 0 6 !- $ 7"6 .

7( !5m.%H b

76  76 7( !H 7-  %H &= 5 - LF !6 - [- >?6 & LF 7& !6 L 5

T5  7 .- 0 h"K >?62 1 D ...7 !  6 ! 76 !6  $d !H 76 0vU

B( 6 B.&2 7

 : G$%!  Y-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=345007

/ 5& /0 !>R5

6  27( "H  .-

(.  K 0( 6     7%H27

  (.7%H g

6

&! Lm(1 6 ( !H 7  ( = !6 ^6

 !H(1 .716 K 6 7d& ^d6

2 7%%H` 0 :7% H ( #  . ! 6{ 0

0 :-U%  . / 0[  -  !H

 7%H.7

H= D 56 s 7 = !6 !"- D &! !6

.7%H ( K [ D  B2 [  5

[ !Z K  .7 B2  6 K  7e [!6 !Z

-  !6 B6  7%H /  .7%H !#


 7e [ !Z 6 6 6  7Z6 .7  7%m&! 06

 67/ !m .7  !7 B2  K6

H= !2  7  !H / [ !Z - 7%m

 .7%H % B2 7d B  7-% ( =

 . 0-  !6 !$- !   6  .-

&! !6  7  "Z 6 7 0 - B B6

2  !6 !H 7%H6 7% H !m 7 !B- 7 H !m ( 7%6 7 (76 ! 6 6 !6 6 .7

  ("K 7%%H0Z  .-B 0(  !H 7 &! (27 .7%H ."B

6  ( 1H 7%%H0Z.- 27

6 w   7F 7%H 6 77& ( 7%%H 0d  = !67! 76 .77F K( H 0%m !6 7%H L 7

  7 7F 7%H Z-( ( g .7 6 !H / 1( 7 6(  !6 $W 0  !HX = .7%H 5

s 7!2!6 ( 7 B  7%%H 27 (/ => &6 [B6 .7 !% 27 [ Y 7%$6 5   -

! ( 7660  W 1 "!6  .7%H  !T2 !6 $ !H 7Z6 !Z7 /6 [B !6 7 !H 7 05

  !H 7% 6 !"6 7%%H / [ (= .- 1 Lm ^6 !H X  = 1(  %( 7%$6  - 

(  = 7 ( g7%6 $w 7%H Z- .7&( .7 0 7&!( !6 !$  76  .- - 7%m 2 7%H

6 7Z6 7 B( " =6 !%X 7 (& g? 7H 7 .[0 6 2 D  7%H  $w ( g  #

? 7 7 6 2 7%m !6  0( 76 s 7 7e (6 g g( 7X=6  (27 &.7%H 7

HF  H 1% 7 ?- .-<" h 7%H  1% !H5%  B 7%H $( !  .7 2 27

"U  [B !6 0"U !H -   .7%H Lm 2 (27   / 5  7%H  .7% $de K

 = W = !6  7%H $de   7 = W  !5 7.7

B( ?  !5m !H 7%H5 .7%$6

6 0  !H  L  6 e  6 ! 6 7 dB "B 6  (H 0d .b- K

5!2  F?   12  !% H 7"H B 6 6 !6 7 0 :12 "BK

[0 - !- . 7Z6    6 B  6  7%6 5!2 b-  F? 6

   H L% 7"H B 6 6  60  !2!6 B6 5 H .  / ( :12 !6 Lg . 7 D

?!

    ZK  1 5!  B( 2 s !6 !H 75 .7%H 5 !5mB K H 7 -

! 6 "B 766 $e  7 !H5% B H = 7 B 7  76 1% $ (LH

 .7%H 0 5  !m  7%H ?& !H  = !6 $ -/! 76[ 0 5  .- = !6 $

=  !H X<" !6 h ZW5 (!  YZ 7%%H B (` 0%m 6  p 0 .7%%H 06GK / .0

B  = !H - 0 ZK / B  .7%%H ."B( ?  !H 7%H5 (  .7%$6 !5m6B !6 7

= !j !H 5 7%F 7%H !( 7 !20B p6( 65 $ 6 .7&?$6

!

B 2 7 (7 6 H 7%H - !H - ?$B `- 27 ./U6 65 6 .7%H -

!j=  / !H L! % !H 7 .7%H

 !"# : G$%


http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=266483

 L $

 55m 0  6 !67  5 % 7

 (76 !6 .H 0 ( !H / !  7 H%6 .7

=H 7! Um 7  (   65 ^6  7

 6 5 B   62 7.7

D H  . 7%7--  - .  H 7

H 65 V?6  %H H! "   7

L { - ( eB [$  [" .7$ -? 0

6L2 % !Z H! "%5 B6  6 [?6! 6 76

?"K [ .U% K"? 6 !"67 /- (

- !H ( Z$/ 7&F ( 7%6  hVZ < 6

B %656 -[ 7%$  "7  s 7.

B6 K 0 K 0e" ($[   H

&6 .7% 7    0 = 6 7K 0 0  XL B =.7

(5  6 7e 7L6

B 0( 7%7e 0 6 2  H .- K  6  6 7 gF / B e !6( eVB (6  %

? $7  - .7 7%K` 0%j L   $  !6 - .7 0 DL6 - 6 7%$ 0-H

 2 ! $ ?  6m 7 !H D ! W ( Z6 7  =` . B 6 - =?! 6 -\(Y

s ""  B " =< .7%H

(B $ Ty67

 0V( -H !H 7% 2$ 7 h( !H 7 56 5 7 ! B B - 7 .H 0 . - !6

$ H pd  - ( 0 m -  7 $ = !6  %6 .7m !H 7( !5$

BB %H T2! Ty6 p .7 ]H !H 7 H 0  Y `w 7%  T 6B   "

K7 6 !6 $ B  .7 0" !" DH $ ! = &1H " .7%

(5 Z 6 Y656 s7

 7 UB ]H ] YZ !H  06 56 7%  s 7- !H 7%%  !5% B L H K !6# cde

 L .7$ 2 0    "6K !6 .7$5  %H .7 K= !6 G  # H  6 !6 0! 0

[% ! 6 .7 !6 0 %Z 0s >6 6 . 7/  0 D (&6 .! # H 7/ 6( wH
  =  ]Z6 2" 7.

!K` (Q e !K e B & 7

"H B  "  >F !& !6BF 0 7 6 %H Dm" %Z !6 06 `$ !K !6 &6!-B ! B -

$ .   H  !6- < % `#( . `-6  ./ .7 !U 2 6 H 7 7

 [ [` .7%H hH

2   H !H 12 2 =` 0 -  = \-  / --72 6   ! . h

(  %7 Lm 7 7 56 7 2 == !6 7% 2> 7F %H 7 ( B6 B .&2 7 - !H 75 = 

[?6! .7%6

B 0?- !6 &g 6 76 !m 76 K= 7 6 ...7%H

(S 5 (Z ( 7#7

5 pB" 7 6 ".  (Z B e6 ( c &  !H 7  = !H !j /#  =2 ( "" .7

B" B "!  H V?6 K!  W e" %d 6 7 "7 0w D B .- / 0

7 !6 7%H Z-  p !HK Z -  .7 [ 6 7% !H 7%H- dV D 7 [ - K6]

  !2 s.

 (a / hK 76

H 5F V( 2 75 7= !H 7 # B 7 .$  ($ (`H 6 5%(5% .K !6 2 B ]  7%

 H 6L 6!   & 7 ? &F !#H 7.

7K ( L5-y- 7%H

 2 1U H  !6  6 # H 6  BB !- vU T22 0H 7! 6! - 0 Z (` =2 .7

 ?6 B  U .d$ H 6!  76  . 2 U K G7( 7&   .7%H ]w6 !"6

 6 ( 76 !s/` 6

( L2V  !H 7%5 %?-   7 "( 7% B%H 7 B6 . V6 [6 ? !H ("H D( D( Z$

 %H 7 6  0 D ? V K #  (   .7% 7 !5% ( g 7 KL 7 =  /

 B 6- K   >F .7 H $de  7%H  0vU !H 7 - ^6 !H  6 ($Z  -?%

  7.

 0%j- 7 Z  7 s !U 5  ( 7 6 - (1 = ]Z6 Z 0 .7 " - 6

/ B ! 76 ! 2 !H 75 !6% 0 6  7 6&  7&6  .7%s 7 =  d

 m 7%$6 =   #6 .7%%  !5%& 5 ?6 7  &ZW ( cW%# .7$  7 7%H

 56 7 ! 0" 7  2  !m".7

( B 7%H 5T2

2 !2  B "g B  7 !65 H& H D .7 ] 0 76 !%  B - # .7

Y DH" 012 7 " J( D !2 F .76  5 (&6 .! B 2T 5 #! dH p

w$ ( # B 7 .76  B hKZ 1U B7 m 7% 6  !H&! 65.

 ( GW (76 0

(`  &  6 (K J( d  ?   !6 b !# B 7 .= bj B 7 -.

 2?YH 7  (- p5 (7V H 7 .( -6 06 %6 &66H .7    7V 7F ZK

%H 7%!   75 B ! =  2 ! 7 $de h( !% = 6 =.7
6= 1/ !6 ( 5 7%H DH

 HH  $%6 .7!  !H "$K !Z$ =  #B (7 h .7%H  77 -6 H 7 7  $

Hm " D 7 = 67 bFH 0   5 # %B 6 .777 !6$ 7%B 6 ! ) ? !H7 !6

B ? ( ( 6 7 h !6W ! !6 !- F&> !-H 56" 76 0  6 0  0H 

 06 >F - 6 ".7H 0 !6 !65 [% 7 !H 7 F !6  7- .- 2 h-%6 !( h" #6 -

  !6 $ $   5 Lm.7

"H : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=324069

O &L

 6  - !U66 7 !6 7 Z ]6 0[ U%

$w '-F .7 0  Ty 0[ !H -  !U6

& H " - 6 !U67 5! .7%6

D6  %(  - !U6-   ]6 [ 2 F!"6

0   ]6 !H -  - !U6 = -.

W $-%  - 06 !U6! H  D W

5 = (7%H ]d - %Z!  !6 H /

 H 76 /  - h/e!  / 7 27.

0%m !U67%! ( !H "d[ D < h [ 5

"g 6 ]& - !U6 = 06  - !( !12 0?- !H 0 !U6  ]6  ( =

 6 D7F  - !U6  . ] = 7%m L <  7jF -! B7  H H 2= 7% .-

 0%m #!U6 6 !H  !W (= 6 W  / 7  T2 6  2 B 7   - !U6

(&] ( 7 ( % D = )B7  (7%6 !H 2 7 6 `H 0 - 7K  7%% 1(6

.7%6

6%6 0 !U6 B !  !H 7  = >  7%H 1 = !U6  -76  - 0%m[!  !m

> B 7  H !U6( F( 76= `- 7e !6   .7%H g( $ 0 (  % H 06 !U6

-!  !H 7  !U6 B F !H 7   76 7 = `- !6W ( &H 7 / .

B !U6 7  Z  B L &  !5m !H 7 p6    ! 76 6 (0Z

 .7%H 0 $K !H -<"%m h U6   y-m !H 7H F 6!  - p6- $.7
 06  - !6#( DH 6 7  YH  ?6 !H 7 = W  !6 L 7% Y]  YH> %&B / .76

6 76 0 ( L .6 7(  !# Dm 76  - !U6 !H [  (&ZK  6D 5 7

 B 7  7d 6 !H - D ! ( B ] !6 p 76&= .7  !6 L2 [   ]6!H ...7

1 !"/  - !U6  ! 0 !H - !6  %( 0[ 2 B y6 7  - !U6 0g ?7

H b !6 2 [  !6 $ !U6 B [ / ]6 76 6 7 0  !e & H 7%H b/

= 6 h-% >%H 6 ( 7 0%m!U6 .7  -

 / 0%m  ( -) !U6  "VB !H - 6 (>6 !m = 6 (" p( (>6 !U6

H ( -(7 . "VB 0 D $"[ (6 1  - !U6 .-[  - !U6 (6 (m 7%H ]d TF !H [ (6

- = F ! D  - !U6...

?  0 "B - & 7% ( 6 !% 76   / 2 ( !H 7 16 7 (>Vd

 !# U !H - = B6 6 T 6! = (B  %( h/e   D e 0  !6 $

( = >U6 d  7%H B # B B # !7

(7 $"[ (6 0 0 D  - !U6 ! .-$"[ (6 0- !6 2  p6 6 

 27 / L/ 2  !6    7 ( ]e/ !H = ( 2 2 6 p6.-

 5 VB  - !U6 G B 1 %6 H-  B6 D ( 7H  - !U6B !2 %6 H

  . 6 !H 7 B %6DmH 6 $J L6 6[ %6 5 !H - = ]e/ !$ !U6  > !H

( T2  -.

(B !H  7 %6H[ = F ! -"Fm / (.7%H ]d

(  %6 !$ D  - !U6 [   s 6 6!   7%6 06 !H - 7%!& 6

 !6 $ cde &"6 !6 .7%%H ( -

D7&! ( 1  - !U6 H / / 7  !6 $7 bH.

   1 / !1  U"< ] B !H -  7 76 5 (> 776 .  !H -7 %6  - !U6 (

?B  7$ / 7 5 - !7L6 F 0 !U6 0 <" p - [ !H   - 6 !U6 %

B 6 7 B !H H !$ 6 7 / 7 5 <[! B(  ?6 7 ( !U6 .7  %6  -

 6 !H bH K6 7e "VB 7H  - !U6 K !U6 2 7 H!s/` !2  2!sd! !H

 `s/ s!(H! /2! F - .7%H L D7e  - !U6/ K ? ( .7 ] !H  7

0%m!U6 B L2 $g ? 7 m F !H 7e . &F K  06 H 7%&F 7  !H !U6

7e7 K! !"/ 6  / G% [B!6! ?V !U6 =   .- =  / 0%m ?  D- 

22  !H  7 # DB  - !U6 B6   H B6 - 6 H !H - !U6 e

6 6 !H - &! K B6 7 ( !T2 7%$6 $ = T 6  !H 7%m%H - = .76 7 K !T2

"VB 5 D  - !U6#  !6 2  1  2 D 0%m  !6 !H bU6  B !66

%&B !   7%%H  (  % 7d B !6  75 ] ({ 7%%H 6  - p65 1/ !U6

B 6  - D"$- D  7%6 D6  - !U6 B !6 ? 7 . 2E  -!U6 0= !H -

 !# (! K . !6 !U6 06 !1B -2 D /    %( !H L  d pD 7 5  

6 6 B GB! &  - hK B= 72 7B !6  7( .72 0%m !H  7 

(1( 7% B   6 6  7%%$ = !6 $ 1(6 7%6 K6    6 - !6 LB 2  7B =

K T2J( # .7   ]6 1% 6  0 B ^6 5 %m !H 27 5!6
> m < "/ ]6K! 2.

1e 5=  - !U6> .- 0%m!U6  B & Y =e .7 - 6 5?-F ! Z

 s H . L62 !6  7&H  d( !65 7 . LF 6 - = !6 $ B !H 7%%H

!6 /( 7  5 .6  - !U6 = !H> 6 B !6 6 !65 .-

K6 7 7%m  - p6 =-  7$ (` 06 !6= - ! .27

F : G$% 5[` -!Z-( %

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=365803

/ 6 F .0H &H !6 0  27 (B g 7 .

6 /  7Z( !-  H7  = 7$B 6 =

 27 H !6  76

 "   ./ !6 1 &`&  # T .7%60

=  7%m .7%- s%6 .

 76 $76 (76 B 7=  s%6 . 7 XKG

H%&/ / K -- &!  B

 $B 06 p6 /  7 7F  6 .-0

-  5 6  & 6   g ("   .

T 6  27 7 .  -  06 7  6 27 /

=  H  s%6 .7-  T 6  27 7.

` Y/ e( Y6 6 L  / 2U%  -& 7(  . 7 !6 7 1 `H (7$] .7

 !6 H p $6 F / 7 = 27 1- .7%H

0  727 ( g .7 0 m

% 27!  ( (K1  !H - . 7 m !6 % !6 %  b  "Z = !6  !H 7% %(K1

&  .

0!m %Z

GK 7H   %H %(6 !H (K1  7 7(   . " B 7 ( ]$ 560

-F  7-6 ( !6  !6 6L .   0 0 - 5 / "< 6B   6 7%6.

!"6 b 0   "Z !6 % !H -(K1 ]  .7


( {  %H m % 7 27% LK H !H -   L$- H    b B ]Z  m !H LK

[  s%6 Y%H 7- %H 6 .%H B Y GK  G  (? K p-( 025 B .7

   w:

( / e B 6 !d$e  !H -#% !6 mH B B  m ! =  -$LB . ( %H #%

W $ ( - (  (  G K =  . B :0H K

!m !%( 7Z6 (K1 = `H 716 .-( -

(    $V >d 7 76 7 !6 B 6 ? m 0 "6   .%HB 2!  ( .7%H 7Z6

 H [ !6  2 6  6 #% !% m T2 L !$ -! -1  .%Hs1 2

(H =  >F  06  Y6 !$[ !6 $V 6 ( .7 "6   %H F !"# 6 7Z6=  0  !H %6B

!H  / . 7%H  .% / B !d$e bF -% = 7 !6 06%6  !- H 0   7$%

-7 b .7   !-   H - 6 7 - !mB Z H ]d !6 Y/ .7-6 ( 0 6 !H!"# 6 7

 0  %H 0 mH B 7 !6.-6 !-

m   7$# - &6 - 6 # 7/  bF .%H 27% S B~( !K  $K D! 7 !6 BY6  !-.-

B !"# "B !H 76 7B[ !6 s/ B- 7  !-.

!6 B~( 6 ( Y/  -  (    1H !H B 6  .  76 "B H - T2 6

  !H %6W (76 (76   . H (  7 - >K26 !B !6 !H - .

 !B !6 K  ! -   6 ( p6 B 6 = 7  .- m b [?6  "Z !H

 = !6 c$e (1 & .

B   m %H 0%m 76 T2- &F

= ( #% = ^6 m 7

= ( B 6 V

= ( b"F ! 7 !H 0W = >F

= (Q B W !6 ] 0=

!"6 Q '-F !H !$ - ( .- 6  %H?! 7 #% 7 m   b ( ]Z [ S bF !K = (1 6 !H

( B H.

 =(  !H !j 6 - !H(1 ( 76 6B s ( 6 !m 76

#% m "6  L.

B  B 7L6 7 2!  ( = "B  2:

  7 LL p  7Z6 !Z#% ( 06 &6 K m  ! / L  6  Y6 !$[ !6 7Z6 .  H

"6 1H . 6 -F !$[ !6 G=  0 . %6  #%FB ! / 6 (  ( -  - 7

-7 b.7 !-

]$K H ]d !6 0 6 7B {%F .%H  s/ !K ( !6  - B 6  !6/ 6 -y

  .%H2  ( !6 bX !H 7 6B B >F 7.

!H 7 0  b 1 ]Z !6 D(1  !m{ 1( $76 !!!

%- ?"  !H & !6 !6 7% F K% ( b6) `H !2 m . 7% m  b 1 ( ]Z 6.

U  12 !H  %H % (6 !H (K1  7 7  !6 % b 6 B ]Z = !6 $ (K1

]  .
6 6 6 7%m /  %&F  %H

/ H 2 76  ( !66 = H T56  / 7%H >H (  !$ T56 = !H / (B J( 6 7%

T56  & 6  b = !6 $-% ]Z  ( B 7 !6 " .%H 2 b D 76 ]Z  !6 h-%(K1

!H  - ^6 7 - -B  7  & K   %2.

2 7% 6B " ( 7jy6  ( = 7%6 $V 6  ) !6H  0 -  0  $V

 >%  = (7%H   >d  & - "B B  Y6 G!  F !%   = 6 `2 [B 7% L

 !

6 H !m !H !K( !6 -6

m    B 

/ &! !6 ! 6 5 B .0H

 $B ( !6 K !H 7% H ]d B  7

m  T2 B 6 6 F& !6 6L   ( $V

#6   6 !% K e 5 7 %6 = 6 7F H H 7 71- %H

K F  7- ( !6   6L m B $V $"B DH - %H   B !H 6  %HW

7! - ( !H e 07-  K6 F - 6 7 %= !Z U - 6  0 ...1- d( 6 .%H

& K B  0%m   ^6 p ZKW (76  (76.

Y/ !6 5 6 F / = H ! H !6 7%$6 {  15 !6 !H L5g  = T .$6

F : G$% 5[` 7 - 

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308932

=>  ; 6t/ Z

(V( 7 !H H 7%H H H / &6 D <T 6

6 - !6 7% - J(7%   (7$]  .0

(V TF - v"F L  H ].

!6 !H 7%m ( !H 12  ]w]   .7% H

v"F ] a $H = %   !6 &m &2.

!B !H = ( 7 p D( %H !B %

6.

6 ! -  !H 66 J (Tg!   -   .


&! H !6H  0 - B $ !H B  77F

BH % B 6 7 H 5 7Z6 .  

6 27 v"F 7 (?- 7F 76 (! !6  ZW

- 7Z6   H.

!6 ] `!K B !6 !H7  0 H !Z U !6

-!e`B  - =[ !6 !H

5$B 5 - !  7 %  L2H 5 6 B

? H.

 F !H 0 !6= - B LB ]Vd( !% H.

] !6 5 - !# 0 !6 !H 7- 7%!K`  H - ] 0 !6 =( !H 7 7 YZ /  &6 !60

2 V( [B &/ 7 & 5 (   m  7L!% #= 76  v"F .B- 6 0

= > Z &6 7 ! H &6.

7Z- 6   0 - 6 ! Y $- H H  6 !$/V !6 Z !6 y-.

v"F F 6 H 5%  6 !$/V 7 (6# =  2 B 27 H !6 6.

v"F 6 m (  7 2 ]6 % " 6 %% H !$/V2 . 7% !$/V !H

] 6  L !6 !6 :12 ( 2Y _Y   6 6 !B  !6 !H 0 K  %H "( ( 6 =& 5 !6

H &g 7v"F . ] 6 K   7H  !20 7F .7%H 0-  6 6H

K  0  6 !H$- 6B!6  6 .7& H 0-  ?6 $K 7&B 2 L = 7! !6

SY 7- L 0 - 6 6JH by- . Lg % - . Q

] - ( K !"#`[ 0 ]- 6 6 - 6H  !%  !6 6  .] !U/

 7- J !6 ( !6 7/! - 6 7- !H - & S ( " 0   bX =  7 F

!6 6B= - . - H   7 J (  7-  !6 H H

 " "H 7

H ]   !6 &6   (! ! K [ !6 2 !H H "  - !H 6  a

>6 " " !6 7 .7- - % H  % g& !H / H 0 ( ( H %H %$6 L#Z

6 &m 5 -   .6

= 5 7

2- 7% a5$B !H 5%  D !$/V B !H -6 => 56 0?- 7 :12  !H

 6=   7% 6 7- !6=0  6 7 H6 "H  $B  m 6  F K !6

( ]Vd &$ 5 d 7.

H !e( - 7 = T56 H !6 7Z y6  & 0 !6 .  0 `( 6 BY6 . !$

( = !6 -6 %H H y6 L 0 !6 .%H = 7  !67 -! .5$B K  D 7-F

!6 !5m !H7> 6 :12 7-  D 2E  !H 6= 7 ! 76 = &? 6 7 .-

 676 7B !m 7 7 6 7- B !6!- &F .7%H - 5 D   6  H 0 !H -(

6 T<H p .7 7e  7 &?  7 =  = T<H .7 0 ! 6 !H L s

(`Vd ( 6 6  6 =   7% !6 "  L2B K e = T<H 7 B 6 ( S 7&6 6

H 6 0 .7 7- !67 ( "$% %H T2 6 " b1 !6 B !6!- 7-.
(!e !6!  0 !H - B b1 !6 ( = !6 7%%H 7 B  ! 7%6 .7 ]XK

J !5m( 7%7

v"F ] H B  !6 7%6& 7 J( 7%2 7 :7   ( 76 V &2 .

2 B 7 F 6 7% &F ! B 7%6 !6  = !-- -7$( X]  F  e .7 /

"B  H 0H - = 76 2 7 B  K 2 !6 7 0 ] "BK (B e 7 (&?

.7

B W=6 2    ]  .7%H 27&! J hH 6 0Z 7   ( hH  J(7%

7 &  !6  !6 .7 ]  "  0 !H - B6 `& 6  K - (`

6J . 6  / D<= %   = H !H - . % !j= .7  Lg (V 6 = !6 7%H

( .7-J !6 7  5 7-6 !H0 -  ! .76K . 7 D. &H =(> !6

6- (-&F :12 &H 7%H 5 !B- 7  7 &26= .7F  = K .77

e F7

d Hm W<  "Z " &2 & 6 7  5 :77 H 5 D-  J( 7% v"F ] B6 !-

( [ - 7L6 (d( !6 - e !    .766] 6 !K` !H !6# (d( 0%m 6 s

02= !Z D 1 S &<] 22 = !Z 0  .d( !6 !$/V 6 H ]e/ .6 6H .d( 0 6

 " !H  !1 - m !6 .7- - - a %Z %6 7Z6 v"F ] e     !H 27 =

H U 6 7 6  => K !6 !# 0 !H 7- 0e 7Z6 a T2!  (e g  !5.-

] - d( [ B W 6 B W= 2 Z U  # .  0%j6 (`  7Z-

(6`( 7    6 6  !6 6-  J - 7K 5`( ? 2U= 76 $w !/ 6 !H7

!67 B  .7-  0%j (d B 6 F %m !H 6 ( 7 7 !" e  6 7 0  !6 Lm !H

( 7 7   7 !"6 ! = !m  e !6 .- ]  %Z !H0 ( ( (Z  B

6 7- !6 !# D %H T56.7

 : G$%! [`

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=343231

$
,</0 *&  4/  

 0" ?$B 7 07 &? !66 L 7- !6

= 7 .-7 L 0 [ - Z$ GK  7!6

  7%! -6 7 ( = 6 % B (! !6


= B 7F -- 6 .% 7- !67 !6 LK

Y 6 -" d 7 Lm y6 [B !6  Lm

 - UB 7%  L  776 (` !6-

=.7

6 ?$B  !m%

676 7 ! =  7= . 6 !67Z-   !6 Vd% ( p = 7%! d 7  Lm  0

7%% 7% 16! B &F =   6 .6UL  e -! F pd 6 = /   = .- 7%! (7 cdV !-F

7- !67 - 6 06  d%  7 $ `e 7%% 6 !6 2 6 "e .7 7- !6

7 (   !6 K -7K6 6 - 7 B>L16 $s  6( [BK>

L>   B b1 !6$6 Y6.

&!  !6 F 6! 76 B !6 (" 0 7%! ( 0B .0   7 6 -67

m [ (   1 - ?$B - !6 B 7.

( !6 2 B 6   !6 7  Z 7%! 5 = 6 7m.7

 7-  !6 `&6 ?$B  !  ! 6  = 7Ty6 76 ! &` &?6  

 7%!  6  B - !6 2 ( !6#6%6 .7%`& 6 0$ 7% =  `(6 > T56- &F7

( F 27 K !6 7$ ?676  - = ?$B .7F

$   B 56 7  $ ! L% !6 7 L6 &?6 ("  7% = $w !$% 56s .7

  B  !6( &6 hF  2  6 K7 L#( ]~(  !6! ]"d( -7 7#

F [ ( (  %6 % 76 K2 0& p  ( Lm 2 B 0 ]

6 5 2 0$ 6 bF .- 7  s UB B ! 6 B  L2! 

 ( % (`  .-

7- !6 7&! "L $K UB  (- / %T5 !67  6 .7-/ K 0 -!

7- F !6 $K  6!6  0(UB 7%  L 0  576%6 6 0 !6= -  6 LmUB7 = 

TF6 =!  0  56 UBB 0 !7e7Ty66 F = 6UB 7 5 TF 6 F

7 !6 ?"6 7/ = 0B6  56s ./  .?  ?  27 ZK .($ 0?

 ]g B ]&( h !  !e`B- !% 27  6 bF .-UB7 %J7 = .6

6 6  6 2!#76 7 7 ( 7 Z! 76 K Lm 0B- K!6  ! ./B 272

$&F T2 >7 .

6 7 . `( !6  . "1< K &F % ]e/7/ ( w B !6 $677    

-  $( 7 ( L(` B = !6 Vd% 7 !6 .&[B !6 .7%6 `(  v 7% = T$6 .7{  

) (  7%- 0 K .- 2{ ( B 7%=  !   s &7 7  7-

 & 7 7 7 7!( !"v0 ) !1-( B 76 7% 7!    V% - 2/

F 7&6 = B 7 7 B .6 .7 7   ]e/ 27!  .-

67 B &F &F 7% L& (  5&m&F.- ] F "e -  !6 .

6B = =2 7% ] B (` TF5B ! .7 !$ ZK  !  7 7 - (`&7

!(/ 0 .- K& / < 7 - 56 KF7 $  - 7"!  &F 6 56$ .2

B ]g L6 7 ]d 2B27 7 - 7  ZK5 6  6 B 2 7%6 6 0 6 ]/


.-

  s ZK7 (7 (= ]d 0( T2 / B> .- B  6 [!%Z 0 = ? 7$2

?6 7 ( 7%F 7 `( 6 bF .76 ?$B 6 7- !67B ?$B / 6 7.

& [Z$

 !6= -  & X= b1 `- -! [ !6 2 [ Z$   = %m/

L6  %! 2 -  Z- .

B 2 7-/ ?$BB 7% 7%y6 ?$B ZK7%?6 7 7&6 B 7%B .76

6 =! &6 B6 676 !6 7  6 ( 6 (] ( T h B .76

B !6 (" 0 7%! Y . ( B 7 (  6 7  .U% -  `&7 =6 27.7

7B !6   ! .76] `/ G% !6 7 B] !6 7% 27 = 7%&B (7/ XL

 27  7%B  s" - 2  6 &2 12B  - !6 0&%  .7-1627

(s  !6 & 7&6. b1 .7% -   Z  h !L 7% ?6 7 0%m 2d 7 < -

< m 6 !V   & 7K!6 (~T2 J -! = ! < <!V6 06.

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=242586

 

F   5  ?$B ( ! [` 

6 !6 Lm!m !% dB  7%H m=G .7%H

.$[ 6 .d( 0 ] 62  0$B(  #

2 0676 7%  h  !% B ( H

.7%

 T $  `Vd &L "g 6 5]d !6 D

&- ( J .7%(7% [ Z &6 

 7%&m ! "B . wH 2 7%  7% !6 7

0 ] !H =  s   .7%6

W 0 7 !H  7 !2 7 -%H VB!6 =

 (! &-% VK &7% "  K !2

.- 0 ] 6 -  0 6 !H -  02 s= !6 !6-6 6- e  Jm  =7 6 !H 7
 7% %H  &H J(% !6 &6 7% ./  !2 s!& !6 <  ZW  &%"e

7$( &/]  7.-

D % 7(7B !  0 2 !% /  !6 $w -% g T  0756 - 7

7 ( .-

= KL2 % 5 &%B !H D"6F ?B 05< V6 7 7FH  ]d 27( 0 F 5 (

1- H.

!6 by- 0 H 1- ( %&B  7%H #  "( 7%" 7% 7% "= 7-F 7%   7

 D bX- (&H 0   = :12 '-F -b 7 6   77 =  6 (L

) .7% % 0%j $UK 7% 7%%H H/ GK !6  .K -  6 F 0 (.- - UK 0 Z

  !H B7B - d - = K bF %  .7   '-F >-F 6  B% 67

"  .7 (" 7% !=7 2-  H  e !H 7% = !6 7.7

= Ks % 5 5 !X / 7 !HH  T< !- !-H ?V " 7% d  .7%H = K%m % 

T >  $J !6( !H 7-  ]"d( 7 =  !6 -.7

( !6 7< < L!5 B Fb 6 B G6% !X.7

 / &%6 K= . !H 7 ! %(&H 0   ) ]w" 7% (bX-<" h d K05

 / 7% 2 Y6 B &H! &H .7%6 H !HL 0  7  ]w) 7 ( <"&H h

`-! (d   .6- !H 7% =  = 7 --6 " !6 7 $( "H2  /

?.

6 "5  & H = 2 !%Z[ !6 V?) -  7  (%H = !H  / !H

- H &6  7%%H  !6 $ 5    &6  = 77 !6 7% (`  7%%H 7%6

<" h  B  .7%%H F&m 7 ] 0 0 !H - = [" h " ./ D.-

D" H B 6 ?$B 6  7%H  7 = 0 g& ?$B !  6 K= .-

" -  "5 & 5 D - H  %&(= .U   %   6 ] = 6 T %=H L.

&7  :%H =6 !- H  2.

 !  0 $ K`B   ` !H 07 !6 =d 7 6 .7%H ( !6#$ % 6 7

(  L! .6

 = 6 7W 2-] !&F 7 !6 bH(6  7H h6  6B B 6  $K !1K

76 { T 76 # !6 =.

=   g( !6 !( 6 - !6&1 7 $w -%!  B6! $K ]6K -  K= 7 !1-"

. !20  !"/  $V -/ (  ]w (W !6 ?$B V % ["H D"( .

H -= 6  -- ?$B [B 2 - L =   >6 !  1(6  6 

- = 0 K !H H b/ !6 {  H !m 7% /7%

(   0 " 7% < .-

 s !6 K= 7-" 0 ZK  !2 7 !H -G# 7 B Z%e = &%&B ZW 7%

& !"6 7 7% %&B .-[ K= !H % 7 - a =  [` 6 6 B&H

 6 !- 6  m &B 6 6 (7Z 7 6 {%F 7 6 .- 0%j 2 UW `& 5 % /

L>  7% [% 7Z( !6 (7 ( 7%    6 Z 012 = 0B- % B 7%H UB %vU .
6 &!H 0H  2 .

[ !H" D  = 2 :7 6   ("e 0Y] 7 .-

 : G$%!  VK

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=296283

 /  ? e

(   = 6  !H ($  !6  !6$ B 7&2

0 L6  2B .7   !6 L$ H !H2

(K 6 %H  y- 0K .  6 0 !6 ( 70

sd  27 76   B% !m B by- [

76 &6($  B !6  6 ] L  2.

6 2 B6 7%m ?[B h  -%&66 7

( >% 2 H 2" 7Z6 6  K6 - 7

([$ .76 &6&-%   s[ !6 / !- "H

Z- V6 !-  (  7%%H  00

( 7%6 6  W ( 0 %  .7%

 0 H -  / !- ! 76 [ !6 /

 / 0  < h .- 6 !6 h"U 0 1H - 0

 /  F.

 : V6 0 1H !6 &6 7 (!  7 (V

6 =   &6- . 7%%H  $de G ... H/ -

6 1-  7%%H  = !j (Z  !2 !6 7%%H  27%

V( h[? !H = B 0 .7%$6

 :Z- 0 7% !6 &6 (! `H .7 [ 0% = % y-  [B !6 .7# H= .7!  $de

7%%H 6 !H 7%%H  Z-   .76 -

  : 0 1H !6 &6  (!  7 =H b !j = "B .7%%H  $de 7  7% / D

B -  ( =  .7/ =  5  ( ..-

6  B% 0 H !VK 0 !6?6 K:7

!- 1H 6 - 1 / 6  <6 !6 7 H 7%&26 !H 5% !H -  D =  2 !H -y6
Um 6

 1  27= :7 6 $ 7 7/ !H-= . = 6 B = L$-- =7 Y 6 %H !H "Z !B 6H . B 6

6 06 6)...  D V6 1 .(- Z( !5%  = :7%H  ZK 2 - 7e   76 7e !6

[2 Z$ .7

7e 7= !B 6 >?$(T6 . 7F 0H B  ( %&K)...77  D Z-- 1 .(-  2 :7 = -! !H D%B

-F  H  b/ `H !  66 K F !H =  D%B 6)...  D  .(-

( / 7 ! h"U #% !6 !H 7(  /  / 0  ?" (&? / .  0W 0 

($ ( K e (T2J 6 .7%H  DH &6 ( y  6 B ]w 7 6- B / 1H  H.

`B %Z !6 0 ] B ] H 6 !"6 (T2J &6 .-Y 2 - B bX ?6 Lm 7(7 

 7%H dV W   B % 6 7%H 0 6 !H 0 1 / 1H 6 H !5m (   6 7%H7

($ K6 7%H [` Y  .7

55m V6 6

 !6 V6 == &m !6 !j V6 .7%%H  !( &6 7  ]2 . .7%7- 7! 7! 02H T<H !6 .7%

7! ` !6 .77% !K !% 75 !5m "B 7  .7%

V6 6 6F 7( F# ( 66 .H $de !e`B 7 cW( . ( 1  = !"e/ 6 - . H/ -  m

5% $6  6 $de6 .7 V6 H $6 .7  !6  !d! !6 76/ =   7%"6  = 7 =  ]

!  71%  .# .7%

55m Z- 6

Z- 7% !6 12 !6  !6 6 !d (!  !6 .7  `12 !K - !6 7e B (! & 

Z- 6 7%H Z- .7% = H ( V6  .7%H $de 0

(&( . .76 `H &6= D 0 - 6 Z- DL( &6 !$ D7!  H $de 7%( .  = 6

6  "( 6.

55m  6

  6 ` 7= .7 Z6 s !6 !H ] !  7% ` =    .- 6 !j= 6 b/ -

2 ! "B 7%%H.7

  6 7 =< .7&H&- & 2 !67= .  6 !H =< 7&H  (  $d  !6 6 H

6 - 7! H 0    6 7%H Z- . ` .7%H $de

 : G$%! 6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=295013

& => /& /0


0
 J( 7% " B 6 !B- ( (6   .7% = 

- D- 6 E J(7 7% !2  6L  !H 7

F 6 7 =  7/ hH ]K H B .7&?6 .

 L6 2 -! .76 L6   27 d

B.B- 7

V( D B B  7V ( 0 ( .7%H - 7 0

(V &? ( B ( 76 = !6  6- B &67

6.

!2 !6  2 !H 7%H   hH D H(  .7$ 

=! 6 ?  HH 5  .7%5 0  T6  `-  "g B  -.H 7

B ]g -! = !6 !j%m .76 `= 7$ 7% !K  6  %( !H "g !6 012 "!" 6 .7%H F 7 >#7

 ]g ? B j = 0T 6 B BH 7.

2 D B  (&]  6 .7 !6 7 Z !H# L6 ]g D  ]&( !" 7% .77&!  7 B 6

7 5  T56 7 7.7%H $&F 5

 W p6`B H  .7%H

&F $ 6 X 6 !1K B ]g !/ - B K  .7&! B " !6 L16.7

B ]g !6 %Z6 7B D5%6 - .7 7- !65 hH H  B ..7&?6 7

( XL H L  B ]g =2  .76.- !&F 0

 .76  e 7e 0 !d 6 -  = .766  = 7

( h-%7 B .7%H 1/( 0  7%7F 7%=  776 . "Z ZW  `- .7$ ZW 0 

 -   .7$ 27

B 27  .7%H 7%676 H   ( !6# .7-

>F = & !js !6 7B !X .7 ] 0 - H &  L> 7.7

  .76 U$s%B 27    Z  $ !H &F  5% 6   =  Z .7%H F 7 6 !H27

 T2  1% J 7 B -.7

? B !6( F .7%H BK 0? 0 Y bF .-7  5j .7%

 2 7%m ( % ( .7%H !6#  ( % 7 !6 7&!  B 0 2   7 !6L  .7%H !K`B

2 (6 6 6 6 .7 0  7 H !6 = .7$ GK

7e K -  6 -- 0B .- B !- B 7-%&6 =  &! e6 !K .7

- 2 V( 7H ] G ( 7%H  = g =! .76

 L2?  !%6 7( .   66  .76 LH  6 72 . 7.7

!6 6-7 &F .76 V !?--  b1%6 ( H  F !6   L.7% D

`B 6  = .7%H % 5j 7 7    .7-

6  7%H LH(  e ! 6 .G

( V% !-2 &F 7 ( "$% B 27 6 7.7

[B !6! 76<" h !H %H   7%% 27 &F J(7 7%  %B ? 7 7%  0 - 0
 (  $ !6 6-7  - !6  %( .77 B 7%6& 7 =  56 7.7

 56B 7B B .76B  %Z !6/ 02 7 5  1 !6 !"6 .   B !6 !- = B(

7 B 6  = 0 !- 5 .-

/  2 7 F / 7$  76 &!7

!(= : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=231271

& =>  *U

J b2 ]6((7% 0   -! -   76% 0

6  7/ " S Y (? 0  b2 .

J 5 - Q 0-((7% 0   6.

( 5 - 6 0-%  b 6 - -!

= Lm 7/ " #%F Y 6 b2 .-22

 - (7$] = !6 6   5 Z%e (y 1-

7 (6 56 7 #   6 &6 7 !6

6  B  !V% !6 T2 b2 .  76 "B

 ! ?6 2 7 Y 7-6 !# !6 W -!

7- Z%e#  .  0%j ! 2 

( ]$K ! e 7-6 #= !6 6 (  b 0

7K Z%e (y B 7J . !6 b27 -!

B  - B 0  !   -  #%  6L5 7 =   !j  7 h  b2 -!

= 7 !6 b2 &7 7 ) !6!  h  &7  /( 2% B Z%e 6 hK 0 7!6 -

 # 65 7-K % 56 (!7 7F b2 GKK 7 6L6 %Z(< 0  (y -! ["

6= -    6  > $K 7 #( s   7 7 .-  0 !e( !6 ( =6 6 b2 ]6

  h    6 ( % h    < 0  %= (ym ! "B   

 7%  ( 7%  h  B Y  6 7$6 - !6 .7%-6

> =2 7B7&!

 (J b2 ]6 !e( 0((7% 0   < K (y 6 6   h  0 -! > =2

7B !67&! $ = 6 s% 0 b2   W :7


$B - 2  6 >?F.7%

7 b2  2E 7 B 0 -! 6  !6 7 $B  = 6 76% 6 7 $B 55m 6B !6

-% 7 bF .7% ]6 $B 7 76  # TF 7%% - 5?-F !6 76 h-% (& . 7%% !6  0

[% ! 7%6! $B L 76$B 7% B 7 B7 .( b2 s !6 0%j  7 6K

( !6 5?-F =  6 67B !6B) 7& L  56 (76 !e( b26 7% 7$ - 7%

(!6#  B  - -  %6 F  = !6 .

$B - 76 B !6 (7$] .7%

7 b2 6   h  6&F !6 7 $B 6 76 (  !   6 !6  -%&6 7 $B 76

7F !6 B (7$] 6 b2 .%  0 ( !e%&B) 7%(& 0( % !6 L6( G$% 07 2

 6  h  B B- -- F %!   6 6 6 !U-]/ 7F.7%

 6 - - B $6 Y6.7

^d6 0 %?- 6 ) >(  b7 v %  =<  %! 2() :7  2 ] !6= F

=!BL6 ( 0 6K B - T26 b2 (. =!  6 - B $6 Y6 !e( 7%

)7 ( 1- % %Z[` 2= -7  !6 by-6 ! 76   -6 7 6  6

!-F[`  (L#! ( ]"d 65  ! .66 0%j 6 7 L6( 0 ) %Z 6(

-!T2 %   7% !67?- - =m ! =   7 > b2 .7%%] 6 Y6  6

 - 6  J 7  7 ! > 7 ] 6 Y6  6   / pd ( 7% !2 !6

6 7%! ! 6 7  6  p"   .7%%

!6 Q- ! 76! 6 L6 UB 6 L6 .7%

b2 s !6 =< &7 F  L62  UB !6 L6  6 7 Z%e[` & 0 $

%  Z > 6[` 6UB 6 K  b2 . VB 0 2) :7 6 [` 7  >6

7 7%   Lg & 7%?! (.-

"!  [`

_ B 27 T $676 7 = ! = 6 275 ! .7%

_ 5%! &m  (  7 & 7 7%7K 7   K cde .7

_ 7&7 (  ! ] 6 . !K`B 7$

_  Be 7% b - ! 0! s =  .7%&%6

_   B L  v ?676 ?$B  .

_ s 76 5 76 !j= ! 76 . 5

_ 6   B -  - !6 .7

_  7%! 7%"6 / G[K ( 7L6/ 7K .7%

(   6 (" 7! y6L

    ! 6 276 7 0 -!  6 -( # F !"6 ! y

 275 0 .--  - F TF&26 e F 5  76 e( ! !  0

<" 7!   / (" 7 B  !7%

!6 ^6 Lm !m - !  27  ( 2V 27 6y 5 % !6 .76 w m 2

-   7%% (`Vd &5  7  eB 27 7%%   5 27 #   7%
6 7  %6  7(K1  6 7  GU 6 5  76 7%  6  / 7( = #   !m

6  $ 7  = (1 .7

m <"B h 65 !  %   B>  - 66 .B 7 7"( 0! %

&?6 6 ! 7B !6 7!  7Z- U eVB !6 -  2 !%  %vU  . 27

!% 527  ] . (  = !6? .%

B !"# : G$% L$-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=234941

 $& 
$

6  12 ,  %&F (H  7.- -

<= $-% 12 .7%H 6 7%m ( .7%H

 !Z 7e 6 = 7Z6 7%"6 (e !6 7Z6 , D !L by-

( ( .7%H

6 6 ( T56 ,"H 7 T &6 . 6 B  W =( 2

.

7( !6{  1 "H 12 0 !6B -= 7 !H?6 27

=  [ D  56 7 F / .  6 7 !X B7

.7

= !d1e 12 !H (  [ 6 7%H  = e  .7%H

/ 7 = 12  6 p ZK( 27 ( .$U ]$K h.7 B 6 7%m 12 5(  .7%H

7%H Z-J  $w ( ( T 7%H T562= W 6 7  .

- (1 7 ]XK  - 7e . - K -"Fm !6 e 7%?$ !6 (.76 c( Z%V

= - 6 !H -  0- 6 e 7 B D.6 -

-

- (7 GK 0 5 !6 $ -5 =  0H

 m

- H K   65 .-


#%F

- 02 &6 !H - ( %H5 7% !6 .%H

&

- 0 !H - ?$B5 ! / 6 p .6  - ] 6 !"6

1

- - 7K 6 0  5 -

&

- 0 !H - - (76 != 6 %H 0d !m 7%  = !6 $ -/.7

 

- 0 !H - -  [ !HTy6 7%  = % Z- !6 ? B 6 =.%H %

- 0Y/ !H - B B 76 !65 ( ,% ]d e  = !6 !H/ B 6 .7%%H



- 0 !H -  5 7  6  B 76

- 0 !H - L2 - % d( "? ]X !6 $

L-

- d  / !6 .- 27 -/ T56

 m

- 0Y/ g( !H - B B 6 Ty6  0/

LF

- 0 $d !H - ! (`H 6  % 5 6 !"6 7e 0d  L6 .%H

L

- 0 !H -- = 7 ! ,%H  -  = 6 p !H 0T56 K

71

- 0 !H -5% 6 $de- /.76  = G `H -

7#

- 0 !H -   $w -! eVB .65% 6 - (1.



- 0 !H - L2 - K  !"6 %    = $w .%$6

6

- 0 !H - X5 -> L !"6 % H $w - e6 !K .%H

6 

- 0 !H - Z- -  6  L2B ZW 6 %676 6  = ZW! .%

6

- 0 !H - <  / - 6 D  = !6 76 5

!  = !6 !H 0 76 5 ! 6 !H 06 -/  - / (&7.%H 7


6 -

- 0/ / !H - / 6 -m 2  !6B $  .%H

6  m

- 6 7Z .- 6 / 0H ]  K !6 7 Z( !6 F6 7%$.

6 #%F

- 0 !H - Z G 6 %H 7 =2 L> 

6 &

- 0 !H -B p6 6 - !6 U6%w- (7$] .%H

6 1

- 7e K &7B . 7-

6 &

- 0 6 !H - $7B !6 .& - 7 B # .%H

6  

- 0 >%( !6 !H -  !U6 7  6 H !6 - ( h !H L6  -.

-

- e6 .- - D -6 ZK / .7%%H  76 ( 6 !H

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=276409

 _6 ,


7%m K !6 V( -  L6  ?- !2 7

%    V( 0 77.

  7 6 7%   ( B  ># p

   7K 6 &6 # = !6B -= 7.

b6 hB - 5B !m !-  (  Y/  7

 7K B 7- 7K  h Y/ ( 7% h .7>K

7-! 7K 6   6.7

 B !6(  7%  02 5  6 .7-

 [% !% 2 0 6 d( 7 7

B 0 6  ((V = .7%

 5  7Z 0 - 7-6 s !6 / 0 - 6 ] L 02 - {%F !6 K ( ( (d
&" 7    1 !2- bF - =  T5.7

Z  

 ( 7&!  7( !6{ !6 ZKL 27 B 7% bF  !6ZK B  27 .

( B s ( 6 !( 6 !67 B .-6

(  "  0 5%! ] 6   - !6 7% - bF  Lm !6 ]  %! ] .

(Q7 6%6 7 ( 7- = !6  = ?6.

( SZK =U !  Ty6U= ! ! B.

( a - (` 6 6  6  !6 L2 1%( ]w (-/ !% BB .



 6 0 6 #  ! # =  ( !6 7 6  0 K .-  7%! (  L6 76 

.m

 p  -"! ( = 6  % !6 .7% w ( 2  712! - 7  -( F 7Z6 !6 0

56= 7 - 7  F  ( 2  712  ` d ( - 56 7Z6 !6 0= 7 

` d 0" (( h .7%

!12 !6 sh/e ! "  6  V? 06 '- ]w 7 '- .

 ]/ 6 !6 6- 07 !6 56.7

? V'-

/ 56 7 7% 7 - `- 7B s/ ...

 Z- G# 7%  7%&%6! Z `w .76 7 `  "   L ]d !6 B

7%B !6 6  m .7% B ZUK  !K` L2 K6 !6 ($ 6? $  B 7.7

&m &m5 $de  = 6  ( 7% .756 7

 U ]X 7  G  76 1 0!  s / 7 2% !6 7 56 1 0 7.

$de 7%"6 7%  6 .7- Lm 0 [ B ]6 J(d( !-  K B .2 7 !$ 0 ] ?-

.-

7%  ]w  6 .d( .$[ .7-% "  s% / 2V( - 0 6 Y6 .

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=268443

;   / Zd q


 ]g  m

= % !6$  ]g B  .7 - !K` 6  d$e 7

B 76  7 !%6  7dB -  7 6

] ]d !6( 6 7 bF T2 - &F 0  6

W ] 26 !B !6 s !6 .7! B  ! 7-

 7m h U 0 !6L ZK - !   7m 

( &<" !   [` 7  ]g 

m (  !5m= 7 !6= -7

]g /  ` ? VB  %( .-  

( 7 16 7! !m 6  B !m -  (6 7

 ` !K#  7 7 ( >?6 #  6 .75 7 !  ]g !6 !$ (s ! 76 ( = h

.7#%6

% ! 7%m #%  :

/ -  Z

/ - ` ) !K  !B  = ( ...

L -   Z )  v6 !6 !6 ` ] ( ...

) > -($ 6 6  7d B !6  > 7 6  76  V?  v ( ...

L" -  )  pd  bX ( ...

- #   p )  = B 1- !1 ( ...

-7&?6 ZK B !6 V? &F

B( [ . 0 d( !6 7  s `B .X %6 .7[ !6 2 B  ( 6 7" " 7 7%

bF B :7-y6

-  = 7 !5m 0 s !6- )   76  !m %&  L &F % [ !6 Z$  F !m1

T2 0 7  6!  7-   !5m 07% ( 7/ ( 6 XL   7! = 7 6  m (

&m -7  0 =m 7% ]  % >?6 7 % B !6 & 1-% ...

-    Z !m 7 d !6=  6 0/ !m - !m  0 h-%-  K  0 #-

) (? VV  (

2    7! B  !m .7 `  0vU -! Lm !m  B .76 ! 0 - 7% .- ? !6

  / ( 7%  B 7d( .7%

 6 0 0 -! ? !26 6 \- (Y =  %6 7 by-  6 B 56 s : "  0

B " B  0 " 5 " !6\- !6 d 0Y '-F Z- .7 7! \-Y `  .76 XL# 0 6

B 7% -   ( !?F -  ( s%   ! . 0 -!  ! $T/ 7   < ^67 ZK

  ( . B p &? .7% 7 B  - 6 . - ZK = B  TF .- K!  -

= `B .X ( s% 7    7 6  =  B> 6   7 !% 0   - !6

- 0Z ]g  .7

6%6 0  % - < y6 ZKL ( 7  .76 >?6 !#


- : G$% `-  7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=222580

; & M, e 8

v- 0 <" h   $U V? ( %H !m !H 7%%H

T 7F %H!    s% !H ?T V 2

7H ?T V? !H e 6B6 d6 7  6 !6

[ B " 7%%H  h 0?  2 K- 2

 hV  2 6  76 =    L B  %%m 7%

/  !H %H  GK   [ !6   7&H

? V Lm /(  !H - = ( H >F !67

  2 !HB 7 B V? !6 $  -

V( 0%m  !H %H 2  ]w 6 !H (1e  75

H   H 6 B- 7 B- 7 0 -

2 6 H B % L  e 6 27 7

?B V 1- ! 0%m 7%H : - / (g

(7$]  7 !B 76 = %Z   %6 7 !H

 ( !6 =  7   7 !B (  =   ( V? 72 $( L / ( g - %Z2

76  -  B 2 76 06 06 76 2 Z ! 76  Z 0! ? J  V= 7 GK

(  g 7 0? bF 7% 6 !H 76 B 27 7F %H 0 V? !H -  6J Lm D !-F / ( g

(7$] -

? V Lm D 6H - U   !# 0 B B V? !H - U !H   B6 7

= GK  V? .6U 6 !H %6 X7  (  0d GK 7$ !6 T V? !U$< 5&6  B !( 6

76 T2 !j  (7 T V? D !H %? B .&- K  !    K !H % B !H

6 7 F %H  ? V T ZK ? 6 X !% ?T V 2  6 7 (1e !H

`   ! ' B 6 = :

?6 !H 1e 0 7 B 6 = !H %s% 6 .K 6 .K %$6 !H %B ZK  !m h/e

?&6 V  !6 - !H H`w < .K -762  !j7  ( 7 $ d !6 7F B   7%H

 7K 6 L >% wH - -76 !6 -(  0 7  s T V D " 76 7%H  !H -6 

7H W  F 012 0?- 7% !6 0B [   0H $de <  (  ! 7 !2   %H ( L !6
H 6 0  !m ! Lm  < !m s% #%   p  !( !H % !6 !H %H h" ! 0 D

= !-[   0H $de 7m ?= V  J-

/ !H % ?B6 0  65 (  = !( h" !H Lm  %  7%H  - !6 2 B !K` 66

(! 6 ?6  %( ! GK " H  F !"6 / 5 7 5 L!  !   !1 ?6 !H / T56

 !6 2 B y (B L  Y L 012 0?-= 6  6 !H - 1 0(H !g H  bF

6 ! ?T V 6! $? 6 !6 7 B  .K   = !& !1 = !1 -  = !H

 ( h! ! - ` 0 !H  !1= L >/ s(( $ = H/ - s 0((B h

 - e% 7T V? D K`H !e`B - !H % 2 6 B %H /= = [ 7%F !H7

- = $ 7s ! !H 6 5 1 %H  B 0d( !6 -

6 !H 7K 0 7  = -76 6 K V? D 6 $ !-F !H %(  bj7K % 7 -L

. 76 7%?$ D B(?    L% -  %   ( H !H F!  --T V? D 0

( $ !K  0 - s% !$ h 6 5B- 7%?$ ? !H  0! 767 !6 = ?6 7 5 1 7%H

( h  %( ! 5B- 7%?$ ?  V b 6 !"6 `= V? / H  6 7B H 6 (V

H 6 7 7%  !H  H 6 $V  0 6 H B "H 6 K`BT $ % 6 L-w X

 7%H 5  7% B 6  7B !6  !H    12 T h`B s = 7%H 6 !6$"K 7 0e 7Z

s% 76 6 7%?$ !H % 7 LB6 ( Y 6 & 7%U 2  !HLH %?- 7% =6Y 7 6 &6 7%?$ 7%7

e 0 7 !6 76 !K 2  6 7L6 7%?$d( 5B- 7%?$ ( -] ? B 76e 7%?$ 7 !K[ !& Z$!H %

? !6 W/ !6 W/ -7 !e`B - - ! -. 0

Lm 0 DmH (/ = 27 eV? 7 = !H U6 6% B K6  - Lm 0!H -

? V T 72 =  = 6  ! 0-.76 7 (! 7%H !H %&! 7K !H H 76  X

>&H !H 7%H  < !&2 ! Lm! 7% !"2 bH -(  V B 56 5  7 ?V

 B $U 7 5 B  L%B 1%. B- 7/ ! &m 22 B 6 %HLm !6 B

 !H &?6 7  6 !26 7K =B ! K  !H 7 (    6 6  !j=  7

6B 0  =  6 7 0/ W (! 7K !6 V6   / K D = !K "  2

2  h !H[   L  0 . 7$6  -

!$% !6 2  (! %H/ 7m !H %H 6 6 !H Z [B !6 7 B K= X  7 !H 7[

Z  6 !H H  7m 7%%H (&B ./ 7%%H ]  ]w !H 7 7% " ) (   `-: 7 !H K!

  &m   7 p  ! = Lm !H 6B !H 7  7 Lm 0 &- 6  V?.

%j= 2 !H5 6 - D  75 67F !H ?6 h$- !6 7 H 6 7 %=  6 ( 7H 7% ./ 7%6

 m. 07K 6 !H6 7 hHT V? D = ]Z6 K / 6 !H % h% F - !H H 7% H 6

?$B(B .  0 h% d6 =  7 7   & B ( 7%%H  1/ F 0%-

 = !H K    ! 7%6 !H 77 &! (  < =  B !6 "H h .& 6 GK`$76 !K 

&! !H 7 7%d( 6 D  Z !& ( 7%H  "H !m B  7Z6 !"/ !6 5 = !B 7

-H 7  2  Z 7% 7%  - 7! &  %?- 7%  7%%H . ]$K 0

6 2 6 & $s( 6 7   H $ 6 !m !H H 7   (d D h% 7% 0

7e&  = 7 -  !H &(= 7%%H   Z & ]Z   - ! - !H/ 6   7

 0s( 6 !H K =?! $  !& ! p  !H 7 >F   h !H% B` B !H B 
H =  >F[ 6 7 2 &`  7Z6 5 6 F >F!  &  ( 2 .

Y76] !H -Y6 0 (d D ]  ! (7 K V? DT   ! 0#%F 6 7  hH

76 K V? D (!  6 ? !H %   7! 76s%   76 !H % 7 B #6 Lm> -

 7 Z  Z  B 12 0 H !H - Lm 2  >ZK !6. 7  (  6H

 7= L 0?- !H - B 7H K    !12 L ] ( Lm -  !6 06 012 K !6 012K

. B 6  >F 6 !H 7 0?- = !6 L6  &F 7Z6 B 6 7 (  H) 76 !12

" 6 56 (  =  >F e L 2B 0?- 6 !H 7 H H !6 &( B %H .  0H 0  %H7Z6

&F B 6 7  ]w) X2 !%6 6 7 012 6 7  !2` " L= $d !"H D % !H  ( 2

/ Y6  76 GK 7Z- [`   76 ? !H (  !U-B 7 #65 T56 =  7 16 < !6

  W / /  $6 F .  YZ !H B / L6 % &B 2? B  !6 $5 d%6

6  %H V? 27 = 6   !6j 0%m  H $Z6 56 2 B #65

T56 = p  =  >F H %H  = !H 7 d %H 7W 6 X= &?66  !6> = 6  X76 2 !j

"B 7%H ] 12 K 0   !6Z   7F BH 7 .

&6 !H ! 0 7  h-76 K V? D ] H = !H % !6 DH5 s% 76 2 !H %  B

65 !T2 / L ] !6/ 7F   !$[K %H /  7 !H Km &"   75 &H !6 7%6&6

B  v !6 !H K $K  6 F ?  V 7%H  7(  !Z- H 76 < 5 <    D$-

7%He !H K !K < D5    6 -6 B  !H H 6 2  5 6 = K -/

 < %H B  H  !6 s 2 B 6 %16 H  V?  H  ->  - .K

!   !H V? 0 T  HYZ >6 !H 7% =! H !6 ?B V y6[ 6 16 7 H

2  5 B`66 7%- ] 01 7T V? D 0 ]6K !H -  6 6 7 !H 7%%H 0 

(56  6 7% 7%  L 0 !65   X2 6 7 7F (  !H 7%%H7%6   !6 7%

- : G$% ($ #

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=326214

; & ? e 8

6 !   7K !6 6- 6/ T &?6 .-

B  bj%Z6 !H 7  ZW (  !Z27

.7%H - 57K !6 6- 6 5  - 

Z6 6 7K hH    - ?  !H 7%%H = 


0&B  m  6"U V( !6  .7&H

[ ('  &6 27&!  6  !H 7F 6

y[ $ "!  !6$ 7K hH 66  = .7 F( 0

$# 6 !6 !H 766 B 7%%H 7B  0 6 = 

 <- h [ K !2UB 7 7  !6 Z6 !H77  ]d - & .7   % 0 =  6

7K !6 6- $# 6V6 !H 7 B >H !6  %F ! .7% 6 7K / 6  $#B !H 7 66

/ - B  sdm 7%  = 6 !sd    = !H B !%de .7%%H

[ ('   .!  !H 7! !6 B  7K hH [ !6 <   7% ?6 2- 7% /1

B %H !%de 6 7%L6v"F !12 !6 7 - =B 0% >- ?"   ( 07%?$ 0 h 6!

6  =7%6< 2 27%$    %F&! .7%B(  >F !6  7%m 27 !%de F7K 6K p

6 D F TF H( 1( !6 !H - 6 !"e/  .

  7K 6 !H 7K hH 66   7( 6= B7  7%F !Z ! ! .76

6 0 ! [ 2 ]  !H X  sH  $K  " 5B-L6 7 (  = p- B !%de B  7 

7K "B B- !6 7.7-

7K !%de   H . 6 !H 7%  6 !65 =   67 B H/ !6(   .77

5 76 =! B ! B !6 7  !6 7 0     B %H6 7.

6    # !H 7%%H  6 7K (1 7K U < 7 .-  6 2!6 &6 K

 &  !( !Z 7 B !H 76 =  ( 0 6 7K hH  !6  !Z  = 7%  %H  

7K( 7%.7%

0  U%   !H 7%%H 7K !%de=  ZW (  7% ` !K !6H 0 7 .7  H 0 & >6

 L J\  --6  = &6 !H - 7K hH =  .76   6

Z6   7 !H 7 6 !Z 65 s%e  p 7K(& U6  B6   B L 1( 06 D

!m  >6 -- &6 7H  ZW 7K B B B6 !H 7   76 !Z s

H  =  K 02 <  !Y.-

&6 !HZ 0  !Z!  76 7%  = !H 7 7K hH 5 .756 &F !-  !Z

-7e 6 !H 7 K -  2 !6 27! 7%  6 7e !H 12 K 5- =   06 -

6  =   6 UB  0 --  6& # .7

676 7 7 7m  5-7e 76 .5   !H 7%%H !12 &F /7  !1- !6 ZUK !H - B(

B6 7.m - U% -

m 7K !%de  &6 6  !H 7 7e g K  6  h < 5 - 6 .7

=  6 7K hHB 6 6- 27 0 7e .- B7> H Z s(.7 7e !6 K B -

 - 6 7K !6 6- .-

! 5VZ / !% ( 0  !Z !6$  6 T2  6B 27 H /.7%H  <B L !6

(7%  - !H 7% pB 27 B  pd[ B   6.7%

T 6   2 =  B !H  !Z 7e .  K -  0 7%%H  Z6 - 1e  D

7! 7%6

/  !H 0 m %H  27  L7 0 !H 6 06 7K  H.


  !Z 0  ! ( "g "Vd  ( 6 76 !H 6 T2 B 27 B 6 0  7%H H

m  L7 0.

 m %H 62 !H -5 = !6$ 7K hH( 6 B  7K 6.7%6(  = h$- !H !j 0  

7F 7 1  L5.7%

6%6- "K #6 0 6  7K ["  6 $B -( [7K Z .7&j6

 76 0vU 0 !6 !H  H$ 7K hH .7$

 7m  6  7K hH 7%H &F-  6  6 27  6 ?$ V ( $V B.7 7

  (H 7 ( 7%H5 6 B /  6! 7%6 ! ? =   = 7 [ 0  !6 .!6

 7 B /  B G B.7 7%

/ !H 6 7K  ( 7  6 7%H - 6 0 L  6 0 .76

6 )) 2 7K((

6 =6 0B 7K6 6 7  !6 eB 7 [ B 5%6 ]$K.7 ! 6 7-/ B %H .7

'-F !6 -/ p j 7- G !H - -7K !6  6   . H/ 0( $ 6 %5%-

&6 "B !H T = / .-

-/ Z 2( h$-(   7   2 7 p[ B !6W (  7%$6B 7 6  = 6 = 

(%H d B =.7

? $V ( '-F 0 /m - "! (-/ &6 !H - -/ &m 5 !6 K   G27

(  7%6 .(  76 $V 2 7 p[ (%H d B = 7 5 ! 6 !% / - B B 7.

!12 !6 L62 " :--

B  2 7 % h-=  !6 !H 7- B  6 7%H&  !6 - B $V !6 6 -

7

& . (TFJ  L  6 7  7K hH  .7%6 0]  &m 6 7 /H .  7%%H h$-

 6 !H 7 UB  7 .7%6

K  !$ & . 7 7  6 7 !H 7%H K B .& $-% ZW 6    ! $ .& !%7

7 [   (K J( d .7

%H -/ !6 %Z 0K  !H - B 76 0 7  !T2 !6 =76 7%&6 .7 6  6 !"6

UB 6   / 7 = 6 7/ !T2 !6 7 =B 7% 76&.7

 $ Lm  7 <"B.7%H 5 %6  Z6 H - / .- $ Lm  7 <" 7%H 5  6K 7 76

!H !ZK 5&F ]$K .7%H

 !m .  77K 76 Z-  B (716 7 7K !6 B &6 7.7- B 5 Y !T2 !6  !H

("?  H B(  .7%HH 0 1% J H  B 7.  $(  !H - GK !6 7 = 7%  6

 7 H 0 ("?   !6 y6.7

6 77 !H7 "e = = !T2 6 .- ( !6 0'  !H %H  !Z 5T2 B $ 56. 6

K( G? 6  -  !1.-

0 5 6 (  !T2 !6 6 7 7 !6 % 6 - B 5%6(.7' 5T2 &5 F !H -=  -

6 [ $ 7K 6 (/m - (6#   2  0?-.7

B !T2 !6 2  55 6 7 !6$ B H 0   !6 .7%H  &6 !H 7%H ! h !6 h$-70B


  7Y.-  6 7B !T2 !6 -/ 5%6.7

bF =! !6$ B "$K 6 F6 7B !6 7 :7X56

 0 5 0 $ ( ? H.

 0 !6 5 0 ? .

6 2 6 7 0 B( B 7%H 6= !5m !H B= 7 ] ? - 6.7 0  ( !H -

(  !6$ = 6.7

6 !%de 7K 6 76 76 6B !&F %6 7 !H 7  22  - "? p 7L6  m !6 6 ! H

(7% < !6 7%%H ! .76

$  s 7< 5  < K`B  .76 7%F ( 06 p6   ?" 1  !1  27%$ - 0

!VVB !H - / .7%H  L [- -6 - ( h&! " <6 2 g( h$- !H 7

  -K D  7.7

6 0!   ?" g < 2 &F g =67%! (  %F   = .7%%H 7B 7& ?$

-  dV g  !6 7%< 21-  7%%H  6 !H 12   7VK 0 !H -5 !6 ?

B ] 7%%H   7K !6 .7%-6 &6

 %H< 2  27%$ L e !6  % \ J p6 % !6 ( K`- 0 6 7K G

  .76

6   %<6 2 7 56 !H 7   m !sd  h-% B !X6 76 7B 7e 7 ( = 0 !H #-

5 7 5 7F 7  56 !5m !H 7 5 6 $&F 7 B $6  6.7

 6 6  m 6 B 5B- 7K !%de 6 7%%! ( 06 B G1 !6 B !(B 7  6 1- 0

`- 6 7B  -  6B !6 56.7

m !H 2 76 0 ( =6 >F !6 BB 7( !6 B 76 bF. 7 7K  $e .76

 $e 7K H !6 ? .7%H  sd

$e %H 7% L -/   D B !6 !H - B = !6  7- 6 =  56.7

K !6 %&F $e7B !U D6 7 H L#6 !H - Lm K7 5.7

[   h$- $e 6 5  !H  & ZW .7

7K  D 6 -  ( 7 ( . 6   (/ 71 V 6 !"6 7-%&6J~( !6 7

" = (! .7

 6 77 7K /1 = 7%H  b/ !H !j  7%6.7%H 6

 27   0 !66 D 6 7K (7$]  7/.-1 6   & 7%  = ]w  $ = 7

 6B6 %  6 .7%H D76 B =<  7%H = 6> ( / !61  56 .7&m !6 7 6 !H 7{ 

H/ / -1  6$ .7% ( d %H U B -.7

    6 7K 6 H !6 $ !H - # 6 .7 hH  0  6  6 !H 7%$6 7# 

H ( 7/ !m.-

K !6 : !j

Z6  K 6 Lm D 0-  Lm !m !H  ( = 6 !6= -= 6 !"6 -  6 !m !H - 66 7

= y6.

  0 !6 - D7  7-6 7%  676 7=  6 !H 7 7m -


W 0 6 7 !   6 !H ZK5   7%H   !6 !H ZK 5   76  s! .76

! F 6 7K 0  !H - (H B 7   7d L  6 .- - B 7%  7K

 B H 6 !H e 7   !6 m 7%  6H 0 6  2 ( B.7 7

- : G$% "7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=308377

<&  $& Q


4&  $8  /U 
5

=  6 -/ (7 !65 &] 7  56 7

B( $&F= !7% 6  6 B( !2 !6 !6

   7%! ! B( 16 7 ! 5 ( 7 7.7%

$ 6  !6 $66 ( 7 !5m 7 / B 

7% 5 ( W 7%  (  = W 7% 65 `-

/ -y 7%  `- !6 =  '-F 7 B &B d !6

- 7 6 .7

6 0%m !X $  !6 6:7

/B !-  ?(V -% .7%

55m(-/ ZK !6 $ ) E 0" ]$K

" " %5&B !my- " " - " -% .7% 0

 -% (e /1- ( 7%` 55m !6

(-/ - " 7% )76/ ZW   5%

/  % 6 F !6 =7 " . " !

-/  $# !6# =  6 7%6 = s ) 7-

( =< 56 (.

( e(-/ 56  6 " 0" W .71- 0" W

" !12  !6 6 -> 5 -/ 

&! 2 0" 7%  ("  !6 " /  / "  " ( = !s/` 6 "

!65% $de -/ B B6 6  B 7F 5 56 `w 7= 0" 7 7 76 K 7B s/

" .  5= 0" 7 7 m ( = !s/` 6 "

e/ .76 c B  76  ? !6 !U- (s B W( .7L6  "! - 6   ]6K .7%
766 0! 5     !m 7%  !m -/ !mL5  0 !m -!6 $ &%

 & 77/ !2 .7L 2

[ !%Z %! ( ? V ( !6 05 y6L :7% 71-   (" 7% ("". L2&! (" "... " . X

<.....

hm6 % .7

(` 012! m" 6 " ". (" B 7 .7%` !20 ?  GW K .7

?[6 hB 56/" :7  12 0" "  ZK [ !m %6"  6B  !6  ( 7% !2{

  `e 7% 5   7%6 ($ 6  7  7-/ (` B!- B 6 .7%

s B  6= .7% =  7 7% s B (7Z] .7%

W( !6 B!- < 56" !" !1V%.7

76 B GW 0vU 7 ?& %Z 7%! B56 7 !"6 7 .B56 7 0vU 2 7! 6 '-F 6 7

 56 ]6 ? !6 .7% 7! 76 !m 7 B '-F.12 7

 2` ! & 7 7!   ]6  W( !m ( cW?6 %7

( = #! ( 7( 56 0?- L 7 %Z " ! 6 % B !X 7  (! (dW  ]V1% .7

T 0%m  ^6 6 !m !   ^d6  6 ]6  ( 7% F " ! " GW6 0.

 2 (W 6-   7 ZK "! " !" 1- " !" .7% 7K B6 &6 $ ( - B " 7%  $ 0 0

[   ".%

 0vU 7! - < `  =F !% `(  .7% "!" K 66 =(- .7 ( 1 !& !6 .7

"B   K 7% (W %  7 =2!  7%?$ 7% W - 6 (7V ..7%%

e !6 / "! ! Z =  0" ]w 1%" "B V( 0 !2B  0 " 1- .7%~( 0& 7 7

!  bF ( !6 1  !"6 B? B .7

0 26  - ( W  ]6 - ( 7%# - &F 6 .  0%m L 7 ! 6 6

% (7 cW 7 !XB "!" p !"6 7 ] "e% (.7%

bF  2 6 ( "! " %j   6 ]6 $w '-F  -e  - B )7% 0 512

("- %1 ( ( - W 512 ( g ./  .7 7! F 512 !6 .7&?6

 0?6  - 7-/   ]6 6 % Ty6 7 2  " :7 !  0 ?  7   0 ZK

( ".( 76 <"ZK h 6 T B % 6 . " 1-" 012 !6 " " 1-  %Z ./

B 012 " !" -- c( 6 (] B6 .7

/ `/  .7% %2 &` !  7 ( 7! %&B  !5.7

B   2 W( 6 7 ? "e 7%  " !6 7  7% 0 ( 0" 7L6 !d V !6 - (

7Z6  !j6  $K %  ( -% ". 6

 (B V( 7 ( g 7 W( !6 ! $w '-F `$K 656 " !" 7 7 ( !6 = !j! " 7 !12 Y6

56 " !"6 7(V B ( g.7

 : G$% & LH "d( =0

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=231253
;8 $& * ?VW

! !6 0127 B!-

5%! 6   !  ^d6 012 .<" h  7%%

! ! 012 GK  !Z[K 6B 6!-  1%

 .- !6< ( 1 0 &! [0  .

B- (Z 1% $w 7%Z <!6 .7%6 ...

B- !  = !Z  1% Z  7[ 0

("  -! &?  7%B 1% - - Z $w

- Z.

6TF 7 ! B- &! $ 1% "Z  p 7%

 / ?" L2 22L .7 F  ! ~ !6 B

"! "012 (!6 5% !  / ?"K 1

56 (Y/ .!  656 ! 7  0! !12 !"6 B - $K

.%  27 6 ]X  1 ! !6 6B!6 2

= F !B`&  2 ]/%!6 . ! s !6

7%6 (`Z  6e 76 c !6/ / B $ .2 7 6  7 / B " 22! !6

d =  !U7 T2 .7 Z- 2 % ( 0 %! e 6 c 6 6B- 5 ( L e 6B6 /

.% %- ! 2 !X Z- %e 0 / ! 012 $Z( 6 (~] 6 Z[K .%

 7%! 6- B 6 !6 ! 7 BB 7 7.7%

%- ( :

 0 : 0 $ "B -.

- : 0 5  7 .-

 :  0 !6 5j6 0 ` !K!.

- :6 ( `e`!6 7 !"- .

 : %  y-L2   0 0 ( c.

B -  >F -  ! 6 1% ! Z . m `B 6 ]  6 B!6  Z - .

%-( :

 0 : 0 $ "B -.

- : 0 5  7 .-


 :  0 !6 5j6 0 ` !K!.

- :6 ( `e`!6 7 !"- .

 Y/ :!   %!  6 ./ - `e 0 6  0 7   % ( L 0.76 $

(%- ]"d:

%- !6 2 (!   >F ? 76 - B !d  / 6  .7% V? 6  !"-!6 ( 7

- B 7 16! 6 = s / ]XK - ]  / 5 7%  G B -$ 7! = !6

 >F  7 .7% !$ 6 012 ! 7% !( 7 ! /  [  1/ . B2 2 BF 2 Z[K 6

5 $.7

 %-  >F "(  %( ! ? - B  7 6 !"6 - ] 6 ! == s  (~ 7.7%

  !`Z1% Z[K

 -% "  -%  E B6 .- B% Ye  dK6 !6 ($  . W >?6

 B 7 .   L Z[K   65 6 6 .-  0 !  d 5 B 6 K

 .[ !  7 2  !`Z1%! 6 %Z  ! 5 ) .756 V(  !6 %m ! %-

.(7 ^d6

! {  0   0Y - 0 Y

   Z1 -!  ^6 ? 6 6B-  >F / 5  ] !`Z1%  $K = m

( 7 !6 . 0?- 5  6 ]Z1% & Z1 ( 7% / ?B V  7%% B- Z  .7%%

(>6  0 7%! [ / 7%L6  7%%! 5  7%#  $K = 2 GK . 0 / Z6  6

B!- eB c ( L.7%

b1!6

 b1!6 ! 7 L Z[K 7F = 1% G - =  ! 6 7%6  ! B YZ .7%6

?V 5 ? 1 7%%   7%! 5 =  !6 (.756 V

!6< =  !  Y6 b1 !6  7  7%! 5 =  !6 ( .756 V B (V ZK! 6

 B% K B ZW> G =  7! 5  &1!6 :7%L6 !6

 (  7%     7 # ).( 7Z-

- : G$% H "K

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=253371

>& ; ,</0


(Z 6 & m ?$B ! / 76 (' " L !10

"  -6 7% B !6 &g  6. 0" 7

 [  (7  6  6 5! !6 !6 ! 6

 h %6 ?"  7# !j%m / .- 7

( 7F>  !"d ?"  7 (Z (

 !  1 ?$B Z- 7 !X 6 .- 0! 2

%6 ?$B !m(0 05 ] % 7 6

 / 0 L(  1 0 -!  0= 6 - !

 ?$B .  !j ! = !6 5%6    1

E6- ? V - ( F 6! Z Z( 1

7%K = !X . !  0 `( 6 - F7%

-%!Z VK  %! 7 ?$B 7 F 6!

7 L ! 7 7%67 2 6 !  .7%% (Z

VK $  ?$B    1 !6 m " B ?$B - %  ?$B7#

! ( V ?$B 6 ]6  = =6 -.7

U- !-B K`B Z- 7 Lm  %( ?$B -!  = !6 ] B B 7 !6 .7U-

= !6$ J  [B !6 ! 7%J !%(B ( !"6 7 (7% L ?$B !6(  = .7%% ! !6$   L 7%

6 ]e2 0 7!   Z- 6(B  = 7% 7L .67  s - ]  77Z L("eZ 0 6 K`B

  0 -! B 6  %  ( !m7 B [ Z-(B 7% 7  ?$B 2 Z-

 ( 0 ("e 0 &6 (/ L5 [ (' (7 6( !5m (Z K = !X L  ? 

 !Z .7#%- ?$B !6 6- 6 ?$B GK! (]"d K`B  B%!Z! = 6 e !2  

 % L -! ( -" !2 !6 = / / . K U-6 / ?$B "Z 7 

6 /  $de 7% .ZW

!6 (7  7 ?$B 2 " VK 7 -- =7K 6 ! -%   !6 !6$ Z

"( (  1 0 Z . [ !6 ?$B >#%- "  `-  %   7

!6 ! p6 $J VK % !6 .7 B w s -%!Z 6 0 -! 6  !  -1-

 K !2  = 7! & /  % 27  = 7%%! 6 `Ym 7 7  !  6 K 

!  - 7 ?$B! .7%6Z 0 ( cU-  Z( L !Z !Z ! $J VK

Z- 76 7% 6 --( (7%.- = % ?$B  Lm -! = % 6  =  6

 .6U . 0 6 &F ( !6 7  27 - . 0!  =  L    6

VK B 7F "g  0& !6  6 V - &6 = .7( " 7 6 B 6s 0

5&F  - !65  = / !6 =.7

h 7 7VK (]  ?$B 7 " 6 VK 7F 7% !U6-! Z 0 V( !6 F 6 .7%&6!

Z U  0 / 0 B ?$BVK - - ( = L 6  7 .2

 "- Z- F 6! Z VK UB 0 !   1 %6 0  ?$B = .7% !6( -

?$B  !Z  6- = " B 77 2 = =  ! (L 7 L (?$B7% !m

( / !Z[K 77 7% 6` 2 06 y "" ! B= 0 > 7 0 6B  T2 - = 72
6BB 7%! F !2 6 Z- 7( (7%- = ( -- 6 7Z !  %&  7 &F ( %

&6  (?$B !T2 !6 $ -

 7 !6 '-F! - 0 6 !  5%- 5m -  1 2 V( ( Z( ?$B 7% =

(= ?$B 6 ]6 K .7m ! VK 6 ! %!Z . F & (6 6 ! /  &

7(!6{ 5 6  - 2 !"e V 5(F !62 L  .m 6 $ ?$B 6

VK   % 6 B- /`Ue " B ?$B Z- = (Z 6 ]6  s= B 7

" 6 (Z `- K !Z .7

`Ue `B6 " B ?$B s 7 !6  (! K .2 1%b 6 6 6 - 1 0 (

%6   )VB!6 & = ]&( (6% - VK !6 7% ! - {%F& F 6 L!

Z 0 [ L.7%%  /! 7 VK   7/ 7% 7 <  !Z &FVK L> =7

Z( " B 7%% (Z m  Z- 1&F "e 0 -! Z !6 !( 6  %( !Z  

Z-  76 ?$BVK ?$B 6 ! !6 ! 7 >F .7 s! ` -VK $?$B

67 VK 6 ! cU- 6 s .7 7#%-!F 0VK  LL 77 !Z ?$B L 6 - 

V 7 2% !6 .7%% w ` 2 V Y  (]6K! 76 -= 6 76 L  6 !ZB 06 7 ! 0Y

) ( " ! = 7 ( !6  ?$B (7#  !6 !Zg B= 7% . GK 5-F 0 V ?$B

-! s!F " B ?$B 6 > m !6 27` -VK $ ! .- -Z 5 ?$B

 " B Z ]6K 6  6  . !Z("e 0 ! !6Z 0  7 0 -! ?$B 0

(   1L E6- -  ( !6 7%6 / 7- 7e !6 ? B = 6 6 7%%  1 0 GK

L - % !6 .7% w  (6 - 7%m >F 7VL   <  y K & B  . 07K  

? 1 "! F !6 7 B    `  !m 2 0B  0 - 27VK W !6 %-  76 !Z

" B 7 ( cU- F= 0   (~? " B ?$B 6 JT2 7.

` ?$B 5! ( ?$B 6 ]6VK U  1 7 -  -! (%!Z p- 

  % 2 .7 Z 0 B !6 !(  !6 L VK  Z- V !$% E6-  )s

W 7%  (27 K 6 2L .  1 0 " B 7 ( 6 0 -! 6 6 %  5

 $J W 7% =   -! ( 1e!K 7 7%6 .7  ( 0 Z 0  !6 7 27-

! = .6U  7  6 !Z  02 s p BB GK(  !6 77 7 6  .7%%  &

Z-( 7%! &6 0 !6 7 27  =  7 ( !6 0F  ! 7 0   = - Q !6

  - !6 .7-&  = F s 0(YL `X" $ F & % s -= K7 L

% (?$B 0&    .7% $ !$!U 7 L$- ! &!   .2 7  (K !U 0 =

 & !&26?6  $ s L#   ( b 27!  y- .7%% h  -= h"K -!

 ( ( 0 .7%

 ! 6 ( % - &!  B !6 !6 !2 %Z 0! !m2 B  Z-(7%

 7% &W "B . 76  5" (  7 7  !67  6 7% L# 6]

B L ?$B !6 /  7%% = !j &6 !& 0  !( ]6K Lm K .[% -  5 7%! L

Z-((7% 0& [7 7%6!$ (h  ! .7 0 -! 0& J((7% 0&   )=( !6 7  K

 -! &  = ) s= $  6%- Y5= X m( .W ?$B !- 7%m 7

 s !6 .7- 0& % F !  ' $-  !2 -( 0&  = - / !6 F =.7
& ( `-!  s 0 `6 ! !76(d   7 7 !6 L 7 L   ! .7%5

! - % !( ?$B B !6 " h 7% ( & {"B !/ VB!6   6 7d -!

=7K ! 6 =-B>  Z- 7%%( 7%  !6> 7! 7 .-& B  ) sg

  - 2 (7%"%&  7%! [`  J6 =   7.

 : G$%! (  

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=258214

>& 8 /8  O,

= Z[K    .   > <Z[K

>! <012= K  !   (& d 2

Y- K  72 66 !6 7  UBF =h--

>!< 56 .7% >!< ! % "B    !Z

 7% UBF 5-  7.-

6 6  &] -! [ !6 e !K-/ B

& .7% 0 !  0 - 5%!  B (V

56 !6  y6 "g  6 B - 

($ ( ]Z! ]& 6# .7%

Z[K   -- 27 -! ( ^6  6  K  L> /  b1 !6L> (

^d6 T L> ( ( 2V 2   ( [$.

Z[K

( Z[K & -/ 7  B [ !6 = e !K -  /!  K 05

 K !"/ 5.

 s !6 "B 7-  Z[K 6 5BF! ( 7% $V 5BF %Z !6 Z[K .72 $ !"/ !6

[   ]6 0K !6 ZW 0/ T2!  -/ [  ]6 K  (6 2 0%m .

 G ] 206 p6  h-%.

 6 !( 7 !  '-F B ]6!-  s5 ?-F 7$  Z1 !  0 2  " 7 -

 ( 7& !2 V - !  ] ]Z1% 7%% B 6!- B &F 6 6 7%% &B W B

&]  7 cde6 # .7%-%

0 ( 7%-5 B 6 7 !6 0 ] -/ B!- B     .7%%


/ !2

  %!  7  ./:

!6 (B - (W !   >!< 56.

6 (   ! #  !6 5 ] ! 7.

( 7 5 B-   ! .7%6

(Q 5 ?6 $ ! (7 h 7  (T2 1% J! -`e .7%%

(S 6 K5  $de?6 % B !6!-  2 .7%

(a 2 -  (.6  %

B (   6 %  !6 p6 5 2 7.

( 2 $  = Ty6.

T5 (  -1- 5 K 2.

(-/  B e !6 (] 6 .%

7K S Z[K - !6

( 76 &? B !m % 56 > <"6 > <.B56  0vU 2 >Y  (7 - <%  '-F

6   ?& ]6.%

!6 $ (-/  7 B s - e 6 =  .-%&6

(B- B U% &?e c 6 d .%

(Q7 B 7e !6  e6 !K 2.%

B (S!- B 76  27% TZ B 6 .%

 ( (a !  [ !6 !e`B ] B 6 ? 56 1 (dW  B .%

( 2` ! B !- F [ 7& ]66 7 0 W - % (?6 cW.

7 ( 6  6 B ^6 / 6BB !6 G  ! .6

( 7 ! - [    B ]d(  !6 .7%%  76 e  = !6 ( 76  !m  7% !m

-/ B !m.

( "! >!< 1- % = ( 6 e ? = Y !j%m 6 L dW( 7> ! .

( K B # 56  >!< " `( ! &( 5 7B> :7% -  ...0 !B=

 <...71- .%

 6 ($  !6 - >( 0 <... >$ 0 <...7 $ > V( 0 ! 0  <% >B 06 <...

6 ? B 1 1- ( ( % B Z[K 6 .%

 (Y 7 76 B ]6 !-56  % ? B 1 ( % e 0 Y   6 (dW 776 7

(  % <!> - ( % Y] ! B 56.

(Q[ 2  bF  ]6  6 >! 6 <012  B 6!- e - % W ^d6   / %Y 7

!  76 GUK  ]d ( .%

(S -Y m % .% 0 -Y 7(  / ^6 Z [   ]6.

K (a 05  = !6 -%&6 76 6& / K] .

( ( / ? V ! B !- 6 !6 ( %  16! !  p   0> 7% !

( 0  / 7%<...
( % B / .% %2

( W( 6 2 !    . ]  !6  ( %  ]/ !6 5  %&F % !6 .% w

>( 0 (  V 6 ( !6 % ( <6 -

 ( ./ 0  ! B 7  % W( !6 ! 76 $w '-F 6  6676 1% '-F .

6 ( & /  $V B /  !6 <0> W1- W ?[ h1- ( %`  - 0d>

7F  (h-% .7% -! 56 > "B 0 /  !( 0 s !6 K ( <7%56 !% > B6 "B

 7 6 s 5   K] <.7

( 5% ($ 65 76 ZW (7e 0  h-%1- % !6 .7% w7e ZW 0( !   5

< &( 5( 7 Z1 - [  ]6 6 B- <U% F6( 6 .7% 0vU 7 -

<`  bZ%F 7%% ` &6 .- Z[K 5 7 ($ h-% &m1- % 7e 0d   d !6

6 .76 !( 7 !  - (   5BF 5& !B2 5  T2 FK 0 0 / 5 .-

(  h-% !"e / [ 6 ]6  0Z( .%&%6B 7  !6 !"e 0 .-

(Q e LF B ( %   2 %7 F 6B !6  % & 7= - ( cW.

(S ! K ZK  2 ! Y 56 <!> '-F - ? B 1 s 7 6 B -5 U %

&! - 0Y B -y6!:

= ( F B  !m (cW 6 (0 %

7m 6 Lm! B56 - [ !6 B &? ] 

=  0 -6 F B ( % = 6# = /  /%

` 6` B !5m 6 76 B 6  F1- 

 : G$%! `-

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=266423

*&   

!  - ! 6 76 ! 6 . 7  = ] 76 !6

6  %( !6  - 6 0!  27 ( F 6 

 6 7 = 6 !%de !6 7jF (& !$ ! F

=  L .  . 7- . b 7% %-

2 GK -!  7 76 7  7-%  27 6

 =   -  %&F  .7%6 76 2 % !6


7 B 27 ?  7 h"U 06 6B % 

B6 7

 07 2

& 7 Z 76.

6 77 7.7

76 K ( h& $5 :7 $.

6 K 7 ( h& $5 $ 0 V( :7.

>6 76 6 7 # 7 7   6  K.

6 7&! =7 2 -!  !6 7 W F !6.

 76 = !6 0B6 7  ! 6 %[6 7 7 76 .

6 !6 76 - .K &]  F.

6 7 % &] !T2 = 7& ]/ .7%

5 766 6 :7 &]  7F "/ .%

65 7 :7 b "/ 7.7

 76F Lm !m [B !6 7  7% ( Lm !m - 6 . - .7

6= 7  ! $- 7  7% Lm [B !6! 7$  .7%

$ 6 76 $> -( B &F & 7.7

62  7 1- :7 = 7%B $ ( .7%

 76 ( 0d7 GK !6 -! 7 (7 c 7 7%m!   /  s 7.

6 7 -6 %  !6 ( 0d7 GK (7 c / 7=  6 2 1B B .76

2 76  .7

6 s% p 77- B 66 / .-

76 ! > B / 7K .7%

6 7 ! L2 7Z  2  ZW GW 2 j 5-  - 7%

5 766 7 7  6  ! .76

6.5 76 ( 7 6 0 (   0.-

!6 76 (6 B / T5 ( 7% Z- = 6 Lm.

6 7  (6 B &B 1 ! F 0 = ZW .-

Z  2 76  7 6.

6 7  -  7%( "B  "B.7%

 07 2

7 76 7! 2 K F 6  6 !6 2 =  -76.7

66 7 & 7 76 -  ! ! K 7 76 !6 ! = 1/ .-

76 6 - (  B ! 7%! (  B 2= .-

6 7 (  (  B ZK $B 6.-

L6 "& 76 ?  7% = !6L = ]/ ( 7% 1( m =- 2.

6`& 7  m =%j !6  =L ! 7 ]/ ]6K 5 .7%


 76 7!  !6 2  e 6  B6 7%.

6 7/  7%!  !6 2  e 6  B.7 7%

( 76/ L .

6F 7& / .-

76 $ B 5.

6 7 ( (7 h  $ !2! 7K !6  .7%

 ( 7 76  L2 5  GK ! 0 = - 7 L6 .76

6? 7 7 !6 75 = 7 B= 2&! 0 .7%

J 76 7 !"- 6 T 6   27.7

6 7 7 7 B K 76%6 7 !T2 0 L J $  5jB 7 d 76 7% 76 L2

&.

 !6 $ 76[ B / .-

6 !6 $ p 7-/ B / .-

0-7 2

6B   7  Z$(   --.7

 c( 76 7!B v  > 76 7 ! 5  K e  h .7%

6 K !6 7 7K  .

7Z 76 6  - - B $B - > (.% 0Z

6 7 0! >6 =2  !j76 7/ 6 7% 7.-

76 ZK 0%m/  7%! $ B 6 =( 7%  .7

6 7 2 5  B7%( 7 !6 h & 0&B (" 2 5 6 76.7% [/

76   U! K 56= > (Z B .7% 1/

6 7 0! B  5  !6 =2  7%6- .-

7 76 7! -  L ? V -  /!  J= ( 7 2  0 !6 7  = J( L2

 .7%

6 7 5%! 5 76  &B 7%$ %&B B> !66  =   & 7 6 02 B p

(76 7F=  7.

76  0%m= U!  ># =B 2 6  !"?( !  by- 7% -/  !6  y-.

6 !6 7`- B  7 6 !6 ! / GK / B .- !6 2 B  7 6 e( ! /  ! $

-  B 7.

7 76 7! 7 ( V [ !6 ] 56 7 bF & 65.

6276 !6 $ 7 /  6 527 & /.

76 6 5 55m !6 !( 61- = (  7Z- B Z %$ 6 ! -  

 . 6 !j6F !  -! # 7 7 ! 6 ( h"[ e  / K &6] .-

6 7%  7! 6 67 7 7 76 K % .

 76 7!  7K   6(   7 L 5  !  ?6 - 6  %( 76

  0.-
6 !6 7 ! B 7% !( 7( K  7 B - 6 1ZW B> .7%  B

76 B F   7 !%5 !6 (! 7%%/ (7 ]d  . 7%

 m 07 2

76  = 6B 76   7  K 0 .7%

6 7   B 76    .7 0  ?- !6  6 75  .7%

76 / 0 ! ($VZ B Ty`(  7%! 5% K  6$VZ( 0 <" !$.7%

6 % 7  hVZ( !2 B - 6%6 0 -  -$VZ( - B>  B6 7.

767 - !%  7W ZK  K 2   ""B  .

6- 72 7 7W  ZK 6  !6 ! (7 c.7

6 76 - / 0!  5  F  != 6 27 !%676! 76 .7%

6.6 != 6 7  - 276 7 .-

7 76 7!  !5m 6 7= 6 ! &B .76 -

6 &B $ < 7 - -( 7K  6 7 .-

!j= 76 ! W Y  6 #  7 ( B 6  ]/  B 7%! =  ./? B6

.-

6 !j= 7 ! W  / 6  = L#  7  (  6 V( 02 T2  K6   K`B.

76  K`B% !6 (7K G$%  % .7-%  /

6m 7 6 0[6   K`B/ 7 K] >6 -  B>   7K G6% h 6 (` .7%

7% Z- 76!  B 6- { K  = U% 7%  5 6 - 7VK  =   6.7%

6 7 B 6- 7VK  B>  5 6- { =  7% 6

765 >  7%  =   .7&?6

6%m 7 L6 -! K  !6> 5  %m / -! K 7&?6 !6 5  .

0#%F7 2

bF 76 6 !  "e s h  0?-  7%6.

67= 7 $de !6!  7! ! "e  .7%

76  ! 676 7  7 L 7 0! e %6 B 7 .7%

6 [B !6 7  B # !6 !  7 0  / -! e %6 ! !  06.

B  1ZW 76 ( 7B !6 >  2.

6( 7  B 7 7 7 ! =  B  1ZW 7B !6  2.

76 6 6 - 7% (  ] .7%

67K ."( !6 7(7% F !B 1ZW (..7% d

? 76 7 / 5 76 >% = 2 .7%

66 7 7- !6 07 !6 -   7L -#  6 !6   !67  .7-

/ 76 ! 5 % !6  7%-%  $B 7! % Lm "B 7.7

6? 7 7! 5 76 $B 7% ! 0! 6 :    7 %  !B-

&2 76 - ! B != 6 7 ( dUB 6 7% B> 7%?6.

6m 7 / "B B> B F   / / 5 K L 7%B !67 UB 6 B .
 1ZW !6 $ 765?<  7% B  1ZW  =  TF! .-

6 75 !6 ]  1ZW& B   1B   ZW B    %F .7%

76  ! - = 6 7# 7 7 - 2#  B L#Z !6 7%6  7.

676 7 =! m `( 0 !6 7%s .7%&  L#Z

( 76  &6 = !j! 5 5  .7

6 F ( 7 ( 0 7 6 - !F >6 %Z = !j!  6

76 5%!  7%6 ! !2 >F  6 - 27 -2   (  = 7 .

6 ! 7 !2 >F = !6 !  7  7 7! !6   % #.

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237506

*& ]R5  A  $

!7

=  Z6 !H 0 6 !5m%H 27 =% 15 7

7 =  &! (L B &6  7%  5j

6`& 6 ("  7 5%  ! = 6 -

% .7 6]   %H 7!    7

2"!  7%%H - H H 7  27 6 B (? -y

.7%%H

 B !6 !6 H &` - (>% ?V !6

B .- 2  6%H  = 6 !5m !H 7 6 7 F F

7 B 2L#Z .7 6! B B % 7 0 6 !H 7  = 7 .7%H ."B "& 2=  !6 7 !H

B ]& ( 76 s% B !6  ]/ 7K ? 6 7 = 6 .7%H ]/ 6=7 F`& b  !6  (! .7%H

B !6( 56( !H 7 7 = bF =6.7

! &] ! ( B 6 = ]/ &] 5 H - .7 0-  H 6`& 6 ( 7 -dU 6B H 7%

 =  56 7 ( 7 `& !H =7 L6 H 7! 7 !5m 7  #H 6 .7%H! B[ ! !H 76 &"

=7 6  = !H 56 7`& !=  !6 .7  %F  = 7%H 56 7 7 7e =6  = ]/.7

7K - B  .-

 7K = "& !H 7 7%H ]/  "& !6 .7L6 06 06 5! = !H(>%H = !6 $ &] 76 $w

  .1% ] YZ 1% >%H/ ( 7 7 BU  ]& !6 $ !H - D >%H # 7F= 7 . 6 %

/ ( &B 1 6 B 1 .7%H ]&  %( &B 6 .7%H (B w :2  !W ! 76 0
!H <T B 7 B(  1% .7 67%6 $w 7&B .7 76 -B by- 7 7 !H 7 (] g

 B B> B 7.

 H H.7

=  `& 7 < = " L7 2 Y 6  776 0 1 0  !HK 5j ?6 7 g" 6 .76 2

H(  .76  1 0  F !6 !H pB7-6 .7! B[ ! 6 !H 76  5 6 p (76

K  !6 $  .7  s%`& !6 5 5%6 7 B -\ H%6 7(7 0(( !H K1 6  !m 7

( 76 = ( = %H ]/

Y/ <] &.7

 &"  /" K !6 Z F   7y- !- h .- ! 6 !H "&  76 7= >F

( &" b6 (B 6$V( 6 7& 0%m !H 7.-

B !6 7 Z .76

wH  B 7 ! 6! = [B!  7K  ( - e  7Z-  !6 !"6 7%6H " 0! &]

B % !6  6 e 0 H .7%%H! ( 7% =  756 = - !6 - ? B - .7% e( !H

 B !6 27 7 - / 7 2  ( 27 F = s !6K  7 .  7.7

7%H $de 2 .7

!6 ! `& ]/ 7"H !H 76 6& K G$% - < 5 B( .- 2 DH !67K 7 T56 >F 7

B .7%H DH -B . 7%F ] DH - &6 / =! 7& 75 B  DH !6 . 7%

&" =7 6  = !H 56 7`& !=  !6 .7  %F  = 7%H 56 7 7 7e =6  = ]/.7

7%6&7%6 7& 7 6  7%6&7

B \- H 7%H! KZ &]  m 6   F b1 !60 &]  7 -! H - 5B

65"e/ ( !5mB ]& 7 7%H ]/ !6`& !6 K y6 7 = !"/ !6 !"/ by- .7%H ]/

 Lm !m s%7 L#Z 6! B B %.7

 0 6 !H 7  = 7 .7%H ."B "& 2=  !6 7 B ]& ( 76 s% !H B !6  ]/ 7K ?

6 7 = 2= .7%H ]/ 6H 7! &` T2 6 (76 2 ( 7 bF .7B / 2- "& ]/ 7K 7

T56 >F 7 = bF =6.7

B76 !?5

 (%   H 7! K 6! (d (~J K (  .76 ( p  7% % 7%%H   $KB 0

 ( !H 7 7# (d &6 .7%HK 6 !H  ]& 02 ]/ 76 "! (? (= ]/ V &] -

 !H - B6 !H .K    = 7.7

($  6

=  6 7%H Z- ($ K6 7%H  0($  !$%    27 .-   V  V([$  .7% !%

p6  6 &F 6 -    V  !%# ($ 6 !-5 `& 6 7 7 !6 7%

!H = "! (  V? G% !6  6 1%= 72 6 ] (  7 65 <

( !%H #! $  1( ]6  ... H . K - =  7  !6 7% 6H 0

7%&%6  7%H  6 $ 6 .766 p6 % 6 -5 "! (Y 07  27 .-- B

&F! 6  27.7%

!6 27 L! .76


" ! 6 7  277 ! .7%6 07 67K !6 7 6 T  !H 76 6   Z (` 6L5 .&!

 B !6 !H 7%$67( 7- .7H 0   L5 6 Y66 . H 0 !6 LY L .-6 L2 !6  

 .7% 27T2 27   0%m . = mF !6 6 .- h( L 6 7 7%6 7- !67 (` .7%H

! L"  % .- K`B

 `B

 B DmH 6 " 7 .7 0 F! ( !H 7% 7 B d 6 = 6 .7%H %6 7

56 ( 7 B 0> sd B  27  7%H # (h"K =  / !" ( 7%H  6 .7 6 

  B> ( 6 .7%H 7 7 !H 7%H  7%V( 7  V( .7%H  B 0>

7&?6 Z- = !6#( 6 7.7%H ]( 7

.76 06 GK

]$K  LmZK  27 (7V 6 .7%H .  02 sZK 7 2 !6 Ld( 6 .7 / . 6 B !6 012

  Lm?  7 .7 7H 0  0 -7  d% .7%H

B 1 5

]$K  6 LmB 7 & K 1 6 .7B 7 (V < !`K / UB .7%H !X$( !T2 !/ Lg

!T2 B !6 &?$6 .7  !#% B> ] [B !6  6 !H 7 B !6 !T2  7 7 7'"( [B .7&6 -

7e Lg !T2 UB B 0 &6 .7`B 27 76 7&?6 B  TF ( !H H . 7&?6 B

7 h B6 6{ 6 `  6 .5B 7  !H 7%H  7  ]H h6   7.

 !6 B 7%6& .7B K  !6 7&?6/  ( 7&?6 5 7F L  7  .7%H B 1 %

5 .7&j6

<" 6 !$/ ( %

"   %( 6 T  6 !$"< .7%&H/ ( % H  .- (Z !6 0(  %  H = !H 7

7 - !6#  Z F 7%m !H 76 K 7 %( . L %Z !6 7%m 7  1m < $

[ ! H  .7% 0/ ( % - !"v !H - < .- < %( h L !V .-

6 (" 6 p/ ( % (7d ]d <B6 U% y6L !6 .7 75 / T56( 6 7 K % !6/

( 6  .7 6 5% !T2 6/ 7 !6 !( 7 B = 7% $K 6 .7%H B 5 TF L 7

6/ ( % = .X .7  !T2 = 7%B 0 - # ( 7 6 &6 b1 !6 V( 6 %

!6 ( K$- 6 27.7

`B 

"    h6  . V 676 7 <" 7!  !   $w   = !H - 6 .766

  6 !H -B 7  0  566 K`B .7  7T2 6 6  7 &6 %g6 . #

( K`B 7 ]  56 DHB # 6 LH( :7F s (( h  !-F 72 % H (    7

F 7K . ? 6 7- !6 `B H  = !6 6 .- H 0 6 7B 0  7%H LH T/ 6  L /  

(B .d!- B 2 6Y .7! H 0  7 -/  1%.-

B F

6 (" &7 6 27 7  ( B 1- 6 .7%H (7 `B 27 6 (sd 7  27 "B !6

B 6> VB B 6 .7F $ B 567% ]d( .7 $de 5 B F 2 .7 H %

 H  L2 "( .  & 27V( !6 .7 B %  6 7 = 6   (.7L6 7


 s ((`[ 7"H h .-

76 = `B 27   . (?] B   (= .d 7 56B .7 / 7- 6 .7%H #  = !6 7- !6

7  ! 76 B L5 7 -6 .7 H/ !6 7 &F! . `B B 1- 6 .7%H 1-

 !H Z6% B 7 K .

 !$ : G$%7

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=325448

 $& ]R5 Z

- &F %( G !6 h  ?6 5 ZY

VK  -- 5% ( [$   7

.-

[ !6 !H  7e  !"v &]  0 B !6

&g 6 .7%H w  7 0 B :7%-F

= L !6  7 !H 6 H ( (yH 6

   ( L-

2 5% B 7 1- F !" !"- W ?67%

( 2'-F

=  ]6B  !6  -57K ! 012 

 !"6

= L GK ( 7 B  7%H

  ( !H  ]/] B ! ZUK 7%6 27

.7(.

( ` !"v ]/  6 = 7% --/ !6 ( !H - = !6 H F !B F 5 (0 6> 6 ]XK.

=  ( !H !"v ]/   --d 27  2 !6 !  0    hH

!"v ]/  7.-

= !"v ]/ 7%#( !6 !( 6 ? !H - " ( 7% B % 6 7   !"v ]/ &] 7K 6! !6

"U !# -.76

!"v ]/ ]/

-% (  [ :!"v
!"/ !H - = ) 0  /( ? !"v 6 &" !6 .

=G ( [`:

6 ]& !H 0  !"v ?& K "Z W -[` .K6 = W =G =G .7%H [`

 YZ [ 6 512 .5#( 0VV? eVB H  -  G6%!- [`( e TF . !m[` (.K

 76 (h-% 6 7- B (. !"v ]/ !66 7.

Z( ( :!"v .K

6 6 ? !"/ 0 -[` =G  !6 7&!  &] B 6 F.

7 ( (Q ."B ]/ ?":

7%H Z- ? !"/ 0 ]/ ?" [6 .  ]Z( 7& 65 !6= - !  ]/

?" !6 !H 1UB >%  7%H %6 .77 7F p !"/ 0 H ]/ 22 ! -7H !H 0 D  ?

  6 7 $K ]6K( !-

6 (S -]/ 22 ?  6 0:]/

 !"/ 0  D  ]/ !H  ]$K !"/ 6 7  6 T2  ( 7%H7H 76 D ]/

H  6 "6K &6  !6( (  6 ]& 7  !"v  ]/ .77 `B 6 !"/ 0  !"/

K ]$K - 6 !6 1H - d  ]/F 7 !X by-  ]/  - T/  7%H  6 0

]/ 7 !X ? H !"/ !6 T2.

(a :6

bF ?  6 0 ]/  =  6 &]  <= !"v .

2 ]/? 7F !(B ]& 76 L= 7  .7%H$ L= 2  7Z6 !"/ !6 T2.

e(  !H F 6 7 H ]/ 7-6 ]& ]/ !6 7 !X (Z - K &] 7! bF -

( !e 7#  ]/ (Z  !"v .K ! .7

76 &6 )(

( %H DH (5 ( hH !6   !"v ]/ B 27 &6/  .7%

6 ( (   !"v ]/ B  5 6eVB !6 7 ? V/  B = (! E! .6

( [  !6 !"v ]/ p   !( L! = !H 6 6 p 6 = = !"v - B

(Q [ . 6  75 ( = 76 %H DH !"v ]/ = !H =  # .

6 (S W !"v ]/ -[` .K Y  hH 0vU G6%.

6 (a# 6 5 ( $w 2 !"v ]/ 6 (J.

(6 H 2 !"v ]/  B DH !"e`6 - ]/7 !X !"6 76 B :-y6 !m]/ !6%

7- 7Z6  !"v ]/% .%H

( [  !"v &]  -7  - L $- .

( H !6 6 B ]& 7% ("H 0 !6 -7 U6 B .%H

(&!  0  6 ]/ 0  /  ]/ 6 !6 &6 - (.K.

!6 ( ! !H 6&! ((H 0 6 0 .

(  ! 6$ &` !6 (`& ( %H Z- 7%  s   6 .%H 7%6

( 2 "/ ? H  7- !# !6  & !6 7$ ]/ 6 5 7F H ]& ]/ 6 !"v

m  !H D F ]/ ( ]/ .


(Q 2  HH - '-F&(Y B 7%%H &H ( (Y6 0%- &6 !"v ]/ B 7%.

?( (S ]/ ! HH( hH  !"v ]/ =  B( !67.

$( : G$%

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=280867

 $; & 
5 $OV

[ 6 27  / / 6 VB 7-  Z( !6

Z  7% . B6    = 6 L 7%F H !6 .

 / 6 &6 J( 02 2 6 0 07%m !6 !(

7K - .76  &576 676 7 !H B !m 27!-

6 .   27  <  7 76 / !6

H  2  77 T2 / !H 2 7%%H  b/

2  L 7%5  0 6  !6 !% 0    !H 7%0

!12 %Z 2  2 - F 6 !H K`(6 B !B-.7

 6H 0 !H % 6B 6 "B H B !- B B 6 27  T2 . 6 GKB 7 76 B !H !m

 B BB !- 2 $B 6 !66 - B K 7 B  !m Um  ( B  !H !j= !6 

  -6%6 .6B 6 0 e 6 B !- B 6 B 6 .%H 7/ ( %H Z- !$ B !-

Z %- [" 7Z6 7K .%H h 0B !H - !- B U ZK 5 !m2 %H  [B h[ ^6 $w =>

   /   p6 " ZK B-B 26 76%6 . 6 0B !H - !- 2 GK!  ( 7%6 $w

]  0 .76 ( %-2 GK!  $w 6 " ]e B H6 !6 ] - !6 H/6 7.

B 6 5 0   "/  !6 L .V6 W K 2 GK!  $w % 0   V6  B =  2 !6

6 %6 .7&H   Z( -  0 (] e !6 $w !$% !6 B H B -7- Z !# !6  s% .

B% $w !-  W e !6  $w  !6 `w -56 !% F 7 56 BF 0 !-   .- e(

e !6 W !6 !H 2 1%!  5 . m  2 (   2 !H .B 0 6 B- !X 1H ]/

7!  (- 1 7   7Z6 !"/ .7%H -  !$K B5 !- W !6 $w 6 !H - 7 !"H

 ( !2 XL ]X  d6 =  s% .  d6 = = !H   !H U ( / m -

  2  L  B "e <] & .H 0 76  B ?-6 7 <" h = <] 7 V?6  27

  d B6 7 .  e (! (  !$K = ( Z - !6  B `w 27 &B < = L

( YZ .7&?6 G !H ZK   2  2  - B 62  !"e $w !-   6 !H ZKD
7F = 7 d6 B6  B L %H !-  H 2% 2  L 1% .  e  - H H !$K

 (  / 0  B   !%.

 H !6B !m !% !-  =! = $w 5 6 y6 0 !H   27 (7 7%F   0 .-

B6   6 - 7K 27 6 0 ( &6 LH W 6  6 . 7%  6 D h/V 7%m 0Z !%

` 7%K 7% 512 F (] B 7%%H6 7 6  6 / H   (  L h-% !6 7- Z 0

7-  DH  Z( !6 ! $ !6 76( / 1/  6   ( ?- 7- / !6  ! - !H   0

[ .-   ]e/ - .H % B !-  6 p ZK  ( 7 1/ 7-  = !6 .76 >?6

e( 6 !H  ]/ HT !6# 7-!  !6  B !- V6 6 7F "#( %  .7%%H

6 L     !H 7- >% !6  >   7  !6 . 6 27  ( h

(   !"H [ !H 7% (( h ] !67 L W (B  Z6 7 . [ 6 27  7% B6 !H !H 

H B 2E  7% B6  =  B &m 6 7 [ [ 6 L . [ h(( . (   B!-

 Z   ]e/6 / . (   !6 ] L 0 H - B6 7 GK D 7"H 7-  Z( !6 0-

 7  5  !12 !H 0 !H!   7%  !% 27 - m bF - !6 0 /B . %- !12 0

6[ 0 . ( - V/ = " .7%H  2 6 !$ ( (   " !"6  - !H B  7B 

!  !6  &6 !$K  [" 7$ <" h  = p d6  &6 !( !6  !$K . [ -  ( !6

"U !# .7-

   7F h-% H  !6 $ !H - 7%K` ]X !2 0 7% $de 12 6 0  (!6 #% 7

# 2 L5 ^6 L 5 0  L6 . - 5 6 7 !Z   H B7 !- 7 U6  $w

 B . = ( / F 0 7 L 6 / - U  !6[ !6 h(( 0 & 5$  .6

    6 F >#%-7 6 d 7 6 0 .-(  6B p-( 7  F  (p-

L - # 2 . GK6 6 - ]/ 7- B !6 !-  s !H - D  `w !- DD

  51! ! - &6 / - 6 77 !m !6 !H 7 B 0 !- 7- .7 !m 6 ! >F .7

7H  ]/ 6 &6 7 7%H K (  GK 12 0 76 0Z( !H - % B !- ( - !$K  6( D0

6  (= 7 6 H  = - 6 !H - ? ! V/ ]6K .-

H 0 -= 2  !1 -K !6 2 ] 7 B >?6 !#6 7   2  7%- 7K6 "K(  5 !6

V/ = [%  . VB  ]X$ %  ( $(  - 6 76 !H - 7 6  T/   !6

= $ (  $w 6  6 .  0 !H - = 7d  7 B !- [ .  "# 0 . !$ 

(   h-% 6 7#%- 7 V/ ]6K .76 K 7 ( K% ] B !6 !-  7"H6 !H -= 7 V6

7%7$  .B 2 ] 6 !-? 7!   !# 76   ]e/ 6 GK[ 7  !H 7%H5 B !6!-

 B 7-" [B !6 .7 6 (! !6W !6 0  m ([$   - (! .-B !6 2 7  67

 ( 7 5 s ! 76  6  !6 !H 76 7% #6 B  !H 7%H Z- 5T2 H ( 76 - 2.7

 GK 2 (  76 75  .7%HB 2( <(  76 % ^6 7 &6 ZK( .7 B!-

 Y %Z "L 7 5 !( 6 .7% !6 B hK $76 (!  !6 T (! e %Z !6

 h B `-6 7= !H . 7%F L . 7 VB   "VB !( !65   6 L -   = $w 0

(7  (  6 ( .1% Z  = 6 /  2 7%  6  =  6B Z- .7 (d B  G- 

( !"e/ !# "#( 7 5 0 " 6 = . 76 B !6 7F B  6   7 0 V6 Z

  !% 27   (  !H 6 7W 0 6 J =27% &( .76 = 7- B !6 !-  (> 7
 J - (  = !Z-! &( .76 L5-y-  ( 7  ]/ HT 76 (   7- !67 7%H DH

" 6 ! =  .76

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=366100

5J &6  8 $  8

= .& #H 7  0H- 6 0 !m  0   

H B  -7 .& F -7 (  !H (7

L2 H 2- 2= H h U >

7 6 5%   ! H Vd !B  !B 7%m

H [B F H 7F K`B 1H `B  H 6

&7F .7  0 B !6 "H h = (Z( 6Z (V

&6 . V( !H & . =  2 7.7

 !6 5 - & . (Z H  Y  =

2:7

2 !m & .  6 m = .& !62 ]#B =

 5 : %w

 .& 7#%5 12  .& 7% d6 - 7F 7 B

F  Z H :!H

= D - & . L  - H .& e &]

- =  ( 7 h !j / B (V &.

1 %H D ( 6Z H  27 1H .& 6 7F( !H - 7 p Ud (1H6 (U !(

- /=(  =.

$ $ ]"B H $F H ]V H :7 = .& 6 F !H -!m ( 6F B h"K 76 $6 !H 7

&Z ( = B 0( 6H7 ...( 2 H .& 6  6 %HH - B ( %H 6  %&%6 7$Z K7e H

H .& 6 !H Ty6 7%%H ....

(V &.

& -F !H & L Lm .& m .   

& .6   %Z .& %Z- F 6 0

& . %Z (7y  6 .& - %Z 6K 0 -

& .  %Z &m h 6 $-6 6 !6


& .6 . %Z .& /( 6 !-6 %Z

& .  6 6 276 6 27

& . %Z "2  7 H !&m  7

 D .   B 6  6 6 ]2 D

LB 2 6 L ( .& ?- =B6 0 B

& . %Z =6 0-  0-B6

& . %Z .& 7 $2 5%2 %Z 7

& .( %Z  .& %H 0 > %Z %H 0

& . %Z !%5 .& %H %Z !%$ %H

& . 6  %Z] 7%H !6 1H ."B ]

& .{   6 0 B = -0

& .B #6 ]2 %Z6 #6 ]F 0!  6

& . %Z %= 5 D7 2 F

 B 6 h ( 0H $( 05< h 6 0

&= .   .& %$  Y%

& .6 %( %Z  .& 7 %Z  7

& .B  < %Z 6 b1 =  6 !6 b1K

& .6 %Z !K- & . !6 ]2 %Z !B

& . ]5% %Z ( $ L$-- B UB

=- = 6 <$ D&m D B! $

& . %Z 76  % 6 F! H Y

& .7 76   .& 77$ 76  7%6

 0! <<  & .H %Z> { &6

( ( &6 . " F" F &6 .

F &6 . " F (! !6 0H H " F

& .!%&( %Z B  L 2T2 = (!%&( 6

& .7 JH K- %Z F6 F6 7-6

!  - h  - !6 $ B

& . .& %6 7B %Z%6 [ %Z

6 6 2/ / >&?6   !6

& . B 7 !%- 0H B / 0H m

&B 7= .> L 0H 2 (K L K  L 0HL

& .-= "& %Z %H 7  %H

& .B %Z& 0 .& %H 2B %Z> 7%2 %H

& .B %Z& 0  6  %H 0%m %H

& . %Z  y 0  >&?6 =y 0X

 H 7B>  = 7 6 !H 7  7


(%  -  0  & . 0

Y   ! 6   ! 6

7 0  =   Y6 !m  

%F 07H m 0 "B !6  H 0

 5 %6 - ! ( ( !6y -

& . %Z 7%H= %[6 0[6  7B

& . %Z !KB6 & .!K6 7%6 %Z

& .= %Z %m  ( 7 K&Z !HH 7

&[66 .   7 6 B  %F 7

 %Z6 ?- V  F 

& .  %ZB h"K 7 / 7 7

& . %Z 0=$H -= 0 0

 7  7 %= .& 6 !H D 7 606 6

= .& #H 7  0H- 6 0 !m  0

   H B  7 - .& F -7

= D - & . L  - H .& e &]-

& . %Z  `H & .  Z %Z `

 h"U /  H $# - >/ 2 6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=282032

  ) A4/&  


5   

7- =  !6 & (   -  7 p

7d  (T 7% 7- !6= 0 & !7%&j62

7-  !6 (7%"6 !"K c !6 0  (& !$ %  

 6! 6 ( 7- !"K !6 0 67 5 6K

!6 %(  / " F  &6 

$ 0 & m .%  p &?(  V !"K !6 7%

7%-6 - 0 (  K !6 7%   7%-6 (  %

] 6  0  =  1TF =  .-0

 ?- ]d( 6 Y B 6`& 6 =76 7  7


 #!  7%6 ( .- = hZ  6   !  7  !"K c !6 . 7 (1(  %

0 65 0 -! =  !67 B ) (!"K c   .7 !6 27 B ) !m!  B (76 7 !

e 76 6  6   7  6 2( 76 0!  - =  = 7%  7m  ! (` 7% =B

  B 7 G 7Z6 5 6  " 7K  6.7%%

7  B ]w L (  7 7%%6  7%   7% 6  0 -! B   ( ]$%  B

 !6  ?- `( F L  e .7%% &! - !6    K 6  .7 -7

!6 - 7%-6! 6 ZK 7- = !6 (`  .7

6   ! c 7VK !"K 0  e 7 ! B  7 bF 5  - .7%  = 6!

 b  e 6  6 Ze  -  / 7%%  - [ !  $ !6 !"K c  !6 -

 7%    ( 6  =<  !72 0? 6 (!  B ! 6 ?" 11-  .7%%

 .   !6 B  0 (L #   66 .7%% (!  B !6 ("  0 7%%! =  <T  (

1-   7 !6 0 ]  B6 &6 6  7  ZK 0 !H - 0  (1( d  675

7! 6 !m  =  " bF .7 - 0  V? 7%! 6? " 7$ e "1K 6 7% 

$ 6 Ze ?  6.7

/ 0 -! !     27  e ( $ B6     1( 1-  .%

&6  Z-76 7%%  Z6 02 se ZK !67 < .7%-6 U% L62 0$( ! &6

 ( 7  h 0 -! V( 0 <" p  = 0&!  -! 6 7- !67 &! K  e  

. ZK! &6  B =  72  7 0 -!    0 66 7 7- !67 (` .7%

 0  - / 0  7% 56 7!  -  !  B ( 6 7- !67 B6  

7 6 h"U 0 0 -!  !  B !6 7 7 6 7-6 27 7  76 7 B &?  6 7-

!6  = !6 L- .7%  !  27   7%! =- e = 6 e) - [  F  (7%%

6 7  sd 6 ) !"K c7- !67( 1- 7%    !6sd 0 6 e &m !6 7% 7- !6

7 1-  !7% !  7  !"K c !6 .   7%! 6 Ze !6 !"K !6?B   7 c$e!

B 76  F  6 7 <"`& 6 !$  !6!    ]w (`& .7% -  FF B

- UB (  0 6 7 &/ =  # m 7% ! =  ]$K 0! 7K !"K c !66 7%% = c !6 L 7%m0

6 B 0 =  c  .7  B !m 7%    7%!  e !  

 B  71-  7%% &! B !6  2 7%&!  e   7 / Lm 0%m.

7  B ]w L (  7 7%%6  7%   7% 6  0 -! B   ( ]$%  B

 !6  ?- `( F L  e .7%% &! - !6    K 6  .7 -7

!6 - 7%-6! 6 ZK 7- = !6 (`   / .7   !6 L    !"K c  !6 p  = .7%

eB $  .7% ?- 6 ?- ]d( 6  &` 6  <"  !$ 7%% 6 L '-

B 6  !"K c   B 7%!  = !6 $ 76 .7  !6 LB  '-F  = - 7 = 6>  

=  [ .7 Y - ... =  =>  7%$6 ( 7%! = =   !"K c K  7 .B

5%! ? 6 ( ?- (  ]d 7%%  0? T  6    = !6 $  .7

 6 [ !m =  67  06 - =-B    - 7% 7Z6  (` B -

 - .7% - 6 6 - 7e  7 6     d .7 /6 - &`

   7% =  &!  =   ( 7%  7%L6 d   6   6 7  ! .7%%
! &6  B  72  7 0 -! &`  (6 7% 7  [ Y Z&Z&( ]6 = 

  .7%%  2 =  6  = 7-6 &! B K6  27 7 7%  G =7 BF 7   7  2

( !6 - B  7 7 6 ]$K $ !6  = 6 L m  = 76  L7 0.7

6 0! 66 7-6  !6 776 7 7! !m !6 6 6  ($ K6 7B .7% 76 0 "K 6 &F 

!  !6 - (  %  ( 7%-6  !6 7%! 6 6 7% 06 6  ($ K6 .7%%

[ !& Z$  !    ( 6 7% 02 =  B  6 h-% 7- K  !6 .7%

&! (F  B 7(F .- B-  7= 5 7% !  !U .7 L 2 5%!  7 6

B ?  ( !6 7% = h   6 0 7- = !6  7% = 2 V( B 7%! = VB  L!%

 6 = - G1 !6 B 6 7- = = = !6 / 7% 7 B 77-  ?- " !6 2 &`

 /!  0 -  K  7 (`  6 7- = !6 B 6 7%e ( 76 s% 7(d (` 

!6!7-6  -

6 0! 66 7-6  !6 776 7 7! !m !6 6 6  ($ K6 7B .7% 76 0 "K 6 &F 

!  !6 - (  %  ( 7%-6  !6 7%! 6 6 7% 06 6  ($ K6 .7%% 0   6

  06 1% F 2  7 . -?  7 -  F ? 6 K ZW 56 . -

?  6d1e 0 (' 6    !5 ! ! ( &6 ( ?- ]d &` ! .7%6

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=237485

R J * > 0

- 7 7  - L6 6 5  g

 7K / !6   Z YVd B BH 7%.

2  %H HT( 0 !6 ! 76 5%

B  = 7 ( !6 H H 7%H 0B" D7 7$( "1]

B 7 7   $de 7%  /   

(  7% 2 .7%%H

76  (

]$K  Lm = !j  7%6  %6 7 .7%

/ % 2 7 K !6 7= 7 = 7%$6 7%H K

$-% K - B 7  B

6 2 % !6 % " 6B ZK 07 "$( "7

 HH! 6 B= 7 (5 V 0vU 7= 7


/ 7 B

7%6  !H (g"$( !6  7%  2 7% 

 H % 7%H -  6 B 7H / -

6 .7%

( BH 7 - B !6 7

 F 6 B 7% 61- 7 7 ]$K .7

B7  0vU / 7  b% B s = 7 2

= B7  7%H 1- 6 ` !6 . &! [B !6! !H 76 6 b% $-% 1H >K $ !6 7!

.76

K% ?"  D 5 6 ! .7%H

K 6J b% D 7%m 0 6 "? 5 ! .7%H

7% !"# (

7%H Z-  !H 7$ 1 0Vd D 7 7 B7  m 7%H  0B - = 6.7

(V( d B  2  6 7% 7 - 6 !H Lm !6 B7 6F 7 F.7%H  7%H B

B 7VK 2 % 7 7% !"# 7 $e (7 2! 76F >K /B 0.7= 7

(Q (V 76 '-

 7 727% B 7VK !H ZK7 76 7   76 cW( %.7%

 K27% 7%%H  Z-% 16  !6 &6 eVB 7% -  6  .7  7/( B.7%H 7

(S&! B( 76

(K G J( d 02&! B ( !6  !6 .H 0B !"- 7%H Z-( ! 76 [= .$ B7%H 7

!65 H 7! .76

$# $ 7  Lm !H5   7 6 B( ?6.7

2= 6 (a B ]H7%H 7

/- 76 F !H  F ]6  Lm !m h/e 7%H  B.7

]$K B 7-] 2  7% K  / = !6 G  (.7%H .d

L !%  %F  s! 76  B6 GK 7 DB !"-7  7 B !6 7-]  $ F BL !%

L W.

(76 06 GK

 B !H 7% 7$ D 7 7 = !$Z D $ ( J ?  27 7.

27%  6  Z-B 6 !H 7%Y$6  !6 7YVd 7 &H 6 &`  B ]/ 7 7

!H ! / `e[ 0 .

(6 B !6 7

T 7%H Z- $676 7 F !%  B .7%H

H  " B  !67  ( 7 -  !6 !?6H 56.7

 Z 6 76 LB !%( &g  !6 `w 7%H  F 6.7

( 5% BB 7( %H 7%H

5% FF B B 0  7K !H 7 !"6 012 B.7


 5j& !-- !H 7!  F !H  h 1H B 7 .7%H

5% B !6 7%H Z- 7! 56 ! Lm 7 = F T56 D6.7

[B !6! : 76 7K B ]6 7% <W  F 7%H 6 &6 B 7 !H ZK ( -

B 7.

 ( F 76

<" h K/  H  7%H  /( !"e/ K  -6 !6  0 7  F   !--.7

6  !6 7%H Z- H 0 #  / !H 7 $( 7%H   6 6 H 7%H ?6 7%$6 " 7 ... 2e !6

6  0B 6 7 F !6 $!7

 : G$% "5

http://vista.ir/?view=article&id=280296


4 /0 T A4/

d( ^d6 (  6   E B6 .-

/7 (d (  6  (  .-

(  &! =K ]$K . !% -  B

 ( K 2 7B - 7 ( K !2 .- 06

?"K 7BZ 7  2E 6  B6 .-

7B 7 !H 5% =B 7 ($) 12 0d 0/

? - .0 \%= ! 5 by- .(Q  ]6 !6

7#-  . 5 06U ( $ 7 [  

U 2  7B .7H 7  5 ( = #K G

# !H 5 7 GK ! !H  7#-  76 2 ( .7  Z  5 =K H = 77 :-

%"BY  ( 0/ )- (= 0!  :(Q  ( 0/ )( 0(e h ( =7.

  5 !1"B  !6  7 U :- ]  Y -) !1"B = 6! .(

`  6 `B 7B  !6 7  s  7&?6 5 = 7 B 6 :- 0 ! ?1

./7B !% 7 B   5& 7 7K -"? 0  -  0 2E !H - L-

(7 b ( 5 !B-.-

=! -  -(  7BZ 7 =%6 !6 $ 6 ?"K U  7 :-  %H 7  %"Z  : d$

7 = 2 /  = &B  7&6 Lm !6 F&  6 6 =7 B
= !2 !6 (6 !6.

7BZ 7 6  !6 !% ] B  U$F   6 7  - !6 277%! Z-(7%!

  6 7- H !6 K  Z$ .

 Z &6   !H 1-  6  B6 7 B &! L6 2 % ( 7B !6 $ 7

.-

] B   2E 5 !H - - ?"K  H .- 0 2E  7 ( Z( 6

=$F - K  ^6 7 Ze   !6(H h  Y  H !e ( 7 ! 7/ -

(Y6 !"6 = T56) .7-   !H ] B B   1-  7%%H 2  ]1- " 0 ?

(.7%%H

2 $F `-)( `- H  hd `- '-F  h! / 7  . 0 &! 6    (

 !H -  % !6 `- "( D % K`B   .

- / ")( !6  B 7Z6 (( !6 !e  !6 27-  ( =  1- (K 7H

!2.-

 )%B( $H $` %j= `- 6  6 ]XK s !H 7L57B 0 !6 :7 56  6 7 ( -.$

  sZ $  - 0  7 $ .7%%H = ( %  !6 07 1H - !6 ^d6  - 

.

" !1 -  -[6 H   $ !6 .- - 5  !- # &7

6 5 - (~ 0  . - !-    <  6  !6 7B !X !6 = 7 -

!H H =  <] 7? 7 7? .7 7 L57B %Z6%6 . !6 0 [ !% ( 6 

s &H  % !6 "( D U = 7$ % "

You might also like