Unit 1 Present tenses Present simple We use the present simple: * for permanent states, habits and repeated actions or events. She gets up early to feed the animals. * with adverbs of frequency (eg. always, usually, often, frequently, sometimes, rarely, never). The adverbs usually g0 before most verbs, but after the verb to be or modal/ auxiliary verbs. They never work at weekends. + with adverbial phrases (e.g. in summer/winter, every/each day/week/month, twice a day/week, ten hours @ day). The adverbial phrases usually go at the end of a sentence, but they can go at the beginning. We have a half-hour break every morning. * to describe what happens in a film, programme, book, etc, Young people spend time with a family in another country. Present continuous We use the present continuous: * for actions that are happening now or around now. She's helping her dad at the moment. * with always to express irritation about a habit that is annoying. You're always following me! + fora situation or state that is changing as we speak. The wind is getting stronger. + with certain adverbial phrases (e.g. at the moment, now, gradually). Tm eating dinner at the moment. Present simple and continuous We can contrast regular or permanent activities with activities happening now, today or around this time. We're playing football today, but we usually play basketball State verbs + We don't normally use state verbs in the continuous form. They describe a state, not an activity (e.g. be, believe, feel, hate, have, hear, know, like, love, own, see, think, understand, want). I know it’s true. * We use some state verbs in the continuous form when we describe actions. Im having my dinner at the moment. Grrr 2 Articles We use a/an or general, but we particular. There was a boy met last week. We use a/an: . wee talk about something for the first time. ‘omic. He's reading a really Funny ¢ + tomean one, with large numbers and fractions, ‘or to mean ‘each/per" no article to talk about things in Use the to talk about something inthe shop. It was the boy who | ‘@ hundred students two and a half weeks once a year We use the: ; i = to talk about something we have already mentioned. ; : I'm going to read the comic after him. : the names of countries that are plural or include the words Kingdom, ‘States etc. the Philippines the United Arab Emirates the United Kingdom + for seas, oceans, rivers, areas, deserts and groups of mountains, important bulldings, hotels, theatres, cinemas and museums. the Atlantic the Sahara the Houses of Parliament + torrefer to newspapers or the medi ‘but not TV, the ‘Daily Mail’ the theatre TV We use no article with ‘+ names of people. my friend Daniela MrTurner Mrs Robinson + meals. breakfast lunch dinner + games, sports, school subjects and languages. Scrabble basketball maths Spanish + most continents, countries, cities, towns and names of streets. + most mountains and lakes. + most shops, restaurants and businesses. + most universities and airports. + most magazines and comics. South America Selfridges. ‘Vogue’ + some abstract uncountable nouns. time money literature information when we refer to people and things in general, in general,et 20% past simple: art tions or events inthe past. ike last week. ike factions in the past. for a walk and then watched a . “iab lc + ead neh. went sf Oe nabit sien WO Tra to refer to finished time and can * ustons ‘at sie nd aost CONEINUUS 7 continuous: fee te OMI + oat seuaying French In Paris at that time. ewes on progress inthe past which was + fren pted by another action. We usually use when vary the action In the past simple and while or as ee the action in the past continuous. ; Fiewere having a History lesson when a bird Flew in trough the window. While we were having a History jeson bird flew in through the window. todescribe the background for a story. The sun was shining and it was a wonderful day for @ picnic fortwo actions that were happening at the same time | was listening to music on my headphones while my brother was playing a computer game. 1, remember the weather was really cold used to Weuse used to + infinitive for situations or habits in the pastthat no longer happen in the present. Weused to have lots of pets because we lived in the county Tom used to play football, but now he plays cricket. would We use would + infinitive For habits in the past that no longer happen in the present (but not for situations). | would spend all my holidays reading. Pronouns Reflexive pronouns myself ourselves yourself | yourselves himself herselF themselves itself We use reflexive pronouns: + for emphasis. | made the cake myself! (I didn’t buy it.) She learnt how to speak Japanese (all) by herself! (without any help from anyone else) + with some verbs, when the subject and object are the same, e.g. behave yourself, blame yourself, buy yourself (something), call yourself (something), defend yourself, enjoy yourself, film/video/record yourself, help yourself, hurt yourself, teach yourself. We really enjoyed ourselves at the party - thanks very much! + incertain phrases that include a preposition, e.g. believe in yourself, fee! good about yourself, feel/be proud of yourself, take a photo of yourself. When I got 20 in the test, | Felt really proud of myself! each other We use each other when the subject and object in the sentence are different. Tim and | helped each other to learn the speech from Shakespeare. Possessive pronouns Possessive adjective _| Possessive pronoun [my [mine your yours [his his her hers its its our ours [your yours their theirs + We use possessive pronouns instead of a possessive adjective + noun. That is my book. -* That book is mine. + We can also use (a/an +) (adj +) noun + of before the possessive pronoun. Itwas a good idea of yours to phone Clare.Present perfect tenses Present perfect simple imple ne present perfect simp a + oranacton completed at an unspecfed ime in the past. Weve been to America + with superiatives, . Ws the most embarrassing thing I've ever done. + with ies the firsecime. {ts the first time Ive been on a plane. + for recently completed actions, I've just Finished my last exam, * for states that began in the past and continue up to now. She's wanted to be a teach: she still does) * for repeated actions likely to happen again, We've been to a few concerts recently * fo introduce a topic, followed by details in the ler since she was ten. (and past simple Have you ever Seen a snake? We found one in our garden Presan f IMpPle witt We often use the present perfect: * with for (+ length of time). {ve been at this school for five years, "kh since (+ date or time in the past, They ve lived here since 2010, “ith ust, for recently completed actions, He's not here. Oh, hang on - he's just arrived, * with already, for something that happened before now, Everyone else is writing, but Lia's already finished her essay, * with yet, for something we expect to happen around The film hasn't. Started yet, * with ever and never for any time up to now, Have you ever been on Tv? ‘ve never watched a horror film, Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous; * for actions that began in the past ang Continue the present. in, I've been studying English for si years * to-emphasise that an activity has been Bong on, a long time. We've been sitting here for ages! Present perfect SIMBLe or past simple? * We use the present perfect simple for actions ig Bast, when we don't know/mention the tine: My sister's passed her driving test. * We use the past simple for actions in the Past When We know/mention the time. MY sister passed her driving test last week ry Verbs with direct and in objects * Some verbs can have an indirect object (usually a Person) as well as a direct object (usually a thing) These verbs include bring, buy, Find, give, lend, Moke offer, pay, promise, read, send, show, teach, tellang write. Dad promised my brother a Pet dog. made you a cake. * We can put the indirect: object first, In this case, the indirect object is often a Personal pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), He sent me an email, They showed us the swimming pool, ect & bring, buy, fing, et, bring, 6 Pour: ‘and, Serve, 986 (00, + : h normally take to + indi ject ir indire t incude 7 sive, lend, offer, Pass, reag, seh ne * F2¢h. el, throw anc wa SenUnit 4 relative clauses petative Pronouns ino or that for we use People, which or we sossession.niere For places ang} oo efining relative at | We use defining relative clauses to Md uses person. thing, time or place we are tas eat) which use commas with defining relative clause’ out We don't He's the person who 1 go to for advice. A relative pronoun can be the subject or th sentence. Tat's the girl who spoke to me at the That's the girl who I met at the party We can use that instead of who, whic instead of where or whose. }0, which and when, but not This isthe jumper that my gran gave me. can leave Out who/whi . we a ich/that only when itis the object o There are so many books (that) we have to read. 'At For thin, for time o Wnose } Object of the Party, Non-defining reLlotive clauses |. We use non-defining relative clauses to add extra information. We use commas to separate them from the main sentence. My neighbour's dog, which looks really fierce, is actually quite friendly. We can't leave out the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause. We must take out the normal pronoun. My neighbour's dog, which it iooks really Ferce, is actually quite friendly. :ed relative clauses Rec’ ive pronoun to make + We can sometimes remove the relati relative clauses shorter. That shop sels lots of bags (which were) made in Iealy. hen the noun we are Units The Future Pres. ent simpu simple ‘We use the present. a even ents that are part of a timetate The train fe In for Manchester board noe Manchester departs at 11.58, Please simple for timetables or Pp Present continuous We use te presen continous for future activities, — Were Ring to Spin on doy going to We use going to: * for future plans, {im going to help Mum cook supper now. ings we ex; for things we expect to happen based on Look at those clouds! There's going to be a storm, | think. f Future simple (wilt) We use the future simple: for predictions, offers and unplanned decisions. You'll have a long and happy life. Til show you how to create your own webpage if you like. OK, I'l order the pizza and you make a salad + for promises and warnings. Tl buy you a new pair of trainers in the sales You'll get wet if you don't take an umbrella! for certainty. Fiona will be at home by now - why don't y ring her? Future continuous We use the future continuous: + for an action that will be in progress at | + We can only make clauses shorter when the Natt describing is the same as the subject of the relat! . iathefutue, + Ifthe verb in the original relative clause is active, we use the cy weeks time, Ibe relaxing on 2 present participle (-/ng form). «with certain time phrases: this time nox Shoppers (who-tsten) listening to pleasant music often spend next week, this time tomorrow, in time, etc. more. , a abininle i i ast week, we'll be having + IFthe verb in the original clause Is passive, we use the pi Ths time next participle. ; opin ! Its a type of music (wthich-#s) often played in large shopping centres.