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    vion Fad Mech DOL TO. 1007/10652.01-95125 ‘ORIGINAL ARTICLE Turbulent flow characteristics and drag over 2-D forward-facing dune shaped structures with two different stoss-side slopes B.S. Mazumder - K. Sarkar Received: 27 February 2013/ Accepted: 3 September 2013 © Springer Sciences Business Media Doreeeh 2013 [Abstract The present paper explores the characteristics of turbulent flow and drag over two artificial 2-D forward-facing waveform structures with two different store side slopes of 50° and 90°, respectively. Both structures posessed a common slanted lee side slope of 6°. Flume experiments were conducted atthe Fluvial Mechanics Laboratory of Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata, The velocity daa were analyze to identify the spatial changes in turbulent, flow addressing the low separation epion with recireulating eddy. the Reynolds stresses, he turbulent events associated with burstsweep eyeles andthe drag over two upsteam-facing ‘bedforms for Reynolds number Rey = 1.44 x 108. The divergence atthe stoss side slope between the two structures revealed significant changes inthe mean flow and turbulence. ‘Comparison showed that during the flood-tide condition there was no low separation region ‘on the gentle lee side of the structure with smaller slope al the stose side, while fr the other structure with vertical stss side slope a thick flow separation region with reciculating eddy vas observed at the gentle lee side just downsteam of the etest. Th recitculating eddy induced on the lee-sde had a strong influence onthe resistance thatthe structure exerts to te flow due to loss of energy through turbulence. In contrast, a grest amount of reduction in drag was observed inthe case of smaller stoss side sloped structure as there was no flow separation. The quadrant analysis was algo used to highlight the turbulent event evolution along the bed form structures under floo-tde conditions. Keywords Turbulence - Forward-facing structure - ADV - Flow separation Bursting events - Drag reduction B.S. Mazunder (22). K. Suk Faia Mechanics Laboratory, Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit Indian Statistical Institut, Caleta 700 108, lia ‘email: yjoy@isia cin AK. Saiae al: soundofpysis@gmai.com D springer 1 Introduction ‘When the flow past an immovable object or obstacle like a step, shell, pebble or wood ‘fragment, a complex flow field around the obstacle is usually created by the interaction of the local low field with the obstacle. The object/obstacle resists the flow field in a stream channel and develops a surge atthe upstream side of the object accompanied by a seriee of ‘vortices at the downstream, Turfalent flaw over steps and geometrically regular or irregular rough surface siructures plays a significant role in terms of separating and reattaching flow ‘phenomena to engineering fields. Separation of low appears under a variety of flow conditions such as, flow over the artificial dunesirippls, the backward and forward facing steps (FFSs), ‘ete, Several investigations are available for vatious flow geomettes. In pasticula, some of the studies have been concentrated on the flow feld over movingirigid bed form structures in alluvial channels or riverine environments [8,9,32, 36,43]. These stadies were concerned ‘with the occurrence of flow separation, reattachment points and turbulence characteristics ‘due tothe ebb flow over such geometries and their impact of sediment transport over such ‘bed forms, These experiments, simulating the ebb flow aver dune type bed forms, face gentle stoss side slope and steeper lee side slope. Flows over wo'three-dimensional backward facing steps with sharp edges, rounded faces, et, have received much attention in many engineering applications such as, hydraulic and aerodynamic devices, combustors, and mixing equipment [4,6,12,15,27,46] Recently, Singh etal. [50] have studied the turbulen flow over a backward, facing step of different step angles to determine the separation points and reattachment lengths. Investigations had been carried out under controlled conditions in laboratory flumes to understand the flow separation and reattachment phenomena over FFS immersed in a bound ary layer flow: Stuer et a. [52] investigated the separation bubble atthe upstream side of a FS under laminar flow condition using hydrogen bubble technique. They observed that there was an open three-dimensional separation buble characterized by span-wise quasi periodic unsteadiness, The flow characteristics over a FFS and through the sudden contraction of a pipe were examined by Ando and Shakouehi [3] visualizing the mean and fluctuating com- [ponents using laser Doppler anemometer (LDA). Experiments were carried out to examine the flow over the FFS with a smooth and rough upper surfaces for various Reynolds num= bers [11,26,45,47,49]. Experiments showed the existence of two recirculation zones in the EFS flow: one was just upstream of the sharp edge and the other was just downstream of the sharp edge, The upstream separation was developed from the adverse pressure gradient ‘duc tothe blockage of the flow at the step face. The other separation of low was developed atthe sharp edge and was characterized by the shedding of vortices which were convected ‘downstream [22]. The size of separation bubbles and the position of reattachment points ‘were dependent on Reynolds number and the roughness of the top surface of the structure, Also the reattachment length 2 was observed to be influenced by various flow parameter, such as the turbulence level, the ratio of boundary layer thickness (8) tothe step height (8), i.e. 8/1". Addad etal [1] used a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics technique for large eddy simulation to study the flow over a forward-backward facing step which showed ‘4 good agreement with the previous experimental findings with LDA data, Sherry et al. [49] studied the flow over the FFS for several values of the ratio 4/”. They categorized the study into two groups: for 8/” > 1. the reattachment length X, was strongly dependent on the 8/4” and for 8/4" < 1, the X was weakly affected by the ratio, and usually situated around 46h". Subsequently, Saleel et al. [48], on investigating the flow over the identical structure, verified that immersed boundary method was an active way to determine the flow field around a forward-backward facing step. Recently, Ren and Wu [47] made a comparative D springer vin Fad Mech study on the turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) over smooth and rough FFSs using particle image velocimetry. Examining the mean flows, the Reynolds stesses the turbulent bursting ‘events and the average span-wise vorticity, they found that the separated flow at downstream ‘of the step was weakened die to roughness of the top surface of the step, though the flow structure was independent of the surface roughness ahead of the step However, investigations into turbulent flow characteristics and bedform dynamice under flood and tidal flow conditions have been quite rare until the relatively recently and it is an area of study that is of interest to many researchers. Very recently field studies and numerical ‘models using Del13D have been performed to estimate the variation of flow separation zone ‘over large bedforms during tidal environments [28-30]. Infact, they took the field mea- surements on seabed bathymetry over a transect line ezossing three ebb-oriented primary Dedform structures (see Figs. 2, 6 of [30]) during fall tidal cycle and investigated numeri- cally the low separation zone due to the bed elevations in the natural environments. They reported that during the ebb-tde a permanent separation zone occurted on the steep lee sides (14-23") ofthe ebb-oriented bedforms, whereas during the lood-tide no flow separation zone developed over the gentle slope of flood ee side (3-5") except over the steepest (15°) of the lee side, where a small separation zone was observed (16,28,30]. Here the terms, stoss side and lee side ofthe structures, are used conventionally according to the low direction. They also reported that the shape ofthe flow separation zone was not influenced by the changes in flow velocity or water level rather it was influenced by the bed morphology. It may be noted that usually ebb-oriented geometry of large-scale bedforms with asymmetric structures is retained through both ebb and flood portions of the tidal cycle [16,8]. Inthe Fraser Estuary, the heights of large dunes change due to tial cycle, whereas their lengths remain stable [23], which is comparable tothe findings of Emstsen etal. [16] for both the compound dune and the superimposed dunes with the exception of the erest dune, Kostaschuk and Rest [23] found the dune height to increase with increasing flow velocity due to trough scouring caused. by incteased turbulence. The quantitative knowledge on such geometrical structures, theit «dynamics, sediment transport and ther interaction with turbulent flow is very important for ‘coastal environments, river planning and restoration, and channel evolution process. In fact, the lood-tide condition complicates the hydrodynamics of turbulence and sediment transport phenomena around the bedforms due to variation inflow separation and flow resistances In spite of all these studics mentioned above, no experimental studies were performed to simulate such environmental condition (reverse flow) fo examine the mean flow, turbu- lence characteristics and drag over bedforms with steeper stoss-side slopes, despite the fact that such study in the laboratory has the potential to be useful to the researchers who study the bedforms in the natural systems, especially those that experience reverse flow condi- ions [434,56]. Therefore, a substantial investigation is required to understand the basic hydrodynamic phenomena experimentally in a flume over the bedform structures oriented against the flow. The present study isto idemtfy the spatial changes in turbulence statistics of flow addressing the recirculation eddies (How separation regions), the Reynolds stresses, the turbulent events associated with burst-sweep eycles and the drag coefficients over two artifi- ‘ial upstream-facing waveform structures, Two isolated waveforms with different stoss-side slopes oriented against the flow (ie, facing steeper stoss sides) are considered separately ‘under the identical flow conditions. More precisely, the investigation aims, experimentally in a flume, at characterizing the turbulent flaw over two artificial 2-D bedform structures sep- arately: (1) asymmetric bedform with 50° stoss side angle, and (2) vertical (60°) stoss side structure, facing against the flow with a common gente le slope of 6°, which are akin to the flow over the complex bedform roughness in tidal flows. Essentially, a threshold condition ‘of development of flow separation zone and circulation eddies on the bedform lee side in D springer L, ™ 7 Fig. Schematic digram ofthe hye channel =| tidal environments needs to be determined, and hence two different stoss side angles (50° and 90°) are considered for these tests. Hitherto itis unclear whether the oceurrence of flow separation region and circulation eddies on the bedorm lee side due to reverse low en ‘ment depends locally on the steepest part ofthe lee side, or it depends on the increase of stoss side slope of the bedforms, or both. The velocity data are analyzed to highlight the turbulent statistics and coherent structures in the flow over such bedforms with different stoss-side angles, which are not studied earlier Although the atificial structures with two different stoss angles are not the correct representation in the natural flood-tide flow regimes, this study will provide some understanding of the turbulence structures, flow separation regions and drag on the low over the bedforms without any added difficulty in measurement in the tidal flow. The approximation of 2-D static artificial dune structures is justified because the speed of the sand dunes is small compared with the mean flow [56]. Moreover, the use of static bedforme allows a high spatial resolution of analysis and sampling very close to the boundary which is not possible with mobile bedforms inthe field The description of test chanel, experimental method, proceduze and flow conditions are provided in Sect, 2; experimental results including mean flows, Reynolds stresses, quad- tant analysis and drag reduction are presented in Sect. 3, Discussions and conclusions are respectively provided in Sects. 4 and 5. 2 Experimentation 2.1 Test channel Experiments were conducted in are-irculating ‘close circuit’ laboratory flume [35,36] espe cally designed atthe Fluvial Mechanies Laboratory (FML) of the Physics and Earth Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata, Figure | shows the schematic diagram ‘of hydraulic channel. The experimental channel has the dimension of 10 m length x 0.50 ma ‘width > 0.50 m height. The fume walls were made of Perspex windows over a distance of 8m providing a clear view to the flow. A centrifugal pump for low discharge was located outside ‘the main body of the flume. The outlet pipe was fited with a by-pass and a valve, s0 that the flow discharge be adjusted to a desired maximum velocity. An electromagnetic discharge ‘meter with digital display was fitted with the outlet pipe to facilitate the continuous monitor ing offlow. The inlet and outlet pipes were frely suspended from an overhead structure. The "upstream bend of the channel was divided into three sub-channels of equal dimensions, and ‘a honeycomb cage placed at each end of the sub-channels to ensure smooth and vortex-Fiee D springer vin Fad Mech ‘uniform flow. For identical operating conditions, the water depth and discharge were kept ‘constant for all experiments. 2.2 Experimental method In order to ensure the fully developed flow at the sampling staion over the smooth rigid surface, flume experiments were conducted at a flow discharge Q = 0.029m*/s at a con- stant flow depth (= 0.30m). The hydraulic slope ofthe flume was approximately negligi- bile, which was of order 0.0003. Velocity data were collected at three different locations at the flume central line along downstream using SonTck 0.05 m down-looking 3-D Micro- acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) for Smin (300s) ata sampling rate of 40 Hz. About 25 Vertical sampling positions were used foreach longitudinal locations. Data were recorded for ‘each location starting from the lowest height 0,004 m above the bottom to the highest position (0.22, Total 12,000 data points were collected from each vertical position. No velocity data ‘ould be measured near the free surface in the present study. The sampling volume of ADV ‘was located 0.05 m below the transmitter probe and the precise distance depended on the indi- vidual probe geometry. The sampling volume was approximately cylindrical oriented along the transmitter beam axis. Te size ofthe sampling volume of 16 MIIz ADV was 9x 10~* ‘The flow Reynolds number Rey (= Unh/v) and the Froude number Fr (= Ure/ ER) are respectively 1.44 x 10° and 0.28, where Uy = 0.48 mvs is the maximum velocity observed atthe height 2 = 0.2m above the flat surface, v isthe kinematic viscosity of water and g is acceleration due to gravity. Using the phase-space threshold de-spiking method deseribed by Goring and Nikora (18), the velocity data were analyzed forall thee locations to remove noises; and found almost no change amongst the results of those velocity data, which indicated the steady and uniform flow atthe measuring station, The cut-off level for good-quality velocity data was 93% ic. at least 93% ofthe raw data was remained unaffected after using the de-spiking method. Such ‘excluded signale were replaced by the data using a cubie polynomial interpolation method, In turbulent flow, the instantancous velocity components (u,v, w) inthe Cartesian coor- dinate system (x,y, 2) are given by, weUsus var wat tw o where U, V, Ware the time-averaged velocities in (x, », 2)-litections; w', vw are the fluctuating components of u, v, w. Time-averaged stream-wise (L/) and wall-normal (iV) velocity components are defined as, o 6 D springer Environ lid Mech 08) 1 ry os on} (@) (b) | | or os os os < oa 1! oa) oa os 09 03 wee | te ot) | 02 02 aap Ut on fiw a 8a 20 0 ow OTP Sa TESS Une k Fig. 2. Norosized profiles ofa streamwise and wallnomsa mean velocity (Ue and Wy), etrest wise velosity (U/ue) in lg-scale,etblence intensities (and fy) abd rrbuence kite energy 2) in toe diferent strearn-wite location aver pane bed tree diferent symbole correspond to thee diferent Tocatins) ‘where m isthe total number of velocity observations. The normalized turbulence intensity ‘components ate thus defined as, o o ‘where u, isthe shear velocity. The time averaged local Reynolds shear stress is determined by tae = — pnw ‘The profiles of normalized mean velocity components (L, #), log-law for U velocity, turbulence intensities in stream-wise and vertical ditectons (ZZ) and turbulence kinetic ‘energy (TKE) over the smooth surface are computed and plotted together in Fig. 2a-d. Here the low parameters arenormalized by the friction velocity u,. The stream-wise mean velocity profite & over the smooth bottom surface exhibits a standard log-law & = Lin (2) upto flow depth about 0.20 m (Fig. 2b) with an equivalent bed roughness 2» ~ 0,0001m, where ‘uy is friction velocity determined fiom the log-law and « = 0.4 isthe von Karman constant Here zero values of through out the depth indicates no secondary current in the flume over the smooth surface. ‘The following semi-analytical relationships for normalized turbulence intensities (J,..) and nomnalized TKE (®) are proposed as Lae = Daw 9 (-Cuez), ® Deexp (2045) o Where Duy: Dh; Caw and Cy are the dimensionless coelicients determined from the fited ‘equations of fy, a. and &; and given by 2.560, 0.754, 4.471, 1.03, 0.22 and 0.845, respec tively. The results of mean velocity and turbulence intensities on the smooth bottom susface are in good agreement with [4022] ‘Thereafer, two artificial waveform structures with different stoss-side slopes made of smooth Perspex were fabricated for experiments. Both the structures were of a common ‘wavelength 2 = 0.30m with a common gentle slope of 6° at the lee-side (down-stream D springer vin Fad Mech slope due to tidal low), and the structures spanned the width ofthe flume. The fist type of structure, named as SFFS (slanting forward facing structure), had a stoss-sde angle 50°” (up- stream slope due to tidal flow); and the second one, named as VFFS (vertical forward facing. structure), had a stoss-side angle 90°, which showed a mild change in the erest heights A’ = 003m for the SEFS cage, and fh’ = 0.0335m for the VFFS case. These resulted the steepness ratio, H’/A = 0.1 for SFFS case and h'/2 = 0.112 for VFFS case, which are consistent withthe steepness values of real dunes in river flows [5,17,20] and in tidal ‘environments [56]. Each bedform structure was placed opposite to the flow direction (Le. in a tidal low environment) al the same measuring location of the flume bed at about 6m ‘downstream from the channel inlet, Experiments were conducted separately foreach structure ‘under the identical flow condition to make a comparative study between the two structures of different stoss angles (50° and 90°) on the mean flows, turbulence characteristics, flow separation and drag coefficients over the common gentle lee angle of 6° at the downstream face. The bedform structures of two different stoss angles of 50° and 90° with a common gentle lee angle of 6 were considered inthe present study, which were closely analogous with the bedform structures measured in the seabed bathymetry during the tidal environments (see Fig. 6 of [30)). The observed stoss angles ofall three primary bedforms were approximately, atthe order of 77 and the lee sides were almost gentle slopped (see Fig. 6of 30). Therefore, in the present study, the use of steep stoss angles (50° and 90") with a common gentle lee slope was justified because the slope angles ofthe structures were of similar order which fall into the range of those observed in natural environments. The present investigation will focus here: how the flow structure will be affected ifthe artificial bedform structures ae oriented against the flow, which are akin to the tidal flow over the ebb-oriented bedforms mentioned as SFFS and VFFS? ‘Twelve different measuring locations A, B, C, D,..., K and L ftom upstream to down- stteam for both SFFS and VFS cases had been selected (Fig. 3). The respective dimensionless distances ofthe locations were x/2 = —0.80, —0.40, ~0.23, —0.13, —0.06, 0, 0.10, 0.40, How Drea hee + Lol, x/dn aeaee oon aA ea T ———____+ A’ = 30cm Fig. 3, Two forwatd facing dane shaped strctues (VFS and SPFS) along wit the measuring stations A,B, Cun L.MandN. Flow directions fom lft right Each succes having a common wavelength 4 = 30 D springer Table 1 Expecimentl values of eet Bow Fane bed Reynold number, Rey = Uh 44x 108 Maxim fow velocity, Ue (8) oas “Mean ow depth, () 030 Froude umber, 02 Friction velocity (Fom lg aw), te (8) oii aquivalent bed roughness 2» () 0001 srs (rest eight, 008 Bate length, & 030 wath) 030 Steepacss, HA a ee side angle ©) ‘ Stose side angle (*) so EFS (rest eight, 0.0535 Base length, 030 st a) 030 Steepacss, 7 ou Lee side angle) ‘ Stose side angle (*) 0 0.66, 1.00, 1.23 and 2.56. In addition, forthe case of VFFS, two more locations M and N ‘were selected for measurements, and their dimensionless distances were x/ = 0.2 and 4.0, respectively, The location F of the VFFS case corresponds to the location G of the SFFS, ‘which were the crest points ofthe corresponding structures. The Reynolds numbers based on the crest heights Rey:(= Unt'/v) for VEBS and SFES cases are 1.6 x 10% and 1.44 x 104 respectively, A summery of experimental conditions is provided in Table 1. The velocity ‘measurements were taken using ADY at al longitudinal locations (A, B,....L, M, N) sep- arately under identical low congitions. In a similar way, the ADV data were processed to remove the spikes using a phase space threshold de-spiking method described by Goring and ‘Nikora (18) 3 Experimental results 3.1 Mean velocity components “The vertical profiles of normalized streamwise mean Velocity (Ut) aver both the structures (VFFS and SFFS) from upstream to downstream at different selected locations (A, B,...L) are plotted against 2/h in Fig 4. tis observed from the figure that for the SFFS case, the normal- ized velocity (U/u.) profiles a ll locations along the downstream show almost the identical pattern like standard log-law [28] except the location G at the erest point, where a rev pattern is observed with a maximam normalized velocity (Um /u« * 30) atthe crest level Moreover, there is an indication of decrease in mean stream-wise velocity near the bottom, just upstream of the crest position. For the VFFS case, the normalized velocity (U/ss,) looks D springer vin Fad Mech 08 08) + Forvirs ot FOSS pO 02 i o 08 08 4 02 i ° 08 06 04 02 0 08 f 06 04 02 afh a/b z/h 2fh Q 3 a bale wi “0 0 0 0 8 0.40 0 0 0 0 O10 0 1 0 Ufu, vu, Vu, Fig. 4 U/ulx/2 athe lostions A,B,C. to L for both SFFS and VEFS cases, whe the symbole fled cles ad triangles neat dala pon of SEFS and VBS, respectively a like a log-law from locations A to F before the crest point; and then the velocity profiles seem to be strongly affected by the presence of forward facing structute, Interestingly, different flow pattems are observed for each case, From the figure, its observed that stream-vise mean ‘velocities show reversed flow at E and on the le side at G, H, and I, Significant flow separation andthe recirculating eddy within the separation zone oceur just downstream of the crest Fon the gentle lee side; and then the mean velocities are seen to redevelop forthe VFFS case, while forthe case of SFFS, the velocity paterss possess a small indication of ow reduction beyond the crest position G (no flow separation; (16). The flow separation region with recirculating ‘eddy induced on the le-side has a strong influence on the resistance that bedform exerts on the flow due to energy loss through turbulence [54]. Observations from the VFFS case reveal that sharp growth of mean velocity initiates from the crest position F up tothe position K that reaches to a maximum velocity at certain level 2/# near bottom and then deczeases slowly. ‘The peak of maximum velocity grows towards the downstream along x/2. An indication of strong sheer layer within the recirculation region, more kino the TBL, is observed. The shear layer reflects the changes inthe velocity gradient between the two overlaying flow regions: ‘ow reversal region near the boundaty and high velocity away from the boundary. The mean ‘locity profiles gradually become fully developed at further downstream of the recirculation region and collapse inthe outer flow region, which indicates thatthe mean flow redevelops from the perturbation and follows the log-law ata distance of 3.0(x/2) from the toe point J D springer a4 ° (23, —==— Ape SI Fig.§. shear velocity, e(x/2) derived fom lg aw a each ofthe measuring location for SFFS (with fled eles ombol) and VEFS (wth tanger symbole) cate Black dared vertical ie denotes he ees position (Gor SFFS and grey dashed vertical ine devotes the cet postin F for VFFS ‘A comparative study between the two cases indicates that atthe locaton A the srear- wise velocity (U/u.) profile show a log-law and overlap each other. Asi proceeds towards downstream, at each location thre isan intersecting point of two different velocity profiles, Below the points of intersections, mean velocity profiles collapse eachother upto the location D atx/k = ~0.13. Further downstream, the mean velocity forthe VFFS case seems 10 bbe separated and dramatically reduces with flow roversal atthe locations G and H and a teattachment point at I (x/ = 0.66). Above the intersecting points, the mean velocities for the VEFS case seem to increase and differences are becoming much smaller futher downstream at L (x/2. = 2.56). The distance of the reattachment poin fom the crest point F is approximately 6, whichis tthe location I (2/3 = 0.66). Iis interesting to note that the mean velocity profile at the erst location F of the VFFS cae follows a log-law with a maximum velocity (Um,yprsi/te = 29) atthe level 3/h = 0.2, and itis concave in shape at the crest position G forthe SFFS case With Up, s/t, =30 a the level =/ = 0.1. Tis ‘worthwhile to note thatthe mean stream-wise velocity is higher forthe case of VFFS over the entire measuring zone than that forthe SFFS case For the SFFS case, the velocity profile ae tested for log-law with the universal von Kar ‘man constant (= 0.40) a ll locations except the locaton G at the crest point (computed log-aw profiles are not shown inte figure), which issimilarto results obtained by Lefebvre 1 al. [28] for flood tide over the ebb oriented bedforms. The friction velocity 1, ‘computed from respective log-law ranges from 0,022 to 0.03Smis along the flow with dynamic rouginess height (© 0.00043 m). The computed fition velocity wae is plot ted against x/i except the location G in Fig. 5 (filled ctcle symbols), which shows the increase of tse fiom A to F up to the head point, and then shows the decease ‘of tas from Hi to Lover the leeside of the structure It is observed that the value fof usr atthe toe point J is lower than the other values, where the log-law fied bet- ter with regression coefficient R? — 0,99 than the other locations. The upward slope ‘of tse before the head point and downward slope over the lee-side represent respec tively the deceleration and acceleration of flow near the boundary. On the ather hand, for the VFFS case, the streamwise velocities follow log-law ftom A to E before the ‘rest point, and the corresponding values of friction velocity us, are shown in Fig. 5 {iangle symbols). The mean velocity is strongly perturbed by the structure and hence no log-law is observed wail the long distance. Friction velocities lor VFFS case show greater ‘values than that of SHFS case along the flow upto the rest locaton. The extreme upsream and extreme downstream locations show approximately same value of tg for both cases, iemplying that ther is no inluenee of the structures. D springer vin Fad Mech x ° + Fass D é Soa 02 08 a 6 Tod 02 if ° so 8 Way wi w/a, Fig. 6 W us] tthe lcstions A,B, C,.t0L for bth SFFS and VFFS case, whee the symbol filled circles ad angles indicate data pons of SFFS and VEFS, respectively ‘The profiles of normalized vertical mean velocity (WV /u,) for both the cases are shown against z/h in Fig. 6 for differen stream-wise locations, Itis observed that the (BV/u.) athe location A for both VFFS and SFFS cases is almost zero, which means that there is no effect ‘of waveforms. Mean velocity profiles for both the structures (SFFS and VFFS) increase with ‘vertical height near the boundary approximately up to z/h < 0.2 from the location B to the location G, and then decrease to zero away ftom the boundary. It is interesting to note that the vertical velocity profile at the crest position F for the VFFS ease is qualitatively similar to that for the SEFS case at the position G with about 3.5 times higher in magnitude, Just after the crest on the lee side, the negative vertical velocity (directed towards the bed) overs ‘with a maximum value near the erest level at about 2/h = 0.12 for the VFFS case, which is associated to the reattachment of the flow to the bed, In addition, the zero-normal mean ‘velocity for the SFFS ease oveurs in between K and L, whereas for the VFES case itis at point L, ‘To illustrate the visualizations, streamline plots of velocity vector (U, 1) for the both SFFS and VFFS cases are shown in Fig. 7a, b. Figure Te is the magnified version of the separation bubble of the VEFS case. This showed a clear recirculation bubble for the case ‘of VFFS located just dawnstream ofthe crest on the upper lee side, which was coraparable ‘with the observations of [11.47.49], who executed the work with FFS with lat surface. The extrapolation technique was used for plotting of streamlines. A separation point was obtained D springer Environ lid Mech ° Fig.7- Streamline plot of velovty vectors fora SFFS cae, b VFFS cae, and emagnifis version ofthe VFFS in the xirection atthe upstream ofthe structure where the stream-wise mean velocity was neatly equal to zero; and a reattachment point atthe downstream of the recirculation bubble ‘on the lower lee side was attained, where siream-wise mean velocity became nearly equal 10 zero. From the results of the Figs. 4, 6 and 7c, it was evident thatthe flow separated at nearly x/2. = —0.05 upstream of the case of VEFS ease. However, for the case of SEFS, no flow ‘separation region was observed. According to the observed data, no such reatlachment point ‘was observed atthe vertical face ofthe VFES case, ic, where the vertical velocity component ‘became nearly equal to zero. Figure 7c shows that the length of the recirculation buble at the downstream of the structure, X; is approximately equal to 0.19m with a bubble center at x/2 = 0.26, 2/h = 0.112 (exactly atthe crest height. The disappearance of recirculation bubble at downstream of the crest for the SEFS case was probably associated with the bed topography of stoss side, which generated local favorable pressure gradient to prevent any flow separation. This finding was comparable with Emnstsen etal. [16] and Lefebvre etal Bo} 3.2 Turbulence intensities ‘The plots of normalized stream-wise turbulence intensity (/,) are shown along downstream in Fig. 8 for both SEFS and VFFS cases. Its observed tha the pattern of turbulence intensity (1,) is almost identical through out the depth / h except near the boundary from the locations ‘Ato E for both cases. In fact, as it proceeds towards downstream leading from the location D springer vin Fad Mech ’ ‘ eo ¢ Di ofl Soul f a4 oN a rr % B04 04 % 0% 0 Jt sl Poa} 4] % 7 0 Fig. § Plots of normalized steam intensity for: a SFFS cate and b VFES cate. Flow direction i rom leo right A, there are successive increments of intensity near the boundary up to location F, then from the ctest F of VFFS a drastic growth of intensity with a maximum value f, = 9.95 at F is ‘observed. It may be pointed out that beyond the crest F of VFFS within the recirculation region on the lee side, fy increases sharply and reaches a maximum value at each location at a level of z/ ~ 0.15 and finally decreases and coincides withthe intensity profiles of SFFS case, The postion of the maximum intensity forthe case of VEES moves toward the free surface further downstream, which is opposite tothe result achieved by Mazumder et al, [36] who conducted experiments with isolated scalene waveform structure; and similar to the observation of [13], The magnitude of stream-wise intensity profiles forthe case of SFES is much smaller than that of the VFFS case near the boundary leading from the location E ‘up to the location L, The intensity 1, attains its maximum vale over the etests for both the ‘eases It is noted that the zones of high turbulence intensity are characterized by low mean velocity. The presence of a peak inthe vicinity of erest level indicates the presence ofa shear layer, which is caused by a separation ofthe flow. ‘The normalized vertical turbulence intensity (1) is shown along the flow in Fig. 9 for both SFFS and VFFS cases. The profiles of I along the stream-wise locations show the similar trend as /, with smaller in magnitude. The intensity /. is seen to be more prominent atthe downstream of the crest fr the VFES case and this effet persists fr a longer distance ‘than that in the case of Jy for both the cases. For the VFFS case, a slight increase in ly is D springer Environ lid Mech Ae tars € + resis Tis D Ti 6 Sin Tis J 4 “3 Osa Flg.9 Plots of normalized wall-normal intensity fora SFFS case and b VFFS cas. Flow diction is fom leptioright ‘observed while approaching the forward face, which is about 5% of the Us. This change in 1 is duc tothe vertical forward face and itis more prominent compared t0 I. Itis observed that Jy for the case of VFFS is higher than that ofthe SFFS along the streamwise locations, and aller the crest G of VFFS cate within the recirculation region, Zy increases sharply and reaches a maximum value at cach location ata level of 2/ ~ 0.2 and finally decreases _aradually towards the main flow 3.3 Reynolds shear stress ‘The dimensionless Reynolds shea tes (Fay — —WW/) is shown against forall stream-wise locations in Fig, 10 forthe both SEFS and VFES cases for comparison. Itis noted ‘rom the figures that the magnitude of turbulence shear sess (Fvuyy) is elmost identical ‘through ou! the depth 2/ from the locations A to E forthe both VFFS and SFFS cases, while at the crest F of VFFS case shear ste Tui initiates to increase du to change in velocity ‘Atte location G of the immediate downsticam ofthe crest F of VFFS case and at the crest Gof the SFFS, a small region of negative Reynolds shear stress is observe, indicating the ‘outward flux of momentum, Further downstream, especially inthe ease of VFFS, a large region of high positive Reynolds shear stress is seen within the region =/h << 0.5 with a clear peak near the boundary. Interesting to note thatthe maximum shear stress falls at D springer vin Fad Mech a of a S el 1 ase So i «ress : a - - 06} } i ot | “| : ol oF 6 1 ° “— v1 I T uf | Say be Se Neca | a 4 je Fig.19- ej atthe locations A,B,C, 101 or bth SFFS and VFFS cate, where the sombole fled eles a angles indicate datapoints of SFFS and VFFS cases, respectively distance within 0.50 < x/2 < 0.66, where the reattachment point exists, Furthermore, the position of the maximum tyy,i, moves toward the fiee surface and decreases gradually as it proceeds towarde the downstream, which has the evident in the open channel flow over ‘dunes [13], Reynolds shear stress profiles collapse in the upper part of the flow within the range 0.3 < z/h = 0.6. Close to the bottom, the Reynolds shear stress profiles are greatly perturbed and the development ofa shear layer is confirmed by the presence of peaks. 134 Quadrant analysis of Reynolds shear stress ‘The observations reveal thatthe TBL is directly associated with large-scale coherent struc- tutes, occuring iegularly. Coherent structures with large flux events have been proposed to ‘explain the ‘bursting’ phenomena responsible for resistance to motion, transport processes, turbulence production, and hence mixing. These coherent structures are quasi-periodic and ‘occupy the foal boundary layer depth, The turbulence over the bedorm structures against the ‘ow is examined through quadrant analysis to estimate the major turbulent events characteriz- ing the coherent structures. The analysis clearly indicates the impact ofthe chosen structures ‘on the dominant Reynolds shear stress. The quadrant threshold technique for direct estima- tion of observed data of conditional statisties of Reynolds shear stress is presented briely. D springer The longitudinal and vertical velocity components U and M ate aligned along x and z diree- tions, respectively and Reynolds shear stress ¢ = —pu’w is the inward flux of stream-wise The quadrant analysis is originally devised to sort out the contributions to from each ‘quadrant of instantaneous values on the w'w'— plane. The quadrants are usually referred by the following names: (a) outward interactions (i = 1; w’ > 0, w’ > 0), Quadrantl (QI), () ejections (F = 2; u < 0, w’ > 0), Quadrant? (Q2), (¢) inward interactions (= 3 u! < 0, w’ < 0), Quadrant-5 (Q3) and (4) sweeps (/ = 4: u' > 0, w’ = 0), ‘Quadrant-4 (Q4), This method of quadrant decomposition is similar to that used in some ‘of the previous researches like [31,36,39,47,57]. The existing quadrant analysis is used to analyze how the eb oriented bedform structures under flood-tide conditions influence the turbulent events, The analysis essentially highlighted the turbulent event evolution along the bedform structures, Each velocity pair from ADV data may be investigated either through, ‘examining the entre signal data o filtering those data above a threshold value (Le. excluding 4 Tlyperbolic region of size 7) defined as, H = lw! rm) Wome a9) At any point ina turbulent flow, the contribution ofthe total Reynolds stress from quadrant {excluding the region 1, is defined as, (uw ear = im, 2 | ww Ot ale, ws, ay ‘where m ie the total number of measurements and the angle brackets denote a conditional average and the indicator function 1 is defined as, 1, if (w’, w') is in ith quadrant and Typtul w) =} iff wl = Hine) rnd] a2) 0, otherwise. Here, H is the threshold parameter in the Reynolds stess signals by which one ean extract the values of ww’ from the whole set of signal dat, which ate greater than H times {(Urme) Wom, )] vale. Inthe Ba. 12, he expression li'u'l > HI Urme Wom] is used a ‘filter which cancels ou al those data whose strength is less than H tmes[(Urne) Wr] ‘The sess faction (31,36) by ah quadrant e defined a, ww > SS re Trm “ ‘which gives the Reynolds shear stss fraction associated with cach of the turbulent events. By Aefnition, 5), $31 < Oand S; 1, Se, > 0, and forF1=0, 510 +S,0-+S10-+ S40 = 1 The space fraction [47,57] gives the fraction of space i, faction of total observations (0) contributing tothe instantaneous Reynold shear stress by cach ofthe quadrant events for a given £, i atained by using Muar, w') y= Ele a ‘where 1 isthe indicator function (Eq, 12) and » isthe total number of observations. For comparison, contributions of stress faction Sy were computed for the both SFFS and VFFS for H=0 and 4 for all the four quadrant events D springer vin Fad Mech @ Fig. 11. Contour plot of stress faction Sl freak quadrant for # Flow dtetion i fom ef ight 1 SFFS case and b VEFS case Figure Ia, b shows the contribution of all four quadrant events to the Reynolds shear sues ie, stess fraction |S] for i = 1-4 for the threshold parameter H = 0 over the both SFFS and VFFS cases. These figures show a trend that the contributions of ejections and sweeps to the shear stress are much higher than that of the outward and inward inter- actions, though there are some conflicts regarding the statement at some locations which ‘might be the point of interests. Inthe vicinity of he erest postion of the SFFS case and al 4 distance just downstream of the erest for the VFFS case, itis interesting to note that the ‘contributions of ejections and sweeps are negligible, whereas outward and invvard interac- tions dominate equally atthe referred locations for both of the cases. Contour plots show ‘that contributions from ejections and sweeps to the shear stress are almost same for the cease of SFFS at the downstream of the crest, where no recirculation region is formed. On the other hand, for the case of VFFS, sweeps have larger effects to the shear stress in the D springer iron Fd Mech () Seem 1 eae i a Fig 12. Contour plot of wes faction, foreach quadrant fr Flow dxetion i fom ef ight 1 SFFS case and b VEFS case recirculation region. Further downstream near the bed, sweeps overshadow the ejections for the VFFS case. In addition, larger contributions of ejections to the Reynolds shear suess are distributed at a slightly away from the bedform structure which is similar 10 the observation of Ren and Wi [47]. At the interface of ejections and sweeps over the trough region, kolk-boils phenomenon is observed [40,41]. A kolk phenomenon is asso- ciated with an ejection when rapidly rushing fluid passes the forward face (stoss side) of the structures [33,43], Existence of upward tilting stream-wise vortex motion in the flow is known as kolk; while boils are the structures like circular or oval shaped patch lif up from the kolk on the water surface, which dissipate or merge with the surroundings 140,41) Figure 12a, b shows contributions to Reynolds shear stress from al the Four quadrants for 4 for the both SFFS and VFES cases. Iris obvious that other than the most strong events, all will filter out, Only inward interactions contribute notably inthe vicinity of crest region of D springer vin Fad Mech Fig. 18 Contour plots ofthe rato [1/1 ol: SFFS case and b VFFS cae. Flow direction i fom leo ight SFFS case. Over the crest for VFFS, intense ejections largely contribute tothe shear stress. [As we go further downstream, on the surface of the structure inthe recirculation bubble, ‘sweeps contribute most atin the ease of HY = 0. Away from the surface atthe downstream ‘of the erst of the VFFS case, intense ejections largely dominate over sweeps similar to the ‘observation of 40,41]. In the case of SFES, contributions from ejections and sweeps vanish as compared tothe case of H= 0 Figure 13a, b depicts the ratio of ejections to sweeps ({$%,al/1Si ol) that contributes to ‘the Reynolds shear stress, This figure verifies the previous statements about the positions ‘where the sweeps have greater contributions to the Reynolds shear stress and where the ejections overshadow it I the ratio [S3ol/184. <1 at any position, the sweeps are more ‘prominent than the ejections at that position; and if |S l/1S4,01 > Latany point, the ejections ‘overshadow the contributions of he sweeps to the shear sires at that point. Justin the vicinity ‘of the crest and in the recirculation region sweeps exceed ejections by approximately a factor ‘of 14 forthe VFES case, Typically contributions of ejections excced that of sweeps in further \ertical distance and downstream by a factor ranging between 1.13 to 2.5. However, for the SFFS case inthe vicinity ofthe erest postion, contributions of sweeps exceed that of ejections by a factor of 2.4 approximately ‘The space fractions N,(w’. w’) occupied by all the four quadrants for A= 0 are shown in Fig. [4a, b for both SFFS and VFFS. Clearly, QI and Q3 events (interactions) have low probability to occur in near bed region and the events generally inerease above the bed 2/h > 0.25. ln contrast, the perventage of space oceupied by ejections Q2 and sweeps Q4 is high near the bed and decreases slowly toward the water surface, Inthe vieinity of the ‘rest for the SFS case, outward and inward interactions occupy around 30% of the space, ‘while for the case of VFFS at the same location, sweeps overshadow the other three. Neat the surface ofthe structure in the recirculation region for the VFFS case, ejections are seen to occupy higher space about 40% than sweeps which is about 25%, Sweeps occupy the larger space just at the upper regions of recirculation bubble and go on increasing further downstream, D springer Environ lid Mech Fig. 14. Contour pots of space faction Ni to each quadrant for H=0. a SFFS cate and b VFFS case. Flow lzsction from et right 3.5 Flow resistance and drag reduction ‘There were several approaches to deduce the flow resistance, je, total boundary shear stress and hence the overall drag. Flow resistance duc to the form drag exerted by bedforms is important to quantify its influence on water surface fluctuation. In general, vertical profiles of strcam-wise velocity measured over the waveform structures were used to calculate the ‘boundary shear stresses. The profiles may be ether locally derived or by means of spatial averaging. Smith and McLean [51], McLean etal. [37] preferred the latter procedure, There ‘were several ways to construct a spatial average: (1) averaging over constant elevations above the waveform structure, (2) averaging along streamlines of constant velocities, of {G) averaging the velocity data at constant values of z above the surface along the stteam- ‘wise diteotion. The last procedure was applied for our present study. D springer vin Fad Mech @ errs | (©) vers ah zh Fig 1S Spatially averaged mean strean-wite velocity profiles (U)) fora SFFS cas nib VFFS cas, whete ‘he symbol filled eivler and tanger indeat datapoints of SFFS and VES case, respectively Spatial averages of mean stream-wise velocity along the flume centerline, (U) were com= puted for both the SFFS and VFFS cases using the third procedure of spatial averaging as stated earlier and plotted in Fig. 15a, b. As recommended in [37], velocity average excluded those data in the separation zone. Spatially averaged profile near the bed was characterized by shear velocity associated with the skin friction. The spatially averaged velocity profiles for both the cases follow log-law with coefficient of regression, R? ~ 0,98 and are given by, (U) = 7.713 logte/) + $4.46. (for VFFS), as) (U) = 5.493 logtz/h) + 52.98. (for SFFS). 16) ‘The corresponding shear velocities, war associated with the fited log-law and hence the total boundary shear stresses, ry (~ aul) are given by 0.0309 ms and 0.9518 Nim? forthe \VEFS case and 0.0220mis and 0.4828Nim* for SEES case, respectively It is notable that, ‘mca flow resistance over the VFES case is much larger than that ofthe SFFS case ‘Again, it can be argued tha, rather than compating tp, drag coefficient can be compared acconding to [55] but asthe flow discharge was constant forall the experiments, ic, steady flow condition was maintained, the flow resistance can be though of oaly dependant onthe ‘waveform shape, Drag coefficient Cp is defined here as, Co = (ua/T)*, where ue isthe shear velocity calculated by extrapolating the Reynolds stress profiles at each steam-wise locations and U is the depts averaged mean stean-wise velocity. teeam-wise values of drag ‘coefficients for both SFFS and VFFS cate ae potted in Fig. 16. Therefore, tie seen that in the flow reversal region on the waveform there san increase in drag and itis rauc higher for the case of VFFS than that of SFFS. So, by educing th stoss-side angle, we can minimize the ‘overall low resistance. Thus the reduction in drag occurs. Itcan be concluded tha waveform shape with different stos-sde slopes against the flow (Forward facing tothe flow) plays an important role for controlling the mean flow resistance and hence the movement of sediments ina aval channel D springer rr a 7 a a ut Fig. 16 Drag coefivient over th two structures SFFS and VEFS along the sream-wvise direction, where the symbols filled civler and triangle indicate dla points of SFFS and VFFS, reapectvely. Flow diecion i fom ff right 4 Discussion The flow structure generated over forward-faeing dunesiobstructions has many important implications to the bedform dynamics, bed shear stress and flow resistance due to form drag, inthe tidal flow situation, The above considerations motivated the need to investigate the role of forward-facing dune-shaped structures fo the flow feld. Study of flow associated ‘with thee structures inthe tidal envionment is inherently difficult since itis usually hard to ‘measure the near-bed flow and hard to quantify the nature of turbulence over these structures. The curtent paper presents the experimental data forthe mean flow, the turbulence and the resistance due to drag associated with these bedform structures, which could be thought of sa bluff body or object in unidirectional low or a relic bedfarm subjected to a tidal bore ‘oriented inthe opposite direction (ic. in reverse flaw condition). The novelty of this study is the execution ofthe flume experiments to characterize the turbulent flow over two forward- facing bed form structures, which are akin to the tidal flow environments, and to make the necessary comparative discussions with the ficld and numerical investigations of dynamics ‘of dunes in tidal environments [16,29,30]. Moreover, the test data are used to analyze the turbulent statistics of flow over such bedforms with different stos-side angles, which were not studied earlier, Thus the results were evaluated in terms of turbulence characteristics and the coherent structures in the perturbed flow region. This study showed that there were significant changes in the turbulence, especially in the near-bed area and in the vicinity of the crest position due to different geometries, ic. difference in stoss-side angle, Shear layers generated along flow in the SFFS case had a much smaller velocity than the velocity from the characteristics of shear layer generated by the flow separation in the case ‘of VFFS, Turbulence production associated with the VFFS case was dominated by eddies ‘generated along the shear layer, which produced high horizontal and vertical velocities and large Reynolds stresses in this region, For the SFFS case, the velocity profiles followed log-law [28] with the universal von Karman constant (= 0.40) at all locations except for the location G at the erest point. On the other hand, for the VFFS cate, the log-law was observed from A to E before the crest point; and then log-velocity was strongly perturbed by the structure; and hence no log-law ‘was observed until fr away from the erest Interesting to note that he mean velocity profile atthe erest F of the VFFS case followed a log-law, while the shape of the velocity profile D springer vin Fad Mech ‘with vertical hight was concave at the crest G for SFES case, The vertical velocity profile at the crest F for the VFFS case was qualitatively similar fo that for the SFFS case atthe crest position G with about 3.5 times higher in magnitude. Te bedform structure with forward-facing vertical stoss side (VFFS case) acquired athick flow separation region with a prominent recirculating eddy on the geatle lee side, whereas there was no indication of flow separation or low reduction on the lee side of the forward facing bed form structure (SFFS case), The flow separation induced wakes that grew and ‘wansported downstream occupying the outer flow towards the free surface. The ength of the ‘recirculation bubble at the downstream of the structure was about 0.9m with a bubble center ‘exactly at the crest height for the VFFS case (Fig. 7c), The disappearance of recirculation bubble at downstream of the crest for the SFFS case was probably due to the topography ‘of slanted stoss face, which prevented flow separation (Fig. 7a). Similarly, in the numerical study by Lefebvre tal, [29], for bedform nos, 2 and 3, there was no flow separation zone during the reverse flow; whereas, permanent flow separation zones were achieved during the ‘ebb flow condition, The bedform structures considered inthe present study are analogous to the natural dune structures measured inthe seabed bathymetry during the tidal environments tis interesting to determine the threshold condition ofthe development of flow separation zone and recirculation bubbles in lee side ofthe bedform structures; and the dependence of stoss and lee angles to turbulence parameters, drag coefficients during the tidal conditions Therefore, the implication of this study is to understand the turbulence phenomena, what ‘occur in the natural dunes. Mazumder et al. [36] reported experimentally that during the ebb- tide flow a permanent separation zone occurred on a sharply sloping lee side (50°) for the bb-oriented bedforms, whereas inthe present study during the flood-tide no flow separation zone developed over the gentle slope of flood lee side (6°), that agrees well withthe ebb flow condition in the work of Kostaschuk and Villard [25], Best and Kostaschuik [10] and Paatlberg etl. [44], which confirmed the occurrence of permanent flow separation on the lee side slope of greater than 10°, Importanly, for ebb flow condition, flow separates at the rest ‘point [29,36] but in the present study, there was a low separation for only VFFS case which ‘occurred at about x/% = 0.05 upstream ofthe structure. For VEFS case, the flow patterns were classified as the boundary layer development region before the erest point; the flow recirculation and the reattachment on the Iee-side, and the boundary layer redevelopment region along the flow. No definite recirculation bubble was observed at the upstream side ‘of the sincture for either cases, which is contrary to the previous result using a FFS and @ forward-ackward facing step [11,47] A high turbulence intensity was characterized by low flow in the flow reversal region, hile the outer flow region was characterized by high velocity and lower turbulence intensity. Vertical normalized intensity seemed to be more prominent at the downstream ofthe crest than the stream-wise intensity and the effect persisted for a longer distance. The intensity 1, attained its maximum value over the crest for both the cases. In contrast, the vertical intensity Jy attained ils maximum over the lee slope al about x/2 = 0.66 distance from the «rest forthe VEFS case and interestingly for the SFFS case the maximum of it was observed inthe vicinity ofthe crest position. Whetess, for the ebb flow condition over such SFFS, ‘Mazumder etal. [36] concluded that both the / and /y attained their maximum at about x/- = 0.10 distance from the crest. Again, comparison with Mazuméer et al. [36] showed the disappearance of definite peak in Jy. As in the case of reverse flow, the maximum Iy ‘was always oblained at lower-most point at 0.004m above the bed. The maximum value of stream-wise intensity [y atthe rest F ofthe VFFS case was about two times greater than that ‘of J at, which was about 4.5 for the VEFS. For ebb flow condition over the same structure 4s our SFFS, according to the study of [36] maximum ly is about three times greater than fy D springer ‘whereas for our case in reverse flow condition, J, was measured tobe five times greater than J. For the SFFS case, the maximum of [y is nearly equal t0 25% of the Ur (= Un ue). ‘Again, at downstream of the crest region, I, greatly reduces to 12% compared to that of the VFFS case, and that value is lower than the value obtained by Ren and Wa [47], The ‘maximum of J, for VFS case attained about 39% of the normalized maximum velocity Ups (= Un/its) Which agreed reasonably well with the earlier studies by Agelinchaab and Tachie [2] (= 30-40%), Ren and Wi [47] (© 30%) and Sherry tal, [49] (© 37-45%). Just ‘downstream ofthe crest Fa high increment in J is observed in the layer near the boundary, ‘where the negative vertical velocity occurred. In this region, or the VFFS eae, J is found ‘tohave magnitude of about 18% of Un. Inthe case of SFES, maximum intensity is observed above the crest region which is just about 4% of Up. It diffuses towards the outer region as ‘well as the bottom boundary further downstream. Due tothe presence of waveform structure, ‘enhancement of turbulence intensity accurred which was more prominent the case of VFES ‘due to significant flow separation, recirculation and development of a thin shear layet. The recovery of J, atthe flat surface beyond the downstream ofthe toe was much faster than /y, for both the cases which was qualitatively similar withthe study of [36], A change in the Reynolds shear stress was noticed due to the local flow conditions at different locations relative to the structural geometry, A strong enrichment was observed between the locations G and J for the VFFS case compared to that of the SFFS, which revealed a greater flow perturbation in that region. A clear peak in the vicinity ofthe ctest Iheight ¢/ h = 0.13) for the VFFS case was observed, which was similar tothe turbulent flow ‘over dunes using numerical technique obtained by Mendoza and Shen [38]. For our VFFS ‘eae, the maximum fyuz,_ achieved was about 15 times greater than that for the SEFS case. ‘Comparison with the study by Mazumder et al. [36] showed that for ebb flow condition, the ‘maximum Twa i8 about two times greater than that for reverse low condition over SFFS as in our case. The recovery of the shea stress was much faster inthe SFES case than that of the VFFS. The significant scattered points atthe recirculation region just beyond the erest for the VFFS case were noticed, which were due tothe sudden change in the depth, For SFFS. ‘ease, the profiles of Reynolds shear stress were almost identical in pattern forall locations along the Movs ‘A quadrant decomposition technique wae adopted to explain the ‘bursting’ phenomena responsible for most turbulent production. The contributions of ejections and sweeps have ‘eater influence to the Reynolds shear stress overall except atthe crest locations indicating that the momentum transfer between the flow and the channel bed is mostly carried by these two events. The crest locations can be treated as rough edges and hence it verifies that contributions to the Reynold shear stress by the outward and inward interactions become significant and dominate over the other lwo events a the rough surfaces as reported by Kaflori ‘tal, [21]. Iti in contrary with the findings of [36] in ebb flow condition, whose study showed ‘jections and sweeps to be always dominant over and beyond the structure and have greater influences tothe Reynolds shear stresses than the other two interactions. Large-scale vorticity is manifested as ejection event and arises both along the shear layer and at flow reattachment, It should be noted that for the VEFS case the relative intensity of each event (specially sjections and sweeps) for HT > 0 is significantly greater as compared to the SFFS ease. This is probably duc to relatively high turbulence level. As a result, the relative importance of ‘contributions of the turbulent events to the shear stress for VFFS case is much higher than that for SFFS case. Contribution of ejections is clearly the most responsible event for moving sediment particles away from the bed, and sweeps provide an avenue for entraining particles In the vieinity of the erest region for the SFFS case, outward and inward interactions ‘occupy around 30% of the space, while inthe ease of VFFS at the same location, sweeps D springer vin Fad Mech ‘overshadow the other three. Although near the surface of the structure in the recirculation region for the VFFS case, ejections are seen to occupy higher space about 40% than sweeps ‘which is about 25%, However, the sweeps and ejections extract energy from the mean flow to

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