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TM TT CNG THC TON LP 9

1) Phng trnh: ax + bx + c = 0 ( a 0 )
2

- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem phan biet 0

0
- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem trai dau
P 0
0
- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem cung dau
P 0
0

- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem cung dng P 0
S 0

0

- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem cung am P 0
S 0

0

- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem oi nhau P 0
S 0

2
V du: Cho phng trnh: 2x 5x m + 3 = 0
a. Tm ieu kien e phng trnh co 2 nghiem trai dau:
b2 4ac (5)2 4.2(m 3) 25 8m 24 1 8m
- Gia s phng trnh co 2 nghiem x1, x2
b 5
S x1 x2 a 2 2, 5
- Theo nh l Viet, ta co:
P x x c m 3
1 2
a 2

1 8m 0 1
0 8m 1 m
- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem trai dau m 3 8 m3
P0 0 m 3 0

2
m 3
- Vay m>3 th phng trnh co 2 nghiem trai dau.
b. Tm ieu kien e phng trnh co 2 nghiem cung am:
0 1 8m 0

- Phng trnh co 2 nghiem cung am P 0 m 3 0
S 0 2, 5 0( sai )
- Vay khong co gia tr m e phng trnh co 2 nghiem cung am.
ax + by = c a b
2) He phng trnh: - He phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat
a'x + b'x = c' a' b'
a b c a b c
- He phng trnh vo nghiem - He phng trnh co vo so nghiem
a' b' c' a' b' c'
3) Hang ang thc
(a b)2 a 2 2ab b2 (a b)3 a3 b3 3a 2b 3ab2
(a b)2 a 2 2ab b2 (a b)3 a3 b3 3a 2b 3ab2
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a b (a b)(a b)
2 2
a3 b3 (a b)(a 2 ab b2 )
a2 b2 (a b)2 2ab (a b)2 2ab (a b c)2 a2 b2 c2 2ab 2ac 2bc
a3 b3 (a b)(a 2 ab b2 ) (a b c)2 a 2 b2 c2 2ab 2ac 2bc
oi ke oi ke
4) T so lng giac: sin cos tag = cotag =
huyen huyen ke oi
Cung 0o 15o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o 105o 120o 135o 150o
6 2 1 2 3 6 2 6 2 3 2 1
Sin 0 1
4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
6 2 3 2 1 6 2 6 2 1 2 3
Cos 1 0
4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
3 3
Tag 0 2 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 -1
3 3
1 2 3 3 3
Cotag 3 1 2 3 0 2 3 -1 3
2 3 3
5) Giai phng trnh: ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( a 0 )
a. Dung cong thc nghiem: [Phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 vi a va c trai dau th luon co 2 nghiem phan
biet]
= b2 - 4ac
b b
* > 0 Phng trnh co2 nghiem phan biet : x1 ; x2
2a 2a
b
* = 0 Phng trnh conghiem kep : x1 x 2
2a
* < 0 Phng trnh vonghiem
b. Dung cong thc nghiem thu gon
b
b 2b ' b ' ; ' = b'2 - ac
2
b ' b '
* ' > 0 Phng trnh co2 nghiem phan biet : x1 ; x2
a a
b
* ' = 0 Phng trnh conghiem kep : x1 x 2
a
* ' < 0 Phng trnh vonghiem
c. Tnh nham nghiem cua phng trnh bac 2
b
S x1 x2
a
* Biet c : x1 va x2
c
P x1 x2
a
c
* Biet c : a b c 0 x1 = 1 va x2
a
c
* Biet c : a b c 0 x1 = -1va x2
a

Cac tam giac ac biet

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6) Tam giac vuong can
- ABC vuong can tai A ; AB = AC = a
- ABC ong dang vi ABH ong dang vi ACH

- BAC AHC AHB 90o

- BAH ABH 45o
ACH CAH
- BC AB 2 AC 2 ; a HB 2 HC 2 AH 2
- AH la ng cao, ng trung trc, ng trung tuyen, tia phan giac cua ABC
BC 2 ( BH CH ) 2 ( BH AH ) 2 (CH AH ) 2
- a BH 2 CH 2 AH 2
2 2 2 2
AH .BC AH AH
2 2
- S ABC
2 2
ABC vuong tai A

BC AB 2

BC AC 2

BC 2
AB
2

Chng minh mot tam giac vuong can: BC 2 ABC vuong can tai A
AC
2

AB AC

ABC ABC


ABC 45 o


ACB 45o

7) Tam giac eu
- ABC eu ; AB = AC = BC = a
- AH la ng cao, ng trung tuyen, ng trung trc va tia phan giac
A
a a 3 a2 3
- CH HB ; AH ; S ABC
2 2 4
ABC can

ABC 60o
Chng minh mot tam giac eu: ABC eu a
ACB 60o

60o
CAB

8) Na tam giac eu
C B
- ACH va ABH la na tam giac eu
H
AB 3 AC 3
- AH BH 3 CH 3
2 2
AB AC AH 3 2 AH 3
- CH BH - AB AC 2CH 2 BH
2 2 3 3
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AHC vuong


(
AHC ) 60o
ACH , CAH
Chng minh na tam giac eu: AHC lana tam giac eu
AH 2 HC

HC
AC 3
2

9) Goc va ng tron
- AOB : goc tam chan
AB
- ACB : goc noi tiep chan
AB
- EAB : goc tao bi tia tiep tuyen va day cung chan
AB E
- 1
ACB EAB
2
AOB = 1 sHG
- sHDG
2
-sJI


= 1 sAG
- sADG
2
-sJA
- sEDF
2

= 1 sAmF -sAnF

H
A
BKG
- JKC s JC1
2
+ s BG
B
10) Mot vai cong thc can nh (Hnh hoc):
- o dai ng tron: C = 2R I
Rn o O m
- o dai cung tron: l = n
180 o D
- Dien tch hnh tron: S = R2
R2 n o J
- Dien tch hnh quat tron: S =
360 o
Ghi chu: + : so pi
+ C: o dai ng tron + R: ban knh K G
F
+ l: o dai cung + no: so o o cua cung
--------------------------------------------------------- C
- Dien tch xung quanh hnh tru: Sxq = 2 R.h - Dien tch xung quanh hnh non : Sxq = Rl
- Dien tch toan phan hnh tru: Stp = 2 R.h + 2 R2 - Dien tch toan phan hnh non: Stp = Rl + R2
- The tch hnh tru: V = Sh + R2 h 1
- The tch hnh non: V = R2 h
3
Ghi chu: + h: chieu cao + l: ng sinh
---------------------------------------------------------
11) Mot vai cong thc can nh (ai so):
1. Vi a 0; b 0 th a + b a + b (dau = xay ra a = 0 hoac b = 0)
2. Vi a b 0 th a - b a - b (dau = xay ra a = 0 hoac b = 0)
A + A2 - B A - A2 - B
3. Cong thc can phc tap: A B = trong o A > 0 ; B > 0 ; A2 > B
2 2
a+b
4. Bat ang thc Co-si: vi a 0 , b 0 th: ab (dau = xay ra a = b)
2
Vai dang khac cua bat ang thc Co-si:
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- Dang co cha dau can: a + b ab vi a 0; b 0
1 2
vi a > 0 ; b > 0
a+b a+b
- Dang khong co dau can
(a + b)2 (a + b)2 4ab
ab
2 a2 + b2 2ab
A 0(hay B 0) B 0 B 0
5. A B 6. A B 2
7. | A | = B
A = B A = B A = B hay A = -B
8. X2 A2 X A hay X A ; X2 A2 A X A
9. f ( x) g ( x) h( x)
- at ieu kien: f ( x) 0, g ( x) 0, h( x) 0
- Chuyen ve (2 ve phai khong am)
- Bnh phng 2 ve
10. Min X 2 m m ; Max m X 2 m
11. ieu kien e bieu thc co ngha: - Bieu thc co dang A co ngha khi
A A
- A 0 - Bieu thc co dang co ngha khi B 0 - Bieu thc co dang co ngha khi B 0
B B
12) ng thang song song va ng thang cat nhau. He so goc cua ng thang
1. Cho 2 ng thang: (d1) : y = ax + b (a 0) va (d2) : y = ax + b (a 0)
(d1) // (d2) a a ' ; b b ' (d1) cat (d2) a a '
(d1) (d2) a a ' ; b b ' (d1) (d2) a . a ' 1
2. Khi a > 0 th goac tao bi ng thang y = ax + b va truc Ox la goc nhon.
Khi a < 0 th goac tao bi ng thang y = ax + b va truc Ox la goc tu.
3. Neu (d1) cat (d2) th hoanh o giao iem la nghiem cua phng trnh ax + b = ax + b
4. Goi la goc tao bi ng thang y = ax + b vi truc Ox. Neu a > 0 th tg = a
13) Cac dang phng trnh ac biet:
1. Phng trnh bac 3: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a 0) []
Neu biet 1 nghiem x = x0 th [] c a ve phng trnh tch: (x x0)(ax2 + mx + n) = 0
2. Phng trnh he oi xng bac 4: ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0 (a 0) []
a) Phng phap giai:
- Nhan xet x = 0 khong phai la nghiem cua [].
- Chia 2 ve cua [] cho x2 va nhom cac so hang cach eu 2 so hang au va cuoi thanh tng nhom c
phng trnh []
1 1
- at an phu t x [] t 2 2 x 2 2 roi the vao phng trnh [].
x x
- Giai phng trnh trung gian nay e tm t, the gia tr cua t vao [] e tm x
b) Ve nghiem so cua phng trnh:
1
- Neu x0 la nghiem cua phng trnh [] th cung la nghiem cua no
x0
c) Phng trnh he oi xng bac 5: ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0 (a 0) []
co nghiem x = -1 (v tong he so bac chan bang tong cac he so bac le). V the [] co the bien oi thanh:
x 1 ax4 b a x3 c a b x2 b a x a 0
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2
n m
3. Phng trnh hoi quy: ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + mx + n = 0 (a 0) trong o []
a b
a) Phng phap giai:
- Nhan xet x = 0 khong phai la nghiem cua [].
- Chia 2 ve cua [] cho x2 va nhom cac so hang cach eu 2 so hang au va cuoi thanh tng nhom c
phng trnh []
m 2m m2
- at an phu t x [] t 2
x 2 2 roi the vao phng trnh [].
2

bx b b x
- Giai phng trnh trung gian nay e tm t, the gia tr cua t vao [] e tm x
4. Phng trnh trong o a + d = b + c: (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = m []
Phng phap giai:
- Viet lai [] di dang: [(x + a)(x + d)][(x + b)(x + c)] m = 0 []
- Khai trien cac tch va at an phu t la 1 trong 2 bieu thc va khai trien.
- The an phu vao phng trnh [], giai phng trnh, tm gia tr cua t.
- The gia tr cua t vao bieu thc cha an phu e tm x.
5. Phng trnh trong o: (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c
Phng phap giai:
- oi vi phng trnh dang nay, ta at an phu la trung bnh cong cua (x + a) va (x + b):
ab
- at t x A
2
14) Mot so kien thc c ban ve hnh hoc cap 2:
1. Trung tuyen cua tam giac: Trung tuyen cua tam giac la
oan thang, mot au noi nh cua tam giac, au kia noi trung
tuyen cua canh oi dien vi nh tren.
Ta co tam giac ABC co AM la trung tuyen MC = MB B C
M
- Ap dung vao tam giac vuong:
+ nh l thuan: Trong 1 tam giac vuong, ng trung tuyen ng vi canh huyen th bang na canh huyen
+ nh l ao: Trong 1 tam giac, ng trung tuyen bang na canh oi dien th tam giac o vuong.
2. Tia phan giac:
- Tia phan giac cua goc la tia nam trong goc ay va chia goc o ra lam hai goc bang nhau.
A
- Phan giac cua tam giac la mot oan thang co mot au la
nh cua tam giac, au kia la giao iem cua tia fan giac
xuat phat t nh en canh oi dien.
- Trong mot tam giac, ng phan giac trong va ngoai
chia canh oi dien thanh nhng oan t levi hai canh ke.
BM AB
Ta co tam giac ABC co AM la ng phan giac
CM AC
B C
3. ng trung trc: M
A
- nh ngha: ng thang trung trc cua 1 oan thang la ng thang vuong
goc vi oan o tai trung iem.
- nh l 1: Neu iem M na tren ng trung trc cua oan thang AB la ng
trung trc cua oan AB.
B C
- nh l 2:Tap hp nhng iem cach eu 2 au cua oan thang AB la ng
H thang trung trc cua oan AB
Ta co tam giac ABC co AH va la ng cao, va la trung tuyen, va la phan giac, va la trung trc (tam giac ABC can)
4. ng trung bnh cua tam giac:
 A

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- nh l 1: Trong mot tam giac, neu mot ng thang i qua
trung iem cua mot canh va song song vi canh th hai th no M N
i qua trung iem cua canh th ba.
- nh l 2: oan thang noi trung iem hai canh cua tam giac
th song song vi canh th ba va bang na canh th ba. B C
- nh l 3: oan thang noi trung iem hai canh tam giac goi
la ng trung bnh cua tam giac.
5. Tnh chat ba ng trung tuyen:
- Trong mot tam giac, ba ng trung tuyen cat nhau tai mot iem. iem o goi la trong tam cua tam
giac.
2
- Khoang cach t nh en trong tam bang trung tuyen o.
3
6. Tnh chat ng phan giac:
a) Tnh chat 3 ng phan giac:
nh l ve phan giac cua goc:
+ nh l thuan: Bat c iem nao nam tren ng fan giac cua mot goc th cung cach eu 2 canh goc o.
+ nh l ao: iem nao cach eu 2 canh cua mot goc th nam tren fan giac cua goc o.
b) Tnh chat 3 phan giac cua tam giac: trong mot tam giac, 3
ng fan giac cat nhau tai 1 iem. iem o cach eu 3 canh
cua tam giac. iem o goi la tam ng tron noi tiep trong
tam giac.

c) Tnh chat 2 ng phan giac cua 1 tam giac: trong mot tam
giac, ng fan giac trong va ngoai chia canh oi dien thanh
nhng oan t le vi 2 canh ke.

7. Tnh chat 3 ng trung trc cua tam giac:

Trong mot tam giac, ba ng trung trc cat nhau
tai mot iem. iem o cach eu ba nh cua tam
giac. iem o goi la tam ng tron ngoai tiep
tam giac.

8. Tnh chat 3 ng cao cua tam giac:

Trong mot tam giac, ba ng cao cat nhau tai

mot mot iem. iem o goi latrc tam cua
tam giac.

9. Tien e CLIT: T mot iem nam ngoai mot ng thang ta ch ve c mot ng thang duy nhat
song song vi ng thang cho trc.
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+ He qua 1: cho hai ng thang song song, neu mot ng thang nao cat ng thang th nhat th no
cung cat ng thang th hai.
+ He qua 2: neu hai ng thang cung song song vi ng thang th ba th chung song song vi nhau.
10. nh l Thales trong tam giac:
+ nh l 1: ng thang song song vi mot canh cua tam giac chan tren hai canh kia thanh nhng oan
tng ng t le.
+ nh l 2: neu mot ng thang chan hai canh mot tam giac thanh nhng oan tng ng t le th no
song song vi canh th ba.
+He qua: ng thang song song vi mot canh cua tam giac, hp vi hai canh kia se tao thanh mot tam
giac mi co nhng canh t le vi nhng canh cua tam giac a cho.

The End