1896 Henri Becquerel

( )

M. Curie
:
()
()

-x
 Marie & Pierre Curie
()
- Po ()
400

- Ra ()
1 gr Ra 1 ton
2.000.000
~ 28,35 = 1 Ra
10 tons
1898 - -
:
1903 Nobel . Curie, P. Curie & H. Becquerel
1906 P. Curie
1911 Nobel . Curie Po, Ra
1934 M. Curie
 ,
Rutherford: Becquerel :
1900, P. Villard

- - -
B

1899-
1903 Rutherford & Geiger
-
+2e 1914: Rutherford-Andrade
1900-
e/m /
-x
1908 Rutherford & Royds

- 1902- e (
)
He
-


(
) ,

,
/
,



[ : 83209i]


, :
.. 1 mg 2,5 1018 238U
(,


).
12
-
234Th.

12
.
12/(2,5 1018) 1/2 10-17 .


:
:

12/(2,5 1018)
:

dt dN ( )
: dN/Ndt
dN/Ndt = -
( )
(
= sec-1)


N t
dN
dN = dt

N = N 0 exp( t )
N
= N dN = Ndt
N0 0

dt
0 t = 0
N t
 (t1/2):
0/2
(
)
N0
N= N0 ln 2 0,693
N = N 0 exp( t ) 2
= N 0 exp( t1/ 2 ) t1/ 2 = =
2

():
0/e
( 1/e
)
N0
N=N0 1
N = N 0 exp( t ) = N 0 exp( ) =
e
e

t1/2 = 0,693
 t1/2

t = 10 t1/2

t1/2

238U 4,51 109

226Ra 1620

131Th 8,0




A4
A
Z X Z2 Y + He + Q
4
2

:
()



Q = (mX mY m) c2
 Q>0
Q<0

238
92 U 234
90 Th + + 4,25MeV
4
2

- .
. , ,

cm

 :
238U 238,05079 u
234Th 234,04363 u
237Pa 237,05121 u ()
4He 4,00260 u
1H 1,00783 u
238
92 U 234
90 Th + 42 + Q
Q = m c2 = (238,05079 u - 234,04363 u - 4,00260 u) c2 =
= (0,00456 u) (932 Mev/u) = 4,25 MeV
Q: - 234Th

238
U 237
Pa +1 H + Q
Q = m c2 = (238,05079 u - 237,05121 u - 1,00783 u) c2 =
= (- 0,00825 u) (932 Mev/u) = - 7,69 MeV
Q < 0: 238U
 238
92 U 234
90 Th + 42 + 4,25MeV

,
. *
,
.

Q = 4,25 MeV > 0

t1/2 = 4,47 109
;
;

* -
( )
.


U
L

.

() R
(
)
= exp(-2kL), k = [82m (U E)/ h2]1/2
b)

(a).


t1/2 238U :
To - -

1038

. 1021
4 109 (=
).

228U
Q = 6,81 MeV

Q 1,6 t1/2
3 1014

Q t1/2
238U 4,25 MeV 4,5 109
228U 6,81 MeV 9,1 min


- : (0-1e)

+ : (0+1e)

:



1920 :
+1
.


( )

n p + e-
spin-1/2 ( spin ) ( spin 0 1) spin p & e-

n p + e- Q = (mn mp me) c2 = 0,783 MeV = KEmax

Emax .


1930 W. Pauli:

E. Fermi:

W. Pauli:
spin 1/2
 e
( )

e
( )

- :

n p + 0
1 e + e
A
Z X A
Z +1 Y + 0
1 e + e + Q


+ : .

p n + 0
+1 e + e
A
Z X A
Y +
Z 1
0
+1 e + e + Q

A
Z X + 0
1 e A
Y + e + Q
Z 1
:
/
1

1955 Cowan & Reines p n + 0

+1 e + e
1 1012
p + e n + 0
+1 e

1986 27
eV/c2 ( 19.000 )

.
23 1987 Cleveland
& Tokyo supernova 1987A 170.000

60 70 80 ft
8.000
H2O (
)


.
 :
,


212i 208l

.

.

.

-x
,

.


dJ 1
dJ = Jdx =
J dx
():



dx. : ()-1 [ cm-1 mm-1]
 x:
J x
dJ
J
= dx

dJ = Jdx J
0
0 J = J 0 e x

x:

J0
J0
J0
J= ln 2 0,693
J = J 0e x
= J 0 exp( x1/ 2 ) x1/ 2 =
2
=
2

:
-
-


 Compton

= s i = (h/mec)(1 cos)



= + C +