The Anarchist Reader Edited by George Woodcock Harvester Pres/Humanitis Pressie pub in Ena io 197 by ‘The WaRvESTER PRESS LIMITED [utoherfob Spe Fiesty, Sur, England td the USA by Hmoes Pre In ‘Raunt Hiss NY 07716 js eon re pbs 1977 hts ws Fontan Books “The Anarebist Render copspht ine itroduction Ind niescecion George Woodeock 1977 — {Si ay Catagug Paeon Dat “The anarchist ede 1 "Anarchs and anuchist Address, 1 Woodeock, George,b 1912 sos Fixtos amanites Prose {brary of Gomes Cataloging im Publication Data Main sory ner tle Bibliography: p Rett and aarciste—Adértes, ess lecture. Woodcock, Georg, 112 BXMAS gt ssay 72990 ISBN G91-007-2 Prise in Great ean by Redwood Bur Liuted ‘row, Wilshire Contents Aokooriedgoments AAnarshiem: A Historia! introduction Crore Woodsook IA Note on the Text, art 1 The Anaetiet Stance PAnrchs-Anarchist Sebarian Fare « pag Deis Bre Matte firth of Anarchy: the Death of Broperty Prrrfouph Proudion | Disobedience: Man's Original Vitue Oscar Wilde » Ansechise ad the Religious Impulse Herber Read Part 2: The Avarchints Ascuse Chars and State Micha! Baten Mike Site and the Sacred fa Strmer NoemalPoitics nd the Psychology of Power Paul Goodnan War's the Health ofthe State Rani Bowne Mike lndeteaisle Cocsittion Lynne Spooner “he son of Univers Suro Bch Bakunin Pasbamentary Isolation PierrsfsophProwdon “he Uslessnss of Las Peter Kropotin “The Voknce of Lave Leo Totioy In Panihenet om Godin . ion ad We Eft Peter Kroporkn Ja Property Willan Godwin . “The Tyranny ofthe Clock George Woadeock Part 3: The Wrong Read of Changs "To Kant Marx Piereoreph Pron Aes of the Marit State Nihae! Bokate Slate Socialism and Anarchs Bealandu Tucker 7The Fale ofthe Rasalan Revolution Bxima Goldman6 Conner Part 4; Revooion? Roelon?Insureton? The Principle of te Revoltion lerre-Fonepk Proudon = Revolution and Insorestion Max Sra AAruchist Action Nios Waller ‘Ainisy Groupe Maray Booth Revolution and Social Realty lex Comfort ‘Anubis and Violence Peter Kroptkla ‘The Vince ofthe Lewfel World Alexonder Berkman [AnAsststts Atfompt Alsander Berkman ‘A"Tarorits Defence Bate Hew Ci Drobedience Henry David Thora Resistance to Miltary Servis Leo Tolstoy .g Syodiiam Defined George Woodcock Syndicaliss An Advocacy Pere Monae Shndtalon: An Anarchist Ctlgue Pico Malatesta art 5: Flare forthe Rebels who Failed The Pace Consrune, 1971 Peter Kroporkin Mathno's Anuchisth In practice Peter Arsknoy = Anarchism the Spanish Col War “Beenerentura Dart wth Pee van Paasen — Rarcsona, 1986 George Orel! ‘An Andalsian Coswnne Prot Boren ‘4X commie in Aragon Gaston Leval {Song torte Spams Anarchs Herbert Read Paris, 1968 Murray Bookehin Part 6: Liberating Penton “The Evils of National Beaton Willan Godin = Eduction through etre Willan: Gdn ‘Altematves to Mibeducation Patl Goodman = ‘An Aesthetic Approach to Eduction Herbert Read Part 7: Glimpses of New Wort ‘The Old Socety - snd the New Plowe-Joueph Prowdion ~The Disclution of Goverament Millan Godin ‘Arranging ous Lives Lr Talay Aha s Author? Michal Bala The Revolution and the Nation, Pere-SouephProxahon ‘Organization of Production loner Glam fen and Dirty Work Alevandor Berks and the Machine Wldem Moris Whe Tine Store Josiah Warren Bichange ina Disteibuion Janes Gulu the Wage Sytem Peter Kropodin 1a Figs World Peter Koper eS sbiam and Esology Murray Bookcle “The Anarchists: A Biographical Supplement Bibiograpicel NoteWowie puts his hand on ms to govern me isan usurper nd ‘Tyran detare bio ty ene. Pierre-fsephProuiton Let us put our trust in the eteral spitt which ‘Kevvoye” and aitaes only because it the Sescechable and eerally ccative source of al Tete ue to destiy ir also a creative uae Mishel Bakmin ‘With what dlght mast every well informed frend of manking| Thal foward to the suspicious period, the disouton of lta foretamest of tht brute engine, which has Been the ee pacha! enue ofthe vices of manking, and whieh. as Say Fartnfaicus sors incorporated. with its subsanc Enno otterise removable than by its utter anniiation. Wilia: Godte “Theloatbsome mask has fallen, the man emis ‘Stoplecley face, unercamscrtbed, bot mt eg ancased tibeles, and natoales, Exempt from sv, worship, dees the Kg ‘Over himself ast gene, wie, bul ma Passos? ~n0, yet ree from gio pin, ih wer, frie wllmage or sullered hem, Nor yet ett though ling the ike slaves, ‘From chance, ae death, and mutability, ‘Th cogs of at which se might oversoar ‘The oft star of unascendes essen Panacled dsp in he intense inane "Percy Byshe Shelley ‘roktarans of the worl, look into the depths of your ova Brings, seek out the tuth and cele It youslves: you will find # nowhere ee. Peter Arahino| Give Rowers to the rebels who ale» “halle anarchist ar ‘Acknowledgements Te ar nd kr gay ates pion 1 opin acrtion em Are inn by Cle ac inet i easlon of the autor, George Allen and Unein Lid, and Halper & Row, Fabio: Ree aT scegon rere by pormisin of Faber and Faber am The Spon Coli Frans Boke ins the Spr Asi reprned by permsion of Fabs Noa Fate sand orzo Press, Now Yok rom Colt Poems I Hersert eat ‘ant Assoc Approich (0 Ecatio” repented by pein of Dail Nigam Ascites id rom Phe Grr of Arby Heber. Revd publated by Faber an Fer Li anc and he Reliwn Impulse’ repied by perio of Mui! Higham Asoeats Li from derby onl Over by Heber. Rend pubishod by Faber aad Faber Le scleay 19" reprinted by persion of Mis Sool Browaet Herel Secker and Warr Lid and Parco Hse Jovavs Ihc en Jtmage Ye Coie by Gorse Orel Wersision and Socal Realy repeat by permision of David lsh associat Lil andthe author Irom sry an! De Tas steht State by Alex Conlon, posed Roege ao Kean Fal Le “Afi Groups Pate 99 ad Arar and Peso ents Wem oh re Wivod Hase LS a Rs Muay Bookchin: peed Sgheiskee of avs ‘Resistance Mitary Series’ an ‘Arranging (ur is trom Ee Tate's Work, tasted by Louse Pet Sl aye ttc Oxon! Unters) Press Alpini by person ofthe piste ‘Malas Ataris rein of Bask Notercn by Pte: Anion Z i The Fle oe Ron Revol eprint perioIB Aetnowtedennte ‘Nonna Plies andthe Pneoloy of Power reprinted y pr Mei of Rand He as Booed Pra! Pa ‘alts to Miseducatonrepited trom Compr Avedon "Nea Goods cape ont hy pemiion of te oes Monn aa Nom Vee wise vy rt as bn made acpi Hl nbs ‘rom any copyelaht hokler not here acknowledged Anarchism: A Historical Introduction Gore Wooncoer. Aparchir isa word aout which there have besa many oo Fihons Anuctyis eryolten mitakely repeat te fue! of stacy and an anarchist often ove of Tests niibt~+ man who as sbundoned a pons end Ai wert a mindss errors The anarchists whove works Lal be quoting in tht collesion were mn ot sare icicles, + Uny minority of when lndeod. dd pron fee of vllece, tough they never pred to compet a Wan of denvactnene, wi he miliary leader of the fete ucar slits 0 our own tn ote ward Thal be preeoung the anachinsss they were and ate Inter tan as iey have appears neo ana t cutoan Wis jours and potticans, whose favourite way ot Ae a opponent to acco Bin of promising soars What we are concerned wih i tem of defen 2 hse of words which mum regents cer of dine titer wove pil nila feature the ete Ma government ie both harmful and unocceay. A double lve the mord archon meaning ler oe anarchy meas nef being without = rae. By dian, aarci. he ends tht goverment 1 he Source “cst ace evi ogmeatos And by Tarhet the mn who sts out states fod without goverment ‘Tha concept osey-withou. government i ese for an understanding of he anachineatitd. In rojsting rnc the tye anarh snot ect the iden oc e Mie rset cootary he vo of then for12 The Anarchist Renter {seat ‘one is built and the other grows according to. | Nnatarataws: Metaphoricallye one-can compare the pyramid ee eee peo a Anarchom: A Historie! Introduction 13 8 and novel ann thee other writings the een iew nu of anachi. ‘Tho fortiner of the movement have sted greatly and boing a movement rahe an py Ups storm extraordinary powers of rv. As ate asthe Posy 1980" i cemed a moribund, Torgoten movement Yet Hidny seems once spun at hl nthe Io, and he Mot so resin inthe 19805 » phenomenon of urge Fle ethan th espn to exin survey of anarchist atiudes Wehbe estan io-assepe the ile of anarchist Pre Aish -Prsdon prophet of lalla Turon Mer Todas abe wats ot nee elon diced lepulteovey, ext, docket te Med pesctad st canraat tmces elas. cone ered sur by men who have nher ght nor nosed be tnae Tats etoment atc ss at fal romion was a largely ducted printer from the Miounuinous Frsach. provice of Franche-Comté, who in THO pudised a book, Quest ce que le Prop? What i Propers, ws bane extnclyifu ieeeath fen rial cies ven, Mars, later Prous biter Mun. approved st Prondbons siaver te question fis Mle ined was Property te Theft, and te porase, whch Hlened easy Sa-venen nthe two min coos Defcon, besume one ofthe Key Sloss f Tae sem Prondhon Took pain he TEE Preach Revolston and It Seas tree unde hs itense tht the famous, ated Ilane ot uropean ssa te Internation! Woekingmers UAsoiston (baer known as the Fir International Was founda n 180, te yer before tit dea. Proubens boks Pores the ineechal inraructure for the Earoean Mires movement and Misha! bakunin, wha deme the Benes of te anrci stv slays refered to rou the master fw a Perinps tne mos sna hig about Proudhon is that Msphs te intuenc and is follone beefed teal soi doctrine as Mare busted hs fl fie: Whar an sdnirer cngratauted him on hs sve roasbon replica indemntys "My ss? T have noLM The Anarhit Reader system!” He distrusted theoretical structures as much ‘vernmenta sucturss, Doctrines, for him, were neve com Pict their meanings eorged and thei forms changed accord Ing tothe stuaton, he believed that, within broad channel of ovincinle, politcal theory Tike thought of any Kind was ina proces of constant evolution Proudion also denied that he had founded a politcal party—be soaderncd all partes as "varieties of absoltim In the formal sense this was true, though he did in fact father & group of diples out of whom che first anarchist movement sinrged. Related to Proudhon's rection of the idea of poltkal party Was Nik acuon when he was elected tthe Constituent Axembly of France during the Revolution ff 1848, He was one of 8 Uay minonty of repretenaives who ‘owed against a Constttion approved by he Assembly and ‘when he was asked is feasons, be emphasized that he did not ‘ote aaient te specie form ofthe Constution: ‘have voted tesins the Constitution becaute it was a Constitution” By: thie he dmpled that he rejected fixed forms of polical "Fhe atitudes which Proudhon exbibied during the 18403 on questions of syiem, party and poliial organization not nly fefectes the wwe of carer iberarln thinkers, ike Wiliam Godwin, who had raised precisely the same objesions. They also antelpated, before am actual anarchist movement fame into being, the attude Would adopt towards political Selon andthe form it Would tke. Thus. i has never een of amashim 4s a pilaophe or BUTEA! as of te sas ind Se Masia Wi se he ‘who died sn 148) provide oraclar answers oe as teen rapresenied by a poltkal party, because ts followers thave wished to relat tnt freedom torent spontaneously 19 onsreie stuaions ad bave regarded poltial parties 38 | Staring the same faute ce governments. As for constitutions. \ the amrchiss have continued to regard them as fixed and fuacanised politcal systems which rigidly the sate and fosittlonalize the exercise of power, nether of these effects inacceptable to ibsrarians, who beleve tat the organization ot community Ife on a politcal level should be replaced by Anarchism: A MisoriclIniroduction 1S Hocial and economic organization on the bass of free otractual agreement between indvidule. dom, a8 ll tess objections imply. is not something ie desresd and protected by laws and states. Tt iesorething by ape far sonctLand aire wi oar olin Stace awe are is enemis, and from every corner ofthe varied Ipectur of anarchist beliofs opinion on this point is quite Mosnimous ‘The states ev and brings aot ctder but com Het Author twas thant spas and acca | Siri As erly a5 1795 ia is rest Polcal Wisi, Wises Godwin put the point in hs resounding patie Government lays its hands wpon the spring. that is in focity and puts a stop tos mation. It gives substance and Prmanence to our errors. It reverses the genuine prope fies of mind, and instead of sufering us to look forward, Teaches us to look backward for perfection. T. prompts yo scek the pubic welt, not fn innovation and im. ovement, but is a timid reverence for the decisions of fur ancestors as 1 it were the nature of mind always No degenerate and never ta advance Me oticstion which anarciats have alvays sulaned o Axe and suthoriarian forms of erganation doesnot man Mat they deny ergniation an sich ‘The anarehat snot an Ipdvidatse in te exe seve te word Be Belt Pasinestcly in invita freedom, bat beso tenes Mister tocdom cin ony be safaunded 5's willnges Mp swopersis. by the saiy of comraniy” aod for tal Mean, awe wal Iter a, the dco of various kinds Wo no-coeriveorsanation plays a reat port in anarchist Mette "et the aarchinaftes to be raed by th Wad ana of te pat, he sce the cooly of tat etal dcr nosexpc th arr ob dotermined bythe reel tnd or ti reson i in wrong so dott te sarc i Me woplan The enenta characters ot utopian tought Ike eto fan ls, sand wich the willbe Mp progres, nochange sot he a iby deition pt Mick and therefore sat. But the anarchists fave always fyued that we cannot uso oor exparience in the present |16. The Anarchist Reader See ee cake aa uae fk ai ‘Vast cain of teing! which from God began, Natures etre, oman, angel, man Beasis, bry fs, insect, wba no eye can se, No las can reac fom Fant tothe, From tee to nothing Everything, in ther words, ha ils place in the order of ting, and if it followed ite own nature, all would be well. Anarchism A Historical Introduction \7 Jee any species break the chain by departing from its lice and distr would enue. It was a doetrine that would I a wodern esolopist The concept evved uldmatly Im the Creek Idea, most clearly developed by the Stole fosophert, that man longed to nature, sponded (0 its al vs, and that pare he might fied the model for his fn societies It bad its analogue in the plosobles of Dien China, and thiny years ago, as I remember, anarchits ond of quoting some remarks the Taoist sage Lao Tse aid to have mde in reprosching Confucius for devising Ms to ae people behave moral When the actions of the people are controlled by pro Tilive laws. the country becomes more and. more im povershed. Therstore the wise man ays: “1 wil design athing. and the people wil shape themsaves. Twill Keep fit andthe people wil find their eet. X will not assert Irysli and the people wil come forth. Twill dcounten nce anton, and the people will return ¢o their nafurl simpy. ut Chinese wisdom was at discovery a0 far #4 European Ipnishsts were concerned For them the concept of the nity te natural la came by 2 devious route from the world of Mss! antigay, trough the neo-Patansts of Hellenistic WMlosandrias and thence by way of the eedscovery of ancient Windom during the Renaissance aad the consequent erosion of the hisrarsealcoumogony of the Midcle Ages. By the ime Mie ssencal idea of the Great Chain of Haig had reached the anachiss, God had been displace from is head or had Hien rationalized iato a principle of harmony, and probably Me most infers insvidwal io carrying” out the tans Mbsion us the Swiss writer, author of the famous Con sions, Sean Treques Rousse. RRouseau had been widely acclaimed and widely biamed, as roti, a protmcommenst. » rotoanarchi: Many this critics, thinking nly of his authoritarian aspect regard fim ts mainly responsible for the deletion of the State Ins eneged in the French Revolution and in all eubsquent lroluions Hie theory of 2 tacit social contract by which18 The Anarchist Reader education at «draning out of RAE Tent i the Ci | summed up in one phrase of Rousseau: ‘Man was born frce_ eat Fjsr te is~ according to he anarchists~inaturally social! It ers a seated Seg e Sey ere area Siler ees Anarchitm: A Mistorical Introduction 19 i studies i Siberia, ne came to the conclusion thst one actors sal os Se puoed in 192, ere ont ot te al rer en tray. ropodin eevod ht oven the inal faye) is crcet cece eb cereal ty cerca] My inthe foo of ngunge, by ition, and bythe Minit aspen cl in ace Hin ated he Boe for elder ot wich sch crocs as Tons Bry Sy ate a grat dea, yar idol oars ee eee tregaenaeel cee pact a soca dan nan spec Ewes aye See eee eine ect ore ck te ee Roum ens ime-meante-cled ees act int nexctorrerd. wood be one ot bey Time anaisn Gis ccatenydocrine tnd senioned he tnt Bs cte ct oiled ant tc sal mores eet pe ti th se ews spp to human ct arto fen icin hn. fo oided. wus ac manly Say. owecnt ta scree op astunlicaoc fe eae eet. Paiste coopenioe Ge prodided tis teat tc er ene weal rn te fine sce vusaen ite nae poco By ence ei tent ts pec oc Bit or trees ont ther tae an perv of| BE evr txt fa toe pvoesog vl pues Foe Span we ant vole Botts emcthna ne tayod Kopin Hetil BR oetsttieeeg si accis ot nee Biipeection at ony csicimed Fee oct ots DR eraecian whe bt pret ate can By De ta rc dans La Rivlin den Eglin, Oa aie tie a20 ‘The Anarchist Reader | lgeatin tne a ic tat neve onl to engi Fforit co become ative. ‘An integral part of a collective existence, man feel i { sienity atthe same ime in hime and in hers. and thos ‘ris im hs Beart the principle of 8 morality speriot #0 hhmset. "This principle does not come to him {rom out side i ecteted within him, is immanent. It con {les his esence, the essence of society Hull. Tt the tru form of the numin epi, x form which takes shape std ‘toms towards perfection only by the relationship that very day gives Birth to woe ie Tate, in other word trissin'us like love, lke notions of beauty, of wus. of ruth, ie ator powers and faculties The Gal soley ofthis bef tat man shuld Ine bo tural et aI salah o-eation = [Setar co-oporston "arte indamena ba of sty i te apument that diferentiater mom amar trem the [pfu edhe ne Max Ste te goes |G etl vate “Wace testis ace lysing to find ina wut of ie alent dane ener worl ante of fr ptr ater bees ofa ont arnt ri lie lend tan bly atl one mas of i Talos What as happen is kd epi: ich thet ha taken ovr ram the nda the camara epost that ose gave Hi peso ie tie ened toes of Tlistip-Bh- Th oat eh te reise end es ees ee Srgene danger of ting snnld by pteralne auto Bat the igantom and he inperonality the modem sate are rpugnae to anmshins Ty wi ot oni fo | cet tn fclowaip between man anu, ut a nine he-sitanse wh author pac ewe | piv men ath nition of scaly nostra This sees te concepts hich sb nal he aii af aarchion The Bet One of toc pany | the_pineit or decentalisatin, The reevnd ie one of sci Asai The pce which hn can bow be ered Anarchism: A Historical Iniodustion 2 Ihe phrase inlividual_ cunt Ah Foss of the principle of decentalzation the anarchist that what characterizes the Stat, apa from ts founda on authority and coercion the way i which cam iy centralizes all social and_politeal functions, anda sss dient Ou of the reach of the cians whose _ eieahase Hence men are denned tesfon Jo = ow futures and this mana iat wy Tae Moses ot surpes ate lives Some peois ae casloned Wp wests sna privicge tom foling tho rec inact of tis Poses. thou vey too are aesed nines ne, bat Ibe poor andthe unerpiieged experience the inosine Dt picnic state na very ret way. or thse reasons the arch pepose, athe nesary Bs or any vanstrmation of ssi the aking down of Mis eeinc personal srstres € the Siate-and- te OSTA a adem Fisted of tempting to consents soca Tonctons Delage possible walen which promesiely iret: Misiscaceneroon the indivi an he source of respons Ply even in modern demosracie, ne shuld eg agin ‘smallest raciable Unt of organation #9 at vere avlved iar oprasen Sm fot enh know how Binnie 0. Ratan alo share Snety i Scone Tiptine shige aac ie salen aso worker Deen. Such an attude of coune: imps thatthe Biv of the functional eae to which voce divides Hw be slut. In areas nto he Sata ak ate, ts happens azeady nur aoe, a ti 8 ares extent inthe pnt and great deal of sly Mil works Keoptia nd Touoy So abuaduly poate scared on tery volun eminialon” Mary ont have drawn om thi fact the conclusion tht Hf ork of voluntary arangamens ip Tact. hoy would prob: in up in response tothe nee tor them this ofcourse, ir extol im the Heory of participatoryThe Anarchist Reader democracy put forwasd in the 19606 by North, American: fauleas who had been inerced iecly or indirety, by the teachings of the anarchists. The great argument that bas ivayes been broight against anarchist decentralization nd participatory. democracy is that both wil lead to the fengmantaion of Society. ‘To this T can imagine an anarchist Aeoreian coswering that docentralzation Indeed messs the Feagmentation of the Sate, bot tat the fragmentation of the State woul Teed 0 the strengthening of society and of the foci! bonds among ie members. He would urge that the foci alienation, which cosucs in modern society through fhe rule of gigantic corporations i self the worst of all ‘lures of soil fragmentation, and that by inducing people to hoperate regulary fo decisions eating (© their ova liven ‘cenvaliation will in fat liminate the alarming atomiza fom of modern communities sao lonely individual dependent fn authoriy penonified by the policeman and the social worker. “That, far trom advocating the breakdown. of sosety atthe same time ar they seek the destucon of authori, the Janarchists are g-fact hoping to stengihen, soil bonds and tock virtas by-renforang-commonircationsti at the ost base prasioots bevel What they envinge ss a revert |r the pyramid of power which the Sate exemplifies Inxcad -Taudler of bureaucracy, Chey 388 TOT inong SE ep ven dg oy Leta. Te ere otitis sii ir inmidiai nen ‘Gein se sos cst ‘Roney can assy these needs Bete than thve who exet ee tn Th tase mica ant appear in various form ‘Song tne anwchi writes, Guia salle hepa | Proudhm called ithe commune, the sundial calle. tel |sstorksnon, The mame matters very Ue the fat of dleot ‘Mittertion end consultation between the psople most Imuimatcly Involved in a phase of living is she important thing ‘Most socal problems in fact crop up at this level of the rouse the are the vilags, the worksbop, and many of te Teerarlan writers have, lke Proudon and) Godwin, been Anarchism: A Historica Introduction 2 ly cautious in discussing organization beyond this Living on the edge of a. preindusal age, Godwin ht tat no more was needed than the occasions ationl ly of local delegates called to discuss exceptional ma Df common iter, put a syst of juries of aration ten these he envisaged as oly temporary measure, a ons! deve to tide us over ‘unl the day wen men ft be mature and would need no politcal machinery MIhe indvstial revolution forced the modifeation of such) rid speculations; as soon as Talways and. factories Apes it was obvious that even without government al tlaberale system of co-ordination than scattered and) iy linked parishes and communes was needed 1 TA his pont it maybe sppropriste to sep into parenthesis Tatra the: most vital dinction butween the anarchists ie the Markt at last a0 farts the Marte have per. in sory. cause of Mar’ view ofthe dominance of F Se min BY aA Followers were Inlined Wigmore the SMEs DE Saw As fs, Woy noe only tuboraled Bele coarer tana eae bate Bit grosses of pores tr valent Wis cane te Iolo ars cextyedredom as clectvay ts any com iy oso Sonne ea Bee aye tm ee serio oven Meat Bhat iy hav nv scbiobed a ee stay sage cord Be secs te ers eatbce ei wt re inycoeace ocr of fare a terre Bir sine sce tom he ty teas im he ich in ibe Man al eta a ea Spat taedwoull ad ot cae of RaSh in aen eS Ba insu wee tied and fom tee bape tty wontn- ona Guaris ile aenmcated popecy Bey oy chic cote porreeed ke Sey ees tis tne decors af hme ral ee24 The Anarchist Realer ff the Reformation who combined the condemaation rthy government with « Kind of eommunitaianism. Go« twin sbsttuted the Hed of jasice as Proudhon would d ice ham=-for that of the defy, but essentially his reasoning belonged in the dentin eaition 0: air en wal tnown, cmt ino atl fag and sheer If jsice esta anything, cothng cn | more unit tan fist ny an lack tem Dut jae BoC op bee So fat the general sock of commodi Tete every man ha cin not oly wo he means | ite ats te ease of god fe. Tes unjat Mt eas to'he pont of dtoyig sah oF Ns fl sre im sper. nj tat a acter to culone er wie ater dees aoe a fnge forthe general were Jusce_ demand Ril dat ach man, unless peraps ede employ ‘hore bene tothe pu, shoul conubute to Einadon of te Gammon arve, of Wheh each 1 Sonumes setae. Thr esponty. of the vet {Ste nie None of the late anarchists ever went beyond Godwin [Gasement that stciprocty the essence of justice, But the ified its application. Once the indusral reveltion a ‘Ghnged pateras of manufactre and anspor, it was it poste for even an advocate of the small pessant and Fravidos! craftsman Uke. Proudhon to ignore the fact tha Complenty of organization was a social i¢ not a pol Serenity. “The anafeiets toed to accommodate this Tact i rdusral tern by falling back on the concept the utopia evils Saint Simon compressed into the aphorism: "We mus fepac (goverment of men einen ngs! A lade ninetsnthcontory generation deeply involve fh wade union activity evlved s thoory of anarcho-syneal ifm, which envisaged union-sontrliod workshops as the sting inishich men might learn to organize the produstion ecesary goods, aod. services They also recognized tha ‘within ints might be posible to delegate certain function ‘technological experts, and even an anarchist so dsrst Anarchism: A Historical Inteoduction 25 mination by the syndicate ak Bisco Malatesta could ‘Government signifies delegation of power that abd Jon ol the toate and svercanty ofall men into the tof s fen. Adminiurtion sieies delegation of work bls the free exchange of services founded on free agree Misay we Look with 3 pied cynic upon the wast which Diller anarchists Tike: Malatexa were inlined to place in Me fern how eal administrative werk. unlike most other ppm: of work, can convere felt into power, and today Dons aoarchiss as among others, there is» ively vigilance lerver sdminisrajon show igne of becoming converted, lo bureaucracy. Administration i like a medicinal drug nt im homeopathic portions but fatto freedom a Mastin large dover. But the nocd for it im some deere Bot be ceied even bythe man who rejects government Hi inition as opposed to government hw been nd Sway the anarchists thought of mutigaing tho cenfuga Tindencics of a decentralized sores, the other was the se Pla! device of federalism. Even palicians who are far Miom bene anarchists fave recognized the pets of attempting Ww rin a targe oF even a small country by a mogoithically [otulized State machine and the result has ben 4 vatey of Fonifsderal constitutions lke thote of the United Stats, [Eanadn and Switzerland, In no case have these counties ftrely abandoned the principle of author, aad power in Hilof them i sl inclined to Now from above downwards, fen with great force, as resent American history has demon. frsted The anarchist envsiges a dfeeat Kind of federal fission Tn which responsi Degin in Wie vat made Gh ssi Te, me workpice-and-te-netpbaurhood where ‘eons Lve Tn sich a vision all matters of purely local con- Gern-matere 8) which mo ude inierests are aflected Tota be dacided locally by tho people most dicey involved Were neighnourhoods have attests in common, they should Federstc loosely to discuss co-operation and arbitrate der nce ands upwards, trough provinces to Large geo: Graphical cots until, with all frontiers abolished, the Waele Work! becomes x federation of federauons of federations26 The Anarchist Rear winging together eery small community ia kind of sm out uni ike get ruc of coal Such a tad ad radant oncep of federalism i Uk wth the ripe T have called sia opal. Acasa eeu cry man di ‘soul and polis! tex The question Pere Urgent Terhcmetent ceva wen working en fsbo to tin that ter infra nigh be Deter served by secediag {fom peital pares which were domiaated by mile cis Ieee The St Latnaional war founded it 166.09 this Saas one of ts leading pomcjor was summed up inthe Sloan’ The Ute of the ores the task of the Workers Bassin" Some intrpoed thie To mean at they Toul se up poli pais of ther own, and the vaca IRbour partes and Marx soci pats arose from thet ors, But as the safle ned ae iden invlved the teed of aust pale ata The ol Sig be mace auocarae orma_af ginermets bul ab farlmentry democracy in te customary fn, By which the people cesta represenlalite-for a period. and abandon their afar to hie dsoreuon unt the next hel ection. Proushon inte Op-the"anactataiitide fo th Kind of stem. i hs demegogues can gain ané Keep power by manipulating the will of the. poople, when he dedared that "Univeral Sutras is Counter Revolution” This was not meant as at Ant: democratic statement t was meant to condemn a sytem in which voles choos a spoketman every few years and fof the rest of the time abdicate thelr sights and dais os etizen. "The anarchist refeence is for ap arrangement by which people decide directly on what affects shem immediately. andy Ithore sues alfest large area, appoint assembles of dele {es eather tan representalives chosen for short periods and fubject to reil. They favour devices thal ean give rap Cxpresion to public opinion, lke the referendum, but they Sip seck to etmure dat every minority is as far as possible itgoverning. and abore all tha the will of the majority Goes not become u tyranny over disdents The anarchist iow of social orgenizstion is, Indeed, sumed up in the Anarchs: A Mitorial Invoduction fe inect action, bu 90 is thet View of the means of ging society Mit direct stion means én. practical terms hus varied eoraton to generation and fram one (pe of anarh another and T shal allow ils form to emeage io the fur sewions of thi inroducton as 1 pass on from the with which up fo the proseat have been involved pbs storia! development of soarchsen as theory modified D vx avancnisy ratty TREE Dpsicism, aT have st sggetd, nt merely an absrast Mpeors abou occ. Tha Gvcaped oot of octal condone fos ten shaped by caltra infences ha expressed Hele Up vsvine tors of aco, by which in tara has Been hroite. Mars doctrine hati acta emieaperary wosey sn ropes Goth an altarative arrangement and means <0 Mate, anarchy eran (0 ake shape about fur Pinas ago dering the penod ofthe Reformation Sip Ein chis was abo the period when the moder nation. Mite, to which anarcum i the eueme antes. Baan Jp tke ape But before Gang with tat vita Bato fovjuncdon 1 is wll to look at same ofthe more devios Fisors teas that ove the contries hare helped to she Abe anarchist viewpoint SA he tame time os they pola thir urgent dese to irate temetve from te ead hand of ado, anarchist fh to taiove tet Ue rots ram deep sto the ast and te puradon only apparent. As we have se, (he whole wold Miso win whic anarchism x embvaced_ dpende_on-an | Jererance of natural lane manittedteug evolution, and} iis tvans thar the amare ces isla the reset | We oth fe Ton Ruan sei ad rept | SuoEGrae polit onpzalions era peveion of tat Gotan Tels naturally hat aacchit shoul be con: | Girne wo validate their cs to apesk on beh of natural stk man, and Kropotkn cased ts proces 19 8 foreal end when he mastatnd thatthe rots oF anatchism28 The Anarchist Reader were to be found ia log wat betwen liberty and authori ‘hat had already epun in the Stone Age. in Mutua A The made much of te anarchi character of riba socio that ive by elaborate allen of sustomary Sopeition wi no Wsble system of authority Te failed to take into acou that authority does noe have to be embodied in a per sich aa king ora igh chief: also thrives inthe elabor systems wf taboo and obligation that govern most primi ‘rcups, Primitive man is rarely fece in our seb of th ‘word Whit Keopotkin did prove and ths had i import Jance to the anarchist viewpoint was that piatve ma [eeems quite natualy to yeek ou patterns at co-operation, Freedom in a form we might recognize seems to bea pro tut of those communities om 4 harsh and rocky scion which became: the city states of ancient Greece. Yet the freedom Athenians enjoyed Was not of kind the anarchist Would have approved since t was based on the insuon Of saver, and even utopian pola palosophers ike Plat _ind Arist conceived tocietles where the iredom of sr Would depend en the servitude of olher. Only a few asia | lke the devotes of the leusinian meters, and f gles ihe the mochalised is and Zeng the Stole. conceived a society acceplig all moral mena ‘gual, and only Zeno and his follmers seem to have come ‘ined ihn vison with a clear ropction of government ‘Tae same apples tothe Roman Republic whi te ine of the French and American Revoltions war regarded athe {ncesral home of bey. Brutus was held ¢0 be a seat Fepubican eto, and even Coday vadialy regrd the save lebder Spartacus ax spintual ancestor, In fat is doubt ACeliber Brutus oe Sparticus would undectand freedom af arise do, ne ey ha ot 9c made the val cone [junetion benseen Treader age eqn, Tras represented rags equity. pene Paltisian oligarchy when besabbed Cacsir it wat to defend) the rights and auionty of the social sings fom hich he Sprang. Even the lave scbllion Sparta led was unconcerned with general iberstion; Spartacasand the gladiators soca With him in leading the rebellion merly wanted {0 returay 1 thee ow cous an take up the Ines sain smog Anarchiom: A Historic! Iniroduction 23 Dou though & modern anarchist would find few congenial in the ancient word, bY the fourteenth century he way ented en Bezan 19 speak had changed asthe words Tart pus ino the math. of John Ball make quite Things cannot 0 wel in England, nor ever will anti al ere hold in common, and und tere will be neither forts or gentlemen, and we shall be equal. For what reson fave theys whom we call fords, got the best of ws? How fi they dvarve i? Why do they Keep a in Bondage? If We all descended from cme father and one mother, Adam The Eve, how can they asert of prove that they are more Frases than ouraives?” Except perhaps that they make {iswork and produce fr them to spend! Those words were spoken wien the feudal system of the Dive Ages wes breaking apart in England and the peasants Qyere na state of revolt agua the Imposition of serfdom Pi al soe tr ney nde eo 8 Oui htt that he was wat men io those days called & eloe rests wandering preacher wth no_ church, who PWopounded heretical snd millaarian form of Casa With millenaran Chrsiany we are apoteaching one of the Io moat Vial historical sande in the anarchist tration Ihe ine of dissent which fst took on a reigious form, and Hn inthe eighteenth sentry became acuarzed and welded {) mmore rationalist coments of tought connected wih the aness in polieal srgangation tht the Renaissance pe piste. Already, long before the Reformation, millenaian ls were kesping the tedieal rulers of Church and State in Peonsant ferment of anxiety. Bishops snd Kings united in the Pest war that hd to be foughe 19 the south of France to terminate the so-called Albigeoian or Catharit heresy ich mas regarded asa rajor Theat to the wali of the Musial social order, and long. before Luther appeared, Tusist ideas ere, being preached among. convetiles of How people wo believed that in the very neat future the eral were due to be laid Low and the mesk to inherit The earth30 The Anarhie!Realer ‘The rigorous perevuton of medieval heretics was directed largely towers expunuing their doctrines trom the popul Inind, and our iarmation regarding Um bas come {ous mainiy inthe distorted form 19 Which thelr opponent ‘Chose to. pve publicky. Neverhels, it seems certain th ‘mony sich sctarians Went boyond mere doctrinal argument {to changes in behaviour dteted towarés social and politcal djusiments of radial type, Inciding. the aboon of ppovesty and the disolution of political government. All his fos bound up wth the very idea of the millenia, the Thowsand-year reign of Chis in which men would return to ‘simple a hol fe, sharing al and accoptng the cies ule ‘SC Goa sid is aint fterbally the mallenarian sect, like ‘Sich modern radia sect athe Dotkhobors sd Mennonites tree Is ibertaran than they may szam over the spaces of ator. vet thelr confit with earthy authority did have ‘rental polteal consequences as secular dent emerged oul Gf the nee for freedom of worship demanded by religious sent In the Netherlands ia France, in Beta, the relisious Sinentrs cose othe leadership of movements opposed to the espotc monarchies established in most of Furope after the breakup of feadalis, Tn longterm conteqoences the most important of these! movements uring, poiical and religious dssent was the Sevanteenh-centiry English Revolution. which reached its rab inthe Civil War of the 160s and inthe Commonwealth, Englands ony interlude of repabllan rule. Te was under the CCommonweath that, among a. whole cluster of radical feups such asthe Filth Monarchy Men and the Levellers there emereed the ist veal protoararciss, the Diggs tho, tke Iter anarchats, identi economle with political Dower and who belive that socal rather than a poi Foolition war aeosary for the eblshment of josice ‘Getrafd. Winwanley, the Diggers’ leader, had gone. ll ‘the way alone te rond of dlsont to the point where be made the foal intention of God with the principle of Reason. Wiestnleys doctrine af God as rearom was Ldetcal wth st Leo Toktoy, the other great Christian anarchist, meact Shea he declared that "The Kingdom of God i witia you: Anarchism: A Historie! Intoection 31 J fct, Wiestanlay used the sme phrase, Whee does that Reason dwell? He dvalls in every creature cording to the nature and being of the creature, but fipremely in man, Therefore man is called 3. rational frente. This is the Kingdom of God within man. Let Fesson rule the man and he dares ot tease against is fellow creatures, tut wil do a1 he would be dane unt, Fr ress tals hir is thy neighbour hagry and naked Yds? Do thou feed in and lathe hin may Be thy iis tomoreom and thea he wl Be ready %6 lp thee Winstanley decided that it was his mission to speak up for Ihe disinherted, forthe common people who had been very Wille helped by Crome victors and in 1649 he published He porpliet called The New Lane of Righigoumese which stan with « denunciation of authorty as thorough and sx eas anything in ater anarchist iterature, “Everyone that es an authocty into his hands tyrannizes over the oer Winstanley declares, and went of to show that pet only Inssters and magsrate, bat alo fathors and husbands "do Mem not knowing that those have an equal privilege Ty sham to stare the blesing of liberty.” Me went on to Tk the absence of liberty wth what he calls ‘this particular Wropety of mine and thine, to whove presence be sls a Tuts the existence of crime: Finally, after many ariations on Mis theme, he etches out hs Sion of the Teee sone Ise on the techings of Christ whom be gives the name a Wihveral Liner. The passage in which he does so is worth luotng since it does get surprisingly near considering the foot to centuries to the kind of roca arangerant Pidtceti-entury anarchists projected in thei imaginations | Wren this universal equity rises up in every man and Iyomen, then none tall ay clan to any cfsture ands, his mie and that yours Ths i ny work that is yous, Hut everyone shall put their hands to il the earth and fying up cattle and the blessing of earth sal be common fo32 the Anarchist Reader at; when man hath ne of any cor or cat, he sal Se ten the meat reuse emt Pee al | Se uping and eng, no anand maces «An RAP cetiy to tele bands to nase thse ing itt are acuta oe Reng anther. Thee shall be nel Ibs vcr es, at cveryoe all bea lord of mel Stbjed to the law of gteousnets, reason and eau ‘ehh sa del nl ve in hin whic 1 the Lord Living in an agrarian age, Winstanley saw the main prob ss omneship ofthe land, ang, ikea tue anarchis, he belive the prabiem cake aclved only by the direst action of the ‘common people Soin the sping of 1689 he led a comgany ‘rhs fvfowerr to sat on unused land in southera England hd wulivate it for their own witensnce The local and ‘ners andthe State wen nt alliance gait thi threaten ie Company, The landlords sant'men to drive away thi fate and dosroy their crops. Cromwell seat soli, Sithirew. them when he found they were being converte Jp the Digger. The Diggers pracied passive resitanse Tong they sould endore, and then departed "Winstanley, win has fair claim to being the fit of anarchist withdrew into an oblivion so deep that even Ante of his death fe not remembered hough in known fatachced the ease and more mlitant Quaker), and onc {he Englsh Revolution had spent is couse i was not unt the er of the French Revolution, more than a cent Inter that a recognizable stain of anarchic thought ag "isi i combined wih lems erie rom Enlil ince ge dealin was developed fom ote eee fhe plea rar of the Mule Age had eae Pataca tans of Chast and king of rot see i, howe ugha arenes at ceo rol et ol 1Athe fae ume hee asin thoy at ott Mase sec dr nich every man ine i ac, Anarchism: A Historica Inaroduction 2 ompensited for te lack of an elaborate politcal system; Mhere were also cracks in the modival order in which men ight enjoy freedom and good community Ue. as happened Ih sore ofthe ein uf Tals and Germany The medieval soil order, never so. able a ite later Meenders have argued. dvnegrated between the twelth and fourtenth centuries, a development that colneied with the Fevival of humanist learing. which is ane way of defiing The Ressissance: Man now hecame important for hs qualities Ian individunt rather than for the position he held in a pads society. uc whether tis wae a net gain fr freedom Fst be judged in ue ight ofthe fact that atthe same time Ihe ocpanio order of the madieval world was replaced By Iaith rationally devised pital pater. Renaissance incividualsm was clurally invigorating, but Pot ecesarily anarchist in quality. Te stesed sef-develop Ment at the expense of others, it was freedom without Fualiy. iderty without commany. Te prod. slendd Mists Sut iso remorse vllsine, One’ can ilsteats the Miereace between Renaiscance indvidsalam and historic Ircaisn by comparing the to men woo made the name DM Malas famous in Malan hatory. Sighmmondo Malstesta Ws 9 ruthless fitecuth-centry soldier of fortune Who ruled Pik own domain with such broality that be became known DM the Tyrant of Rimini. He va at the sume tine a free Thinker and peccepve paton ofthe ars, it at no stretch Hig of the phrase could he be called a ocaly motivated man. Mhe other Malatesta, Eric, was «nineteenth century would Ie doctor who turned anarchist and abandoned his career to Wend bic ite wandering the earth as a poor man and help. Mie eonle in doven counties to rabol agin tyranny. TH DMalsesa combined a gensinely Incvidaliet temperament Wits serve of te indvisity of tiberty. he other aspect of the Renafsance ay in it epasis on Bde. This was teicted in the many rationally planned lis ult ac hac time, and inthe search for politcal order ch ed tothe concep of rules poles action developed Wy men ike Machiavell, and to the plane vf ideal socal devised by Thomas Mocre in Utopia and Tomaso pana in The City of the Sur. Most such utopianMM The Anarchist Reader ‘wc, even wa they advocated common property. pot enyed’ coentaly ahritarlan societies, as rigidly” 00d role ay the new sition Such an allude was in keepin Sith the ese of the modern national state, which beg Crommel's England, was developed in the France of Lou Sav. and, irony, wos completed during the Frese Revolution when conscription "Was introduced and eat ‘Napoleon the mans to estend nationalism into inperit "Vet at the same time the Renan ninaton to ier thought trom dosnn tended to proguse thinkers who offered fiertarian alternatives to the total rule of authority. ideo tnd Etfenne dela Bogie were examples in France: in ital erhaph the moat impovtant representatives of this ce | Mere the hiteoptier Sohn Locke und the radial Tom Paine ‘hho tok parti both the Amescan and French Revostio nd was condemned death in abzenia by the Engl fe writing The Rights of Man. Pane was in_ many. Wa fear the anarchist pustular when he emphasized the vita |{stnction between solely and government. ‘Soviet i peo doced by our wants” sid Paice, ‘and goverment Dy ou |wickednes the former promates our happiness postvl ‘Sy wnting oir affections. the later negatively by restrain a emt 0 acre tke dro tbs tage 1 Fics eps of Kgs oe ton he ras 0 anes Eek pemste she nate Herta ow mms nae ou Amina pet sa Fe ttn 1 sued Hey Dad Thor se Waren and Desatin Taser. One of i pes se Nam Goinin, whose nary oncom Pete soe (139) dep abreed Cote We aid Sle, panel he fodaion for Rol Sut pan etre ams tly he os con Sete er prema m gmerent er ween ered tm both ancaa) was of mod Seat ics Guta and Remon nal See a trent ns nyse he Se Sacath mss Chath sermene, bere st cae he ah and sre at elo mon Anarchism: A Historica nurduction 38 lice in the allie of State. For «while Godwin served as Asentog pastor: then he was converted to raonalism and itited reason for faith without abandoning the sci lets that stemmed from his religious dlsent. He was also Pissed by the igeas of the French Enlghtenmest, snd Bifte Politica Josie turwdy to clay hit oom views of Feet development in the French Revoltion, There wete in Tat protoanarchiss at work ia France at hat tine, enrags ike Jacques Roux and Jean Varit, but Mish en were too involved! in aston to develop a writen Hieoloes. and i was Godwin, from the ditance of London, Who crcin the suthortarsan diestion which the acobine Pad given the Revoition. In ola! Turiee he attacked the theory aid practice of Bererrnent with what was to become the classic anarchist Hgument tat authority i gaint ature and that social ils it Because men are not at Hbety to act aecording to reason Ivan alternative he sketched outs decenrlized ivertaian ity in which small autonomous communities wil be the etl units and ia which even democrat pall! practices il be ried hecave majority rale a oem of anny is voting for representative ian adction of perso Feisty Godin developed theoretical anarchism ax thoroughly is cs ever Been done: What later liertarians added this Ipuments wae the dimension of action aF they moved from IMethinkers study to the aoc une Jone cLAssic ANARCHIS! MoveMEaT The seds of great movements often le in what seem at the Bite mediocre lives or wall and irianiticant encounters Werainiy, «tne traveller who returned to the cfér of Pari the wreiched hotel ‘oom of the Latin Quarter. where Povoetomanise gathered in the sary years of the TEs, Irs be hard put to Kt recognize the men who would Bevome the reat ralling mimes of the setury. France was Men monarchy once seu, but war ruled by the most Wieral of the Bourbons, Laue Philipp, the so-called Citizen King. and in thove years, when the ferment of French dis- Soatent was building up to the revolutionary peak of 18,46 The Anarchist Reader Pars gave rather grade ylum co those who had al {rom barser regimes. One could mest hee Spanish federalist Tallan carbonarse and: Pole inigung to reestablish their County, then divided up betweun Russia rosin and Austria Hiangay. There were maty Russians who had fed from the Cpgremive tsranny of the Tsar Nicholas I and fair mom siGermans who bad found i dreet 6 absent therselvey from Prussia snd fom the pty sates ofthe Rhineland “Among the more obscure expatriates who lived in this amentere of Intrigue ond expectancy were a Russian and {German who were to be seen often togeter and sometimes fn the company of Preneh radial jouralist who Was mors Indined thee most of hs couniymea to alngle with the foreign revolt onaris. They were al young and all poor, and fu they falked into the smal hours of many a Parisian morn ing nobody detected the Tong shadows they were already cast ing into the fore Tar the stocky Frenchman i the seedy green ceding, with a broad pean! face fringed with monkey whiskers, was Pierre Toneph Prowdhon, wo had fost given the ninctceath century fone of ity grote bale eis Property is The(t! He hall Mteady desared inlé an anarchist, and was the fst ma harm, was Michael ton among the leier Slav peopes in the Ausirian Empire fd had js arated attention by an esay entitled Recs ton in Germany whish in a series of puagea phases tad summed tp the paradoxes tale at the heat of anarchist doctrines ‘Cetus put our trast inthe eral spit which destroys and nniilte oaly Beene i in the unsearcable and eternal restive source of life The urge to deseo isalso a creative crcatr of store phrases and in those ays aaa ie oe fountin of Geran metaphysis cont {Se eatheringsapparerly conse largely of long expe oom uf the paloropay of Hegel fr the elifcaion of hi Sompanions Mart of coun was to be the ancsor srodeen auihoratan commie, tough he and Cech Anarchism: A Hilal Introduction 37 ull ot sue their Conmmani Masifesto fo never yea Rome: Proudaon and Bacenin vere to bacome the founders Panarchom as 2 social revolutionary movereat. In tine fer enmles would divide the thre, and even the 1840s it Eclatioatip was guarded. ‘There is extant corres ence between Mark and Prouhon leading to a bretch De relations in 18:6. tn ie they aaeuse the possibilty of Wisblshing a liaison betwen soxial revolutionaries, and the Aierence in approaches is already evident as one contrasts Mares iid cogmatim wth: Proudhon's exploratory fet BMT Eskun lett "an actual record of ht encounters wih far in the 1840s Marx and 1 were trienily enough in thowe days, We sav lie another often, fr | respested him a great del for his iene and for his pasinate and serious devotion Ininglee though sc was with certain personal vanity to the cause of the proletariat, and T sought avidly his ever Insructive and ineliget conversation. Yet there ws realy No intimacy between us. Our temperaments didnot ait fac other. He called me a sentimental idealist and he was fight called him vain peridious and syand Twas eight Yet for 4 litle ume Marx and the two. saagsbste were ted in thir realization thatthe peat premineteenth-centory volute, the. Englsn Revolution ofthe. seventesth Sury and the American and French Revolutions of the Bighccnh, had proceeded only part ofthe way towards a jut Heit. because they bad been polidcal rather than cll Fitton: They nad rearcanged the patterns of authority, Biv power to new classe bat they bd in ao fundamental Thay changed the social ard economie strastre of the sountis Mp which they had taken place. The grest slogan of the ich Revolution liberty, equality, fratemity- had become Iockery. since poleal equality was inpessible witout Feomis equality, liberty was dependeat on people not ing enslaved by’ property. and fraternity was impossible bs the chasm that atthe end ofthe eighteenth century stil vided the rich fom the poor38 The Anarchist Rear [Neither Mare Proudhon nor Bakunin comidered the pss bun tha such cults mit be iret in the revolutions Poco wih (Went entry experience sce tO SHB fray always ental the ubstitn of one cite for anche ‘ut one ting Proudhon and Bekunin. both understood mo karly tian Mars thn qzevoluion which Joss not ge St autoriy wil lvays cent 3 power more pervasive ‘Gre auPaBeThnn-tat whit icaas Topased They beloved Gita rveluven via auhorig, Mat denroyed powers ‘tdiog Imtuiows and. ceplaced them by volta. Tpertie insutons was indeed possible and could bapped eke ume. Mart was at once more relit and mord tuted, He recognized the vill role power pays in revolu thes, fut he beeved it pouble fo Seale a new Lind of vcr the pase othe proleanat working tough Paty whlctin tie cha Would disolve bal and produce AEP archat scary which he loo Golived the nal, desi fhe gal funn edznow, Bani i Mara of exces optinsan and io prophesying that a Mars Prilical erdor would turn oul 10 be a Tigd olgarchy off ica and tecinoxrat ar when Marx, Proudhon and Bakunin met the Lai ‘unre ats nas the ature Locking tothe pas, betwee these ren andthe French Revolution lay the generation {hevsealled lopian socialists, Uke Cabs and. Fourie an Raber’ Owen who resized tha the French Revolution ia felled ip neck the ralkal @ustions of social injustice, and sehe proposed as a remedy varus forms ofthe sxilctog Meech and produtviy. Tey were eal utopian Bess hey withed tr efeate here nd. nom experimental com Graver that would nonstate how a8 sock Mighl Clr rom Proudhon on, the acarhis were inlucced Many apr by the utopian sodas, and. patsy Aha alist the small community a8 the bass of soci But they fered. trom them in ejecting the sg of thopian sora planing. which they believed. would {o"now Knauf autos, 2 they als elves that the ‘fart reprehensible tin ithe iden of 3 oval Urmondriting t9 the people how an ideal sooty sbou fork The anarchist mystgue was based onthe ie th Amarchome A storia Introduction 99 le could create for themseves, spontanenisy, the sos | Ml economic relations they needed. What one really rextire. if arged. was not to fabricate ew and aril cal is but to find ways of activating the people 0 that out of je taluratgroupinan and popolar taltiom the ht Hoos appropriate oa Tree society might exave Not una the IBébs di thee aspirations begin 9 coaerce Ino an actual anarchist movement. During the wave of Fovoltions that swept Europe in 1888 both Bakunin and Prousion were acuvely engaged. Hakunin took part in Things in Paris and Prague and fought beside Wegner an oho Wericaes in Dresden, Captured ia Saxony, he ended as 4 Pivoner of the Tar inthe notorics Pateran- Pal Fortress, Dp cals in 1851 aid he eseape vin Seria, Japan and the Whites States to ‘western Europe whore he fesamed hit Fevolutionary activity. Proudhon took part in the 1848: Peoluion in Pars and became an erly dslsioned member lhe National Assembly. He Hearne cuickly how parliament A scivty puts a man oat of teh with the people, and pent uch more of his time drng the revolutionary eat ot Tet dependent journalism in 4 sures of newspapers The Poople. The Reprosentive ofthe People and The People's PPhend “wrick were susenively supproned boca the Pvolutieary authorities would. mot endure hit impart Hacks on al sides inthe ew repute, which he accused of ig void of ideas. Proudhon also tried to organize the Merers economically inthe Beopla’s Bank, which was really I kindof Crest Union where goods and services could be ex Banged onthe basis of nbour costs He hoped ths would be Me sit of network of free relationships between pro ible. sich tx pestnts,arhans and co-operative workshops Sich would uisplaee ordinary market relationsipe and fate the worker from dependence. "The People's Bank was haps the ist anarchist mass organization? bad gained Iuembership of 27000 when Progdton was impcsoned ih Ii) for hs ents of the new clested President, Napoleon jpaparte, why later became Emperor a» Napoleon Ill EAs all of Proudhon's remaining, ie” was spent in nor exile. He remained a minority of one, slorying in Tact that he led no party. Yet prosely because he was40 The Anarchist Rear Independent his influence grew immensely during the Second. eras the end of hs ie, whieh came in 1865 he Eee e te Capacité Polilque des Clases oxic i wrote Pe ued that politcal pasties were operated Dy, met Ta Pe eaosal lite and that working men would only ts Ot iron detnies when they. created andl operated — Femot eqganations fr social changs. Many Frenchy ta comete fucnoed by auch ideas, and they formed a sore aimed at the regeneration of ssity by economic movement Sled therssves Mutuals, tut essentially Frees ce amrchists who hoped 19H theif ends peetuly tytn of producers co-cpertin an eaingn between 1862 and 1864 betmeen these Fo, sues of Proudhon and English trade union cep ereretcr merged the Interatonal Workingmen’s Asoc sae Fest International. Marx's followers foster the tian Mache founded te Imarmaioal, bt e tok 00 Far eae tha Pe potions and at he final meeting i London Fa ar reer 1a6t at which the Association was set UDy Se as ly cas he put "a mute igre on the plato! Tins ng Fe Tnterationsl vas never « Marxist body, nit cialis, anarchists of many Kinds, and peor wha Include ther “Nobody_ Knows how large ity member Te ei Js mappoters and its enemies for thelr ow Tee earone tend wo exaggerate iis membership and paring ror thure sno doubt thal espeially in the Latin Tofmng lands of southern Europe, the Assocition 22¥e speaking (i peanuns 2 stimulus to atrugele on their owl PUTAS they ad never done before, But being all the de Petal ete grand and stevaingaspialons, the International sa aN usleground of Heclogies and petsonalites, row ae Jen by the time the Association Became an active on ian in 186 yet the aiferences that ed alead aaa ce beeween the io of revlon In thos ean ari survived to Dosome magaii inthe st ct ot atonal, and the confit beeen Marx and the case and Inter between Marx and Bakunin pesooal Mutual ftlected. the temperamental dilerences of the rao pt alo the fondamental Aierenes in SER mrowetoratially means 4 dierence in ends between th Hasunin had joined the International in 1868, His methods as by sending to Barcionn an lal engner who knew 20 ‘eommon lang inter lescription of the incident which Gerald Brenan quoted = The Spanish Labyrinth. Suche Some en wos al mon wh ind a Hick far nd Ig Has eee we wh Ate he ai She pre ta Hip voce hada metic one and ws ceptible al he Bic rept re mening rice me fer alto of anger and tence sgt Gans and Plots to ke on tore of dng, ope and emotion hen te pak of the pro ht expo, eer oor is wir suneing (ae tinsel esr hon ot Dre io trough he sia ferigy dig aprons Bie a reochaod laa, Gl oe eld onde Peters sett neces he ts within th Iatrntinal amu ny septs yas + dc ftwcen Marn and Buin waa le en German and Lai groupe But te fname ee restet ae wie eatee real pegetes Sacro dtd int ono Gabi in oon42 The Anarchist Reader year betwoen 1868 an the split which dered the Int eal nr. Tae Mari sree 0 oie oe maueethed at Ganong the peter ino a aig $05 Sicha argued forthe eoonomse organization of the rae aaa ctering to ther coupons Author Xs Tees polite ston veranndstla at, Wanton Sere Retatorshie vers immed aboion ofall Sail yr! he debate we on and the So points of MEW wed over ube, Debue turned nto conic. At the Dsl CESS ft the Marts expelcd Bakunin and ani comet General Counal to Now York where would Bel serra teach of he anarchists wan dead by 187. THE st Ghats means ast up tsi rat Inernationl so Naa" ihe Mart sump ty tee Years nd wan dead Dy iw iS Ye the anarchist movement lived on, a pater rth tpn n settedproups and livid shan cette kl meloramat conferees wih IND the teolable, and recip wie. A few dedkalel ‘Sul Uuened men ie Poor Keopukin and Esico Mates Mapa the ideology ot anaes, and tenes 1880 and ) IHRE were amuingly. At one exteme were te fllowe TOL titers who advested noxviolen rsbtanes an Stony induenced Gand in His eats of sath Motilabedence, whch oily wor ddan independence Sikes ete thar energies to fz schook of 1 Truniles where people wed to ie communally without t ra pled in topian tency, Yet others wus vrrec beeen anaichisn sd the revelation nthe 2 ati adte urn of te contry iiated the, Mode JRurement in Curope and apc in France. Plt I eg thd’ sinae and Visninck and the young. Pi EIS tml anarchists did poets like MIS and tren eters ike scar Wide et acne Temas a propaandits Cor (re ite at Ne some confined thie propaganda o wits her bored the tr aad practice of POD wes died Ths wana ery form ofan Idea four eee Plan dh, nara pola theory becontes val on wascei acid. I originated, not among the store Anarchism: A Historiza Introduction #8 uc wih an exceme Hain repubian, Caro Psacane (obo Pad dicarded his tide of Dake of San Giovanni, and who [ota exes te des more scsney than sno as Mice done: "The propaganda ofthe hea i chimera. Tea) it from cee, not th late from the former, and the Deve wil tbe fre when they are edvented But ead When they are re Borrowing Piscane's insight lin snares exeplied Ihe propaganda of th deed by starting sal Qsati sur Frese which bad no hope of sacs at which wax mise {ikem thowghe woul sre the peopl to andere thee Sen titeation. Then, dorng. a bet interade which. has Pingu the record of anurchion ever snc, a few manly Jf indus te pacino sii tole figure to tow atenon tr npntice. During the 1850s We ingot aly, » preaidect of France, presen of the Ube State an carom of Austria end prime mnie of Spin el victim to these range an tens enti. Most arcing todo th chat and repre ter With very mined fesings uni i the end most of them feted in hor, as the French steht newt, tare Mire id wen nie ery thew a bom nto erowded tal and killed Snoceat peopl, "Amer enemy of anarchy lms Mirben, “csid have seed no, moare festive thon this Henry wen he te is nelle bom nt the Ine of peacetal and ancnymons persone Henry iy ed Airs a sams that he van anaes ponte, Evy Pury basis crennas and fool, Benue every ary a Eg Lipski Ferris ui ied aay an Aare method excep. Ip Spin and Russi, where all Kinds of palin had Wado fly sen violent Only fe inden archi eve pac Ah cand otk of the anastasia witha bomb ft smdering very Reman Cathols x eater Sais of Gy Tavis Moyen ender. uh te Motos ot individuals tat one. mus ting baton Mhe pesca and the es, athe dea of anarhia as ever oon inelates bythe atremiis offaaie Nietentvcentry anarcm in fat recovred Wey ikly from the samage done bythe terri, and fate est Yrs44 The Anarchist Reader the eemury moved ito iy phase af road ifance ‘testgh ihe devclopmen of 4 movement to reat Wbertariah Duet Roman The movement called tel anacho Slt esenaliy Ae wiompne was tat unions sould REGiivcu ae meray as ituments for geting Seer Te eC as agents forthe transformation of soc Te sane would invoked in a constant sgsi ( ‘Ming ocay bythe Gute method of the eeneral sie ands RARE ovr tou runing the pass of production dung 8 He hua Torm the infeasrctare of the em so TAtchosynictism bad mich cary susts in France wae cet wm run by anaruss uml 191s There were TRE hoc movemets nay and atin Americ, we de ererjonal Workers of te World (WW) in te Unied sarc ctic nts approach, Dutt wae Spain that Saco hk aartiam il reached i pose. Jacek appt forts moral and ease quali 1 be Tee fot mary piel movement but alo, 8 qua ‘bons moveent of purtania ngs which pve Spaniards Prague Reformation, Anarchism won over the footy rere prcelna send ike evga! wie $8 Wisin peas of Andalucia and Valencia, Te the 19305 te eniseat the pest aarhition the National Con Hatt ot tabour (Ct), had more than two milion ee. ain epevenied he tr pesk of the intent ‘remy anichin ovement, extending fa nc the wealth SERN Toc Spnih annem reached is apogee and is end Sapo Speish C War a ela 1550 He the anartats showed tha fn locl and spontaneous ee che were ltr whare hey fled Wasi erection ger see For example, Brel Sooeht amar pp of set fighting tactics tat defeated Te iite'y Freres anual fo see power, Skaaly in IRS uc ress the villager established ree eorimunes, nd eeetial commenitars wee impresed by the naar Siler and Spartan foriade wih whieh the people se sre rnc th ves onthe ines inated by the weed seary anrcist prophets ee ag comradehip and ssacie, which showed so Gia tht sal Gedcted groups cold Indeed pt Anarchism: A Hidoricl Induction 45 Anarvhist teachings into practice, was doomed to vanish Tarely because the anrshit virtues of spontaneity and alan Tary action are alien ta the spit of wareven of cul wat hic is totalitarian in nature. They fale to test effectively the fasite who advanced on the vilage communes teen the fouth and destroyed them, ot the communists who under Inine the anarchist postion behind the republean lines Two Years of war and politcal intrigue broke the spirit of the Spanish anaes The store movement ereted by Bakunin fin! Proudhon died when Franco's armies marched noppoted Into anarchist Barclana. But the anarchist idea, 38 Gtinct from the movemeat, didnot, and in the last dacide i how ten ikea phoenix Irom the fiw of itr own transformation, Sproat aise ce a See16 The Anarchist Reader ) ceded = movement fo koxp i alive. Many of it important acters ase have sen, wore solitary, diated nv ‘eek Godwin and Thoweas sad Stine. Those who sranted 22 need for oraunzation ynted fo be minimal 9 (a Nee Berne seph,Proudhon. ittictat mentor of the Sits snarchse moveresk warned tn fllowers sais tai of tougt cr acion. With few exceptions te ana itriginaors evi the top of Decorang lie gUrun vit dgitcact tat thes has never been 2 single anahist ath mn pt forward ate 5 ol Poa inthe same way as Marrs Des Rept Tn fact. widely feud amehist book ike Kropokin's Memoirs of « Revo Teen or Mucbert Reads Por andAnarchtim, or the ‘Shiv of Pi Goodman, to pie 2 few vaned example Sa ie tretncn and pea preclelyberase thei nent ‘oman tag, nto dit ee isis peel unpaian element anarchist Lous teat ier recat and Sabie, and explains why the Sovnfto¢ the mavement sn Spain with Pranco’s vty though i cerainly meant te ead of the movement founded ty Prehon and Bakunin, i Rot mean more han te orate of the anarchist sen. Btween 1939 ad the Recining the 19eOm anarchism didnot play a arat part TERRE sare of any country or in the thoughts of anyone ot few iran lcs a fe ging ey itp bax Yet fom the cacy 1968 there has Bee fen, tne ideas of anarchin have meted evened, fave cated themssves nation, fave stud the young Maa and piri and have dstrbed established hires wean Rig and in Lett nthe process, anathist doctrines Int meibods have boc are [ar beyond te remaants of the TE oar ovement New Kiss 0 cation Dae Uhpeted, new mode of action tuve evolve, But they Te ‘pescce suprmgy, fahtllyeven among_peonle who Kira know what the word anarcim meas 0 Who pegs fave never heard R-she iene on the deft of preset tou ad the desdran of eel society that have been {Rian by seminal inter oth beara wan from ‘eittlcursenary Wistanly down to Herbert Rend and Fissure in our own generation Anarchism: A Historica Introduction 47 um now tothe reuse of eres, World War I, low ing Franscs vistry completed the breakdown of the inter Patol anarchist stoverec, The proces bapa as ely as 1918. Ia Russa, ater the 1917 October Revoation, the Holsevis recognize! the anartis as tele main vas ad Alminted th, ut cay after «struggle in whieh large ares I'he Ukraine became skid of nares east conmanity nde gerade Nestor Mako, who fous lias Dain Whites and Reds ut nally ed Yo western Europe in W521 exape Jerson by Troy’ aio, The aves of uc, ly and warn In Germany sea the en € the toarchst movement in bath countries, and by tho tine the Reicher hod completed sts congue oft Sasond Worl War the only anarchists a large and ace were in etal, the Unied Sates, Swiaeriand and the more tera Late Areas sat, of wish Mexico ws te most import Brerycomty tre massacre moveret Bnd one: fisted Russ, France, Italy and Splaway by 1982 cx ng ocr tating “There coed siaaton cus ew in anarchist hiory for sarag the Second World War Kas in the Engh Jerking counts that anarciem demonstrated the gee Misty od te aden ys intersted in compleety new Ways The shoul dd not come aly trom Spanish Hal Mo! ssn ceugecs who represented the move! stated ty Prosdon, Bakunin and Kropotkn. Ie came ako trom racy rered in the modernist movenat who had lent Mtr snares mach tom Oxar Wide aod" Will, Moris Willan Goan In Briain Wie jterin woven, ws 1 call it beens it Iepresets a tanston between ninccenth century and te meictcenry anacham, dew gee aot oly Bish sc nd anon ad eter 1 nd 19 ba many een st rm eastern Erno Hiv France and Beigiom Thor were Enaish painters Ike (Aogintss tobe and John Minton, Rosian costs Uke Rion Gazo aad Pulau eprrshonite ike Tankel Ae. Herter nena an Jonn Cowper Powys pred the set pers but Dylon Thomas was « cael anari od s0 frm Alex Comfors, George Woodcock and Denke Levert,48 The Anarchist Reader In the Unit Stats alo, annshinm excaped from it ral tinge 1 ibe transformed by younger itxpreters. In. New Yoru it canted around Dwight Macdonald, then runing Polis, and Past Goadisan steady relating accepted ibe. taian Garnet sonterpporary Amram peobloms of ri ‘Kony an hun chase To San Franco, ever duting the {ip Bats rary anaret movement which ad ting inks mtn the more taditonal Movement among. alan tiles arse under the lade ofthe post Kemet Res fut ater pots Ine Robert Duncan and Philp Camanta eter on, Keaneib Patch and Alon Ginsberg becume Sosay inolvet, vo that archi wae oe of the motivating Filsophies of the best movement in Calforna Tis andecy for anarchist daring he 154s to become todas tea seed germ in the minds ofa few Eaglhapeat ine intleceas Ted t interesting woreda. evelopment furvtuy inthe feds of sence and education. Ever sce Koptiin modied evolutionary theory by publishing Muu Mi ibrar thahers have tempted 10 reat thei ‘vices to whatever sence of an aeem to be cen” important. During the preset canary the place biology had teldin the sections of Rropion and of Ai shcites the Eisee and Elie Recs was umd hy pavcoloe. Long tefore he became the spcbable gar of grat sx008}< ‘Moc Comfort weote 2 vaknble amrchist Wet. the Bychology uf power dulherty and Deingency. The teaehe Tigo Bch Fromm—paruclry in The Fear of Peedom= ‘Pade the appeal tara inthe 1908, nnd so ld the Fret ranson tacigs of Within Re, which elated Porchologiil to potial represen and sought In neurons {Re ors of coercive power The mont important anarchist rer to be infused by modem prhologia teary was ubut Read, who drew cpsosl om the theories of Freud ‘Ader and especialy Jung €© mppor the ofher charters oper fanart theory during the 1540s intense ‘Reopivon of the ned fora new typeof edveaton tat WOU fable mun to coop snd ay 1 endre feedom. CC say dre gute deliberately becaane- as the ver ie of Frome The Fat of Freefom suggested - it ha awed on betaine in the midiwentith cntry [as & had daw aver on Anarchism: A Historical Iniroduction 49 Bs it recom i ue cine wine soe, Tas mao be meet rt tot muss sen reo Sats incape and ne wae scp) Herel Ise Sum art use oh cece eee bedience. not tor feed: in hy books, much as Esco Bee te aes tic cess of Ferien eeepc cits ceeetes a cue ves ass Bi orcied tne mint meee: irtmenon seven ln ented omen ard on oe Bor tech naa ba wes aco genes wi Erni of tases the peace eterno eter pt gree lap rectors pcre sues onic OR ee oe seein Sees srry Cony wis ecto {ies nn an cums he ty a fess wer aie, no's kid fete of Bigot nrccsi scenes Bet nests ones nian spend ttvsn ten ta te ee tne tesa! osiec eset san ea ee eis oe fated even soame noc Rothe oat v tora wetter eneas Bin mit tye Sau, oat et ssa ar wneaseiaie eae — eee or niceties Sets doce sen pecs ton ten ago ante ned ts ts ic pone plot but amy See o rnc Seal seaae rete ache Te ees ts oes SE vs crete, Goon ones cee ce econ ete ete fps ae eye an a a na et Batya ciated ream E rie we ie hott iret. Nomen i view fie neath of write mats hard omen tale ba tre miiea or nahin 2p 9 OSE50. The Anarchist Reader ‘spirit of scholaely enguiry. ‘There were the apologias of the hares and the dutibes of thelr opponents, but_ few Stjetve rsords of what anaes meunt snl what anarchist fd done ‘The fist complete history of anarchism ever fwriten in English of any ober language, vas, my. own “urchin History of Lifertartan Teas and Movement Ach appeared in 1962. Other general Rstores followed, and io biggraphis of the more. important anarchist thinkers find activ, as well ay repeats of their works, 50, thal archom during the T9d0s became at last seademicaly respecable Bat that was the anarchism of the past, of the cass thinkers the histore movement tat bad baen moribund since: 1939, Wht began to emerge in the 1960s was the actual Fevival of the anarchist current of thought accompanied yf Sclve movements among. young people in, many Europea nd American countr Often the mame dk! not re-