B3

PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE USING DIESEL B3

MIXED WITH CRUDE PALM OIL

.. 2555
 B3

.. 2555
 PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE USING DIESEL B3
MIXED WITH CRUDE PALM OIL

Mr. NATTAPONG NAMLIWAN

AN INDEPENDENT STUDY REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING
IN ENERGY ENGINEERING
GRADUATE SCHOOL KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY
2012
 . 2555. B3
.
.
: ..

B3 95:5 90:10 85:15
B3
95:5 B3

B3 5 17%
B3
7 33%
(CO) (CO2) (SO2) (O2)
B3 1.6 52% (NO)
(NOX) B3 10 39%

B3
95:5
B3
(CO) (CO2)
(O2) (SO2) B3
Nattapong Namliwan. 2555. Performance of Diesel Engine Using Diesel B3 Mixed with
Crude Palm Oil. Master of Engineering An Independent Study Report in Energy
Engineering, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University.
Independent Study Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr.Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian

ABSTRACT

The objective of this independent study was to test the performance of diesel engine
using diesel B3 mixed with crude palm oil at ratios of 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 respectively and to
compare the results. According to the tests, it showed that the physical properties of the mixed
fuel at ratio 95:5 were closest to those of diesel oil. The performance of diesel engine used mixed
fuels had lower torque and power than that of diesel B3 at 5 17%. The specific fuel
consumption of mixed fuels were higher than using diesel B3 about 7 33%. The component of
gas emissions by using mixed fuel had less amount of Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide
(CO2), Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Oxygen (O2) than those of diesel B3 about 1.6 52%. On the
other hand nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) when using mixed fuels were lower than
diesel B3 about 10 39%. According to the comparison of the physical properties, the
performance of the engine, and the amount of gas emissions of mixed fuel found that 95:5 ratio
by volume was a suitable ratio agricultural diesel engine. because, The physical properties of
mixed fuels is better even its performance. Also, its specific fuel consumption is less and most
emissions of Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) and Sulfur dioxide
(SO2) is less than diesel B3.


. ..

1 1
1.1 1
1.2 3
1.3 3
1.4 4
1.5 4
1.6 4
2 5
2.1 5
2.2 29
3 38
3.1 38
3.2 38
3.3 39
4 44
4.1 44
4.2 45
4.3 46
4.4 47


()

5 52
5.1 52
5.2 53
54
57
58

69
73


2.1 ( 5) .. 2554 15

3.1 38
3.2 RT-100 40
3.3 B3 43
4.1 44
.1 B3 59
.2 DP5 (95:5) 60
.3 DP10 (90:10) 61
.4 DP15 (85:15) 62
.5 (Nm) 63
.6 (kW) 63
.7 63
(kg/kW-hr)
.8 Diesel B3 64
.9 DP5 (95:5) 64
.10 DP10 (90:10) 66
.11 DP15 (85:15) 67
.12 68


2.1 7
2.2 7

2.3 20
2.4 21
2.5 21
2.6 22
2.7 23
2.8 28
3.1 RT 100 40
3.2 41
3.3 41
3.4 42
3.5 42
4.1 45
4.2 46
4.3 46
4.4 (CO) 47
4.5 (CO2) 48
4.6 (O2) 48
4.7 (NO) 49
4.8 (NOX) 50
4.9 (SO2) 50
.1 70
.2 70
.3 71


()

.4 71
.5 72
.6 72
 1

1.1
! % !%
! ! (
, 2555) .. 2554 1,938,060
! % .. 2553 ! ! 1,805,596 132,464
!% 7.3 % !% 8.7 % .. 2554
! 52.6 !% 3.9 % %
%! %!
! !! !
! %
!% %!
% ! ( , 2524)
% ! % % !
7 ! % ! % ! !
! ! ! !
! !
! % ! !% ! %! %
!% (Karaosmanoglu and Ozakta, 2000)
! ! %
! % %!% ! %
( , 2552)
! DID !% 10% %
% ! !! %
! % !%
% Z ! %!
% (Hitam and Jahis, 1995) % !!
 2

Elsbett 80,000
8 100 7 100


(Bari at et., 2002)

100

60
6%
2.6%
NO 9.2 29.3%
(Dorado et al., 2003)
()
CO CO2 NO SO2
NO2

(Transesterification)

B3
95:5 (DP5) 90:10 (DP10) 85:15 (DP15)

 3

1.2
1.2.1 ! % % % B3 %

1.2.2 !! !% %
% B3 % !

1.2.3 !% %% % B3
%
1.2.4 ! !%% %
% B3 %

1.3
1.3.1 %! %% %!
! (Transesterification) %% 3 %
% B3 : % 95:5 (DP5)
% B3 : % 90:10 (DP10)
% B3 : % 85:15 (DP15)
1.3.2 % B3 !
%%
1.3.3 ! %% ! 1 9 !
RT 100 547 CC.
1.3.4 ! ! !
% %%
1.3.5 %%% ! !

%
1.3.6 ! !
(CO) (CO2) (NO)
(NOX) (O2)
1.3.7 ! 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400
 4

1.4
1.4.1 !!
1.4.2 %%% %
B3 ! %%!
%

1.4.3 ! %!
!
! ! 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400
! %
% %%
1.4.4 !
1.4.5

1.5
1.5.1 !
1.5.2 !

1.6

1.6.1 %% % B3
%
1.6.2 ! !% % %
B3 %
1.6.3 % %% % B3
%
1.6.4 ! %% %
% B3 %
 5

2.1
2.1.1




.. 1900
( , 2544)

.. 1970

(Auld et al., 1991) .. 1846 Rochleder
Ethanolysis
(Triglyceride)
(Ethyl Ester) (Peterson et al., 1990)
.. 1982
..1989
.. 1990 2000
(
, 2544)
2.1.2 (Diesel Fuel)


Distillate Fuel 180 370


 6

( 5) .. 2554 2
1)
(Automotive Diesel Oil
Gas Oil)
1,000

(HSD: High Speed Diesel Oil)
Marine Gas Oil
2)

500 1,000

(LSD : Low Speed Diesel Oil)
Marine Diesel Oil
(Distillate Fuel) (Fuel Oil : FO Heavy Fuel
oil : HFO)
2.1.3 (Palm oil)
0.6 0.8
/ /


(GMOs)
2
1) (Crude Palm Oil)
60%

22%
2) (Crude Palm Kernel Oil)


2% 45 50%
 7

2.1.4

C3 H5 10 30
C3H8O3 ( 2.1)

(Diglyceride)
(Monoglyceride) ( 2.2)

2.1

2.2

5% 10
 8

1.68% 3.32% 10
2.58% 4.65% 2.86% 3.36%
94% 96%





Myristic (14:0), Palmitic (16:0), Stearic
(18:2), Arachidic (20:0), Behenic (22:0), Linoceric (24:0), Oleic (18:1), Erucic (22:1), Linoleic
(18:2) Linoleinic (18:3)

(Pandey et al.,
2000, , , 2544)

2.1.5 (Transesterification)
.. 1946 Rochleder
ethanolysis Transesterification (Peterson et al., 1990)



( , 2544)
Peterson et al., (1990)
100% 6:1
1.1%

 9

MeOH = 0.225 x Oil (2.1)

KOH = Oil/100 (2.2)

Oil ()
MeOH ()
KOH (kg)

70%
5.1:1
1.3%

EtOH = 0.2738 x Oil (2.3)

KOH = Oil/85 (2.4)

EtOH ()

5
4 6
12





3.75 20 30
28% 3 4

 10

2.1.6

(Rape Seed)
Transesterification
(B100)
5 10 (B5 B10)


3
1) (Straight Vegetable Oil)

70



11 17



(Slow/Low Volatility)



2) (Veggie/Kero Mix)


(Cocodiesel)

 11

.. 2542





10% 90% 40% 60%
20% 80%

3)

(Ethyl esters) (Methyl
esters)




B5
5:95 B100 100%

1 2



 12

}




2.1.7



American Society of Testing Material (ASTM)


Perterson
et al., (1990) Transesterification Masjuki et al., (1995)

Gafar et al., (1995)
30:70 Turgut et al., (1997)
20:80


1)



(Bomb Calorimeter)
2) (Viscosity)


}


 13

3) (Specific Gravity)


Petroleum measurement tables


15.6 oC
4) (Cetane Number) (Cetane Index)
(Ignition Quality)

(Ignition Lag)

60
Cracking 50 55

CFR

5) (Pour Point)




6) (Sulfur Content)

(SO2) (SO3)
SO3

7) (Copper Strip Corrosion)


 14

8) (Carbon Residue)




9) (Water and Sediment)

}
10) (Ash)


}


11) (Flash Point)


12) 90%
90%



13)

HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig)

0.05%
}
WSD (Wear Scar Diameter)
460
 15

2.1 ( 5) .. 2554

1/

1 15.6/15.6
0.81 - ASTM D 1298

o
(Specific Gravity at 15.6/15.6 C) 0.87 0.920
2 (Cetane Number) ASTM D 613
(Calculated Cetane Index) ASTM D 976
1 .. 2555
47 45
1 .. 2555
50 45
3 , (Viscosity, cSt ) ASTM D 445
3.1 40
1.8 -
(at 40 oC)
4.1 8.0
3.2 50
(at 50 oC) - 6.0
4 , 10 16 ASTM D 97
o
(Pour Point, C)
5 ,
(Sulphur, % wt.)
1 .. 2555 0.035 1.5 ASTM D 4294
1 .. 2555 0.005 1.5 ASTM D 2622
6 1 - ASTM D 130
(Copper Strip Corrosion)
7 , 25 - ASTM D 2274
/
(Oxidation Stability, g/m3 )
8 , 0.05 - ASTM D 189
(Carbon Residue, % wt.)
9 , 0.05 0.3 ASTM D 2709
(Water and Sediment, % vol.)
 16

2.1 ( 5) .. 2554
()

1/

10 , 0.01 0.02 ASTM D 482
(Ash, % wt.)
11 ,
52 52 ASTM D 93
(Flash Point, oC)
12 , 357 - ASTM D 86
(Distillation, oC)

(90% recovered)
13 , ASTM D 2425

(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, % wt.)
1 .. 2555 - - -
1 .. 2555 11 -
14 (Colour) -
14.1 (Hue)
14.2 (Intensity)
- 4.5 ASTM D 1500

4.0 7.5
15
3 - EN 14078
,
(Methyl Ester of Fatty Acid, % vol.) 5 -
16 , 460 - CEC F - 06 - 96
(Lubricity, Wear Scar m)
17 ()
(Additive)

1/

 17

2.1.8 (Diesel Engine)

(Rudolf Diesel) ..
1897 (Carnot's cycle)
(Sardi Carnot) .. 1824







2.1.9
3



1)
350 /

2





2)
350 1,000 /


 18

(TBN)
3)
1,000 /

(Diesoline)


2.1.10











1) (Torque)




Kg-m N-m ft-lbs
2) (Brake Horse Power)




 19

; Pb

= (2-5)

Pb (kW)
T (N-m)
N (rpm)

; BHP 1 hp = 746 W

= (2-6)

BHP (hp)

) (Prony Brake)

(Brake shoes)

= (2-7)

T (N-m)
W (N)
r (m)
 20

2.3

) (Rope Brake)

=( ) (2-8)

T (N-m)
(W w) (N)
W (N)
w (N)
D (m)

=( )
( )
(2-9)

d (m)
 21

2.4

) (Hydraulic Dynamometer)




50
1,000

= (2-10)

T (N-m)
W (N)
r (m)

2.5
 22

) (Electrical Dynamometer)





2
1

=( ) (2-11)

T (N-m)
W (N)
S (N)
r (m)

= (2-12)

P (W)
V (V)
I (Amp)

2.6
 23

) (Chassis Dynamometer)


(Road Test)

(wind resistance)

2.7

3) (Fuel Consumption)





2
) (Indicated specific fuel
consumption ; isfc)

 24

!" =
#$
%.'. . ()
(2-13)

isfc (kg/hp-hr, m3/hp-hr)

mf (kg/hp, m3/hp)
I.H.P. (hp)
hr ()

) (Brake specific fuel

consumption: bsfc)

* !" =
#$
+.'. . ()
(2-14)

bsfc (kg/hp-hr, m3/hp-hr)

mf (g/h)
B.H.P. (hp)

4)

#,
(A/F) = #$
(2-15)

 25

#$
(F/A) = #,
(2-16)

12 < A/F < 18 (0.056 < F/A < 0.083)

(Lean burn)
2.1.11



Taylor (1894)
( ) 3


2.1.12




Kaufman
and Ziejewski (1984) 200 ASTM 250
University of Idaho 1,000
Masjuki et al. (1995) 20 kurt et al. (2000)
50
Schumacher
et al. (1995) 48,280 Schumacher et al. (1998) 40,608
Peterson et al. (1999) 163,800
2.1.13



(Nonhomogeneous)
 26

(Benzene)
(Formaldehyde) (Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons or PAHs)








Aldehydes Aldehydes

(Soot Elemental
arbon) (Arsenic) (Nickel) (Ultrafine Particle)
10 ( 1/7
)

PAHs Nitro-PAHs PAHs

(Air-Fuel Ratio) 80% - 90%



 27

(NOX) () HC
(CO)





1)


2)
3)

4)

2.1.14 (Exhaust Analyzer)

1) (CO2)

(H2O, Water Vapor) ( 14.7/1)


2) (O2)


 28

2.8

3)
- (Water Vapor : H2O)
- (Sulfur Dioxide : SO2)

(SO3) (H2SO4)
- (HO)
(Hydrogen Sulfide Gas)
- (C)
2.1.15







ECE R.83-05 (EURO 4) . 2550 2554
.. 2555
 29

. 2550 2554
3
1)
2)
3)
(Hybrid)

(HC+NOX, NOX CO)


2.2

2.2 EURO 4 ()

CO HC HC+NOX NOX
(kg) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)

2,500 kg - 0.50 0.25 0.30 0.025

2,500 kg 1,305 0.50 0.25 0.30 0.025

1,305 - 1,760 0.63 0.33 0.39 0.04
3,500 kg 1,760 0.74 0.39 0.46 0.06

2.2
(2524)

7

 30

(2538 , 2546)



10 12:1
10% 2.44%
6.29% 2.38%

(2545)

q
37.7 54.4 90
q
q
80:20 2,500
14.5 Nm. 2,839
- 3.7 kW. q
14.3 Nm. 3.163
- 3.74 kW.
q (2547)

10%
60 0C 90%






 31

(2549)

250 500 750 1,000


100%

(2550)





(2552)


1,200 2,400
5%
10%
40% 300
20% 1,000
2,000
q (2552)
20% (B20)
50% (B50) 100% (B100)
 32

3 3 HINO HO7C CUMMIN 6B5.9 KOMATSU

S4D105-3 B20

B50 B100
3
B20 B50 B100 CO

NOX
NOX 3
NOX SO2

(2552)
IDI 10%
()

2.86 11.15%
8.63 13.03% 9.44 10.05%
CO 1000 rpm 148
248 ppm 1600 rpm 324 445 ppm 2200 rpm
483 567 ppm NOX

(...) 2

B2 B5 B20 B40
B50 B100
B100
B40 B20 B5



 33

12

()



B100
(THC CO CO2)

CO TCH
CO2

Kammpman (1995 , 2546)

40% 45%
350 } 70



Kammpman (1995 q , 2552)





May, Ngan, and Basiron (1995)
36
300,000
 34

HC NOX CO
SO2



Hitam and Jahis (1995)
Elsbett 300,000 100,000
5,000

80,000 80,000
8 100
7 100


Schumacher, Peterson and Gerpen (2001)


.. 1991 1995

q 100%

(Blending of Biodiesel and Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel)

(Cold Start Tendencies)

(Condition of Engine Lubricant Oil)


(Cooling
System)
 35

(Engine Exhaust
Emission) NOX
CO HC PM
(Fuel
Economy)

(Fuel Filter Plugging)
(Fuel Quality)
(Glycerin)

(Injector Failure)


(Material Compatibility)


} }
(Smoke Increases)

(Power Test Results)


Raju, Rao and Ramamohan (2000)

1,500



 36

CO O2 CO2

Prasad, Krishna and Reddy (2000) Kirloskar
Pongamia

1,500

179 125


Pongamia

NOX

Pandey, Pandey, Ghosh and Ramanujam (2000)



30%






Reddy, Babu and Ganesan (2000)

 37

210 kg/cm2

180 kg/cm2
Karaosmanoglu and Ozakta (2000)


50
Bari, Lim and Yu (2002)



100

60
6%
2.6%
NO 9.2
29.3%
Dorado, Ballesterosb, Arnalc, Gomezc, and Lopez (2003)

()
CO CO2 NO SO2 NO2

 38

3.1
B3
3

3.1

1 ASTM D240
2 40oC ASTM D445
3 15oC ASTM D4052
4 ASTM D664
5 ASTM D2500
6 ASTM D93
7 ASTM D79
8 EN 12907
9 ASTM D130

A 1 2 A A
A 3 9 A
(MTEC)

3.2
3.2.1
1) A 20
2) A A A A
 39

3) A A A 2,400 2,000
1,600 1,200 800
4)
5) A A
A 1 3
3.2.2
1) A 20
2) A A A A
3) A A A 2,400 2,000
1,600 1,200 800
4) A
5) A A
A 1 3
3.2.3
1) A 20
2) A A A A
3) A A A 2,400 2,000
1,600 1,200 800
4) (CO)
(CO2) (NO) (NOX)
(O2) (SO2) A
5) A A
A 1 3

3.3
3.3.1
A AA
A A RT 100
547 CC. AA A A
A
 40

3.2 A RT 100

RT 100
A 4 1
A (Direct Injection)
x 88 x 90 mm.
547 CC.
10 hp./2400 rpm. (7.4 kW/2400 rpm)
A 9 hp./2400 rpm. (6.6 kW/2400 rpm)
18 : 1
3.4 kg-m./1600 rpm.
240 g-hp./hr.

3.1 A A RT 100
 41

3.3.2
A A
A
A A A 5 800 1,200 1,600
2,000 2,400

3.2 A

3.3 A
 42

3.3.3
A A A TESTO 340
A (CO) (CO2)
(NO) (NOX) (O2)

3.4 A

3.3.4
A
AA A A
A A
AA

3.5 A
 43

3.3.5
1)
A B3 .
() A A A
2)
B3 A
A (Transesterification)
A

3.3 B3

( B3 : )
1 100 : 0 Diesel B3
2 95 : 5 DP5
3 90 : 10 DP10
4 85 : 15 DP15
 44

4.1 " "

B3
3

4.1

" "

Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
ASTM D240 43,399 43,647 42,695 43,822
ASTM D445 3.274 3.684 4.186 4.523
40oC
ASTM D4052 841.9 844.6 848.0 851.4
15 oC
ASTM D664 0.105 1.455 2.825 3.600


ASTM D2500 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.4
ASTM D93 67 66 70 69
ASTM D79 -6.0 -15.0 -14.0 -8.0
EN 12907 69.5 130.65 182.15 233.95 J
ASTM D130 1A 1A 1A 1A -

J 1 2 J J
J 3 9 J
(MTEC)

 45

B3 DP5
(95:5) DP15 (85:15) Diesel B3 0.6% 1 %
DP10 (90:10) 1.6%
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15
(85:15) 2% 10%
J J J
B3
J J
J B3 J DP 5 (95:5) J
J

4.2
4.2.1 (Engine Torque)

25
20 Diesel B3
Torque (Nm)

15 DP5
Average of

10 DP10
5 DP15
0
800 1200 1600 2000 2400
Engine Speed (rpm)

4.1 ++

J J
DP5
(95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J B3
JJ 5.6% 14% 17% J
B3
B3 J
 46

4.2.2 (Engine Power)

5
4 Diesel B3
DP5
Power (kW)

3
Average of

2 DP10
1 DP15
0
800 1200 1600 2000 2400
Engine Speed (rpm)

4.2 ++

J DP5 (95:5)
DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J B3 JJ 5%
13% 15.7% J B3


B3 J

4.3 "" " (Specific Fuel Consumption: SFC)

0.5
Diesel B3
0.4
SFC (kg/kW-hr)

DP5
Average of

0.3
0.2 DP10
0.1 DP15
0
800 1200 1600 2000 2400
Engine Speed (rpm)

4.3 J J
 47

J
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15)
B3 JJ 7% 25% 33%
J
JJ J B3
B3 J

4.4
4.4.1 (CO)

2,500

2,000

1,500
Average of
CO (ppm)

1,000

500

0
Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
Fuels Type
4.4 J (CO)

JJ
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J
J
B3 23% 20% 20%
J
J Raju et al.
 48

4.4.2 (CO2)
3.20
3.00
2.80
Average of
CO2 (%)
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
Fuels Type

4.5 J (CO2)

JJ
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J
J
B3 3.8% 6.7% 5.6%
J
J Dorado et al.

4.4.3 (O2)

18.000
17.000
16.000
Average of
O2 (%)

15.000
14.000
13.000
12.000
Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
Fuels Type

4.6 J (O2)
 49

JJ J

DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J
B3 1.6% 7.8% 7.6% J
B3 J
J
J J Yusaf
et al. Raju et al.

4.4.4 (NO)

100.00
80.00
60.00
Average of
NO (ppm)

40.00
20.00
0.00
Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
Fuels Type

4.7 J (NO)

JJ J
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J

B3 17% 34% 39% J

B3

B3 J Dorado et al.
 50

4.4.5 (NOX)

100.00
80.00
60.00
NOx (ppm)
Average of

40.00
20.00
0.00
Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
Fuels of Type

4.8 J (NOX)

J J
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J
J
B3 10% 26% 31% J
B3

B3 J Prasad et al.

4.4.6 (SO2)

40.00

30.00
Average of
SO2 (ppm)

20.00

10.00

0.00
Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
Fuels Type

4.9 J (SO2)
 51

JJ
DP5 (95:5) DP10 (90:10) DP15 (85:15) J
J
B3 30% 40% 52% J
J
J
Dorado et al.
 52

5.1


B3 95:5 (DP5) 90:10 (DP10) 85:15 (DP15)
B3
5.1.1 ! !

4.1

DP 5 (95:5) 3.684
B3

5.1.2

B3 5.6 17%

B3 5 15.7%

95:5 (DP5)
B3
5.1.3 !! !


B3 7 33% 95:5 (DP5)

B3
 53

5.1.4

(CO) (CO2) (O2)
(SO2) B3
1.6 52% (NO) (NOX)
B3 10 39%
(CO) (CO2)
(O2) (SO2) (NO)
(NOX) 95:5 (DP5)

5.2
5.2.1 95:5 (DP5)
85:15 (DP15) B3

5.2.2

5.2.3
Q

5.2.4


95:5
B3
(CO) (CO2) (O2)
(SO2) B3
 54

. (2554).
! ( 5) .. 2554. 26 2555, http://elaw.doeb.go.th/
document_doeb/319_0001.pdf
. (...).
. 26 2555, http://www.dede.go.th/
dede/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=898&Itemid=123&lang=th
. (2552).
! !
!.
.
T . (2552).
!.
.
T . (2547). ! CI
.
.
, . (2552).
IDI
! - !. ., 16
(1), 28-38.
. (2546). !
!.
.
. (2524). . !
. .
20 2555, http://www.tistr.or.th/t/publication/page_area_show_bc.asp?i1
=90&i2=10000
 55

. (2550). !!
.
.
. (...). EURO 4 .
. 25 2555, http://data.thaiauto.or.th/iu3/images/stories/PDF/
Law/TAI/EURO%204.pdf
, . (2549).
!
!.
.
. (2555). 2554
2555. 25 2555, http://doc-eppo.eppo.go.th/EnergySituation/EnerSituation
_YF.htm
. (2550). ! .

.
, . (2545).
! .

.
Bari, S., Lim, T.H., and Yu, C.W. (2002). Effects of preheating of crude palm oil (CPO) on
injection system, performance and emission of a diesel engine. Renewable Energy 27,
339351
Doradoa, M.P., Ballesterosb, E., Arnalc, J.M., Gomezc, J., and Lopez, F.J. (2003). Exhaust
emissions from a Diesel engine fueled with transesterified waste olive oil. Fuel 82,
13111315.
Hitam, Hj. A., and Jahis, S. (1995). Preliminary observations of using palm oil as fuel for cars
itted with Elsbett engine. [Special issue]. Proceedings PORIM BIOFUEL95 1995
Porim International Biofuel Conference, Langkawi. 16-17 January 1995. 92- 96.
 56

Kammpman, H. J. (1995). Modern serial engines operating with natural diesel fuel 50-200 kW
(60-270 b.h.p.). [Special issue]. Proceedings PORIM BIOFUEL95 1995 Porim
International Biofuel Conference, Langkawi. 16-17 January 1995. 29-34.
Karaosmanoglu, F., and Ozaktas, T. (2000). Direct Use of Sunflower Oil as a Compression-
IgnitionEngine Fuel. Energy Sources 22, 657-672.
May, C.Y., Ngan, M.A. and Basiron, Y. (1995). Production And Evaluation of Palm Oil Methyl
Esters As Diesel Substitute. [Special issue]. Proceedings PORIM BIOFUEL95 1995
Porim International Biofuel Conference, Langkawi. 16-17 January 1995. 15-25.
Pandey, K.C., Pandey, K.P., Ghosh, B.B., and Ramanujam, S. (2000). Critical Review on
Vegetable Oils as Substitute Fuel for Diesel Engine. I.C. Engines and Combustion.
95-103.
Prasad, C.M.V., Krishna, M.V.S.M and Reddy, C.P. (2000). Performance Evaluation of Crude
and Esterified Pongamia Oil as Substitute Fuels in Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine.
I.C. Engines and Combustion. 76-81.
Raju, N. V., Rao, G. A. P and Ramamohan, P. (2000). Esterified jatropha oil as a fuel in diesel
engines. I.C. Engines and Combustion. 65-75.
Reddy, K.V., Babu, K.R. and Ganesan, V. (2000). Effect of Injection Pressure on Diesel Engine
Performance with Vegetable Oil:Diesel Blends. I.C. Engines and Combustion. 154-159.
Schumacher, L. G., Peterson, C. L., and Gerpen, J. V. (2001). Engine oil analysis of diesel engine
fueled with biodiesel blends. Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers International Meeting. Sacramento, CA. 29 July - 1 August 2001. ASAE
Paper No. 01-6053.
Yusaf, T.F., Yousif, B.F., and Elawad, M.M. (2011). Crude palm oil fuel for diesel-engines:
Experimental and ANN simulation approaches. Energy 36, 4871-4878
 57

 58

 59

.1 $ B3

$ $
$ $ $ $
(rpm) (Nm) (kW) (kg) (min) (kg/h) (kg/kW-hr)
800 11.25 0.94 0.040 10 0.240 0.255
1,200 17.42 2.19 0.086 10 0.516 0.236
1 1,600 21.54 3.61 0.120 10 0.720 0.200
2,000 20.20 4.23 0.140 10 0.840 0.199
2,400 15.50 3.89 0.150 10 0.900 0.231
800 12.35 1.03 0.045 10 0.270 0.261
1,200 17.42 2.19 0.090 10 0.540 0.247
2 1,600 21.10 3.53 0.130 10 0.780 0.221
2,000 19.50 4.08 0.144 10 0.864 0.212
2,400 15.70 3.94 0.150 10 0.900 0.228
800 11.35 0.95 0.050 10 0.300 0.316
1,200 17.61 2.21 0.090 10 0.540 0.244
3 1,600 21.28 3.56 0.125 10 0.750 0.210
2,000 19.70 4.12 0.146 10 0.876 0.212
2,400 15.75 3.96 0.150 10 0.900 0.227
800 11.650 0.975 0.045 10 0.270 0.277
1,200 17.483 2.196 0.089 10 0.532 0.242
1,600 21.307 3.568 0.125 10 0.750 0.210
2,000 19.800 4.145 0.143 10 0.860 0.207
2,400 15.650 3.931 0.150 10 0.900 0.229
 60

.2 $ DP5 (95:5)

$ $
$ $ $ $
(rpm) (Nm) (kW) (kg) (min) (kg/h) (kg/kW-hr)
800 10.80 0.90 0.05 10 0.270 0.299
1,200 16.30 2.05 0.09 10 0.540 0.264
1 1,600 20.40 3.42 0.13 10 0.780 0.228
2,000 18.40 3.85 0.14 10 0.852 0.221
2,400 15.20 3.82 0.16 10 0.948 0.248
800 11.50 0.96 0.05 10 0.270 0.280
1,200 16.90 2.12 0.09 10 0.540 0.254
2 1,600 21.10 3.53 0.13 10 0.780 0.221
2,000 18.90 3.96 0.15 10 0.870 0.220
2,400 14.30 3.59 0.16 10 0.936 0.261
800 11.60 0.97 0.05 10 0.288 0.297
1,200 17.20 2.16 0.09 10 0.558 0.258
3 1,600 20.60 3.45 0.13 10 0.750 0.217
2,000 18.20 3.81 0.15 10 0.876 0.230
2,400 14.90 3.74 0.16 10 0.930 0.248
800 11.300 0.946 0.046 10 0.276 0.292
1,200 16.800 2.110 0.091 10 0.546 0.259
1,600 20.700 3.467 0.128 10 0.770 0.222
2,000 18.500 3.873 0.144 10 0.866 0.224
2,400 14.800 3.718 0.156 10 0.938 0.252
 61

.3 $ DP10 (90:10)

$ $
$ $ $ $
(rpm) (Nm) (kW) (kg) (min) (kg/h) (kg/kW-hr)
800 9.20 0.77 0.05 10 0.300 0.389
1,200 14.00 1.76 0.10 10 0.576 0.328
1 1,600 19.60 3.28 0.13 10 0.780 0.238
2,000 18.00 3.77 0.15 10 0.912 0.242
2,400 13.30 3.34 0.16 10 0.960 0.287
800 9.55 0.80 0.05 10 0.288 0.360
1,200 14.60 1.83 0.10 10 0.570 0.311
2 1,600 19.40 3.25 0.13 10 0.780 0.240
2,000 17.70 3.71 0.15 10 0.924 0.249
2,400 13.80 3.47 0.16 10 0.972 0.280
800 9.60 0.80 0.05 10 0.276 0.343
1,200 14.90 1.87 0.10 10 0.582 0.311
3 1,600 18.90 3.17 0.13 10 0.780 0.246
2,000 16.80 3.52 0.16 10 0.930 0.264
2,400 13.10 3.29 0.16 10 0.984 0.299
800 9.450 0.791 0.048 10 0.288 0.364
1,200 14.500 1.821 0.096 10 0.576 0.316
1,600 19.300 3.232 0.130 10 0.780 0.241
2,000 17.500 3.663 0.154 10 0.922 0.252
2,400 13.400 3.366 0.162 10 0.972 0.289
 62

.4 $ DP15 (85:15)

$ $
$ $ $ $
(rpm) (Nm) (kW) (kg) (min) (kg/h) (kg/kW-hr)
800 8.80 0.74 0.05 10 0.300 0.407
1,200 13.90 1.75 0.10 10 0.588 0.337
1 1,600 18.20 3.05 0.14 10 0.816 0.268
2,000 16.10 3.37 0.16 10 0.948 0.281
2,400 13.30 3.34 0.16 10 0.984 0.295
800 9.16 0.77 0.05 10 0.300 0.391
1,200 14.50 1.82 0.10 10 0.576 0.316
2 1,600 19.10 3.20 0.14 10 0.828 0.259
2,000 16.80 3.52 0.16 10 0.960 0.273
2,400 12.80 3.22 0.17 10 0.990 0.308
800 9.40 0.79 0.05 10 0.300 0.381
1,200 14.29 1.79 0.10 10 0.600 0.334
3 1,600 18.50 3.10 0.13 10 0.804 0.260
2,000 17.20 3.60 0.16 10 0.954 0.265
2,400 13.50 3.39 0.17 10 0.996 0.294
800 9.120 0.764 0.050 10 0.300 0.393
1,200 14.230 1.787 0.098 10 0.588 0.329
1,600 18.600 3.115 0.136 10 0.816 0.262
2,000 16.700 3.496 0.159 10 0.954 0.273
2,400 13.200 3.316 0.165 10 0.990 0.299
 63

.5 (Nm)

Engine Speed ( )
(rpm) Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
800 11.65 11.30 9.45 9.12
1200 17.48 16.80 14.50 14.23
1600 21.30 20.70 19.30 18.60
2000 19.80 18.50 17.50 16.70
2400 15.65 14.80 13.40 13.20

.6 (kW)

Engine Speed ( )
(rpm) Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
800 0.975 0.946 0.791 0.764
1200 2.196 2.110 1.821 1.787
1600 3.568 3.467 3.232 3.115
2000 4.145 3.873 3.663 3.496
2400 3.931 3.718 3.366 3.316

.7 $ $$
(kg/kW-hr)

Engine Speed @@ @ ( )
(rpm) Diesel B3 DP5 DP10 DP15
800 0.277 0.292 0.364 0.393
1200 0.243 0.259 0.316 0.329
1600 0.210 0.222 0.241 0.262
2000 0.206 0.224 0.252 0.273
2400 0.229 0.252 0.289 0.299
 64

.8 $ Diesel B3

Engine
$ Speed CO CO2 O2 NO NOX SO2
(rpm) (ppm) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
800 312.43 3.27 17.50 73.00 74.00 0.00
1,200 1,916.00 2.23 17.46 44.00 44.00 17.00
1 1,600 1,907.00 2.26 17.42 45.00 46.00 31.00
2,000 2,672.00 3.22 16.45 62.00 66.00 54.00
2,400 3,121.00 3.54 15.84 53.00 71.00 79.00
800 332.43 3.67 17.60 74.00 78.00 0.00
1,200 1,936.00 2.63 17.96 44.00 47.00 20.00
2 1,600 1,927.00 2.66 17.92 47.00 48.00 34.00
2,000 2,692.00 3.62 16.35 63.00 68.00 55.00
2,400 3,121.00 3.94 15.94 55.00 74.00 80.00
800 322.43 3.47 17.55 73.50 76.00 0.00
1,200 1,926.00 2.43 17.71 44.00 45.50 18.50
1,600 1,917.00 2.46 17.67 46.00 47.00 32.50
2,000 2,682.00 3.42 16.40 62.50 67.00 54.50
2,400 3,121.00 3.74 15.89 54.00 72.50 79.50
1,993.69 3.10 17.04 56.00 61.60 37.00
 65

.9 $ DP5 (95:5)

Engine
$ Speed CO CO2 O2 NO NOX SO2
(rpm) (ppm) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
800 516.00 2.98 15.40 122.00 117.00 0.00
1,200 1,558.00 2.07 17.15 38.00 42.00 9.00
1 1,600 1,560.00 2.14 17.26 40.00 43.00 22.00
2,000 1,972.00 3.12 16.83 52.00 54.00 31.00
2,400 1,983.00 3.46 16.02 57.00 59.00 48.00
800 526.00 3.28 15.84 128.00 131.00 0.00
1,200 1,652.00 2.45 17.31 48.00 50.00 15.00
2 1,600 1,576.00 2.58 17.76 48.00 55.00 30.00
2,000 1,980.00 3.74 17.39 58.00 60.00 45.00
2,400 1,993.00 4.04 16.64 65.00 71.00 60.00
800 521.00 3.13 15.62 125.00 124.00 0.00
1,200 1,605.00 2.26 17.23 43.00 46.00 12.00
1,600 1,568.00 2.36 17.51 44.00 49.00 26.00
2,000 1,976.00 3.43 17.11 55.00 57.00 38.00
2,400 1,988.00 3.75 16.33 61.00 65.00 54.00
1,531.60 2.99 16.76 65.60 68.20 26.00
 66

.10 $ DP10 (90:10)

Engine
$ Speed CO CO2 O2 NO NOX SO2
(rpm) (ppm) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
800 719.00 2.96 14.94 123.00 115.00 0.00
1,200 1,588.00 2.70 15.73 44.00 46.00 6.00
1 1,600 1,657.00 2.63 16.02 46.00 52.00 12.00
2,000 1,976.00 2.82 15.79 67.00 67.00 33.00
2,400 1,984.00 3.49 15.51 72.00 78.00 46.00
800 729.00 3.06 15.10 135.00 131.00 0.00
1,200 1,600.00 2.48 15.83 52.00 62.00 12.00
2 1,600 1,663.00 2.05 16.24 58.00 64.00 20.00
2,000 1,990.00 3.14 16.13 73.00 77.00 43.00
2,400 1,996.00 3.65 15.73 82.00 88.00 52.00
800 724.00 3.01 15.02 129.00 123.00 0.00
1,200 1,594.00 2.59 15.78 48.00 54.00 9.00
1,600 1,660.00 2.34 16.13 52.00 58.00 16.00
2,000 1,983.00 2.98 15.96 70.00 72.00 38.00
2,400 1,990.00 3.57 15.62 77.00 83.00 49.00
1,590.20 2.90 15.70 75.20 78.00 22.40
 67

.11 $ DP15 (85:15)

Engine
$ Speed CO CO2 O2 NO NOX SO2
(rpm) (ppm) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
800 580.00 2.80 14.60 121.00 118.00 0.00
1,200 1,542.00 1.90 15.10 51.00 55.00 5.00
1 1,600 1,623.00 2.30 16.90 58.00 62.00 10.00
2,000 2,118.00 3.23 15.40 66.00 69.00 24.00
2,400 2,063.00 3.20 15.70 68.00 73.00 35.00
800 594.00 3.60 15.80 135.00 130.00 0.00
1,200 1,558.00 2.90 16.10 61.00 63.00 9.00
2 1,600 1,633.00 2.42 15.70 66.00 74.00 16.00
2,000 2,132.00 3.33 16.20 76.00 83.00 32.00
2,400 2,075.00 3.60 15.88 80.00 83.00 43.00
800 587.00 3.20 15.20 128.00 124.00 0.00
1,200 1,550.00 2.40 15.60 56.00 59.00 7.00
1,600 1,628.00 2.36 16.30 62.00 68.00 13.00
2,000 2,125.00 3.28 15.80 71.00 76.00 28.00
2,400 2,069.00 3.40 15.79 74.00 78.00 39.00
1,591.80 2.93 15.74 78.20 81.00 17.40
 68

.12

()
@ @
CO CO2 O2 NOX NO SO2
(ppm) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Diesel B3 1,994 3.104 17.040 61.60 56.00 37.00
DP5 1,532 2.986 16.760 68.20 65.60 30.00
DP10 1,590 2.898 15.702 83.60 82.80 22.40
DP15 1,592 2.929 15.738 89.40 97.20 17.40
 69

 70

.1 $

.2
 71

.3 $$ $$

.4
 72

.5

.6 $


9 2524

.. 2542 (.)

.. 2544 ' (.)

.. 2548 (..) 5


.. 2555 (..)
5