CHAPTER SEVEN EXERGY ANALYSISProecem 7.1 Known: A system consists of Sky of water at lo% , bar. the system is at vest aud zero elevation relabwe tothe exergy reference environment. ELND: Determine the exergy. CHEMATIC VERS : C | bar 710% T=20% 30% y ERS et bbar ve dead Sted TITTTITTT o ASSOMPTION: The closed system shown i He figure is at rest aud Eero elevation velatwe fo tha environment for which Ty = 20°C, pe Ibar. ANMYSIS: Equation 7.2 gives ee = mm [Cu-ue) + palU-ve) ~Toes-S0) Eeghl From TableA-2,Using Hue approximations of Sec. 3.3.6: Ve gCT) amd neuer) With He appoxiinatin of 6.6.7: $=¥CT) AGE 1.0018 Kio? meg ars 10004 x1073 m/keg 83.95 kT/kq W=42.00 bs! = 0.2464 k3/Eg-K S$ 01510 lI leg 7 Ms wT 1.004 - 1.0018 | m?ioSvin||_ eT Es (5 bg) [(42.00- 0395) 55 +(iber) seeetyeess Je pene = (243 K)(0.1S 10 - 0.2466) gk 7] 2G bs) [41.95 - 4x4 a2 = 3.55 eT ag} ssssSsSsssSSSsSSSMsPROBLEM 72 A State is speafred Sor each of three tubstances Emo: Determine the exergy. ASSUMPTIONS: I. Tynore the afpeets of motion and greuity. 2.7% =20% Ativan, (a) Water at O.Fbar, 20°C + Near Tables A213: To220%C, Pos tbar = T 10% p20-ther other Mo %4G(Te)= e245 Kales mug le) = 2494 o— 90° %e = 12088 ond = 2.305 ale acts fo % Vp Co 4 vq (#) Tperheates 7 So Spelt) 2 Onabe RTjEg-R 54530) R4PF “Tran, with Bq. %4, dropping V2, 92 terme @ =~ Uo 4 Po (-Vo) - T (5-50) = (sags. 347) a a LoFah y( 2-368 = 5 =[esr0.ss\ + ate. 2 ~ (iew os) ras = SH23F a > = (ueg (84227 B) = 2 \- = @aak)( 7.9797 - -0.29eb) SS 2 s42% kT + fe) RiB4a at OFbar, 40°C oopbar ate 0 76 00 tT Uy: 240.67 ely ws 208.5 0.13349 “hg yao. 441 Sz 60824 KSlig-IS sz 13U8 Table A- . (uo) + Palv=Ve) ~To (5-50) . = (205 ~2d6 469) + 108 (2-441- 0-23344) \i8 Je lash efieg Sp ETIRSTED «—— ora) = 2A8 TUS = (58.83) + (20.F8)~ (67.0% G Ae at an Went gat Witt Gp content. Conthint cp A> conthiat Cy. Evaluating Cy at Tave frm Teele A-20: Cy2 0.72 HS ke Ga (U=He) 4 PpLV= Vo) — Tol S-F0) petoor se. eter a evbetel 4 ef S- SH] -eL ce al ev (te) + erty) =] <8 B- ein£) ors (vr) + ot Be Lees )) - 298k] = zask[ bors tn BS, Se (3) ] = [(o0.4) + Ces) - (3.0]93 = 21 oe a Esanttey ¢—tPROBLEM 73 KNOWN: Water at each of three alternative states, FISD: Determine tha Speerhe exergy, Scusmatie 2G VEU DATA: dead shale: To 20%, Pgs bar Uae Mg troeel= 83.95 ROIS vy vg (rote) = Goor8li03) mBle9 SX te (rote) = 0-29 EDEI IS AsEumPTION: AL the dead thete Ww UEC) ) ewig (To) 1 E 8E(To). T2206 Bs Ihrare 2, Tgnore Pre sPfectt-of motion and gravity: ©) Saturated vapor at 2018S . Wrtneg. #9, dropping V2, 92 terme ea (4-H) + Po(-U-e) To (S-S0) Wit Sade femme Tebde AR! we ps 5 oo) ee \e, maas[aused— oem] 32 > [@auss) +20,613.5 = as 45.86) 62 = 20,309 9/by e +__£ a e 2) 22g (ER, wee = (2375.3-434 1g + WH, )[r06.c6 G) Samraled Wyuid at 0 Te, BRE Fon To Ae: es (o- 834s) + Goff Uegh - bot] | igs] ~203(0- 2 2066) = [Geras) 4 (wo) + (860d) BFF Bae kolkg <«—* Ge) Sawrawed Solid et OSE. OR data ran Tobte AS: e+ (Casey) -1145) 4 Gs 19908 Lt £1/25| ~ 243 ((- 221) ~ 0-2466) 103 vot 2 C Cass) + (eer) + (444 06)) 2 = 23219 [key —_—e 1. The “farther” @ state A from tha dead state, th greater the Value for exevay, Thur, State (4) WG mort distant, ftate Ce) a cloter; and Stale tb) ce Clagett. The ealenlated exergy Values Confirm Hct rule. 73a PROBLEM 1.4 Kmousss: Systems at Specified States are defined. Einsp: Determine the specific exergy for Ib of each substance, AssumMpTioss: The closed systems are at rest end zero elevakin relative to Haenvironment for which y= 70°F =SBOTR, PLE YT IE Jin Aniatisis: Equation 7.2 gives oO B= m[u-ue) + plv-ve- BCs-Se) BS (a) Saturakeol water vapor af Ri2°R. Using uy 24g (Ta), %EAG (Te), F025 606), Tale A-26 quves ue =38.04 Btu/lb , Yo 20.010T OP/Ib, So = 007403 Bulb *R. Table Are alsoqives A= 1077.4 Biallh, T=2OROEP7Ib, S = LISLE Gea (tb. Taos acid) (0T.6 34.09) BE + Cou TDK) BS (20.80 -0,01408) | LoS e Melby | = (S30°R) (1.2567 -0.074u3) See” ta) =(Ub)LO34.51 #72,87 -84.S0] oe =220.8@ Bi <—— (b) Saturated quick water at YorE. The values of uy, 45, S2 are te Some OSin Parka), From TableA-tE, 4= F.0% Biu/lb , 5 0,0100% CR/Ib , S=0.01KIT Bea S(b°R, Thus E = o)[(e0r-3e.09)+Curyinu) (0.2140r -0.01605)] sg] ~(5%)(2UHT -0.0™us)] @ = (106) [-30.07 -@,uoxt0* 430.99) SE 0.94 Big <——— ©) Ammonia at YOR, & bt /int., From Table A- is ot 10°F 14,7 Ibe (ine ak -4O°R , & Ib (ane Voz aa.ss 7b 3.533 476 Uo $542.00 Bia (Ib WESTLOS Btu (lb SothSoro Bla fib (e ST LUUIS Bla / he EE. =i) [651.03 22.00) (A) (14Y)(45.5 35-22.55)] sa] ~(svo)(UNQis ~ S0r4)] = (tb) [-40.97 87.044 6.87] FF = ated BHA <——_— . Ever trough TC Te, Mrevalue sCenenmy is positive , as expected. R44PRoGLEM #5— mm Filled with helium cr at Stpretied state. fre exergy. FIND: — Datermrne the sp: Scuemavic 5 GIVEN DATA: ASSUMPTIONS! 6) The cloted system [2 the Helin within the baloon. (2) Helive Gr wedeled aran ideal gat. (39 9.807 m/5% AUMLNHIS! The specific exersy If given by 64.79 2 ES Ute + Pelveve)- Tot) a Lie gz Fr a upnateme gas seeker Helivmthe speche heats Cp andev are Constant $0 with ideal gas relations : b]+ Len Smee Teo and pepe, the underlined term venithet, eaving es Sage als) 807 Ms) i) iN jf _&T = [orgs 4 G.807 412X500) We Il we = Sie KE 4 ok See“Tables An 24 tSPROBLEM T.lo known! A vessel coves cavbondioxide (cos). Einp: (6) Delevmine specitic exergy © at p=%0 lbtli®, 7=200°F AW) Plot © vevsus pressure for T= 60°F. «) Plot © versus T for p= 15 (bFlin® ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Cor is a closed systems at cect aud zero elevatim velatwe to the reference QAvivon neut at To=80°F, B= 18 IbFlIn* Gy The Coz is modeled es an ideal gas. ANMYSIS: Equation 7.9 reduces to give @>U-Ko)+ B(V- Ve) ~ To (S-$«) cn (@ When using gar telble data, u-ue = Src -Becte) -B IA My wa Thus, with ideak gas velatious, c1) becomes e-4 {taay-wew] +p 82- Bk ]-x. [Se-34t0)- Zong] =k {lame} rare Using data from Table A-23€ TAT) -Acte) = 3854.6 -2184.4 = 870.2 Bhi/lbmol Rr [$-3] = (1.986 ete bvore) [2 - 542] =~ 853,78 Blu lbmol Te [Seer - Sects) ~R hm Mp, ] = (840°) [ 52.434- 51, 082 ~ (1936) Bn 12 J wen mo = -921.47 Br/lbmol Final ' € =p ) {tem.2- 853984 21429} ea Bhs e “Towot (b)(c) The foWowing IT code is used te qemevate data for the required plots. The evaluations awe based on 6460 clove and internal functions in T tor UV, ands oF O, as am dealgas. IT Code 200 1 °F 0 // Ibflin.® To =80 °F po = 15 /f bflin? B]-w[een-3'm)-2 £7} (u - uo) + (po * (144/ 78)) * (v - vo) - (To + 480) * (s - $0) T(’CO2", T) _TP('CO2",T.p) vo = V_TP('CO2",To,po) s=s_TP('CO2", T, p) $0 = s_TP("CO2", To, po) ITResult for p = 90 ibtin2, T= 200 °F oO e= 21.32 Btulb 7-6PROBLEM 7.6 (Cont d.) Poors: 28 20 18 (Btuf) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 5 60 65 70 75 80 85 20 lbtina) (6) p= 8 btn? e (Btufb) 120 140 «160 180 © 200 TOF) The IT result Compares very favorably witk the ideal gas table result ta park (a). 7PROBLEM 7.7 kmown: Oxygen (02) at Of the Carth Where ths ambient Humpevature and panrure are Eu: Plot Speeifre Exergy versut T SelamAtIC 26IV20 DATAt uP Ps late y Relate, Ty=500R 450 $ Ts CooR late filly « balloon at rest onthe suctere lenewn. FOF ASSUMPTIONS! (1) The 0, fe at rest and sere clevation relanive fo the environs Drent for wuen Ter s00%R, Pes lata. (2) On fe madeled at an ideal gas with content Cp, ANALYSIS: Equation 7.4 reducer te Se Ure + Pe lve Ve) Te CE= 50) Witt ideal gar relabvent y and meting Ht PEPE a wer) sutra ROBE = BBY TC er) 247m) wt Mer) Sul) oe RUTH TE) = Te (ACT) ~ 8°07)) wo By inspection of Table A-20E, over tH Mnge 40 UAT + 23644 ~ 998.1 = 23,566 tT /ks . 1, The large Value indicates That « fase Solid yepor wickive of tho has a great deal of exergy tet ie te io dead Sjale' of 20%, Latm 7HPRosien 1.11% kxown: the contents of a storage faule of Lnoum volume are at a gwon teuperalisre and precsuve. FUND: Dalermire the exergy if He contents ave ca) air as om ideal gas, () walle vapor. Scotemanic & GIVEN DATA: = Pa Assumptions : (1) The tank contents are a closecl ene and Sid Ha effects of motion ond qvavity com be igquored.(2) Tha environmeut is at = 17%, fo =Tatm.C3) The air is Modeled as an ideal gas. ANALYSIS: With Ey. 7.9 and assumphon Ci) B= m [Cu-uo) + pp (VUE) -To(s-Sse)] on (A) Tttreducing (deal gas relations, &. (1) becomes E=m (aa-utny+ a(S - B)-n (s'1)-s°%n) 224%) ] Using Hhe ideak gas equation of site yn BY n (038d C2 mP) | ioS thet] LET = 0ae2 } eT (Bai EY Coas wy | roar [fmf OOS 2BA7 kg Now, wilh daka from Table A-22. 7 x .01325 240 B= (0.32 leg) [c ase 200ai yy +84, eek 72 ey (Epis _ 82) - 1530 Lo Roz ). 8.314 O3s (om) {lassen —Loe te )~ Bart ma a)y = IW er () For wader, Up UsCte), Ve¥ UplTe), 5, = Sp6Te). Thus , From Table A-2 Uys WG eB lleg , Ux 001K Fw ky 5. OASIS kT hey: Toble 4-4 gives Ue = 2B lo Tle = BATA WY keg 5 3 = WAL leTI leg -1K The mass is: we Virs CX m)/CB.RT2MM*keq) = 0122S ky. Trsertidg values fo BO = - ser = 5 3\ ma? | loge] eT Ee (0.205 iy (2 Waa) + oases Be 272. (anaes) | a ‘ke t_| FS ~(2301)(4.0241 ~onsssy Et. | = 12s. kT ww) TrPROBLEM #12 KMOwN? Air as anideat gas is stored fn a ctosed vesre! at pussure P,VelueV, and Heupersture Te D: @) Obtarm an evpression forthe exeray the air ine wprotied fore. Ch) Use tee ferutt ofa) te plot Vi venus P/Pe ScHEmatic ¢ GIVEN DATA: ASHUMBTIONS: (1) The effects of metron and gravity Can be pguored.dAr iv mede led at on ideal gat. AMAL SIE) Ty ering motion and grauity , Eq. 7.2 thelr the form E = GOs) 4 CVU) ~ 1065-50) The fost term Prope ont because the eternal of an ideal gas depends om may ond Te To. a Sener emg] ome = By MAB ne eravl'- $+ Sine To To, the sdeal gas equation af theta: pemRT/y gives Voly * tte, 22 Hemperature Aeewrdong ty Es ev[i- be gu 4) —_—__ SE Ge) Usingtne obeve expustron (ewe), [2eeen3| [See Nm tof [i Be Bde 1000 900 | | soi | | 700 \ 600 om 3 eco ype Ve > : 400 bm oy 300 ry! VO line ad 0 V0 > 100 Ph ° — . 4 2 3 CS (P/ Pe)PROBLEM 12 (Contd.) For a fiwed exergy volun) the Mek size depends mfe pusrure: + AS Pl yoy the Asquined tank Volume woutd beenna very smatt owing the large difference behwetn P and Po. Theta, with a large pusture Lifference met muck arr would ba peeled for 6 apeafied evergy value + AS Pippels the Ceavired tank volumes cowseh become very large owing fo Hu Swart differen. behueen P and Q, Theta, Ct 6 aman posure Uffrente a tergs quantihy of 20m Wonka ae weeded for & Apeefied exergy Volos Acp/Q—2 0) tr tank volume appetactte « conchat ag the dent elds Sore and Lose air, Fa te tema the Hank Wonad be evacvated yillustating that an evacvetd Spire has 4 tenzero value for Cker gy We con tah Hits ae the Munim thee dient eco: ther Wwedeh Ang uued to Creatas the evacuated spare. See the Aik bulleted mn wt the deceu savin of 0.7.2.4, 714Progsiem 713 wows: An ident gar is stored in a ctored vessel et pT Emo: G) TH T2R , derive e@= FCP, Pe, 7,8) (6) Tf par, derive C= FCT Te, €—) ASSUMPTIONS: (1) ThE gas obeys the (deat gar metal, Ta porte), cp ab conitent at well. () The effects of motion and gravity can be ignored Avacysis: co) With ascumptans (0,02) , ER 74 becomes © eS ratvava) = Tott-f0) The fett term venules berause U of Andean! gar depends only on temperature, ond Ale, ° S-S0x GEL) -R collecting conutts = Potv-ve)-+ RTo In : 4 With Ve RT /p and Vou BI/ Fy = el ~ Bl sen me Ge) WitR aseomphion (2), E374 becomes Mot tal vave) = Tol t= fe) Tatrodeacng ideal gar relabrons, with pe + ° te ‘spar- x iy’ es ucn-uensa tL - RE]- mL Far ny) TE tpes constant) 50 17 Sy and the die differ bydRe Jai cant tent A o-Thus 2 ev ETT 14 RET) = Toe E = Geek (THI) ~ Teepe hE we or 2 mL Et- 8h) rePROBLEM 71.14 wows An evacuated container of known volume is under considevation. Ew: For the space inside the tauk, determine +he exergy. Schemanc ¢ GIVEN DATA s. velo A? Environment B= 14.7 lofi? R,Te 2 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) A Combined system is Considered consishing of the evacuated space (4 Closed system) amd the environment. (2) The vluime of thacembiired System is Coustauct, (3) For Hacombrred system, @ 20. (4) For He environment, Po ork Te are constaut.(5) the effects of gravity and motion are ignored. ANALYSIS: Consider a process wheve the evacuated space col le amd worl is developed by the comsined sycten Am evowy balauee Yor ‘ha Conbined syclee reduces With assumphon 3 to gwe We 2~ AEe Sitce AU 0 for the evacuated space, BEc = DUe . With &. 71 We =~ [ Te DSe~ poAVe J By aesumption 2, DV— = -AV = - (YG-V) 2V. Further, am entropy loalance for Phe combined system gives . AS. 20. Dd AS+AS = Ge Colleching vesults We = pV > ToSe Since G20, the maximum theoretical worl, or exergy, is obfarued wher 620. Thus E> pV Tusevting values = tet ay [144 tw’ & (14.7 HEX 10 4) SS | UB | = 27.21 8 gE 178 Alby Hg TlePROBLEM 7.1S~ Eewn: Equal molar amounts of CO, and He ore at the tame “5p, EME: Deteranne when gar has the gretr exersy value, &. ASTUMPTIONS: () Bach gas obeys the ident gas moda wth constant G, GY There one no Significant effects of “Metin and gravity Ammersig: Witnastomphie (2), 4 74 adver te give on a welan laut oO Fa -Be + pecd-H) —WeE-F) Ten tere a eumphien Ct) E-h Cee) + RW eeBLGAE Pe] - swt 2 Rew - BGR E = PMY EB] 4 wk Pe Ppetaping tinct Beacr of Co, ana He, and Subtracting toe Astatting rene pee Keo, Ene Frere Byte JOT) - Len -Trate] BAH eee Geo. ~Ep se) 2 Bt Lee eed Boy ins prche 4 Rye 8:13, Eco > Goa te, aprins @ Sco > Se <___—_ my 5 Comer dian» le fea perro eek Ek Compendia 63 . . aan en he buh 4 Becha lL? wet wt ctu dad dee pret Lrcontio 2. But note that tHe melecaler werghts are moet Lfferent : Meo, = 4401, Mie = 4003 1PRosis M ZIG™ Keown: RIB4aveper y iwholly af 7, Po, 4 cooled ot fixed vorome few specified Huperature. FIND: Rar tHe RIBYA, evaluate @/m and Ae: Seuematic & GvON DATA: Pez O-1MPa = Py P Tez 20°C =T, Bec 2Te ASSUMPTIONS: GU) Th: Tyrie ia the Ria Vapor, a4 Shawn in the Hguae, @) Forte ryetem, WO and tha one signhiaut Bine hre/ poten trad anerny effectt: O) Tir the exeray reference environment, PosaiMPa, Tot eee ABALYS(S: An enn, balance Adverse to rind = ‘I Witte date fea Tebhe Ae ID 10024 BD [Eg THR et va lms ur-u,. Wr02n Wes, U, = WUOLT e/g, 5 and dade Fran Tet A 10 me eo Ye 0.23349 ~(0.21727107) Nq= Vf ORME 1 (OMIT) ee latoue! and Mae Apa ke Uggs Qu + 69S AS (194.54) = (VVSBKTZEG Sun Bg + Hr Sag © O,OHOI HORSLS (0.A0SS) = 0.407 kT (hg k Tee Om eee Um den CU et tal Fe Ce a To find De, war €4,.7.9 to coin > aes du+ 0a Toss = -42lY 8 Gare) (MOT LOR Fe S+5.95 ke] 7 ee Comm BOT Wee, derplte +41 Asmevet songs Oy Mee emf the oxergy wa ctwenes te nora He syste 6 lero Frew Hee dead SHG te am state whave LOTTE citer fom TeyPy, “Tar exerag ab any SHE OHS tan fe dink SH shetty peteh Ut. Fay fart commend, Hee ten dais of Raye 74 Wa ees 18PROBLEM 7.17 Keown: Tue kg of water undergo a prweess betueen Specified States END: Determine the exergy at the initial and fnat Sheter and the Change i exergg. SMHimatic & Cwty DATAL Lagsber Tui a 10°C {ate 2.01228bar - The water if a cloced system ab equilibrium State initrally and Finally. 2. The velocities and elevetms are Mearured felahve tothe en Viroumend, 3. Toe28°C, Rye late» Yo~ VElTe) ) Wows (To) ) Sov SF (To) Awaursis: The exergy at th inchat and finet ttates con be calculated Uprns 4.74: o” Es ws [ Cate) palusve) —Tolt ss) * Eis ge] () For sahaeated Vapor ot I20°C, Table A-2 giver v= O84 wiley) Us 2529.3 €d/e9, S27: 12H WO/ey E, TARAA givee Ya 10024 x/e3 mile, o> OF. BFE TIED, Sys 0.8034 ET [G-K. That, 2 ge Genferns- ten + (ome, yLo-ad~ tose) 2 | 38. = ae ~eapeyEvnate osu] 23, 4+ flee, @eriexen) el lize| E, = 2) [ada 42 + 90-25 ~ 2015-1 40-45 + 0 OG ]kI = locos «fF, @W) For satraled Aquid at lo%C, ve 0004 X64 wig us 42 19/9 ) szo.IS) FI)Ey Ke. We get £22 3.4kT at, ® G) Trrchange ux evergg i SE +E, E> 3-4-1000l= -W62eT &— bE [THA KineWre and potenhat Qnergiel mearured folate fo toa. environment Comtribate their fait Mragnibnder to the value of exergy, for uw Prnerple each Soutd we complelely converted te worl Urere tre rychem brought fe fest at tere eleveten relahve He environment, 2, Exergy i a menture of ths departure of thettate of the sytteun Fron tad oy tes tavironment. At au states , EDO. Thes oan (ves When Te Tey P> Pp, o0 in part la), and win Te, p cho, a0 wm port (bo). 3. Allsnshvely, 6.710 Came used. Thee requires dead stale pemperty Values only for’ To, Pow Fr parte C4l,lk) U0, Vo and Sy are alge requid ed} to more compatehen 5 Wades aoith thet “ppeooch. mqPRoeteM 1.18 KNown: Ate undevgdes Hoo specified processes in series. ELND: (oy Represeut eacl process on a p-v diagram aud indicate the dead stote.(b) Determine the change in exergy for each process. SCHEmaric 4 GIVEN) Dasa: : Pr i P= 50 bel Process {-2: isothermal to Pa? 0 lbehin.® Eeocess 2-3: constant pressure to Ty>- 10°F = 450% To® 11°F = S37R ~ [Lt Read tethin® $10) The air is the closed system. (2) The effects of motion and vavity cau be ignored. (3) The air is modeled asan ideal gas.(4) For the environment, 72> 77°F, fo 216-7 Ibert ANALYSIS: (4) From the given information, p, +50 lbtlin®, 7,2 G60°R. Thus (AS HHEE )Cocoee) = 4.884 #°/Ib (50 WF his?) Sivwilarly , pps lO lbe/in? ,T,=T, =eb0° > Vy and) Ty 450°R D> VE = 16.67 H7/Ib. (b) Using BR T10 and ‘ideal gas velatious BE em [acy Bln spe (yr yyy — Te (sre pzto leis” 1986 BRA (827°) (- oot et 5, e, (2. Be 194, Ee, = @)[(r.b4s- waver eCaibet-249) BSS [-¢532¢88704-.64902)) 15,55 Bly gE 1-20PRostem 719" bwoww: | [b of air Filta rigid dank . The ar is cooled from a icnoun Inckat shite to a speapied finat state. Eun: Loca the inhat, Rat, and Sead chats ona Tev diagram Evaluate the heat trantfor Me exergy change, and interpred the rigH sf the eeersy Change uring the pv Wagram, schemane Zewew Bara: Az Salm = L0°R oO Re 040re @L ne totem Rrtatm Pm Te z1040°R @ , Rs lat Fa T= SUP v ASSUMPTIONS: |. The orm is tha closed FyEHin. Zr thesy stem, WO ond te efpch of Watten and gravity Camler ignored. 3. Aris tolted a on idest gas. 4. To=S29°R , Py= lat. AUALYSISS MG Volome and mass are fixed, ths air undergoes a constant speesfic volume cooling pros, as shown ww te Tov diegran, Gl Radseing an tmtray balente and vting date ime Torte A22e valupetn)® O= "Bae melt) = (LUG)(E4-27,B)FE = ~ 99,47 Bly <— ©) Using 69, 210, thr chage wi Oertg os Ey Bis me [Ua-4)+ m=) —Bi-s)} = om [wae - To tee -5.9] Te oe Where the einekc/potenbat energy ferme kene bean cropped by assem p him 2. With 64. 6.tla, tue br mee Ey -6) 2 mL (arty) TC 8°CT) 9°07) -R MYT ' 234) 1) Be (UU) [C76 -27.5) BS ~ S20" (0.16089 ~ 0864S - Zea nee] = 104.7 B4Q << $ Tae Tov diagram shows that tha state of tre system 4 brought ‘clorer® to des dead che 00 the aie cooled. Sue Hu values o exersy G GB mancure of Hee Ueparkare 4, Han state q tee my tienn Fran Hoe Stele Aythe amvirmmind, exergy decrease ed tee process fram | te2. “Than, using given dam we get THPROBLEM 7, 20 KwowN! One kg of Stam initrally at 20 bar and 240% vndergoos tun different processes FIND: — For exch process determme the change IA exeray Schsmaric € GIVEN DATA: y= 24%. 20 bar 1 Gonstant pressure) w= 2% 5 isothermal, v= 2% Be bar [een habe ASSUMPTIONS :0) The Yyclem 1S the LG cf Sham. (2) for the envirenment, T= 20%, P= (bar, 3) Tgucre tue effects of motion and gravity ANALYSIS: Equatim 210 reduces to give Ea-By2 ma Cuy-u, + Po lve Vi) ~To lea -s, IJ Eeem Table AH , Uy=2OS4.6 KT/kg , Vi =OIRS wP/eg , SF OMASTKT/EGK, For each Preeesy Vez avy =O.RI7 m¥/keg- (0) Consbank presyur wih ve 20.217 we (keg, recess: Tuterpolatirg in Table A-Y at TO bar Up ESB T (eg , See CRUG ET (kg k ee, (i keq) [ (3423.1 ~205%.6) 5 + (10048 )(o.ur7-0.t0¥5) a tt| = 2AS K (7.49 - UHRA) EE ] m « @ = (Leg LTS + (0.9 -407.2] 2 = 362.2 kT (h) Tsothermal Process: Cuterpe labing in Table A-4 at 240°C WR va ROT WP /eg , ULt OI, kTMleq , See G8S77 kT fly Eq, = COL (2080.8 - 254) + (100) (US) = 243 (8ST - HHIS2)] (kg) [sie + 10.8 -o4 T= @ " 62.6 ey 1 Here, passeure i wept constant and temperature inceeares relanne te To Exergy mereaser te the peste. 2. Ware, lemperatwre ui Kept continnt and pustare decrease relakne te Po Eaeryy docrentes wi tu puscess. TaPROBLEM 7.2) Kwown: Data is provided Bra flywheel brated to rest. FIND: Determine tha final temperature of tha brake Inucng after braky te rect and te maximum thesrehcas fotnh'onal speed thet could be attnined hy the Flywheel Using tre energy Stored in tha Flywheel, scnematic 2 Giew DATAT pay (fee ee erates { we trey 1 \ ce aia Ed Goon Bx (2% Be) SE eee 2 loox rad/s RywleelZ co, = 2000 RPM) C=O, Tom = 6.74 gsm ™ ASSOMPTIONS: (1) Forth syctem shown i'n the Figure N=@=O and APE=O, (2) The brake Iimrng Ws modeled Yas an incompressible substance with constant specie heat €(3)For the environmenty To= 16°C, ANALYSIS\(0) With W=Q=apE=0 al rake er A4Ut AKE =O melt) + [o-se*Tmon] = 0 1 On energy balance reduces te read Thus BSK t The final temperature Of the brake Iintucny if then 32¢K( 51°C), + —2 (o) Ae witwested by the energy balance , energy wa Stored Ut the brate Inning, D Wrwever, as dehyrwwens the mrenimem possrole coimhmet speed achieveht, UG th exersy Stored ,and not tre enwsy stored, HhEIS SHymp cant, Ab tne fined Stehe, the Flywheel wares He Conbihvbion to the rystene eeeryy ReeANte Hae Hy whut a af Anat. Shs brare lining dees Con bihub trerpy be caus nour TRAT THe fnat treaty 4 than fod Using incompatible sviotinnce Aalahnes 00 Eas CC us ate) + L0G) ~ Te (Syatey ]= mal CCTe) Toe bs (B7H)] Garey (au ed ]L ark - 289 Jn (24) = 1B8.6FEI can 440 breng the. Ta prineqs, #4 overgy at He finat thet can be use g the fpthatteds wehne be the bake bing od At fored fh inched Fperabure. Accordingly, tha, nmanineeny Honore Haak jot h'on at speed, Cun, mest sab hy PELs Okay Tne puter the mania inv saer achievable. Then, 7 ES) ae oe ae l= RPM <— cum Se +f Suse | TST RSY | [es nee Rae im —FalRniiy Tes Genes Tsing Contr baler nevbing Aa Wt lem enerty beauuts Fea Tang MT aperatore Tek “Thointhas sytters every e4ualediar kine at entny PAL. Fyohue: vary sissies tone MET coh Ion = E (voor oath (69 ¥ ng) | a || ao = 352.61 "I, 12PRopem 7.22% knowns: One kilogram of water cools at Constaut pressure from an initial stode fo sahwated liquid. Eup: Determine the work , heat transfer, aud amounts of exergy transfer i? accompanying heat amd worl. 7 Sbar SCHEMATIC A GIVEN) DATA: 2Ls water ines atk PT teere weil P= const. To* 20% x,FO Rel bar ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The woter is the closed systems. (2) The process ocews wits to internal irreversibilities.(3) The effects of motionand gravity can be ignored. @) 720%, pz thar. AnaLysis: Te, delermine the work, we use Eq. 2/7 We frav s mpiy-ud 5 With data from Tables A~4 and A-3, respectively, vi = (444 mP/kg nd Aa OS 2B X107F m*/keg 2 (keg) (65 bar) (0528 x10 |. 2? jioSafnm | 1ET |. W = @ kg) (65 bar eB KIO (HUY % | well o The beatae is deleronined by using Yhe energy balamce , Which Q= mlu,-4,)4W. From Table A- 4 4, 26Sb2 ur /kg, ama From Table A-3, ug 2Mbb.tl ktlky. Thus Q= Weg KH. 84 = 265.2.) Yeg +(-21G/Y kT) =-2408,7 kT. Q “26.4 Ey Now, Hhe exergy transfer hecompauyiing Userle, Ey, is Bye W- poAV = W~ mpc 2 F UGH kT) ~ CY (1) (Loseexto 2 L444 eel s-Ta.l Fu The energy transfer accompanying heect tauster,is jis 2 Bt fU- Boa san fe ° From am entropy balance : m/s,~s,) * [a +a) Thus Eg? Q- Te(s.-5,) With data from Yue appropriate tebles Eg 2 2405-7 ET )~ C1 6243) (L433 — 7.6433 ) Se 2- S863 kT. 134PROBLEM 7.23 Keown: 1 eg of air us heated at concent Prssrure With He internat irreversibih hes. EMR: De lrmine tHe Work, head trantton, and the ausuntt exersy tant far accompanying work and heat trancfey, Scramaric & Givew DATA! ® ‘450K == T Shebed I “ql t areas exergy transh~ Gihe Net ep ao zie \ _ 2 aamK fe. area\> & Tix To? 298K 4K eae ASLO TIONS: I> The closed syctem te 1 of ar, As Slaw i tee ECMO MAE 2. Tet pours occurs at conttaat purcrure wilhend internal ibrevertiby/ Hes. 2. Aur is medaled on an ideas gas. 4. Be 278K (25°C), Pos bar 4. The sHircts ft mehion and gravity Cam be ignered, AMALYSIS! Uting th ident gar eguaheng chile, the worl io wefper sm plerrui}= m ett) = &e9)( R24 a, (asp-and) k= 43.42 KT <— Using 64.718, the accompauging exersy trancty a xen Heb ]-¥- PAV = mp(da-uy) — A (4-4) cms eyo | Reducing an energy balance for treproess: AU=Q—W * OQ: 4U+W. Or, witndade fran Todds MeL oO Q= wl) + W = (eg) [322-62- 212.6413 4 ERG 2 SROET -_——_ sng 7, FR, 4m accompamgny exeryg trame be Energy tranebae : fur Rye 2 @- Te f@) oe ua Accompany Mat = SS) Fine ‘tee pours a SE ews = @-TLS2-S1) . © @ = mol ere) stn) - BAKA] = 1SSGET = (eg (298K) L2uel — basen ee 2453KS <——. L Altemahvaly, fr the continat pasture prours Qe mnly-U, 1 + melve-v) ~wUn- ys Kg (45.8 asta) ed = IS3.6ET 15PROBLEM #24 KNOWN! Air contamed in a closed ;rigid, insulated tank fe stirred by o& Paddle whee, Delermine thu change wh exergy, the trans few exergy Acconmpaligty Voor) and ta exahay daar he. Coty oo, SCHEMATIC § GIVEN DATAL —~ ed smaulation S00°R , T= 500% T= 700R late, f= Latin, ASIUMPTIONS! (1) For the system shown im the accompanying Apure, and Rimehs and potential energy efieett Can be ignored. (2) Air is modeled as an ideal gas. (2) For the environment 72 S00°R, Ms lathe, AMALYSIS: WI4h Eq 7/0 the Change in exersy is Evie mw Lau) + pacar tats.) ) = mf MCR) UCT) = To (4°CR) ~8°Cr) -R As Ya] «) The requires Pa. Using tea cdek gee squats 4 tte: Tale with date From Table 4-20€ S476. <¢—__ Ey-G= Uw) Nese -26.2.-s00 (acorns ores ~ it 4 28)]= To find Wy Aadven te tnnepy Lekaner reed Wem (Wine) on w = (416) ( 2-9. 507) & B48 BR Teen, Sime AVEO ui dee peveatts 4. FB rede [ess 7 we BoP a ecconmepameins work | = DO Using tre exergy balance, Eq. Fl, witytq- 2I¥: EseTo V, we get a= (i>-Ahire ~Lw-neg'] - e-€)) -W- CE-E1) @ a = (734:38Bm) — [SNF BH] = 28.90 Che as 1 Albammabwely, Ey> Tot, where ates Amount | Engg paduced) Whacha db inines Fromen entropy balance. Smear tee tank Wvol usr no heat teanshy, the entrayy balance Anduen te give TS S,-S)- Thee, a! thes caw, Ege H(R-S). i I “ heated to tha 2. Ta Huis cans, fre destvuchd 4 exergy can be Shearity echo d fat padltswhat anita air ot tee tank. 1-26PROBLEM 725 KwownHeliameontained in a closed ;Figsd, snralated dank iz shored by © paddle wheel. Emp: Determine the work and the exergy deshrechn ScHeMatic ¢ GIVEN DATA: Tew Bswes PE Vber eat bare Pas {dSoar WS: LD For the ty efem theun in the accompanying figure, Qeo, and Kanete and potenbial energy afer can be rymored: Ct) Hibhm it madled of am Wdeal get: G) Fer tne environment, T2283 Ky Pes (ber. Ammuerie. With asromp Loan energy balance reducer to Uz B-W > We =m Cacu-ucn)) «) Totad Th ure the ideel gar equation of Hate to unte eMem RT Vet (fe)s ra 6 (8) -4esic tyrnen (R)e KH) Tha veut q Tp Go cenctnnt for mematorare gares (Ste THAAD + Bcae. Tn we GenBank, GataR. Cyan greta zom wCh-T) 7 -@ GS) 8-31F EL \ (ars 2% Je = MLD ET ——" Bet ee cent) ) Tha exergy diubwehwn can be fund fram ou exers g— betes wey Ee BO yee TS dae aueent 4] ea tapy preter dy opin ’ a acer hee cl ecaae ee {68),< ay Ta (sh) a Bh ean oon Cg ne eR J ge Let oe mis EB) dah a #2) AMS = WISE ED = Gen un Cat Ee) K Ss fa eye Toe Bie NC UISE 2) 2 342T 727PROBLEM 7.26 Known: A known amount of carbon dioxide gas is contained In 4 cigid, tasulated vessel of known volume and at a Specitied initial pressure. An electric resistor iin Yhe vessel transfers energy to the gas at a known rate for a specified period of tune. FIND: Determine the exergy chamge of Hee gas amd, for a system Consiching OF the fesistor amd gas, the work amd exergy destruction. ScHeManc £ GIVEN DATA! MLLLLL SL vet00 4? | Oa a Instone R74 atm . Y yee 2 . AE= Lwin ah Te210°F, 2 ate = ASSUMPTIONS :(1) The system Consists of the gas and the resistor. 2) The Volume is constant aud lirehic amd potewtial energy effects are neglected. QyThe resistor is of negligible mass and Haus undergoes ne chauge of shale. G@\the carbon dioxide is modeled as an ideal gas (5) For the Syckim, G0. ANALYS1g8: Frest, fix both states as follows: 2 BM . Gatmi(ico H*) 146A Ushi’) | 144 mae] RC towel 0545 HE rate Hae To delermine Tr , begin with om energy balamce: AU= A-W. With SU, 50 Wea Gy = hw where Band D, ave objathed from Table A-23£, To get W, use Bg. 2.14 We J Wat = Wyet =C1z 2E4)(1 min) [222 = 720 Bla Thus, selving for A, amd raserting dada Ge~ Wau, = — S208? + 3040.1 BHu/bmol = 3760.1 Bin/ lla! © tbemot ) Fabevgolahrg in Toble A23E, T2647.5°R. Thus s RR . (us4sy(o475)) 0] y . Fee | zal linea] 4777 2 Now, the change in exergy of Ue gas ic vbbained using Eg.7.10 and ideal gas velakions © E-€,2 wl aemy-Ten +p, (WAG) Te ( 52rd - STI) ~ Be Pe/7,)] Tuserhing data interpolated from Table 4-23 = Ee =¢ tberel ){¢3760.1- 3040.1) BA, ~ (530°) (52.75- 51.2124 -14 B60 F127) Bis thei ond, = 80.85 shy. =e, 7-28PROBLEM 1.26 (Contd) The exevgy transfer accompanyiny work» By i> a Eyt W- pdt =-120 Bia Tu this case, all of the energy transfer by work is “available” in the sence that the exergy tramster accdmpanying work equals thecneryy tramster. he reeny destruchin Ey, is determined by solving the exergy balance, sa, EA Be = f0- By5h"— cw - ny) - By E, w or By= ~ (E-€,)-(w) = -(8085 ela) -(-120 814) ® = 639.15 BL e 1, Note Yaak the exergy input buy worle (720 Bha) results in only 6085 Bq bering stored as increased exergy “tf Yhe gas. The 4 test, 632.15 1s destFoyed by irceversibilities. 7-24PROBLEM 727" krown: A rigid tnculated tank has tuo equat-volume compartments Teperetad by avalve, Favhethy, one vs evacuees and He ott beds Ma gat at a bee comdhim. Thevalved opened and th gas fills the eahre vorume Eup Debrnaine tr final Hurperature and Pussure, and evaluate tea exergy deshuctim | Discuss ASSUMPTIONS: I. The clored nystum connets of both Volumws, a1 Shown in He ScheuanDvC. 2. For the tytitus, Q=W=0 ond effech 4 moharand gravity can hergueved. 7 My SeWiMATIC GIVEN DATA: Poe oriomel fh seigt fe We diled no an vdeat gas ¥ Be ee —— the environment, T= SIOR , Pot latm. Amaursis: Withascumphews 2 He tnarsy balance adver to BU: 6 D&T 27 BU. Since the spec internat gnersgq am dent sea depends on Hemperature alone: Th =7 =S60 R Tr 00° RS Using Pes das gar 27 0ehin of She aly: BE eT Saat. RV) SET but Tk=T ) ging Rav)s BV SD Pre P= 25 tbe fw Tar exergy desivuction can te found fran on exergy loalaner, or weeny Gi=ToT ) where 7 tc obtrined fran an tA bY loalaney, Thats a ° as> {GRh += Bln MYA J oe AS= nl 8R)-8°C%) -8 > ayers heh 4 cook on G05 tame) (986,84) Dan (4) = O34 Brg ratty Eu~ TO = G20°R) (0.344 sie) = 182.3 Be Exergy deehogad us Hut: Cea be camer He ME Undygoet an eee erates taacafce rere oleate mt eae a 7-30PREGLEM 728 Known: One ug of Rid it compresied Adcabatentty Frome apecchied titra! hate te a specrfled final preaure. and temperature IND: Determine tne work and the exersy destruction, Seuemaric § GEN PATA: her D sore ASTUMPTIONE! () The aystem hewn inthe accompany ing Agure undergoes On adiabatic process between the indicated chtes Changes in eimehe And. porendvel Energy Can be lgnored. (2) For the environment, Tor 20% fs ther AMALYSLED An energy balance mieduees With arrumphien | au: Worm date foun Tables A Wem Wee (ua) 0 amch Act We ~ (ey )( 261-62-221.48 ) 7 i w 2-40.14 eT ——— To hab ane exersy destruction, use By Tos Where Tt the amomd of antiny produced, Obtapced fram an enbopy balance: ase Seep With date from Tables AH 10 and 12 Ts mb) > Chg Yfea7n 0.92533 52. = 0.0458 KI * natty est Gar )(0.0458 )= 13-42KJ <———__— L 7-31PRogiem #29 kre ww, Two solid blocks of mass mand spect Meet C are brought inte conteet and altnin thermal eq vilibrivin- Eund: Derive an exprsssron for the tuargy destruct’; denensh ate Phat tus avergy dethuchim cannet ee megahne, and difeuss, Scuemanc# [lom) ult) — Lm acre) + mand] =e where Tp is the final temperature at equilibrrvm., Accordingly [aucy)~ atry-am)J=e = {ucq)-acr) J + ecq)- 4m = © & cly-T)4 ele so > Ye THR. Tre amount a anergy dehoyed @ Ege To where ra th ameunt of eatvopy produced, clotninn d frum mn tnbepy lontand: ° AS - SO), +0 2 [em scy)-b 8G) emeen yy] = or ws mfLs(q)- scm) ] + Lsc)- 8% )J] + mene 7 em ee fe ict) TT J 4aTh J Finally . : =m la car + ‘4 az ve [Seat] (a) The valued Gy wousd ba nesahve only of [+R] were Lesethan Uaaby. Cont daring hace pases bedi Ay oo 47th zu > (T4ReeT Te Hy Wet hen <4 " apna <0 = G-n)y Gao Sy Bax Q)= SORA, TH dictions of OQ, fare indicated by the arrows on tos schematic. Sine Ti and T ate are untfrnn overthe inner and out turfaces, Hee neta s o] ttergy franc dy ceo vmpameging haat transfy are, Asspechively (= ins") Le Bla, heat fans te > [\- S22|(seottts)= 400 Be + (ci tamays } Gale ae tranbe =f. S097) (svete) = 2p Bie a Redwoing tr exergy Mts Relance ) EqFIF, at Steady sho HE7 [-B Ie, LB OC aT ‘ Ps Bhe 290 Bhe 2 (SDB ag F)4.- (oH) ae= 40° BE mn he eatin Everay i deth-oysd because heat transty occurs Spentnsouety © prey o Finds ftmprahinn def peoras. 1 The dorm [i= 2] q, fF MA power that contd be obtmined is prinaple & euser ¢ ° A en T and Te. by Mpelqing Q te & revertible prwer cycle opera bing bt hue. 7 6. aay tit BeJai a HY power tet God er obtiined ot princizie hy Supplying Qq to a atuartible pewar cycle operating drhurn Te end TG. The dif farkue, between theee — Ey — Astetents the cppochuity fo develop pour hat werevocatig lott ui the spentantayt Conduction Process, +34PROBLEM 732 KNOWNE A gear bex operates at Steady State. Performance data are provided. EIDE Determine the power delivered along the cutpot Shaft, the rate of ev erage transter accompanying heat, and the rate of exergy destrochon, each ie BEI h Also express euch as & perwntage of Ha inpit power, Senematic ¢ GiwEW DATA Bp = s00te Bor hnety = 70 sytem whl Fe ASSUMPTIONS. (1) Tha system shows on tne figure 1 66 Shady State, (2) The fempereture of the cuter surface of te grirven and the temperature of the Serdoondungs ave each Un foren GQ) For the envirenment T= Soo ARALTSI! An-enersy rate balance redeces at steady state te gives Then, smcerhng given infermahen Woot = Qe Win = RACTE-%] + Wen =~ (5am Y(ste-se0)"R + Gonp( a asso BE + su fe Get 2 48,4sp Be > * n The rate of exer sg transbr nemmpmginy heat 14 [i U6 = Lo ge ytaee thy te BE sthe cate of exergy destuchin can be feead by feduciny the «exergy mate balance at gteady stete G obtain dU - © [ 48450 - 0,400] Bh = 2144.1 BR " a =~ 300.9 Bh = = -300.4 BF = Gupressing value as percenteyer of the input pewer West, (484%) coe 95.19% en = sor ace ols (ase Yuceys 031% Ge, ae m4at Juer= 422% = Seco TR ape Ne Se, Spey value PFs REY USER An grant aaTGT wershetes WE SigmBeance: 1S) 2/50) C90) 54 0 7 IG = (AE) 00) = $% rasPROBLEM 7.33 Emu? Steady-State data are provided for a gearbox, Emp? Develop & fill evergy accounting of Hu power input and Compare with the nett of Example 2 4 Tetsmatic Gwin DATA See fg EFF ASSN OV ONS |. The gearbox and = portion of tla Surroundings ore taken as Yh clofed ry Sten. 2. The fy tte oo at they Stade and heat trans fe occurs on the leouadery at Heperature . 3-%2 293K. AWALTSIS! As us Example 2% (ss exergy is pees] = GonW in vin the Shighetpeed ee (Se. sate | > seg EW shape Since Wend jrameter fromthe sythen occurs at T= Te 5293 K he exersy & uel =[I- . coumpariping heat os Ths rete of exergy deswuctvon G then obtmined from an exergy fate balance as or paltrnahvely , Grom Eg tte h juhere Die obtained fram Has telubim fe Example G40: Eg: Gate (ete? 2) Lae Exergy balance sheet in term of exergy wragnidas mma rate barre: pete s(ecerse cs = egh-speed shop bow cwo%) + Disposihond the weary: = Role 4g exergy ont fows-Speed Shap 3B.8n( 40%) ent tvans tor © Ge) = Rebel avery dettuetion 1.2 guy) 60.0KW C100% ) Tr fhe prssent care the Ant 4 exerpy derbwchon 4 qreate fie Exam RY because an addchnt Souver g Wreverab hhy G incWdd a te ryrtemns the irreverdality asroe etd wrt mattered heat transte from tee qeorbuy fh Te Sarroen dings Ths analysis of Exams 2Y provides a Sharper picture of gearhoy per Pornmanee coos a ce be hueen ier of exerpy destruction within ths year bor and thesvergy transferred Groantre Searhoy asrociatd Buty haat traus tar, Dhe present analysis lomps drole effects 736PROBLEM 1.34 ENown’ Air at aknoun initial state is contained in « closed, rigid fauk. The air receives a specitied energy transfor by heat through a wall separahng the gas Fron a. trermal weservoir act 400°R. ELND? (4) For Ye air as Yhe system, determine +he exergy change, the exergy trauster accompanying heat transfer, and the exergy dectructon . () Evalucde Hae exergy decructon fer am enlargedt system Haat inclucles fhe wall omd discurss. Scuematic € Given DATA /AIITISITITY, walt / Treg 2 TOOPR ae TV otto Me = T.2 600°R Q=350 BA system boundary Ty 2 40°F = 500°R for park(—7/7 7777/17 po let Assumptions (1) Closed systems are under cousidevahon -for which the effects of motion amd gravity can be ignored. (2) The volume is constant aud theve is no work. CF The dir behaves as an ideal gas.(4) The state of the wall remains unchanged. (S) The air undergoes an internally reversible process, ANALYSIS: (a) First, we apply the energy balance th order 4x shade 2. Thatis © 40 3 ApS tpt AU = Q-W > mluy~4.) = @ Solving for Uz aud iaserhiig data from Table A-22E BS Bhe 10 tb Tuterpolating im Toble A-22E5 T,= 802.1°R , ST) = 67622 BH/Ib-R. The exergy change of the airis | ABs, = Mm [Ucn UCT) tpo(YAN) = Te (SPT) -s2eTy ~ RL Fe/p)) Noting that R/R=T277, amd with SET.) from Table A-22E Ae ,-2 (014) (rn9e~ 102.54) % -(secte)(0.6622- 0.62607 -| see a. S21 Rha] uae Bau, = + (02.34 Bl tb = 137.34 SW/Ib = 98.16 Bw Denoting Yue exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer as Fa gic, the exery balauce gives ‘ AE, = Easel W- RAV) 2 aie Thus Eg aie © BB ie HQ air = 18-16PRo®LEM 1,34 C Contd.) x Ty = Treg = FOOPR (by Applying the exergy balamce ee to we iach saci Yat ae includes Phe air amd Yee wall yshemn boundar \ "for yartcb) Beat Ate (i BIQ- (fy a8 - (Ea), lea v8 e¢ sya Thus (ey), =(- Byq-as,, A “alae ( Th) Q- Bae 7 Seo = s(i- SES) & 50 Br) -(98.76 Blu) = 185.56 -98.16 = 56.80 Bly 1} iscusstow From dhe analysis of Yhe enlamed system, the exergy transfer accompany’ ecetivenster sie) wr eta Niggas Gc ulcPentee err vieteee iste m femperature of 4o0%@. ‘The exergy tramCer from Yke wall 4o4he ain, Fe, aie » OHUYS at a much lower Hanperature, and amounts to on 98.1 Blu. The ditfevence is eccommted for by the exergy Scshruchcon? associated wilh the temperature qraduent across Phe wall, 733PROBLEM 73S KNOWN! Steady-state operating data are provided for each of tum syskums: IND: Fir seca system, evaluat? tee cates Q exergy tran accompamging best and work , and the Aaterd exergy dethvchion, Diseases. Sertinaric QGIVER DATA! 7 + Te 325K _ PB ey out “ad ewer #L Devise #2 ASSuMD TIONS: | Bach of thy systems Shown in the scha matic is at steady Ste fe. 2. Tha only energy transfert are there cecuring in the diveetens of fhe arnut, 3. Tp: 300K ARALTSIS! Energy rate balancer Jive, EE in Bat 2 Guage Vin = KW Wout 2 Oy Wout = lOLW Exergy Moot Devil: [tate of exergy Heme) 6) eq py. gee : Ree heat }= (!- BJ Qi= t-& | eoe) O.7?KW < Tale qavergy tanta }: toKW < out “Accompanajing Poet, < Ege o-7eeW —toeWen Ftd RA Deviee | Cannot operate ao indecated Decun, Eq cannot be negahie, — < Devie2: [Bate of evergy Panshe T= lokW™ < im Accompintigng prwrer LEP saa sti] * \- Haas HE oe) = OFFEUT<— Ege lock -O.FFEUT = + 123 CUT <_ Deviek 2 can opera oo indcukd. However, the versg bah eo ice duwechon fate, whch a 92% of tee miaryy mn ped ) Sumpest + there or connder able Seupe fr “ieproing Per formance, Orner uses for ths syergy input aise might be comeidines. PROBLEM 7.36 mown: Steady-state panting data are providad fora sive clip. EWID™ Determine ts Ante of evergy Sethuchim. Ducoss Kiitmatic QCwo DATA: See Aig. E25 ASSUMPTIOIOS: F The clap 4 a coed Systtmat Steady Ste te2No heat tant cans behueen the Clip and Substadt. 3.752 293K. PRALYSIS: Ta tec: case its deiwochion using converenty evaluate the nate of exergy Eqs Te Gy whe Cw te Aig enbony product’ 739PROBLEM F. 36 (Contd) Aen entropy Aske lonlance fre thy cluge reduces to qive. Cig 5 ¢--a _ 2 Then, with data frome Example 2-5 we Ea -BQ = ~/293K\/_o22sw)[t8 Te ane 336 IC a Sw = 1.87 K004 EW 2——-— exergy serve wets Cane Peogeem 7.37" Kasam Steady. state operating cate are provided fea carting iron, Fim 0: Evaluate the antes of exergy dattruchion and exeegy trantfr accompanying heat Howifee. Exprccs ence "te @ percentage 4 th tected power oriahe sto ebecticat Armirtance. Sciymatic LEW DATA: See solution'te Problem 6.66 Pssumemonss. 1 The 3yStem shou in Hee fy ae is at Steady state. 2 Neat Franek oceurs at Te (= @40°R ((80°R) oak = 10°F =s30°R. ADALISS At ohedy shot an energy Nat balance feluces to pri te Wd Q-W=-2OW = -6B,3 Blush Then val ray beam I. 0 $30 Bony yyy BH (akhas war |: Le BI® = (i - Gee] oes) = Tee pate avergy dettrochim can lee found usin Egret, wie RL Gb te naka af Sahony garductin, or og Aedweing! an trevaag rate bonlanca Ce be RIG bo pa]- > éa: [i B]a-w —_—_—_— 3-7 ~(~6es SH) = $6.6 Bla/h Whom anprotted oa parceninyes of Ho electicer pour rupyah'ed aoe: (HEE) (100) = 191% oO (See) (190) = 82.9% 1 The Sigmpiant exergy dathuchon wi Hur Cape adtentey Hot gerd Mae net leoeing Mens 4g th Va leeis elect ene power inpot 740PROBLEM 7.36 KNOWN: Two kilograms of a two-phase Liguid- vapor mixture of water uudergo two differeut processes at cumstiut yolume between the same end states! (@) adiabatte process, stirring with a paddle wheel, (b) heat transfor From a thermal pesevvoir ot 400K. EInp* For each case, determine the change in exergy, the net amounts of exergy tramsfer by work amd heat, and 4he amowct of exergy desiruchion. SCHEMATIC _¥$ GIVE DArA + ee Ze (fieeseels/ Test V00K Ti? 300°C + f %205 T,2400k =X, 740 i 300% @ yee te — — — Wo Te = 300k TTT ITT fut ber v @) (b) ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Water Is a closed system (21 The volume is constaut. @) Iw case (ad; QO, ry case (b) 5 W=0. A) Kinetic and potential energy effects are Negligible. S) For -the environ meuk, 5 =300K , po * lobar, ANALYSIS: For both cases, the initial and final states ave the same, let us begin by obtaining data teach state. From Tabla A-2 at 300°C Vie Yt KG, VG) # IIOSL XLT (.5)(0.02167-1.4036M 0) * 0.01154 Hg Uy Ye + % Cg, Ug, ) 2 3320+ GS) (2563, 0 - 1332.0) = 1947.5 kT/kq Sf, + Xi CS9,- Sp, ) = 3.2534 +65) (5.7045 -3.2534) = 4.174 bet lg S? By assumptions 1) amd (2), Vz=U; > Ug CT). From Table A-2, T= 336.8 °c U1 = 2474.2 bT/ky , SL 5.3673 ke T/hegie @) Tn this case, Hee volume is constaut. Thus AE = m[(4,-4,) $0 YEE.) ~ Tol4a-4,)] =@ ky) (2478.2 = 1947.8) (300)(5.3673 -4479)] = 520.4 Tg __AE E> (W- pad) =W. From an energy balance, miur-u.) = SEW. Thue We-miua-u) ak kg\atig2- 1947.5) = -1053,4 LT. The exergy tramsfer accompamying heat trouser, denoted Eg, ic Eqr J Re =0 Bu Ee Now, from an exergy balamce AE = BOE By Eye B,- AE = - (1053.4 kT)- (520.4 3) = S33kT E4 HHLPROBLEM 1.38 (Cont'd. ) (b) Since Yhe change of state is He Same, He change i energy is Yoe same as tn part (a). That's AE = 520.4 kT AE Sthce the work ts zero, E,,=0, z The exergy jvanster accompany ing heat framsfer is evaluated at the boundary temperature, T,= 100k. Thus w - He Ta Hain cone, ml, ~0,) says Q= 1053.4 kT and Eq -(- SES 1053.4 kT) = FozskTy Now, from am exergy bolance. AE= E-BS By Ey Ee EQ QE = 702.3 - 520.4 21814 eT, Discussion The exergy destruction for case Cb) is signiticautly less than for case (a), Sirce the exergy chamge is the same tn leiterass case Cb) Would allow the exeray change to be brought about by less exergy transfer from the surroundings. 742,PROBLEM 739% Operating data are Provided for a water heater. LIND! Deteraune the tv ergy dethvetion and tyergy Nant for (4) He Wate atone ao te sy sem lo) the water and Assitor as pha Systm. Compare and deseuss. Seramatic 2GIvIN DATA From selvivon to Problem 6-65... ca) water 4 ey os VASES Te 2k Hae) K Ge) OBS ko b For water, me (Qe.4 9) C= HIBET/ EDK ASSUMP TONS: Tn parila) the tystemn He Water only. Fa parte) the Mk @ the Water plus the asristor. 2. The water is nupdeted oo incomprestible, 3. Meat transfer frie tee outer surface of the coat heatir~ can o4 ip nored. 4. The states of the tank wail and te Aesistor are constant: 5 %=23 K. MALTS: Ce) For system (a), the enerty Gan far us hy heat transl Geom the Assister tthe Water: exersy tantir] Fy @ 2 [1-282 ](auswer) 4S RI wemab]. [- Ble = 138 where Qe OU Froman eneny balance or Qs mc (Teh) =(\8t009) 41957 ) 32) = 24538 EI The axtrqy distvetion cen bs obfraned conveniently here oo ToT Eye TOs (UBKY(UATH) = AUS LT a Ch) For system (0), the exergy trantfe a hy eleciicar Work, Am curate ennyy balance fedecer with assemph ont 3, ¥ ty gi We AT, 0r GW) = 26,538 I. As bape the arergy cleshuchion Can be evswotad Oo Ede TOE (2a3K) (ESS HEQ) = 2413 KT Diseussrun: Tes exergy clathvetion ui Hae Aanlevged sypteneCh) 4 adler oe cower thee addimar soured Erreyenth ty — namatr, ebeere current tour vous le the Aasithy: For te Vie alone, systenncaly, ths innevaniilihy G atsocta ted wrth intynat heat transfor Frm 4 Aaristor though Ha water arty heetd. Observes theo te mereaie wn the ty-ergy Stored ut the Watt _ Pq UME, Uh tote Caer, He deyfeaman Werhween tet eyargy pat and ths be. dee fro, 2 o aes cos SW ~2US =ISYe KT. System C6) AE = 2G/S3O-RHMS =1SASKT Alterna hvely, ina E: rth won fret weaty Can be obtained Using EG. 7lOurth attumpt AE 2 SU+ AV =H OS = meth I— Teme Mn mo torn a AE a tes within Yo Bp AE = (184 eA 41 EF, YL SEH kta Fe] WT which aqrecs ty TOT percents of aie sect Tepad hat Gt Sire wa we eP (HES V(oo) = 0% eerie cee reatas ee ceeecc ian cens (ceo branes thet snes rotor mangers Senet cyst, ihe 74dPROBLEM 7 40 EMown: Steady-state operating date are provided for anelechnt moter, End: Evaluate the rater, exergy deste Wm and the rate g exergg. teant fr accompamipny heat Experts ench ar aperceninge , tra tlectvieet Power Supplied. ScHrmatic Ewen DAT From +ty toluh'on te Pavblon 6.69" Wetect = 2.20W Wenge s 667 EW Tb Ht @=o.sngew Fe eg Ko RW K ASSUMPTIONS! 1. The ystems shou inthe sehemahic if at Steady state, 2. Energy Panthers are in the dunechiont of the arrows. 3. Heat fant he occurs at Huparatere G. 4 2293 K. ARAL YSIS! Wit astumphimnd (egg te fae) * Ue B14 > fe BB] (oso) = 0:044¢KW <—— Th matey exergy dertvchon tan ee ford by Arduciny an cvergp fate balancer om Usins Ede Teo. Thus Eye ee = Gare) (eevee? 0. tie — Exergy aceon tings sate rr a a Ciecmwentiy 7 tuders Zreew Coo%) a Usposhen gine Margy = exergy out vias Leger (7618 %) LE kes settee Sony y = ener dato o4tlew (2l 86%) 7THPROBLEM 7.41 Ki0WN: Energy 4 conducted frum a thynet fetermor thrush a Salendei at fod at Sindy Ste to Aneto Hrmnt verervorr at a loa ep erature. ELD: Plot the Askiy Conduction though the Aod, the rates of exerya trantty accompanying heat traniby info and omy tad tod “enn ter Ae 4 oy astvchm, @ach verius Fae Aed Length, L. Seusmanic Reivthy DATA! De2em Ke 0.4 nW/meK O01 SLs Om cists reteeroir retervor Tas 200% Tez Zo0K ASSUMPTIONS I: THs system Shown woctee Schomeht id at Shonda safe. 2. Energy Fantfe bu te darechans of the arena onty, 3. Ty= 300K. AWNLYSIS. An eneegy cate balance reduces ty que $22 GO YS%> Gz 0, -300)k 2) pers Gg Gear = HAL THE] = (0-4 mB m (.orm)t)(‘200 ~ ! )ew a) The cates of, srergy hantfr accompangans Lunt trans far are, Asipechive ly BRtecm): [- Boa = [ Belen = 097 dn w a - we 20 G cate qonegt] = [eB ena = [i Belem dbivocken can be obimined hy Arducing an Tha cabe 4X : Winch ur Hue came Cormerponds to finding exergy rate boalance the Ufjurence be hue on He averyg entering and axe ting tes rod. Ter da: (shaece)- Leta] = OFT Gin 4) Sowple Caleulahion: Le tm, Qin = O-NSIKW, [Rate of exergy transee] = PLOTS: Eq= 0-0 FHPKW, 0 0102 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 Lom oePROBLEM 1.41 (Cont'd.) m | fanstorout = 1 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1 Lim) Discussion: As the length of the vod increases, the heat transfer rate amd the exergy deshuction vate decrease rapidly. Since exergy can be viewed a& Naving Economic value (Secs. 7.6,7.7), a reductow iw exergy desivuchon can be viewed as a cost savivg . However, the cost of Yaa Yod increases with length So am economic trodeoHt is inherent in selecting a value for L. 7-46PROGLEM 7. 42 enows: One Ib of O, expands rgothermally white recedvi heat Fancher theench a Wall separating the Op fran a thermal rerroir, Eid: Ca) Fir He Oy ao fur ty Stony, evaluate Wy G@, the exergy, trans eet Aceomparyany work and huab tranche, and the ae sry es ve boom co Craton ke the inoryy datbvehm frre tytn consiitg 4 toe watt and oe Diswss. scmmanc Acwts Dara: mg enerag by 5 ASSUMPTIONS: |. Ta partie), the SY stem a tha Ox only, Tr part lbl, the ystems is the plus the, Tema — Watt. 2. Oy ig modeled ag ane reserva Wleet gas. 3. Tas state of The ot Ts S008 ? ser, p3—> Rawout wall does nat change, 4. 6ffecks + [evo : tae OF motion and gravity are. rN swe faz lo Wee ighered.S. G> S40R, pysls let 500, ee int ABALTISWAN energ balance reduces te QU= @-W. Bat SU=0 for an ident gas at 22. d tempermbere) qring Qa W. a To find Wy use the deat gas model ath = (pave: : dnVe © Smee PVEmMRT,) AVizmPT, we (pave (rgrave wet ¥ av 1AM eles B sm PTh fe. 2 Vein: & > w a An exergy balance trees th form ae: [\- BJ @-Lw-nav] -E eansbr eau Scher Sie Albernahvely (av+psv-%8)= [ Wit DU20, @EW, and cancellahan of PodVer beth sidea) we get -Z (GF D oO eas [45-2] SEEaP TRIALS O «— oy [mie oR en Bey = eT ain] ae Accordingly, tre Og undergues an internat feversible paocest. wah 45-0), @) @eW = 16 )( HABE BEE, (spore) den (19F) = 14S Bee <— Ba-[w-rav] - Ee Using the deat gas equahm of Stn4@ and intwivemg 64.2 nergy trans: = - Gayinettee|= Ww nav = mat nh —Po( A oT] = mat[n &- B+ & 5 (uiny( He Bas, (snore Oe to = Ee tE] = 2450 Bm 3a 747PROBLEM 742 (Contd) Exer To. (Exmasikiu): b- Be 6 ei- se2] (71.4528) Gn) For am enlarged s7tlim of Or jolut wall, Ey> TO, where Cod the amavnt embry padieed Wittain Th enlarged system . Using asumptin 3 ie 2 AS: Bae or B.TIe Ba <_ ? with €q. 60,02) avd teenies ov: AN,- S, = mL 106) RAB] — RET InG IAD “=o 7 wat + (AS)o= Bar = 2 Tres Tres go wm edatie) [> Ee] = (uy 18 Bde | '- Se = Lost rot Oh/oR Fmelly, Ege Tos S¥orRC yore Kirt Bh] e)s S42 Bh Exergy 6 destroyed Wittan th enlarged System owity 1 Sponinmewvs Treat anchor teyough = finite Jempirn hare th ffirencr thronghe tine urott The Hee in brackets G tha @nbopy pudueton Wittin the Op) 03 Can be seen >9 eppinng the entropy balance to theryitem of part la), For tats sytlm, we ght T=0, \ Since Kant transfer te ths system occurs at T< 7D, ths accom panginy exergy Heanshe is opresitely divected. State diswssran4 Sec. 72,2, 3 Taserking caleuleted values into txargy balance AEs (-6-¥lu) — (28.56) - (0) = - 38.28 BW Tar also Gan badetermuned Using SEs AULRSV-To dS , a5 Com bee readily checked. 4 T0 0 Trey Samar dhe 02 undoes on inbred Teverible puacers, an terpy perdu chon Cand eeergy deohruchas ) Can a+ 4 by thd | PewaL, Theat) an enbmny Wass dues With attumphm yl te yive ° =2@_@ SPS\wse we tT Soo a Lede ebm [hi ~ ae] (8) = O87 y 10% Bh/og cohets mate wi te te At uad Aeper nd Went: toe uae atid bortenen fr he 748PROBLEM 1.43 ENown: A system miele a cebvigerahow aycle While vecetving Qe at temperature Te amd ducharging Qy at TH, where Ty>Te, Qe amet Qu are the omy heat transfers. EIND: (@) Show that Wate Cannot be zero. (b) Obiaiin a specitied expression for coetticient! of performance B. () Determine Bmax: M Ty cd GIVEN Day. em ASSUMPTIONS + (1) The system shown undergoes a refrigeration cycle.(2) Qaud Q, are the Bara tromsfers and are in Hhe Atrechone of arrows.(3) Te amd Ty are conshaut and Ty >Te .(4) The environment temperature is To. ANALYSIS: (a An exergy balamce for the cycle reads ° ° DPT ce” [t- #]e-[- Fe Jeu Pagan 4) Ea aes Gel a a wyele. Dabrodircing Yre energy balance, 02 [t= Blac [1-H ]Cweypre +e) = Wegete ~ Eu = [O~ B)-u Bolac + te BD |wapte- Ea steLR- tact Twos ey _ Salving for Ea, ond setting Wugets to tere Ete [t-t]a+ F were > Ey< 0 Impowsible | oUt Por wage pos Thus W. cannot be zevo. @) (b) Solving Cr) for B= Re/W epee. Tan Te aw [FrE Je. + Meee aq, A arp pete e - Two |* snl atetes] e) From Yhe result of gart(¥), G ihcreases as Eyvo. Thus, whew Eq =0 = Te Pron? Fy Gs expected. 744PROBLEAA 7.44 Kaew : Various substances ave ak specitied steleset He iulet Yo a cont! vue, FIND: In each case, determine the specific exergy amd specific Flow exergy. Assumetions: (1) The velocity is relative to an exergy reference envinment for whic Ty*20% , Rebar. C2) The effects of qravily are negligible. ANAWSIS: Wits assumphim (2), the specific Exergy is @= CU-o) + pC Us) = Tets-S0) + rap) amd the specifec Plow exerpy is : = (h-he) ~ To( 5-50) +E « The relation between te two is 2 @4+ulp-m) @ Water ve foobar, 520% Doms, Wik h,= by (20%) = 6346 Ue hy sana $p% SCZ 5%) #0. 296 KTlhegi< From Table A-2, amd h=3425,) kTlkg, S$ =6.6622 kTIkaK ond v= 0.03394 Pkg trom Table 4-4, we get . eT : “yr > nt ur @2O4254 8380), 293 X6uv22 ovmnee e+ UP) i ial bined 214 81 kt /kes From ¢3) abwe iW T €= GM r= 1481 ST p.osste S00 br eh | = N45 ka lkg e (b) Avamonia at Soar, 0%, 5 mis. with data from Table A-15,h,= 1515.8 kT lis, 39% 6.2816 KIlkg Kh = (454.43 Wks $= 5.5407 KT ky: K, V=0,42382 M/les. Thus €g = (1454,43~ (S15.8)— (243)(S.5401 ~ 6.2816) +Eibs| 2158.67 kT lk __& cd me €= &-Vep-po)= 155.67- Coffe 382)(3-1) [185 | = 7041 ES lke (©) Mitcogen 4S om ideal gus af 527% (800 K), 50 baw, 200 mis. US ig ideal gas telatums, £§.(2) becomes = (h) [Ren ew) WL Sen-Tew) - RHE HE With dada from Table 4-23 G or {teste - 8521)-@43) {(20207- 190.005)-@.4)04( §7)}] 4 a) fal e = 567.8 ko (bs Now, from (3) clove = @-vip-p) = > RT [I~ #] =567.8 2 B2t 5 )ceootd [1 ~ 3] = 3551 uly — e %, 750PROBLEM as* kwown: Steam at a speefied state ic under consideration Eid! Determune tre speafic exergy and the Speafre flow exergy. ScHEMATIC BGLUtW DATA: ‘teann at 00 tof in’, 4009F + a To? S30R(10¥) Sos Pe late ae saaagtls Assomorions: The velocity and elevahion are each felokue te the exergy ce ference Envirmment for Whicn Gx S30%R ( TOP), pz late, os VZlTe), Vee Ue), hot hgCTo), S054 (6), ANALYSIS! The specie exergy ig Pound fran C9. 74! 2 (Had + FOCUS) ~HE-S)* Lia gz With dele fem Tebler A-264E 2) Bie es (Gd 32.00 Be + (ATH BEI aor-o.tben HE | BS wel = SypeR (Wl ~0.070) Bh (cei ona tue So #)} Ub 1B 32,2 Uo. coe | Frere = (290.31 + 3.50 -249.04 40.51 = 435,28 Bie /Ib —=—* oe ay speccte Flow evergyisfuund fron Eq. 720 and dain free Tables Am eee (hehe) - BOSS) + La gt @, = ((U2A-38.09) - 44.04 40.51 = S73 Bu / lb * 1 Alternahveh,Gq.7.88 can ba ated fe unite, Bh eg se + wl enee) = 485.28 Bi + (1302 HY 400 149) peiier| = (436.28 + IHL05) Bix wh Be 2 SIH ae 751PROBLEM 746 KNOWN! Am sdeel gas with constant speefe heat rahe & ED Sheu thet in the absence of Mohen and gravely effects eT ee Gh? #) and develop plots fer KE n%13,L4 ef Of lepTe PIR * 0.25, 0,5,1,2) 4 ASSUMOTIONS: G) The Spee fire heat vs T/Te fer Discuss the Siympeme of & Tes atoove plot (eect tui: , as the curves for various vatluar 4 P/M) fatr on top of, ome another, 7sPROBLEM 748 KOU Tre atate of a Flowing gat fe defined by bys, PZ E md 1 Determine the maximum thearehical Work, Per unit of matt flowing, that could be developed arthe shream is reduced te the dead state, ue § wen DATA: scue! Te, Po, VO, 2~ 0 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The Contvsl Voleme shoum in the accompanying figure fs at steody state. (2) Heat dvantler occurs only at temperature Ty =Te « (3) The velocity and elevation are relahve te the environment, wicks at Toy R, AUALYDIS: At Btendy state the — exeroy rate balance 64-731, reduces te del = [eB] du -Lin-megh] +0 (eri re = Ed Af = U3) eee oa eee So vine eted So one dead etate To >To Sette ere Te 7 Wee egi- Bt * oe The motimum theere Heal value it omtamed tution E4r0 1 when there are XO internal cerevertsbsl Hes «That Gels dag a eo Cet) 2 Prhed- Test 40% gz Comparing this expursion te 64-720, .t can Be concluded that tou Specific plow eveegy cam we Interpakd of thi movimumn Hheere hich vere per unit ware ftnwing thor couad bs developed as ths (treAnn dead state whuka allowing Heat trans He only at 7%. lements + tens See. AF2 given & Sec. PROBLEM 7 49 Steam cnt adurvne at a apeorfred etete and mars flow mete Determine re maximum dneoredeal power that Could be developed by redveing the exiting Stent to the dead efate while allowing huabtvaniftr only at temperature Tee DATA: sche nanie € 6! Turbine. Te anio™ sik Pe 0.008M x2 0.44 Fom/s Actual wereTn. ASSUMPTIONS: G1) The hy pothedienl Control velume ic at steadyctate ond heat transfer ocevrt only ad temperature Te 7, @) The veleuhy is relabve te the environment fir wheen Femperahire rs Te and prewure re fy. (3) THE affect of gravity can be hegleted ABALTEIS! The soluhlen te Problem 243 shows that the Meyinvun Preore neal power thet Goald be developed 64 ang oneralet, mereet control volume at steady state that Wonld relluce Utne shream do the dead state at the exit wile allourny Meat transfer only at To is rssPROBLEM 7.44 CGntd) (Wadjmax = eps ve [Ca ~he) - Bls-0) + Then, with ho~ helTo)= G2-47 FIRS ) Sow SECT]? O-WNTI/ES Ky and he hganheg = 178.994 o.av(edos.i)= 243294 ealeg So Spa we Seq + O.sHte 4 O¥(B2297 -0:592) = TFPOS HITEC (ied) mne = (4S aes ) [ern cen apok( n9ves-0.0801) E+ ee wl al = (Qe8)[2me-8~ aaiys2s + 245) 2 lege] se Mw ——— ‘PROBLEM 75D now Water deaun Foe pond Loated Eimoe Deternrine the Winimurn Mars flow rebe required to generale Cleemielty at a nate g IMU: A TAY ons a lake Flows through & hydraulic turbine generator Vem ater Hee lake. Senemand & crue Lace ase,tbar @ os esse ray Assumptions: 1. Volume slam in oe ache mea be PE at Molly Fate jana heat trantfer occurs only at Gao. 2. At the exit @, the stele Corvesqonds Hythe dead Stet: Te, p,Vg~o, 20, hex ho, Ser So. 3: At de inlet a, Einehe energy can bee ignored s 4 Fir the Ol (st. The control enviconuent, “Tor 26%, > 'b0ry ANALYSIS: Tha achat power devetoped must sahitty, Wey £Wevdaay, Using He tecuit q Prsblem F4B ) the menimum power thet could ede Veloped by any Contwl Valumne of the type DO —— Wevwan = vader counde vation BLOG hy) ~BLE 0) = is +9?4) The Undertined term venithes inlet tenehe eontegg va neglisrble by ateomphin 3. That oo eal Wings 10b4 ES) Weys wi Cg) me Wee egink™| BD Wz 1014 kale V. Avternahvelyy the anaiqsié could invoke EG. &S3a- TseProwiem 7.5 /* kwown: Dela are provided forthe throttling of stam across a valve. Eid: (a) Determune tee flour exergy rates atthe valve ilet and exit and ti Anke 4 exergy derhvetian: (oj tvalele Hee annuat cort acsocratd wate acergy dettveh ov. Revvew bar: Scnsmanic So bac 20 bar ASSumPTONS: 6 ThE @xpantion across the Valve is a throttling peocest Ww. 2. For the environment, % = 248K (25°C); Pot lata. 3. Exergy & Te ghee TSE sporting ew ARALTEINGDUITK atwmpHin | Me hy, Thue, tht 2 it fixed by Ashe. Fron Table AH, Wy EZAML SET eg , SpE GMMUURT/eg Ky Se abl oF KThg-k Table A-2 gies hom he (Te) = (04.84 KT eg , So~Se (Te) 0.3674 ET/E gk. Tren wits assumphm S, Eq. 7220 gives Annvallg. 5. Ignore to ees Who = ToCSi-S0) = (2AW13 104,84) -24R (GUO ~O.Be TH) = RUA kT H%e5 ae heehee TCS) = CBMLY ~(04.8%) ~ 242 (6.6169 “936TH = B74 ET /eg The attociated rates are Eg = weer = (207 keg /s)( (024.9 kT/uq) = ATTA KW . <= Ege = wiegas (27TH) S2GIO,| LW An every Kate balance Auduces to give oO: Ty) i yds (Bgi- Epa) Eg cas ) Ear Gg: - Efe > (27622-26301) =(32. | ew ae ) Evaiveting exergy ab 10.00/eurh, tee cost atsocie ed wate Hoe econ dette | fr 1500 haan q oparehns annvathy @ Be (vat ow) (AEE) @ = 99,200 /year << [THE ierevernnility Associated itn the expaninon across the valve Can ba reduced hg ceplacins the valve waite © Power recovery turbine. However, the costs of tha turbine and its operation would have to conwdared carefully \befure cuch a Aaplacement would be aperuved. 157PROBLEM 1.52 KNown: Steam at akuown state enters a valve operating at steady Stake and undergoes a Hwottling process to pressure p. END: (a) Fo p> 500 lbFlin?, determine the exit temperature amd phe exergy destruchon perunit of steam flowing . (b) Plot these quantities versus p rama ing from S00 fo 1060 (eF/in> SCHEMATIC $ GIVEN DATA? ue 7, 1000 WF lin OO “oR w T.sboore ae Pa Pe looolbtlin® S%' s00¢ P, < 1000 WFlin® T= G0O°F constant AS +) The coutvol volume Shown is at Steady tae 2) The steam undergoes 0 throttling proces ia passing through Hire valve .(3) For the reFevence environment, T,= 70°F, p,= 14-7 Ibfln.> AWALYSIS: State i is £ixedk by Tsee0rF, R= lo00 Ibtin.> To fix s State 2, we use assumption (2) fo get bythe 0 Thus, wit paudlr, state z is fixed os well and T cambe determined T Ea lv (uw ust fo get Bali, : begin ance exergy, peace ataeieces) Stote oO: 20- Byte va [ep - @ J - Gy >. O. a bate) _ @ © & From Table A-4&; W,+ 1248.8 Shas amd S,=1.9450 Bha/lb-eR. Tuterpolahig Iw Table h-42 af p> S00 Ibflin® ,,=h, 1248.8 Blu‘le we get Th 524.0% g@ TE 5, 71-3098 Blu/lb?R Now , from. Fy.) oboe, Edlta = - To C8,-S2> =~ (B30°R) (1.4450 - 1.5048) BES, = 34.34 Olle (ay alvin Oe oes comshuct the required plots are sbtacned using IT, as or 75PROBLEM 7.52 (Comtd.) ITCode 000 // \bffin.? 300 // °F 500 // Ibffin.? Tos §30 //°R ht = h_PT(WateriSteam’, pt, T1) IT Results for p, = 500 Ibffin? h2 = h_PT("Water/Steam", p2, T2) h h2 s’ s_PT("Water/Steam", p1, T1) ae 4.51 Btu/lb°R: si s_PT("Water/Steam”, p2, T2) Egith = 34.43 Btu/lb Ed =- To * (s1- s2) Ta = 523.8 °F Peo7s. 620 600 | = 580 DISCUSSION + As seen ou the accompan: 009 500 600 700 @00 900 1000 pe (ibtin2) Ts diagram, tre exit peg beg decrntes OB Ps eon Fixed h. thus, Ye plet f ext temperate exbibrts _ expected lelhavior. \ el Yale of exeny dechruchon my Te ante wags of Bene Casing 25 apereases wit decreas: Pee a ‘ © ex aso Z : greater ewbvogyy 0 reer £6 va uence increas See a he Ts dhagvam . ys wo 40 5 ° 600 600 700 «= 800» 900-1000 Pa (Inffin2) |. Tw early printing of the 4 Medion, ln, is Tneortectly given ee 4E as 1238.8 Blu/Ib. The value used here Cin te solution) is cf covteet value 159PROBLEM 7.53 Kisown: Air ak a given stude enters a valve operahing af steady cle wilh a known volumetric How vale The air undergoes os Hcetng process to exit pressure p.. IND: (@) Determine +he vate of exengy destuchim for p= 1S lbeliat Cb) Plot the exergy destructiow vate versus pz ramguag from 15 jo 200 lef lin * CE) GIVEN) DATA € pezoo BE gy Py D'S ERA 200 leis T+ B00°R Y) Pitts Ibthin? ANT] 100 $4 ming eae CV} = 100 #/1m pisos ASSUMPTIONS + (1) The control volume shown is at Steady state. @) The air undergoes a throttli Process in Passing through the valve. (3) The dw $s is modeled 28 an ideal gas. A) For the reference euvivonmeut, 7 > 530°, p25 (belie ANALY SIg 1 Stole 1 is fixed by T,= 600°R, p< 200 Ietlint To fix stak 2, we use Gssumphon (2) to get wh, = ha By assuuption (3) ReT To get 6, , begin with an exerqy balance at steady state. With ha, a : O= a[- E)4 SHE tl ep,- ep.) ~ Ba Lo . ° Eq > a (G,-@,) = te [Lyeby) ~To ¢5,-84)] @ To get rr, we use vin = AV) (wr, ame the ideal gas epuation for v;. @) Bvaluating m or RT, (42 # }(@00%e) 28.97 Usiig ideal gas velateus with Fy. (2) aud siserhig values By -oh Tollsten Achy — Pl P/e)] 2467.5 He, )ess0re)[- 1306 OM tu (229)] 26353 blulmin @eé, (&) The data to construct the required plot are obtocned Usteg IT, 2s follows. For the IT solubion Oar Ct, jp,) amet the entrony values SCT Ph) Aud SiCTz, Py are evaluated directly vstng tw yak TT, property functums.PROBLEM 7.53 (Covt'd.) ITCode 200 1 Ibffin T1= 800 /°R 15 1! Ibffin2 100 // ft/min 530 1/°R 1 . IT Results for p _TP(‘Air’,T1,p1) = ‘s STP tain” TH pt) vy = 1.481 fb rp ip" ve S-TPC*Air, T2, p2) Deed! BtulbeR 5 Ibflin? mdot = AV1/ v1 Edot = - mdot * To * (s1 - s2) Poor: 000 6000 5000 4000 (Btumin) 3000 ey 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 pe (bin) From the plot, we see that the vate of exergy dechructon increases with decreasing P,. This is expected based on greater entropy production amd levce indrensing #2-(See the Ts diagram.) TolProsiem 754° EM OWE: Steady-state operating data Ew © provided for a Steam turbine Peternune 1h power develuped. Fer each 4 tee clever for the Con brl Volume, evaluate the nals of exergy destruction, Discuss. Geese Ces een MPa H--- 4 Wer ! | a — ec 1 | I 1 L-> were Control Volume Co) Contvol volume Cb) ASEUMOTIONS: b -THE control Volumes Shown nthe schamah'e are ot steady Stele, 2. Fr each carey heat tantter cceers ar hy. 3. Effects of wetion and gravity can be fynered. 4. Fir thy envirunment p= 300K, p,= 00K &, Amacrnsitey Mass and energy tate balances reduce at Steady State to ave : os : O= Gey Wey +h (hirin) Weve Gey + (hy he) Themywith date fern Tables A-3,4 : nw _ 2G . ina}. 330.1 MW Were © Bmw) + (400 gs\f s4r2.2 among | S| 330.1 The rate a, anergy Ushrvchim Con ke votrined hy aadvciny oan every Tale elamer nc Wainy Eyt yO. Selecting Hee Seed, am entrepgaets balance Atade Oe Qywls-n) 4G > Fe -Vswin-sy bw Te Tren, ~( Beg) « Gooes) Leaner —o.sa0n] 5, } = 058102 *Y We Bye Good (Oss2MW)= (G1 MW ey er ee tered) contre roles tine eleva a ea a $2 -B 4 KH) fe 2 CBM), yoo VL BUT -0:8903) (75a) = O.5UU03 ue 300 ® > by = Gooey 250003 MY) = UAW The evergy destrvchon wm control volume Cb) 4 greater becauny the IS an ade heat source of icrevertibility — namely, Ih itteveribilty related to heat trast fran tne outer tur fal of the turkine tythe ambient For conbol vélurme (a), the heat trant far effect t an external irreversehih ty [Using vauer apimiped ci the analysis) the net mle exergy if toppled tone turbine bog tha steam En Esa), 448.4) MW? Since. ome (Ea /(En-E)) = Lue a0n.g ] = 0.34 (B47) there Is considerable Scope in this core improving thermodynanae Performance ToLPROBLEM 7.55~ BROWN: Steady sire operating data are provided for an air turbrne, Fluo: DETEEMIAIE , pertntt q mare f lowing, the werk Veveloped ont foreathd few charcer of contol Volume ste eversy deitructron, Discuss senrmane even DATA: ye ba ; “) ete Ow eg the i me? Tos 40°, Pye FUE /nt As 7546 78 that : 2 BoOeR, Te 600eR : il ys 400 Hie 4 ee ASSUMPTIONS: WD THE contra! volumes in tHE Accompanying Hgure are ae shealy Mates G) Heat transfer taker place at temperadure Tp. U8) Therese ne effect oF gravity. U4) Fir the environment, To 500% Pot latna. (8) Are ct moduled as an ideal gas AMALYGIE! AL Steady State an eargy rate Galante rpduces 40 give 0: Gey = Wey 4 [Omoma) a VEE) +5) ] Wer. Seve Cheeta) WEED io car = With data from Table A= 226 ; : [caood-vontsts) Bars -2 Sig Quer 43-47) Se + OS paar tee Te es 22 Be 4B Be + aaa Bek = 49.33 Be BY te we ° 4799 SS Central VeumeCa) The everay destvicho an beevalvated by reducing an exergy rate balance, Thus ey fH efe 3 )@e)- Be + [Orem eGo) «0 Tntrebveig E40) and var faing fe aL tns,)- Gone «) a inti Or) for an deal gar Cattump hon 5) & 2 ocr.) -K tn te) - Ole a) = = Te [ Grmy- seen) oo.) Sets ] With dada from Table A-22E Se, soore| (carmr-eatssr ~ Ee nh) gh — (apie) / Zevli = soore[oovota 40.0832 J By = zz.0/ shyly Contre Volume C6). Eqs 2)-(3) nanmn applicable. Thar E . sootelec-o4oa2 — (128) * seUeR Gerba) = 72.40 Btw _" oe Diswssront —- Tha ree vertibilihy if greater fox Control Volume (6) because the enlarsed i tility 5 the ireever nihil ty cantrol volume hat an addeHonat Source of irreversibility 3 Hs irreverrin Gisvecated with haat trantha from tee torbine's Ur face q ag rareundengs. For Contral Volume (a), Hus heat transfer tggect fe an exdernet vrrevers bidity, 1-63PROGLEM 7. SG KNown: An ivsuloked steam puvbine operas at steady state receives shenm ata known side aud exluuads af a gwen pressure. EINR: Plot the exergy destruchen vate pey unit of steam flours versus iseurtvogic furlane etticiony tamgivg from “10 to 100%, Scuemetic § Gives Dawa: T 1 R400 Tint Ae too Wee T,=G00°F 3 AssumpPTions :(1) The contvol volume shown is at ste stade (2) For the turbiie, Qy tO amd kivehe and potentialenergy effects can be neglected. @) For +he exergy refereme environment, T= 520°R, 7 slain. ANALYSIS: To determine the exergy destruchinn cate, we begin wit moss amd entropy cate volamces which reduce to give O= SLRS Wls52) bey > Pay 275) With Eas Te Gy SY, = Tol 2-5.) o Stixce p, = 400 thlin?, 1,2 600°F, stede | is in He suger heated Voper region and fhe sled’ is Pixel Te fix slate2 we use the ieedtvepic Hucbrae efficiency byt My iowa a> ha = hy My Chehas) (2) Where Was is determixed using Rel Votlin? and 52525). Then it ho euorm from £4.02) and pp) Sa Con he determined Sawple calculation : [¢45E : Ny = 0.7) From Table A-4€ ,h,> (300.6 BtA/Ib Oud $,=1.58%2 Sbu/lb. OR. Wik Sag 25, =15892 Sas7 Sse, 5892 - 0.1327 575. 16433 amd hay = hg + Has hgg = 64714 + (7893) (1036.0) = BETS Blu/lL From (2) haz he Wp Clay bas) = (306-6 = 6-7) (1306.6- 887-45) = 1013.2 Bha/lb Fikally, wile pret Weelint; X= “—e 20.8107 add 5,2 5.4%, Spo,s i.8io7 BES “thus Bal yy = Tol $2-81) = (520°R)(1.8132-1.seaz) BS Yes? = 0.7893 = 1lo-S Blu/lh 4 Balin cH) TobPROBLEM 1.56 (Contd. ) The data to womstruct the required plot are obtained using IT, as follows: IT.Code 1 = 400 //Ibffin.? 00 11 °F 4 I Ibtfin ht = h_PTCWater/Steam’, p1, T1) IT Results for n= 70% ‘$1 = s_PT("Water/Steam”, p1, T1) hy = 1306 Btu/lb he = 1013 Btuflb 1 h_Ps("Water/Steam”, p2, s2s) Pee 887.3 Btu/lb 589 Btu/lb*R h2 = ht - eff* (ht - h2s) 813 Btu/lb°R Ed =To* (s2- st) 589 Btu/lb°R h2 = h_Ps("Water/Steam", p2, s2) Ey/m = 116.5 Btullb See Poor: 120 100 Ie (Btulb) Ey 70 80 90 100 mh (%6) From the plot we see that lower values of iseutreprc turbine efficiency correspond to increased exergy deciructton , a8 expected. OSPROBLEM FSF wow’ Sleady-sinte operating date are provided for an air compressor. FWD: Detrnunt +h power required hy ths compusror and th rate a weeny destruction. Expuss the axergy derhuction ass percentage GELS power imped sent Mati Rowty DATA: Assumpzion Ss: 1 The Control volume shown in dhe tchewae at Glenly Matt, Gay 20. 2. Effech af moter and gravity con be ignored @a- Av & madeled 2 an ‘deat gas, 4 Tor 290K, yet bar ARALTSIS! Mast and ensrsy Ake loalances peduce to gine Lo OG Wey + KO hd + 9 Ae gen) J tech date fen Tothe he2t w Wey wi Chima) +342) [ 2400-42126] 8 | rel? 34.33 KW <= Wey The rete of ewerm dartuchim con be obtained by palucing an teary rate belande er Uerny Ege Tot) wurde Li fen, fate q entrap perduction Fron an entropy balance. Warns tre — nde antereg eptaniey Or EH eens U4 Gewese wl $%(T)= sq )- Rn Pe/A) lew! Bay yes | LK Ere BB Ln 1 | Bk ae = cored EW K Tay é Eg = Grae (0.01 SY 5.05 \ KW <— %& Ea \_ ses kW 2 028 (12.8%) the eregy destruction vole expressed as a perceuhage of the Power input. Scuemanc $ Give DATA: To= 20% = 293k Ret bar ASSUMPTIONS: <1) The Contvel volume shown is at st shee. C29 os the Entre Volume, Q.,20 amd kikekic and potential energy effect can be neglected. “ For We exergy refeveuce environment, To = 293K, po=t MYSIS: (A) To find the exit temperature, we begin wit the isewtropic oe ne oe > ha > Baschy © h =~ From Table A-I2, W.= 24340 ki/kg ,5,= 0.9006 kI/kg-K. Tater gchah ng iu Table A- 1% with Pe Qbar and s, ae Si TOMO] 5 hy 228GS kTlky. Thu ( 28305 — 243,40) ha= 243.404 nee = 292.49 kT /keg Tuberpolecting again in Table A-Wwibh p24 bar, hy 29244 kT /ky Ta. = 543 °C, Te S42 0.9975 Lolly. (b) Agplgidg energy amd mass rate balames with assunpHons(id amd (2) Ww, ame m © = BE bg ts (Cele) 4 QE , geg/205] Selving for the power input, © Wey), ame laserhing valves = (Wey) = Ywlha-b) {arol8)| a ty | (28 - -ausuo ) aI LW) 3.91@ Wg GWer) ks (e) the exergy destruchon vate is cowverieatly evaluated Using Ex = Toty, whore Gey is obtained trom aml euch o- 3a); aera oe ad, D Eye Tomls.-$,) ary cw yp lew &, = @43le (280 2 \ (0.9875 — 0.906) SS. liteo-s ate O6'3 LW Eihallg oh = (BEB \a00) = ll eg Yo B.S rerPROBLEM 7.59 Emown: Stemty state operating data are Provided for a Steam turbine ED (4) Dedernane tre work devewped and evergy destructor each fer vist mars of Steam flowing, Ce) Determine Hat Maxs mar thewehear Work +hat contd 6? developed by any ome-inlet, one ~evit contol Volume having Steam entving and evrhag at the Speen fied state, Whol attewing heat transtr mt ar %, Diswss SCHEMATIC REWEN DATA ACTUAL Hy Pe THITICAL ASSUMPTIONS! (THe contol Velumer Shoum in tre schsmabre are at steady Stat. 2. Tn the achat cate) BeytO. Tr tte hypythahicat Cast, heat transhy occurs mb, at The%. 3. The effects of Wehen and graihy cam ee Ce onion lianas Ararrsis:@) Reducing Ware and energy Ants balancer We get Were hy- hy = ue 267s) er _ Mees by hy = Gait a = SIL EP /1c9 << Redvciny MASS toot entry pats lon lances ; eo s oes ore) = 0.59049 Sa sys) Gare OTN 2, ae bs -n(e = Bove (S704) ED. FRR HD om Fa (eb) Mass and exergy pute balancer reduce fo the hypettah' col Coat + pe ; > fe Bldw Wey + & Ces-ege) — Ed ‘Tosh > = ri ef2) - ea = Cine = eer -e#2 That ape cmon priser —<_—— Then -h) = Gn G- 2e7E) Bee (C7690 ~ AIT) c = Gy-hi)- BUH = SBR + IIS WSR kI/ie5 aw Cae pernci par Arrwttt for 66), Cb) Misi) = (We) + +(&) a offer oe be hucen ths Hey work amounts is Hor On fo fee. ACM at turn, Repantion ear gy Lash ve 1-63PROBLEM 1.60 KNOWN: Operating data ave provided for am insulated Harbine at steady state EIND: Determine @) the worle developed and thu exergy destruchin each per Unit mass of air flowing, and Cb) He maximum worl. that could be developed by any one-iulet one-evit control volume at steady tale with air entering ame exiting at Hae epecitied stedes while allowing heat transfer only at temperakure To. yz tear 7, 320K Vos iSomis Ea to mis Ta? 300K » Py= lar AssuineTions : (1) The combvel volumes shown are at steady state. (2) Tn part) ,@,F0. Ta Ce), heat transter occurs only at Th=To. C2 Potoutial energy eftects car be neglected. @) the air is modelect as am ideal gas. (5) For Me environment, To= 300k, Toe lam ANALYSIS: The mass amd energy rate balances reduce with assumpons (1)~(3) 40 que 07g ROP Woy + 0 [Ohba ELE), gg] > Wer a habe SEBD og With data trom Table A-22 : Wey . ET [30% tom) kT). vet (Helin) “e¥ 2503.02 - 320.24) s+ = eee marlon 303 The exergy destruction rate is found usving Bas Te Sey aud om entropy bulance . arO ‘ : Os TCs Si) toy D> Edlyy = To (52-5) Q Wasa ideal qas velations and date from Table A-22 S4 Te [S°cte - s*ct,) - ROM Pe/p, | 6.314 kT ty). Ea hi = Book) [i-teer0 - 2.21452) -( i (g)) 49.25 ba Heg Fale Cb) Ta this case, the exeqy cate balance reduces at steady date to give o- LULL The work is maximum wher there ave No iuternal irreversibilitves: Ey=0. Thus (Wer) ee «v2 © Wer rae? &,- Spa = Gayla) ~ To (6i-S2) + Sy geez.) adh,-lc) -To (seared - seem ~2 Qa Pala, Wt + Gos.02-s10,19)-(200) [fa.arasa-ivestey - E24 en(B)] (PEI) | 2237.18 kA (ky ies may Gs) TAPROBLEM 7-6/ Know! Steady -sinte operating data are provided for an alr compressor, FIND: Velitmine tos Ate of exergy destrvetion and the rate of exeray Frant far accompangins heaty each per emt Muss of air flowing Exparss each ao oO percentage the compasttor work in put SCHrmatic &e1vEe "DATA: ing enerey aad entromy balancer, tha telubion © Using enepoy and entrry balancer, the telubion of PONE oer Grttor, Se = o.ccag ex } Lt Assume7romg: 1. The control Volume Shown in the tchematie of at Sfeady slate. 2 Reet transfer occurs only at Th, 3. Air G modeled a2 am Went pas 4 The effects of meohon and grainty Com bs ryhortd, S. TE 29TIC (20°C), (> late. AWALTSIS: The eyergy destvuchon Can be found by Vedueng an 2xarsy balance Albynabvela, o64FT ) = ge Te (Gy) 2 Base) (omen Se) wae 9 = We astemphm 2 exergy trenstin accompange rr tae Lomass frowing re ©) . 2431 (-1¢ 3210 Eg. 2S Expusied at percentages [tte Werk mi pak: exergy dostuetion, (Bs Yeo = 216% \- eversy transys — (281)(1e) = 0.9% 44.6 1-70PROBLEM %02* KNOWN: Steady-state operating data are provided for a water—jacketed Gir Compre cor, Fino: Pecfornn an energy accounting of the power input sentmanc S18 canting Assometions \ teeter, er a= NOky /y Tye 20% Tha Comtol volume sloun fa tea Schemehe operate: at Steady thate, ee ee ececeee eine ara Re Shar a eB =SVW IE 3. Weber ic medilad ao incompussr ble With C= 414K Dfeg.e CTableA 14) Tot 293K (20°C) » > late. Awaursis: The exergy entering tee combet volume with the power Maput has Fhe following dezporitionih}the exergy of Re arr Stream fs increased, Ua) te everty ef tne water stream u increared, anilii) Cxergy 3 derhoyed & weeyersibil Res written the con hol volume. These guanhhies are hour Smalvaied: AR Steady RA Mey ohg, gst TRA eneray rate balance naduces +e give Woy = Hay Cy tra) al ba hg) With tna (died gas medal aquahem of state . 6. a (45,000 %,+)(400 "% ) = 1003.9 4 Gate)” (Baza yoasey | “OM Then, with Wish fim Teds A-22 ond 69.3206 (Pywh) Weve ((00R.4 Hf [25.17 - Ste Sz] 3 + soo) (4.19 EL) Cok) = (-304,3334 (-5@,o00)] $F [Lent The cate of exergy rate balance or Eys Tor and an entropy cat lonlance. AY steady stede tes anbrapy nate balance meduces fo give on yh a Sa\(Si-Sa) + Wig (53-84) + Fev Or witn 6 clate fern Trble A-22 and Eq 6.24 Uerhwchnn can be dettrnuned Using an ekersy y= wry LSC) = 2G) RAPP) +3 Cn TH = (4008.9 £9) fa.saino ~ hug Svs ~ B28 IE] ER + (14oo) (4409) (323 «ST }_tkw kw [Nose + ae.ee] Selsdetsm| = O-08539 E gs Goey= Canam )( Oe MEW) = 25,02KW 7-1PROBLEM 762 ( Cont) For ths air, Hiincreare wi flow energy rate frou inlet te exit Bega -E ye wylepa-eg:) = wyLUa- hy) —To(sa-500] = (ia hy) - Te Se) = BA) eet Rosey] eM = 15,54 EW Fe tH Walter, fae increase wn flow exergy rate fron inte t te exit is Egy Egy = wg ( €fu Ga) = m3 LCH—hs) Te (84 -H)] = vag beets) - vee Stu) yy Gast) ~o Gan KW ee Exergy Accounting: + Exergy input: power in pat 160.8% LW + Disposi hom: = Tacrease si ecargy of tH qs.s4 kw (144 %) ane team = Tacreate in cxarty of He 037 segaceort oat ew (03 %) = Gxersy dechuchin 2s,0r kW (249%) 100,% kw 72PROBLEM 763 KNOWN: Steady state operating data are provided for a steam turbine. Eid: Plot versus the isentropic turbine effrevency rangin, © te 100% , tha tarine exit feuperaiare, * Eee eee power developed, and +e rade of exergy deckuchon Witiuin the a uieet ScHemanic ¢ SVEN DATA ANALYSIS: At Steady state, masc and give = Ch —ha). ASEUMPUOMS: |. The contol Volume shown in the schematic te at steady State, Z.Fer the combol Vélume, Qeyto and kinetic and potential enersy effects are neghis: ble. 3. T= 243K (20%) , Ae latm, enersy rate balancer asduce 410 Tatroducing the isenbopre turlame efhrueney Mes MERE Cy ey Wey se ME (hi hes) (2) faim as Rote that EGC) giver ha, whieh tygetr with A fwes Th. Mass and atopy rate balances Aeduce to give gy BG (sa-8) 8) Sample Colenlation: Nt= 80%. Glove inter polatron) Fen Table Ath ys BIOSED , 5,2 7/406 19/9 IC Then wile EG-61) and har de ternatnel wi Mh See 95) Yass Saso$6 , Zivebo Mole Due o.404 ) bass 417-46 2 . BSE ENOCH, 5 0.aed y bags 4174 Caed)(aere)= 2594.3 9 hae Wye Me Cie has) = BNE ee (BMA 2503) = 2705-3 3 By Tz = IF4%C, Sar 74373 Edes-K. Se, wits €4e(2),@) Wey = Courarigs)(0-€)( aidgs-291¥3) 5 IT.Code pi= 14 //bar 350 °C. p2=1 //bar To =293 /K mdot = 0.125 // ka/s eta=0.8 h1 =h_PT(Water/Steam", p1, T1) s1=s_PT(Water/Steam", p1, T1) has=h 1_Ps("Water/Steam", p2, $1) h2 = ht- eta * (ht - h2s) 82 = $_Ph("Water/Steam’, p2, h2) 3} Lal = sS.s2eW, f+ (0.:28) (292) (2.4593-7.1906) = 10-4 Ph(’Water/Steam", p2, h2) mdot * (ht - h2) Edotcv = mdot * To * (s2 - 1) IT Results for n, = 80% 3149 ki/kg 7.135 kuikgK 1592 kIIkg 703 kJikg 2 = 7.433 KikgK T= 113.6 °C W,, = 55.73 KW ‘ov E, = 10.9kW V3PROBLEM 7.63 (Cont'd.) Poors: 360 70 7 = | 250 j S20 S180 | Ow 50 ° : - 1 © 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 my 0) m4) 45 40 Discussion as | Lethe case of Nyst00% Covesponds to 0 waauclaun eeioom rie exergy 3% deckuction’ “The cane of Fuge =) corresponds to zevo Te wou ua corny da richion = 10 2. Du We cade of Wy=0, Hursis A wo eee and Ya Lule aks 4 Os a aretha Process, with bi,> 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 me (26) \ The flat portion of the plot correspos te x2 21.0. At there States the temperature cormesponds tote. saturahon Hmperstare at pz ol Mea. 7-74PROBLEM 7.64 Known: Steady-state operating Vata are Provided for a Steam turbine. usp; (a)(0) TE He iten opie + ffrevency 1s 82% and exergy G valued at Prents PEW'N , determine th Value of He power Qroduced and the cost ofthe exergy dettvayed . Ce) Plot ihe quanhihes of (4),(b) verrus icentropre effeimey rend") fron 80 te 100% ScHEmATIC 2 GIVErS DAT! 100 te fhen™ late vy Rewong, | tl Tis $00%F ud ASSUMPTIONS! (1) The Contre! Volume above is at Steady state, (2) Fer the Contre! volume Qeyz0 and Kkmehe/petenbad energy effects can be (gnered. Q) Fir the Cnvircament Ter S30°R, Py: late UW) Sxergy is valued at Beente perKWeK. ——C—C—=—CC of isentrepre terbine effruency (Eq 648) Wes Chimie ve wh (hind a) Using Ege Tey and Fey from the mass and entropy rate balances Ey = Gm b2-5,) @) @)_MHE80% From Tobie AE, byt 1279.1 Bylo, 5,2 1.7086 Bha/ le eg. She Bsa reed by Pt latm and Kagt Then base hye Kaul hg hg) = 1804 0.467(470.4)= BS BR Ie Soochhhng ents €q.0) . atu Che = 514 Yo Bh Wy = 8 GOR 2741 twe.s) Bhs = 385.4 KO Se Ths value 1s f= Gosenotae) siete | ts) 84 E (b) Conbinving the discutsion of the Cane Nes f0%0, te fii stote2 uerEp(l) fo haat hy Wt fc) = 12991 = (BBSALO/ay0F) = 11 Brel lee Then, write at Tyrlathe, state 2 6 ctotely a caharabed Vepumn frrwlicn sao FSG Be ER. Suestibhng inte Eo-(2) . Eg = (530°R) (3 %00" Bhs )( 19509 - ‘pess) Sts = HX” Bra * Tur cost rahe oy its of9\ 2 part F-Qeege)| PERI) ee tIPROBLEM 7.04 (Cond'd.) The data required for the plot are qousated uainp IT, as follows: IT.Code pt = 100 //Ibffin? T1 = 500 //°F p2 = 1* 14.696 / Ibflin? mdot = 300000 // Ib/h eta = 80 1/.% To=70+460 /°R h1 = h_PT("Water/Steam’, p1, s_PT("Water/Steam", p1, 1_Ps("Water/Steam’, p2, s2s) h2 = ht - (eta / 100) * (h’ Woot = mdot * (hi - h2) CostW = Wdot * (0.08 / 3413) Edot = mdot * To * (s2 - 1) Cost = Edot * (0.08 /3413) Poor: 4000 750 $ (sm) 500 250 at higher values ob Wy power output, os expetfed. h2s) 82 = s_Ph("Water/Steam", p2, IT Results for n= 80% 279 Btu/b am) .708 BtullbR 71) 1118 Btu/ib 150 Btu/lb S2 = 1.756 Btu/lb 2) Woy = 3.864 x 10” Btuh $ ower = 905.7 Sh Eg = 7.623 x 10° Btu $ = 178.7 Sin 20 7 0) 100 Pere is less exergy destruction aud qrerter 116* PROBLEM 1.65 KWown! Operahny data are promded for « Unter jacketed air Compressor at steady stale Y ema De tecmive rate of enerty deitwehiany ig kW, and expose iL a: a Percenige of the power input Scuemanic ¢ GIVEN DATA. Geeling water iny ea 2201 me / OE Fan sishon He pele 6elIB AIR, be Wev® ~28 lo xW P=RO0 bent Gey = BE XOmF Brahe Tw cocking water ety 80°F ASSUMPTIONS: LI) The Contre volume Sheu eperaks at Steady State, (2) Fir dhe and binche /potenhial envigy effete are negligible. 0) Awe an ident gas tncomprests ble wrth cons tut pressure. Os) Con trot volume Gey =O is medeled ac (aS Tre cooling water o4 medeted spec fre heat € and a negligible Chmge in Fir the environment, To? 10°F, B= (atm. ANALYSIS! The Ante of exergy dertruchion is convenentiy calculated ot Hoss aie as Ey: = (530A) (6.60073 og FEE [Steere] = O0BOL LW <— Wwnen expressed at m parcentags | 1s power input (3) (ap kw O:0ROL EW) 0.295 — cadak PROBLEM 766 Knowns: Steady-state operating data are provided for water-jactrted Comparstors — Problems %62,7-65. EUs” Deteraune for each Cale, fu hourly costs 4 the power input and thera of tx-argy desire chm: SCHEMATIOR CivEN DA TAY See solobimt to Problems 7:62, 7-65, ASSumPT/ONE: | Refer to assumptions lisied ws the Solu ont for Problems Re BES. 2- Exersy wo valued at Scenhiper kwh, Awaursis: (0) From tas tolutionte Problem 7-62 = Wey = (00,83 KW Eas 25.02 eW ay a Commu) (Oty )e #827/) me ‘ ee f= Casorel( 0-08 Be). 02” fh = BOF en Ww) Fron selutim to Pwblem Foo = We lle KW Eu = 0080 KW = s/h <— power > £-= (ew a. = ¥225/ ersy # = (0.0201 wo)(ooe# ). #201 Jh <= ery, ‘ihPROBLEM 7.6% Keown: Steady-state operating data are provided for a throttling valve Qnd turbine “us serves EIND: Plot the rates of exergy destuchion for the Valve and the turhine, each vertus the Gualite of the Steam at the triine exit. Fenemaric ¥ Gwen DATA! aegis 4 ysis HAR Tes Cork, Pye latin ASSUMPTIONS: (I) The frbine iz sngvladed and at Steady state. epaniion across the Valve fq throttling Process. (2) For the envi Tot 60°F, Pex late, AWALYSIS: For & [inlet , haxit contol volume at steady etate for wick there os he heat tramfer, am entropy ate Walante reduces ty give, 2The, rment, Sample calculation: Xg20-9F. From Table AME, hy = 1322.1 Bhy/b, $= CPF BI/ lb Gta ass uephin ty pwhy. Tabypelatng os ToL AE at ISDIbF Lig Waite hae (922-1 Bhylb, Sa= FOB BOYIG- OR. WIE date from Table A-IE, $3> S54 ¥2 Spy er Sqr 0.13374 0.98(- 845) = LAH BRIWO OR: Tarockns values mby 64s-C0), (2) << valve 150 1! Ibflin.? 1) Ibfin2 0 + 460 1/°R 98 - IT Results for xs = 0.98 _PT("Water/Steam”, p1, T1) hi 1322 Btullb s_PT("Water/Steam", p1, T1) 676 Btullb-°R h2 = h_Ps(Water/Steam", p2, 52) 707 Btul°R h2=ht 941 Btulb°R 83 = ssat_Px("Water/Steam", p3, x3) fe ira) 121.4 Btullb Edvalve= To * (s2 - 1) ante Edturb= To * (83 - s2) Egim),, = 18.04 Btu 7-19PROGEM 4.64 (Cont'd. ) PUT: 100 | (eturb) = turbine “valve Eom é + Note that the exergy destruction in the valve is independent of xs. + The exergy dectruction iu Hae furbine Iucreases a Xs (increases , coviespondtng fo a decrease in iseutropic furline efficiency, as expected. 7-60PROBLEM 768 Kmown: A device for developing power Using “Watte heat” dé desersbed in Problem @. 102 E04 TE tha device develops a net power output of GW, deternune Co) THe Ae ener. yy cokes Ac compancgng heat transty, (6) the nat rate ad exeeyy oo carried hs bY the steam Hee net | exergy dastehian an'ttin the device. Scusmance ¢ 6lven DATA ASSUMOTIONS: |. The control Voluun® Shawn in tes accompanying Fasure At Stendy SHAH. 2. Evmehe ond fotenhad tnersy € fects Can a ignored. 3. Neat vantty occurs only at Th. 4.752 293K, Be bar. vatiSB ma/min AWALTSIS: (0) Thamte exergy tnters accompancnns haat transfor is obtained wits 64. 733! ey: t- Bde: t- 383] C4212) = 2.07—eW <_< é g ra with amare and Ge) T find Egr-Ega) requires state % to bee fined. Basen entra rake enlaner obtain wit his 3486 ETIxg fen Toole A-Y ; Garb) le 0s Gey-WeyemUhi-ta] Sp hashy t+ ew -Wev = sete + SE 3418 = Cranreo als 2"? igs Then, from Table AY wlth pps tbar and Wn F9418 FD/iey, $47 BAIS Key K. Also, Teele AY given S)2 BRE) FP/ey-K. Wucth Ey. ARE (Eu Byrd = HL Gad “Te tgs] = SEB) [G496- 3418) -243(4.2251= 9-7399)] = 4.90 6W — DO Trraste of meersy Uertruction Com be obtrned from 69 F5Le o= & = Wey + CB p1- Gg.) Ea @ E y= bq-Wer + (Ee-&,) = @et - 6+ 44) RW = 1.06 el <— 1 Atuwantvely, Ege) where wv) gn (Sars) = — SEW 4 (est 9.3251) «I See) i (sae) ter + [-s® £2) (4-7398-83 1) > Ga consis 4 0-01 042 = 0.005% KML, D> Eye WE = GaeN(ocoste ww]k)= bebe w 2. Exergy accountng + Exersy supplied totes Leven aoe Wend trans ing ez RW “7 Ste Steam fiw ® pee ce wepecthon of exergy Supplied vee poet goon (183%) = eeemyy Lesbo aet Le@es (2%) HOT seme provides nearly 2/3 4 tee everag sepphied fetta device. relPROBLEM 7.69 K IN: Steady-State operating data are provided for a duct ty stim Peoblem 4.68 Eid: Deternane the rate of exersy deshvetion seHamatic &61VEN DATA = See Ayuce wn solution of Pavblen 6% — Fromsolubymm: hye 08 4 Be heen OR ASSUMPTIONS: | Aasemphons from Problems 4.68, 61% apply. 2-Let he SWE, Be Hoar. ALrsis: Using Ey= To Sev, we get Ey~so0rn (0-084 Bie). 42 Bie PROBLEM 7.70 Known: Steady-state operating data are provided for a verkx tube wD: Evaluake the tate of Snersy dertructon per unt mau of air entereng SKHemAtC LEWIN DATA: Sam Aguee EGF Assumes: | THe axcumphions +f Example 6. Fapply. t.G2s30°%, faz latm: AMALTSIS: Using Bae Te Fev and Gey/m) = 0.1086 Bio/lb-272 Fram He sotubm to EvamiG.F, we set é m 520 RY 6-108) Bh- fae ue . Goel hee a a ry The saventur claims dha device operates Uitheut werk or heat trans far However, the Anergy Uarhogid wittin ths vortex tulee can lat aced to a device, or dewires, Located upstrennn of th verkey tube thet woud require Gumi Combine par a works heat franthy, and fuss apt. EL* PROBLEM 4.41 ENOwN :famenia and air flow ow epposite sides of a couulertlow heat exchanger operating at steady stake. Operating dada are given. END: Determine (ay the change. iw Flow exergy vate of eack stream, and ¢b) he vake of exer y dectruckion. Give Dy a @) , soturahed liguid 1 Ns pee Saber O's \ . ast aur tH «Ale: 300k, lbar 395K, [ba == SS SS vag ASSUMPTIONS: (1) The control volume Shown is at steady Shade 2) Fo the. control Volume, Wey = Qu =O, ard kinetic aud poteutial effects are negligible.cs) the air is modeled as au ideal gus. (4) For the environment, 7,2 300K, p= ther. AMIANSIS: First, we use mass amd energy rate balamces to detevmuie wie. That is Wa, 20a E wr aad Maye Wg FE thg. Thus, With astumptings | ad 2 AP ro . 0 = ey hy + rally-be) + erglhg-he) a or, Solving for Ma amd mserhidg enMuloy deka from Tables A-W,A4Sa-dA-22 = ( Wa 22 \ eo (US42.84= 3 S291) KS Zig he nhs, 635,38- 300.4 )eTIhy Car The dramge iv Howerergy rate for Yrs Ammonia is Ey - By vaCe,-e,) = ve [hy ta) - To(S2-5 J kW. 2001548 ) [(ssam1-istr-et)'Z— Boo k)(L2W81-5.1560 we tres : 2-8. AEs) For Hoe aur stream, using date from Tuble 4-22 ° Ben Bee mg [ohge bs) TaC5q°5)0) = rig [ACR here) ~ Te (sem stg) -@ OMe, ] @ = (WAL )[ (255.38 -300.19) - (300)(1.8129 ~ [.10203)] = JAZ (b) At steady state, the exergy rate oalance reduces Jo 0 Elin Bla DiC BAT mice ey) +a egy ed Ee Eg2 ~ LE ,- &] - Len-c,) = - 98 J-[saezJe et kw, £4 lL. The decrease tn energy of He Aammronia exactly equals the increase iw energy of he air Stream, for energy is conserved see €q. (1). beause exergy is destroyed , the decrease ih exergy of the amrnenton differs sigwificamtly from the therease of exergy of Ye aur stream. (oSkeg[s) = (Al kg /s BY ee) air 7-83PROBLEM FAF2, KNOWN! Operating data are Provided for a condenser at Steady State ID! Por the cooling Water Stream determine be net rate jen MWY, thet Ga) energy exrks the plant) Cb) exergy exits the plant. Deeuss Scnematic £ CER DATA Setvented 2 Vigo at Saloraled Weler veper at 0.008MR, Cr r Ra 2G Ks" Kole Ceoting water” yp Ceoling wonton at 1S ae Ps ASSUMPTIONSIO) Tha Control volume Shown ss at steady shafe. (2) For the Control volume, Bey Wey 20 and kinehe/petenhal encegy frets are neglry/ ble. GQ). Br the Cooling Waterthere 15 a Hepligi ble Change im presiuce from mice & ext: (G) Fir the enniccament, TE2 20°C, py = 0.1 MA, ABALTSIS: The mass Flew sate of the ceoting weber 15 Meeded ao ~ Rreliwudiy Thar, Fedeciny wrnse and enigy fate loalancer with rndiceted assomephrons ~ val he - ha) eae he Using helgtty for te Ceolny Water and Steam table date Free Quo! ah MOs1* Fe) 2 74y x0 eg/h C40.7- 03) eG (69 Prenat rate eneyy os carried Grom the power plant by fhe eecting euler 1 gruen by : s Wow Che bs] = (rte wel C46. TGA) ET = 6241/0 KS =] “) bes) Lm amw 173.3 MW = wor ks so = 173, a nnen enn G ae 088? )( scat SES J : Us) The net cate exersy 1s carried from the power plant by the cocking water ie given by Ey-Epg = ee Dha-ty Besa ty) Je Grete {fosvzateg are) (05001-00049) 62 J] = (on coh et (EYEE) = a6Mw«—) where for Hee Cooling wafer SRS¢(T) On an energy basis the quanhty 1 eneryy exihns with the cools water 6S SigniP cant. Rut when viewed in terme of eversg the pelenhal for use of fhe efHuent i Seen t be lated: abet 3% of the pewer developed. Mary stedies hwe Shawn that there are feur prachet uses for ceplous aumerats of Such low tempratue Condente> cecling water, 1-84PROBLEM 7.43 HN0wN: Opevahig date are provider for 4 counterflow heat exchanger at steady State. One stream is R-134a and the other is atr, FIND: (a) For the R-134a, determire the rate of heat tramsfer, and Cb) For each, of Hhe two streams, evaluate the chamge in flow exeray vale and conepure, SCuSMATIC @ GIVEN) Dia aa | fo aR PsP | aaa a Tie 22%, F,20.1 MPa, wig E344. refrigerant ey eee Ty 20% 2%, 20.1MPa, fe Ps ASSUMPTIONS : (1) The conto! volume shown is at steady Shde, with Q./20 Ward, amd neglig le effects of motion and reales (2) Fora contre! volume ‘enclesing he YePrigeraut stream, the tore ge lies, except Gey #0.) For sireane, "pore dhage i negligible. the air ts modeled as a ideal gas. (5) For the environment, 7,2 22% = 295K, p= 01M, (ay For a Crvtret volume enclesi: only the Vebrigeraut stream, the mass aud energy cate Walances veduce 40 ae 2 . 0G WP rn Chehy) DB Qe mM (hg-hs) ow From Table A-tt of 2 bur, ny20°25 hye hese hy, = oa From Take A= 12 thy > 22500 KSlig” Tas Bat Wig t S844 (2) 204.4 277992 7S Q=G0 3 )(280.10 77.739} ky = 517) E/N a (be) ae change in Flow exergy tote for He refrigeraut stream is, with data (AE, )yeg 2 0 [hg hs) To (54-54)] 29) Lese.t ~77.7%2)~ (295)(9502 ~.30354)] 0} 2622.7 kITVW BEY To determine the shavgt in Hous exemgy ro for tue aly, we Cvs evalate tg Uning mass and energy wake boalamces for Hin overall control volume. Os Meher + (ly -ha dam [hy oka a = (30 ka) 2504-3213 E WwW? 248.09 - 280.1 where he speciic enthalpies tor av ave From Table 4-22, Now, the chamge in exevyy rate of He aur is Eg aie = Mal Sa- &) = vin [chal -Tols-s0) | = Wage. Te (sects stems -2 ep] Tas