THE USAGE OF THE ENGLISH TENSES

A. PRESENT SIMPLE (HIN TI N)

I. FORM :
- S + V-s/-es / V(-to)
- S + DO/ DOES + NOT + V(-to)
- DO/ DOES + S + V(-to) ?
II. USE :
1. Din t trng thi, tnh hung, hnh ng hay nng lc hin ti.
Ex : - This house is in good condition.
- Tom plays tennis very well.
2. Din t thi quen hin ti hay hot ng hng ngy.
Ex : - He always goes to bed late in the evening.
- We have a holiday in Spain every year.
3. Din t mt s tht hin nhin hay mt chn l.
Ex : - The leaves on the trees get yellow in autumn.
- Water freezes at zero degree Centigrade.
4. Nu ln quan im, cm gic hay s thch.
Ex : - I think that this is necessary for our plan.
- She likes living in the country.
5. Din t mt hnh ng c sp xp, c ln k hoch (theo thi kha biu hoc chng trnh
hot ng)
Ex : - We catch the 8.30 flight to New York tomorrow morning.
6. Dng trong cc mnh thi gian sau cc lin t : as soon as, after, when, before, until, by the
time, ... din t hnh ng trong tng lai; hoc trong mnh iu kin loi I.
Ex : - Lets wait until the rain stops.
- Ill ring you as soon as I arrive at the hotel.
* Cc trng t thng xut hin trong th hin ti n : always, all the time, usually, often,
sometimes, at times, once in a while, now and then, occasionally, seldom, rarely, ever, never,
every day/ week/ year/ ...

B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (HIN TI TIP DIN)

I. FORM :
- S + AM/ IS/ ARE + V-ing
- S + AM/ IS/ ARE + NOT + V-ing
- AM/ IS/ ARE + S + V-ing ?
II. USE :
1. Din t hnh ng hay s vic ang din ra thi im ang ni.
Ex : - Look at the little girl! She is holding your doll.
- Where is Andy? He is listening his favorite songs in his bedroom.
2. Din t hnh ng hay s vic ang din ra trong mt qung thi gian hin ti (khng nht thit
din ra ngay lc ni)
Ex : - This student is studying hard for the exams this week.
- The police are trying to find the lost boy.
3. Din t s chuyn i dn dn ca mt tnh hung hay s vic.
Ex : - Stop your reading, Tom. Its getting dark here.
- The price of petrol is rising rapidly.
4. Din t hnh ng tm thi hin ti.
Ex : - Mike is living with my family until he finds a flat.
- We are studying hard for the coming exams.
5. Din t mt d nh s thc hin tng lai gn.
Ex : - I am tidying the house this weekend.
- He is studying with his aunt for a week.

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 * Cc cm t thng xut hin trong th hin ti tip din : at the moment, at present, currently, now,
just now, right now, nowadays, today, this week/ month/ ..., these days, Look!, Be careful!,
Listen!, ...
* Cc nhm ng t sau y khng dng cho cc th tip din
- be v cc ng t lin kt : feel, seem, look, appear, sound, ......
- verbs of emotions : (ng t din t trng thi tnh cm) : like, dislike, hate, want, want, love,
prefer, admire, ...
- verbs of mental states (ng t din t trng thi tinh thn) : think, believe, understand,
remember, forget, know, need, imagine, suppose, recognize, ...
- verbs of sense (ng t ch gic quan) : look, seem, appear, taste, smell, ...
- verbs of possession (ng t ch s s hu) : have, own, possess, belong, ...

C. PAST SIMPLE (QU KH N)

I. FORM :
- S + V-ed/2
- S + DID + NOT + V(-to)
- DID + S + V(-to) ?
II. USE :
1. Din t hnh ng hay s vic xy ra v kt thc mt thi im hay mt khong thi gian xc
nh qu kh.
Ex : - I met my close friend in 1999.
- He worked there for three years then he got another job.
2. Din t mt thi quen trong qu kh.
Ex : - I often bought comic books when I was a boy.
- They often went to my flat for a meal after work at weekends.
3. K li mt cu chuyn hay mt chui hnh ng trong qu kh.
Ex : - He ran out of the hotel, waved a taxi, and got on it very quickly.
- After work, I turned off the computer, came out and locked the office carefully, and walked
to the parking lot.
* Cc trng t v cm t sau y thng xut hin trong th qu kh n : yesterday, last week/
month/ ..., two days ago, in 2000, when I was a boy, ...

D. PAST CONTINUOUS (QU KH TIP DIN)

I. FORM :
- S + WAS/ WERE + V-ing
- S + WAS/ WERE + NOT + V-ing
- WAS/ WERE + S + V-ing?
II. USE :
1. Din t hnh ng hay s vic ang din ra mt thi im xc nh trong qu kh.
Ex : - We were watching the football match at 9 p.m. last night.
- I was doing my final test this time yesterday morning.
2. Din t hai hay nhiu hnh ng cng din ra ng thi mt thi im trong qu kh.
Ex : - I was reading a newspaper while my sister was learning her lesson.
- While we were watching TV, the children were playing on the playground.
3. Nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca mt hnh ng din ra sut mt khong thi gian no trong qu
kh.
Ex : - They were playing golf all last summer.
- He was playing computer games all the evening last Friday.
4. Din t hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh b gin on bi mt hnh ng khc bt cht xy
ra.
Ex : - He came when they were having dinner.
- The doorbell rang while I was cleaning the house.
* Nhng cm t thi gian thng dng vi th qu kh tip din : all the time, at this time last
Monday/ week/ ..., during the summer, all week, ...
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E. SIMPLE FUTURE (TNG LAI N)
I. FORM :
- S + SHALL/ WILL + V(-to)
- S + SHALL/ WILL + NOT + V(-to)
- SHALL/ WILL + S + V(-to)?
II. USE :
1. Din t mt hnh ng c th s xy ra trong tng lai.
Ex : - There will be more people coming to the party.
- The book will published next week.
2. Din t mt hnh ng ko di mt qung thi gian trong tng lai.
Ex : - They will stay here for weeks.
- The football event will last for three months.

SO SNH CCH DNG WILL V BE GOING TO

1. WILL
a. Din t mt quyt nh a ra ngay lc ni.
Ex : - Its very windy outside. I will close the windows.
- The phone is ringing.
b. Din t mt d on cho tng lai.
Ex : - He will probably come back tomorrow.
- The price of electronic products will go down next month.
c. Din t mt li ha.
Ex : - I will go to the airport to pick you up.
- I promise. I wont tell anyone about your plan.
d. Din t mt li ngh (sn lng gip )
Ex : - I will get you something to eat.
- I will give you a drive home.
e. Din t mt li e da.
Ex : - I will tell your mother if you do that again.
- I will tell the police about your illegal action.
f. Dng trong mnh chnh ca cu iu kin loi I.
Ex : - If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
- If I know her address, I will send her an invitation.
2. BE GOING TO
a. Din t mt d nh c sp t trc.
Ex : - Im going to wear blue shirt to the reception
tonight.
- Im going to spend my holiday abroad this year.
b. Din t mt s vic sp xy ra.
Ex : - The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.
- The time for the meeting is over. People are going to leave.

F. PRESENT PERFECT (HIN TI HON THNH)

I. FORM :
- S + HAVE / HAS + V-ed/3
- S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V-ed/3
- HAVE / HAS + S + V-ed/3?
II. USE :
1. Din t hnh ng hay s vic xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh.
Ex : - My sister has visited Canada.
- They have sold their house.
2. Din t hnh ng c lp i lp li nhiu ln trong qu kh.
Ex : - I have gone there five times.
- They have seen that film several times.
3. Din t hnh ng hay s vic bt u trong qu kh, ko di lin tc n hin ti v cn c th
tip tc trong tng lai.
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 Ex : - He has lived here since 1999.
- I have known Jim for three months.
4. Din t hnh ng va mi xy ra, thng dng vi JUST.
Ex : - The manager has just gone out.
- We have just met him at the station.
5. Din t nhng s vic hay kinh nghim xy ra trong i.
Ex : - I have never seen a ghost.
- Have you ever met a celebrity ?
* Cc trng t sau y thng xut hin trong th hin ti hon thnh : already, ever, just, recently,
still, yet, so far, up to/ until now, up to/ until the present, once, twice, three times, lately, for +
khong thi gian, since + mc thi gian, ...

G. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN)

I. FORM :
- S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing
- S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + BEEN +V-ing
- HAVE / HAS + S + BEEN +V-ing ?
II. USE :
1. Din t hnh ng xy ra qu kh cn ko di n hin ti, c bit vi nhn mnh vo tnh
lin tc ca hnh ng.
Ex : - He has been living here for six months.
- I have been working hard this week.
2. Din t hnh ng ko di trong qu kh va mi chm dt.
Ex : - Im very tired. I have been working too hard.
- Her eyes hurt. Shes been reading for hours.
* S khc nhau gia th Hin ti hon thnh n v Hin ti hon thnh tip din.
a. Khi cn nhn mnh tnh hon tt ca hnh ng, ta dng th Hin ti hon thnh n; khi mun
nhn mnh vo tnh lin tc ca hnh ng, ta dng th Hin ti hon thnh tip din.
Ex : - I have read the book. (=I have finished it.)
- I have been reading the book. (= I havent finished it.)
b. Khi mun lp i lp li mt hnh ng trong qu kh, ta nn dng th Hin ti hon thnh n.
Ex : - I have read the book five times. (not have been reading)
c. Khi ng t trong cu ch trng thi, cm gic, s hu, quan im, ta ch dng th Hin ti hon
thnh n.
Ex : - I have known her for many years. (not have been knowing)

H. PAST PERFECT (QU KH HON THNH)

I. FORM :
- S + HAD + V-ed/3
- S + HAD + NOT + V-ed/3
- HAD + S + V-ed/3 ?
II. USE :
1. Din t s vic xy ra v hon tt trc mt thi im qu kh hoc trc mt hnh ng qu
kh khc.
Ex : - She had typed ten reports before the lunchtime yesterday.
- When we arrived at the station, the train had already left.
2. Din t s vic bt u t trc v ko di n mt thi im trong qu kh.
Ex : By the end of last year, I had taught in this school for 17 years.

I. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN)

I. FORM :
- S + HAD + BEEN + V-ing
- S + HAD + NOT + BEEN + V-ing
- HAD + S + BEEN + V-ing ?

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 II. USE :
1. Nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca mt hnh ng v ang din ra v c th hon tt trc mt hnh
ng hay mt thi im c th trong qu kh.
Ex : - I had been studying for an hour when you came.
- They had been living there for 15 years by 1992.
2. Din t mt hnh ng hay mt s kin din tin sut mt khong thi gian di v chm dt trc
mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh.
Ex : - When Kenji left India, she had been studying English for
three years.
- George was tired. He had been working hard in the garden.
* S khc nhau gia th Qu kh hon thnh n v Qu kh hon thnh tip din.
a. Khi mun nhn mnh vo tnh lin tc ca hnh ng, ta dng th Qu kh hon thnh tip din.
b. Khi din t s kt thc hay hon tt ca hnh ng, ta dng th Qu kh hon thnh n.
Ex : - They had already left the party when I came.
- They had been leaving the party when I came.

J. FUTURE CONTINUOUS (TNG LAI TIP DIN)

I. FORM :
- S + WILL BE + V-ing
- S + WILL NOT BE + V-ing
- WILL + S + BE + V-ing ?
II. USE :
1. Din t s vic s ang din ra ti mt thi im trong tng lai.
Ex : Dont call me at 8.00 tomorrow. I will be eating out with my boss.
2. Din t s vic ang din ra tng lai th c mt s vic tng lai khc xen vo.
Ex : Can you guess what the children will be doing when we come back to our house tomorrow.

K. FUTURE PERFECT (TNG LAI HON THNH)

I. FORM :
- S + WILL HAVE + V-ed/3
- S + WILL NOT HAVE + V-ed/3
- WILL + S + HAVE + V-ed/3 ?
II. USE :
1. Din t s vic s hon tt trc mt thi im trong tng lai hoc trc mt hnh ng tng
lai khc.
Ex : We will have finished the work by lunchtime/ before you get back tomorrow.
2. Din t s vic bt u t trc v ko di n mt thi im trong tng lai.
Ex : By the end of this year I will have taught in this school for twenty years.
* Khng dng cc th tng lai trong cc mnh trng ng ch thi gian (thay th bng cc th
hin ti tng ng)
SEQUENCE OF TENSES (HA HP TH)
1. Present Tenses in Sequence
Nhn chung, nu ng t trong mnh chnh dng Present Tenses th ng t trong mnh ph c
th l Present Tense, Past Tense, Future Tense. C 4 dng Present Tenses thng c s dng trong
mnh chnh l : Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect v Present Perfect
Continuous.
Ex : - People say that he is a detective.
- They predict that the price of gasoline will go down.
- I think Laura arrived in Paris safely.
- He says his sister has made better progress.
2. Past Tenses in Sequence
Khi ng t trong mnh chnh dng Past Tenses th ng t trong mnh ph phi dng Past
Tense. C 4 dng Past Tenses hay s dng trong mnh chnh l Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past
Perfect v Past Perfect Continuous.
Ex : - I thought he had a happy life in London.
- I was watching the video when she came.
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 - They had already prepared dinner before we arrived.
- They had been playing tennis for two hours when the rain started.
* Cc lin t ch thi gian thng hay xut hin trong vic ha hp cc th sau :
1. Simple Present Simple Future
1. After After she graduates, she will get a job.
2. Before I will leave before he comes.
3. Until We will wait here until he returns.
4. As soon as Ill call you as soon as she arrives.
5. When When I finish this project, Ill take some days off.
2. Simple Perfect Simple Past / Present Perfect
I havent seen him since he left this morning.
Since
I have felt better since I have lived here.
3. Simple Past Past Perfect
1. After After she graduated, she got a job.
2. Before She had sent him two letters before she came.
3. Until The party had not ended until she came.
4. By By the time he arrived, the plane had taken off.
5. When When they arrived, he had finished his work.

SUBJECT VERB CONCORD

(HA HP GIA CH NG V NG T)
* QUY TC CHUNG :
S (plu) + V (plu)
S (sing) + V (sing)
* CC TRNG HP C BIT :
1. S1 + AND + S2 V (sing)
(hai ch ng cng ch mt ngi hoc mt vt)
2. S1 + AND + S2 V (plu)
(hai ch ng ch hai ngi hoc hai vt khc nhau)
ACCOMPANIED BY
3. S1 + (TOGETHER) WITH + S2 V
AS WELL AS

N (sing) V (sing)
4. NONE +
N (plu) V (plu)
EVERY
EACH
5. EITHER V (sing)
NEITHER
SOME OF
MANY OF
MUCH OF
6. ALL OF + N (sing) V (sing)
A LOT OF + N (plu) V (plu)
PLENTY OF
FRACTIONS OF
PERCENTAGES OF
7. A NUMBER OF V (plu)
THE NUMBER OF V (sing)
EITHER OR
8. NEITHER + S1 + NOR + S2 +V
NOT ONLY BUT (ALSO)
9. Khi ch ng l tiu (sch, phim, kch, ...) th ng t s t.

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 10. Ch ng l nhng t nh News, cc t ch cc loi bnh, mn hc, tn l qun o hoc lin
bang, ... s ha hp vi ng t s t.
11. Ch ng l nhng t nh : People, Police, Cattle, Public s ha hp vi ng t s nhiu
tnh nh 1 n v V (sing)
12. N (tap hp)
c xem nh co nhieu ca the trong tap hp V (plu)
GERUND
13. TO INFI V (sing)
A PHRASE
A CLAUSE
14. N + WHO / WHICH / THAT (S ) V

15. THERE + BE + N

16. THE + ADJECTIVE = ADJECTIVE + NOUN (plu.) V(plu)

17. Ch ng l nhng danh t khng m c s ha hp vi ng t s t.
18. Ch ng l nhng i t bt nh (someone, everything, ...) s ha hp vi ng t s t.
19. Ch ng l nhng cm t s nhiu nhng ch v khong thi gian, khong cch, o lng, gi
c, ... s ha hp vi ng t s t.

REPORTED SPEECH
A. KHI NIM
Cu gin tip (Reported Speech) l cu tng thut li ni dung li ni ca ngi khc vi mt s
chi tit thay i trong cu sao cho ph hp vi ng cnh trong khi tng thut.
Ex : - He said, I like your bag.
He told me that he liked my bag.
B. CC NGUYN TC CHUNG
1. Thay i ng t trong Cu tng thut.
ng t tng thut l ng t gii thiu cu ni trc tip hay gin tip. Khi i t cu ni
trc tip sang cu gin tip, ng t tng thut c thay i ty theo tng trng hp c th. Cc
ng t tng thut thng c s dng : said, told, asked, ...
2. Thay i th (Verb Tenses) trong cu tng thut.
Cu trc tip Cu tng thut
Present Simple Past Simple
Past Simple Past Perfect
Future Simple Future in the Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Ex : - He said, I am a taxi driver.
He said that he was a taxi driver.
- He said, I am living in London.
He said that he was living in London.
- He said, I have visited many famus places.
He said that he had visited many famous places.
- He said, I visited The Great Wall in China.
He said that he had visited The Great Wall in China.
- He said, I will look for a better job.
He said that he would look for a better job.
3. Thay i v ng t hnh thi (Modal Verbs) trong cu tng thut.
Cu trc Cu gin tip ngha
tip
can could - kh nng
will would - s vic s xy ra
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 must must - ngha v, li khuyn
had to - bn phn phi thc hin ngay
would have to - nhim v phi thc hin trong thi gian xa
may might - kh nng
should should
ought to ought to - li khuyn
had better had better
Ex : - She said, I can swim.
She said that she could swim.
- He said, I must wear a uniform at work.
He said that he must wear a uniform at work.
- He said, I must go home now.
He said that he had to go home then.
- He said, I must finish it next week.
He said that he would have to finish it the week after.
4. Thay i v i t nhn xng, i t s hu, Tnh t s hu.
Cu trc tip Cu gin tip
Ngi th nht i cng ngi vi ch t trong mnh gii thiu.
Ngi th hai i cng ngi vi tn ng trong mnh gii thiu.
Ngi th ba Khng thay i

Ex : - He said, I like my job.

He said that he liked his job.
- He said, You look like my sister.
He told me that I looked like his sister.
- She said, This isnt my bag, it is his.
She told me that that was not her bag, it was his.
- Maria said, Your house is bigger than theirs, John.
Maria told John that his house was bigger than theirs.
- She said, I often make my clothes by myself.
She said that she often made her clothes by herself.
5. Thay i v cc trng t v cm t ch thi gian v ni chn.
Cu trc tip Cu gin tip
this that
these those
here there
now then
ago before
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the following day/ the next day/ the day after
yesterday the previous day/ the day before
last night the previous night
this week the night before
next week the following week/ the next week/ the week after
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow two days after
Ex : - He said, I am working hard today.
He said that he was working hard that day.
- He said, They went to work late yesterday.
He said that they had gone to work late the day before.
- She said, I had lunch with my sister two days ago.
She said she had had lunch with her sister 2 days before.
- Lisa said, I will visit the Cap Town next week.
Lisa said she would visit the Cap Town the week after.

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 6. Trng hp khng thay i th.
a. Cu iu kin loi 2 v loi 3.
Nu cu ni trc tip l cu iu kin loi 2 (iu kin khng th thc hin c hin
ti) v cu iu kin loi 3 (iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh), ta ch thay i
cc i t, tnh t, ... m khng thay i th trong cu.
Ex : - If my children were older, I would retire.
He said that if his children were older, he would retire.
- If I had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently.
He said that if he had heard the whole story, I would have acted differently.
b. Cu trc tip din t mt chn l, hay mt thi quen hin ti.
Nu cu trc tip ni v mt s tht, mt chn l hay mt thi quen thng xuyn lp i
lp li hin ti, khi i sang cu gin tip ta phi gi nguyn th ca cu trc tip.
Ex : - He said, The earth revolves around the sun.
He said that the earth revolves around the sun.
- She said, I get up at seven oclock every morning.
She said that she gets up at seven oclock every morning.
c. ng t tng thut
Trng hp ng t thng thut th Hin ti n, Hin ti tip din, Hin ti hon
thnh hay Tng lai, khi i sang cu gin tip, ta khng i th v cc trng t v cm t ch
thi gian v ni chn, m ch thay i cc i t, tnh t
Ex : - He says, I am feeling ill.
He says that he is feeling ill.
- We will see you next week, they say to us.
They tell us they will see us next week.
- I was in London yesterday, he has said.
He has said that he was in London yesterday.
C. CC KIU CU GIN TIP
1. Cu trn thut (Statements)
SAID
S + + (THAT) S + V + ...
TOLD + O
Ex : - He said, I have just bought a computer today.
He said that he had just bought a computer that day.
- Linda said, There is someone at the door, Bill.
Linda told Bill there was someone at the door.
2. Cu mnh lnh/ Cu ngh (Commands/ Requests)
S + ASKED/ TOLD/ ORDERED + O + (NOT) TO-INFI
Mt s ng t tng thut khc : ADVISED, WARNED, REMINDED, INVITED, BEGGED, ...
Ex : - He said to Bill, Turn down the radio, please.
He told Bill to turn down the radio.
- The landlord said to her, Dont cook in the room.
The landlord asked her not to cook in the room.
- Run away. Its going to burn, she said.
She warned him to run away as it was going to burn.
- Dont drive so fast, she begged him.
She begged him not to drive so fast.
3. Cu hi (Questions)
a. Cu hi YES NO
ASKED/ TOLD + O
S + WANTED TO + IF (WHETHER) + S + V (OR
KNOW NOT)
WONDERED
Ex : - He said to me, Are you from Canada ?
He asked me if (whether) I was from Canada (or not)
- The man said to her, Did Bill tell you my address ?
The man asked her if Bill had told her his address.
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 - The girl said, Do you live near here, David ?
The girl asked David if he lived near there.
b. Cu hi Nghi vn t (Wh- Questions)
ASKED/ TOLD + O
S + WANTED TO KNOW + WH-WORD + S + V
WONDERED
Ex : - He said to them, Where are you going ?
He asked them where they were going.
- The teacher said, When do you do your homework, Tom?
The teacher asked Tom when he did his homework.
- The tourist said to me, How often does the train get in ?
The tourist asked me how often the train got in.
D. MT S CU TRC KHC TRONG CU GIN TIP
1. LETS SUGGESTED + V-ing
LETS NOT SUGGESTED NOT/ OBJECTED TO + V-ing
Ex : - Lets go to a movie, said Jim.
Jim suggested going to a movie.

- Lets not come there by bus, said Susan.

Susan suggested not/ objected to coming there by bus.
2. WHY DONT YOU
WHY NOT SUGGESTED (+ O) + V-ing
HOW ABOUT
Ex : - Why dont you give her a CD ? Tom said.
Tom suggested me giving her a CD.
- Why not leave them a message ? the student said.
The student suggested leaving them a message.
- How about having a picnic ? I said to him.
I suggested having a picnic.
3. SHALL WE SUGGESTED + V-ing
Ex : - Shall we go swimming this weekend ? said Ann.
- Its a good idea to go swimming this weekend ?
Ann suggested going swimming that weekend.
4. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO/ IF I WERE YOU
ADVISED + O + TO-INFI.
Ex : - You should see a doctor, the teacher said.
The teacher advised me to see a doctor.
- If I were you, I would take her advice, Josh said.
Josh advised me to take her advice.
5. COULD YOU PLEASE/ WOULD YOU LIKE
ADVISED/ INVITED/ OFFERED/ ASKED
Ex : - Could you please show me the way to the airport ? he said.
He asked me to show him the way to the airport.
- Would you like to have a drink with me ? Mary said.
Mary invited me to have a drink with her.
6. REPORTING VERB (+ O) + PREPOSITION + V-ing
thank sb for : cm n ai v ...
warn sb against : cnh bo ai v ...
apologize sb for : xin li ai v ... accuse sb of : buc ti ai v ...
dream of : m c v ... insist on : khng khng i ...
congratulate sb on : chc mng ai v ...
complain about : phn nn v ...
Ex : - Youve broken my window, the woman said to the boy.
The woman accused the boy of breaking her window.

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 THE PASSIVE VOICE
Cu ch ng (Active) l cu m ch ng trc tip gy ra hnh ng do ng t din t.
Cu b ng (Passive) l cu m ch ng khng trc tip gy ra hnh ng do ng t din t m l do mt
tc nhn khc (agent)
Ex : - Mary wrote the report in the library yesterday. (Active)
S V O Place Time

S BE V-ed/3 Place BY O Time

- The report was written in the library by Mary yesterday. (Passive)
(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (5)
Nguyn tc i cu ch ng sang cu b ng
(1) i tc t trong cu ch ng thnh ch t trong cu b ng.
(2) Thm vo ng t BE theo ng th hoc ng dng vi ng t chnh ca cu ch ng.
(3) a ng t chnh ca cu ch ng thnh qu kh phn t (V-ed/3) trong cu b ng.
(4) Chuyn ch t ca cu ch ng thnh tc nhn gy ra hnh ng c vit sau BY.
(5) Cm t ch tc nhn BY + O c t gia Trng t ch ni chn v Trng t ch thi gian.
Ghi ch :
1. Nu ch ng ca cu ch ng l cc i t nhn xng, cc i t bt nh th trong cu b ng khng
cn cm t BY + O.
Ex : - Somebody cleans the floor every morning.
The floor is cleaned every morning.
2. Cu ch ng c hai tc t th c th c chuyn thnh hai cu b ng. Khi ly tc t trc tip (thng
l t ch vt) lm ch ng ca cu b ng th trc tc t cn li phi thm gii t TO hoc FOR.
Ex : - Jack gave Helen a rose on her birthday.
Helen was given a rose by Jack on her birthday.
A rose was given to Helen by Jack on her birthday.
3. Trng t ch th cch thng ng gia BE v V-ed/3.
Ex :
- Mr. and Mrs. Smith treat us well.
We are well treated by Mr. and Mrs. Smith.
4. Chng ta dng ng t nguyn mu khng TO sau tn ng ca cc ng t : see, hear, watch, make, ...,
nhng khi nhng ng t ny c chuyn sang dng b ng th sau chng phi s dng ng t
nguyn mu c TO.
Ex : - People saw him fall our of the window.
He was seen to fall out of the window.
5. Nu ch ng ca cu ch ng l NO ONE, NOBODY, NOTHING, NO + NOUN th cu b ng s
dng ph nh.
Ex : - Nobody told me about her sich mother.
I was not told about her sick mother.
Mt s dng b ng c bit.
1. Cu b ng vi cc ng t c ngha tng thut.
Active : S1 + reporting V + (THAT) S2 + V
Passive : (1) S2 + BE + reporting V-ed/3 + TO INFINITIVE
(2) IT + BE + reporting V-ed/3 (THAT) S2 + V
Cc ng t tng thut thng c dng trong cu trc ny l : say, report, believe, think, understand,
suppose, rumour, hope, expect, acknowledge, assume, predict, ... Mnh i sau cc ng t ny c
gi l mnh danh t.
Ex : - People say that he has a priceless collection of paintings.
(1) He is said to have a priceless collection of paintings.
(2) It is said that he has a priceless collection of paintings.

11
 Ch :
a. Nu hnh ng trong mnh danh t xy ra trc hnh ng trong mnh chnh (mnh c
cha cc ng t tng thut) th trong cu trc (1) ta phi dng nguyn mu hon thnh TO HAVE
+ V-ed/3.
Ex : - They said that the 775 flight had landed safely.
The 775 flight was said to have landed safely.
- People say that the flood destroyed the village.
The flood is said to have destroyed the village.
b. Nu hnh ng trong mnh danh t xy ra ng thi vi hnh ng trong mnh chnh, chng
ta dng dng nguyn mu tip din TO BE + V-ing.
Ex : - They said that Alex was working in London.
Alex was said to be working in London.
c. Nu hnh ng trong mnh danh t xy ra sau hnh ng trong mnh chnh, chng ta dng
dng nguyn mu n TO INFINITIVE.
Ex : - They expect that the price of steel will go down next month.
The price of steel is expected to go down next month.
2. Cu truyn khin (Causative Form)
din t mt hnh ng m chng ta khng t lm ly, nhng thu xp ngi khc lm, chng ta c
dng cu trc HAVE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING hoc GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING
( hnh thc ch ng) v HAVE/ GET SOMETHING DONE ( hnh thc b ng). Dng b ng c
dng ph bin hn. Cc cu trc ny c th c dng vi tt c cc th khc nhau, ch cn thay i hnh
thc ca ng t HAVE v GET cho thch hp.
Ex : - I have my hair cut once a month.
- Im having my house painted at the moment.
- Sue had her car serviced last week.
- They were having their roof repaired then.
- We have had the central heating installed.
- I will have my suit dry-cleaned soon.
- Were going to have the carpet cleaned this week.
- Jill got her new dress made two weeks ago.
Cu trc ny cng c dng ni ai b hoc gp iu g khng may
Ex : - I had my wallet stolen last week.
- Joe had his leg broken playing football.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Cu iu kin l loi cu c kt hp bi mt mnh iu kin (Conditional Clause) v mnh

chnh ch kt qu (Main Clause/ Clause of Result). C ba loi cu iu kin c bn :
Conditions Conditional Clause Main Clause Examples
- If she invites me, Ill
Type 1 IF + S + V(present - S + WILL/ CAN/ MAY
come to the party.
Probable simple) + V(-to)
(= Perhaps she will invite
Condition - (PLEASE) V(-to) (Imperative)
me, and then Ill come)
- If she invited me, I
Type 2
would/ could come to the
Unreal IF + S + V-ed/2 S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT
party.
Condition (BE WERE) + V(-to)
(= Im sure she wont
at Present
invite me)
- If she had invited me, I
Type 3
would/ could have come
Unreal S + WOULD/ COULD/ MIGHT
IF + S + HAD + V-ed/3 to the party.
Condition + HAVE + V-ed/3
(= She didnt invite me, so
in the Past
I didnt come)

12
GHI CH :
1. C th t mnh chnh trc mnh iu kin trong tt c cc cu iu kin.
Ex : If I stay out late, I will get a taxi home = I will get a taxi home if I stay out late.
2. C th dng th Hin ti n trong mnh chnh ca cu iu kin loi 1 din t tnh hung hoc
hnh ng gn nh lun lun ng.
Ex : If you pour oil on water, it floats.
3. C th dng mnh lnh cch trong mnh chnh ca cu iu kin loi 1.
Ex : If you see John, please tell him to phone me.
Dont go to work if you still feel sick.
4. Mixed Condition (iu kin hn hp) : Khi iu kin l mt tnh hung trong qu kh nhng gy ra kt
qu hin ti, chng ta dng dng iu kin hn hp (Mnh iu kin c chia loi 3, mnh
chnh c chia theo loi 2)
Ex : If you hadnt stayed up too late last night, you wouldnt feel tired now
(You stayed up too late last night, so you feel tired now)
5. Inversion (Hnh thc o ng) : C th dng dng o ng gia ch ng v ng t trong mnh
iu kin thay cho lin t IF.
a. Type 1 : IF + S + V(present simple) = SHOULD + S + V(-to)
Ex : If I stay out late, I will get a taxi home = Should I stay out late, I will get a taxi home.
b. Type 2 : IF + S + V-ed/2 = WERE + S + TO INFINITIVE
Ex : If the boss knew about it, we would be in real trouble.
= Were the boss to know about it, we would be in real trouble.
c. Type 3 : IF + S + HAD + V-ed/3 = HAD + S + V-ed/3
Ex : If she had invited me, I would have come to the party.
= Had she invited me, I would have come to the party.
6. Words other than IF (Cc t khc c th thay th cho IF)
a. UNLESS = IF ...... NOT
Ex : If you dont water these plants regularly, they will die.
= Unless you water these plants regularly, they will die.
b. IF c th c thay bng cc cm t c ngha tng ng : PROVIDED, PROVIDING,
SUPPOSING/ SUPPOSE THAT, AS LONG AS, ON CONDITION THAT, ...
Ex : You can borrow my bike provided/ providing (that) you bring it back by 7.00 p.m.
You can use my phone as/ so long as you pay for your calls.
Supposing/ Suppose you found a hidden treasure, what would you do with it ?
7. Mt s dng cu iu kin khc :
a. BUT FOR/ WITHOUT + NOUN (PHRASE) : Nu khng c/ v ...)
= IF IT WERENT FOR + NOUN (PHRASE)
= IF IT HADNT BEEN FOR + NOUN (PHRASE)
Ex : But for/ Without this foggy weather, we would be on the plane now.
= If it werent for this foggy weather, we would be on the plane now.
But for your help, I wouldnt have succeeded.
= If it hadnt been for your help, I wouldnt have succeeded.
= If you hadnt helped me, I would have succeeded.
b. OR, OTHERWISE : c dng thay cho mnh iu kin c nu trc vi ngha nu
iu khng xy ra th
Ex : You must read the instructions; otherwise, you wont know how to use it.
= If you dont read the instructions, you wont know how to use it.
c. IF SO, IF NOT : c s dng gn ging nh OTHERWISE vi ngha nu nh th hoc
khng nh th th
Ex : There is s possibility that Jane refuses our offer. If so, well have to find another person.
= If Jane refuses our offer, well have to find another person.
Perhaps Tom wont come. If not, Ill take his place.
= If Tom doesnt come, Ill take his place.

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 CLAUSES AFTER WISH/ IF ONLY

Cu trc mnh i sau WISH hoc IF ONLY thng c s dng by t nhng iu c :

1. Future Wish (iu c khng c tht hoc gi nh tng lai) :
IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + WOULD + V(-to)
Ex : I wish it would stop raining soon. (It is unlikely to stop raining)
2. Present Wish (iu c khng c tht hoc gi nh hin ti) :
IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + V-ed/3 (BE WERE)
Ex : I wish I were taller. (Im too short)
If only I spoke French fluently. (I dont speak French well)
3. Past Wish (iu c khng c tht hoc gi nh qu kh) :
IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + HAD/ COULD HAVE + V-ed/3
Ex : I wish you had come to the party. (You didnt come to the party)
If only I could have been there yesterday. (I wasnt there yesterday)

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES/ RELATIVE CLAUSES

(MNH TNH NG HOC MNH LIN H)
A. Introduction :
- Mnh tnh t (Adjective Clauses) hay cn gi l Mnh lin h (Relative Clauses) v c gii
thiu bi mt i t lin h (Relative Pronoun) hay mt Trng t lin h (Relative Adverb).
- Mnh tnh t c chc nng nh mt tnh t; ngha l b ngha cho mt danh t hay mt i t v
lun ng sau danh t hay i t m n b ngha.
Ex : The student who lent me this book is very friendly.
The CD which Helen gave me is very good.
- Mnh tnh t c bt u bng i t lin h : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, hay
Trng t lin h : WHERE, WHEN, WHY.
Antecedent
Person Thing
Function
WHICH
Subject WHO
That
WHOM THAT WHICH
Object
that That
WHOSE + NOUN
Possessive WHOSE + NOUN
THE NOUN + OF WHICH
1. WHO : dng thay cho tin t ch ngi lm ch ng trong mnh lin h.
Ex : The boy who sits behind me can speak three languages.
2. WHOM : dng thay cho tin t ch ngi lm tn ng trong mnh lin h.
Ex : The girl who Scott is speaking to works for the British Airways.
The student whom they are talking about lives in the suburb.
3. WHOSE : dng khi tin t ch s hu. Sau WHOSE lun lun l mt danh t.
Ex : This is the girl whose help is important to you.
The student whose mother is in hospital lives near here.
4. WHICH : dng thay cho tin t ch s vic, s vt hay con vt.
Ex : The house which has a swimming pool is Dianas house.
I like the dog which is lying in front of the fire.
They dont believe the story which Jane told last night.
5. THAT : dng thay cho tin t ch c ngi, s vt, s vic, hay con vt.
Ex : The advice that she gave me was very practical.
The girl that I work with is intelligent.
6. WHERE : c s dng khi tin t ch ni chn (= ON/ IN/ AT + WHICH)
Ex : I cant remember the place where (in which) I put my keys.
7. WHEN : c s dng khi tin t ch thi gian (= ON/ IN/ AT + WHICH)
14
 Ex : Do you remember the day when (on which) the course started ?
8. WHY : c s dng khi tin t ch l do (= FOR + WHICH)
Ex : I dont know the reason why (for which) he left his job.
Mt s trng hp cn lu khi dung THAT
1. Cc trng hp KHNG s dng THAT
a. Sau gii t :
Ex : The man for whom she is waiting is late.
b. Sau du phy (trong menh e lien he khong xac nh):
Ex : Can Tho City, which is by Hau Giang River, is beautiful.
2. Cc trng hp s dng THAT
a. Khi tin t l t hn hp (va ch ngi ln vt).
Ex : The girl and the rose that are in the picture are bright.
b. Khi tin t c hnh thc so snh nht.
Ex : The most terrible thing that she fears is fire.
c. Khi tin t c s th t.
Ex : The first sweetheart that she cant forget betrayed her.
d. Khi tin t l cc i t bt nh : SOME, ANY, MUCH, NONE, ALL, SOMEONE, NOBODY,
EVERYTHING, ANYTHING
Ex : Some people that are rich are proud of themselves.
Ive never known anyone that is as lovely as our teacher.
B. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES (CC LOI MNH LIN H)
C hai loi mnh lin h : Mnh lin h xc nh (Defining Relative Clauses) v Mnh lin h
khng xc nh (Non-Defining Relative Clauses)
1. Defining Relative Clauses (Mnh lin h xc nh) : l mnh cung cp thng tin quan trng v
rt cn thit cho ngha ca cu. Ta khng c b mnh ny v nh vy tin t khng r ngha.
Ex : This is the girl who saw the accident.
The hotel which is next to the bookstore has two swimming pools.
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses (Mnh lin h khng xc nh) : l mnh ch cung cp thm
thng tin v tin t. Ta c th b mnh ny m khng nh hng n ngha ca tin t v tin t
c xc nh ri. Mnh ny thng c tch kh cu bi du phy.
Ex : Shakespeare, who wrote Romeo and Juliet, died in 1616.
Marys husband, whom I work for, is very kind-hearted.
* Nhng trng hp phi s dng Mnh lin h khng xc nh.
a. Sau danh t ring :
Ex : Love Valley, which is poetic, is in Dalat.
b. Sau s hu t :
Ex : Her sweetheart, who is very handsome, has a sense of humour.
c. Sau ch nh t :
Ex : This bicycle, which is old, is mine.
d. Sau cc t ch vt duy nht :
Ex : The universe, which is immense, is unknown to people.

3. Sentence Relative Clause (Mnh lin h ni tip)

Mnh ny c dng gii thch, b ngha cho c cu ng trc. Trong trng hp ny chng
ta ch dng i t lin h WHICH v du phy ngn cch hai mnh . Mnh ny lun ng
v tr cui cu.
Ex : It rained heavily, which prevented my going out.
Mary refused my invitation, which made me disappointed.
C. SOME NOTES IN RELATIVE CLAUSES (MT VI LU TRONG MNH LIN H)
1. Dng OF + WHICH/ WHOM :
Trong mnh lin h, ta thng gp cc t sau : ALL, MOST, NONE, NEITHER, ANY, SOME,
(A) FEW, BOTH, HALF, EACH, ONE, TWO, SEVERAL, MANY, MUCH, ... dng vi cu trc
ny.
Ex : Daisy has two brother, both of whom are teachers.
He asked me a lot of questions, some of which were very difficult.
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.
15
 She gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
2. Dng EVER
i t lin h ghp vi -ever c ngha bt k.
a. WHOEVER
Ex : Whoever wants to come is welcome.
= Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
b. WHATEVER
Ex : He always says whatever comes into his mind.
= He always says anything that comes into his mind.
c. WHICHEVER
Ex : There are four good programmes on TV at 8 oclock.
We can watch whichever programme you prefer.
= We can watch any of the four programmes that you prefer.
d. WHENEVER
Ex : You may leave whenever you wish.
= You may leave at any time that you wish.
e. WHEREVER
Ex : She can go wherever she wants to go.
= She can go anyplace that she wants to go.
3. Preppositions in Relative Clauses (Dng gii t trong Mnh lin h)
Ta c th t gii t trc hoc sau mnh lin h.
Ex : This is the girl whom I told you about.
= This is the girl about whom I told you.
Do you know the guy whom Susan is dancing with ?
= Do you know the guy with whom Susan is dancing ?
4. C th b i t lin h lm tn ng (WHICH, WHOM, THAT) khi khng c gii t ng trc.
Ex : The CD (which) Helen gave me is very good.
The student (whom) they are talking about lives in the suburb.
5. Reduction of Relative Clauses (Rt gn Mnh lin h)
Mnh lin h c th c rt gn thnh :
a. Cm Hin ti phn t khi Mnh lin h mang ngha ch ng
Ex : The man who is talking to Jane is handsome.
= The man talking to Jane is handsome.
b. Cm Qu kh phn t khi Mnh lin h mang ngha b ng
Ex : The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
= The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
c. Cm ng t nguyn mu c TO khi Mnh lin h i sau cc tin t : TIME, ADVICE, THE
FIRST, THE LAST, THE VERY, THE ONLY, ...
Ex : The last person that came to the meeting was a doctor.
= The last person to come to the meeting was a doctor.
d. Cm gii t
Ex : The books that are on the table are mine.
= The books on the table are mine.

REVIEW OF CONNECTIVES
(N TP V T NI)

T ni (Connectors) thng c dng ni t, cm t hoc mnh .

1. SO (= v th) ch kt qu ca mt vic g
Ex : - The weather was lovely, so we stayed in the garden.
- I knew I was late so I ran to the station.
2. THEREFORE (= do ) ch kt qu ca mt vic g. THEREFORE thng c t sau du chm
hoc chm phy bt u mt mnh hoc mt cu khc. Sau THEREFORE thng dng du phy.
C th t THEREFORE sau ch t v trc ng t.
- Ngoi ra cn c th dng AS A RESULT (= kt qu l) ch kt qu.
16
 Ex : - He failed his driving test the first time. Therefore, he took it again.
- He failed his driving test the first time and he therefore took it again.
- There was thick fog. As a result, our flight was delayed.
3. BUT (= nhng) ch s tng phn ca hai vic hoc hai . C th dng BUT ni hai t, cm t hoc
mnh .
Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didnt pass the exam.
- By the end of the way, we were tired but happy.
Chng ta cng dng ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH ch s tng phn. Nhng khi
ni cu bng BUT th khng dng nhng lin t kia v ngc li.
Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didnt pass the examination.
- Although he was intelligent, he didnt pass the examination.
Ngoi ra BUT cn c dng vi ngha ngoi tr (= except / apart from)
Ex : - I had no choice but to sign the contract.
- Weve had nothing but trouble with this car.
4. HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (= tuy nhin) ch s tng phn, nhng HOWEVER v
NEVERTHELESS thng c t sau du chm hoc du chm phy. Sau chng phi dng du phy.
i khi HOWEVER cng c t gia cu v c tch khi cu bng hai du phy.
NONETHELESS cng c dng thay cho HOWEVER v NEVERTHELESS.
Ex : - She was feeling bad. However, she went to school and tried to concentrate.
- She was feeling bad; however, she went to school and tried to concentrate.
- She was feeling bad. She went to school, however, and tried to concentrate.
- The problams are not serious. Nevertheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.
Ch : C th dng HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB vi ngha NO MATTER HOW (=cho
d n th no i na)
Ex : - However cold it is outside, she has the window open.
(No matter how cold it is outside, )
- However hard he tried, he couldnt get a promotion.
(No matter how hard he tried, )
5. WHEN / WHILE / AS (= khi / trong khi) ch thi gian
a. WHEN (= khi)
Ex : - When I came to her house, she made me a cup of tea.
- She was cooking dinner when I came.
b. WHILE (= trong khi)
Ex : - While the old man was crossing the road, a car nearly hit him.
- He was working overtime while his wife was waiting for him at home.
C th dng WHILE hoc WHEREAS so snh hai v nhn mnh s khc nhau ca chng.
Ex : - Frank is intelligent and industrious while / whereas his brother, Dick, is slow and rather
lazy.
c. AS (= trong khi) : tng t nh WHILE.
Ex : - I bumped my head into the door as I was walking into the room.
- As he was driving home, he was stopped by the traffic police.
Ch : AS v SINCE cng c vi ngha BECAUSE.
Ex : - As he lives near his office, he always walks to work.
- Ill go first as I know the way.
- Since she was tired, she refused to go out with us.
- Since he is a married man, he rarely goes out in the evening.
d. ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + AS / THOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB c th dng AS sau tnh t hoc
trng t vi ngha nh ALTHOUGH.
Ex : - Hot as it was, he was wearing a thick coat.
(Although it was hot, )
- Tired as we were, we tried to finish work before going home.
(Although we were tired, )
- Bravely as they fought, they lost the battle.
6. BESIDES / IN ADDITION (TO) (= ngoi ra, hn na). BESIDES v IN ADDITION c th ng ring
mt mnh
Ex : - I dont really want to go. Besides, its too late now.
17
 - This job is interesting. In addition, it provides me with opportunities to go abroad.
Cc t MOREOVER v FURTHERMORE cng c th c dng vi ngha nh BESIDES.
Ex : - Im not ready to go now. Moreover, its raining.
- I havent discussed the matter with Mr. Lee. Furthermore, I havent contacted him.
C th dng BESIDES v IN ADDITION TO vi mt danh t hoc mt V-ing. Trong trng hp ny
chng c xem nh l gii t.
Ex : - My wife and I have a lot of things in common besides music.
- Besides / In addition to working as a teacher, she also plays the violin in an orchestra
7. MT S T NI KHC :
a. OTHERWISE (= OR ELSE) : tri li, ngc li
Ex : - We must be early, otherwise we wont get a seat.
- We must be early, or (else) we dont get a seat.
b. IN CASE : trong trng hp, phng khi
Ex : - You should bring more money in case you want to buy something.
- We bought some more food in case our friends came.
Khng dng WILL sau IN CASE. Ch dng th hin ti vi ngha tng lai.
C th dng IN CASE OF + NOUN v JUST IN CASE (= ch phng h)
Ex : - In case of fire, you can telephone this number for fire truck.
- I dont think it will rain, but Ill take a raincoat just in case.
c. AS LONG AS, PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT) : min l
Ex : - You can use my bike as long as you return it by six oclock.
- Travelling by car is convenient provided / providing (that) you have somewhere to park.
Khi ni v tng lai, khng dng WILL sau AS LONG AS v PROVIDED ? PROVDING (THAT),
ch dng th hin ti n.
d. NOT ONLY BUT ALSO : khng nhng m cn
Ex : - She was not only a teacher but also a good writer.
- He not only shouted at me but threatened to hit me.
e. HARDLY WHEN / NO SOONER THAN : va mi th
Ex : - He had hardly had dinner when the lights went out.
- He had no sooner earned any money than he spent it all.

CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE

(MNH V CM T CH MC CH)

1. SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + CLAUSE c dng din t mc ch vi ngha (m). Mnh

theo sau IN ORDER THAT / SO THAT thng c dng vi CAN / COULD, WILL / WOULD.
Ex : - I have given him my number so that he can phone me later.
- He spoke very loudly so that I could hear him clearly.
2. Chng ta c th dng TO-Infinitive, IN ORDER / SO AS + TO-Infinitive ch mc ch. Dng ph nh
ca cu trc ny l SO AS NOT / IN ORDER NOT + TO-Infinitive. Nu tc nhn gy ra hnh ng do
TO-Infinitive din t khc vi ch ng ca mnh chnh th cu trc ny l (IN ORDER) FOR +
OBJECT + TO-Infinitive.
Ex : - Emily went to Italy (so as / in order) to study music.
- I sat down quietly in order / so as not to disturb their conversation.
- He spoke very loudly in order for me to hear clearly.
3. FOR + NOUN v FOR + V-ing cng c th c dng ch mc ch.
Ex : - They went to a restaurant for dinner.
(They went to a restaurant to eat dinner)
- This machine is used for cutting waste paper into pieces.
(We use this machine to cut waste paper into pieces)

CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT

(MNH V CM T CH KT QU)

18
1. SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT CLAUSE c dng vi ngha qu n ni nu ln mt kt
qu.
Ex : - Bill is so tall that he often bumps his head on the doorway.
- Ronaldo plays football so well that many clubs want his service.
SO + ADJ + A / AN + NOUN cng c dng vi ngha tng t (nhng ch vi cc danh t s t
Ex : - Kate is so gentle a person that no one wants to harm her.
(Kate is such a gentle person that no one wants to harm her)
- He has so good a voice that he should become a singer.
(He has such a good voice that he should become a singer)
2. SUCH + A / AN + ADJ + NOUN (singular) + THAT CLAUSE
SUCH + ADJ + NOUN (uncountable or plural) + THAT CLAUSE cng c dng vi ngha qu
n ni . ch kt qu.
Ex : - Bill is such a tall man that he often bumps his head on the doorway.
- It was such an easy question that everybody got it right.
- Our neighbours were such nice people that we always miss them.
- It was such nice weather that we decided to go out for a walk.
Dng SO + MANY / MUCH / FEW / LITTLE + NOUN + THAT CLAUSE.
Ex : - There were so few customers that the shop had to close after a month.
- He drank so much wine at the party that he couldnt drive home.
C th dng SUCH + A LOT OF + NOUN
Ex : - He drank such a lot of wine at the party that he couldnt drive home.
3. TOO + ADJ / ADV + (FOR + O) TO-Infinitive (qu khng th) c dng ni v mt kt qu
ph nh. Dng FOR + O khi tc nhn ny khc ch ng ca mnh chnh.
Ex : - The book case was too big for us to get down the stairs.
(The bookcase was so big that we couldnt get it down the stairs)
- We arrived too late to get good seats.
(We arrived so late that we couldnt get good seats)
- The runway was too short for planes to land.
(The runway was so short that planes couldnt land)
4. ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR + O) TO-Infinitive ( ) c dng nu ln mt kt qu
khng nh.
Ex : - The sea is not warm enough for us to swim.
- He didnt walk fast enough to keep up with the others.
Dng ENOUGH sau tnh t hoc trng t, trc danh t.
Ex : - Is it warm enough for you ?
- Youre not walking fast enough.
- There was not enough information.
- We dont have enough time.
- We didnt have enough time to visit the museum.
- There was just enough light for us to see what we were doing.

CLAUSES & PHRASES OF REASON & CONTRAST

(MNH V CM T CH L DO V TNG PHN)

* Clause and phrase of Contrast

+ (AL)THOUGH + CLAUSE OF CONCESSION
+ DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + N / V-ing ( PHRASE OF CONCESSION)
+ DESPITE / IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE OF CONCESSION
+ Clauses of Contrast may begin with NO MATTER WHAT/ WHO/ WHEN/ HOW (ADJ/ ADV) or
WHATEVER/ WHENEVER/ WHEREVER/ WHOEVER/ HOWEVER (ADJ/ ADV)
* Clause and phrase of Reason
+ BECAUSE / SINCE / AS + CLAUSE OF REASON
+ BECAUSE OF + N / V-ing ( PHRASE OF REASON)
+ BECAUSE OF / DUE TO THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE OF REASON

19
 ARTICLES
(MO T)

1. A/ AN : Mo t khng xc nh (A/ AN) c dng vi danh t s t m c trong cc trng hp sau

:
a. Danh t cha xc nh v c ngha chung chung.
Ex : - My mother works in a hospital.
- A baby deer can stand as soon as it is born.
b. Danh t s t m c vi ngha mt.
Ex : - She has got a daughter and a son.
- I bought a dictionary and a book yesterday.
c. Danh t ch ngh nghip.
Ex : - My sister is an engineer.
- He is a police officer.
d. Trong cc cm t ch s lng, o lng : a pair of, a couple of, a dozen of, a kilo of, a litre of, a
packet of, a bottle of, a piece of, a bunch of, a few, a little, ...
Ex : - Its a couple of kilometres to the nearest village.
- Could you get me half a dozen of eggs when you go to the shop ?
e. Trong cu trc cu cm thn vi What :
Ex : - What a pity !
- What an idea !
- What a nice smile she has got !
2. Danh t xc nh THE c dng vi danh t s t hoc s nhiu, m c hay khng m c trong
cc trng hp sau :
a. Danh t xc nh.
Ex : - She gave me a letter and a postcard. The letter is from my sister, and the postcard is from
my brother.
b. Danh t ch s vt duy nht.
Ex : - The moon moves in the sky around the earth once every 28 days.
- The sun rises in the East.
c. Danh t ch cc nhc c.
Ex : - Thomas is good at playing the guitar.
- I cant play the piano, but I can play the saxophone.
d. Danh t ring ch tn i dng, sng ni, rng, sa mc, h, thc, knh, ...
Ex : - The Panama Canal provides a crucial shipping link between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans.
e. Danhn t ch phng hng.
Ex : - Most of the country, except the east, is rural.
- Her home is the south of France.
f. Danh t ch ngi hoc nhm ngi (khi kt hp vi tn ch gia nh hnh thc s nhiu hoc tnh
t).
Ex : - The Smiths are going to visit us this weekend.
- The rich should help the poor and the disabled.
g. Danh t ch tn mt s quc gia (thng l cc lin bang, hoc cc quc gia l qun o) : the USA,
the UK, the Philippines, the Netherlands, ...
Ex : - Have you ever taken a trip to the United States ?
- The Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines is located in Southeast
Asia with Manila as its capital.
- The Netherlands is famous for tulips.
h. Danh t ch tn tu thy, khch sn, rp chiu phim, ...
Ex : - Many business people stay in the Rex Hotel.
20
 - The Queen Mary carries lots of travellers from Europe.
i. Trong hnh thc so snh nht hoc trc tnh t ch s th t.
Ex : - This is the most luxurious hotel Ive stayed in.
- He is the most generous person in the group.

j. Trong cu trc so snh kp.

Ex : - The more you speak, the less you hear.
- The older we get, the happier we are.
3. Cc trng hp khng dng mo t.
a. Trc cc danh t c dng vi ngha chung chung.
Ex : - Carrots are my favourite vegetable.
- She loves music, poetry and art.
- Why does man seem to have more diseases than animals ?
b. Trc chc v, tc danh.
Ex : - Bill Clinton was elected President of the US for the second time.
c. Trc cc danh t ch cc tr chi, mn th thao, phng tin.
Ex : - Daisy always plays badminton in the morning.
- High schoolboys like playing football.
- They got there by train.
- He often goes to school on foot.
d. Trc cc danh t ch cc ba n, tn ngn ng.
Ex : - I dont know French, but I can speak a little English.
- Have you had breakfast yet ?
- Should we stop for dinner ?
e. Trc cc danh t ring, ten ngi, tn ng ph, tn thnh ph, tn quc gia, tn lc a.
Ex : - Brazil is a country with many kinds of festivals.
- Have you ever been to Singapore ?
- Wed like to take a trip to Africa this holiday.
- The supermarket is on Main Street.
f. Trong cc cm gii t : to/ at/ from school/ work/ college/ university, in/ to class, to/ in/ from church/
town, to/ in/ into/ out of prisn/ hospital/ bed, at/ from home, at sea, in bed.
Ex : - We go to school early in the morning.
- My brother went to college at the age of seventeen.

EXPRESSIONS OF QUATITY
( CM T CH S LNG)
1. N (unc.)
MOST +
N (count, plu)
* Sau MOST la ai t so nhieu hoac la danh t xac nh th sau MOST phai
co OF.
2. A GREAT DEAL OF (= MUCH) + N (unc.)
A LARGE NUMBER OF (= MANY) + N (count, plu)
* MUCH & MANY c dung trong cau phu nh va nghi van.
* MANY, MUCH ng sau TOO, SO, VERY, AS th c dung trong ba loai cau
(khang nh, phu nh, nghi van.)
* A LOT OF, LOTS OF co the thay MUCH va MANY ca ba loai cau.
A GREAT AMOUNT OF + N (unc.)
* ca ba loai cau
A GREAT MANY + N (count, plu)
* Khi dung lam trang t, ta co MUCH, A LOT, A GREAT DEAL
3. LITTLE / A LITTLE + N (unc.)
FEW / AFEW + N (count, plu)
* Dung gii t OF sau MUCH, MANY, (A) LITTLE, (A) FEW khi ng sau chung la
ai t hoac danh t a c xac nh.

21
 * LITTLE va A FEW gan nh mang ngha phu nh nen khong c dung trong
cau phu nh (qua t gan nh khong co)
* A LITTLE va A FEW co ngha gan nh SOME.
* Khi dung lam trang t, ta co LITTLE, VERY LITTLE va A LITTLE.

PREPOSITIONS (GII T)

1. NH NGHA : Gii t l t ng trc mt danh t hay mt cm t tng ng danh t ch mi

lin h gia danh t hay cm t tng ng ny vi cc t khc trong cu.
Ex ; - I put the book on the table.
- Your keys are in the drawer.
2. PHN LOI :
a. Gii t ch thi gian : at, in, on, before, after, during, from, to, till, until, by, ...
Ex : - The party lasts until midnight.
- We often met twice a week after class.
b. Gii t ch ni chn : at, in, on, in front of, behind, near, over, under, beside, above, between, next to,
across from, ...
Ex : - My family often had a small talk in front of the fire.
- The museum is across from the amusement park.
c. Gii t ch s chuyn ng : to, from, across, along, about into, about, through, out of, round,
toward(s), ...
Ex : - You have to walk through the park before you catch a taxi.
- Walk toward the east, then youll see a diner on your right.
d. Gii t ch th cch : with, without, according to, in spite of, in stead of, ...
Ex : - In spite of his health, he refused t be helped.
- According to the result, Anna failed the chemistry test.
e. Gii t ch mc ch : to, in order to, so as to, for, ...
Ex : - We went to the meeting early as so to meet professor Williams.
- They have been working hard for the profit of their company.
f. Gii t ch nguyn nhn : thanks to, through, because of, owing to, by means of, ...
Ex : - Many serious diseases can be cured thanks to the advance in science and technology.
- The company lost the order through production delays.
3. Mt s cu trc thng gp ca gii t.
a. Verb + Preposition.
- agree with ng - put on mc (qun o) vo
- aim at nhm n - put out dp tt
- arrive at/ in n, ti - receive from nhn ca ai
- ask for hi xin - rely on tin cy
- believe in tin tng vo - save up dnh, dnh dm
- belong to thuc v - share with chia s
- bring up nui dy - talk over tho lun
- care about quan tm n - take off ci ra, ct cnh
- care for chm sc - think about/ of suy ngh v
- complain to than phin vi ai - try on mc, m th
- complain about than phin v - throw away nm, vt i
- count on hy vng, tin tng - turn on/ off m/ tt (TV, n, ...)
- decide on quyt nh - wait for ch i
- depend on l thuc vo - worry about lo lng v
- give up t b - catch up with theo kp, ui kp
- go on tip tc, lm tip - come along with lm/ i cng
- grow up trng thnh - check in/ out nhn/ tr phng
- hang up treo ln - get along with ha thun vi
- happen to xy n vi - get in touch with lin lc
- hear from nghe tin v - get into/ out of ln/ xung xe in
- help with gip iu g - get on/ off ln/ xung tu
22
 - listen to lng nghe - look out for xem xt cn thn
- live on sng nh vo - look forward to mong i
- look for tm kim - keep up with ui kp
- look at nhn, ngm - keep along with gi quan h vi
- look after chm sc - pay attention to ch , quan tm ti
- meet off tin a - put up with chu ng
- object to phn i - take part in tham gia
- pay for thanh ton - take care of chm sc
- pick up n (ai), nht, hi - get married to kt hn vi
b. BE + V-ed/3 + PREPOSITION
- be addicted to : ghin, nghin - be interested in : quan tm
- be amazed at / by : kinh ngc - be made of/ from : c lm bng
- be annoyed with : phin, bc bi - be opposed to : chng i
- be known for : ni ting v - be tired of : chn ngy
- be bored with : chn nn v - be pleased with : hi lng vi
- be confused with : ln ln vi - be satisfied with : tha mn vi
- be excited about : ho hc, phn khi - be surprised by : ngc nhin v
- be frightened with : s, kinh hi - be worried about : lo lng v
c. BE + ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION
- be absent from : vng mt
- be accustomed to : quen vi
- be afraid of : s
- be angry about sth : gin v iu g
- be angry at/ with sb : gin ai
- be aware of : nhn thc
- be bad at : d, yu v
- be busy of/ with : bn rn vic g
- be certain of : tin chc
- be different from : khc vi
- be eager for : hm h, ho hc
- be fed up with : chn nn
- be fond of : a thch
- be full of : y
- be good at : gii, c khiu v
- be good for : tt cho
- be happy with/ in : hi lng
- be harmful to : c hi cho
- be keen on : ham thch, say m
- be nervous about : hi hp
- be responsible for : chu trch nhim
- be sad about : bun v
- be similar to : ging, tng t
- be sorry about/ for : hi hn/ c li v
- be sure about/ of : tin chc vo

23
d. Mt s cu trc vi BE v HAVE
- be in charge of : ph trch v - be in love with : yu
- be in favor of : ng h - be out of date : lc hu
- be out of order : hng - have ability in : c nng lc
- have confidence in : c lng tin vo - have faith in : tin tng vo
- have influence on/ over : c nh hng
4. Mt s dng khc ca gii t.
Gii t c th dng trong cc cch ni sau : at once, at first, at this/ that time, at all, according to,
similar to, by the way, in any case, in fact, in addition to, in my opinion, except for, on the contrary,
up to now, in the end, in the beginning, ...
Ex : - In my opinion, TV has many negative effects.
- Paul is very similar in appearance to his brother.
CC GII T THNG DNG
* PREPOSITIONS OF TIME :
1. AT/ IN/ ON :
a. AT + a point of time (hour/ an occasion of festival/ ...)
b. ON + weekdays/ days in the month
c. IN + month/ season/ year, a duration of time on a day, ...
NOTES :
- IN THE END : cui cng
- AT THE END : vo cui (= AT THE BEGINNING)
- IN TIME : kp lc (+ TO INFINITIVE / FOR + NOUN)
- ON TIME : ng gi
2. DURING/ UNTIL/ AFTER/ BEFORE/ FROM/ BETWEEN
* PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
1. IN : trong
Some expressions with IN :
+ in a line/ row : trong mt hng/ dy
+ in a picture/ photograph : trong tranh/ nh
+ in a book/ newspaper/ magazine/ letter : trong sch/ bo/ tp ch/ th
+ in bed : ang nm trn ging
+ in hospital/ prison : ang nm vin/ t
+ in the rain/ sun : trong ma/ nng
+ in the shade/ dark : trong bng rm/ bng ti
+ in good/ bad weather : khi thi tit tt/ xu
+ in ink/ pen/ pencil : vit bng bt mc/ bt my/ bt ch
+ in cash : tr/ mua bng tin mt
2. AT : ti
Some expressions with AT :
+ at the top/ bottom (of a page/ list/ ...) : trn cng/ di cng
+ at the end (of the street/ road/ ...) : cui (ca con ng)
+ at home/ work : nh/ ch lm vic
+ at school/ college/ university : trng
3. ON : trn
Some expressions with ON :
+ on the floor/ ground : trn sn nh/ mt t
+ on the first/ second / third floor : trn tng mt/ hai/ ba (ca mt ngi nh)
+ on the grass/ beach/ sand : trn bi c/ bi bin/ bi ct
+ on the board/ map : trn bng/ bn
+ on page 25 : trn trang 25
+ on the left/ right : pha phi/ tri
+ on a farm : nng tri
+ on the street/ a river/ the coast : trn ng/ trn sng/ trn b bin
+ on a bus/ a train/ a plane/ a ship : trn xe but/ tu ha/ my bay/ tu thy
+ on a bicycle/ a motorbike/ a horse : trn xe p/ xe gn my/ trn lng nga
 INVERSION (O NG)
1. SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER
* Dng SO, TOO (cng vy) , EITHER, NEITHER (cng khng) ni ln s ging nhau gia hai
ngi/ vt
1. Lan is fond of playing badminton, and Nam is too / so is Nam.
2. Lan does morning exercises every day, and Nam does too / so does Nam.
3. Nam has been interested in listening to music, and Lan has too / so has Lan.
4. Nam doesnt like watching love story films, and Lan doesnt either / neither does Lan.
* Khi dng SO v NEITHER phi dng hnh thc o ng.
+ Khng nh :
SO + tr ng t + S = S + tr ng t, TOO
+ Ph nh :
NEITHER + tr ng t + S = S + tr ng t + NOT, EITHER
2. O NG : Khi t cc trng t ph nh hoc bn ph nh u cu, chng ta phi dng hnh thc
o ng (ging trt t cu hi YES NO)
* (SEMI)NEGATIVE ADVERBS + YES NO QUESTION FORM
Negative adverbs : never, no longer, seldom, no sooner, hardly, only, rarely, not only, ...
to emphasize the action.
* Dng o ng cn c dng trong iu kin
- Should you see Nigel, give him my regards. (= If you see Nigel, ...)
- Were I in your shoes, I would make a formal complaint. (= If I were in your shoes, ......)
- Had I known it was her birthday, I would have bought her a gift. (=If I had known ......)
* C th dng cu trc SO/ SUCH ...... THAT ...... dng o ng.
- So excited were they that they couldn't sit still. (= They were so excited that ......)
- Such was their excitement that they began to jump up and down. (They were so excited ......)

MODALS (NG T KHUYT)

A. CAN/ COULD
1. CAN dng ni v kh nng (ability) trong hin ti.
Ex : - Can you cook ? Yes, I can.
- Jill can speak three foreign languages.
- Sorry. I cant see you this morning.
2. COULD dng ni v kh nng trong qu kh
Ex : - I could swim when I was a child.
- Could you read and write when you were five ?
Ch : Khi ni v kh nng lm c vic g trong mt tnh hung ring bit trong qu kh, chng
ta khng dng COULD, m phi dng WAS/ WERE ABLE TO.
Ex : - He fell from the bridge. Unfortunately, he was able to swim to the shore.
- The car suddenly caught fire, but we were able to get out of it.
Nhng chng ta c th dng hnh thc ph nh COULDNT ni v mt tnh hung ring bit
trong qu kh.
Ex : - He tried his best, but he couldnt (wasnt able to) win the game.
- I couldnt (wasnt able to) pass my driving test because it was the first time.
Chng ta phi dng COULD vi cc ng t gic quan khi ni v tnh hung ring bit.
Ex : - I couldnt hear the speech clearly because the room was very noisy.
- We couldnt see anything because the room was totally in the dark.
3. CAN/ COULD c dng yu cu (request) iu g trong hin ti.
Ex : - Can/ Could you open the door for me, please ?
4. CAN/ COULD c dng xin php (permission)
Ex : - Can/ Could I ask you a personal question ?
B. MUST/ MUSTNT
1. MUST c dng ni v s bt buc (obgligation)
Ex : - You must be home at 9 oclock.
- My toothaches getting worse. I must go and see the dentist today.
 Ch : Chng ta dng HAVE TO khi iu bt buc l do yu t t bn ngoi, ch khng phi t ta
cm thy cn phi lm.
Ex : - Its raining heavily, but I have to go now. I have to be at the office before 8 oclock.
MUST ch c dng tnh hung hin ti, v th chng ta phi dng HAVE TO thay cho MUST
trong cc th khc.
Ex : - You will have to work hard in order to pass the examination.
- Up to now I havent had to do anything difficult in my job.
2. MUST NOT/ MUSTNT c ngha cm khng c lm g
Ex : - You mustnt park here. Theres NO PARKING sign.
- Students must not bring their cell phones into the examination room.
Chng ta dng DONT HAVE TO hoc DONT NEED TO ni khng cn phi lm g
Ex : - Im not working tomorrow. I dont have to get up early.
- You dont need to wait for me. Ill take a taxi home when I finish shopping.
3. MUST/ CANT : Chng ta dng cng dng MUST v CANT suy on. MUST c dng vi
ngha chc hn l, v CANT c dng vi ngha chc l khng. Chng ta c th dng MUST/
CANT suy on tnh hung trong hin ti hoc trong qu kh.
3.1. MUST BE/ DO, CANT BE/ DO suy on trong hin ti.
Ex : - Roger hasnt come yet. He must be stuck in the traffic.
- Carol must have a problem, she keeps crying.
Chng ta dng CANT nh l dng ph nh ca MUST khi suy on.
Ex : - It cant be the postman at the door. Its only seven oclock.
- Julie cant be asleep. Theres a light on in her room.
Chng ta c th dng MUST/ CANT BE DOING suy on vic ang xy ra.
Ex : - Jake has been working all day. He must be feeling tired.
- Fred has bought two tickets for the match, so he cant be going alone.
3.2. MUST HAVE DONE/ CANT HAVE DONE suy on tnh hung trong qu kh
Ex : - We went to Rome last summer. It must have been nice.
- I cant find my key anywhere. I must have left it at home.
- It cant have been Susan you saw at the stadium. Shes on holiday in Europe.
- Jimmy cant have written this note. He doesnt know how to read or write.
Chng ta c th dng COULDNT thay cho CANT.
Ex : - Jimmy couldnt have written this note. He doesnt know how to read or write.
C. MAY/ MIGHT
1. MAY/ MIGHT dng xin php hoc cho php (permission)
Ex : - May I borrow your car, Dan ? No, Im afraid you may not.
- You may go home when you finish work.
- Students may not use the staff car park.
- Might I ask you one more question, Sir ?
2. MAY/ MIGHT dng suy on hnh ng hoc tnh hung c kh nng xy ra (possibility or
uncertainty)
2.1. MAY/ MIGHT DO STH dng cho tnh hung hin ti hoc tng lai.
Ex : - Theres someone at the door. It may be Bob.
- We arent sure what we are doing this weekend. We may/ might go to the beach.
- Wheres Sarah ? She may/ might be in the library.
Chng ta c th dng COULD thay v MAY/ MIGHT
Ex : - Wheres Sarah ? She could be in the library.
2.2. MAY/ MIGHT HAVE DONE STH dng cho tnh hung qu kh.
Ex : - Where was Peter last night ? I think he may/ might have been at the theatre.
- Janet is late. She may/ might have missed the train.
Chng ta cng c th dng COULD HAVE DONE vi ngha tng t MAY/ MIGHT HAVE
DONE.
Ex : - I cant find my wallet anywhere You could have left it at home.
D. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO
1. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO/ HAD BETTER thng c dng khi cho li khuyn hoc cho kin
(adice and opinion)
Ex : - I think you should cut down on smoking.
 - I think the authorities should invest more money in education and health.
- People shouldnt litter the streets.
Chng ta c th dng OUGHT(NT) TO thay v SHOULD(NT).
Ex : - I think you ought to do more physical exercise.
- I think police ought to arrest hooligans.
Ch : Ngi ta cng thng dng HAD BETTER DO STH vi ngha tng t SHOULD/
OUGHT TO.
Ex : - Its too late now. Wed better go home.
- I think you had better play badminton instead of tennis.
Dng ph nh ca HAD BETTER DO l HAD BETTER NOT DO.
Ex : - You had better not forget to turn off the computer.
- Wed better not use the air conditioner too often.
2. SHOULD HAVE DONE/ OUGHT TO HAVE DONE c dng ni v hnh ng hoc tnh
hung trong qu kh, vi ngha ng l phi ...
Ex : - You should have done it more carefully.
- We all exhausted by the long walk. We should have taken a taxi.
- You shouldnt have told lies to the police.
Chng ta c th dng OUGHT TO HAVE DONE thay v SHOULD HAVE DONE
Ex : - You ought to have done it more carefully.
- You oughtnt to have told lies to the police.
E. NEED/ NEEDNT
1. NEED/ NEEDNT DO ANYTHING c dng vi ngha cn/ khng cn phi lm g
Ex : - Need I bring anything with me ?
- You neednt do it if you dont want to.
Ch : Chng ta cng c th dng NEED TO DO STH nh mt ng t bnh thng kt hp vi
DONT v DIDNT trong cu ph nh v nghi vn.
Ex : - Do I need to bring anything with me ?
- You dont need to do it if you want to.
2. NEEDNT HAVE DONE c dng din t vic l ra khng cn phi lm trong qu kh.
Ex : - You neednt have bought so much food. Theres plenty of it in the fridge.
- We neednt have gone to the wedding banquet early. We had to wait for two hours before it
began.
Ch : Chng ta hy phn bit s khc nhau gia NEEDNT HAVE DONE v DIDNT NEED TO
DO.
Ex : - We neednt have sent her a letter because shes coming here tomorrow.
(It was not necessary to send her a letter, but we did it.)
- We didnt need to send her a letter because shes come here tomorrow.
(We knew it was not necessary to send her a letter, and we didnt do it.)
F. WOULD RATHER
1. WOULD RATHER (NOT) DO STH : Chng ta dng cu trc ny vi ngha WOULD PREFER
TO (thch lm g hn)
Ex : - How about going to the stadium ? Id rather watch the match on TV at home.
- Would you rather stay here or go home ?
- How about a drink ? Id rather have something to eat.
Chng ta cng c th dng WOULD RATHER DO STH THAN DO STH ELSE
Ex : - Id rather take a taxi than go by bus.
- Id rather stay home than go out for a walk.
2. WOULD RATHER + S + V-ed/2 (past subjunctive) : Chng ta dng ng t dng qu kh gi nh
trong mnh i sau WOULD RATHER mc d ngha vn ni v tnh hung hin ti hoc tng
lai.
Ex : - Id rather we went home now.
- Id rather you didnt open that window. Im cold.
- Id rather he didnt smoke in here. I cant stand cigarette smoke.
 TAG-QUESTION (CU HI UI)

+ Cu hi ui l dng cu hi ngn i sau mt li pht biu v c xem nh l cu hi YES/ NO.

+ Nu li pht biu th khng nh th phn cu hi ui ph nh hay ngc li
+ Tr ng t ph nh trong cu hi ui lun dng rt gn. Ch t ca cu hi ui lun l mt i
t.
+ Nu phn cu k c nhng t nh : seldom, rarely, never, hardly, no longer, ... th phn cu hi ui
th khng nh.
STATEMENT TAG-QUESTION
Affirmative Form Negative Form
Negative Form Affirmative Form
S + IS/ARE/WAS/WERE) ISNT/ARENT/WASNT/WERENT + S?
S + IS/ARE/WAS/WERE + NOT IS / ARE / WAS / WERE + S ?
S + V(-to) / V-s/-es / V-ed/2 DONT/DOESNT/DIDNT + S ?
S + DO/DOES/DID + NOT + V(-to) DO/DOES/DID + S ?
S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + V-ed/3 HAVENT / HASNT / HADNT + S ?
S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NOT + V-ed/3 HAVE / HAS / HAD + S ?
S + CAN/MUST/SHALL/WILL + V(-to) CANT/MUSTNT/SHANT/WONT + S ?
S + CAN/MUST/SHALL/WILL + NOT CAN/MUST/SHALL/WILL + S ?
Special Cases :
+ Lets + V(-to), shall we ?
+ (Please +) V(-to) , will you ?
+ I am , arent I ?
+ This / That (is ), (isnt) it ?
+ These / Those (are ), (arent) they ?
+ There is / are , isnt / arent there ?
+ Everyone/ No one/ Anyone/ Someone ......, ...... they ?
+ Everything/ Nothing/ Anything/ Something ......, ...... it ?

INFINITIVE (NG T NGUYN MU)

Ex :
1. You must always try to study hard.
2. My parents always make me work hard.
3. He offered to help me finish my homework.
4. He asked me to finish my work before 11.
5. He is trying to pass the exam to get a scholarship.
6. English is an important language to master.
7. He was the last person to hand in the paper.
8. To learn a foreign language is not easy.
9. It is difficult to master a foreign language in a week.
10. It was too dark for us to see anything.
- STRUCTURES
1. TO-Infinitive as Subject (8)
2. V + TO-Infinitive (3)
agree, afford, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail,
happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seem,
threaten, want, wish, would like,
3. V + O + TO-Infinitive (4)
advise, allow, ask, enable, encourage, invite, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, would like,
4. TO-Infinitive used to refer to a purpose (5) SO AS / IN ORDER (+ FOR + O) + TO-Infinitive
5. TO-Infinitive used to replace a Relative Clause (6)
6. the first / last / only + N + TO-Infinitive (7)
 7. IT + BE + N / Adj + (FOR / OF) + O) + TO-Infinitive (9)
8. TO-Infinitive used to refer to a result. (10)
TOO + ADJ / ADV (+ O) + TO-Infinitive
ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH (+ O) + TO-Infinitive
9. MODAL + V(-to) (1) Modals : can, will, shall, must, ought to, used to, should,
10. V. perception + O + V(-to) (2) Verbs of perception : see, hear, notice, help, make, let,
NOTES :
+ TO HAVE + V-ed/3 is used to express a completed action.
+ TO BE + V-ing is used to express an action in progress.
+ TO BE + V-ed/ 3 is used to express a completed passive action.
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GERUND & PARTICIPLES
(DANH NG T V PHN T)
Ex :
1. Studying English is not very difficult.
2. Most students enjoy having holidays.
3. He is bored with studying at weekends.
4. The man denied taking my handbag.
5. She is interested in taking care of the children.
6. Their plan is building the roads in the village.
7. He is very interesting to talk to.
8. The man talking to Mr. Smith is my father.
THE GERUND
- Subject (1)
- Object of a verb (2, 4)
+ Verbs followed by Gerund : admit, avoid, delay, deny, detest, dislike, consider, enjoy, feel like,
finish, mind, give up, imagine, involve, keep (on), miss, postpone, practise, put off, spend (time),
suggest, waste (time), cant stand, cant help, its no use, its no good, be worth,
- Object of a preposition (5)
- Complement (6)
SOME VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND AND INFINITIVE
- With little change in meaning : start, begin, continue, intend, like, love, hate,
- With changes in meaning :
+ stop + V-ing : ngng vic ang lm
+ stop + TO-Infi : dng li lm vic khc
+ try + V-ing : th lm vic g
+ try + TO-Infi : c gng lm vic g
+ need + TO-Infi : cn phi lm g (ngha ch ng)
+ need + V-ing / to be + V-ed/3 : cn c lm (ngha b ng)
+ regret + V-ing : hi hn v lm g
+ regret + TO-Infi : ly lm tic khi sp phi lm g
+ remember / forget + TO-Infi : nh / qun phi lm iu g
+ remember / forget + V-ing : nh / qun lm g
+ mean + TO-Infi : c nh lm g
+ mean + V-ing : c ngha l
THE PARTICIPLE is used as an adjective.
- Present participle is used in the active meaning. (7)
- Past participle is used in the passive meaning. (5)
- The participle is sometimes used to replace a clause : Relative or Adverb Clause (8)

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 THE FREQUENTATIVE FORM
& THE IMPERSONAL PRONOUN IT
(TP QUN TH V I T V NHN XNG IT)
TP QUN TH V NG T USE (USE USED TO BE USED TO)
1. S (person) + USE + O (thing) + TO-Infi s dung
2. S (thing) + BE USED + TO-Infi c s dung e
3. S + USED TO + V (-to) trc kia a tng / thng
4. S (person) + BE USED TO + N / V-ing quen vi
CC CU TRC VI CH T GI V TN NG PH IT
1. IT (formal S) + TAKE + O + TIME + TO-Infi
2. IT (formal S) + BE + ADJ / N (+ OF / FOR + O) +TO-Infi
3. S + V + IT (extra O) + ADJ / N + TO-Infi

COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

(SO SNH CA TNH T V TRNG T)

Ex :
1. The Nile is (long) the longest river in the world.
2. Is he (studious) as studious as his sister ?
3. Nobody is (happy) happier than Mary.
4. Nam is (intelligent) the most intelligent in our class.
5. Tom is much (strong) stronger than I.
6. Her job is (important) more important than mine.
7. My computer is not (modern) so modern as yours.
8. Jane is (little) the least athletic of all the women.
* Absolute (So snh bng)
AS + ADJ / ADV + AS (2)
(NOT) SO / AS + ADJ / ADV + AS (7)
* Comparative (So snh hn)
(short) ADJ / ADV-er + THAN (3, 5)
MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV + THAN (6)
* Superlative (So snh nht)
THE + (short) ADJ / ADV-est (1)
THE MOST + ADJ / ADV (4)
* NOTES : Mt s tnh t v trng t dng so snh bt quy tc : little (less the least) (8), far (farther /
the farthest the farthest / the furthest), good / well (better the best), bad(ly) (worse the worst),
* Mt s thnh ng khc cng c dng so snh.
+ THE SAME AS : cng nh
+ DIFFERENT FROM : khc vi
+ SUCH (A / AN) ADJ + NOUN + AS : nh th
+ LIKE + NOUN / PRON. : ging nh
* So snh kp :
So snh ng tin :
+ THE MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV + S + V, THE MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV + S + V : cng .. th
cng
+ THE + (short) ADJ / ADV-er + S + V, THE + (short) ADJ / ADV-er + S + V : cng th cng
So snh ly tin :
+ MORE AND MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV : cng lc cng
+ (short) ADJ / ADV-er + AND + (short) ADJ / ADV-er : cng lc cng
* Khi phi chn mt trong hai th dng so snh hn vi mo t THE.
 WH-WORD QUESTIONS
(CU HI NGHI VN T)
* WH-WORD (S) + main VERB ?
* WH-WORD + aux. V + S + main VERB ?
Wh-Words :
+ WHO : ai
+ WHAT : ci g
+ WHERE : ni no
+ WHEN : lc no
+ WHAT TIME : my gi
+ WHY : ti sao
+ WHAT ... FOR ? : lm g
+ WHOSE (+ NOUN) : ca ai
+ WHICH (+ NOUN) : ngi/ vt no
+ HOW/ WHAT ... LIKE ?: nh th no
+ HOW MUCH : gi bao nhiu
+ HOW MANY (+ N plu.)/ MUCH (+ N unc.) : bao nhiu
+ HOW FAR : bao xa
+ HOW OFTEN : bao lu mt ln
+ HOW LONG : bao lu/ di bao nhiu
+ HOW FAST : vn tc bao nhiu
+ HOW + other ADJ./ ADV.
NOUN CLAUSES
(MNH DANH T)
Ex :
1. My son wishes that he would become a good teacher.
2. I wonder whose house that is.
3. What he said was interesting.
4. He wanted to know where you went the night before.
5. The child doesnt remember how many letters there are in the English alphabet.
6. Bread and butter is what I have for breakfast.
7. They said that they came from the U.S.A.
8. I wonder whether she will come or not.
9. My younger brother is learning how to drive a car.
10. It is important that they be told the truth.
Mnh danh t l mnh c bt u bng : THAT, IF (WHETHER), hoc cc nghi vn t.
* Chc nng ca mnh danh t :
- Ch ng (3)
- Tc t (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
- B ng (6)
+ Mt mnh danh t c th c rt gn thnh cm t : WH-WORD + TO-INFI (9)
+ ng t trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hoc cm t bn di s dng nguyn mu khng TO:
DEMAND, INSIST, REQUEST, ASK, SUGGEST, RECOMMEND, ADVISE, PROPOSE,
IT IS IMPORTANT / NECESSARY / ESSENTIAL / VITAL / IMPERATIVE / (10)
+ Mnh i sau WISH hoc cu k hay cu hi c tng thut li u l nhng mnh danh t.
+ Khi mnh danh t lm tc t th khng c o ng.