Design and Evaluation of An EMTDC Digital Current Transformer Model (Chun Wang Universiy ofthe West of England,UK Abstract: The paper describes a new digital eurent transformer model designed forthe use withthe EMTDCIPSCAD transient power system simulation The validity ofthe current transformer ‘model bis been assessed by using theoretical analysis, EMTP ‘mulation and text results obtained fom the Syatheic Text Plant (STP).at Alstom TAD Protection and Contol Le ‘Keywords: Curent wansformer, realtime simulation, EMTDC, EMTP O INTRODUCTION Ideally, a current transformer should deliver curent to a proecive relay that ik diecly proportional to the primary ‘eurent. Unfortunately, both the de ofiet andthe high value of ‘the fault cent can result in CT saturation and distortion ofthe secondary cureat. This may cause melopertions or delay the ‘operating time of a protective relay. Therefore, type testing of protection relays using power system simulators with realistic ‘current tasormers is eri importance before the relays are ‘ut into service. Digital simulation programs, such as EMTDC, ‘se analytical techniques to simulate the effect on the relaying voltage and curent signals of a fault on a power system rather than testing with rel CTs ot high falt currents which are very ‘oly and time consuming. Conseguenly, a sirable curent ‘rnsformer models neoded for EMTDC that corey simula the behaviour of real protection CT. During the last few years several research papers have recognised the need fr mere accurate CT model. M Kezunovic(} cared out experimental evaluation of CT modes implemented wing EMTP software, O'Kelly used multiple-valued B-H (or i caractertie ofa ron core in his erent ransformer mode 2) ‘Autbors{3) wed an ADSP21020 DSP card implementing rel time curent transformer simulation based on the O'Kelly’: model. L Song discussed a numerical CT model based on the Classical Preitach model. JR Mari described a curest ‘uasformer model with fst solution algorithms}. This fst and onsitrative solution method evaluate the secondary curent {fom a CT under a known primary eurent condition. 1 ANEW EMTDC CT MODEL [A new CT model based on the JR Mart’ paper [5] has been Aesigned an implemented for operation within PSCADEMTDC Simulator. Tis model ses a plecewise linear representation for the B-H (oc V-) relationship. The magnetising branch consists of 8 non-inear inductance in parallel with a core los resistance. An ‘quivalea circuit of the curent transformer is shown in Fig. 1 ‘wth ll quantities referred tothe secondary side. Peter A Crossley UMISTUK Adrian D Parker AlstomUK Fig. Equivalent circuit of cument ranaformer ere 0) isthe primary current referred to the secondary, i) |S the current trough the resistance Rye that represents the fon oe loses, in) i the current trough the nonlinear inductance ‘hat represents the core magaetsing cumeat and (0) is the secondary eurent ‘The peimary current refered tothe secondary is SOPHO ‘The V-l (or B-H) curve is represented with a piecewise linear characteristic that approximates BH characteristic ofthe actual (CT. The remnant fue is also considered. the BH cuve is wed for the CT model, the core area and average length ofthe core should be input nto the CT mods! prior to simulation, ‘The remus that can be drawn using the PSCAD/EMTDC simulator are: the primary current it); the ideal secondary cmon ij) without sturacion; tho real secondary current} ‘he fax); the exciting current i() he Hx density b(); the smagnetsing fore bt) andthe core vliage va). The BH andor oly curves can be obtained also in ‘the mul-plot on PSCADIEMTDC simulster, 2 DERIVATION OF THE SECONDARY CURRENT i) ‘The accuracy ofthe results obtained fom the CT model ean be assessed theoretically and experimentally. theoretical equation an be derived forthe secondary current i). This equation is ‘then validated a limited umber offal conditions to analyse the Tohaviour of the proposed CT when operating with EMTDC?PSCAD. 2.41 Transient primary fault current id!) ‘A circuit containing a fault canbe represented in a single phase, ‘simplified form a:- Rob Ww faut “) Fg. 2 A fed cet The source volage canbe exposed as sAOrVeintatta) 0 10 Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, MEleCon 2000, Vol. It (0-7803-6290-X/00/510,00 ©2000 IEEE.andthe ful curent expressed as= iddrtsigatra singe @ tes tren te ‘When 2-40, i(0}Isinot sa pur sine wave, When where a a+4-F sptcoute ina fy fe cosine wav. 22 The secondary current i(@) and the magnetising current i(®) ‘ACCT can be represented by simplified equivalent circuit shown in Figs. wo fo vo w ik Fig 3 Simplified equivalent crit Fig. 42-tq curve In Fig. 3 the primary impedance isnot needed boca i) an ‘impressed curent source. The secondary leakage reacance and the core los resistance are ignored to simplify the equation, The tude is assumed tobe pure resistance and R includes both the secondary resistance and the burden resistance. I is. the cuivalen core inductance withthe caraceistie showin Fig. 4 (wo sepments of piecewise linear charsctersic). 7) 36 4) refered tothe secondary side of CT. i) and i) are the CT's Secondary and exciting caren espectvely. ‘The subsequent analysis is related to the worst operation ‘condition fora CT i, the ful cument consists ofa symmetrical cent with fll de off. Then oomtle #9 Each component affets the CT differently. Consequently, to ‘obtain the overall response of CT, the two components of the fault cunent Tc) and i() are considered to. act independently, lina) o 2241 Secondary current resulting from the AC ‘component of the primary current {(p.(0} From th Fig. 3, we have inal Mak) Malt LL. whl hy fined) o here vat i the core voltage Tat resonator ty ine ey here T= Ri the Hine constant ofthe CT By solving he equation, we can get taal (al, aaa Reap emer rosnat he*) © and then stort, nD sooterl-e snot +o Tacosat+ Ghye™] Teglven! i" pact dined). i Wis casy to testy that pina taal) 2.2.2 Secondary current resulting from the de ‘component of the primary current {1,4c(0} ‘Using similar approach to that described in 22.1, we can drive an equation fo the secondary current caused by the de component ofthe primary eurent yer, dint) totais o then o ee ep w 2.2.3 Secondary current resulting from primary fault current Using te equation derived in 22.1 and 2.22, we can derive an ‘uation for the secondary current by a primary fault current that ‘contains bo de and se component FO = inal) ial) = Leosot re sinet~ (qhye™y” s ak eats] ay 1008i(Ornaleal0)= ee Tare ot se Tacorot s (oe : at pete -ge, “ way Te 1, Ta 23 ‘Theoretical assessment of the equation that ‘eseribes the secondary current it) “To validate the performance ofthe new CT mad, a single 10:1 ‘CT was simulated, The magneting characteristic (BH curve) of the CT is shown in Fig. $. The CT model represents this BH cure by two piecewise linear chartcterisic (Imi 7.19 H when De A ag" OTH when 2> ge a6 2lqcurve shown in Fig. 4) The XR, ratio ofthe primary system was chosen as 40, ie. Ty PlyRy = 0127 5, 314, Taiell § Oamn L719 Hy RUGS obs), Taa= OOIS4 § (27h Len= OH, R65 ohms ), Fault curem iteludes the alternating caren and the fully offset 4c component 2.3.1 Assessment of the alternating current response “The secondary cutent resulting from the ac component of the primary cures al] -nsinot +0°Teomat +(e ™) (3) Takai ae") When the CT is unsaturated, i¢. he then Lys and Ta Te Since o>>1/Tay consequently ten inal) 3 Host as) ‘When the primary fault current doesnot include a de component andthe fx is small the differences Between) 804 iat) C3 be ignored. But when the CT is in satuated sat, 1. >, Uyrhgs and TyrTog the er Between ipa) and igg() a bigger 5 the secondary curet is distorted. 123.2 Assessment of the de component response ae ete Te as dy Te When he CT is unsaturated, Tye-Tqy°1- $ and 7)°0.127 5, hence TaP>Tp ela) <<(V). “Using this reaionhip, the ‘uation (15 ean be simplified to:- tale Te ™ aipuld 06) “This shows thatthe secondary de component decays with the sme time constants the primary de component “When the CF is saturated, Ta Tas = 0.0184 sand Ty~0.127 5, hence Tas> {I7T,). Using this asionship, ‘the equation (15) canbe simplified wo Te ‘af an ‘The secondary de component now decays ister (Tey ®T,) than the primary de component. 234 Several important factors which affect CT saturation ‘There are several immportant factors that affect the secondary caren rom a CT uring he Fal 23.41 The primary de decaying time constant T, = LR “The larger the value for T, (or XyRy), the more slowly the primary de component decays and consequealy CT saturation Tass longer. We can se his phenomenon in Fig. 6. The curves in Fig. Gare X/Rj-I0 and X/Ry=4. The simulation conditions ar: ‘AWN fal, POW 270 (lle oft), R15 ohms, I=10l, Fig 6 Simulation for Gowen DR, 2.34.2 The CT's time constant Te“La/R. ‘An increase in burden R orfand a decrease in inductance Ly resus ina reduction in Ty reduction inthe value for Ty esos in eae CT saturation and faster decay on the secondary 46 curent dering the saturated condition. We can sce thi ‘Phenomenon in ig7. The curves in Fig. 7a Rowan 15 ohms 4nd 6.5 ohms. The simulation conditions are: A'N fll, POW 20? XM 40 and 10, Fig TCT Silaion for GT Rave 23.43 The effect on the secondary current of a primary ‘current with no de component If the POW is O° or 180° (4-0), and if AD the error between jt) and i) is vey small, However whet 1>Peng D6 ‘rors ager and saturation occur ‘The simulation results behave in the same manner as those predicted by the theorecical analysis. The mathematical formulas 10* Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, MEleCon 2000, Vol. IIT 1009five an effectively explanation of physical phenomenon associated witha CT behaviour. 3 VALIDATION BY EMTP CT MODEL ‘To verify the EMTDC CT model, simulation data were created by EMIP simulator under similar condons. "The -curent transformer magnetsing core i represented by the Type-96 Preudo-Noolinear Hystaretic Inductor. The Fig. 8-10 shows the (CT's secondary cuntent wavefoems between the EMTTDC and the ETTP models with different resistance loads. The simulation conditions ae: single phase to earth fault A-N, ost appliod at 270 degrees POW (giving maximum negative offet on the ‘Primary cae), fault curent Teel IDA rms and system X0R=40. Fig 1 Comparison betwesn the EMTDC and test with Reqan=1-5 ohms ig, 12 Comparison between the EMTDC and test with Ryann65 ms Romi-S obs Fig. 9 Comparison between the EMTDC and EMT? With Ran 6.5 ohms Fig. 10 Comparison between he EMTDC and EMTP with Ran 20 ohms 4 EVALUATION WITH CT TESTS AT SYNTHETIC PLANT IN ALSTOM. ‘The Fig.11 isa compariton berween EMTDC simulation results and experimental results performed under the same conditions, i. with Roaga=lS ohms Similar comparizone are preteen Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 except now the resistances of the burden are 65 ohms and 20 ohms respectively. We can see tht both ‘Simulation and test curves are very close. These results show that the new CT model on PSCADYEMTDC simulator has excellent behaviours to represent a eal CT, 1010 Fig 13 Comparison between the EMTOC and tst with Rawei20 obs 4 CONCLUSIONS ‘The single CT model have been designed and implemented on EMTDC?PSCAD simulator. Ithas the following features: fat and non-iteratve algorithm; the V-I or BH curve is represented by pilecedis linear characteristic which can be adjusted exsily by ser according to diferent CT core material, The comparisons between the EMTDC, EMP and tests fom STP show that these waveforms are very close. This new EMTDCIPSCAD CT model has a good representation of rel CT. REFERENCES [1] Kezunovie, ete. “Experimental Evaluation of EMTP-based Curent ‘Transformer Models for Protective Relay Transient Siudy", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No.1, January 1996 (2) O'Kelly, sty “Simulation of Transient and Steady-state Magnetisation Characteristics with Hysteresis, IEE Proceedings (on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, VoL.124, Nos, Jane 197. (3) HL, P A Crossley and M Uang, “The Use of Digit Signal Processor For Real Time Digital Curent Transformer simulation”, Second International Conference on Digital Power System Simulators, Montel, Quebec, Canada, May 1997. {40 Song, te." A Digital Curent Transformer Model for Relay ‘Studie, The Sixt Intemational Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, March 1997, Notingham UK. [5] J R Manin, LR Linares and HW Dommel, “Curent ‘Transformer and Coupling-Cepacitor Voltage Transformers in Realtime Simulation", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol 12, No.1 January 1997, pp. 164-168, (6) A D Parker, “Test Equipment For Curent Transformer Simulation-required Performance Specification", Development Speciieton, GEC ALSTHOM T&D, 26th October 1995, 10 Meaiterancan Electrotechnical Conference, MEleCon 2000, Vol. 1iT