Bacalaureat2009. M1. II 1.

b) varianta 1
a b
A= , a,b , b 0
b a
xn yn ( a + b) n + ( a b) n ( a + b) n ( a b ) n
S se arate c A = n
, unde xn = ; yn =
yn xn 2 2
Solutie Folosim teorema Hamilton-Cayley
A2 TrA A + det A I 2 = O2 ; TrA = 2a, det A = a 2 b 2

Ecuaia caracteristic a matricei A este:

A2 2aA + (a 2 b 2 ) I 2 = O2 (1)

An = xn A + yn I 2
x =1
A1 = x1 A + y1 I 2 1
y1 = 0
x = 2a
(1) A2 = 2aA + (b 2 a 2 ) I 2 = x2 A + y2 I 2 2 2
y2 = b a
2

An +1 = xn +1 A + yn +1 I 2
(1) An = xn A + yn I 2 A An +1 = xn A2 + yn I 2 A = xn 2aA + ( b 2 a 2 ) I 2 + yn A =

= 2axn A + yn A + xn ( b 2 a 2 ) I 2 = ( 2axn + yn ) A + xn ( b 2 a 2 ) I 2 = xn +1 A + yn+1 I 2

xn +1 = 2axn + yn
xn +1 = 2axn + xn1 ( b a )
2 2

yn +1 = xn ( b a ) yn = xn 1 ( b a )
2 2 2 2

xn +1 2axn + xn 1 ( a 2 b 2 ) = 0

Ecuatia caracteristica a sirului ( x n )n este r 2 2ar + ( a 2 b 2 ) = 0

r 2 2ar + a 2 = b 2
(r a) = b 2 r a = b r1,2 = a b
2

xn = C1 r1n + C2 r2 n = C1 ( a + b ) + C2 ( a b )
n n

1 = x1 = C1 ( a + b ) + C2 ( a b ) C1 ( a + b ) + C2 ( a b ) = 1 ( a b )


2a = x2 = C1 ( a + b ) + C2 ( a b ) C1 ( a + b ) + C2 ( a b ) = 2a
2 2 2 2

C1 ( a b ) C2 ( a b ) = ( a b )
2 2 2

C1 ( a + b ) + C2 ( a b ) = 2a
2 2

C1 ( a + b ) ( a 2 b 2 ) / = 2a ( a b )
2

C1 ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 a 2 + b 2 ) = 2a a + b
C1 ( 2ab + 2b 2 ) = a + b
1
2bC1 ( a + b ) = a + b 2bC1 = 1 C1 =
2b
a + b 2b ( a + b ) 2b a b a + b a b
C2 ( a b ) = 1 C1 ( a + b ) = 1 = = = =
2b 2b 2b 2b 2b
1
C2 =
2b

a + b ) ( a b ) yn = yn 1 ( b 2 a 2 ) = ( a 2 b 2 ) ( a + b ) ( a b )
1 1
(
n 1 n 1
xn =
n n

2b 2b
a b 1 0 axn + yn xnb
An = xn A + yn I 2 = xn + yn = x b
b a 0 1 n axn + yn
(a + b) (a b)
n n
1
xnb = b ( a + b) ( a b) =
n n

2b 2
( a + b ) ( a b ) ( a 2 b 2 ) ( a + b ) ( a b ) =
a 1 n 1 n 1
axn + yn =
n n

2b 2b
a ( a + b ) a ( a b ) ( a 2 b2 ) ( a + b ) + ( a 2 b2 ) ( a b ) =
1 n 1 n 1
=
n n

2b
1
= a ( a + b ) ( a b )( a + b ) + ( a + b )( a b ) a ( a b ) =
n n n n

2b
1
= ( a + b ) ( a a + b ) + ( a b ) ( a + b a ) =
n n

2b
(a + b) + (a b)
n n
1 1
= b ( a + b ) + b ( a b ) = b ( a + b ) + ( a b ) =
n n n n

2b 2b 2
( a + b ) n + ( a b )n ( a + b) (a b)
n n


A = q.e.d .
n 2 2
( a + b ) n ( a b )n (a + b) + (a b)
n n

2 2

Prof.dr.V. Arsinte

Tehnoredactare computerizata: Demit Ana, clasa a XI-a C, Liceul Teoretic Callatis, Mangalia, Romania, 2015