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    Repaired 134035964 Burne Hogarth Dynamic Figure Drawing PDF

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    TUS UGA $21.95 U.S.A/$25 95 Canada QYNTHDIG FIGUAE OAFAIIG ste mos ‘essential—and the most difficull—of all skills for the artist to learn, The hardest problem is to visualize the figure in the tremendous variety of poses which the body takes in action, poses which plunge the various forms of the body into deep space and show them in radical foreshortening Foreshortening itself i, in fact, the single most challenging aspect of figure drawing This book introduces the author's own revolutionary system of figure drawing—a system which makes it possible to visualize the forms of the human body from ‘every conceivable point of view as they interlock in deep space. With this system you will be able to draw an incredible variety of poses, actions, and gestures without a model, and with the correct relationships between forms. Burne Hogarth was a founder of the School of Visual Arts in New York City, where he served as Coordinator of Curriculum, Design, and Art History. His famed lecture demonstrations of anatomy and drawing provided the material for Dynamic Anatomy, Drawing the Human Head, Dynamic Figure Drawing, Drawing Dynamic Hands, and Dynamic Light and Shade. Mr. Hogarth received his education and art background in Chicago, where he started a diversified professional career that embraced some forty years of experience in art ‘education, fine art, illustration, advertising, and newspaper art. He achieved worldwide recognition with his illustrations for the Sunday newspaper illustrated "Tarzan" and has since published Tarzan of the Apes and Jungle Tales of Tarzan in book form. His cartoons, drawings, prints, and paintings have been exhibited at the Musée des Arts at Decoratifs of the Louvre in Paris. |SBN-19:97¢.0-8250-5774 'SeN-0: 000 977"7 54 s!a0e2st015771 | ‘Jacket design by Bob Fille, Graphiti Graphics WATSON-GUPTILL PUBLICATIONS, wwnw.watsonguptil.com DYNAMIC FIGURE DRAWING Burne Hogarth DYNAM Hal DRAW! Watson-Guptill Publications « New York Edited by Margit Malmetrom Designed by James Craig and Bob Fille Paperback Edition 1996 (Copyright © 2002 by Burne Hogarth Dynamic Media Worldwide LLC ‘Trademark BURNE HOGARTH™ and Trademark DYNAMIC FIGURE DRAWING™ are owned by ‘Burne Hogarth Dynamic Media Worldwide LLC ‘and used by Permission. Fist Published in 1970 by Watson-Guptil Publications, Nelsen Business Mca, a division of The Nielsen Company 70 Broadway, New York, NY 10003 wera watsongupillcom brary of Congress Catalog Cara Number 73487328 pbk IseN 0-9090-1877-7 ‘Allrightsresorved. No par ofthis publication may be reproduced or used inany form or by ary meant—grephe, electric, o mechanial, eluding photocopying recording, taping, oF nfrmation storage and retrieval systome— ‘witout writen permission of the pubicher Manufactured in the USA 18 16 17 16 19/11 10 09 o8 Contents Introduction 7 1. The Definitive Body Forms 9 Shape-Masses of the Figure 9 Shape-Masses of the Head: Ball and Wedge 9 Barrel Shaped Rib Cage 12 ‘The Wedge Box of the Pelvis 21 Column Forms of the Arms and Legs 26 ‘Wedge Masses of Hand and Foot 37 2. Figure Notation in Deep Space 45 ‘The Torso is Primary 45 ‘The Legs are Secondary 48 ‘The Arms are Third in Importance 55 ‘The Head is Last 59 Exercises in Notation 61 3. Figure Unity in Deep Space: Interconnection of forms 65 (Overlapping Forms 65 Form Flow and Form Unity 68 Interconnection Lines 68 Outline and Contour 95 Tone Gradation 100 4, Figure Invention: Controlling Size in Foreshortened Forms 105 Cylindrical and Barrel Forms 105 ‘The Cylinder as a Rational Form 105 Finding Constant Factors 107 Width of Form as a Constant Factor 107 The Arms 115 The Hands 120 The Joints 127 5. Figure Invention: Controlling Length in Foreshortened Farms 135 ‘The Circle in Space: The Ellipse 135 ‘The Joint as Pivot; The Member as Radius 136 The Isosceles Triangle Measuring Device 144 6. Figure Projection in Deep Space 151 Parallel Projection of Solid Forms 152 Deep Space Projection of the Figure in Action 154 Figure Invention by Reversible Projection 156 Perspective Projection of the Figure 159 Phase-Sequence Projections: The Multiple Action Figure 165 Chin Thrust Leads Body Action 168 The Hand in Phase-Sequence Projection 174 Conclusion 174 Index 175 To my brother, Harvey, who in a real sense inspired my first attempts to draw. Introduction Most art students—and too many pro- fessional artists—will do anything to avoid drawing the human figure in deep space. Walk through the life draw- ing classes of any art school and you'll discover that nearly every student is terrified of action poses with torsos tilling toward him or away from him, with arms and legs striding forward or plunging back into the distance; twist- ing and bending poses in which the forms of the figure overlap and seem to conceal one another; and worst of al, reclining poses, with the figure seen in perspective! These are all problems in foreshort- ening, which really means drawing the figure so that it looks like a solid, three dimensional object which is moving through real space—not like a paper doll lying flat on a sheet of paper. Drawing the figure in deep space fore- shortening is not a mere technical trick, not a mere problem to be solved; it's the essence of figure drawing as perfected by Leonardo, Michelangelo, Tintoretto, Rubens, and the other great masters of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. But most art students would greatly refer to draw the figure as if it were a soldier standing at attention, with the axes of the body and limbs parallel to the surface of the drawing paper, like a building in an architectural elevation. Well, no, they don’t really prefer to draw it that way, but the dynamic, three dimensional, foreshortened figure fs so forbidding that most students are inclined to give up and stick to wooden soldiers—though silently onging for some magic key to the secret of foreshortening Burne Hogarth's Dynamic Figure Drawing doesn’t pretend to be a magic key-to-three-dimensional-figure-draw- ing-in-ten-easy-lessons, but it is a magical book. Here, for the first time, is a logical, complete system of drawing the figure in deep space, presented in step-by-step pictorial form. I've read every figure drawing book in print (it's my job) and I know that there's no book like it. The system and the teaching method have been perfected ‘over the years in the author's classes at the School of Visual Arts in New York, where many of the dazzling drawings in this book—immense, life-size figures which the artist invents without a model—were created before the eyes of hundreds of awestruck students. And surely the most stunning thing about Dynamic Figure Drawing is that Bure Hogarth teaches the reader to invent figures as the great masters did. After all, Michelangelo didn’t ask his models to hang from the ceiling or hover in the air as he drew! He invented them—and this is what the author demonstrates in the carefully pro- grammed series of drawings (with analytical text and captions) that sweep across these pages with the speed and graphic tempo of an animated film. Dynamic Figure Drawing, in the author's own words, shows the artist “how to fool the eye, how to depress, bend, and warp the two dimensional plane” of the drawing paper so that a figure drawing springs from the page in the same way that the author's remarkable drawings bound from the pages of this book. He demonstrates how to create the illusion of roundness and depth by light and shade, by the overlapping of forms, by the transi- tions from one form to another, as well as by the accurate rendering of individual body forms. He explains how to visualize the figure from every conceivable angle of view, including the upviews and the downviews that baffle students and professionals alike... Particularly revealing are the multi- phasedravrings—likemultiple exposure Photographs—in which figure move- ment is dissected, broken down into a series of overlapping views of the body, “frozen” at various stages of movement, so that the reader can see hhow forms change at each critical phase. Learning to see movement as a process, the reader can draw the figure more convincingly because he knows what happens to body forms at each stage of the process. The reader ul- timately finds that he can project the figure—from any viewpoint and in any stage of any action—as system- atically as an architect projects a building in 2 perspective dravving. Bure Hogarth’s achievement in Dynamic Figure Drawing is the crea- tion of a rational system which elim- inates the guesswork that plagues every student of the figure. This system isn’t a shortcut, a collection of tricks to memorize in order to produce stock solutions to drawing problems—for nothing can make figure drawing that easy. The human figure remains the most demanding of all subjects for the artist. What Dynamic Figure Drawing reveals is the inherent logic of the figure, and the author proposes a system of study that is built on this logic. The system takes time and pa- tience and lots of drawing. You'l want to reread Dynamic Figure Drawo- ing many times. Give this remarkable book the dedication it deserves and the logic of the human figure will finally bbecome second nature to you. Your re- ward will be that you go beyond merely rendering figures — and begin to invent them. Donald Holden Figure drawing in depth is accomplished with ease and authority only when the student becomes aware of the charac- teristic body forms. He must train his eye to see three kinds of forms in the human figure: ovoid forms (egg, ball, and barrel masses); column forms (cylinder and cone structures); and spatulate forms (box, slab, and wedge blocks). These three kinds of forms should be distinguished from one an- other and studied separately according to their individual differences. Com- parisons should be made with respect to relative shape, width, and lenath; and special emphasis should be placed fon variations in bulk, thickness, and volume. This is an approach which seeks to define the body as the har- monious arrangement and interrela- tionship of its separate and individually defined parts. The Definitive Body Forms ‘At some point in the art student’s de- velopment, figure drawing reaches a stage where better performance be- comes the norm. With his work at this level, the student may be able to draw a variety of natural forms (those usually seen in landscape and still life) in space. Capable as his work appears at this point, the student should develop a deeper insight into the forms and inter- relationships of the parts of the figure. He may be thoroughly familiar with figure work in conventional attitudes, ‘with depicting the posed movements and gestures of the art class model; but these, ifthe student is aware, begin to look predictably dull and static It takes a different kind of effort to conceive and draw the figure in deep foreshortening, in form-over-form spatial recession. If the student is called upon to show the unexpected and unfamiliar actions of the body — those seen from high or low angles — he feels taxed to the limit of his re- sources. At times, in direct confronta- tion with the live figure, he may do passably well by copying the model in the see-and-draw studio method; but this approach is not always successful or satisfying. To invent, to create at will out of the storehouse of his imag- {nation — that is the challenge which so frequently eludes the most intensive efforts of the art student. Shape-Masses of the Figure ‘The significance of foreshortened form lies in describing three dimensional volume rather than in delineating flat shapes. Our approach, therefore, in- volves more than contour drawing only. Since shape which is delineated only by outline is two dimensional and has no volume, it cannot express form jn depth; but when the forms of the figure are visualized as being three di- ‘mensional in space, the result isa three dimensional shape-mass Inherent in the concept of shape- ‘mass is the idea that the body is a de- fined mass, a three dimensional volume existing in space and depth, which is ‘made up of a number of parts. Each of these parts is also a three dimensional volume existing in space and depth. It follows that the figure is a multiform complex of shape-masses, all indepen- dently formed and all related. It will be our first task to research the form properties of each of these shape- masses which go into the formation of the over-all shape-mass of the figure. In observing the parts—the shape- masses — of the human figure, we shall try to look at them from new angles, from a series of changing viewpoints, describing them especially with a “filmic” concept of vision in motion. Shape-Masses of the Head: Ball and Wedge Different views of the head expose dif. ferent dominant forms. The cranial ball, for instance, is usually considered fairly equal in size to the lower facial wedge. This is especially apparent in straight-on, front views. But when the cranial ball is seen from an overhead angle, it presents a far more impres- sive bulk than the facial wedge. 10 As we observe the head from a high position, from the top, the cranial vault dominates the narrow, con- stricted mass of the face coming from under the projecting brow arch. As our viewing angle becomes lower, the facial mass tends to enlarge as the cranial mass recedes, ‘Then, as our vantage point is raised ‘once more, this time in a right-to-left tum, the cranial mass is once again dominant. From a bottom view, the wedge of the face takes on amore important appear- ance in relation to the cranial struc- ture, The features of the face reveal a ‘new aspect: looking upward at the face from underneath, we see the under- surfaces of the jaw, lips, nose, ears, and brow, and these forms assert a commanding presence over the side and frontal planes. From the rear, the skull case and the facial wedge show their most charac- teristic differences in shape: the facial wedge, angular and hard-cornered, is small when contrasted with the larger, dome-shaped cranial mass. un Barrel Shaped Rib Cage The barrel shaped rib cage belongs to the class of ovoid (rotund, egg, and ball shape) forms. It is the largest single form structure of the entire body. Frontally, its curved surface terminates top and bottom in two horseshoe-like Passages. The ascending diaphragm arch of the lower rib cage. : | SS The descending collarbone depression of the upper chest (left) ‘When the figure is tipped forward into a deep frontal view, the swelling curve of the rib cage, front to rear, is so great that it is able to girdle the head within its encircling contour (below). The cylindrical column of the neck emerges like a thick, short tree limb growing from within the triangulate hollow of the chest (left) 13 In any view looking upward, the bar- reling chest mass dominates all other forms; like a curving landscape, the pectoral arch overlaps the neck This torso, shown upview front, reveals how much larger the mass of the chest is compared with its attached members, the head and shoulders. The upper back, shown upview rear, is ample enough to obscure the greater part of the head and conceal the attach- ment of the neck column to the chest. 15 The deltoids, two large, inverted tear- drop shapes, descend from each side of the upper chest mass. The deltoids are normally part of the arms, but because they connect the arms to the rib cage barrel, they become part of a unit des- ceribed as the chest and shoulders 18 When the chest and shoulders are con- sidered as a combined form, we must bbe aware of a change in appearance in the upper chest mass: with the arm down (A), the shoulder merges with the chest (in this position, the upper torso takes on the qualified appear- ance of a wedge); and with the arm up- raised (B), the shoulder lifts from the chest, exposing a barrel shape (above) Special note should be made of the drawing of female breasts on the rib cage. In general appearance, the young, adult female breast has the look of an overturned teacup positioned at the lower angle of the chest (above). ‘The diaphragm arch appears as a great, vaulting tunnel of bone at the base of the front of the chest. From this open- ing, like the hollow bottom of a brandy bottle thelongabdominal mass emerges and descends in three undulant stages, or tiers. It should be observed that the terminal belly form (the third tier), starting at the lower level of the navel and compressing to the pubic arch, is not only the largest of the three stages, but is roughly equivalent in size to the frontal head mass of this Figure (left. y To place the breast correctly, it is necessary first to find the position of the nipple on the chest muscle. Using a male figure (for the sake of clarity), we start at the pit of the neck where the collarbones join (A). From this point, we plot a curve at a 45° angle to the vertical, central line of the body, which follows the barrel shape of the rib cage and progresses outward and down across the chest. The nipple dise (B) is located on this line just above the deep comer margin of the chest muscle. 18 a If we draw two 45° lines outward from the center body line to the right and to the left across the chest barrel, wwe can correctly place the nipples on the chest base (above). When the cuplike breasts are superim-D posed on the nipple positions, and the discs are advanced to the surface of the breast mounds, note that both breasts point off the curve of the chest at a combined angle of 90° (right). When both breasts are shown, es- pecially in a three quarter view, they can never be seen simultaneously from a direct, frontal position. One breast will be seen with its centrally located nipple disc face on, while the other will be seen in a side view, with its nipple projecting in profile. Observe the positioning of the nipple discs; check the 90° angle at the pit of the neck for the correct placement of the nipples. 20 In observing the full front view of the body, note an interesting contradiction: neither breast is seen frontally; both breasts in this case point away from the direct line of vision in an off-angle, ‘outward direction, ‘The Wedge Box of the Pelvis The lower torso (the pelvic mass) has the general shape of a wedge box, in direct contrast to the upper torso (the rotund barrel of the rib cage). After the rib cage, the pelvic wedge is the second largest mass of the body. Locked to the barrel by the tapering muscles of the waist, the wedge box is narrow at the top, broader at the base. Schematic rendering of the two torso ‘masses: the wedge box of the pelvis and the barrel of the rib cage. a In the normal, erect attitude of the body, the two torso masses express an inverse, counterpoised relationship: the barrel is tipped back, the shoulders are drawn rearward, and the chest facade is exposed. 22 Here, the lower pelvic wedge is tipped forward, the underbelly is recessive, and the rear buttock area arches up- ward into view. Ina rear view of the lower torso wedge, the pelvic region is seen as a compound form with a butterfly shape. The wide gluteus medius masses, under the arched. hipbones, form the upper wings (A, A), and the thick gluteus maximus ‘masses (the buttocks) form the close- set under wings (B, B1), The butterfly wedge easily indentifies the pelvic wedge masses in this rear, almost side, view. The wing forms are overlapped and foreshartened from front to back. The butterfly configuration is-evident jn a rear view of the mature female pelvic mass, Note the relatively larger hip structure, both in width and in bulk, ‘compared to the upper chest mass. A narrow rib cage combined with a wide pelvis identifies the female torso and is a distinguishing characteristic of male-female differentiation, 23 24 When the two torso masses are joined, the result is a compound torso which assumes the simplified form of a mas- sive kidney shape (above). ‘iin this series of sketches, the butterfly device is shown to be an easily estab- lished point of reference and an aid in drawing any rear view of the pelvic forms of the lower torso (left) ‘The kidney shape of the combined torso masses is characterized by the distinctively narrow waist of the body, the flexible central axis between the upper torso (the rib cage barrel) and the lower torso (the pelvic wedge), The waist, because of its axis-like quality, is capable of great versatility of movement. 25 ‘Column Forms of the Arms and Legs The arm and leg masses have a general similarity and correlation of form. Described simply, the arm and the leg are elongated, jointed two-part members, each of whose parts has a modified cone or cylinder shape. Note that both the arm and the leg swivel, or rotate, high in the shoulder (A) or hip (A1); both have a bending, or rocking, joint in the middle of the member at the elbow (B) or the knee (B1);and both havea terminal gyrating member, the hand or the foot, attached toa tapered base at the wrist (C) or the ankle (C1). 26 In this female figure, the arms and the legs have been given a. straightfor- ward, cylindrical appearance and have been joined to an equally simplified chest barrel andpelvic wedge. Rendered in this schematic way, forms take on a hard, uncompromising appearance. ‘Their value is clear if we accept them as being merely @ primary stage in drawing which permits us to see forms directly in the round, as whole entities related to adjacent, different forms. Using this simplified method of figure notation isa way of understanding and setting down the volume masses of the figure in correct proportion. Both the arm and the leg are sur- ‘mounted by a broad, compact mass high on the upper member: the deltoid muscle at the shoulder (A); and the gluteus muscle below the hip (Al). ‘The two upper members of the arm and the leg reveal two extended, centrally ocatedform volumes:thebiceps and the triceps masses of the arm (B); and the hamstring and rectus muscles of the Jeg (B1). The lower members of the arm and theleg show lesser double volumes: theflexorandextensor bulgesofthefore- arm (C); and the calf muscle mass of the lower leg (C1). 2» For all their similarity, the arm and The curving rhythm of the arm in a the leg have decidedly different struc~ rear view. The elbow turns out; there- tural rhythms. In the arm, for example, fore, theunderarmliftsand theline takes 2 consistent upward-curving rhythm a clear overcurve. is present along the entire underarm length from shoulder to elbow, and from elbow to wrist (Gee arrows). A frontal figure with arms flexed and foreshortened shows the correlation of double curves (see arrows). ‘Theclueto the underarm curve is found in the position of the elboxs, Locate the elbow, and you will be able to trace the Jine upward toward the rear armpit; the lower line can be followed from the elbow down to the base of the outer palm. No matter how the arm moves, from simple positions, such as the two extended arms shown above right, to deep, active bends (left), the con- sistent undercurve is always present, Invariably, this curve provides the basis for the arm's structural rhythm, 29 An arm in deep space extension gives us the underarm double curve (see arrows), proof of the arm's unvarying structural hythm (let). This side view of the right leg, bent atthekne, hows thestrctural chythm of the bent leg clearly indicated (se arrows) with an Sine curve (above)

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