A.

GII THIU CHUNG V MY PHT

IN
My pht in (MF) l mt phn t rt quan trng trong h thng in (HT), s
lm vic tin cy ca cc MF c nh hng quyt nh n tin cy ca HT. V vy, i
vi MF c bit l cc my c cng sut ln, ngi ta t nhiu loi bo v khc nhau
chng tt c cc loi s c v cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng xy ra bn trong cc
cun dy cng nh bn ngoi MF. thit k tnh ton cc bo v cn thit cho my pht,
chng ta phi bit cc dng h hng v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca MF.

I. Cc dng h hng v tnh trng lm vic khng bnh

thng ca MF
I.1. Cc dng h hng:
- Ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun stator. (1)
- Chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng 1 pha (i vi cc MF c cun dy
kp). (2)
- Chm t 1 pha trong cun dy stator. (3)
- Chm t mt im hoc hai im mch kch t. (4)

I.2. Cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca MF:

- Dng in tng cao do ngn mch ngoi hoc qu ti. (5)
- in p u cc my pht tng cao do mt ti t ngt hoc khi ct ngn mch
ngoi. (6)
Ngoi ra cn c cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng khc nh: Ti khng i
xng, mt kch t, mt ng b, tn s thp, my pht lm vic ch ng c, ...

II. Cc bo v thng dng cho MF

Tu theo chng loi ca my pht (thu in, nhit in, turbine kh, thu in tch
nng...), cng sut ca my pht, vai tr ca my pht v s ni dy ca nh my in
vi cc phn t khc trong h thng m ngi ta la chn phng thc bo v thch hp.
Hin nay khng c phng thc bo v tiu chun i vi MF cng nh i vi cc thit
b in khc. Tu theo quan im ca ngi s dng i vi cc yu cu v tin cy, mc
d phng, nhy... m chng ta la chn s lng v chng loi rle trong h thng
bo v. i vi cc MF cng sut ln, xu th hin nay l lp t hai h thng bo v c
lp nhau vi ngun in thao tc ring, mi h thng bao gm mt bo v chnh v mt s
bo v d phng c th thc hin y cc chc nng bo v cho my pht.
bo v cho MF chng li cc dng s c nu phn I, ngi ta thng dng
cc loi bo v sau:
- Bo v so lch dc pht hin v x l khi xy ra s c (1).
- Bo v so lch ngang cho s c (2).
- Bo v chng chm t mt im cun dy stator cho s c (3).
- Bo v chng chm t mch kch t cho s c (4).
- Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti cho s c (5).
- Bo v chng in p u cc my pht tng cao cho s c (6).
Ngoi ra c th dng: Bo v khong cch lm bo v d phng cho bo v so
lch, bo v chng qu nhit rotor do dng my pht khng cn bng, bo v chng mt
ng b, ...

13
 B. CC BO V RLE CHO MY PHT
IN
I. Bo v so lch dc (87G)
I.1. Nhim v v s nguyn l:
Bo v so lch dc (BVSLD) c nhim v chng ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun
dy stator my pht. S thc hin bo v nh hnh 1.1.

Bo tn hiu t
Bo tn hiu mch th

+ +
MC Ct
4Rth MC
5RT

+ + + -

1RI 2RI 3RI

Rf
52
MF Rf
1BI

MF 87G
b)

a)
Hnh 1.1: S bo v so lch dc cun stator 2BI
MF; s tnh ton (a) v theo m s (b)

Trong :
- Rf: dng hn ch dng in khng cn bng (IKCB), nhm nng cao nhy
ca bo v.
- 1RI, 2RI, 4Rth: pht hin s c v a tn hiu i ct my ct u cc my pht
khng thi gian (thc t thng t 0,1 sec).
- 3RI, 5RT: bo tn hiu khi xy ra t mch th sau mt thi gian cn thit (thng
qua 5RT) trnh hin tng bo nhm khi ngn mch ngoi m tng t mch th.
Vng tc ng ca bo v l vng gii hn gia cc BI ni vo mch so lch. C th
y l cc cun dy stator ca MF, on thanh dn t u cc MF n my ct.

I.2. Nguyn l lm vic:

BVSLD hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh lch dng in gia hai u cun dy
stator, dng vo rle l dng so lch:
IR = I1T - I2T = ISL (1-1)
Vi I1T, I2T l dng in th cp ca cc BI hai u cun dy.
Bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi, dng vo rle 1RI, 2RI l dng khng cn bng
IKCB:
ISL = I1T - I2T = IKCB < IKR (dng khi ng rle) (1-2)
nn bo v khng tc ng (hnh 1.2a).
Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc pha trong cun dy stator (hnh 1.2b), dng in vo
cc rle 1RI, 2RI:

14
 I
ISL = I1T - I2T = N > IKR (1-3)
nI
Trong : ISL = IKCBT < IKR I1T
- IN: dng in ngn mch.
- nI: t s bin dng ca BI IN
I1 T ISL > I KR
Bo v tc ng i ct 1MC I2T nI
ng thi a tn hiu i n b phn
t ng dit t (TDT). I2T
Trng hp t mch th ca a) b)
BI, dng vo rle l:
I Hnh 1.2: th vct ca dng in trong mch
IR = F (1-4) BVSLD
nI a) Bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi
b) Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v

Dng in ny c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm, lc ch c 3RI khi ng

bo t mch th vi thi gian chm tr, trnh hin tng bo nhm trong qu trnh qu
khi ngn mch ngoi c xung dng ln.
s hnh 1.1, cc BI ni theo s sao khuyt nn bo v so lch dc s khng
tc ng khi xy ra ngn mch mt pha pha khng t BI. Tuy nhin cc bo v khc s
tc ng.

I.3. Tnh cc tham s v chn Rle:

I.3.1. Tnh chn 1RI v 2RI:
Dng in khi ng ca rle 1RI, 2RI c chn phi tho mn hai iu kin sau:
iu kin 1: Bo v khng tc ng i vi dng khng cn bng cc i IKCBmax
khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v.
IKB Kat.IKCBtt (1-5)
IKCBtt = Kn.KKCK.fi .INngmax (1-6)
Trong :
- Kat: h s an ton tnh n sai s ca rle v d tr cn thit. Kat c th ly bng
1,3.
- KKCK: h s tnh n s c mt ca thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn
mch, KKCK c th ly t 1 n 2 tu theo bin php c s dng nng cao nhy ca
bo v.
- Kn: h s tnh n s ng nht ca cc BI (Kn = 0,51).
- fi: sai s tng i ca BI, fi c th ly bng 0,1 (c k n d tr, v cc my
bin dng chn theo ng cong sai s 10%).
- INngmax: thnh phn chu k ca dng in chy qua BI ti thi im u khi ngn
mch ngoi trc tip 3 pha u cc my pht.
iu kin 2: Bo v khng c tc ng khi t mch th BI.
Lc dng vo rle 1RI, 2RI: (gi s MF ang lm vic ch nh mc)
I
ISL = mF (1-7)
nI
Dng khi ng ca bo v:
K at
IKB = I mF (1-8)
nI
Nh vy, iu kin chn dng khi ng cho 1RI, 2RI:
IKB = max{Kat .IKCBtt; Kat .ImF } (1-9)
Dng in khi ng ca rle:
K (3) .I KB
IKR = (1-10)
nI

15
Vi K(3) l h s s . Sau khi tnh c IKR ta s chn c loi rle cn thit.
Kim tra nhy Kn ca bo v:
I N min
Kn = (1-11)
I KB
Vi INmin: dng in ngn mch 2 pha u cc my pht khi my pht lm vic ring l.
V bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn yu cu Kn > 2.
I.3.2. Tnh chn Rle 3RI:
Dng khi ng s cp ca rle 3RI phi ln hn dng khng cn bng cc i khi
ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. Nhng trong tnh ton th iu kin n nh nhit ca rle l
quyt nh. Theo kinh nghim c th chn dng khi ng cho 3RI:
IKS(3RI) = 0,2.ImF (1-12)
Ta tnh c IKR ca 3RI v chn c loi rle tng ng.
I.3.3. Thi gian lm vic ca 5RT:
Khi xy ra ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, c th xut hin nhng xung dng ln
thong qua lm cho bo v tc ng nhm do vy phi chn thi gian tc ng ca 5RT tho
mn iu kin:
t5RT > tct Nngoi (1-13)
t5RT = tctNng + t (1-14)
Trong :
- tctNng: thi gian ln nht ca cc bo v ni vo thanh gp in p my pht.
- t: bc chn lc thi gian, thng t = (0,25 0,5) sec.
Nhn xt:
- Bo v s tc ng khi ngn
mch nhiu pha trong cun dy stator 1BI I1S
my pht. I1T
- Bo v khng tc ng khi BIH
chm chp gia cc vng dy trong BILV
Vng bo IH
cng 1 pha hoc khi xy ra chm t
1 im trong cun dy phn tnh. v
tng nhy ca bo v so ILV RI
lch ngi ta c th s dng rle so 2BI I 2S I 2T
lch c hm.
Hnh 1.3: Bo v so lch dng in c hm cun
dy stator MF
I.4. Bo v so lch c hm:
S bo v nh hnh 1.3. Rle gm c hai cun dy: Cun hm v cun lm vic.
Rle lm vic trn nguyn tc so snh dng in gia ILV v IH.
- Dng in vo cun lm vic ILV:
. .
I LV = I 1T I 2T = I SL (1-15)
- Dng in hm vo cun hm IH:
IH = I1T + I2T (1-16)
Khi lm vic bnh thng hay ngn mch ngoi vng bo v: Dng in I1T cng
chiu vi dng I2T: I1T I2T
ISL = ILV = I1T - I2T = IKCB (1-17)
IH = I1T + I2T 2.I1T > ILV (1-18)
nn bo v khng tc ng.
Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v: Dng in I1T ngc pha vi I2T:
I1T = -I2T
IH = I1T - I2T 0
ILV = I1T + I2T 2.I1T > IH (1-19)

16
 bo v s tc ng.
Nhn xt:
- Bo v hot ng theo nguyn tc so snh dng in gia ILV v IH, nn nhy
ca bo v rt cao v khi xy ra ngn mch th bo v tc ng mt cch chc chn vi thi
gian tc ng thng t = (15 20) msec.
- Bo v so lch dc dng rle c hm c th ngn chn bo v tc ng nhm do
nh hng bo ho ca BI.
- i vi cc my pht in c cng sut ln c th s dng s bo v so lch
hm tc ng nhanh (hnh 1.4).
ch lm vic
bnh thng, dng in th A
cp I1T v I2T ca cc nhm ILV
bin dng 1BI, 2BI chy qua B
I1S I2S
in tr hm RH, to nn RL1
C CL RLV
in p hm UH, cn hiu RL1
dng th cp (dng so lch) ULV
ISL chy qua bin dng trung BIG
gian BIG, cu chnh lu CL ILV RL2
v in tr lm vic RLV to I 2T RL
I1T 2
nn in p lm vic ULV. BIG D1 D2
Gi tr in p UH > ULV, IH
bo v khng tc ng. ILV RH/2 n RG
UH u ra
RH/2

Hnh 1.4: Bo v so lch c hm tc ng nhanh cho

MF cng sut ln
Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v, in p ULV >> UH, dng in chy qua rle RL1
lm rle ny tc ng ng tip im RL1 li. Dng in lm vic sau khi nn chy qua rle
RL2, RL2 ng tip im li, rle ct u ra s c cp ngun thao tc qua hai tip im
ni tip RL1 v RL2 i ct my ct u cc my pht. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng rle so
lch tng tr cao bo v so lch my pht in (hnh 1.5). Rle so lch RU trong s c
tng tr kh ln s tc ng theo in p so lch USL, ch lm vic bnh thng v khi
ngn mch ngoi, cc bin dng 1BI, 2BI (c chn ging nhau) c cng dng in my
pht i qua do cc sc in ng E1 v E2 bng nhau v ngc pha nhau, L1 = L2, phn
b in p trong mch nh hnh 1.5b.
R1 R2
1BI IN 2BI N
E1 L1 USL RSL E2=0

USL 1BI
E1 USL
a) c)

R1 R2 R1 R2

E1 L1 USL RSL L2 E2 E1 L1 USL RSL L2 E2

E1 USL
E1 E2
USL = 0

E2
b) d)

Hnh 1.5: Bo v so lch dng rle tng tr cao cho MF

a) S nguyn l b) Mch in ng tr v phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng
c) nhm 2BI b bo ho khi ngn mch ngoi v hon ton d) khi c ngn mch trong.

17
 Tr s in p t ln rle so lch RU ph thuc vo quan h gia cc in tr R1 v
R2. in tr R1, R2 gm in tr cun dy th cp v dy dn ph ni gia hai nhm bin
dng 1BI v 2BI, vi R1 = R2 USL = 0
Khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng bo v:
* Trng hp my pht lm vic bit lp vi h thng: Dng in qua 1BI l
dng ca my pht. Dng in qua 2BI bng khng E2 = 0. in p t ln rle so lch RU
hnh 1.5c:
I "N .(R1 + R 2 )
U SL1 = (v RSL >> R2) (1-20)
nI
Trong :
"
- I N : tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu khi ngn mch trn u cc my pht.
I "N = I(3)Nngmax = I(3)Nu cc MF
vi:
- nI: t s bin dng ca BI.
- RSL: in tr mch so lch (gm rle v dy ni).
-
* Trng hp my pht ni vi h thng: Khi ti im ngn mch, ngoi dng
in do bn thn my pht cung cp I "NF cn c thm thnh phn dng in do h thng
v I "NH . Mch in ng tr v phn b in p nh hnh 1.5d. Gi tr in p t ln rle so
lch RU:
(I "NF + I "NH ).(R1 + R 2 )
U SL2 = (1-21)
nI
m bo tnh chn lc, in p khi ng ca rle so lch RU phi chn ln hn
min{USL1; USL2}, ngha l:
K at .I "N .(R1 + R 2 )
UKR = Kat.USL1 = (1-22)
nI
Vi Kat = (1,15 1,2) l h s an ton.
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v thng: t = (15 20) msec
Nhn xt:
- i vi cc MF c cng sut ln, hng s thi gian tt dn ca thnh phn mt
chiu trong dng in ngn mch c th t n hng trm msec, gy bo ha mch t ca
cc my bin dng v lm chm tc ng ca bo v khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v.
V vy cn phi s dng s bo v tc ng nhanh trc khi xy ra bo ha mch t ca
my bin dng, tc l: tbh > tbv, vi tbv l thi gian ct ngn mch ca bo v; tbh thi gian
bo ho mch t ca BI.

18
 I.5. Bo v khong cch (21):
i vi cc MF cng sut ln ngi ta thng s dng bo v khong cch lm
bo v d phng cho BVSL (hnh 1.6a).

TG X jX
UF
BA
ZK
BU tII jXK
U t
XB R
RZ 0,7XB 0 RK
F I
tI = (0,4 0,5)
BI XF sec
t
a) b) 0

Hnh 1.6: S nguyn l (a); c tnh thi gian (b) v c tuyn

khi ng (c) ca bo v khong cch cho MF

V khong cch t MBA n my ct cao p kh ngn, trnh tc ng nhm khi

ngn mch ngoi MBA, vng th nht ca bo v khong cch c chn bao gm in
khng ca MF v khong 70% in khng ca MBA tng p ( bo v hon ton cun h
ca MBA), ngha l: I
Z k = ZF + 0,7.ZB (1-23)
Thi gian lm vic ca vng th nht thng chn tI = (0,4 0,5) sec (hnh 1.6b).
Vng th hai thng bao gm phn cn li ca cun dy MBA, thanh dn v ng
dy truyn ti ni vi thanh gp lin k. c tuyn khi ng ca rle khong cch c th
c dng vng trn vi tm gc to hoc hnh bnh hnh vi nghing ca cnh bn
bng nghing ca vct in p UF hnh 1.6c.

II. Bo v so lch ngang (87G)

Cc vng dy ca MF chp nhau thng do nguyn nhn h hng cch in ca
dy qun. C th xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt nhnh (cun dy
n) hoc gia cc vng dy thuc hai nhnh khc nhau trong cng mt pha, dng in
trong cc vng dy b chm chp c th t n tr s rt ln. i vi my pht in m
cun dy stator l cun dy kp, khi c mt s vng dy chm nhau sc in ng cm ng
trong hai nhnh s khc nhau to nn dng in cn bng chy qun trong cc mch vng s
c v t nng cun dy c th gy ra h hng nghim trng. Trong nhiu trng hp khi
xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy trong cng mt pha nhng BVSLD khng th pht hin
c, v vy cn phi t bo v so lch ngang chng dng s c ny.

19
 K
I*LV
RL
Ct
R R MC
4
I1S LV H
3 ILV = IH
2BI
IH
1BI I2S ILV I2T
2

1
BIH I1T ILV = f(IH)
BILV
a) b) 0 1 2 3 4 I*H

Hnh 1.7: Bo v so lch ngang c hm (a) v c tnh khi ng (b)

i vi MF cng sut va v nh ch c cun dy n, lc chm chp gia cc
vng dy trong cng mt pha thng km theo chm v, nn bo v chng chm t tc
ng (trng hp ny khng cn t bo v so lch ngang).
Vi MF cng sut ln, cun dy stator lm bng thanh dn v c qun kp, u
ra cc nhnh a ra ngoi nn vic bo v so lch ngang tng i d dng. Ngi ta c th
dng s bo v ring hoc chung cho cc pha.

II.1. S bo v ring cho tng pha: (hnh 1.7, 1.8)

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi, sc in ng trong cc
nhnh cun dy stator bng nhau nn I1T = I2T. Khi :
IH = I1T + I2T = 2.I1T (1-24)
ISL =ILV=I1T - I2T = IKCB (1-25)
IH > ILV nn bo v khng tc ng
Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy 87G 87G 87G
ca hai nhnh khc nhau cng mt pha,
gi thit ch my pht cha mang
ti, ta c: I1T = -I2T

Hnh 1.8: S bo v so lch ngang theo m s

IH = I1T - I2T = IKCB

ILV = I1T + I2T = 2.I1T (1-26)
ILV > IH nn rle tc ng ct my ct u cc my pht.

II.2. S bo v chung cho cc pha: (hnh 1.9)

Trong s BI c t gia hai im ni trung tnh ca 2 nhm nhnh ca cun
dy stator, th cp ca BI ni qua b lc sng hi bc ba L3f dng gim dng khng cn
bng i vo rle.

20
 A B C Bo tn
+ T 1 hiu
2
RI +
Lf3
RT Rth
a) O1
C
Ct 1MC
O2 -

Hnh 1.9: S bo v so lch

ngang cho cc pha MF, s tnh b) BI 87
ton (a) v theo m s (b)

CN: cu ni, bnh thng CN v tr 1 v bo v tc ng khng thi gian. Khi my

pht chm t 1 im mch kch t (khng nguy him), CN c chuyn sang v tr 2 lc
bo v s tc ng c thi gian trnh tc ng nhm khi chm t thong qua im th
2 mch kch t.
II.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng:
Bo v hot ng trn nguyn l so snh th V1 v V2 ca trung im O1 v O2 gia
2 nhnh song song ca cun dy.
* ch bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi:
U12 = V1 - V2 0 (1-27)
nn khng c dng qua BI do bo v khng tc ng (cu ni v tr 1).
* Khi xy ra chm chp 1 im mch kch t, my pht vn c duy tr vn hnh
nhng phi chuyn cu ni sang v tr 2 trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm khi ngn
mch thong qua im th 2 mch kch t.
* Khi s c (chm chp gia cc vng dy):
U12 = V1 - V2 0 (1-28)
nn c dng qua BI bo v tc ng ct my ct.
II.2.2. Dng khi ng ca rle:
Dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:
IKB Kat.IKCBtt (1-29)
Thc t vic xc nh dng khng cn bng tnh ton IKCBtt tng i kh, nn
thng xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim:
IKB = (0,05 0,1).ImF (1-30)
I KB
IKR = (1-31)
nI
t c th chn c loi rle cn thit.
II.2.3. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v:
Bnh thng bo v tc ng khng thi gian (cu ni CN v tr 1). Khi chm t
im th nht mch kch t th cu ni CN c chuyn sang v tr 2. Thi gian tc ng ca
rle RT c xc nh nh sau:

21
 tRT = tBV 2 im kt + t (1-32)
Trong :
- tBV 2 im kt: thi gian tc ng ca bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch
t.
- t: bc chn thi gian, thng ly t = 0,5 sec.
-
Nhn xt:
- Bo v so lch ngang cng c th lm vic khi ngn mch nhiu pha trong cun
dy stator. Tuy nhin n khng th thay th hon ton cho BVSLD c v khi ngn mch
trn u cc my pht bo v so lch ngang khng lm vic.
- Bo v tc ng khi chm t im th hai mch kch t (nu bo v chng chm
t im th hai mch kch t khng tc ng) do s khng i xng ca t trng lm cho
V1 V2.

III. Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy stator (50/51n)

Mng in p my pht thng lm vic vi trung tnh cch in vi t hoc ni t
qua cun dp h quang nn dng chm t khng ln lm. Tuy vy, s c mt im cun
dy stator chm li t li thng xy ra, dn n t chy cch in cun dy v lan rng ra
cc cun dy bn cnh gy ngn mch nhiu pha.V vy, cn phi t bo v chng chm
t mt im cun dy stator.
Dng in ti ch chm t khi trung im ca cun dy my pht khng ni t l:
.U p
=
I (1) (1-33)
2
rq + X C2 0
Trong :
- : s phn trm cun dy tnh t trung im n v tr chm t ( 1).
- Up: in p pha ca my pht.
- rq: in tr qu ti ch s c.
- X C0 : dung khng 3 pha ng tr ca tt c cc phn t trong mng in p
1
my pht. X C0 =
3. j..C0
Nu b qua in tr qu ti ch s c (rq = 0), dng chm t bng:
I (1)
= 3...C0.Up (1-34)
Khi chm t xy ra ti u cc my pht ( = 1) dng chm t t tr s ln nht:
I (1)
max = 3..C0.Up (1-35)
Nu dng chm t ln cn phi t cun dp h quang (CDHQ), theo quy nh ca
mt s nc, CDHQ cn phi t khi:
I (1)
max 30 A i vi mng c U = 6 kV

I (1)
max 20 A i vi mng c U = 10 kV

I (1)
max 15 A i vi mng c U = (15 20) kV

I (1)
max 10 A i vi mng c U = 35 kV
(1)
Kinh nghim cho thy rng dng in chm t I 5A c kh nng duy tr tia la
in ti ch chm t lm hng cun dy v li thp ti ch s c, v vy bo v cn phi tc
ng ct my pht. Phn ln s c cun dy stator l chm t mt pha v cc cun dy cch
in nm trong cc rnh li thp. gii hn dng chm t trung tnh my pht thng ni
t qua mt tng tr. Cc phng php ni t trung tnh c trnh by trong hnh 1.10.
Nu tng tr trung tnh ln dng chm t c th gii hn nh hn dng in nh
mc my pht. Khng c cng thc tng qut no cho gi tr ti u ca tng tr gii hn
dng. Nu tng tr trung tnh qu cao, dng chm t b lm cho rle khng tc ng.
Ngoi ra in tr qu ln s xut hin hin tng cng hng qu gia cc cun dy vi
t v ng dy kt ni. trnh hin tng ny khi tnh chn in tr trung tnh cc i

22
 1
da vo dung dn gia 3 cun dy stator my pht, thng yu cu: R ()
3C
(1-36)
vi C l in dung ca mi cun dy stator my pht.
Nu in tr trung tnh thp, dng in chm t s cao v s gy nguy him cho
my pht. Khi in tr trung tnh gim nhy ca rle chng chm t gim do in th
th t khng nh. Rle chng chm t s cm nhn in th ging trn in tr ni t do
vy gi tr in th ny phi ln m bo nhy ca rle.
Hnh 1.10 gii thiu mt s phng n p dng ni t trung tnh my pht.
Phng n a: Trung tnh ni t qua in tr cao Rt (hnh1.10a) gii hn dng
chm t nh hn 25A. Mt phng n khc cng ni t qua in tr thp cho php dng
chm t c th t n 1500A.
Phng n b: Trung tnh ni t qua in khng c khng tr b (hnh 1.10b), vi
phng n ny cho php dng chm t ln hn khi dng phng n a, gi tr dng chm
t khong (25100)% dng ngn mch 3 pha.
Phng n c: Trung tnh ni
t qua my bin p BA hnh 1.10c,
in p ca cun s MBA bng in
p my pht, in p ca cun th
MBA khong 120V hay 240V.
- i vi s c thanh
gp cp in p my pht khi I > 5
(A) cn phi ct my pht.
- i vi s ni b MF-
MBA thng I < 5 (A) ch cn t R K
bo v n gin hn bo tn hiu BA Rt
chm t stator m khng cn ct a) b) c)
my pht.

Hnh 1.10: Cc phng n ni t trung tnh MF

III.1. i vi s thanh gp in p my pht:

S hnh 1.11 c dng bo v cun dy stator my pht khi xy ra chm t.
Bo v lm vic theo dng th t khng qua bin dng th t khng 7BI0 c kch t ph t
ngun xoay chiu ly t 2BU.

Bo tn hiu
1MC
FCO
+ + +

2BU 3RI 4RI 5RG RTh

-
+ Ct
1MC
T bo v 6RT
chng nm
7BI0 ngoi
-

MF

Hnh 1.11: S bo v chng chm t 1 im cun stator MF

23
 - 3RI: rle chng chm t 2 pha ti hai im khi dng bo v so lch dc t 2
pha (s sao khuyt).
- 4RI: rle chng chm t 1 pha cun dy stator.
- 5RG: kho bo v khi ngn mch ngoi.
- 6RT: to thi gian lm vic cn thit bo v khng tc ng i vi nhng gi
tr qu ca dng in dung i qua my pht khi chm t 1 pha trong mng in p my
pht.
- Rth: rle bo tn hiu.
III.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng:
Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, dng in qua rle 3RI, 4RI:
. 1 . . . 1 .
I R = (I A + I B + I C ) = I KCBtt (1-37)
nI nI
Dng in khng cn bng do cc pha pha s cp ca 7BI0 t khng i xng vi
cun th cp v do thnh phn kch t ph gy nn. Dng in khi ng ca rle cn phi
chn ln hn dng in khng cn bng trong tnh trng bnh thng ny:
IKR >IKCBtt
Khi xy ra chm t 1 pha trong vng bo v:
Dng qua ch chm t bng:
ID = (3...C0HT + 3...C0F).UpF (1-38)
Trong :
- : phn s vng dy b chc thng k t im trung tnh cun dy stator.
- C0F, C0HT: in dung pha i vi t ca my pht v h thng.
- UpF: in p pha ca my pht.
Dng in vo rle bng:
I D = 3...C0HT .U pF (1-39)
bo v c th tc ng c cn thc hin iu kin:
IKB I D I KCBtt (1-40)
n gin, ta gi thit dng chm t i qua bo v v dng khng cn bng tnh ton
ngc pha nhau.
Khi s vng chm b, dng in chm t I D nh v bo v c th c vng cht
gn trung tnh my pht.
Khi chm t mt pha ngoi vng bo v, dng in i qua bo v:
I D = 3...C0F .U pF (1-41)
bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny, dng khi ng ca bo v phi c chn:
I KB > I D q + I KCBtt (1-42)
y chng ta chn iu kin nng n nht l khi dng in chm t qua bo v v
dng khng cn bng c chiu trng nhau, ng thi phi chn gi tr ca dng in chm
t bng gi tr qu ln nht v chm t thng l khng n nh.
Khi xy ra chm t 2 pha ti hai im, trong c mt im nm trong vng bo
v. Bo v s tc ng ct my pht nh rle 3RI. Trong trng hp ny rle 4RI cng khi
ng nhng tn hiu t 4RI b tr do 6RT.
III.1.2. Tnh chn Rle:
* Dng khi ng ca rle 3RI: Vic xc nh dng khng cn bng i qua bo v
khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v rt phc tp v th ngi ta thng chnh nh vi mt
d tr kh ln, theo kinh nghim vn hnh thng chn:
IKB3RI = (100 200) (A) (pha s cp) (1-43)
* Dng khi ng ca rle 4RI: Dng khi ng ca 4RI c chn theo 2 iu
kin:
Bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, khi :
K at
I KB 4RI = (3C0k qU pF + I KCBtt max ) (A) (pha s cp) (1-44)
K tv

24
 Theo gi tr dng in s cp b nht tng ng vi dng in khi ng cc
tiu ca 4RI (gi tr ny ph thuc vo cu to v nhy ca rle 4RI). i vi cc rle
thng gp gi tr ny khong:
IKB4RI = (2 3) (A) (pha s cp) (1-45)
T hai iu kin trn chng ta s chn c dng in ln hn lm dng in tnh
ton.
* Thi gian lm vic ca rle 6RT: loi tr nh hng ca nhng gi tr qu
ca dng in dung khi chm t mt pha trong mng in p my pht, ngi ta thng
chn:
t6RT = (1 2) sec (1-46)

III.2. i vi s ni b MF-MBA:
Vi s ni b, khi xy ra chm t mt im cun dy stator dng chm t b v vy
bo v ch cn bo tn hiu, y ch cn dng s bo v n gin, lm vic theo in p
th t khng nh hnh 1.12.
Gi tr khi ng ca RU (UKRU)
thng chn theo hai iu kin sau:
iu kin1: UKRU > UKCBmax +
iu kin2: UKRU chn theo iu +
kin n nh nhit ca rle v thng ly RT
bng 15V.
Thng chn theo iu kin 2 l MBA RU
tho iu kin 1. -
Rle thi gian dng to thi gian
tr trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm
do qu s c bn ngoi. FCO
tRT = tmax (BV ca phn t k cn) + t. (1-47) V
BU
III.3. Mt s s khc: MF
MF ni vi thanh gp in p
thng c cng sut b v s bo v Hnh 1.12: S bo v chm t mt
thng da trn nguyn l lm vic theo bin im cun stator b MF-MBA
hoc hng dng in chm t.
III.3.1. Phng php bin :

I(1)F I(1)H
51N Rt
BA 59 BU Rt
R 50N
C0F I(1) C0H 50N
a) b) c)

Hnh 1.13: Chm t trong cun dy stator MF Hnh 1.14: Bo v chm t dy qun stator

Phng php bin thng c s dng khi thnh phn dng in chm t t
pha in dung h thng I(1)H ln hn nhiu so vi thnh phn chm t t pha in dung
my pht I(1)F ngha l:
I(1)H >> I(1)F vi IF = 3.j..C.U

25
 V dng chm t I(1) (hnh 1.13) ph thuc vo v tr ca im chm t, nn
nu xy ra chm t gn trung tnh ( 0) bo v s khng nhy, v vy phng
php ny ch bo v c khong 70% cun dy stator my pht k t u cc my pht.
Ngoi s nu phn III.1, sau y chng ta s xt thm mt s s bo v theo
phng php bin khc sau:
Trung tnh my pht ni t qua in tr cao R: (hnh 1.14a)
My bin dng t dy ni trung tnh MF qua in tr ni t R, cun th cp
ni vo rle dng ct nhanh (c m s 50N). Tr s dng in t ca rle ly bng 10% gi
tr dng in chm t cc i cp in p my pht. y l tr s t nh nht c tnh n
an ton khi thnh phn dng in th t khng t h thng cao p truyn qua in dung
cun dy MBA ti my pht. nng cao hiu qu ca bo v ngi ta c th t thm bo
v dng cc i (51N) c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c tr s dng in t khong 5% gi
tr dng chm t cc i Imax cp in p my pht.
My pht ni t trung tnh qua MBA: (hnh 1.14b)
MBA ni t t trung tnh my pht in, va c chc nng nh mt khng in
ni t ca my pht va cung cp ngun cho bo v. Cun th cp ca MBA c ni vi
rle qu in p (59) song song vi ti tr Rt nhm n nh s lm vic cho MBA v to gi
tr in p t ln rle qu in p. Tr s in p t khong (5,4 20) V. S ch c th
bo v c khong 90% cun stator tnh t u cc my pht. Ngi ta cng c th s
dng phng n hnh 1.14c bo v chng chm t cun stator my pht. Cun th cp
ca MBA c mc thm ti tr Rt, in tr ny lm tng thnh phn tc dng chm t ln
khong 10A v trn mch th cp ny t bin dng ni vo rle dng cc i (50N). Gi tr
t ca rle ny khong 5% gi tr dng in chm t cc i cp in p my pht.
Dng in th cp ca BI chn 1A cn dng in pha s cp ca BI chn bng hoc nh
hn dng in i qua cun s cp ca MBA ni t.
S s dng in p sng hi bc 3: (hnh 1.15)

MF F
N

2BU0
1RU
Z1 a Z2
R

Lf3

1BU0 2RU

a) b
UF
UF
F N
N F
b)
UN 50% 100%
UN UF
UF
c) N F F
N
50% 100%

d) F N 50% F
N
100%
UN
UN

Hnh 1.15: S bo v chm t 100% cun stator theo in p hi

bc 3 (a); th vct trong ch vn hnh bnh thng (b); khi
chm t trung tnh (c) v khi chm t u cc im my pht

26
 Cc s bo v m t trn khng bo v c hon ton cun stator my pht khi
xy ra chm t mt pha. Vi cc my pht cng sut ln hin i, yu cu phi bo v
100% cun dy stator khi xy ra s c trn, ngha l bo v phi tc ng khi xy ra chm
t mt pha bt k v tr no cun dy stator my pht. Mt trong nhng phng php la
chn y l s dng in p sng hi bc ba.
Do tnh phi tuyn ca mch t my pht nn in p cun dy stator lun cha thnh
phn sng hi bc ba, gi tr ca thnh phn in p ny ph thuc vo tr s in khng ca
thit b ni vi trung tnh my pht, in dung vi t ca cun stator, in dung ni t ca
cc dy dn, thanh dn mch my pht v in dung cun dy MBA ni vi my pht in.
Trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, nu o in p sng hi bc ba vi t cc
im khc nhau trn cun dy stator ta c phn b in p nh trn hnh 1.15b. y k
hiu UN, UF l in p hi bc ba khi my pht khng ti v UN, UF khi my pht y ti.
Khi xy chm t u cc hoc trung tnh my pht, in p sng hi u cc
khng chm t tng ln gn gp hai ln so vi ch tng ng trc khi chm t (hnh
1.15c,d).
Nguyn l lm vic ca s bo v l so snh tr s in p hi bc ba trung tnh
my pht v tr s in p hi bc ba ly cun tam gic h ca 2BU. Rle le in p 2RU
ni qua b lc tn s hi bc ba Lf3 v s tc ng khi c chm t trong cun dy stator.
Nh phn tch phn trc, rle in p 1RU ch bo v c khong 90% cun
stator tnh t u cc my pht, y rle 2RU cng bo v c khong (70 80) % cun
stator tnh t im trung tnh. Nh vy s phi hp lm vic gia 1RU v 2RU c th bo v
c ton b cun stator my pht khi xy ra chm t mt pha.
Cc tng tr Z1, Z2 c chn sao cho ch lm vic bnh thng in p t ln
2RU bng khng, khi xy ra chm t cun stator in p t ln rle s ln hn nhiu so
vi in p t ca 2RU.
III.3.2. Phng php hng dng in chm t: (hnh1.16)
Phng php hng dng in chm t c th m rng vng bo v chng chm
t khong 90% cun dy k t u cc my pht.

3U0 K
Vng tc ng
IU R1 C1 R2 K
L
I -I(1)
BTH1 C2
t Vng hm
Ilv CL1
IU
(1) RI
3I0 = I D IH Ilv

BTH2

a)
CL2 b)

HNH 1.16 : bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stator thanh gp in p mf

27
 Rle so snh tng quan gia dng in lm vic ILV v dng in hm IH theo quan
h :
I = IH - ILV (1-48)
Trong :
IH = IU + I1 (1-49a)
ILV = IU - I1 (1-49b)
& 1
Vi IU l dng in ly t ngun in p U0; I D ly t b lc dng th t khng.
T th vct hnh 1.16b ta c th thy rng, iu kin lm vic ca bo v c
xc nh theo du ca I, bo v s tc ng ct MC khi I > 0, ngha l IH >ILV iu ny
c tho mn nu chm t xy ra trong vng bo v. ng K-L trn th vct hnh
1.16b l ranh gii gia min tc ng v min hm ca bo v.
Nu chuyn mch kho K (hnh 1.16a) u vo in p U0 qua in tr R1 thay cho
t in C1 th s c th s dng bo v cho cc my pht c trung tnh ni t qua in
tr ln. Khi y thnh phn tc dng ca dng in tc dng s c so snh vi thnh phn
phn khng ca dng in khi trung im cun dy my pht khng ni t.
Nu thnh phn tc dng v thnh phn phn khng ca dng in chm t gn
bng nhau, ngi ta s dng s c tn gi l s 450 khi y kho K s chuyn sang
mch R2, C2 vi thng s c la chn thch hp.
Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v chng chm t cun dy stator my pht
c trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua in tr ln lm vic trc tip vi thanh gp
in p my pht trnh by trn hnh 1.17.
Trong phng n ny ngi ta s dng thit b to thm ti th t khng. Ti ny
c a vo lm vic khi pht hin c chm t v lm tng thnh phn tc dng ca dng
in s c ln khong 10A, to iu kin thun li cho vic xc nh hng dng in. Thit
b to thm ti bao gm BI0N u vo trung tnh ca my pht, ti R ca BI ny c ng
m bng tip im ca rle in p RU0. Khi c chm t, in p U0 xut hin, RU0 ng
tc thi tip im ca mnh v duy tr mt khong thi gian t2 cho s lm vic chc
chn.
T s bin i ca BIG trong mch thit b to thm ti c chn sao cho thnh
phn tc dng ca dng in a vo b so snh pha xc nh ng hng s c.
Hnh 1.17b,c trnh by s nguyn l v th vct xc nh hng s c khi chm
t xy ra bn trong (hnh 1.17b) v bn ngoi (hnh 1.17c) cun dy stator my pht.
Khi chm t ngoi vng bo v, dng in tng I a vo b so snh pha:
I = IA - I(1)D (1-50)
Trong :
- IA(1)dng in c to nn bi thit b to thm ti.
- I D dng in chm t chy qua bo v.
Trong trng hp ny gc pha gia in p th t khng U0 v dng in tng I
vt qua tr s gc lm vic gii hn nn s khng c tn hiu ct .
Khi chm t trong cun dy stator MF ta c:
I = IA + I(1)D
v gc pha gia in p th t khng U0 v dng in tng I nm trong min tc
ng ca bo v. Rle tc ng ct vi thi gian t1.

28
 ng
MC .
RU0 BI0
U0
RU0 t2 Ct I(1)
RU0
. (1) I(1)
IA
Ct
I a t1 MC BI0N R
BI0 I BIG I = IA+ I(1)
Thit b bo v
.
IA U0
MF
c)
RU0 BIG Thit b Min hm
to thm
BI0N R ti
I
Min tc ng
a) BI0 I(1)
U0
I Min hm
IA
BI0N R

(1)
I = IA - I
BIG Min tc ng
c)
Hinh 1.17 : S bo v chng chm t cun dy stator MF c thit b to thm
ti (a) th vct khi c chm t ngoi (b) v trong (c) vng bo v.

S hnh 1.17c th bo v c 90% cun dy. Khi chm t trong vng 10%
cn li (gn trung im) bo v khng nhy. Tuy nhin, do in p phn ny ca
cun dy khng ln (khng vt qu 10% Up) nn xc xut xy ra hng hc v in (chng
hn do cch in b nh thng) rt thp nn cc my pht cng sut b ngi ta thng
khng i hi bo v ton b cun dy.
i vi cc MF ni b vi MBA, thng thng cun dy MBA pha my pht u
tam gic nn chm t pha co p dng th t khng khng nh hng n MF.
Vi cc im chm t xy ra trong mng cp in p my pht c th pht hin
bng s xut hin U0 u cc tam gic h ca BU t u cc MF, hoc u ra ca
MBA u vi trung im ca MF.
Vi cc MF cng sut ln, ngi ta yu cu phi bo v 100% cun dy stator
chng chm t ngn nga kh nng chm t vng gn trung im ca cun dy do
cc nguyn nhn c hc .
Ngy nay bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t, ngi ta thng dng hai
phng php sau y:
- Theo di s bin thin ca hi bc ba ca sng in p trung im v u cc
MF.
- a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy MF.
* Phng theo di s bin thin ca sng hi bc ba (xem mc III.3.1) c mt s
nhc im:
- Khi chm t vng gn gia cun dy, bo v c th khng lm vic v thnh
phn sng hi bc ba trong in p qu b.
- in p Uab t vo rle s suy gim khi in tr ch s c ln.
- S khng pht hin c chm t khi MF khng lm vic.Trong mt s
MF, thnh hi bc ba khng ln bo v c th pht hin c.

29
 khc phc nhng nhc im ny ngi ta dng phng php a thm mt
in p hm tn s thp vo mch trung tnh ca MF.
* Phng php a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy
MF (hnh 1.18): MF
- Dng in I t ngun 20Hz sau MBA
khi qua b lc 1LF c phn thnh hai
thnh phn I chy qua BU0 ni vi trung
tnh MF v IB chy qua in tr t RB.
Thnh phn I thng qua bin dng trung R
C
gian BIG v b lc tn s 2LF c nn
thnh dng in lm vic. 1LF 20Hz
- ILV a vo rle so snh vi I I
dng in hm IH cng do ngun 20Hz to IB RB
nn thng qua in tr t Rc , dng in
hm c tr s khng i. ch lm BIG
vic bnh thng (R = ) dng in I RC
c xc nh theo in dung ca cun 2LF
dy i vi t C nn c tr s b do
ILV < IH v rle s khng tc ng.
Hm
Lm vic RL
Ct
ILV IC=IH

Hnh 1.18: S bo v 100% cun dy stator

chng chm t c a thm in p hm 20Hz
vo trung im MF

- Khi c chm t, dng I c xc nh ch yu theo in tr chm t R ,

ILV>IH rle s tc ng ct my pht.
- Cc b lc tn s 1LF, 2LF m bo cho s ch lm vic vi thnh phn 20Hz,
ngoi ra b lc 1LF bo v cho my pht 20Hz khi b qu ti bi dng in cng nghip
khi c chm t xy ra u cc MF.
Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t l
dng ngun ph 12,5Hz (vi tn s cng nghip l 60Hz ngi ta dng 15Hz) c tn hiu
c m ha a vo mch s cp thng qua BU0 u vo mch trung tnh ca MF
(hnh 1.19a).
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, dng in I chy qua im trung tnh MF
c xc nh theo tr s in dung ng tr ca MF l C (hnh 1.19b).
Khi xy ra chm t, in tr chm t R c ghp song song vi C lm tng
dng in n tr s I > I (hnh 1.19c). Rle u ra s phn ng theo s tng dng in
v theo tn hiu phn hi c m ha.
Trn hnh 1.20 trnh by vic m ha tn hiu bng cch thay i thi gian pht tn
hiu v thi gian dng .Trong cc khong thi gian ny nhiu php o c tin hnh: M1,
M2 v M3 cho khong thi gian truyn tn hiu v P1, P2..P6 cho khong thi gian dng.
Phng php ny cho php loi tr c nh hng ca nhiu do dng in pha s cp v
php o c tin hnh ring cho tng na chu k dng v m s trnh c nh hng
ca nhiu c tn s bi ca 12,5Hz.

30
 C
R
C
b) I 12,5Hz

RU0
R

S 900 R

a) C
R BUG RU0

I R0
LF
BU0 12,5Hz I 12,5Hz
R IM
BIG
c)

Hnh 1.19 : S nguyn l (a) ca bo v 100% cun dy stato MF chng chm

t dng bin php bm tn hiu 12,5Hz c m ho v s xc nh dng in
chm t I khi lm vic bnh thng (b) v khi chm t (c).

Cc s bo v 100% cun dy stator chng chm t thng c s dng kt

hp vi s bo v 90% tng tin cy cho h thng chm t.
A
B C
Tn hiu
m ho t

IM

1/ 2 chu D E
k (+) P1 P3 P5
M1 M3
1/ 2 chu
k(-) M2 P2 P4 P6
S chu k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 t
12,5Hz
ms 0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 80 160

Hnh 1.20: Biu bm tn hiu 12,5Hz c m ho thc hin bo v 100%

cun dy stator chng chm t. A- chu k hoy ng; B- thi gian pht tn hiu;
C- thi gian dng; Thi gian o; E- thi gian kim tra tn hiu phn hi

31
IV. Bo v chng chm t mch kch t ca MF (64)
i vi MF, do ngun kch t l ngun mt chiu nn khi chm t mt im
mch kch t cc thng s lm vic ca my pht hu nh thay i khng ng k. Khi
chm t im th hai mch kch t, mt phn cun dy kch t s b ni tt, dng in qua
ch cch in b nh thng c th rt ln s lm hng cun dy v phn thn rotor. Ngoi
ra dng in trong cun rotor tng cao c th lm mch t b bo ho, t trng trong my
pht b mo lm cho my pht b rung, ...gy h hng nghim trng my pht.
i vi MF cng sut b v trung bnh (my pht nhit in), thng ngi ta t
bo v bo tn hiu khi c mt im chm t trong mch kch t v tc ng ct my pht
khi xy ra chm t im th hai.
i vi MF cng sut ln (my pht thu in), hu qu ca vic chm t im
th hai trong mch kch t c th rt nghim trng, v vy khi chm t mt im trong
cun dy rotor bo v phi tc ng ct my pht ra khi h thng.

IV.1 Bo v chng chm t mt im mch kch t:

C ba phng php c s dng pht hin chng chm t mt im mch kch
t :
* Phng php phn th.
* Phng php dng ngun ph AC.
* Phng php dng ngun ph DC. Cun MFkt
kch
t R 64
IV.1.1 Phng php phn th:
(hnh1.21)
Trong s bo v chng chm t cun
dy rotor, ngi ta dng in tr mc song song
vi cun dy kch t, im gia ca in tr ni
qua rle in p, khi c mt im chm t s HNH 1.21 : Bo v chm t rotor
xut hin mt in th rle in p, in th ny bng phng php phn th
ln nht khi im chm t u cun dy.
trnh vng cht khi im chm t gn trung
tnh cun dy kch t, ngi ta chuyn nc thay i in u vo rle tc ng.
IV.1.2. Phng php dng ngun in p ph AC:

Bo tn Bo tn
hiu hiu
+ +

+ + + +
37RG 52N
37RG 52N 35RI 36RT
35RI 36RT

- - -
47C
47C 34BG
34BG
Ti trc MF 48CC
48CC U~
Ti trc MF Ti mch kch t
CL 2R
Ti mch kch t

HNH 1.22: S bo v chng chm HNH 1.23: S bo v chng chm t

t 1 im cun rotor dng ngun in 1 im cun rotor dng ngun in ph
ph AC DC

32
 S bo v c trnh by hnh 1.22. in p ngun ph xoay chiu thng bng
in p cun kch t.
- 34BG: bin p trung gian, ly in t thanh gp t dng.
- 35 RI: rle dng in, pht hin s c.
- 36RT: rle thi gian, to thi gian tr trnh trng hp bo v tc ng nhm khi
ngn mch thong qua.
- 37RG: rle trung gian.
- 52N: nt n gii tr t gi.
- 47CC: cu ch bo v.
- 48C: t in dng cch ly mch kch t mt chiu vi mch xoay chiu.
Nguyn l lm vic ca s nh sau:
- Bnh thng, pha th cp ca bin p trung gian 34RG h mch do khng c
dng qua rle 35RI, bo v khng tc ng.
- Khi xy ra chm t mt im mch kch t, th cp ca bin p trung gian khp
mch, c dng chy qua rle 35RI lm cho bo v tc ng i bo tn hiu.
S c u im l khng c vng cht ngha l chm t bt k im no trong
mch kch t bo v u c th tc ng. Tuy nhin do dng ngun xoay chiu nn phi
chng s xm nhp in p xoay chiu vo ngun kch t mt chiu.
IV.1.3 . Phng php dng ngun in p ph DC:
Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn bng s
hnh 1.23, nh b chnh lu it m ta c th cch li ngun mt chiu v ngun xoay chiu.
Ngun in ph mt chiu cho php loi tr vng cht v thc hin bo v 100%
cun dy rotor chng chm t. S c nhc im l s lin h trc tip v in gia
thit b bo v v in p kch t UKT c tr s kh ln i vi cc MF c cng sut ln.

IV.2. Mt s s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cc MF

hin i:
i vi cc MF c h thng kch t khng chi than vi cc it chnh lu lp
trc tip trn thn rotor ca my pht, in dung ca h thng kch t i vi t s tng ln
ng k v h thng bo v chng chm t ca cun dy rotor cng tr nn phc tp .
Cc s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy rotor ca cc MF hin
i thng tc ng ct my pht ( loi tr xy ra chm t im th hai) v da trn mt
trong nhng nguyn l sau:
- o in dn trong mch kch t (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p xoay chiu tn
s 50Hz.
- o in tr ca mch kch t (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p mt chiu hoc
tn hiu sng ch nht tn s thp. Nguyn l o in dn ca mch kch t i vi t ca
MF c h thng kch t khng chi than trnh by trn hnh 1.24.
My kch t
Rotor ca my kch t
R C
S1
LF

Cun dy rotor ca S2 Ct
my pht in MC
RY
U(50Hz) R
BUG
HNH 1.24: bo v chng chm t cun rotor MF c h thng kch t khng
chi than vi it chnh lu lp trc tip trn thn rotor theo nguyn l o in
dn.

33
 Ngun in p ph xoay chiu tn s 50Hz c t vo mch trung tnh ca cun
dy my kch thch xoay chiu ba pha v thn rotor ca MF thng qua cc vnh gp v
chi than S1, S2. B lc tn s LF ch cho tn s cng nghip chy qua rle o in dn RY
loi tr nh hng ca hi bc cao trong php o.
in dn m rle RY o c ch yu xc nh theo in tr R v in dung C
i vi t ca mch kch t.
Trn hnh 1.25 trnh by qu o ca nt vct tng tr Z m rle o c cho hai
trng hp: Khi R = const, C = var v khi C = const, R = var.
Rle RY c chnh nh vi hai mc tc ng: mc cnh bo vi c tnh khi
ng 2 v mc tc ng ct my pht vi c tnh khi ng 1. c tnh 1 bc ly mt phn
ca gc phn t th hai v th ba trn mt phng ta m bo cho bo v tc ng
mt cch chc chn khi c chm t trc tip (R 0).
S bo v hnh 1.24 c
mt s nhc im l: s c mt
ca chi than S1, S2 lm cho 2
tin cy ca s khng cao v tr 1
s ca in tr tip xc c th
nh hng n tr s o ca rle. R=0 CR= 0 R
Ngoi ra bn thn h thng kch C=
thch mt chiu cng c th nh
hng n s lm vic ca bo C= const
v khi in dung ca mch kch R / 2 R=var
thch i vi t C ln, in tr
r R ln nht c th o c 10
k.
khc phc nhc im X/ 2
ny ngi ta dng s vi R= const
R= X
ngun in ph mt chiu hoc C= Var
xoay chiu vi tn s thp c
dng sng hnh ch nht. jX
Hnh 1.25: c tnh bin thin ca tng tr i vi
t ca mch kch t v c tnh tc ng ca Rle
o in dn chng chm t mch roto MF ng
b. 1- c tnh ct; 2- c tnh cnh bo.

Trn hnh 1.26 trnh by nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rotor ca
MF c kch thch t ngun in t dng qua b chnh lu Thyristor dng ngun tn hiu
sng ch nht c tn s 1Hz.
Cc in tr ph R1, R2 c chn c ch s kh ln so vi in tr RM to in
p UM t vo b phn o lng M.
Dng in do ngun in ph U to ra bng:
U
I= (1 -51)
R + RM + R
R1.R 2
Trong : R=
R1 + R 2
Lu rng RM << R v b qua in tr ca bn thn cun dy rotor, ta c:
U.R M
UM (1-52)
R + R

34
 +
R1
C
a) Ngun kch t
R
Thanh gp I
t dng
R2 Uktph
_ (1Hz)
U(1Hz) Cun dy rotor MF
Cp 1 cnh bo

M UM RM
Cp 2 ct MF

Hnh 1.26: S nguyn l pht hin chm t trong

R= 5K R= 0 cun dy rotor MF dng ngun in p ph 1Hz c
c) dng sng ch nht (a), v dng sng t vo b
C= 2F
phn o UM vi cc tr s in tr khc nhau (b v c)
b)

in dung i vi t ca mch kch t C mc song song vi in tr R s lm tc

thi tng tr s dng in I v in p UM thi im u ca mi na chu k ca ngun
in p U.
in tr R c tc dng lm suy gim tr s ca I v UM. R cng b suy gim
cng nhanh, trn hnh 1.26b v 1.26c trnh by dng sng UM o c cho hai tr s ca R
khc nhau.
Bo v c chnh nh tc ng bo hiu khi in tr r R tt di 80k
(mc 1) v tc ng ct my pht khi R < 5k (mc 2).

IV.3. Bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t:

Bo tn
hiu
hiu
+ a
b +
c
b) 5N 4Rth
2RT 3RG

r1 r2 1RI
10CN
-
r1 r2 RI
BIH 5CC
Ct 1MC
9CN
Ti trc MF 6N Ti trc my pht
V
a)
r3 r4
7PA Ti mch kch t

Hnh 1.27: S bo v chng chm t th hai mch kch t

a) S nguyn l b) S bo v

35
 Bo v chng chm t im th hai mch kch t (hnh 1.27) c a vo lm vic
sau khi c tn hiu bo chm t mt im mch kch t. Thng bo v c t trn mt
bng di ng v c dng chung cho nhiu t my ca nh my. Bo v lm vic da trn
nguyn tc cu bn nhnh: Khi chm t mt im mch kch t, ngi ta iu chnh cho
cu cn bng nh ng h V. Khi cu cn bng ta c: r1 = r 3 , do khng c dng qua
r2 r4
1RI, bo v khng tc ng.
Khi chm t im th hai mch kch t s lm cho cu mt cn bng, c dng qua
1RI v 2RT c in, sau mt thi gian 3RG c in i bo tn hiu thng qua 4Rth, ct my
ct ng thi ni tt cun dy ca 1RI trnh b h hng v t gi cho 3RG thng qua
mch t gi.
Cc phn t trong s :
- 3RG: rle trung gian, bao gm cc tip im:
Tip im a: a tn hiu i ct my pht.
Tip im b: bo v RI khng b chy (ni tt RI).
Tip im c: tip im t gi.
- BIH: ly thnh phn xoay chiu ca nhiu tng cng tc ng hm cho RI.
- 9CN: cu ni, dng kho bo v khi sa cha hoc khng mun bo v tc
ng.
- 6N: nt n, kt hp vi ng h V iu chnh cho cu cn bng khi xy ra
chm t im th nht mch kch t.
- 5N: nt n, gii t gi sau khi bo v tc ng i ct my ct.
- 5CC: cun cn nhm hn ch thnh phn nhiu xoay chiu, trnh lm cho RI tc
ng nhm.
- 10CN: kho bo v khng cho ct my ct.

V. Bo v chng qu in p (59)
in p u cc my
pht c th tng cao qu mc
cho php khi c trc trc trong
h thng t ng iu chnh Ct MC
kch t hoc khi my pht b MC 59II Ct kch t
mt ti t ngt.
Khi mt ti t ngt, BU
in p u cc cc my pht
thu in c th t n 200%
tr s danh nh l do h thng
t ng iu chnh tc quay
ca turbine nc c qun tnh 59I
ln v kh nng vt tc ca
rotor my pht cao hn nhiu so
vi my pht turbine hi. n h thng iu
MF t
chnh U(gim kch t)

Hnh 1.28: Bo v chng qu in p hai cp t MF

cc my pht nhit in (turbine hi hoc turbine kh) cc b iu tc lm vic vi

tc cao, c qun tnh b hn nn c th khng ch mc vt tc thp hn, ngoi ra cc
turbine khi hoc hi cn c trang b cc van STOP ng ngun nng lng a vo
turbine trong vng vi msec khi mc vt tc cao hn mc chnh nh.
Mt khc, cc my pht thu in nm xa trung tm ph ti v bnh thng phi lm
vic vi cc mc in p u cc cao hn in p danh nh b li in p ging trn h
thng truyn ti, khi mt ti t ngt mc in p li cng tng cao.
Qu in p u cc my pht c th gy tc hi cho cch in ca cun dy, cc
thit b u ni u cc my pht, cn i vi cc my pht lm vic hp b vi MBA s
lm bo ho mch t ca MBA tng p, ko theo nhiu tc dng xu.
Bo v chng qu in p u cc my pht thng gm hai cp hnh 1.28.

36
 * Cp 1 (59I ) vi in p khi ng: UK59I = 1,1UFm (in p nh mc MF).
Cp 1 lm vic c thi gian v tc ng ln h thng t ng iu chnh kch t gim
kch t ca my pht.
* Cp 2 (59II) vi in p khi ng: UK59II = (1,31,5)UFm. Cp 2 lm vic tc
thi, tc ng ct MC u cc my pht v t ng dit t trng ca my pht.

VI. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti

Mc ch t bo v:
- Chng ngn mch trn cc phn t k (thanh gp my pht, my bin p,...) nu
bo v ca cc phn t ny khng lm vic.
- Chng qu ti do h thng ct gim mt s ngun cung cp.
- Lm d tr cho BVSLD my pht in.
thc hin bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti ta c th s dng cc phng
thc bo v sau:

VI.1. Bo v qu dng in:

Vi cc my pht b v trung
bnh, ngi ta thng s dng
bo v qu dng in c kho MC
in p thp (hnh 1.29). Bo v
thng c 2 cp thi gian: MBA
I
Cp 1 (2 ) tc ng ct
MC u cc my pht (nu ni
vi thanh gp in p my pht) BU
hoc MC ca b MF-MBA. Cp Ct
27 2I
1 c phi hp vi thi gian tc MC
ng ca bo v d phng ca
ng dy v MBA. F
&
BI 50 Dng
2II my pht

Hnh 1.29: Bo v qu dng in c kho in p thp

II
Cp 2 (2 ) tc ng dng my pht nu sau khi ct MC u cc my pht (c thanh
gp in p my pht) hoc u hp b (MF-MBA) m dng s c vn tn ti (tc l s c
xy ra bn trong hp b hoc my pht).
Kha in p thp cho php phn bit ngn mch vi qu ti v cho php bo v lm
vic chc chn khi my pht c kch t bng chnh lu ly in t u cc my pht.
Trong trng hp ny dng ngn mch s suy gim nhanh chng khi xy ra ngn mch ti
u cc my pht. Trong mt s s ngi ta cn dng bin php m bo cho bo v tc
ng chc chn l ch ly tn hiu in p thp sau khi rle dng in tr v do s suy
gim dng ngn mch.
Dng in khi ng ca rle qu dng 50 (khi bo v qu dng c kho in p
thp 27):
K at
I K 50 = I lv max (1 -53)
K tv n I
vi Ilvmax l dng in lm vic ln nht qua cun th cp ca BI.

37
 VI.2. Bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti MF:
Qu ti gy pht nng cun dy stator c th do nhiu nguyn nhn nh my pht
in vn hnh vi h s cng sut thp, thnh phn cng sut phn khng vt qu mc cho
php, c h hng trong h thng lm mt hoc h thng iu chnh in p lm cho my
pht b qu kch thch. Cun dy rotor cmg c th b qu ti ngn hn trong qu trnh iu
chnh in p khi my pht y ti cng sut tc dng.
Thi gian chu ng qu ti ca cc cun dy my pht c gii hn v ph thuc vo
mc qu ti, kt cu ca my pht, h thng lm mt v cng sut ca my pht. Thng
cc nh ch to cho sn quan h gia mc qu ti (I* = I/Im) vi thi gian qu ti cho php
ca tng loi my pht in.
Ct Ct
1MC
MCpd
Bo tn
1MC Bo tn hiu
hiu

18RT 19RT 20RT

MF
24RI 25RI 26RI 27RI

BI 32LI2

Hnh 1.30: S bo v chng qu ti v ngn mch ngoi

C nhiu nguyn l khc nhau c th c p dng thc hin bo v chng qu

ti cho cun dy ca my pht in: theo s o trc tip ca nhit cun dy, nhit ca
cht lm mt hoc gin tip qua tr s dng din chy qua cun dy.
bo v chng ngn mch ngoi v qu ti cho my pht ngi ta c th s dng
s hnh 1.30, thc cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng.
Trong :
- 24RI, 18RT; 25RI, 20RT: chng qu ti v ngn mch i xng.
- 26RI, 19RT; 27RI, 20RT: chng qu ti v ngn mch khng i xng.
- 32LI2: b lc dng th t nghch ( nng cao nhy cho bo v, thng dng
cho cc my pht c cng sut ln).

VI.3.Tnh chn cc thng s ca rle:

VI.3.1. Bo v chng qu ti i xng 24RI, 18RT:
Dng in khi ng ca 24RI:
K .I
I K 24RI = at mF (1-54)
K tv .n I
Thi gian tc ng ca 18RT:
t18RT = (7 9) sec (1-55)
VI.3.2. Bo v chng ngn mch i xng 25RI, 20RT:
K at .K mm .I mF
I K 4RI = (1-56)
K tv .n I
t20RT = tmax cc phn t ln cn + t (1-57)

38
 VI.3.3. Bo v chng qu ti khng i xng 26RI, 19RT:
Dng in khi ng cho rle 26RI c chn theo hai iu kin:
iu kin 1: IK26RI phi ln hn dng th t nghch lu di cho php I2cp:
I K26RI = K at .I 2cp (1-58)
- i vi my pht in turbine nc: I2cp = 5%.ImF
- i vi my pht in turbine hi: I2cp = 10%.ImF
iu kin 2: Rle phi tr v sau khi ct ngn mch ngoi.
T hai iu kin trn v theo kinh nghim ngi ta chn:
I
I K 26RI = 0,1. mF (1-59)
nI
Thi gian tc ng ca 19RT thng c chn:
t19RT = (7 9) sec (1-60)
VI.3.4. Bo v chng ngn mch khng i xng 27RI, 20RT:
Dng khi ng ca 27RI chn theo cc iu kin sau:
iu kin 1: Bo v khng c tc ng khi t mt pha trong h thng ni vi
nh my.
iu kin 2: Bo v phi phi hp nhy vi cc bo v ln cn.
Trn thc t tnh ton dng th t nghch kh phc tp, theo kinh nghim ngi ta
chn:
I
I K 26RI = (0,5 0,6) mF (1-61)
nI
t gi tr dng khi ng tnh c ta c th chn c rle thch hp.
Thi gian tc ng ca rle 20RT phi phi hp vi cc bo v ln cn:
t20RT = tmax cc phn t ln cn + t (1-62)

VI.3.5. Kim tra nhy ca bo v:

nhy Kn ca bo v c tnh theo cng thc sau:
I
K n = N min (1-63)
I KB
Tu vo nhim v ca bo v m gi tr nhy ca bo v phi t yu cu. Khi
lm bo v chnh Kn 1,5 v khi ng vai tr lm bo v d tr Kn 1,2.

VI.4. Bo v dng th t nghch: (hnh 1.31)

Dng in th t nghch c th xut hin trong cun dy stator my pht khi xy ra
t dy (hoc h mch mt pha), khi ph ti khng i xng hoc ngn mch khng i
xng trong h thng.
Qu ti khng i xng nguy him hn qu ti i xng rt nhiu v n to nn t
thng th t nghch 2 bin thin vi vn tc 2 gp hai ln tc ca rotor, lm cm ng
trn thn rotor dng in ln t nng rotor v my pht.
Dng th t nghch I2 cng ln th
thi gian cho php tn ti cng b,
v vy bo v chng dng in th
t nghch c thi gian tc ng t
ph thuc t l nghch vi dng I2:
K1
t= 2 (1-64)
I2
K 22
I mF

39
 52
Cnh bo Ct MC
t1 t1
30 2

LI2 51 51

HNH 1.31: Bo v dng in TTN cho my

pht

I*2 I*2

0,6 t2
0,5
IK2
0,4 0,4
0,3 0,3 t1
0,2 10
IK1
0,1 0,1

10 10 10 t (sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 t (sec)
a) b)

HNH 1.32: C TNH THI GIAN PH THUC (A) V C LP C HAI

Trong :
I 2cp
-K1, K2 l h s t l, K2 =
I mF
vi:
- l hng s i vi tng loi rle c th.
- I2cp: dng th t nghch cho php vn hnh lu di, n ph thuc vo chng loi
my pht, cng sut v h thng lm mt ca cun dy rotor.
- ImF: dng in nh mc ca my pht.
I2
- I*2: dng th t nghch tng i, I*2 =
I mF
Bo v c th c c tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch theo quan h t = f(I2) (hnh
1.32a) hoc c tnh thi gian c lp 2 cp (hnh 1.32b): cp 1 cnh bo v cp 2 i ct my
ct.

40
VII. BO V CHNG MT KCH T
Trong qu trnh vn hnh my pht in c th xy ra mt kch t do h hng trong
mch kch thch (do ngn mch hoc h mch), h hng trong h thng t ng iu chnh
in p, thao tc sai ca nhn vin vn hnh... Khi my pht b mt kch t thng dn n
mt ng b stator v rotor. Nu h mch kch thch c th gy qu in p trn cun rotor
nguy him cho cch in cun dy.
ch vn hnh bnh thng, my pht in ng b lm vic vi sc in ng
E cao hn in p u cc my pht UF (ch qu kch thch, a cng sut phn khng Q
vo h thng, Q > 0). Khi my pht lm vic ch thiu kch thch hoc mt kch thch,
sc in ng E thp hn in p UF, my pht nhn cng sut phn khng t h thng (Q <
0) (hnh 1.33a,c). Nh vy khi mt kch t, tng tr o c u cc my pht s thay i t
Zpt (tng tr ph ti nhn t pha my pht) nm gc phn t th nht trn mt phng tng
tr phc sang ZF (tng tr ca my pht nhn t u cc ca n trong ch Q < 0) nm
gc phn t th t trn mt phng tng tr phc (hnh 1.33b).
(II) + jX (I)
Min qu kch thch
Zpt E I, Q
(E > 0, Q > 0) H thng
0
R
0,5Xd U
B (IV) Min thiu kch thch a)
Xd (E < 0, Q < 0)
T
ZF
(III)
+Q
Gii hn pht nng
- jX A cun rotor
b)
c) Gii hn pht nng
cun stator
Min lm vic
0 bnh thng P (MW)
Hnh 1.33: Mt kch t MF
a) thay i hng cng sut Q.
b) thay i tng tr o c cc my pht.
c) gii hn thay i ca cng sut my pht. Gii hn pht nng
-Q mp li thp stator

Khi xy ra mt kch t, in khng ca my pht s thay i t tr s Xd (in khng

ng b) n tr s Xd (in khng qu ) v c tnh cht dung khng. V vy pht hin
mt kch t my pht in, chng ta c th s dng mt rle in khng cc tiu c Xd <
Xk < Xd vi c tnh vng trn c tm nm trn trc -jX ca mt phng tng tr phc. c
tnh khi ng ca rle in khng cc tiu hnh 1.33b c th nhn c t s nguyn l
hnh 1.34a. Tn hiu u vo ca rle l in p dy Ubc ly u cc my pht v dng
in pha Ib, Ic ly cc pha tng ng. in p s cp UBC c a qua bin p trung gian
BUG sao cho in th cp c th ly ra cc i lng a.UBC v b.UBC (vi b > a) tng ng
vi cc im A v B trn c tnh in khng khi ng hnh 1.33b.
Khi mt kch t, dng in chy vo my pht mang tnh cht dung v vt trc
in p pha tng ng mt gc 900. Hiu dng in cc pha B v C thng qua bin0 dng
cm khng BIG to nn in p pha th cp UD vt trc dng in IBC mt gc 90 . Nh
vy gc lch pha gia hai vct in p UD v UBC l 1800 (hnh 1.34).
in p a vo cc b bin i dng sng (hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) S1 v S2
tng ng bng:
. . .
U1 = a. U BC U D (1-65)
. . .
U 2 = b. U BC U D (1-66)

41
 . .
Gc lch pha gia U 1 v U 2 s c kim tra. ch bnh thng = 00, rle
khng lm0 vic. Khi b mt kch t = 1800, rle s tc ng. Gc khi ng c chn
khong 90 . Cc h s a, b c chn (bng cch thay i u phn p ca BUG) sao cho
cc im A v B trn hnh 1.34b tho mn iu kin:
. . .
b. U BC > U D > a. U BC (1-67)

A B C BUG
U2
BU ~ S1
S3 S4 Ct
& RL MF
U1 S1
~ -1
aUBC bUBC

IB
IC UD
U1 -U1

BIG t
a)
. U2
UA .
IB
S1
. . t
IA I BC
. .
. S2
UC U BC UB
.
t
.
IC S3 = - S1.S2
I BC t

S4 = S3
.
.
. t
UD b U BC U BC
Tn hiu ct
b)
.
c) k t
a U BC

HNH 1.34: S bo v chng mt kch t my pht in dng rle in khng

cc tiu a) s nguyn l; b) th vct; c) dng sng ca cc i lng

Khi mt kch thch, gc pha dng in thay i, gc lch pha c kim tra thng
qua di ca tn hiu S3 = - S1.S2. Nu > k (hnh 1.34c) bo v s tc ng i ct my
pht trong khong thi gian t (1 2) sec.

VIII. BO V CHNG MT NG B
Bo v chng mt ng b i khi cn c tn gi l bo v chng trt cc t. Khi
my pht in ng b b mt kch t, rotor my pht c th b mt ng b vi t trng
quay. Vic mt ng b cng c th xy ra khi c dao ng cng sut trng h thng in do
s c ko di hoc do ct mt s ng dy trong h thng. Hu qu ca vic mt ng b
gy nn s dao ng cng sut trong h thng c th lm mt n nh ko theo s tan r h

42
thng in, ngoi ra n cn to ra cc ng sut c nguy him trn mt s phn t ca my
pht. pht hin s c ny c th s dng nguyn l o tng tr u cc my pht.
Trn hnh 1.35 trnh by c tnh bin thin ca mt vct tng tr o c trn u
cc my pht trong qu trnh s c v xy ra dao ng in trong h thng. ch vn
hnh bnh thng, mt vct tng tr nm v tr im A. khi xy ra ngn mch mt vct
dch chuyn t A n B, sau khi bo v ct ngn mch vct tng tr nhy t B sang C v
nu xy ra dao ng, mt vct chu k u tin s dch chuyn theo qu o 2... Hnh vi
ny ca vct tng tr khi c dao ng in c th c pht hin bng mt rle vi c
tnh khi ng nh trn hnh 1.36. c tnh khi ng c dng hnh elp hoc thu knh 1 v
dng in khng 2 kt hp vi nhau theo nguyn l v. Khi c dao ng nu qu o ca
mt vct Z i vo min khi ong im M v ra khi min khi ng im N di
c tuyn 2 (hnh 1.37) c ngha l tm dao ng (tm in) nm trong min tng tr ca b
MF-MBA, bo v s tc ng ct my pht ngay trong chu k dao ng u tin.

Dao ng in +jX
B (ngn mch) C (ct ngn mch)
1
A (bnh thng)
2

Z R
0

HNH 1.35: Hnh trnh ca vct tng tr Z khi xy ra s c v dao

ng

Nu tm dao ng nm pha h thng qu o ca mt vct Z s nm cao hn c

tuyn 2, khi y bo v s tc ng ct sau mt s chu k nh trc. Trn hnh 1.37 trnh by
s nguyn l ca bo v chng trt cc t, bo v gm b phn o khong cch vi c
tuyn thu knh1 kt hp vi b phnhn ch theo in khng 2 gii hn min tc ng t
pha h thng, b phn m chu k dao ng 3 ct my pht khi s chu k t tr s t
trc. pha cao p ca MBA tng c t thm b phn nh hng cng sut 4 thc hin
chc nng ging nh b phn 2 v lm nhim v d phng cho b phn ny. Thay v c
tuyn tng tr kt hp 1 v2 trn hnh 1.36 ngi ta c th s dng c tuyn hnh ch nht
nh trn hnh 1.38 pht hin dao ng in.

2BU

+jX
4

X XH 2BI P
Ct &
2 BA MC
N 1BU
M R

F 1 U U
1 2 3
I
1BI IC
-ZF
Z< X<

HNH 1.36: c tnh khi ng

hnh thu knh pht hin dao HNH 1.37: S nguyn l ca
ng in bo v chng trt cc t (dao
ng in)

43
 I*
+jX 2,5 2 (cun dy stator)
0,9XB
2

R 1,5
0 1 1 (cun dy rotor)

XdF
0 10 300 t (sec)

HNH 1.38: c tnh khi ng HNH 1.39: Quan h gia mc qu

hnh ch nht pht hin dao ti v thi gian qu ti cho php
ng in ca cc cun dy my pht

IX. bo v chng lung cng sut ngc

Cng sut s i chiu t h thng vo my pht nu vic cung cp nng lng cho
Turbine (du, kh, hi nc hoc dng nc...) b gin on. Khi my pht in s lm
vic nh mt ng c tiu th cng sut t h thng. Nguy him ca ch ny i vi cc
my pht nhit in l Turbine s lm vic ch my nn, nn lng hi tha trong
Turbine lm cho cnh Turbine c th pht nng qu mc cho php. i vi cc my pht
diezen ch ny c th lm n my.
bo v chng ch cng sut ngc, ngi ta kim tra hng cng sut tc
dng ca my pht. Yu cu rle hng cng sut phi c nhy cao pht hin c
lung cng sut ngc vi tr s kh b (thng ch b p li tn tht c ca my pht
trong ch ny). Vi cc my pht in Turbine hi, cng sut khi ng Pk bng:
Pk = (0,01 0,03)Pm (1-68)
Vi cc my pht thu in v Turbine kh:
Pk = (0,03 0,05)Pm (1-69)
m bo
nhy ca bo v cho cc
my pht cng sut ln,
mch dng in ca bo v
thng c u vo li o BU
lng ca my bin dng Cp 2
(thay cho li bo v thng 92 2II
dng cho cc thit b khc).
Bo v chng cng sut Ct
ngc thng c hai cp Cp 1
tc ng: cp 1 vi thi 2I
gian khong (2 5) sec sau &
khi van STOP khn cp lm F
vic v cp th 2 vi thi gian
ct my khong vi chc giy BI
khng qua tip im ca van Van STOP
STOP (hnh 1.40).

HNH 1.40: S nguyn l ca bo v chng cng sut

ngc

44
X. Mt s s bo v my pht in dng rle s
X.1.S bo v my pht in cng sut trung bnh ( 1MW):
Phng n 1:
S s dng cc bo v sau:
- 51: bo v qu dng c thi gian.
- 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi
gian.
- 46: bo v dng th t nghch.
- 49: rle nhit .
Phng n 2: hnh 1.42
- 51: bo v qu dng c thi gian.
- 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi
gian.
- 46: bo v dng th t nghch.
- 64: bo v chng chm t cun dy
rotor. Hnh 1.41
- 32: rle nh hng cng sut.
- 40: rle pht hin mt kch t my 52
pht in.

X..2.S bo v my pht in
cng sut ln (> 1MW): (hnh 1.43) 64
S s dng cc bo v sau:
- 51: bo v qu dng c thi gian.
- 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t 46 40
c thi gian. 51 32
- 46: bo v dng th t nghch.
- 32: rle nh hng cng sut.
- 40: rle pht hin mt kch t my 51N
pht in.
- 49: rle nhit .
- 87,87N: rle so lch chng chm pha Hnh 1.42
v chm t.
- 27: rle in p thp.
- 59: rle qu in p.
- 81: rle tn s.
- 64F: chng chm t cun dy rotor.

X.3. S bo v b MF-MBA:
Phng n 1: hnh 1.44
- 87U: bo v so lch dc chung cho my pht v MBA tng p v MBA t dng.
- 87T: bo v so lch dc MBA tng p v MBA t dng.
- 51: bo v qu dng c chnh nh thi gian.
- 51N: bo v qu dng chng chm t c thi gian.
- 63: rle p sut dng cho MBA.
- 71: rle hi dng cho MBA.
- 64R, 64R2: bo v chng chm t 1 im v 2 im mch kch t.
- 51N, 59N: bo v chng chm t cun dy rotor.
- 87G: bo v so lch chng chm pha trong my pht.
- 49S: bo v qu nhit cun dy stator.
- 59: rle qu in p.
- 81N: rle tn s.
- 24: rle qu t. 78: rle kim tra ng b.
- 40: rle pht hin mt kch t my pht in.
- 21: rle khong cch
- 32: rle nh hng cng sut..

45
Phng n 2: hnh 1.45

52

27 27

87 81

87N 64F 59

51 32 46 40 49

51N

Hnh 1.43

63 71

87T
51N

87U

59 24
51

78 81N
49S
87T
E 40
87G 63 51N
32
71
64R2 64R 46 21

59N

51N

HNH 1.44: S bo v b my pht v my bin

p .
46
 MC
220kV
CSV

51N
T1
63 87T

50 51

87T
Kim tra cch in
63 MC li

MC Mch t ng kch thch

6,3kV

21 59
TU
87G
G 40
50 51

TE1 64 46 50 51 81
ng h o lng

HNH 1.45: S BO V B MY PHT V MY

47
48