© Kamte-Re) 1999 Anthropologist, 1): 223-233 (1999) Socio-cultural Determinants of Physical Fitness: A Study among the Jats of Delhi Inuka Galhar and S.L. Malile Department of Anthropology University of Delhi, Delhi 10007, Pia KEY WORDS Physical Fitness. AHPER Tess Family Details Jate Dei ABSTRACT. In oderto stuby the physical fines ofa, the present study sas conducted on 580 Jt school chldeen ‘fDeth he age range of 10 1018 years. The study dline fates the relationship between various socio-cultural a ‘Bland physical nese Family detalsincading paren laleducation, occupation, physical activity level, monthly income, residence and family types, consumption of male andmeais et, were taken using questonnaie ethod Re> Sul of bivariate analysis benween these fara Factors Shdvanous physial nes tess dicated tat upation! income, tei activity level nature of far a tesience influenced the physical fines of subjects. There fore, we ned to ink physical fines not only with ealth uals, but also and more porary With of facies othe socio-cultural mien of INTRODUCTION Physical fitess, a complex phenomenos ‘unified mosaic composed of many facets: bio- logical, environmental and social. In other words, there is a synchronised integration ong various bio-social determinants of physi cal fitness. The factors which have been respon- sible for modern concepts in physical fitness are like threads running through the fabric of his- tory and even dating back to the prehistoric times, Physical fitness is generally interpreted as “total fitness’ when it comprises @ collective ‘whole of components such as strength, cardio- respiratory endurance, flexibility, agility, speed and balance. Outof these components, strength, cardio-respiratory endurance and flexibility re- late to energy production and work output by the human body and are categorised as health related components of physical fitness, whereas the later three, ie. agility, speed and balance relate to development and performance of mo- tor or movement skills and are thus inchided ut- der motor fitness. Health related fitness and ‘motor fitness together comprise total physical fitness, Besides, total physical fimess also com- prises of a complex whole of eeriain bio-cul- tural components such as health, body mechan= is, resistance to disease, muscular endurance, perfect body contour, psychological fimess, so- Cial consciousness, spiritual and moral qualities etc. A multifactorial approach is, therefore, nec- essary for a thorough understanding of physi- cal fitness. Earlier studies have delineated that physical fimess and its-components in youngsters ts dif- ferentiated according to their social and cultaral situation (Renson, 1973, 1975; Reason et al 1978, 19802, 1980; Gottlieb and Chen, 198: Sallisetal, 1992; Lynch et a., 1998). Socio-cul tural factors such as parental education, occu- pation, income, physical activity level, residence and family size, bith order, sport pavtiejpation of the subject, etc. are some of the necessary and reliable tools. in evaluating physical fit- ness inchildren (Renson, 1973; Vanreusel, 1985; Simons etal, 1990; Davis etal., 1998). Studies con youth sport participation indicated that both peers and parents played an important role in influencing physical fitness of subjects (Greendorfer and Ewing, 1981). Strong associa- tions were ‘between parental encourage- ment of physical activity and subject’s physical activity level (Klesges et al., 1984, 1986; ‘Mokenzie etal., 1991), The physical activity level of siblings also influenced physical fitness of individuals in the Mexican- American and Anglo families (Sallis etal, 1988). Previous investigations have shown that socio-economic status is a key determinant of physical fitness in children (Gottlieb and Chen, 1985; Sunnegardh et al, 1985). Stucky-Ropp and DiLorenz0 (1993) found different family variables to predict the level of leisure time physical fimess activities among children. Fi- milisl aggregation of leisure time physical activ. ity was studied in three generations by Aamio224 et al. (1997), and it appeared from the study that benefits of physical activity in children could be obtained by the influence of parental ‘encouragement and their physical activity lev- els. Also, subjects’ own physical activity level affect their performance in physical fimess tasks Lewontin and his colleagues (Lewontin et al 1984; Lewontin, 1991) argued that the interac tion of genetic and environmental factors is the only sensible way to understand the affect of {genes on our health. Physical fitness, is there- fore, the result of interaction of biological and environmental factors including socio-cultural ones. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study isto un- derstand the relationship between a myriad ar- ray of socio-cultural factors and the perform- ance of Jat boys and girls in various physical fitness tests. The focal aims of the study are 1) to study the socio-cultural profile of the Jas; and 2) to examine the bivariate relationship between physical fitness tests and the socto-cultural concomitant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected on five hundred eighty (Males = 308, Females = 272) Jat school chil- dren in the age range of 10 - 18 years selected randomly by visiting six Government run schools in Jat dominant areas of Delhi. The ‘AAHPER (American Association of Health, ‘Physical education and Recreation) est batiery, ‘employed to assess the physical fitness levels ‘of the subjects, included sit-ups, standing broad jump, shuttle ran, fifly yard ran, six hundred ‘yard run, softball throw, and pull-ups for boys! ‘flexed arm hang for gitls. Besides AAHPER tests, grip hand strength for both hands, Harvard's step test, sit and reach, plate tapping ‘and balance flamingo stand test were also ad- Iinistered. For scoring the tests, necessary pre- ‘cautions were taken following the suggestions forwarded by earlier investigators (Renson etal, 1980; Council of Europe-Eurofit Manual, 1988; Claessens et a., 1990). The scoring method re- ferred above has been desc"ibed in detail in our INUKA GAKHAR AND S.L, MALIK earlier publication (Gakhar and Malik, 1999). Using questionnaire method, data were col- lected.on subject's socio-cultural background, It included information regarding subject's subcaste, family, birthrank, residence, number of sibs, nutritional intake, physical activity level, ‘Number of hours of exercise in a day and pa: rental information. Details about father’s and ‘mother’s education, profession, age, income and ‘ofphysical fitness tests with socio-cultural vari ables. Coding was done to facilitate interpretation, For example, coding for residence included 1 as Urban and 2 as Rural, Nature of family was coded as 1 = Nuclear, 2 =.Joint, = Extended, 4 Others, Education ofthe parents was coded as follows : I= IMierate, = Primary, 3 = Mice dle, 4 = Senior secondary, = Higher second. ary, 6 = Graduate, 1= Post Graduate. Age of the parents was eoded into six age groups, viz, 1 = Below 30, 2= Berween 30-35, 3» Between 45-40, 4 = Between 40-45, $= Between 45-50, 0 and above. Codes for parental occupa: tion were I= Govt. job, 2= Private, 3 = Busi- ness, 4= Doctor, 5 = Housewife, sonnel, parental and household income was recorded in codes as follows : 1 = Below Rs. $,000 p.m, 2 ‘Rs 5,00l~ 10,000 p.m., 3 Rs. 10,000-15,000 Pom., 4= Rs. 15,000-20,000 pm, 5 = Rs 20,000-25,000 p.m., 6= Above 25,000 p.m. Suibject's and parental physical activity lev- els were recorded in coded form as 1 = Seden- lary,2~ Very Low Active, 3= Low Active, 4= Moderately Active, 5 = Very Active, 6 = In- fensely Active. A description of the criteria for this categorisation of physical activity is men- tioned im table 1. Birth rank of the subject and number of ‘meals taken in a day were recorded in num- bers. However, the glasses of milk taken per day ‘were converted to consumption of milk in litres. Coding for daily indulgence in physical activity and exercise by the subjects was I = No, and 2 = Yer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A detailed analysis of the responses cited by the‘SOCIO-CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS 25 ‘Tablet: Categories of Gateron Sesenar seal Activity Level in Jats Description Very low daily household activin: * Level of inaguvity constant all yesrround Verytow Active + Usually no acti eating ‘Activities of everyday requirercent ‘Walking, Climbing stairs ete + Nosteady formal actity * Panicipaton ina physically active task atany given timeof shor dix ‘Mostcately active * Engagement in line formal ath Very active ‘+ Incorporation of physic! actv- Hsin ifestve aes complement eryday actives in aerobic activity ata high evel, for an. hour or Intensely ceive subjects for the above mentioned socio-cultural ‘concomitans is provided in figures 1 to 13. Ma- {ority of the tathers (34.0%) are educated upto higher secondary level, followed closely by the ‘graduates (26.796) and senior secondary pass (24.5%) (Fig, 1). 8.8% fathers are educated upto middle school level, Only a small percentage (3.3%) out of the total are post graduates, 1.5% have studied upto primary level and 1.2% are iterates. Majority (31.9%) of the mothers are iterates. 24.4% have studied upto middle school level, and 20.7% have studied upto sen ir secondary level. 14.8% mothers are higher ‘secondary pass. Only 4.1% are graduates and 015% are post graduates Majority (40.89) of the fathers are between 40-45 years of age, followed by 31.6% who are between 35-40 years of age (Fig.2). 14.2% be- long to the age range of 45-50 years, and 10.5% are above 50 years of age. Only a small percent- age of the fathers (2.8% and 0.1%) belong to 30-35 years and below 30 years age group re- spectively. More than $0% of the mothers are between 35 to 40 years of age. A sizeable per- centage (20.7%) of the mothers belong to 40-45 years age range, whereas 4.1% are between 30- 35 years of age. Only 6.0% mothers belong to 440-45 years age group in the present sample. Physical activity level has been categorised inanascending order as sedentary, very low tive, low active, moderately active, very active, and’ intensely active depending on the nature ‘and intensity of regular physical activity per- formed by the parents, Majority (35.9%) of the fathers are low active, followed by 23.6% mod- cerately ative fathers Fig. 3). sizeable percent- ‘age (19.3%) ae very active physically, followed closely by those (18.6%) who have very low physical activity, Only 0.3% fathers are seden- tary. In case of mothers, however, more than ‘80% are low active, followed by those (26.726) ‘who are moderately active. 9.7% mothers are very active physically, whereas 5.3% have very ow physical activity level. Only a minor per- centage of mothers (0.1%) are sedentary. None of them are intensely active. “Majority (53.0%) of the fathers are in Govt job, followed by those (28.3%) in private oceu- pation (Fig. 4). Sizable number (9.8%) of fathers are Army personnel. 5.3%6are in business. Small pereeniage ofthe fathersare doctors (1.4%). and other professionals (1.0%) respectively. 1.2% ‘out of the total number of fathers are retired Largest percentage (90%) ofthe mothers, on the other hand, are housewives. Few are in Govt job (4.256), or private job (4.2%). Only a slight proportion of the mothers are either doctors (0.3%) of in business (0.3%). Majority (71.1%) of the fathers have @ monthly salary below Rs, $000, followed by those (26.0%) wha draw a monthly salary be- tween Rs. ,000-10,000 (Fig. 5). 1% fathers have the monthly salary between Rs. 10,000-15,000, Below 1% fathers draw a monthly salary of Rs.15,000-20,000 (0.9%), Rs. 20,000-25,000 (0.7%), and above Rs. 25,000 (0.3%) respec- tively. In contrast, mothers are mostly house- wives and usually non-earning members of the family. Among the working mothers (10%), a of them draw a monthly salary below Rs. $000. Based on the incomes of father, mother and any ‘other earning member in the family, the total household income is below Rs. $000 in major- ity ofthe cases (66.2%). In 27.99% cases. the to- tal household income is between Rs. 5000- 10,000. In only few cases, the total household income is between Rs. 10,000-15,000 (3.196), ‘between Rs. 15,000-20,000 (0.9%), Rs. 20,000- 25,000 (1.4%) or above Rs. 25,000 (0.5%).26 INUKA GAKHAR AND SL. MALIK Parental Education Pest adie - 0 $0 7S 10 1S 180 178 m0 Zs (ater [eater No. of persons: Fig. Distribution of parents (Gathers and mothers)by educational qualification Parental Physical Activity Eom ———— ee = | ee —EE————_=E—— | vey tow Ace xcenay | iB) Physical activity Hi] No. of persons: Fig. 2. Distribution of parents (fathers and mothers) by age Parental Age 0 nd Above Beane 550 ee) SS camer 2035 | Bow 30 B=] Fig.2.Distribation ‘Age (in years) ewes ‘ony Pecan or er er er ae) (Fate No.of persons Fig. Distribution of parents (Fathers a mothers) by occupationSOCIO-CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS 27 Parental and Household income +5 00020,000 few 5,000, meter No. of persons. Fig. 5, Distribution of parents (fathers andmethers) by monthly income Family Type Joint 16%, clear 84% Fig-6. Distribution ofsubjectsby residencetype Residence Type Rural 20% Urban 70% Fig 7 Distetbution f subjects by fly type Birth rank of the subject Mi Fig & Distribution of subjects by birth rank28 INUKA GAKHAR AND S.L. MALIK. ‘Subject's Physical Activity Level 3 4 i Very Aciee Nocera Ace -—1 ed i Verrtowhchve === 3 | Ecesenary a | (rez No.of persons ig. 9.istibution of aubjests (Sat boys Whether yes or no es) by physical activity evel Exercise in Subjects Ne FS | o 6% 10 160 20080300 No. of persons Fig. 10. Distribution of subjects (at boysand ges) by ndulyencein physical activity Meats taken / day ‘GGim| © co Fig. 12.Numberof meas taken Indulgence of subjects in Physical Activity cc ee No, of persons 11 Bxereisein Jat boysand gies Number of meals taken / day oO No. of persons ay by Jat boysand getsSOCIOCULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL, 700% of the subjects belong to urban areas, whereas only 30% of the subjects belong to ralareas (Fig. 6). Distribution of subjects accord ing to the nature of their families is shown in figure 7.85% ofthe subjects have nuclear fami- lies, whereas the rest 15% have joint families. In terms of birth order, maximum number (32.4%) of the subjects have birth rank 2 (Fig. 8). is followed closely by those having birth rank 1 (32.1%) 19.5% subjects have birth rank 3. In case of the remaining subjects, who be- Jong to large families, their birth rank is either (9.3%), 5(4.1%),6 (2.2%), 7(0.2%), oF 8 (0.220) In terms of physical activity, most (40.7%) of the boys are low active (Fig. 9). Itis followed by moderately active (37.02%) boys, followed again by those having very low (11.6%) physi- cal activity. 9.4% boys are very active physically, whereas 1 36are intensely active in their phy'si- «al activity level. None of the boys are seden- tary. More girls (60.3%) than boys are low a tive physically. 22.0% girls are moderately ac- tive, Incase ofthe remaining girls, 14.0% have very low physical activity level, whereas 2.2% are intensely active physically. 1.5% girls out of the total are sedentary. Indulgence in physical activity is higher in Jat boys (81.2%) than in Jat girls (60.7%) (Fig. 10), More boys (79.5%) than girls 66.9%) exercise regularly (Fig. 11) cludes walking from hore to school, cycling for the same purpose, and regular exercise at home and school. Majority of the boys (66.2%) take meals thrice a day, whereas 30.2% take meals twice a day (Fig. 12). The corresponding percentages of ‘girls are 70.9% and 22.4% respectively, in terms ‘of number of meals taken in a day. A small per- sentage of boys (3.6%) and girls (6.0%) take ‘meals four times a day. The boys consume more milk per day than the girls (Fig. 13). While majority of the boys (72.4%) and gitls (77.2%) consume about half a litre milk per day, a large number of boys (29.2%) consume about one litre milk per day. Tn is, howe ver, ths figure is very ow (7.7%). Some boys consume about one and a half litres (2.3%) or two litres (2.594) milk on daily basis Girls usually do not drink more than one litre kina day. On the other hand, the percentage of girls who do not drink milk is quite high (05.1%) as compared to that of the boys (3.6%), FITNESS 229 Bivariate Relationship of Physical Fitness Tests with Socio-cultural Variables Results of bivariate relationship between physieal fitness tests and socio-cultural con- ccomitants are presented for Jat boys. and giels intable 2. Subjects activity level is significantly related o the performance of most ofthe physi- cal fitness tests in boys (Table 2), Positive na- ture of correlation suggests that higher is the activity level, greaier is the achievement in terms of score of various physical fitness tests in boys, Right and left hand grip strengths, standing broad jump, pull-ups, situps, speed of fifty yard run and softball throw perform- ‘ance are influenced chiefly by subject's activ- ity level in boys. In girls, grip strength of the left hand, standing broad jump, sit-ups and softball throw are positively related to subject's activity level (Table 2). Indulgence in physical activity is found to be positively associated with all the above mentioned physical fitness tests in boys and with sit and reach, plate tapping and balance in girls. This implies that subjects having prior engagement in physically active tasks as a part of their daily regimen score hhigher in most ofthe physical fitness tests, Due toregular practice, these subjects perform these tasks easily and eventually score better than their counterparts who clo not indulge in regu- larphysical activities. Although, the beneficial effects of physical activity-and sport involve- ‘ment on general physical fitness has been well documented (Malina, 1978, 1979; Renson etal, 1981), Health related fitness has recently been found to be positively associated with both Consumption otk emf svete tame Ni No eer Fig 13. Milk consumption per day230 sgedeq eSe3S 98835 33933358 INUKA GAKHEAR AND S.L, MALIK gasses: 39595) geseszsue 3e55 S5 E38SOCIO-CULTURAL BETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS: 231 Table2: Contd, é 3s Bg Sit Pall: oe Tred ‘me % Suen Grp Suremeth(R)* 08 “Gp Srength safe (Caethetent of eorea intense and frequent, energy consuming exer- cises (Shepherd and Bouchard, 1995; Rowland, 1998), Consumption of milk also influences the per- formance of boys significantly in most of the physical fitness tests (Tabie 2). Greater is the consumption of milk, higher is the performance level, Number of meals taken in day negatively influences standing broad jump performance boys. It denotes that performance in standing broad jump is poorer in subjects taking. meals ‘many a times ina day as compared to those who take fewer number of meals in a day. Perform- ance in gis, however, is not influenced either by consumption of milk or number of meals taken / day (Table 2) In boys, shuttle run, fifty yard run and bal- ance flamingo tests are positively and signifi- cantly correlated with both father's and moth- ’sphysieal activity level (Table 2). Flexed arm hang, sit-ups, shuttle run and fifty yard run in pirls are positively and significantly correlated with father's and mother's physical activity (Ta- ble 2). Father's physical activity also influence standing broad jump and sit and reach perform- ance in girls, whereas mother’s physical activ ity level influences their daughters" balancing skills in the present study. Several studies re- vealed that both parents physical fimess and encouragement had an effect on childrens’ physical fitness (Gottlieb and Chen, 1985; Anderssen and Wold, 1992; Klesges-et al, 1984; Sallisetal, 1992). Also, mote ative parents were shown to have more active children (Ross and Pate, 1987; Moore et al, 1991). In this study, parental age is an also important determinant of performance level in boys, Itis evident from the positive values of coefficient of correlation be- tween father's and mother’s age and grip strength of both the hands, standing broad jump, pull-ups, sit-ups, six hundred yard run, shuttle run, fifly yard run, and softball throw in boys (Table 2), Parental age influences grip strengths of both the hands, standing broad jump, sit and reach, shuttle run, and softball throw in girls as well (Table). Education of parents is, however, not ass0~ ciated with any of the physical fitness tests both in boys and girls. Except for the association of father's education with pull-ups in boys (Table 2) and rapid fitness index in-grls (Table 2), none232 of the physical fitness tests are influenced by the education level of either the father or the ‘mother. Profession of the parents also generally does not influence the performance of physical fitness tests in Jat boys and girls, Parental and household income does not influence perform- ance of the girls in any of the tests of physical fitness (Table 2). However, it influences the number of sit-ups and plate tapping in boys (Ta- ble 2), Renson (1975) did not find any relation between mother’s educational level and motor ability of 13 year old Belgian boys, but he ob- served a positive relation between father’s socio~ professional status and overall motor develoy ‘ment in them. Birth rank of the subject determines the ‘number of sit-ups done by the boys (Table 2), and right hand grip strength and softball throw in ginls (Table 2). Nature of the family also de- termines the average number of sit-ups done both by the boys and the girls. Number of sibs donotinfluence any of the physical fitness tests performed by the boys and the girls. Physical activity level of siblings was. however, found important determinant of physical fitness assess- ment in Mexican American and Anglo families by Sallis and his colleagues (1988). Residence in boys affects their performance in pull-ups, six hundred yard run, sit and reach and plate tap- ping. Negative association of residence with all these tests suggest greater achievement by those having a rural background. This suggests that ‘moving fo urban arca has decreased the ability Of Jat boys atleast in some the tests of physical fitness, especially those related to muscular strength, cardio-respiratory endurance, agility and speed. A number of factors, including 2 decrease in consumption of milk anda decrease in heavy physical active tasks related to agricul- tural activities, may be responsible for such & trend. Conversely, positive significant associa tions between residence and standing broad jump, situps, sit and reach, shuttle run and softball throw in girls suggest that girls having an urban upbringing perform better than theit counterparts belonging to rural areas. Jats, in general, are known for their hard la- ‘our. Jat women are as hard workings Jat men, ifnot more. They also share the load of occupa- tion of their men folk besides completing the daily housthold chores, This, however, cannot INUKA GAKHAR AND SL MALIK bee said with confidence for Jat girls. There are often restrictions, or at least a lack of motiva- tion from the elders of the family for girls 10 undertake exercises. The girls, specially the oldce ‘ones, are therefore, shy as far as conducting regular physical fitness activities are concemed, because the community favours them to be 30. Itis clearly reflected in the abysmally poor per~ formance of older Jat girls in the tests of stength, sardio-respiratory endurance, flexibility, agi and speed as compared to that of Jat boys in these tests, Thus, the performance in the physi- cal fitness tests is subject to the exposure and adaptation to chronological socio-cultural ene vironments in younger and older Jat children. Also, socialisation of boys and gitls regarding sports and physical activity is quite different, so itis important to separate biological influences on physical fitness from their socio-cultural eit cumstances, CONCLUSION Intranslating knowledge fiom research base to intervention programs to improve health and fitness of the Jats, special emphasis must be placed on the neighbourhood environments and family attitudes for involvement in physical fit- ness activities apart from school based activity schedules, One ofthe fundamental issues in this regard is to create a climate that fosters physical fimess and for which there is an immediate need to make physical fitness a social norm. In order to fulfil thisobjective, an attempt hasbeen made, through the present study, to enlighten the Jats of their declining physical fitness standards, ‘The Jats, who were traditionally known for their physical acumen, used to undertake fitness. activites regularly since early childhood. Pres- ently the younger lot do not indulge in regular physical activity. This is one of the reasons for the poor performance of Jats in physical fitness tests. Other than this, an array of socio-cultural factors also influence their performance in physi- cal fitness tests. Nature of the family, residence, consumption of milk, subjects" aetivity level, Parental occupation and income are important determinants of performance level in boys, while physical fitness in girls is influenced greatly by. their mother's activity level, birth rank and Ps rental age. Therefore, through the study itSOCIO-CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS 233 appears that it is essential to understand the socio-cultural profile of any group or popula- tion before assessing their actual physical fitness levels. By doing so, genuine efforts can be made to improve their physical fitness. 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