Vt liu composite

By: ducthien88 22 Thng Su 2016 0 comment

I. KHI NIM
1. Khi nim
Vt liu Composite l vt liu c ch to tng hp t hai hay nhiu vt liu khc nhau nhm
mc ch to ra mt vt liu mi c tnh nng u vit hn hn vt liu ban u. Vt liu
Composite c cu to t cc thnh phn ct nhm m bo cho Composite c c cc c
tnh c hc cn thit v vt liu nn m bo cho cc thnh phn ca Composite lin kt, lm
vic hi ho vi nhau.
2. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Vt liu Composite xut hin t rt lu trong cuc sng, khong 5.000 nm trc Cng
nguyn ngi c i bit vn dng vt liu composite vo cuc sng ( v d: s dng bt
trn vi t st m bo s dn n trong qu trnh nung gm).
Ngi Ai Cp bit vn dng vt liu Composite t khong 3.000 nm trc Cng nguyn,
sn phm in hnh l v thuyn lm bng lau, sy tm pitum v sau ny cc thuyn an bng
tre cht mn ca v nha thng hay cc vch tng an tre cht bn vi rm, d l nhng sn
phm Composite c p dng rng ri trong i sng x hi.
S pht trin ca vt liu composite c khng nh v mang tnh t bin vo nhng nm
1930 khi m stayer v Thomat nghin cu, ng dng thnh cng si thu tinh; Fillis v
Foster dng gia cng cho Polyeste khng no v gii php ny c p dng rng ri trong
ngnh cng nghip ch to my bay, tu chin phc v cho i chin th gii ln thc hai.
Nm 1950 bc t ph quan trng trong ngnh vt liu Composite l s xut hin nha
Epoxy v cc si gia cng nh Polyeste, nylon, T nm 1970 n nay vt liu composite
nn cht do c a vo s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip v dn dng,y t,
th thao, qun s vv
3. u im
Tnh u vit ca vt liu Composite l kh nng ch to t vt liu ny thnh cc kt cu sn
phm theo nhng yu cu k thut khc nhau m ta mong mun, cc thnh phn ct ca
Composite c cng, bn c hc cao, vt liu nn lun m bo cho cc thnh phn lin
kt hi ho to nn cc kt cu c kh nng chu nhit v chu s n mn ca vt liu trong
iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng Mt trong cc ng dng c hiu qu nht l
Composite polyme, y l vt liu c nhiu tnh u vit v c kh nng p dng rng ri, tnh
cht ni bt l nh, bn cao, chu mi trng, r lp t, c bn ring v cc c trng
n hi cao, bn vng vi mi trng n mn ho hc, dn nhit, dn in thp. Khi ch
to mt nhit v p sut nht nh d trin kh c cc th php cng ngh, thun li
cho qu trnh sn xut.
II. PHN LOI COMPOSITE
Vt liu composite c phn loi theo hnh dng v theo bn cht ca vt liu thnh phn.
1 Phn loi theo hnh dng
Vt liu composite n dng si: Khi vt liu tng cng c dng si, ta gi l composite
n dng si, cht n dng si gia cng tng c l tnh cho polymer nn.
Vt liu composite n dng ht: Khi vt liu tng cng c dng ht, cc tiu phn ht n
phn tn vo polymer nn. Ht khc si ch n khng c kch thc u tin.
2 Phn loi theo bn cht, thnh phn
Composite nn hu c ( nha, ht) cng vi vt liu ct c dng: si hu c (polyamide,
kevlar), Si khong ( thy tinh, carbon), si kim loi (Bo, nhm)
Composite nn kim loi: nn kim loi ( hp kim Titan, hp kim Al,) cng vi n dng
ht: si kim loi (Bo), si khong ( Si, C)
Composite nn khong (gm) vi vt liu ct dng: si kim loi (Bo), ht kim loi (cht gm),
ht gm (cacbua, Nit)
III. CU TO CA VT LIU COMPOSITE
1 Polymer nn
L cht kt dnh, to mi trng phn tn, ng vai tr truyn ng sut sang n khi c ngoi
lc tc dng ln vt liu.
C th to thnh t mt cht hoc hn hp nhiu cht c trn ln mt cch ng nht to th
lin tc.
Trong thc t, ngi ta c th s dng nha nhit rn hay nha nhit do lm polymer nn:
Nha nhit do: PE, PS, ABS, PVCn c trn vi nha, gia cng trn my p phun
trng thi nng chy.
Nha nhit rn: PU, PP, UF, Epoxy, Polyester khng no, gia cng di p sut v nhit
cao, ring vi epoxy v polyester khng no c th tin hnh iu kin thng, gia cng bng
tay (hand lay- up method). Nhn chung, nha nhit rn cho vt liu c c tnh cao hn nha
nhit do.
Mt s loi nha nhit rn thng thng:
Polyester
Nha polyester c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh composite, Polyester loi ny thng l
loi khng no, y l nha nhit rn, c kh nng ng rn dng lng hoc dng rn nu c
iu kin thch hp. Thng thng ngi ta gi polyester khng no l nha polyester hay ngn
gn hn l polyester.
Polyester c nhiu loi, i t cc acid, glycol v monomer khc nhau, mi loi c nhng tnh
cht khc nhau. Chng c th rt khc nhau trong cc loi nha UPE khc nhau, ph thuc ch
yu vo cc yu t :
Thnh phn nguyn liu (loi v t l tc cht s dng)
Phng php tng hp
Trng lng phn t
H ng rn (monomer, cht xc tc, cht xc tin)
H cht n
Bng cch thay i cc yu t trn, ngi ta s to ra nhiu loi nha UPE c cc tnh cht c
bit khc nhau ty thuc vo yu cu s dng.
C hai loi polyester chnh thng s dng trong cng nghcomposite. Nha orthophthalic cho
tnh kinh t cao, c s dng rng ri. Cn nha isophthalic li c kh nng khng nc tuyt
vi nn c xem l vt liu quan trng trong cng nghip, c bit l hng hi.
a s nha polyester c mu nht, thng c pha long trong styrene. Lng styrene c th
ln n 50% lm gim nht ca nha, d dng cho qu trnh gia cng. Ngoi ra, styrene
cn lm nhim v ng rn to lin kt ngang gia cc phn t m khng c s to thnh sn
phm ph no. Polyester cn c kh nng p khun m khng cn p sut.
Polyester c thi gian tn tr ngn l do hin tng t ng rn ca n sau mt thi gian.
Thng thng, ngi ta thm vo mt lng nh cht c ch trong qu trnh tng hp
polyester ngn nga hin tng ny.
Nh sn xut c th cung cp nha dng t nhin hay c dng mt s ph gia. Nha c th
c sn xut ch cn cho xc tc vo l s dng c. Nh cp trn, cn phi c
thi gian polyester t ng rn. Tc trng hp qu chm cho mc ch s dng, v vy
cn dng cht xc tc v cht xc tin t trng hp ca nha trong mt khong thi
gian no .
Khi ng rn, polyester rt cng v c kh nng khng ho cht. Qu trnh ng rn hay to
kt ngang c gi l qu trnh Polymer ha. y l phn ng ho hc ch c mt chiu. Cu
trc khng gian ny cho php nha chu ti c m khng b gin.
Cn phi chun b hn hp nha trc khi s dng. Nha v cc ph gia khc phi c phn
tn u trc khi cho xc tc vo. Phi khuy u v cn thn loi b bt kh trong nha
nh hng qu trnh giacng. iu ny rt quan trng do bt kh cn trong nha s nh hng
tnh cht c l, lm cu trc sn phm b yu. Cn phi ch rng vic dng xc tc v xc
tin vi hm lng va s cho vt liu nhng tnh cht tt nht. Nu qu nhiu xc tc s
lm qu trnh gel ho xy ra nhanh hn, ngc li, nu t xc tc qu trnh ng rn s b chm
li.
Vinylester
Vinylester c cu trc tng t nh polyester, nhng im khc bit ch yu ca n vi
polyester l v tr phn ng, thng l cui mch phn t do vinyl ester ch c kt i C=C
hai u mch m thi. Ton b chiu di mch phn t u sn chu ti, ngha l vinylester dai
v n hi hn polyester. Vinylester c t nhm ester hn polyester, nhm ester rt d b thy
phn, tc l vinylester khng nc tt hn cc polyester khc, do vy n thng c ng
dng lm ng dn v bn cha ho cht.
Khi so snh vi polyester th s nhm ester trong vinyl ester t hn, ngha l vinyl ester t b
nh hng bi phn ng thy phn. Thng ding vt liu ny nh l lp ph bn ngoi cho
sn phm ngp trong nc, nh l v ngoi ca tu, thuyn. Cu trc ng rn ca vinyl ester
c khuynh hng dai hn polyester, mc d t tnh cht ny, nha cn nhit cao sau
ng rn.
Epoxy
Epoxy l i din cho mt s nha c tnh nng tt nht hin nay. Ni chung, epoxy c tnh
nng c l, khng mi trng hn hn cc nha khc, l loi nha c s dng nhiu nht
trong cc chi tit my bay. Vi tnh cht kt dnh v kh nng khng nc tuyt vi ca mnh,
epoxy rt l tng s dng trong ngnh ng tu, l lp lt chnh cho tu cht lng cao
hoc l lp ph bn ngoi v tu hay thay cho polyester d b thy phn bi nc v gelcoat.
Nha epoxy c to thnh t nhng mch phn t di, c cu trc tng t vinylester, vi
nhm epoxy phn ng v tr cui mch. Nha epoxy khng c nhm ester, do kh nng
khng nc ca epoxy rt tt. Ngoi ra, do c hai vng thm v tr trung tm nn nha epoxy
chu ng sut c v nhit n tt hn mch thng, do vy, epoxy rt cng, dai v khng nhit
tt.
Nha epoxy, ta dng cht ng rn to mng khng gian ba chiu. Cht ng rn a s
dng l amine, c cho vo epoxy, lc ny gia chng s xy ra phn ng ho hc. Thng
nhm epoxy s phn ng kt khi vi nhm amine, to ra cu trc phn t ba chiu phc tp.
Amine kt hp vi epoxy theo mt t l nht nh, y l yu t quan trng v vic trn ng t
l m bo cho phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nu t l trn khng ng th nha cha phn ng
hoc cht ng rn cn d trong hn hp s nh hng n tnh cht sn phm sau ng rn.
m bo t l phi trn chnh xc, nh sn xut thng cng thc ho cc thnh phn v
a ra mt t l trn n gin bng cch o khi lng hay th tch ca chng.
C nha epoxy lng v tc nhn ng rn u c nht thp thun li qu trnh gia cng.
Epoxy ng rn d dng v nhanh chng nhit phng t 5-150oC, tu cch la chn cht
ng rn. Mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca epoxy l co ngt thp trong khi ng rn. Lc
kt dnh, tnh cht c l ca epoxy c tng cng bi tnh cch in v kh nng khng ho
cht.
ng dng ca epoxy rt a dng, n c dng lm: keo dn, hn hp x l b mt, hn hp
, sealant, bt trt, sn.
2 Cht n( ct)
ng vai tr l cht chu ng sut tp trung v n thng c tnh cht c l cao hn nha.
Ngi ta nh gi n da trn cc c im sau:
Tnh gia cng c hc.
Tnh khng ho cht, mi trng, nhit .
Phn tn vo nha tt.
Truyn nhit, gii nhit tt.
Thun li cho qu trnh gia cng.
Gi thnh h, nh.
Tu thuc vo tng yu cu cho tng loi sn phm m ngi ta c th chn loi vt liu n
cho thch hp. C hai dng n:
n dng si: si c tnh nng c l ho cao hn n dng ht, tuy nhin, si c gi thnh cao
hn, thng dng ch to cc loi vt liu cao cp nh: si thy tinh, si carbon, si Bo, si
cacbua silic, si amide
n dng ht: thng c s dng l : silica, CaCO3, vy mica, vy kim loi, n khong,
cao lanh, t st, bt talc, hay graphite, carbon kh nng gia cng c tnh ca cht n
dng ht dc s dng vi mc ch sau:
Gim gi thnh
Tng th tch cn thit i vi n tr, tng bn c l, ho, nhit, in, kh nng chm
chy i vi n tng cng.
D c khun, gim s to bt kh trong nha c nht cao.
Ci thin tnh cht b mt vt liu, chng co rt khi ng rn, che khut si trong cu to
tng cng si, gim to nhit khi ng rn.
Ct si cng c th l si t nhin (si ay, si gai, si lanh, x da, x tre, bng), c th l
si nhn to (si thu tinh, si vi, si poliamit). Tu theo yu cu s dng m ngi ta ch
to si thnh nhiu dng khc nhau : si ngn, si di, si ri, tm si.
Vic trn thm cc loi ct si ny vo hn hp c tc dng lm tng bn c hc cng nh
bn ho hc ca vt liu PC nh : kh nng chu c va p ; gin n cao ; kh nng
cch m tt ; tnh chu ma st- mi mn ; nn, un do v ko t cao ; kh nng chu
c trong mi trng n mn nh : mui, kim, axt Nhng kh nng chng t tnh
u vit ca h thng vt liu PC mi so vi cc loi Polyme thng thng. V, cng chnh v
nhng tnh nng u vit m h thng vt liu PC c s dng rng ri trong sn xut
cng nh trong i sng.
3 Cht pha long
Tnh cht cu polyester ph thuc khng nhng vo hm lng ni i v nhm ete, vo mch
thm hay thng, mc a t m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht cu tc nhn ni ngang
monomer.
Cc monomer khu mch ngang c dng ng trng hp vi cc ni i trong nha
UPE, to kt ngang, thng l cht c nht thp (dng lng) nn cn c tc dng lm gim
nht ca hn hp, do vy chng cn c gi l cht pha long. Monomer pha long phi
tha mn cc iu kin sau:
ng trng hp tt vi polyester, khng trng hp ring r to sn phm khng ng nht,
lm nh hng n tnh cht cu sn phm, hoc cn st li monomer lm sn phm mm do,
km bn.
Monomer phi to hn hp ng nht vi polyester, tt nht l dung mi cho polyester. Lc
n ho tan hon ton vo gia cc mch phn t polyester, to thun li cho phn ng ng rn
v to nht thun li cho qu trnh gia cng
Nhit si cao, kh bay hi trong qu trnh gia cng v bo qun.
Nhit phn ng ng trng hp thp, sn phm ng trng hp t co rt.
t
ng rn polyester, ngi ta dng cc monomer : styrene, metyl meta acrylat (MMA),
vinyl, triallil xianuarat, trong styrene c s dng nhiu nht do c nhng tnh cht u
vit:
C nht thp.
Tng hp tt vi polyester, kh nng ng trng hp cao, t trng hp thp.
ng rn nha nhanh.
Sn phm chu thi tit tt, c l tnh cao, cch in tt.
Kh nng t bc chy thp.
4 Cht tch khun, cht lm kn v cc ph gia khc
Cht rc khun
Cht rc khun c tc dng ngn cn nha bm dnh vo b mt khun.
Cht rc khun dng trong p tay l loi cht rc khun ngoi c bi trc tip ln khun.
Mt s cht rc khun: wax, silicon, du m, m heo
Cht lm kn:
Vi khun lm t cc vt liu xp nh g, thch cao th cn phi bi cht lm kn trc khi
dng cht rc khun.
Cc cht lm kn xm nhp vo cc l xp, ngn chn nha bm vo.
Mt s cht lm kn: Cellulose acetate, wax, silicon, stearic acid, nha furane, vc ni, sn
mi
Cht ty bt kh
Bt kh lm sn phm composite b gim chu lc, chu thi tit v thm m b mt.
Lng thng s dng: 0.2-0.5% lng nha.
Lu : nn cho cht ty bt kh vo nha trc khi dng cc thnh phn khc.
Cht thm t si:
C tc dng tng kh nng thm t si gip s dng n nhiu hn.
Lng dng: 0.5-1.5% so vi n.
Cht tng phn tn
Cht ngn thot hi styrene
5 Xc tc Xc tin
Xc tc: Cc cht xc tc ch c cho vo nha trc khi gia cng. Vai tr ca chng l to
gc t do kch ng cho qu trnh xc tc phn ng ng trng hp.
Xc tin: Tc nhn kch thch cho s to thnh gc t do c th l cht xc tin, bc x nh
sng, tia t ngoi hay nhit .
Cht xc tc gm cc loi
Xc tc Peroxide
Peroxide : thng dng nht l benzoil-peroxide : N l loi bt trng, tn ti ba dng : kh
(khong 5% m), paste trong nc (khong 25% nc), v thng dng nht l paste trong
tricresyl-phosphonate hay dimetyl phthalate (khong 70% peroxide). N c dng ng
rn nha polyester ( nhit khong trn 80Oc) v thng c dng vi t l 0,5-2% so vi
nha. Khi cho vo nha n thng dng paste v dn.
Ngoi ra cc cht xc tc thuc loi peroxide cn c:
Di-t-butyl peroxide (CH3)3-C-O-O-C-(CH3)3
Di-acetyl peroxide (CH3)3-CO-O-O-OC-(CH3)3
Hydroperoxide :
t-butyl-hydroperoxide (CH3)3-COOH
Cumen-hydroperoxide C6H5-C-(CH3)2-O-OH
Hai loi MEKP v HCH c dng ng rn ngui cho nha polyester.
MEKP l tn vit tt cu metyl ethyl keton peroxide, n thc cht l hn hp ca mt s hp
cht peroxide, thnh phn thay i ty thuc vo nh sn xut. N l cht oxi ho mnh nn
phi trnh tip xc vi oxi.
HCH l sn phm phn ng gia hydroperoxide vi cyclohexanol peroxide v c gi tn l
cyclo-hexanol peroxide. Tuy nhin n l hn hp ca t nht hai trong bn cht sau (theo
Criegree, Schorenberg v Becke)
Xc tc azo v diazo
Diazo aminobenzen: C6H5-NH-N=N-C6H5
Dinitric cu acid diizobutyric: NC(CH3)2-N=N-C(CH3)2-COO-CN
Dimetyl ester cu acid diizobutyric: C2H5-OOC-C(CH3)2-N=N-C(CH3)2-COO-C2H5
Cht xc tin
Cht xc tin l cht ng vai tr xc tc cho phn ng to gc t do cu cht xc tc. Dng
cht xc tin s gim c nhit v thi gian ng rn mt cch ng k v c th ng rn
ngui. Gm cc loi:
Xc tin kim loi
Xc tin kim loi l mui cu kim loi chuyn tip nh: cobalt, ch, mangan, ceri, v cc
acid nh: naphthenic, linoleic, octonic, ho tan tt trong polymer. Loi xc tc ny thng
dng chung vi cc cht xc tc dng hydroperoxit (MEKP, HCH). Naphthenic-cobalt l loi
thng dng nht thng dng
Ngoi xc tin kim loi dng mui, ngi ta cn dng dng phc, v d: Ferrocen, dng
phc dicyclopentadienyl cu st dng xc tin cho cumen peroxit khi cn ng rn nhanh
nhit khong 80oC.
Amin bc ba
Loi xc tin ny thng c dng vi cc cht xc tc peroxide, thuc loi ny thng gp
Dimetyl-aniline ( DMA ) : C6H5N(CH3)2
Dietyl-aniline ( DEA ) : C6H5N(C2H5)2
Dimetyl-p-toluidin ( DMPT ) : CH3C6H5N(CH3)2
ng dng
Th gii
Vi lch s pht trin phong ph ca mnh, vt liu composite c nhiu nh nghin cu
khoa hc trn th gii bit n. Vic nghin cu v p dng thnh cng vt liu ny c
nhiu nc trn th gii p dng. i chin th gii th hai nhiu nc sn xut my bay,
tu chin v v khi ph v cho cuc chin ny. Cho n nay th vt liu Composite polyme
c s dng ch to nhiu chi tit, linh kin ch to t; Da trn nhng u th c bit
nh gim trng lng, tit kim nhin liu, tng chu n mn, gim rung, ting n v tit
kim nhin liu cho my mc. Ngnh hng khng v tr s dng vt liu ny vo vic cun
cnh my bay, mi my bay v mt s linh kin, my mc khc ca cc hng nh Boing 757,
676 Airbus 310 Trong ngnh cng nghip in t c s dng sn xut cc chi tit, cc
bng mch v cc linh kin. Ngnh cng nghip ng tu, xung, ca n; cc ngnh dn dng
nh y t (h thng chn, tay gi, rng gi, ghp s, ngnh th thao, cc dng th thao nh
gy gn, vt tennit v cc ngnh dn dng, quc k dn sinh khc.
Vit Nam
Vt liu composite c p dng hu ht cc ngnh, cc lnh vc ca nn kinh t quc dn.
Tnh ring nha dng sn xt vt liu composite c tiu th Vit Nam khong 5.000 tn
mi nm; ti H Ni c 8 ti nghin cu v composite cp thnh ph c tuyn trn,
theo vt liu composite c s dng nhiu trong i sng x hi. Ti khoa rng ca bnh
vin trung ng Qun i 108 s dng vt liuComposite vo trong vic ghp rng tha,
cc ngnh thit b gio dc, bn gh, cc gii phn cch ng giao thng, h thng tu xung,
h thng mng trt, mng hng v gh ngi, mi che ca cc nh thi u, cc sn vn ng
v cc trung tm vn hoVit Nam v ang ng dng vt liu Composite vo cc lnh vc
in dn dng, hp cng t in, so cch in, c bit l s cch in.
Tm quan trng ca composite
Gao thng vn ti: Thay th cc loi st, g, vn VD: cng, thng trn ca cc loi xe oto,
mt s chi tit ca xe mt.
1. Hng hi: Lm ghe, thuyn, thng, tu
2. Hng khng: Thay th vt liu st, nhm trong my bay dn dng, qun s
3. Quc phng: Nhng phng tin chin u: tu, cano, my bay, phi thuyn Thit b:
Dng c, phng tin phc v cho vic sn xut nghin cu trong qun i nh: bn cha
nc hoc ha cht, khay trng rau, bia tp bn.
4. Cng nghip ha cht: Bn cha dung dch acid (thay gelcoat bng epoxy hoc nha
vinyleste); Bn cha dung dch kim ( thay gelcoat bng epoxy)
5. Dn dng:
Sn phm trong sn mi: bnh, t, chn, a
Sn phm trang tr ni tht: khung hnh, ph iu, np hnh, vch ngn
Bn gh, t gi , khay, thng, bn
6. Theo: Tanado VN
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