.

2006


1. .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1. ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. ............................................................................................ 1

2. ............................................................................ 3
2.1. ............................................................................................................ 3
2.2. ......................................................................................... 3

3. ....................................................... 7
3.1. ................................................................................................................. 7
3.2. ...................................................................... 7
3.3. ................................................................................. 9
3.3.1. .............................................................................................. 9
3.3.2. .......................................................................................... 11
3.3.3. ............................................................................ 12
3.3.3.1 .......................................................................................................12
3.3.3.2 ...............................................................................................14
3.3.3.3 .................................................................................................15

4. ....................... 19
4.1. ................................................................................ 19
4.2. ................................................... 21
4.2.1. ..................................................................................... 21
4.2.2. ................................................................... 22
4.2.3. ............................................................................ 22
4.3. ..................................................... 22
4.3.1. ............................................................................................ 22
4.3.2. ........................... 23
 4.3.2.1 .................................24
4.3.2.2 .............................................26
4.3.3. ........................ 28
4.4. ................................. 30

5. ................... 35
5.1. ........................................ 35
5.1.1. ........................................................................................... 36
5.1.1.1 .........................................................................36
5.1.1.2 .........................................................................37
5.1.1.3 ................................................................................39
5.1.1.4 ........................................40
5.1.1.5 .......................................................................40
5.1.2. .................................................................................. 41
5.1.2.1 ...............42
5.1.2.2 ..........42
5.1.2.3 ..............................................................................43
5.1.2.4 ................................................................................................43
5.1.3. ................................................................................................. 43
5.1.3.1 ......................................................................................44
5.1.3.2 ................................................................45
5.1.3.3 ................................................................45
5.1.3.4 .................................................47
5.1.3.5 .........................................................................47
5.1.4. ...................................... 47
5.2. ....................................... 48
5.2.1. ....................................................................................... 48
5.2.1.1
...................................50
5.2.1.2 ..............................................................53
5.2.2. ...................... 54
5.2.2.1 ...................55
5.2.2.2 ..............................................57
5.2.2.3 ....59
5.2.2.4 ..............................................................61
5.2.3. ....................................................... 64
5.3. .......................... 68
5.3.1. ...................................................................... 69
5.4. .......................................... 70

6. ..................................................................................................... 73


3
.
, -
-
.

:
, -
,
,
,
,
,
,
.

-
-
.

, 2005

.
1.

1.1.

-
. -
, , -
.
, -
,
Benjamin Franklin 18
.

19
.
Pockels 1897 .
-
C.T.R. Wilson 1956
. -
1960

. -

,
, -
-
.
,
.
,
, -
.

1.2.
IEC 61024-1:1990, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles
2

IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles -

Section 1: Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems
IEC 61024-1-2:1998, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1-2: General principles -
Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance and inspection of lightning protection sys-
tems
BS 6651:1992, Protection of structures against Lightning, British Standards Institute
IEC 61312-1:1995, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 1: General prin-
ciples
IEC/TS 61312-2:1999, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP) - Part 2:
Shielding of structures, bonding inside structures and earthing
IEC/TS 61312-3:2000, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 3: Require-
ments of surge protective devices (SPDs)
IEC/TS 61312-4:1998, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 4: Protection
of equipment in existing structures
IEC/TS 61662:1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC/TS 61662-am1:1996, Amendment 1 - Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC 60099-1:1999, Surge arresters - Part 1: Non-linear resistor type gapped surge arresters for
a.c. systems
IEC 60664-1:2000, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 61643-1:1998, Surge protective devices connected to low voltage power distribution sys-
tems- Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-311:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 311: Specifi-
cation for gas discharge tubes (GDT)
IEC 61643-321:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 321: Specifi-
cations for avalanche breakdown diode (ABD)
IEC 61643-331:2003, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 331: Specifi-
cation for metal oxide varistors (MOV)
IEC 61643-341:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 341: Specifi-
cation for thyristor surge suppressors (TSS)
IEC 60364-1:2001, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 1: Fundamental principles, as-
sessment of general characteristics, definitions
IEC 60364-4-44:2003, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4-44: Protection for safety -
Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances

2.

2.1.
-
1. ,
,
.

... . . 2.

2.2.
:
, -
. (90%) -
( ).
, ,
.
,
, . -

5 s 100 s. -
:
(), -
kA. -

. -
,
(di/dt),
30%
90% , di dt = (I 90 I 30 ) (t90 t30 ) , kA/s
, ,

,

1
IEC 61024-1:1990, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles
2
.., , ..., 2004, 4
.,
4

.
(Qtotal), ,
.
(Qimpulse),
.
(SE), -
. -
. -
A2s J/.
, -
. ... 1991
7.9 , 50% -
, 16 20
. , 1.4 -
, 10%
3. , -


4.


. , -
2.1 -
. -
.

3
Casper P.W., and R.B. Bent.: Results from the LPATS U.S.A. National Lightning Detection and
Tracking System for the 1991 lightning season. 21st ICLP, 1992, Berlin, Germany, paper 6.09.
4
Redelinghuys M.G., Van Der Merwe W.C. and I.R. Jandrell.: Optimasation of transimition lines
for lightning co-ordination using LPATS. 9th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,
1995, Graz, Austria, paper 68.09
 5

2.1: . : IEC 61024-1-

1:1993, (p.43, Fig. A.1)

6
3.

3.1.
. -
, , / -
. -
-
. -
( -
) (, -
, , ).
. -
, 1990-2001 65
. , , -
1.

3.2.

:
,
,
,
,
2000 .
,
,
,
-
,
,

.
3.1. -

1
Agoris D., Pyrgioti E., Vasileiou D., and S. Dragoumis.: Analysis of lightning death statistics in
Greece. 26th Internation Conference on Lightning Protection, 2002, Cracow, Poland, pp. 654-657
8

D D+d
:
d
V = I
2 D ( D + d )
:
(A) ,
(m) .

d (. 3.1).

d .

d' D D d

Vs' Vs

D D
3.1:
.

, -
-
.
 9

. -

, , . ..

15 kA 2.
, -
( ) -
-
.
.
-

3. ,
, -
, , , , , ,
, , , , , -
, , , .

3.3.


.
:
,
,
.

3.3.1.

-
. ,

Joule -
.
Joule

.

2
Rakov V.A. et al.: New Insights Into Lightning Processes Gained from Triggered-Lightning Experi-
ments in Florida and Alabama. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998, Vol. 103, pp. 14117-14130
3
Cooper M.A.: Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology, 1995, Vol.
15, No. 4, pp. 268-78
10

W = R i 2 dt , Joule

R
.
ms -
, -
. , -

-

.
-
. 3.1 -
-
. 3.2
, -
, -
.
( )

-
.
3.1:
, 20C
, 50 mm2 , 78 mm2 , 78 mm2
SE, J/ 1.0 x 107 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106 1.0 x 107 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106 1.0 x 107 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106
, C 21 11 5 19 11 5 69 36 16

3.2:


7 6 6 7 6 6 7
SE, J/ 1.0 x 10 5.6 x 10 2.5 x 10 1.0 x 10 5.6 x 10 2.5 x 10 1.0 x 10 5.6 x 106 2.5 x 106
S, mm2 21 15 10 35 26 18 58 43 29

-
, ,

.

, ,
.
 11

.
-

.
,
, .

, -
.
-
,
.
-
.
.

3.3.2.

.

-
-
.
, , -

:

10 7
i dt , s
2
F dt =
2D
D (m) . -
-
.
. -
-
0.5 m.

-
.


. -

12

.

. -
, -
.
,
-
.

3.3.3.

. -

, , -
, -
. -

.
-
.

3.3.3.1

( ,
..)
:

di
u = IRe + L (3.1)
dt
:
,
Re ,
L
,
di
.
dt
3.1

. ,
-
. -
.
 13

, , -

.
p.u.
50 Hz.
,
10 p.u., -
, 1 p.u. s.
-
.
3.1

.

. ,
2.5 mm2 1 m -
100 kA/s :

L = 1.39H di
di u =L = 139 kV
= 100 kA s dt
dt
-
50
mm2 1 m 109 kV 30 x 2 mm -
1 m 93 kV. -



.

.

( 3.2) 20 kA
16 kA/s S = 15 m
50 mm2, L = 1 H/m Re = 10 .
3.1 , -
-
:
14

i(t)

Re

3.2:

Re = 10 , L 15H
u ( kV ) = 200 kV + 240 kV = 440 kV
I = 20 kA, di = 16 kA s
dt
-
-
.

-

/ -
.

3.3.3.2
, , -
100 m.

r :

1
H (t ) = i (t ) .
2r
 15

( dH dt )
:

0 A di
u ( kV ) = (3.2)
4D dt
:
,
A (m2) ,
D (m) ,
di
.
dt
3.2
.
.

-
. -
.

.
3.2 3.3 u = 1 kV.

D
A 0 = 4107 s m
i A = 1m 2 , D = 10 m u = 1kV
di = 100 kA s
u dt

3.3: .

3.3.3.3
,
, 100 m , -

500 kV/m. ,
500 (kV/m)/s.

3.3
16

3.4. -

MV. 3.4
() .

C1
U 2 = U1 (3.3)
C1 + C2

C1

C2

U2
U1

3.4:

,
,
,
. -

, .
:
,
:
, -


,
,
, -
..,
,
:

 17

, ,
,
, .

,
, ( )
. ,
-
.
-
, , -
, -
. ,
,
.
-
.

18
4.

() -
. -
,
. ,

. , ,

.

4.1.
Benjamin Franklin 1752 -
.
( Franklin) -
1. , 1767,

Franklin Franklin .
Franklin ,
. ,

,
, , -
, .

Franklin. Franklin
, 1823 Gay-Lussac
Franklin 2 1880
Preece2, ,
1:1 . 1892
Lodge3 -
Franklin .
, ,

1
Franklin B.: How to secure Houses, &c from Lightning. Poor Richard's Almanac, reproduced in
Benjamin Franklin's Experiments, ed. I.B. Cohen, Harvard University Press, 1941. pp. 388-392.
2
Preece W. H.: On the space protected by a lightning conductor. Phil. Magazine, 9, pp. 427-430.
3
Lodge O.J.: Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards. Whittaker & Co., London, 1892.
20

, 45 64 . 1914
Larmor Larmor4 Franklin
,
,
. 1950 -
-
, Whitehead5, -
.
1978 Lee6, 100
, ,
,
. -
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, -
, .
Franklin -

-
.
. -
Franklin, -
, :
, -
-

.
,
, -
.


. , -

4
Larmor J. L., and J. S. B. Larmor. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1914, Vol. 90, pp. 312-317.
5
Whitehead E. R.: Protection of Transmission Lines, Chapter 22 in Golde R. H. (Ed.), Lightning, Vol.
2, London: Academic Press, 1977.
6
Lee R. H.: Protection Zone for Buildings Against Lightning Strikes Using Transmission Line Prac-
tice. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1978, Vol. IA-14, No. 6, p.465.
 21

7, 8, , -
, -
.
-

. ,
.

4.2.
, Franklin,
-
. , -
, -

,.
: ,
.

.
,

.

4.2.1.
9

, , .

-
-
. -
... . . 10.

4.2.2.
11

7
Eriksson A. J.: An Improved Electrogeometric Model for Transmission Line Shielding Analysis.
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 1987, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 871-886.
8
Alessandrov F. D., and J. R. Gumley.: A collection volume method for the placement of air terminals
for the protection of structures against lightning. J. Electrostatics, vol. 50, pp. 279302, 2001.
9
Golde R. H.: Radio-Active Lightning Conductors, Lightning Protection, London: Edward Arnold
Publishing Co. , 1973, pp. 37-40, 196-197.
10
.., , ... , 2004, 4
., .
11
Carpenter R. B. Jr.: Lightning Elimination. Paper PCI-76-16 given at the 23rd Annual Petroleum
and Chemical Industry Conference 76CH1109-8-IA.
22

. -

,
, -
. , Charge Transfer Systems,
.

4.2.3.
(Early Streamer Emission, ESE)12 -


.
-
. , , ,

. -
.

4.3.
Maxwell (1876),

( Faraday).


.

. -
, -
.

.

4.3.1.

, , -
, . -
4.1. -
-
IV.
-
, ( 4.2). -

12
Berger G., and N. Floret.: Collaboration Produces a New Generation of Lightning Rods, Power
Technology International, London: Sterling Publications, 1991, pp. 185-190.
 23

10% 90% ,
99% .
4.1: . : IEC
61024-1-1:1993, (p.25, Table 3)

I 0.98
II 0.95
III 0.90
IV 0.80

4.2: . : IEC
61024-1-1:1993, (p.19, Table 2)


II III - IV
, kA 200 150 100
, C 300 225 150
, C 100 75 50
, kJ/ 10000 5600 2500
, kA/s 200 150 100

, , -

, -
. ,
-
.

4.3.2.
, Nd,
-
4.113:
N d = N g Ae 106 (4.1)
:
g , -

,
e, (m2), -

13
IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles - Section 1:
Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems
24

-
.

4.3.2.1
1980
.
-
.
,
IEC13, -
4.2:
N g = 0.04 Td1.25 km2 (4.2)
Td .

() ()
. Td
,
, ,
Td.
4.1 .
4.2 Eriksson14
, -

. , C13, Td g -
. , Td -
. -

. ,
, -
/ . -
20 km, -
60 s
.

:
N g = 0.054 Th1.1 km2 ,

14
Eriksson A. J.: The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
1987, Vol. 2, pp. 859-870
 25

4.1: ,

15. -
g .
Huffines Orville16
...

15
MacGorman et al.: Lightning Strike Density for the Contiguous United States from Thunderstorm
Duration Record. Report no. NUREG/CR-3759, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Norman, OK, May 1984.
16
Huffines G. R., and R. E. Orville.: Lightning Ground Flash Density and Thunderstorm Duration in
the Continental United States: 198996. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 1013
1019.
26

(TD, )
:
Ng = 0.024 TD1.29 km2 .
.
, 4.2 -
g17. -
g Td
, 1977
Prentice18, 4.2
4.2:
Anderson et al.19 N g = 0.023 Td1.3 km2
Popolansky20 N g = 0.0086 Td1.45 km2 .

13
12 Ng = 0.040xTd^1.25
2
Ng, /km

11 Ng = 0.023xTd^1.30
10 Ng = 0.0086xTd^1.45
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Td
4.2: -

17
Diendorfer G., Schultz W., Hofbauer F., and A. Stimmer.: Thunderstorm days versus ground flash
density. Proccedings of 9th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 1995, Graz,
Austria, paper 6910
18
Prentice S. A.: Frequency of Lightning Discharges, Chapter 14 in Golde R. H. (Ed.), Lightning, Vol.
1, London: Academic Press, 1977.
19
Anderson R.B., and A. J. Eriksson.: Lightning parameters for engineering application. Electra 69,
1980, pp. 65-102
20
Popolansky F.: Relationship between the number of thunderstorm days and the lightning flash den-
sity registered by LFC in the world scale. Proc. 21st Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, 1992, Berlin,
Germany, paper 6.10.
 27

4.3.2.2
, -

1/3
( ) .
L, W H (.
4.3), :

Ae = LW + 6 H ( L + W ) + 9 H 2 , m 2 (4.3).

1:3 1:3
H
H

Ae
Ae
3H
3H

W
W

L L

Ae = LW + 6 H ( L + W ) + 9 H 2

4.3: .

4.3

He (. 4.4).
, -
, -
, d, 3(H+Hs)
Hs . ,
-
,
:

d + 3( Hs H )
xs = .
2
4.5
28

He H
1:3 1:3
He H

Ae
Ae
3He
3He

W
W

L L

Ae = LW + 6 H e ( L + W ) + 9 H e 2
4.4: .

1:3 1:3
Hs
H

Ae
3H

xs
d

4.5: .

, ,
. ,
:

, ,
,
,
 29

4.3.3.
, Nc, -
-
. Nc
21 -
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
Nc
. -
, -
.
IEC/TS 61662:1995

BS 6651:1992
-
, :
( A),
( B),
( C),
( D) ,
( E).
Nc. -
.

:
0.3
0.7
, , 1.0
, , 1.2
, , , , - 1.3
, ,

21
IEC/TS 61662:1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
30

, , , 1.7

:
- 0.1

0.2
0.4

, , 1.0
1.4
, , , 1.7
2.0

C:
, - 0.3

, 0.8
, , 1.0
,
, 1.3
, , ,

, , , , 1.7

D:
- 0.4
.
1.0
2.0

E:
0.3
1.0
300 m 900 m 1.3
900 m 1500 m 1.7
1500 m 2.0
 31

4.4.
, ,
, -
Nd -
, Nc. :
N d N c .
Nc
N d > N c E 1
Nd
4.3.


.
4.3
E > 0.98 E < E
:
,
,
.
4.3: .

> 0.98 +
0.95 < E 0.98
0.90 < E 0.95 II
0.80 < E 0.90 III
0 < E 0.80 IV

(. 4.6) , -
, .
40
5x10-5 ,
BS 6651
.
, ,
, -
, Nd -
, Nc. :
N d N c .
32

4.6: .
Nc
N d > N c E 1
Nd
4.3.

1 :
, Nd, -

4.1:
N d = N g Ae 106
:
g ,
e, (m2).

1.1

4.2:
N g = 0.04 Td1.25 km2
Td .
d = 40 :
N g = 0.04 Td1.25 = 0.04 401.25 = 4.02 km2 .

1.2
, -

1/3
 33

( ) .
4.7.

1:3
H
h

3h Ae

3H

4.7:

, -
, 4.3:

Ae = LW + 6 H ( L + W ) + 9 H 2 , m 2
L, W H , -

(. 4.7).
:

Ae = 18.5 10 + 6 18 (18.5 + 10 ) + 9 182 = 12424 m2 .

:
N d = N g Ae 106 = 4.02 12424 106 = 0.05 .
34

2 :
(BS 6651)
, -
:
( A),
( B),
( C),
( D) ,
( E).
Nc 5x10-5 -
.
-
4.3.3., -
:

N d = N d A B C D E = 0.05 1.2 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.3 = 2.16x103

.

3 :
N d > N c :

Nc 5x105
E 1 1 0.977
N d 2.16x103
4.3 .

5.

-
, . -
, ,

, .
-

.

5.1.
-
, -

.
:
,

,
.
-

:
, -
-
,
,

.
-
. -
-
,
. ,
36

5.1.1.

. -
,
. -
, .
-
-
, -
.
-
.

:
. , -
, ,
. ,
, .

5.1.1.1
, ht
.
-
5.1. -

.

)

ht
)

ht ht

5.1: , ,
) )

5.1
 37

h
. , h
( -
) (. 5.2). -
, D ( -
) H :
h = H + ht D < 2 ht

h = ht D > 2 ht .

5.1: (), R(m) -

. : IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.37, Table 1)
h (m) 20 30 45 60

() () () ()
R (m) (m)
20 25 * * * 5
30 35 25 * * 10
45 45 35 25 * 10
V 60 55 45 35 25 20
* -
.

a2
h = ht a1 ht

D'
h = H+ht
H

D
5.2: h .

,
, -
h R
5.1.

5.1.1.2
,
38

R, ( 5.1), ,
. ,
,
( . 5.3). -
,
. 5.3
-
.

R R R
R

5.3: -
h > R

5.4. -
.. , ,
.

) R

R
ht

5.4:
R > ht
) )
 39

-
ht d ,
ht (. 5.5), -
R -
:

( 2)
2
p = R R2 d .

ht.
-
d -
.

ht = h
R R
p
ht

d
5.5:
R > ht

5.1 . -
-
.

5.1.1.3
-
:
:
,
,
-
1/10.

, .

5.1.
-
40

,

,


( ).

5.1.1.4

. , -
.
, , -
-
.
,

-
( 5.1).
-
(> 4). -
,
.

5.1.1.5
-
,
,
. -
:
I. :
.. -
, , ,
t
5.2,
, 0.5 mm -
-
,
, 1
mm 0.5 mm PVC ,
-
.
II. (.. , -
)
 41

,
III. , , ,

,
IV. , -
2.5 mm -
,
V. ,
t 5.2, -

.
5.2: .
: IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.37, Table 2)
t (mm)
Fe 4
I IV Cu 5
Al 7

5.1.2.
-
. -


. , -
, , . , -
:
,

, ( -
),
.
, , -
(.. ,
) .
.
, -
, , .

:
42

5.1.2.1
-
:
(
), .

.
(
), .
,
.

5.1.2.2
()
() -
.
, ,

5.3.
5.3:
. : IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.39, Table 3)
(m)
I 10
II 15
III 20
IV 25

,
. ,
,
,
5.3.
-
.

. , :

,
-
, -

 43

,

,
0.1 m.
,
-

.

5.1.2.3
, :
I. , ,
-
-
,
II.
,
,
,
III. ,
.

5.1.2.4

()
. -
.
.

5.1.3.
,
, , -
,
, -
.
-
.
,
,
, -
, .
44

5.1.3.1
:
, ( -
45), .
-
, . -
, ,
.
, A1, -
, . IEC 61024-
1:1990, II IV 5 m -
. I 5 m < 500
.m .
5.4
.
5.4: .
, A1
5 m < 500 .m
I
A1 (m) = 0.03-10 500 < (.m) < 3000
II IV 5m

,
A1
( ) 0.5A1. -


.

, -
. , -
. -
, 0.5 m, -
,
. -


.
-
, . ,

 45

5.1.3.2
/ -
. A1 -
0.5A1 A1 -
5.4. ,

10 . -
.

. -
,
.
,

.

80%
.
0.5
m. ,

. , -
-
, -
.
.

5.1.3.3
-
, , 80% -
.
, , -
0.5 m 1 m
. -
.
, ,
,
. -
,
10 m, -
-
46

.
r (
) A1 -
5.4. -
( ) ,
, , Ar Av, ,
:

A r = A1 r A v = 0.5 ( A1 r ) .

-
.

(. 5.6).

5.6: .
 47

,


.
, -
, .

-
. ,
IEC 61024-1-2:1998,
, 3 m, 0.5 m
.. 10 m
2 m.
-
20 m .

5.1.3.4
-
-
.
, 10 x 20 m,
.
-
.

5.1.3.5

-
-
.

.

5.1.4.
.. , ,
, , -
-
. , -

.. ,
.
IEC 61024-1:1990, -
5.5 -
48

, ,
, () -
. 5.5 -

. ... . 1 -
-
VDE 0185/78.
5.5: (mm2) .




*
Cu 35 16 50 16 (6)
I IV Al 70 25 25 (10)
Fe 50 50 80 50 (16)
* -
(<25%).

5.2.
-

,
.

. -

, , ,
.

5.2.1.

. , -
-
, , . -
(.
5.2.3.)
( -
) ( ) -
.
, -
,

1
., , , 2005
 49

. -
, , ,
, , -
-
-
(. 5.7).


-
-


.
, -
20 m
-
,
20 m,
-
()
-

-
(. 5.1.2.). -
-
5.7: -
.
50 mm2
-
.
, -
,
-
, , -
. , ,
,
(, , , ) -
. TN ( ) -
PE - PEN -

.


-
.
-
.
(. 5.8).
50

.) .)

5.8: -
.

-

(. 5.8).

-

. ,
,
( 5.3). -
IEC 61312-1:1995,
, -

5 m

.
, .. -
, -
.
-
. -

. -
, (
5.5), IEC 61024-1-2:1998 .

5.2.1.1 -

, ,
 51

-
,
.
-
, -
-
. , I f , :

Ze
If = I (5.1)
nZ e + Z i
:
(kA) , (-
4.2),
Ze () ,
i ()
,
n
.
Ze i -
5.6.
5.6: Ze n
. : IEC 61024-1-2:1998, (p.95, Table 3)
Ze ()
, (.m) i () I II III IV
100 8 4 4 4
200 13 6 6 6
500 16 10 10 10
1000 22 10 15 20
2000 28 10 15 40
3000 35 10 15 60

-
:

Ie = I n If (5.2)

5.1 -
, Kp,
. -
5.6, Kp
5.7

.
52

5.7: , Kp, -
.
Kp
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4
, (.m) I II III & IV I II III & IV I II III & IV I II III & IV
100 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17
200 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.16
500 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.18
1000 0.31 0.41 0.48 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.16 0.18 0.20
2000 0.26 0.35 0.59 0.21 0.26 0.37 0.17 0.21 0.27 0.15 0.17 0.21
3000 0.22 0.30 0.63 0.18 0.23 0.39 0.15 0.19 0.28 0.13 0.16 0.22

5.7
-
IV I.

-
:

I
I f = 0 .5
n
50%
.
, -
n 5.1, -
. ,
IEC 61312-1:1995, -

5%
.

,
, I f ,
:

If
I f = (5.3)
m
m I f 5.1.
 53

IV
(
), .
200 .m
:
, n = 3.
5.7 Kp = 0.19 -
-
5.1 4.2:

I f = I K p = 100 kA 0.19 = 19 kA .

-
5.2:

I e = I n I f = 100 kA 3 19 kA = 43 kA .
TN-S ( ,
) -
5.3:

I f 19 kA
I f = = = 3.8 kA .
m 5
-
I T = I 0.05 = 100 kA 0.05 = 5 kA
2.5 kA.

5.2.1.2
-
,
.
.
. -
IEC 61024-1-2:1998 -
, ,
:

I f c Lc 10 6
Amin = , mm 2 (5.4)
Uc
:
I f ( kA ) ,
c (.m) , Cu: 1.7x10-8 .m, Al:
54

2.7x10-8 .m,
Lc (m) 5.8 ,
U c (kV)
5.9.
5.8: . :
IEC 61024-1-2:1998, (p.95, Table 4)
Lc
(.m) Lc 8
Lc =

5.9: .
: IEC 61024-1-2:1998, (p.95, Table 5)
(kV) U c (kV)
0.05 5
0.22 15
10 75
15 95
20 125

5.2.2.
-

. -
:
,
,
,
.
, , , -
, ., , -
. -
-
. -
, ,
1.2/50 s
8/20 s 10/350 s.
 55

,
, -
,
, -
.
(surge arresters) , ,
.
,
, . , -
-


. ,

.
,
,
.
.

5.2.2.1

.
,
, -
, , -
. , IEC 60664-1:2000, -
-
:


.


, -
.


-
-
, , , .
V
. -
56

, -
.

, ,
. -
1.2/50 s
.
5.10: -
[IEC 60099-1:1999]

- ,
(- 2000 m (kV)
/ ),
a.c. d.c. (V) I II III IV
50 0.33 0.5 0.8 1.5
100 0.5 0.8 1.5 2.5
150 0.8 1.5 2.5 4
1.5 2.5 4 6
300 1.8* 2.9* 4.9* 7.4*
2.3** 3.5** 6.2** 9.8**
600 2.5 4 6 8
1000 4 6 8 12
* 230/400 V .
** 230/400 V -
.

IIII -
[IEC 61643-1:1998]:

-
.

.
.


.
-
.


..
 57

5.2.2.2

IEC:

, Gas discharge tube (GDT) [IEC 61643-311:2001]

, , ,
( )
. ,
,
75 150 V ( m 1.5 )
, ( 1035 V).
, ( 10
m 100 m ,
. ,
-
,
.
,
, .

,
(. 5.9). ,

, 1.5 20 kA. -

100 V/s 1 kV/s .

5.9: .

, Avalanche breakdown diodes (ABD) [IEC 61643-321:2001]

, Zener,
58

.
.

, thyristor surge suppressors (TSS) [IEC 61643-341:2001]

, thyristors triacs,
.

.

MOV, Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) [IEC 61643-331:2003]

, ,
. ,
( ZnO), -
:

U = aI b

MOV
:
Uc, , (rms) -
, MOV .
MOV
, Ucs.

U c U cs
230/400 V 10% -
[IEC 60364-1:2001] -
253 V 440 V .
MOV -
440 V - - 280 V.
UT,

UTOV, s -
1200 V (0.2 s) [IEC 60364-4-44:2003].
MOV -

:

U T > U TOV
MOV -
,

.
UP, -
.
 59

UP/Uc . -
35
. UP
( 5.10)
20% -
.
Ures, -
,
.
In, 8/20 s.
Iimp ( ) Imax (
), 10/350 s 8/20 s
. -
.
, kJ/kV(Uc) -
MOV
. -
In Iimp
Imax . MOV -
-
, , -
.
MOV,
, -
, ,
, . ,
MOV
.

5.2.2.3
- -
5.10.

. DC

.

, U
UL (. 5.11).
,
, Umax,
(
, . 5.11).
60

(GDT TSS)

MOV ABD

DC


5.10: - ,
.

UA

Umax

UL

5.11: .

-
.
 61

(. 5.3). -

. 5.4 .
-
-
-
. -
-
, ,
.

-
.

MOV

,
,
. , ,
6.
[IEC 1024-1-1:1993],
14 kA 95%
90 kA 5%.
, 95%
2.3 kA 5% 15 kA.
MOV In 2.3 kA Imax 15 kA ( MOV
In = 5 kA Imax = 25 kA)
.

MOV (.. In = 10 kA
Imax = 40 kA).

5.2.2.4
5.12 -
.
-

.
62

L1
L2

L3
N
PE

5.12: .

-
5.13
MOV .
MOV -
. ,
MOV . -

- 15 m - -
(decoupling coil).

V V V

t t t

GDT MOV

TSS ABD

5.13:
MOV.

5.14 -
 63

-
. MOV -
- . 5.15, MOV 1

UP, MOV 2 1
UP MOV 3 -
UP. -
1, 2 3 -
,
1
2 3
.

1 2 3

5.14: .

1.3
M3 M2 M1

1.2

1.1
Ures/UP(In)

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7
2 3 4 5 6 78 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
102 103 104 105
I, A
5.15: - MOV .
64

5.2.3.

-
-
( ) -
( ) .

.
, , S, , -
, -
, D:

kc
S D D = k i L, m (5.5)
km
:
ki 5.11,
5.11: ki -
.
: IEC 61024-1:1990, (p.43, Table 8)
ki
I 0.1
II 0.075
III IV 0.05

kc ,

. -
1 , 0.66 0.44 -
-
20 m ( III).
-
, kc
IEC 61024-1-2:1998.
km
, 1 0.5
.
L ( m ) -
. -
, .. ,
L
.
 65

-

, III, -
(. 5.16).
-
( ) 15 m -
(. 5.5):
0.44
D = 0.05 15 = 0.66 m
0 .5
-
S D = 0.66 m .

i(t)

5.16: .

,
/
LI (1.2/50s) 250 kV 0.5 m
4 mm . ,
-

, :

D 1.15 0.4 ki 0.5 kc 0.5 (5.6)

ki , kc -
.
66

5.17 5.18 (. 5.5)

(. 5.6) .
5.19 5.5 5.6 -
.

2.0

1.8 I
kc=1
II
1.6
III IV
1.4

1.2
D, m

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
k cc = 0.44

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
L, m
5.17:
;
.

5
D, m

3
I
2 II

1 III IV

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
, .m
5.18:
; kc = 1 .
 67

S
D

5.19: -
5.5 5.6.

5.5

-
( 5.20). -

-
D S > 2.5 m +D :

S > 2 .5 m + D
L
2.5 m

D
5.5 2.5 m -


5.20: .
-
-
, ,
.
68

.
.

. (.
5.21), S
-
S L S L


L
-



-
5.1.

5.21: -
.
-
,
.

5.3.
-
. -
-
2. 106
Joules 10-3 Joules -
. -
, 3.3.3., -
2 km .
-
,
, ,
. ,
-

.
-
.
IEC 1312-1:1995, (lightning
electromagnetic impulse LEMP) -

2
2004/108/ , -
, , L 390, 31/12/2004
 69

.

.

5.3.1.
()

, , -
. -

, ,
.

5.22.

1 0, 0 1

1 2

5.22: .

:
0: ,
.
0:
, .
1:

0. -
70

.
( 2, ...):

-
.

. -
5.2
. ,
IEC 61312-1:1995,
: (Star con-
figuration- type S) (meshed configuration- type M).

5.3.2.
5.23 -
. ,
, , . ,
, . -

, , -
. , -
-
. -
.

5.23: .
 71

-

. -


.
.

.
, -
, ,
. -

.
, -
, , -
,
.
-

.

72
6.

., , , 2005
2004/108/ ,
, , L 390, 31/12/2004
.., , ...,
2004, 4 .,
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Alessandrov F. D., and J. R. Gumley.: A collection volume method for the placement of air
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Power Technology International, London: Sterling Publications, 1991, pp. 185-190
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Carpenter R. B. Jr.: Lightning Elimination. Paper PCI-76-16 given at the 23rd Annual Pe-
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Casper P.W., and R.B. Bent.: Results from the LPATS U.S.A. National Lightning Detection
and Tracking System for the 1991 lightning season. 21st ICLP, 1992, Berlin, Germany, paper
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Cooper M.A.: Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Seminars in Neurology,
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Golde R. H.: Radio-Active Lightning Conductors, Lightning Protection, London: Edward
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74

Huffines G. R., and R. E. Orville.: Lightning Ground Flash Density and Thunderstorm Dura-
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IEC 61024-1:1990, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles

IEC 61024-1-1:1993, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1: General principles -
Section 1: Guide A: Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems
IEC 61024-1-2:1998, Protection of structures against lightning - Part 1-2: General principles -
Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance and inspection of lightning protection sys-
tems
IEC 61312-1:1995, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 1: General prin-
ciples
IEC/TS 61312-2:1999, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP) - Part 2:
Shielding of structures, bonding inside structures and earthing
IEC/TS 61312-3:2000, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 3: Require-
ments of surge protective devices (SPDs)
IEC/TS 61312-4:1998, Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse - Part 4: Protection
of equipment in existing structures
IEC/TS 61662:1995, Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC/TS 61662-am1:1996, Amendment 1 - Assessment of the risk of damage due to lightning
IEC 60099-1:1999, Surge arresters - Part 1: Non-linear resistor type gapped surge arresters for
a.c. systems
IEC 60664-1:2000, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 61643-1:1998, Surge protective devices connected to low voltage power distribution sys-
tems- Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods
IEC 61643-311:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 311: Specifi-
cation for gas discharge tubes (GDT)
IEC 61643-321:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 321: Specifi-
cations for avalanche breakdown diode (ABD)
IEC 61643-331:2003, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 331: Specifi-
cation for metal oxide varistors (MOV)
IEC 61643-341:2001, Components for low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 341: Specifi-
cation for thyristor surge suppressors (TSS)
IEC 60364-1:2001, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 1: Fundamental principles, as-
sessment of general characteristics, definitions
IEC 60364-4-44:2003, Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4-44: Protection for safety -
Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances
 75

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ning, Vol. 2, London: Academic Press, 1977.