Nn Mng

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG

M u
I. ngha Mn hc Nn Mng
- Khi thit k nn mng cng trnh nh nh , cu ng v p thng cn cc
kin thc v
(a) ti trng truyn t kt cu phn trn xung h mng,
(b) yu
cu ca cc
quy tc
t xy
dng
d phng,
a h
(c) tnh cht ng sut - bin dng ca t h mng,
(d) iu kin a cht t nn.
i vi k s nn mng Hai yu t cui l v cng quan trng v chng thuc
lnh vc c hc t.
- c c chnh xc cc thng s ca t cn phi hiu thu o nhng
nguyn l c bn ca c hc t. ng thi phi thy rng cc trm tch t t
nhin c xy dng cng trnh trn phn ln trng hp l khng ng
cht. Do vy,y, ngi
g k
s p
phi c mt
s hiu bit thu o v a
cht ca khu
vc, l ngun gc v bn cht ca a tng cng nh cc iu kin a cht
thu vn.
- K thut nn mng l mt s phi hp kho lo ca c hc t, a cht cng
trnh, v suy on ring c c t kinh nghim qu kh. mt mc no ,
k thut nn mng c th c gi l mt ngh thut. (Braja M. Das).

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 2

1
 M u
II. Ni dung Mn hc
Mn Nn Mng gm 5 Chng:
Chng I: Mt s khi nim c bn
Chng II: Mng Nng trn Nn Thin nhin
Chng III: Tnh ton Mng Mm
Chng IV: Xy dng Cng trnh trn Nn t yu
Chng V: Mng Cc
II. Cc Ti Liu hc tp
1) Nn Mng - B mn a K Thut, HTL, 1998.
2) Nguyn l K Thut Nn Mng - Braja M. Das, B mn a K Thut, HTL,
dch t ting Anh, 2009.
3) Bi ging do gio vin bin son, 2009, 2010.
4) Cc Tiu chun:
- Tiu chun thit k Nn cc cng trnh Thy cng: TCVN 4253 - 86
- Tiu chun thit k Nn cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip: QP45-70,
QP45-78.
- Tiu chun thit k Mng Cc: TCXD 205 - 98

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 3

Chng 1:
Mt s khi nim c bn

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 4

2
 1.1 Khi nim Nn v Mng
Kt cu phn trn
Cng trnh ni chung gm 3 b phn:
Kt cu phn trn + Mng + Nn Mng

I. KN v Nn Nn

- Nn l phm vi t pha di mng c trng

thi ng sut bin dng thay i do tc dng ca
cng trnh (Hnh).
- i vi nn cc cng trnh thu li cn cn k
thm n phm vi t chu nh hng s thay
i v thm nc do xy dng v s dng cng
trnh (iu kin CTV thay i). Kt cu phn trn
- Phn loi nn: 2 loi
* Nn thin nhin: khng qua x l. Mng

* Nn nhn to: qua x l

Nn

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 5

II. KN v Mng
- Mng l b phn pha di ca cng trnh v tip xc vi t. C tc dng
KCPT, truyn v phn b ti trng t cng trnh ln mt nn. Mng thng c kch
thc ln hn mt y kt cu bn trn gim p sut trn mt nn.

Nhn xt:
- C 3 b phn cng trnh (KCPT, Mng v Nn) cng lm vic v nh hng ln
nhau. V vy khi quy hoch v thit k nn mng cn phi xt ton din trn quan
nim coi chng l mt h thng Cng trnh Nn, c th chn c phng
n ti u.

III. Phn loi mng v phm vi p dng

- Phn loi theo 4 c s:

1 Theo vt liu lm mng: Ty iu kin cung cp vt liu (ti ch, hay t xa n),
1-
c im lm vic ca cng trnh, tnh hnh CCT, CTV (mc nc ngm)
quyt nh dng cc vt liu thch hp cho mng.
* Mng gch:
* Mng hc: dng ni sn .

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 6

3
 Hai loi mng trn lm bng cc vt liu chu ko km; thng dng ni mc
nc ngm thp di cao trnh t mng; kh thi cng bng c gii ha.
* M. thp, g: dng di dng mng cc, cn c bin php chng han r, h
mc. Hn ch dng.
* M. b tng, b tng ct thp: c dng ph bin hn c. M.btct. C cng
cao, hnh
h h dng
d bt k ty
t mun,
tn
t t vt
t liu,
li d dng
d cu to
t cc cu
kin
ki
lp ghp.

-Ty theo kh nng chu un ca vt liu mng li phn ra:

* Mng cng (mng gch, xy).
* Mng mm (mng btct.)
2- Theo phng php thi cng t mng: Cn c vo c o ton b h mng
trc hay khng, chia lm hai loi:
* M.
M nng:
. Khi thi cng phi o ton b h mng trc sau mi xy mng;
. Chiu su chn mng < 6m.
. Khi tnh ton c th b qua s lm vic ca t t y mng tr ln.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 7

p dng trong trng hp: Ti trng khng ln, Mc nc ngm qu cao,

/kin thot nc tn km.
Theo kch thc mng, mng nng li c phn thnh: M.n, M.bng,
M.bn. (S cp c th trong chng II).
* M. su:
. Khng g o ton b h mng,
g m dng g bin
pphp
p thi cng
g c
bit
h
mng
g ti
su thit k (Mng cc, Mng cc khoan nhi, Mng ging chm).
. Chiu su chn mng thng rt ln, t 10m n vi chc mt.
. Khi tnh ton phi k n s lm vic ca t t y mng tr ln.
3- Theo tnh cht chu ti trng:
* M. chu ti trng tnh:
* M. chu ti trng ng:
4- Theo phng php ch to mng:
* M.
M khi lm ti ch:
* M. lp ghp: tin b, d dng c gii ha, nhng i hi chuyn nghip cao.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 8

4
 1.2 Khi nim v tnh ton Nn Mng
theo trng thi gii hn (TTGH)
I. TTGH ca cng trnh
1- nh ngha v TTGH
- TTGH ca cng trnh,
trnh l trng thi m cng trnh khng cn m bo c iu
kin lm vic bnh thng theo yu cu thit k trong qu trnh thi cng, s dng,
sa cha. Th hin cc mt sau y:
* Tng b phn cng trnh b h hng hoc ton b cng trnh b mt n nh do
trt (phng, su, hn hp) hoc do b lt (i vi nn ).
* Bin dng (S), chnh lch bin dng (S) hoc chuyn dch ngang (u) qu ln.
* i vi cc cng trnh thu li cn c th do nh hng ca dng thm qu
ln ( j > [ j ]).
- Nh vy, khi nim v TTGH gn lin vi s ph hoi /kin lm vic bnh thng
ca cng trnh: khi , cng trnh hoc b ph hoi v cng , hoc khng m
bo v /kin bin dng.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 9

X dng
Xy d nm
1913,
1913 gm 65 xil
il bng
b xii mng
ct
t thp,
th cao 27,4m;
27 4 nng

20.000 tn; gia ti ln u vi 22.000 tn la m, trm b nghing 270; mt pha
ln 8,8 m, pha kia 1,5 m. Sau dc lm cn bng nh kch thy lc v lm
mng tr mi su n lp t .- Nguyn nhn: CT b s c do t nn
mt n nh v b p tri nhiu v mt pha.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 10

5
S c ln khng u ca cc m cu giao thng. Do mt lot Nguyn
nhn, ch yu nht l s tn ti ca lp than bn di m phi cu
c tnh nn ln rt ln, khi kho st khng pht hin c.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 11

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 12

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 NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 13

2- Phn loi cc TTGH ca nn v cng trnh

Theo nguyn nhn lm cng trnh t TTGH, ngi ta phn bit 3 loi TTGH sau:
* TTGH v bin dng.
* TTGH v n nh v cng .
pIgh pIIgh
* TTGH v xut hin v pht trin vt nt. 0 p
a) TTGH v bin dng (TTGH 2) 1
-nh
nh ngha: L TTGH gy ra do /kin bin dng ca 2
nn.
Cng m bo, nhng bin dng khng m bo p
(p pIgh) S
S

SB
SA
S = SA-SB
NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 14

7
 b) TTGH v n nh & cng (TTGH 1)
-nh ngha: L TTGH gy ra do khng m bo v cng hoc mt n nh
ca nn cng trnh
-3 Hnh thc mt n nh v trt /v cng trnh thy li:
Trt
p
phng g Trt
su Trt
hn hp p

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 15

II. KN v tnh Nn Mng theo TTGH

1- Yu cu chung tnh ton theo TTGH
- m bo c 3 vn :- Kinh t - K thut tin cy (an ton)
2- Tnh Nn theo TTGH th hai
. Nguyn tc: Dng /kin bin dng khng ch s lm vic bnh thng ca
c g trnh:
cng

Dtt Dgh (1.1)

trong : Dgh cc yu t v bin dng gii hn ca cng trnh (c quy
nh ring cho tng loi cng trnh, ty thuc c im, mc ch s dng cng
trnh, cp cng trnh), bao gm: Sgh, Sgh, gh, ugh (u-chuyn dch ngang).
Dtt - cc yu t v bin dng tnh ton, da vo l thuyt n hi
(do cn khng ch ptc pIgh), bao gm: S, S, , u.
pIgh pIIgh
0 p
. Vn dng: 1
- Tnh cho cng trnh t trn nn khng phi l , 2
chu ch yu lc thng ng (ng tm, lch tm).
- i vi cng trnh do c im lm vic ca cc p
thit b hoc qu trnh cng ngh khng cho ln hoc S
chnh lch ln nhiu. S

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 16

8
 3- Tnh Nn theo TTGH th nht
. Nguyn tc: Dng /kin cng v n nh khng ch s lm vic bnh
thng ca cng trnh:
Ntt < Rgh (1.2)
hoc theo B.M. Das: qtt < qu
(Ti trng ln nht nn cn chu c)
trong : Ntt , qtt tng ti trng gy trt tnh ton
Rgh , qu Sc chng trt gii hn (sc chu ti gii hn) hn).

Theo TCVN 4253-86, xt n mi yu t bt li cho cng trnh, ngi ta a vo

(1.2) ba h s, mi h s k n mt yu t
Rgh Rgh
m N tt = = Rat
nc Ntt Rgh (1.3) nc k n FS
kn m
trong : nc h s t hp ti trng. Rat sc chu ti an ton
kn h s tin cy, ty thuc cp cng trnh (> 1).
m h s iu kin lm vic (ty thuc c im KCCTr v loi nn)

qu
Theo B. Das: qall = ; q tt qall
FS
trong , qall SCT gii hn cho php
FS h s an ton 3

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 17

. Vn dng:
- Cng trnh thng xuyn chu tc dng ca lc ngang.
- Cng trnh t trn mi t.
- Cng trnh t trn nn .
Lu : Trng hp CT chu lc ngang v ng u ln, sau khi tnh theo
TTGH-1 tha mn, v nu CT c yu cu khng ch v b/d th cng cn tnh
ton kim tra theo TTGH-2

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 18

9
III. Cc loi ti trng v t hp ti trng
Phng php tnh ton theo TTGH k c n cc yu t bn ngoi v cc
yu t bn trong, ph hp vi trng thi lm vic thc t ca nn v cng trnh:
- Cc yu t bn ngoi bao gm ti trng v cc tc ng.
- Cc yu t bn trong l cc c trng ca t nn v ca cc vt liu khc (nh b
t
tng..).
)
Vic dng nhiu h s tnh ton ( m khng phi l 'mt h s' nh trong phng
php S cho php trc y) cho php xt mt cch tch bit ti:
- Cc c im khc nhau ca t nn.
- Cc c th ca ti trng tc dng v cc c tnh ca s kt cu nh v cng
trnh.
1- Cc Ti trng: c phn loi theo 3 c s.
a) Theo tr s:
- Ti trng
t ti chun
tiu h (Ntc): ) l tr
t s
ti trng
t l nht
ln ht theo
th tiu
ti chun
h thit k
quy nh khng gy h hng trong qu trnh lm vic.
- Ti trng tnh ton (Ntt): l cc tr s c xt n s sai khc so vi ti trng
tiu chun nhng thin v bt li cho cng trnh.

Ntt = n.Ntc

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 19

Trong : n l h s vt ti: ty theo loi v tnh cht ca ti trng tc dng, v

c ly thin v bt li
n = 1,1 i vi trng lng bn thn cc loi vt liu,
n = 1,2 i vi cc lp t p v trng lng cc thit b k thut
n = 1,3 i vi cc thit b vn chuyn.
n < 1,0
b) Theo thi gian tc dng:
* Ti trng thng xuyn: l nhng ti trng lun c trong qu trnh thi cng v s
dng (nh trng lng bn thn cng trnh, p lc t, p lc nc...).
* Ti trng tm thi: L ti trng c th vng mt trong nhng giai on xy dng
v s dng ring bit. Ty theo thi gian tc dng di hay ngn li phn thnh:
- Ti trng tm thi di hn: (nh trng lng cc thit b trng lng cc my
bm, my pht in...)
- Ti trng tm thi ngn hn: (cn cu, cu trc vn chuyn, cc thit b sa
cha...)
- Ti trng tm thi c bit: l cc ti trng c th
hoc khng c th xy ra
trong qu trnh s dng cng trnh nh ti trng do ng t, do mc nc l kim
tra, do khi c s c cng trnh gy ra.
c) Theo phng thc tc dng ca ti trng:
* Ti trng tc dng tnh (trng lng bn thn, p lc t, p lc nc...)
* Ti trng tc dng ng (ti trng ca cc ng c, p lc sng, p lc gi...)

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 20

10
 2- Cc T hp Ti trng:
- Mt cng trnh thng chu rt nhiu ti trng tc dng (c bit i vi cc cng
trnh thy). Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c ti trng cng mt lc tc dng ln CT, m
ch c nhng nhm, trong bao gm mt s ti trng nht nh c xc xut tc
dng ng thi, gy ra ng lc trong cc b phn CT v Nn. Nhng nhm ny
c gi l cc T Hp Ti Trng.
- Trongg thit k,, ngi
g ta lun chn
nhngg THTT g gy
y ra ng
g lc
ln nht (g
(gy
y nguy
g y
him cho CT) a vo tnh ton.
- C cc THTT sau
a) T hp ti trng c bn (chnh)
b) T hp ti trng c bit
c) T hp ti trng ph (THTT thi cng)

THTT c bn THTT c bit THTT ph Loi ti trng

DCc DCc DCc TT. thng xuyn

DCc DCc DCc TT.tm thi di hn

DMt s (xut
DMt DMt s TT.t/ thi ngn hn
hin trong thi cng)

DMt TT. c bit

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 21

3- ngha kinh t k thut

- Khi thit k nu a tt c cc ti trng tnh ton s rt tn km. Vic s dng
cc t hp ti trng kt hp vi h s t hp ti trng nc khc nhau s gim c
kinh ph m vn m bo cng trnh lm vic bnh thng.
- Vic phn chia ti trng theo tr s Ntc v Ntt cng c ngha ln:
Cng trnh mt n nh (b trt hoc b lt) thng xy ra gn nh tc thi do
cc ti trng c tr s ln.
ln V th,
th khi tnh theo TTGH-1
TTGH 1 phi kim tra vi cc t hp
ph v t hp c bit v s dng ti trng tnh ton (Ntt). v loi ti trng ny thng
xy ra trong thi gian ngn v gy ra ng lc nguy him nht.
Ngc li, bin dng ca nn thng ko di theo thi gian ty thuc kh nng
c kt, v nhng ti trng tc dng lu di. V th, nu cn tnh ton nn mng theo
TTGH-2 (v bin dng) th cn kim tra vi THTT chnh v s dng ti trng tiu
chun (Ntc).
IV. Cc ch tiu c l ca t trong tnh ton nn mng theo TTGH
- Tiu chun hin hnh p
phn bit cc ch tiu ((c trng)
g) theo cc g
gi tr sau y:
y
1- Gi tr ring (A i): l tr s ca mt c trng c hc hoc vt l no ca t
xc nh theo ring mt mu th nghim (xc nh ti mt im no ca lp t).
2- Gi tr tiu chun (Atc): l gi tr trung bnh ca tt c cc gi tr ring:

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 22

11
 n

A i =1
i

Atc = Atb = (1-3)

n
trong : - s mu th nghim ca tp hp thng k (n 6).
Ch : TCVN 4253-86, mc 3.2 : quy nh cc gi tr Atc ni chung v cc ch
tiu lc dnh c, gc ma st trong
3- Gi tr tnh ton (Att): l tr s ca mt c trng c hc, vt l no ca lp
t, c dng trong tnh ton nn mng nh mt hng s vt l v c xc nh
nh sau:

Atc
Att = (1-4)
k
Trong : k - l h s
an ton i
vi t;
c xc nh theo nhng c trng ca
tp hp thng k (c quy nh trong tiu chun thit k cc cng trnh ring bit,
th d: TCVN 4253-86).

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 23

1.3 Cc ti liu cn thit tnh ton Nn

Mng theo TTGH
I. Ti liu a cht Thy vn v a cht Cng trnh
1- Ti liu a cht thu vn:
- Mc
nc ngm g n nh,
, dao ng,
g, tng
g cha nc c p p hoc

khng p.
- Tnh cht ho l ca nc ngm, nng pH xt mc xm thc
cc cng trnh gch xy hoc b tng ct thp.
- Mc nc dng bnh thng, ln nht, nh nht pha thng v h
lu cng trnh tnh p lc nc, p lc thm, p lc y ni vo bn y.
2- Ti liu a cht cng trnh:
- Bn a hnh a mo khu vc xy dng cng trnh.
- Cc hnh tr h khoan, cc mt ct a cht bit c s phn b
cc lp t.
- Bng tng hp cc ch tiu c l ca tng lp t v phng php
chnh l thng k s liu th nghim la chn cc gi tr tiu chun v gi
tr tnh ton i vi tng ch tiu c l ca cc lp t.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 24

12
II. Ti liu v Cng trnh v Ti trng
1- Ti liu v cng trnh:
- Bn v mt bng v cc mt ct ngang, dc cng trnh tnh ton trong lng ca
tng b phn hoc ca ton b cng trnh.
- c im ca cng trnh (tng hm, cng s, lc tnh, lc ng...).
- Tm quan trng ca cng trnh v mt kinh t v x hi la chn cp cng trnh.
2- Ti liu v ti trng:
Cc loi ti trng c th nh sau:
- Trng lng bn thn cng trnh.
- Trng lng ngi , sinh hot, hi hp v ca cc thit b vn chuyn hoc c nh.
- p lc t, p lc nc tnh pha thng v h lu cng trnh.
- p lc sng, p lc gi, lc hm ca cc ng c v ca cc phng tin vn
chuyn.
- Lc ng t, lc do s c h hng gy ra
III.
III Mt s
ti liu
li cn
thit khc
kh
- Trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng cng trnh lun lun chu s tc ng ca mi
trng xung quanh v chu nh hng ca cc cng trnh ln cn, cho nn cn c ti
liu quy hoch tng th ca ton vng.
- Cn phn tch nhng ti liu ca nhng cng trnh v ang xy dng. Tm hiu ti
liu nhng cng trnh s xy dng d on nhng kh nng nh hng. T
nu phng n nn mng cho ph hp.
NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 25

1.4 xut, so snh v chn

phng n Nn Mng
I. La chn nhng nhn t ch yu v mng
1- Chiu su t mng (Hm):
- Yu t nh hng nhiu nht n vic chn chiu su t mng l iu
kin a cht v a cht thu vn.
- Trong nn t nhin thng c nhng lp t yu v tt xen kp. Vic
chn chiu su Hm ni chung, nu khng c bin php x l nn th nn chn
mng c t ln lp t tt tng i dy. Tuy nhin, chn chiu su Hm
cn tu thuc vo mc nc ngm, vo c im cu to ca cng trnh, vo
kh nng thi cng mng v nh hng ca nhng cng trnh ln cn...
2- Loi mng v vt liu lm mng:
- Ngi thit k c th chn cc loi mng khc nhau nh mng nng
hoc mng su. Vi mng nng li c th chn loi mng n, mng bng,
mng b tu thuc lp t nn v kt cu bn trn. Vt liu lm mng c loi
mng gch hoc xy hoc mng b tng ct thp.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 26

13
II. So snh v chn phng n nn mng
- c c mt phng n ti u c v mt kinh t k thut, ngi thit k
cn nu ra nhng phng n khc nhau.
- Cc phng n nn mng khc nhau v c bn nh: mng nng trn nn
thin nhin, mng nng trn nn nhn to, mng cc... Mi phng n ln nh
vy li c th c nhiu
phng n nh do vic chn loi mng khc nhau hoc
vt liu lm mng khc nhau.
V d: loi mng cc c th chn mng cc tre, mng cc g, mng cc b
tng ct thp... Ngay i vi mng cc b tng ct thp c th li chn khc nhau
v hnh dng cc (vung, ch nht, trn...) hoc v kch thc cc (din tch tit
din, chiu di).
Tuy nhin, sau khi phn tch da vo kinh nghim ngi thit k ch li vi
ba phng n tnh ton, so snh, chn ra phng n nn mng ti u. S b
thng ngi ta chn phng n nn mng c tng gi thnh xy dng
nh nht (bao gm chi ph vt liu, chi ph nhn cng v cc phng tin thi
cng). Khi quyt nh chnh thc phng n cn cn phi da vo cng
ngh xy dng v phi m bo th gian xy dng.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 27

14
 Nn Mng
g
Chng IV: Xy dng cng trnh
trn nn t yu

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG

4.1 Khi nim v t yu v nn t yu

I. Khi nim v t yu
- t yu gm cc loi t st mm bo ho nc; cc loi ct ht nh, mn; than bn;
cc trm tch b mn ho v. v... chng rt a dng v thnh phn khong vt, nhng
thng ging nhau v tnh cht c l v cht lng xy dng (km).
- t yu ni chung c cc c im sau:
. Hu nh hon ton bo ho nc, c h s rng () ln thng > 1,0.
. Kh nng chu lc vo khong 50 - 100 kN/m2.
. Tnh nn ln mnh, h s nn ln (a) ln; mun bin dng nh (E 5000kN/m2)
tr s sc khng ct khng ng k.
II. Khi nim v nn t yu
- Nn t yu l phm vi t nn gm cc lp t yu c kh nng chu lc km, nm
bn di mng cng trnh v chu tc ng ca ti trng cng trnh truyn xung.
trc tng t nn ny c th c hp thnh l do mt hoc nhiu lp
Xt v mt cu trc,
t yu xen k nhau hoc xen gia cc lp t khc c kh nng chu lc tt hn.
- Khi tnh ton nn cng trnh theo trng thi gii hn, nu khng tho mn cc yu
cu v cng v bin dng m vi vng coi nn l yu v tin hnh X l nn th
nhiu khi gy tn km khng cn thit (c bit /vi cng trnh ln). Cn phi p
dng ton din cc bin php x l i vi kt cu phn trn, kt cu mng v i vi
nn.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 2

1
 - Trong a s trng hp, ch sau khi thay i kt cu phn trn, m rng hp
l din tch y mng m nhng iu kin cn m bo khi thit k (v cng , bin
dng) khng t mi cn phi x l nn. Nn cn phi x l gi l nn t yu.
- Khi nim v nn t yu phi hiu mt cch tng i trong mt hon cnh v iu
kin xy dng c th nht nh. Vic lm sng t khi nim ny c ngha kinh t
v k thut trong vic la chn phng n hp l nht.
- Cc bin php x l:
. Cc bin php v kt cu cng trnh.
. Cc bin php v mng
. Cc bin php x l nn.
. Cc bin php thi cng x l nn.

4.2 Cc bin php v kt cu cng trnh

+ Nguyn nhn x l:
Kt cu cng trnh c th b ph hng ton b hay tng b phn do:
- Cc iu kin v bin dng khng c tho mn (S >[Sgh], S >[Sgh] )
- p lc tc dng ln mt nn qu ln (Ntt > Rgh)
+ Mc ch x l:
- Gim ti trng tc dng ln mng Lm gim tr s VT
- Tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu. Lm tng tr s VP

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 3

+ Cc bin php kt cu cng trnh:

- Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh.
- Lm tng mm ca cng trnh.
- Lm tng cng cho kt cu cng trnh
I. Dng vt liu nh v kt cu nh
- Mc ch ca bin php ny l lm gim trng lng ca kt cu cng trnh. Do gim
p sut tc dng ln mt nn.
nn
- C th b tr vt liu v kt cu nh nhng b phn cng trnh mt cch hp l, s
gim lch tm ca ti trng, S gim.
- i vi nhng cng trnh khng chu tc dng ca lc ngang ln th vic gim trng
lng kt cu cng trnh s khng nh hng nhiu n tnh n nh ca cng trnh.
i vi nhng cng trnh thng xuyn chu tc dng ca lc y ngang ln
th khi gim trng lng ca cng trnh cn c nhng bin php khc m
bo tnh n nh v trt.

II. Lm tng mm ca cng trnh

- Mc ch: Khi nn mng ln khng u s pht sinh /s ph ti cc lin kt ca kt cu
cng trnh, c th ph hng kt cu. Lm tng mm ca cng trnh (k c mng) s kh
c cc ng sut ph.
-Bin php: C hai bin php:
+ Bin php khe ln.
+ Dng kt cu tnh nh.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 4

2
1- Bin php dng khe ln
- Ti nhng ch c chiu dy lp t thay i t bin v tnh nn ca t nn khc
nhau ln (Hnh 1), ti ch c thay i ln v chiu cao cng trnh hoc chnh lch ln
v ti trng (Hnh 2), ti v tr c s thay i v b tr mt bng cng trnh (Hnh 3)

P2
P1

= 3-5cm

-Yu cu:
+ Cn hn ch s lng khe ln trong mt cng trnh, v mc d tc dng k
thut tt nhng tn km, thm nhiu vt liu xy dng (phi lm thm cc tng
ngn ngang, dc ti ch b tr khe ln, lm khp ni v.v...), v qun l kh khn
nht l trong cc cng trnh thu li.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 5

+ Cc khp ni b tr cc khe ln phi mm

mi v chu c chnh ln gia hai b phn
hai bn khe ln do phi tnh ton kim tra khp
ni. khp ni l tm ng
-Khp ni l tm ng : Thng dng cho
cng trnh thu li
-Khp
p ni bng
g cht do p
polime: Rng
g 18cm;
dy 0,4cm; mu nh 0,4cm; phn un cong rng
khp ni bng cht do
2,5cm. (Theo Sn phm ca Phng kt cu Vin polime
NCKHTL-HN)

+ Chiu rng khe ln phi tnh ton va

cho cc b phn c tch ra khng ta st = 3-5cm

bn nhau (lm nt n cng trnh) khi chng b ln

khng u hoc b nghing. Chiu rng ti thiu
khe ln c xc nh theo cng thc:
= k.h.(
k h ( tgp - tgtr ) (4 1)
(4.1)
h: chiu cao khe ln
p, tr: gc nghing ca phn cng trnh bn
phi v tri khe ln
k: h s an ton xt n tnh khng ng nht
ca t nn, c
th ly k = 1,3 - 1,5 Dng khe ln phn
tch cng trnh
NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 6

3
 2- Bin php kt cu tnh nh
- Thay cc lin kt cng gia cc b phn ca cng trnh bng lin kt khp hoc lin
kt ta cng c tc dng lm tng mm ca cng trnh v kh c ng sut ph
thm pht sinh khi cng trnh b bin dng lch.
- Vic thay cc lin kt cng bng cc lin kt mm (khp, ta) lm cho cng trnh c
tnh cht tnh nh nn phn no lm n nng n thm v km phn m thut. Do
cn ht sc gim bt khp ni mm trong cng trnh.
trnh
- Tt nht l d tnh c cc yu t bin dng ca cng trnh ri t tnh ton ni
lc trong kt cu siu tnh ca cc b phn cng trnh.

S=SA-SB

SA SB
B
A
L

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 7

3- Tng thm cng cho kt cu cng trnh

* Mc ch, Yu cu:
- Lm tng thm cng cho kt cu cng trnh cc b phn ca n sc
chu thm cc ng lc sinh ra do cng trnh b ln khng u l mt phng hng ch
ng tch cc khi thit k cng trnh theo trng thi gii hn c xt n tc dng tng
h gia ba b phn ca mt cng trnh.
- Khng c lm nh hng nhiu n mm ca cng trnh

* Bin php:
- Trong cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip ngi ta s dng cc ging b tng ct
thp (ging tng, ging mng), (xem Hnh)

- Cc ging c tc dng tng cng kh nng chu

ng sut ko pht sinh khi tng chu un m khng
nh hng n mm ca cng trnh. Ging b tng
ct thp
- Tnh ton kt cu ging gia cng theo p/php dm
ttrn
nn
n
hi.
hi Trong
T thit k thng
th l ct
ly t thp
th
cu to l 5 - 15 cm2.
- C th dng bin php gia c cc b tng cng Ging ct thp
chng ct cc b ca tng hay ca b phn cng
trnh bng cch t ging hoc t thm ct thp ti
nhng ni d on c pht sinh ng lc ct ln.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 8

4
 4.3 Cc bin php v mng
- Thay i chiu su chn mng.
- Thay i kch thc y mng.
- Thay i loi mng v cng mng.

I. Thay i chiu su chn mng

- C s ca phng php:
+ Cng thc tnh sc chu ti v cng tiu chun ca nn c dng chung l:
pgh = A.b + Bq + Dc
A, B, D: cc h s ph thuc gc ma st trong ca t.
, c: trng lng ring v lc dnh n v ca t.
b: chiu rng mng.
q: ti trng bn mng.
Nh vy, khi tng su t
mng hm , tc l tng (q = .h
hm),
) th
pgh
kh nng chu ti ca nn (pgh) c
tng ln. q= .hm hm
+ Mt khc, nn ni chung c
cht tng theo chiu su, nn khi hm o
tng l t mng ti lp t tt
hn, do ln S gim.

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 9

- Xt cc trng hp thc t:
* Trng hp cao trnh t mng thit k khng thay i: Do nhiu iu kin khng
ch, mng thng phi t ti mt cao trnh thit k nht nh.
. Bo m c cao trnh t mng thit k (tc l bo m cao trnh ca cc b
phn cng trnh) l mt vn rt quan trng v kh khn, nht l i vi nn t yu.
. ggim bt chnh lch
g gia cao trnh t
mng g thit k vi cao trnh y
y
mng sau khi ln n nh th thng phi nng cao trnh t mng thit k ln mt tr
s d phng, tnh gn ng theo cng thc:

Sdp = ( S + Stc ) (4.2)

Sdp - nng thm ca cao trnh d
phng.
S - ln n nh do tnh ton.
hm
Stc - ln xy ra khi thi cng. Sdp
TK
. i vi cc cng trnh dn dng cng
nghip xy trn nn t loi st c th ly:
Sdp = 0,7S (4.3)

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 10

5
 * Nu cng trnh c nguy c b nghing, b ln khng u th c th dng bin
php thay i chiu su chn mng x l khi thit k thi cng (Hnh 1).
* Gp trng hp tng t yu c chiu dy thay i nhiu, gim chnh lch
ln, c th t mng nhiu cao trnh khc nhau (Hnh 2).

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 11

II. Thay i kch thc v hnh dng mng

- Hiu qu:
+ Thay i trc tip p lc tc dng ln mt nn, do ci thin c iu kin
chu ti cng nh bin dng ca nn.
+ Nu cng trnh c nguy c b nghing, b ln khng u th cng c th dng
bin php thay i chiu rng mng x l khi thit k thi cng (Hnh 1).
+ Nu tngg t c chiu dyy chu
nn khc nhau, dng g bin
pphpp thayy i chiu
rng mng cn bng ln cho ton b cng trnh (Hnh 2).

NGUYN HU THI NGNH A K THUT CNG TRNH NN MNG 12