PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.

vn/~ntbay

CHNG

I. GII THIEU MON HOC C LU CHAT

chat long
oi tng nghien cu: chat kh
Pham vi nghien cu : cac qui luat cua lu chat trang thai tnh va ong.
Muc tieu nghien cu : Nham phuc vu trong nhieu lnh vc :
Thiet ke cac phng tien van chuyen : xe hi, tau thuy, may bay, hoa tien...
Xay dng: nh cap, thoat nc, cong trnh thuy li (cong, e, ho cha, nha may
thuy ien ..), tnh toan thiet ke cau, nha cao tang
Thiet ke cac thiet b thuy lc : may bm, tua bin, quat gio, may nen..
Kh tng thuy van : d bao bao, lu lut , ..
Y khoa: mo phong tuan hoan mau trong c the, tnh toan thiet ke cac may tr tim
nhan tao..
Trong cuoc song hang ngay, cung can rat nhieu kien thc c ban ve CLC. V du:
Lc hut gia hai doan tau ang chay song song nhau, noi ap suat,
Phan biet lu chat :
Lc lien ket gia cac phan t nho Co hnh dang phu thuoc vao vat cha.
Khong chu tac dung cua lc cat, keo Lu chat la moi trng lien tuc.
Di tac dung cua lc keo Lu chat chay (khong gi c trang thai
tnh ban au)

MO DAU 1
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

II. CAC TNH CHAT VAT LY C BAN CUA LU CHAT

2.1 Khoi lng rieng, trong lng rieng, ty trong, the tch rieng:
M n = 1000kg / m 3
Khoi lng rieng: = lim (kg / m ) 3
V du:
V 0 V kk = 1,228kg / m 3

Trong lng rieng: = g ( N / m 3 ); ( kgf / m 3 ); 1kgf = 9,81N

n = 9,81.103 ( N / m 3 )

Ty trong: = Neu xem g=const th: =
n n
1
The tch rieng: V=

S thay oi g theo v o va o cao:
F*:Lc hut trai at (F*s,F*n). n
n
F: Lc ly tam (Fs,Fn) F F*s F
F*n- Fn= G: lc trong trng = Mg n F n F
F
Tai xch ao (=00): g=9,780 m/s2 F* F
s
F*
F*n s
Tai v tuyen =500 : g=9,810 m/s2 s
Tai vung cc: g=9,832 m/s2
g cung thay oi theo chieu cao z, z
S o lc hut Trai at, lc ly tam va trong lc
cang ln, g cang giam do lc hut
cua trai at len vat giam

2.2 Tnh nen c: p =

dV / V0
He so nen p: dp
1. oi vi chat long:
Suat an hoi K: dp
K =
dp
K = V0 Hay:
dV d
Knc = 2,2 109 N/m2

K thng dung cho chat long, hau nh la hang so, rat t phu thuoc vap ap suat va
nhiet o
Hau het cac loai chat long rat kho nen nen c xem nh la lu chat khong nen
Mot dong kh chuyen ong vi van toc nho th s thay oi khoi lng rieng khong
ang ke nen van c xem la lu chat khong nen.
Khi dong kh chuyen ong vi van toc ln hn 0,3 lan van toc am thanh (khoang
100 m/s) thi mi xem la lu chat nen c
2. oi vi chat kh, xem nh la kh ly tng: pV = RT Hay: p = RT

Trong trng hp kh nen ang pV = const

nhiet:

Lu y: Trong cac cong thc tren, ap suat p la ap suat tuyet oi

MO DAU 2
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

V du 1: Noi ap lc gom phan tru tron co ng knh d=1000mm, dai l=2m; ay va

nap co dang ban cau. Noi cha ay nc vi ap suat p0. Xac nh the tch
nc can nen them vao noi e tang ap suat trong noi t p0=0 en
p1=1000at. Biet he so nen cua nc la p=4,112.10-5 cm2/kgf=4,19.10-10
m2/N. Xem nh bnh khong gian n khi nen
Giai:
Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat nc trang thai au; e sau khi nen
co:
V1 ; p1 la the tch va ap suat nc trang thai sau;
l Nh vay sau khi nen them nc vao, the tch nc V1 trong bnh chnh la
the tch bnh: 3 2
4 d d
V1 = + l = 2.094395m 3
3 2 2
d
V / V0 V /( V1 V ) p . p.V1
Ta co: p = = V =
p p p p 1
The so vao ta c : V = V1 - V0 = -89.778lt

Vay can nen them vao bnh 89.778 lt nc

V du
Dau mo c nen trong xi lanh bang thep thanh day tiet dien eu nh hnh
2:
ve. Xem nh thep khong an hoi. Cot dau trc khi nen la h=1,5 m, va
mc thuy ngan nam v tr A-A. Sau khi nen, ap suat tang t 0 at len 50 at,
th mc thuy ngan dch chuyen len mot khoang h=4 mm. Tnh suat an
Giai: hoi cua dau mo
Dau
nc mo
h
Thep A A

Hg

V / V0 S.h / S.h h
p = = = = 5.44E-10 m2 / N
p p p.h

1
K = = 1.84E+ 09 N/m2
p

MO DAU 3
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

V du 3: Mot bnh thep co the tch tang 1% khi ap suat tang them 70 MPa.
ieu kien chuan, bnh cha ay nc 450 kg ( nc=1000kg/m3). Biet
Kn=2,06.109 Pa. Tm khoi lng nc can them vao ( ieu kien
chuan) e tang ap suat trong bnh len 70 MPa.
Giai cach 1:
450
The tch bnh luc au VB tnh nh sau: VB = = 0 . 45 m 3
1000
0,45 m cung chnh la the tch nc ban au trong bnh .k chuan.
3

Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat nc trang chuan; e sau khi nen tr thanh
V1 ; p1 (la the tch va ap suat nc trang thai sau);
Ta co the ly luan c V1 chnh la the tch bnh luc sau:
V1 = VB + 1% VB = 0.4545m 3
p K.V1
Ta co: K = V0 V0 = = 0.470487m 3
(V1 V0 ) K p
Nh vay, the tch nc can nen them vao bnh (tnh vi ieu kien chuan): la:
V = V0 - VB = 0 ,470487 0 ,45 = 0.020487m 3

Tng ng vi khoi lng: M = 20.48744kg

Mot bnh thep co the tch tang 1% khi ap suat tang them 70 MPa. ieu
V du 3:
kien chuan, bnh cha ay nc 450 kg ( nc=1000kg/m3). Biet
Kn=2,06.109 Pa. Tm khoi lng nc can them vao ( ieu kien chuan)
e tang ap suat trong bnh len 70 MPa.
Giai cach 2:
450
The tch bnh luc au VB tnh nh sau: VB = = 0.45m3
1000
Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat nc trong bnh trang ban au; V0=VB
V1 ; p1 la the tch va ap suat nc nc trong bnh trang thai sau;
Nh vay sau khi nen trong bnh con rong mot the tch la:
V1 = (V0 - V1 ) +1%VB = V +1%VB
p V .p V .p
Ta co: K = V0 V = 0 V1 = 0 +1%VB = 0.019791m3
V K K
V1 la the tch phan rong ma ta can bo sung nc them vao bnh ng vi ap suat p1
e tnh the tch nc V0 tng ng o vi ieu kien ap suat p0, ta can tnh lai mot
lan na qua suat an hoi K: K = V p
V =
K.V1
V = 0.020487m 3
0 0 0
V1 V0 K p
Nh vay, the tch nc can nen them vao bnh (tnh vi ieu kien chuan p0) : la:
V0 = 0.020487m 3
Tng ng vi khoi lng: M = 20.48744kg
MO DAU 4
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

V du 4: Nen kh vao bnh thep co the tch 0,3 m3 di ap suat 100at. Sau thi gian b
ro, ap suat trong bnh con lai 90 at. Bo qua s bien dang cua bnh. Tm the tch
kh b ro ng vi . kien ap suat kh tri pa=1at. Xem qua trnh nen la ang
nhiet
Giai

Goi V0 ; p0 la the tch va ap suat kh trong bnh trang chuan ban au;
V1 ; p1 la the tch va ap suat cung cua khoi kh o trang thai sau;

Ta co: V0 p
V0 p 0 = V1 p 1 V1 = = 0.333333m 3

p1
(V1-V0)=V la the tch kh b mat i (v bnh ch con cha lai V0), ng vi ap suat 90 at :

e tnh the tch kh Va tng ng o vi ieu kien ap suat pa, ta can tnh lai mot
lan na :
V.p1
Va = = 3m 3
pa

V du 4a: (xem Baitap+2.xls, SV t giai)

Mt bnh gas ban u co khi lng M = 15 kg co ap sut d po = 500 kPa . Sau

mt thi gian s dng , ap sut d trong bnh con li p = 300 Kpa. Bit v bnh
gas co khi lng 5 kg va khong b thay i khi ap sut thay i. Tnh khi
lng gas a s dng trong thi gian tren

M p0,Kpa p1, Kpa Mvo Mgaz0 Mgaz1 Mgazsudung

15 500 300 5 10 6.656078 3.34392242

MO DAU 5
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

2.3 Tnh nht:

n ="" du
Chat long Newton chay tang nh luat ms nht Newton: dn
:[ kg /( m.s ); N .s /( m 2 ); Pa.s , poise];1 poise = 0,1kg /(m.s ) u

= :[ m 2 / s; stokes ];1st = 10 4 m 2 / s
A
Nh vay lc ma sat nht se tnh bang Fms = A
Tnh chat cua he so nht :
Chat long: giam khi nhiet o tang
He so nht phu thuoc vao nhiet o
Chat kh: tang khi nhiet o tang
Chat long: tang khi p tang
He so nht phu thuoc vao ap suat:
Chat kh : khong oi khi p thay oi
Chat long Newton va phi Newton m
g ha
Hau het cac loai lu chat thong thng nh nc, in

n
B

to
xang, dau eu thoa man cong thc Newton, tuy l .c

ew
on

iN
nhien co mot so chat long (hac n, nha nong chay, t

n
w

to
Ne

Ph

ew
dau tho ..) khong tuan theo cong thc Newton c
l.c

l.c

iN
goi la chat long phi Newton, hoac oi vi chat

Ph
long thong thng khi chay trang thai chay roi

l.c
cung khong tuan theo cong thc Newton. l.c ly tng du/dn

V du
5: ng ong co ng knh d, dai l, dan dau vi he so nhn , khoi lng
rieng . Dau chuyen ong theo quy luat sau:
u=ady-ay2 (a>0; 0<=y<=d/2). Tm lc ma sat cua dau len thanh ong
Giai

Chon truc toa o nh hnh ve, xet lp chat long bat ky co toa
o y (lp chat long nay co dien tch la dien tch mat tru co
ng knh (d-2y)). Ta co:
du
= = ( 2 ay + ad )
dy y
l
Tai thanh ong: y=0; suy ra:
= (ad ) umax d
x
Nh vay lc ma sat cua dau len thanh ong la:

Fms = A = ( ad ).(ld ) = ald 2

MO DAU 6
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

V du Tam phang dien tch A trt ngang tren mat phang tren lp dau boi trn
6: co be day t, he so nht vi van toc V. Tm phan bo van toc lp dau theo
phng phap tuyen n cua chuyen ong

Giai
n
N
Phan tch lc tac dung len lp chat long bat ly V
co toa o n nh hnh ve, ta co: Fms F
,t
du F F
F = Fms = A du = dn u = n+C 0
dn A A G

Tai n=0 ta co u=0, suy ra C=0

Tai n=t ta co u=V, suy ra: F VA
V = tF =
A t
Thay vao tren ta co c bien thien u tren n theo quy luat tuyen tnh:
V
u= n
t
Nhan xet thay ng suat tiep =const tren phng n

V du Tam phang dien tch A=64 cm2 ; nang Gp=7,85N trt tren mat phang
7: nghieng goc =120 tren lp dau boi trn co be day t=0,5mm, vi van toc
eu V=0,05 m/s. Tm he so nht cua lp dau va cong suat e keo tam
phang ngc doc vi van toc neu tren. Cho dau=8820 N/m3
Giai
n
Bay gi tam phang chuyen ong nh lc trong
N

trng G chieu tren phng chuyen ong:

,t Fm V
G sin = F ms s

du Gs i n
A = (G p + A(t n )) sin
dn

G p t sin
G co s

du = + sin n dn
A
G p t sin n 2
u = + sin n +C
A 2
Tai n=0 ta co u=0, suy ra C=0
Tai n=t ta co u=V, suy ra: G p t sin t 2
V = + sin t
A 2
G p t
= + sin t = 2.56Ns / m
2

AV 2V
MO DAU 7
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

n
e keo tam phang ngc len vi van toc V=0,05 Fk
m/s, ta can tac ong vao tam phang mot lc Gsi n V
ngc len theo phng chuyen ong co gia tr
bang Fk: Fm
s

du
Fk = G sin + Fms A = Fk G p sin A(t n) sin
dn

Fk G p sin At sin A sint 2 VA A sint

V = t+ Fk = + G sin +
A 2 A t 2

The cong thc tnh vao ta c: Fk = 2G sin + A sin t

Nh vay ta can mot cong suat la :

N = V .Fk = V (2G sin + A sin t ) = 0.164W

V du
8: Mot loai nht co , chay eu tren mat phang nghieng 1 goc so vi mat
phang ngang. Tm be day t cua lp nht.
Giai
Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve. Xet lc tac dung len mot lp vi phan chat long
can bang, toa o y :
du n
G sin = Fms A = (t y) sin
N

dn
sin ,t Fm V
s
du = (t y) dy
Gs i n

sin t 2 sin t 2
G co s

u y =t ut =0 =
2

Ta biet rang tai y=0 th u=0, tai y=t th u=V; nen:

2V
t =
sin

MO DAU 8
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

V du Mot truc co ng knh d=10cm c gi thang ng bi mot o truc dai

9: l=25cm. Khe h ong truc co be day khong oi bang h=0,1mm c boi
trn bang dau nht co =125cpoise. Truc quay vi toc o n=240 vong/ph.
Tm ngau lc can do o truc gay ra va cong suat tieu hao.

Giai =125cpoise=1,25 poise=1,25dyne.s/cm2=0,125 Ns/m2

Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve. Xet mot lp chat long toa o y tnh t thanh
ran, ta tm moment lc ma sat cua lp chat long nay:
h
du
M ms = A(r + h y ) = 2l (r + h y )
2

dy
Khi truc quay on nh th Mms=Mtruc=const

l
M 1
du = 2l (r + h y) 2
d (r + h y )

M 1 d
u = +C
2l (r + h y )
M 1 u
Tai y=0 M 1

1

C= u =
th u=0: 2l (r + h) 2l r + h y r + h
y
0
nr M 1 1 r
Tai y=h th u=V= r= nr/30: = h
30 2 l r r + h y

2 nl r 2 (r + h)
Suy ra moment ma sat: M= = 6.156166Nm
15 h

n
Cong suat tieu hao: N = F .V = F ..r = M . = M = 154.72W
30

e n gian, ta xem phan bo van toc theo phng y la tuyen tnh, luc ay:

r 2 nlr 3
M = tru Atru r = .2.rl.r = = 6.168503Nm
h 15h

MO DAU 9
 PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Bay, DHBK tp. HCM; www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~ntbay

V du 10: Khe h be day t gia hai a tron ng knh d nam ngang cung truc
c boi trn bang dau nht co ,. Mot a co nh, mot a quay
vi toc o n vong/ph. Tm ngau lc can va cong suat.

Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve. Xet mot vi phan lp chat long hnh vanh khuyen
day dr toa o y tnh t a co nh di, lc ma sat tac dung len vi phan nay la:
du
dFms = dA = 2rdr
dy
ay la chuyen ong tng oi gia hai tam phang ngang, nen ta chap nhan c
quy luat tuyen tnh cua van toc theo phng y:
r 2 2
dFms = 2rdr = r dr n y
t t
r 2 3 d
Suy ra : dM ms = dFms .r = 2rdr.r = r dr V=r
t t t
Nh vay moment ma sat: M = 2 r 3 dr = 2 r
d /2 4

0
0
t t 4
2 n d 4
M=
960.t
Cong suat : n 3n 2 d 4 r
N = M . = M = dr
30 28800.t
y
2.4 Ap suat hi:

La ap suat hi tren be mat chat long kn. Khi toc o boc hi cua cac
phan t lu chat bang toc o ngng tu th tren be mat lu chat at ti
ap suat hi bao hoa.

Ap suat hi bao hoa tang theo nhiet o

V du 20 0C, pbao hoa cua nc la 0,025 at=0,25 m nc
1000C, pbao hoa cua nc la 1at=10mnc

Khi ap suat chat long Ap suat hi bao hoa chat long bat au soi (hoa kh).

V du co the cho nc soi 200C neu ha ap suat xuong con 0,025at.

Trong mot so ieu kien cu the, hien tng Cavitation (kh thc) xay ra khi ap suat
chat long nho hn Pbao hoa

MO DAU 10