Do An He Thong Treo Xe Tai 5282

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
KHOA C KH
N
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
THIT K H THNG TREO
CHO XE TI 4 TN
Ging vin hng dn: PGS. TS: Lu Vn Tun

Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn Hong Anh
Lp CKL 1 K52
H Ni, 5-2012
n tt nghip H thng treo xe ti 4 tn
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
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BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: ....................................................................... S hiu sinh vin: ...........................

....................................................................... S hiu sinh vin: ...........................
Ngnh: ..................................................................................................Kho: ...................................................
Ging vin hng dn:....................................................................................................................................
Cn b phn bin:.......................................................................................................................................................
1. Ni dung thit k tt nghip:
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2. Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

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Ngy thng nm
Cn b phn bin
2
LI NI U
Khi t ngy cng hon thin, x hi ngy cng pht trin v mt vn ho, kinh t v x
hi th cc tiu ch nh gi nh hng ca dao ng cng cn c xem xt mt cch
nghim tc. i vi xe ti, ngoi yu cu v m du, ngy nay ngi ta buc phi ch
n cc tiu ch khc nh: an ton hng ho, nh hng ca ti trng ng n ng (p
lc ng), v mc gim ti trng, do vy lm gim kh nng truyn lc khi tng tc v
khi phanh.Trong vn ti t my ko, ngi li l ngi quyt nh ch yu cho an ton
chuyn ng. Nu h thng treo ca xe c dao ng nm ngoi phm vi cho php (80120
ln/pht) th s lm tng li iu khin ca ngi li, gy ra nhng nguy him n tnh
mng ca con ngi v hng ho.
Khi t chy trn ng thng pht sinh ra cc lc v mmen tc ng ln h thng
treo chng to ra nhng dao ng. Cc dao ng ny thng nh hng xu ti hng ho,
tui th ca xe v c bit nh hng ngi li v hnh khch ngi trn xe. Ngi ta cng
tng kt rng, nhng t chy trn ng xu, gh gh so vi t chy trn ng tt, bng
phng th tc trung bnh gim 4050%, qung ng chy gia hai chu k i tu gim t
3540%, nng sut vn chuyn gim t 3540%.
iu c bit nguy him l nu con ngi chu lu trong tnh trng xe b rung, xc nhiu
s gy mt mi. Mt s nghin cu gn y v dao ng v nh hng ca n ti sc kho
con ngi u i ti kt lun: Nu con ngi b nh hng mt cch thng xuyn ca dao
ng th s mc phi bnh thn kinh v no.
nhng nc pht trin, h thng treo ca t c quan tm c bit. Chng c
nghin cu n mc ti u lm gim n mc thp nht nhng tc hi ca n n con ngi
ng thi lm tng tui th ca xe cng nh cc b phn c treo.
nc ta hin nay, cng ngh sn xut xe hi cng khng ngng c ci tin vi s tr
gip v khoa hc k thut ca cc nc tin tin. Ngnh xn sut t tng bc tr thnh
mi nhn ca nn kinh t, a t nc ngy cng vng bc i ln Ch Ngha X Hi. Tuy
nhin nn kinh t Vit Nam vn cn yu so vi cc nc trn khu vc v trn th gii.
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Trong ngnh giao thng vn ti vn cn cho php lu hnh nhng xe km v cht lng
cng nh khng cn m bo v bn. Kh nng lm vic ca xe v c bit l h thng
treo ca nhng xe ny c dao ng qu ln nm ngoi phm vi cho php c th nh hng
ln n sc kho con ngi. V vy vn dt ra l lm sao thit k c nhng xe ny t
tiu chun cho php.
Mc tiu ca ngnh Cng nghip t nc ta trong nhng nm ti l ni a tng phn
v tin ti ni a ton phn sn phm t. Khng ch dng li , chng ta bt u
quan tm n tnh m du chuyn ng, tnh an ton chuyn ng...hay ni cch khc l tnh
nng ng lc hc t, t c nhng ci tin hp l vi iu kin s dng ca nc ta.
hon thnh c mc tiu ny, chng ta phi thit k cc cm, cc chi tit sao cho ph hp
vi iu kin s dng mt khc cn phi m bo tnh cng ngh ti Vit Nam.
Trc nhng yu cu thc t trong n tt nghip chuyn ngnh t em c giao
nhim v: Thit k h thng treo cho xe ti 4 tn.
Vi s gip tn tnh ca thy Lu Vn Tun em hon thnh xong n ca mnh
nhng do nng lc bn thn cn hn ch v kinh nghim thit k cn cha c nn khng
trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em mong cc thy thng cm v ng gp kin em c th
lm tt hn trong tng lai.
Em xin cm n!
Sinh vin
MC LC
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Chng 1. LA CHN PHNG N THIT K .......................................................... 7

1.1. Nhim v, yu cu, phn loi, iu kin lm vic .................................................... 7
1.1.1. Nhim v ........................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2. Phn loi ......................................................................................................... 7
1.1.3. Yu cu ........................................................................................................... 8
1.1.4. iu kin lm vic .......................................................................................... 8
1.2. CHN PHNG N THIT K H THNG TREO ........................................... 8
1.2.1. H thng treo ph thuc .................................................................................. 8
1.2.2. H thng treo c lp .....................................................................................11
1.3. KT LUN ...........................................................................................................16
1.4. THIT K K THUT H THNG TREO .........................................................17
1.4.1. Thit k nhp ..................................................................................................17
1.4.2. Thit k gim chn .........................................................................................19
Chng 2. TNH TON THIT K CC PHN T CA H THNG TREO ............23
2.1. La chn cc ch tiu nh gi m du ...............................................................23
2.2. Xc nh lc tc dng ln nhp ...............................................................................23
2.2.1. Khi xe y ti .................................................................................................23
2.2.2. Khi xe khng ti .............................................................................................23
2.3. Thit k nhp trc.................................................................................................24
2.3.1. cng ca h thng treo C ..........................................................................24
2.3.2. Chn s b kch thc nhp ............................................................................24
2.3.3. Tnh cng, vng tnh v kim tra tn s dao ng ca nhp ...................26
2.3.4. Tnh bn nhp v cc chi tit lin quan ............................................................27
2.3.5. Tnh bn tai nhp ............................................................................................30
2.3.6. Tnh kim tra cht nhp ..................................................................................31
2.4. Thit k nhp sau v nhp sau ph...........................................................................31
2.4.1. Nhp sau chnh ...............................................................................................31
2.4.2. Nhp sau ph ..................................................................................................33
2.4.3. Tnh vng tnh ca nhp chnh v nhp ph ................................................34
2.4.4. Tnh bn nhp chnh v nhp ph ....................................................................38
2.4.5. Tnh bn tai nhp ............................................................................................43
2.4.6. Tnh kim tra cht nhp ..................................................................................44
Chng 3. THIT K GIM CHN ..............................................................................44
3.1. Thit k gim chn trc........................................................................................44
3.1.1. Xc nh h s cn ca gim chn KG .............................................................44
3.1.2. Xc nh cc kch thc ca gim chn ..........................................................47
3.2. Thit k gim chn sau ...........................................................................................52
3.2.1. Xc nh h s cn ca gim chn KG .............................................................52
3.2.2. Xc nh cc kch thc ca gim chn ..........................................................54
Chng 4. QUY TRNH GIA CNG PISTON PHN T N HI .............................60
4.1. Chc nng v iu kin lm vic ca chi tit ..........................................................60
4.2. Thit k cc nguyn cng gia cng chi tit Pistol ...................................................61
4.2.1. Nguyn cng 1: Khoan doa l 8 lm chun th .............................................61
4.2.2. Nguyn cng 2: Tin kha mt y Pistol, vt mp mt y, tin kha mt l,
rnh trn mt l 62
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4.2.3. Nguyn cng 3: Tin kha mt u Pistol, tin kha mt l, rnh trn mt l v
rnh xc mng 63
4.2.4. Nguyn cng 4: Khoan doa cc l tr mnh 1,2, l nn nh 1,90 v gia cng
tinh l 8 lm chun tinh ................................................................................................................64
4.2.5. Nguyn cng 5: Ly l 8 lm chun tinh gia cng tinh cc mt cn li .....65
4.2.6. Nguyn cng 6: Kim tra................................................................................65
KT LUN ..................................................................................................................................67
TI LIU THAM KHO ..............................................................................................................69
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Chng 1. LA CHN PHNG N THIT K
1.1. Nhim v, yu cu, phn loi, iu kin lm vic
1.1.1. Nhim v
H thng treo dng ni n hi khung hoc v t vi cc cu.Nhim v ch yu ca
h thng treo l gip t chuyn ng m du khi I qua cc mt ng khng bng
phng.Ngoi ra h thng treo cn dng truyn cc lc v mmen t bnh xe ln khung
hoc v xe, m bo ng ng hc bnh xe.
m bo chc nng h thng treo thng c 3 b phn ch yu:
+ B phn n hi.
+ B phn dn hng.
+ Bphn gim chn .
B phn n hi : Ni n hi khung v vi bnh xe, tip nhn lc thng ng tc dng
t khung v ti bnh xe v ngc li. B phn n hi c cu to ch yu l mt chi tit
(hoc 1 cm chi tit) n hi bng kim loi (nhp, l xo, thanh xon) hoc bng kh (trong tr-
ng hp h thng treo bng kh hoc thy kh ).
B phn dn hng : C tc dng m bo ng ng hc bnh xe , tc l m cho
xe ch dao ng trong mt phng thng ng, b phn hng cn lm nhim v truyn lc
dc, lc ngang, m men gia khung v v bnh xe.
Bphn gim chn : C tc dng dp tt nhanh chng cc dao ng bng cch bin nng
lng dao ng thnh nhit nng ta ra ngoi. Vic bin nng lng dao ng thnh nhit
nng nh ma st. Gim chn trn t l gim chn thy lc, khi xe dao ng, cht lng trong
gim chn c gia cht lng vi thnh l tit lu v gia cc lp cht lng vi nhau bin
thnh nhit nung nng v gim chn ta ra ngoi.
1.1.2. Phn loi

C nhiu cch phn loi h thng treo ty theo tiu ch m mi ngi a ra phn loi.
Theo s b phn dn hng :
+ H thng treo ph thuc .
+ H thng treo c lp.
Theo b phn n hi :
+ Loi bng kim loi.
- H thng treo loi mhp l.
- H thng treo loi l xo xon c.
- H thng treo loi thanh xon.
+ Loi kh .
+ Loi thy lc :
- H thng treo loi thy kh kt hp.
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1.1.3. Yu cu
+ vng tnh f t (sinh ra di tc dng ca tu trng tnh) phi nm trong gii hn
m bo tn s dao ng thch hp cn thit.
+ vng ng f d (sinh ra khi t chuyn ng) phI m bo vn tc chuyn ng
ca ot trn ng xu nm trong gii hn cho php, gii hn ny khng c s va p ln
b phn hn ch
+ ng hc ca cc bnh xe dn hng vn gi ng khi cc bnh xe dn hng dch
chuyn trong mt phng thng ng (ngha l chiu rng c s v cc gc t tr ng ca
bnh xe dn hng khng i).
+ C h s cn thch hp dp tt nhanh dao ng ca v v bnh xe.
+ m bo s tng ng gia ng hc ca bnh xe vi ng hc ca dn ng li, dn
ng phanh.
+ Gim ti trng ng khi t qua ng gh gh.
+ Phi m bo an ton, d sa cha, thay th v gi thnh hp l. Ngoi ra c th ch to
c vi trnh cng ngh sn xut trong nc.
1.1.4. iu kin lm vic

+ Lm vic trong iu kin lun chu ti trng tc dng t khi lng c treo ln h
thng.
+ Chu tc dng ca cc phn lc t mt ng tc dng ngc ln.
+ Cc b phn trong h thng lm vic trong iu kin b bin dng, va p v dch
chuyn tng i.
1.2. CHN PHNG N THIT K H THNG TREO

Hin nay trn t s dng h thng treo vi nhiu dng khc nhau. C kt cu thay i
ty theo tng xe c th, ty theo nh sn xut. Nhng nhn chung chng u nm hai dng
l : H thng treo ph thuc v h thng treo c lp.
1.2.1. H thng treo ph thuc

Nguyn l hot ng
Hai bnh xe tri v phi c ni nhau bng mt dm cng nn khi dch chuyn mt
bnh xe trong mt phng ngang th bnh xe cn li cng dch chuyn. Do h thng treo
ph thuc khng th m bo ng hon ton ng hc ca bnh xe dn hng.
H thng treo ph thuc thng c s dng trong h thng treo cu sau ca t du
lch v tt c cc cu ca ot ti, t khch loi ln.
u im
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+ Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, vt bnh xe c c nh do vy khng xy ra mn lp

nhanh nh h thng treo c lp
+ Khi t quay vng ch c thng xe nghing cn cu xe vn thng bng, do lp t
mn.
+ Khi chu lc bn (lc ly tm, ng nghing, gi bn) hai bnh xe lin kt cng, v
vy hn ch hin tng trt bn bnh xe.
+ Kt cu n gin,r tin, nhp va lm nhim v n hi va lm nhim v dn
hng.
+ S khp quay t v khng cn phi bi trn khp quay.
+ D ch to, d tho lp v sa cha, gi thnh r.
Nhc im
+ Khi nng mt bn bnh xe ln, vt bnh xe s thay i, pht sinh lc ngang lm tnh
cht bm ng ca ot km i v t d b trt ngang
+ H thng treo cc bnh xe, nht l cc bnh xe ch ng c trng lng phn khng
c treo ln.
+ S ni cng bnh xe hai bn nh dm lin lm pht sinh nhng dao ng nguy him
bnh xe trong gii hn vn tc chuyn ng.
+ Nu h thng treo ph thuc t bnh xe dn hng, nghing ca hai bnh xe s
thay i khi mt bnh xe dch chuyn thng ng, lm pht sinh mmen do hiu ng con
quay, nh hng n cc dch chuyn gc ca cc cu v cc bnh xe dn hng quanh trc
quay.
+ Kh b tr cc cm ca t nu t h thng treo ph thuc ng trc.
Mt s h thng treo ph thuc ang dng ph bin cho t :
+ H thng treo c b phn n hi l nhp l.
+ H thng treo c b phn n hi l l xo tr.
1.2.1.a H thng treo ph thuc loi nhp l

u im
+ Nhp va l c cu n hi, va l c cu dn hng v mt phn lm nhim v gim
chn ngha l th hin ton b chc nng ca h thng treo.
Do kt cu h thng treo s n gin.
+ Vi chc nng l b phn dn hng, nhp c th truyn c lc dc (lc ko hoc lc
phanh) v lc ngang t bnh xe qua cu xe ln khung.
+ Chc nng n hi theo phng thng ng.
+ Ngoi ra nhp cng c kh nng truyn cc mmen t bnh xe ln khung. l mmen
ko hoc mmen phanh.
Khuyt im
+ Trng lng nhp nng hn tt c cc b phn n hi khc, nhp k c gim chn
chim t 5,5%-8% trng lng bn thn t.
+ Thi hn phc v ngn do cc ng sut ban u, do trng thi ng sut phc tp, do lc
ng v lp li nhiu ln .
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+ ng c tnh n hi i hi phi l ng cong nhng trong thc t cng ca

bn thn nhp li l hng s.
Hnh 1. H thng treo loi nhp l cu khng ch ng.
1.2.1.b H thng treo ph thuc phn t n hi l l xo tr

H thng treo ph thuc c phn t n hi l l xo tr c th c b tr cu b ng
hoc cu ch ng.
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Hnh 2. H thng treo ph thuc kiu l xo tr.

a) cu trc. B) cu sau.
u im
+ Nu c cng cng v bn th l xo tr c trng lng nh hn nhp.
+ L xo tr c tui th ln hn nhp, khi lm vic gia cc vnh l xo khng c ma st
nh gia cc l nhp, khng phi bo dng v chm sc nh chm sc nhp.
Khuyt im
+ L xo tr ch lm nhim v n hi cn nhim v dn hng v gim chn phi do cc
b phn khc m nhim, do kt cu phc tp.
1.2.2. H thng treo c lp

Nguyn l hot ng
H thng treo c lp khi hai bnh xe tri v phi khng c quan h trc tip vi nhau.
Khi dch chuyn bnh xe ny trong mt phng nm ngang, bnh xe kia khng chu nh
hng .
H thng treo c lp thng c s dng cu trc t du lch, hin nay c mt s
loi t s dng h thng treo c lp cho tt c cc cu.
u im
+ Khi dch chuyn bnh xe ny trong mt phng ngang bnh xe kia vn ng nguyn, do
ng hc bnh xe dn hng c gi ng.
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+ kh nng quay vng ca xe tt hn, v khi quay vng m bo c vn tc quay ca

hai bnh xe tri v phi khng b rng buc nhiu nh h thng treo ph thuc.
+ Khi lng khng c treo ca h thng nh hn so vi h thng treo ph thuc. Do
tng trng lng bm, tng m du ca t.
+ m bo khi dch chuyn, cc bnh xe khng lm thay i cc gc t bnh xe v chiu
rng c s, do lm trit tiu hon ton s lc ca bnh xe i vi tr ng, dn n
khng pht sinh mmen hiu ng con quay khi cc bnh xe dch chuyn thng ng.
Nhc im
+ Kt cu phc tp gm nhiu chi tit.
+ Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, vt bnh xe khng c nh do vy xy ra tnh trng mn
lp nhanh.
+ Khi chu lc bn (ly tm, ng nghing, gi bn) hai bnh xe khng lin kt cng, v
vy xy ra hin tng trt bn bnh xe.
Mt s h thng treo c lp dng cho t
+ H treo n dc.
+ H treo trn 2 n ngang.
+ H treo Macpherson.
+ H treo n cho.
+ H treo c lp, phn t n hi thanh xon.
1.2.2.a H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, n treo dc
Hnh 3 - H thng treo c lp vi phn t n hi l l xo vi n treo dc.

1- Khung xe; 2- Phn t n hi l xo; 3- Gim chn ng thu lc; 4- Bnh xe; 5- n treo dc; 6-
Khp bn l.
u im
+ D dng tho lp tan b cu xe, kt cu n gin.
+ C trng lng phn khng c treo b v chiu rng c s khng thay i.
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+ Gim nh c lc tc dng ln n ngang v cc khp quay, ng thi khng cn dng

n thanh n nh (dng n lin kt c cng nh).
+ Khng c moment hiu ng con quay bnh xe dn hng, khng gy nn s thay i
gc nghing ngang bnh xe, ng hc dn ng li ng.
Nhc im
+ i hi cng ngh hn cao, ti trng t ln cu xe hn ch v c th lm quay trc cu
xe khi i trn ng vng trng thi quay vng tha.
1.2.2.b H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, hai n ngang

S ca h thng treo c lp hai n ngang c chiu di bng nhau gi l h thng
treo c c cu hng hnh bnh hnh.
S ca h thng treo c lp hai n ngang c chiu di khng bng nhau gi l h
thng treo c c cu hng hnh thang.
Hnh III.4 - a) H thng treo c lp hai n ngang hnh bnh hnh

b) H thng treo c lp hai n ngang hnh thang
u im
+ Khc phc c s pht sinh moment hiu ng con quay.
+ Trit tiu c s rung ca bnh xe i vi trc ng.
+ Khc phc c s thay i nghing mt phng quay ca bnh xe.
+ Trng tm xe thp, nghing thng xe khi chu lc ly tm nh.
+ Gc lch v chuyn v nh nn c kh nng n nh khi chuyn ng tc cao.
+ Khi lng ca phn khng treo nh m bo m du khi chuyn ng trn ng g
gh.
Nhc im
+ Kt cu phc tp, chim khong khng gian ln trn xe.
+ Do s thay i B tng i ln nn lp nhanh mn.
+ n nh ngang ca bnh xe km.
+ ng hc ca bnh xe ph thuc vo di ca n di.
+ Chiu rng c s cng nh nghing bn thay i.
1.2.2.c H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo loi Macpherson
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Hnh III.5 - h thng treo kiu Macpherson
u im
+ C kh nng iu chnh chiu cao thn xe khi xe chy tc cao
+ Tng n nh ca phn thn v xe nh b tr thm mt thanh n nh
Khuyt im
+ Kt cu phc tp, kh bo dng
+ Gi thnh cao
1.2.2.d H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, n cho
Hnh III.6 - h thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, n cho
u im
14
+ Tng cng vng nn tng kh nng chu lc ngang

+ Gim thiu s thay i ca gc t bnh xe ( chm, vt bnh xe v gc nghing ngang
ca tr ng) xy ra do bnh xe dao ng trong phng thng ng.
+ Kt cu n gin v chim t khng gian.
Khuyt im
+ Gi thnh cao.
1.2.2.e H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi thanh xon
Hnh III.7 - H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi thanh xon

u im
+ Kt cu, kch thc v trng lng ca phn t n hi nh.
+ Khng gian chim ch t, b tr thun tin
+ m bo tnh chu lc cao cho xe trong mi iu kin .
Khuyt im
+ Gi thnh cao.
1.2.2.f H thng treo loi thng bng

c s dng cho cc loi t ba cu (c cu th hai v th ba gn nhau), t bn cu v
nhiu rmooc.
u im
+ m bo ti trng thng ng tc ng ln bnh xe cc cu nh nhau, cng nh l cc
bnh xe bn tri v cc bnh xe bn phi.
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Hnh III.8 - H thng treo thng bng
1.2.2.g H thng treo loi kh

Phn t n hi kh c s dng hiu trong cc t c trng lng phn c treo ln v
thay i nhiu
u im
+ Phn t n hi c th t thay i cng ca h thng treo bng cch thay i p sut
bn trong phn t n hi.
+ Gim c cng ca h thng treo lm tng m du.
+ y c s cng hng xung vng c tn s thp hn, gim c gia tc thng ng
ca bung li, gim c s dch chuyn ca v v bnh xe.
+ ng c tnh ca h thng treo kh l phi tuyn v tng t ngt trong c hnh trnh
nn v hnh trnh tr. Do khi lng phn c treo v khng c treo d b gii hn
do cc dch chuyn tng i th m du ca h thng vn ln.
+ Khng c ma st trong phn t n hi, trng lng phn t n hi b, gim c chn
ng cng nh gim c ting n t bnh xe ln bung li.
+ C th thay i c v tr ca v xe vi mt ng tc l thay i c chiu cao cht
ti.
Nhc im
+ Phi b tr thm h thng cung cp kh nh bnh cha, my nn.
+ H thng treo kh yu cu phi s dng thm phn iu chnh h thng treo (iu chnh
v tr ca thng xe v iu chnh cng ca h thng treo).
+ Kt cu phc tp.
1.3. KT LUN
+ Sau khi tm hiu v phn tch mt s dng h thng treo ang s dng thc t, kt hp
vi thc t cc xe ti hin ang s dng trn th trng, tnh hnh sn xut ca cc cng ty
t trong nc, ta chn h thng treo cho cu trc v cu sau cho xe thit k l h thng
treo ph thuc vi phn t n hi l nhp.
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+ H thng treo ny c kt cu n gin, d s dng, sa cha v thay th nn gi thnh

rt cnh tranh. Kt cu ca h thng n gin nhng vn m bo c tnh m du ca t
khi lm vic.
Do mt s tnh cht m ch c nhp mi c c (va l b phn n hi, va l b hng
v c th tham gia gim chn). Mc d nhp vn cn mt s hn ch nhng vn c th khc
phc c tng i tt mt s im cn cha hon thin.
+ H thng treo cu sau xe ti dng h thng treo ph thuc loi nhp l (y va l b
phn n hi va l b phn hng), b phn gim chn dng loi thy lc, loi tc ng 2
chiu.
1.4. THIT K K THUT H THNG TREO
1.4.1. Thit k nhp
1.4.1.a Kt cu
Nhp c lm t cc l thp cong, sp xp li vi nhau theo th t t ngn n di. Cm
nhp c kp cht li vi nhau v tr gia bng mt bulng nh tm.
Hai u ca l nhp di nht (l nhp chnh) c un cong to thnh tai nhp, mt nhp
gn nhp vo khung hay vo mt dm no thng qua m nhp v cht nhp.
17
Hnh III.9 - Kt cu ca nhp
L nhp chnh lm vic cng thng nht nn ngi ta ch to l nhp chnh dy hn

cong ca mi l nhp c gi l vng. Do l nhp ngn c vng ln hn, nn
cong ca n ln hn cc l nhp di. Khi bulng nh tm c xit cht cc l nhp b gim
vng mt cht lm cho hai u l pha di p cht vo l pha trn.
S n gin nht ca h thng treo ph thuc l hai nhp c dng na elip.
Tnh cht dch chuyn ca cu i vi v ph thuc vo thng s ca nhp. Tng s
khp c nhp l su khp (mi mt nhp c ba khp). Lc dc X v moment phn lc MY
truyn ln khung qua nhp.
Trong qu trnh bin dng, chiu di ca nhp thay i nn hai tai nhp bt ln khung hoc
dm c mt u c nh cn mt u di ng.
i vi nhp sau u c nh pha trc u di ng nm pha sau, cch b tr cc u
c nhv di ng ny ph thuc vo mi quan h gia h thng treo v cc h thng khc.
Cc l nhp chu ti th th trn chu ko, th di chu nn nn tit din cc l nhp c
dng nh sau:
Hnh III.10 - Tit din ca cc l nhp
18
1.4.1.b Mt s nhc im ca nhp

+ Trng lng ln.
- Trng lng ca nhp nmg hn tt c cc c cu n hi khc. Nhp k c gim
chn chim t (5.5 + 8)% trng lng bn thn t.
- Do cc ng sut ban u, do trng thi ng sut phc tp, do lc ng v lp li
nhiu ln. mi ca nhp thp hn mi ca phn t n hi l thanh xon. tng tui
th ca nhp ngi ta thc hin cc bin php sau:
- Gim bt lc tc ng ln nhp. nhp b xon u nhp t vo trong cc gi
cao su v ua thm ph gii hn moment tc dng ln nhp khi phanh.
+ Gim ng sut trong nhp.
- Bng cch hn ch bin trung bnh ca cc dao ng ca bnh xe
vi thng xe. Ta a thm vo cc phn t n hi ph (nh cao su lm vic chu nn) v
lm tng sc cn ca cc gim chn.
- C th gim ng sut bng cch thay i tit din ngang ca l nhp
lm phn b licc ng sut php tuyn trong l nhp. Khi nhp chu ti cc lp mt trn ca
nhp chu ko v cc lp mt di chu nn.
V gii hn chu mi ca thp khi ko km hn khi nn nn tit din ngang ca l nhp
nn lm vt hai u. Lm nh vy ng trung ha s dch chuyn ln trn (so vi kt cu
c tit din ngang l hnh ch nht) lm cho ng sut ko gim i. Ngoi ra n cn lm
gim ng sut tp trung cc gc tit din.
- u l nhp lm theo hnh tri xoan v mng hn thn s lm tng n hi u l
nhp. ng thi lm cho ng sut trong nhp phn b u hn v ma st gia cc l nhp t
i.
+ Tng cng b mt l nhp
- L nhp b mi do ng sut ko, thng c vt nt cc gc ca tit din hay trn
mt lm vic ca cc l(do ma st gia cc l nhp sinh ra ng sut tip xc cao kt hp vi
iu kin dao ng gy nn)
+ ng c tnh ca nhp l ng thng
ng c tnh n hi i hi phi l ng cong nhng thc t cng ca nhp li
l hng s. V th cn phi lm cho cng ca nhp thay i theo ti trng. C th thay i
cng ca nhp mt t bng cch t nghing mc treo nhp (khong 5O khi khng ti).
+ Ma st gia cc l nhp cn hn ch b hn (5 + 8)%
- C th lm gim ma st bng cch bi trn tt cc l nhp, gim s l nhp.
- t cc tm m gia cc l nhp khng nhng lm gim lc ma st m cn lm
quy lut thay i lc ma st tt hn.
1.4.2. Thit k gim chn
1.4.2.a Cng dng, yu cu, phn loi b gim chn

Cng dng
+ Gim chn dp tt cc dao ng ca v xe v lp xe bng cch chuyn c nng ca
cc dao ng thnh nhit nng.
19
+ Gim chn trn t hin nay ch yu l gim chn thy lc nn ma st

gia cht lng v cc l tit lu l ma st ch yu dp tt dao ng.
Yu cu
+ m bo gim tr s v s thay i ng c tnh ca cc dao ng, c
bit l:
+ Dp tt cng nhanh cc dao ng nu tn s dao ng cng ln. Mc ch trnh cho
thng xe khi b lc khi i qua ng mp m ln.
+ Dp tt chm cc dao ng nu t chy trn ng t mp m ( li lm ca ng
cng b v dy).
+ Hn ch cc lc truyn qua gim chn n thng xe.
+ Lm vic n nh khi t chuyn ng trong cc iu kin ng x khc nhau v nhit
khng kh khc nhau.
+ C tui th cao.
+ Trng lng v kch thc b
Phn loi
Ngi ta phn loi gim chn theo hai c im sau:
+ Theo t s ca h s cn Kn trong hnh trnh nn (lc lp tin gn n khung) v h s
cn Kt trong hnh trnh tr (lc t i xa khung) ta c:
- Loi tc dng mt chiu Kn=0. Chn ng ch c dp tt hnh trnh tr tc l
ng vi lc bnh xe i xa khung.
- Loi gim chn hai chiu c ng c tnh i xng. Chn ng b dp tt c hai
hnh trnh nn v tr.
- Loi gim chn hai chiu c ng c tnh khng i xng. Chn ng b dp tt
c hai hnh trnh nn v tr.
+ Theo van gim ti
- Loi c van gim ti
- Loi khng c van gim ti
+ Theo kt cu
- Loi n.
- Loi ng.
1.4.2.b Chn phng n thit k b phn gim chn

Nguyn l lm vic
Cht lng b dn t bung cha ny sang bung cha khc qua nhng van tit lu rt b
nn cht lng chu sc cn chuyn ng rt ln. Sc cn lm dp tt nhanh cc chn ng v
nng lng ca dao ng b mt bin thnh nhit nng nung nng cht lng cha trong gim
chn.
1.4.2.b.1 Gim chn n

Gim chn n hai chiu c pittng kp 2. Trong c t cc van ngc lm cho du
bu gim chn lun chy vo lm y bung cha 1 v 3. Pittng ngn xi lanh ra lm hai
20
bung cha 1 v 3.Th tch ca bung 1 v 3 thay i khi pittng dch chyn qua li tng
ng vi hnh trnh nn v tr nh cam quay 4 t vo gia pittng kp.
Hnh III. 12 - Gim chn n
Trong hnh trnh nn nh, pittng i v bn phi, cht lng b dn t bung 3 qua bung
1 qua mt l rt b thanh van 5 v khe h van 6, van 5 vn ng.
Khi b nn mnh p sut du tng ln thng c lc cn ca l xo lm van 6 m rng.
Cht lng chy c qua bung 1 d dng.
Trong hnh trnh tr pittng dch chuyn sang bn tri. Cht lng chy t bung 1 qua
bung 3 qua l rt b thanh van 5, van 6 vn ng. Khi tr mnh p sut cht lng tng ln
thng c lc ca l xo lm van 5 m cht lng i qua bung 3 d dng.
u im
+ Th tch cht lng i qua van b gim chn ng nn tui th ca van m bo hn.
Nhc im
+ Gim chn lm vic vi p sut du rt ln(25-40 MN/m2) lm nh hng n trng
lng ca gim chn. m bo gim cht lm vic trong iu kin gim chn phi c
kt cu bn do trng lng ln hn loi gim chn ng.
1.4.2.b.2 Gim chn ng
21
Hnh III.13 - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca gim chn ng

1 - Tai gim chn; 2 - Np c ren; 3, 4 - Giong lm kn; 5 - Van l; 6 - L tit lu van nn;
7 - Van l; 8 - L xo van tr mnh; 9 - Van l; 10 - Van nn mnh; 11 - L xo van nn
mnh; 12- Ecu iu chnh; 13 - L tit lu khi tr; 14 - Pittng gim chn; 15- L tit lu
khi tr; 16 - Pht lm kn; 17 - ng xi lanh ngoi; 18 - ng xi lanh trong; 19 - Cn pittng;
20 - Bc dn hng; 21 - Pht lm kn; 22 - L xo; 23 - Np chn; 24 - Pht lm kn.
u im
- Gim chn ng lm vic vi p sut cc i nh hn 6 -8 MN/m2.
- Gim chn ng nh hn gim chn n hai ln.Ch to n gin hn v tui th tng
i cao.
1.4.2.b.3 Chn phng n thit k gim chn

Sau khi phn tch cc loi gim chn, da trn cc iu kin lm vic ca xe thit k, ta
chn gim cht loi tc dng hai chiu dng ng c ng c tnh khng i xng v c
van gim ti l ph hp nht.
22
Chng 2. TNH TON THIT K CC PHN T CA H THNG TREO

2.1. La chn cc ch tiu nh gi m du
- H thng treo thit k ra phi m bo cho xe t m du theo cc ch tiu ra.
Hin nay c nhiu ch tiu nh gi m du chuyn ng nh tn s dao ng, gia tc dao
ng, vn tc dao ng...
- Trong n tt nghip, ta ch la chn theo mt ch tiu, l ch tiu tn s dao ng.
-Tuy nhin khi tnh ton h thng treo t ngi ta thng dng thng s:
S ln dao ng trong 1 pht n: n = 90 120 ln/pht.
- Chn s b: n = 100 ln/ pht.
2.2. Xc nh lc tc dng ln nhp
2.2.1. Khi xe y ti
Trng lng ca xe lc y ti l :80250 N ; phn ln cu :22500/57750;
Khi lng phn c treo tc dng ln h thng treo :
+) Cu trc : M 1 = 1969 (kg).
+) Cu sau : M 2 = 5053 (kg).
TI trng tc dng ln mt bn nhp cu trc v mt bn nhp cu sau l:
M 1 .10 1969.10
Z t1 = = = 9845 (N).
2 2
M 2 .10 5053.10
Z t2 = = = 25265 (N).
2 2
2.2.2. Khi xe khng ti

Trng lng bn thn : 40250 N, phn ln cu : 20250/20000;
Khi lng phn c treo tc dng ln h thng treo :
+) Cu trc : M ' 1 = 1522 (kg).
+) Cu sau : M ' 2 = 1500 (kg).
TI trng tc dng ln mt bn nhp cu trc v mt bn nhp cu sau l:
M '1 .10 1522.10
Z ' t1 = = = 7610 (N).
2 2
M ' 2 .10 1500.10
Z ' t2 = = = 7500 (N).
2 2
23
2.3. Thit k nhp trc
2.3.1. cng ca h thng treo C

- Tn s dao ng gc v cng ca h thng treo quan h vi nhau theo cng
thc (3.1):
2

C M n (3.1)
30
Trong :
C - cng ca h thng treo (N/m).
M- Khi lng c treo (kg) : M = 1969/2 = 984,5 (kg).
n - Tn s dao ng. n = 100 ln/pht.
2

C = 984,5 100 = 107853 (N/m).
30
- Theo cng thc vng tnh c tnh nh sau :
2
2
300 300
ft = = = 9 (cm) = 0,09 (m).
n 100
2.3.2. Chn s b kch thc nhp

- Nhp l mt loi l xo gm nhiu l thp mng (l nhp) ghp li vi nhau. Kch
thc hnh hc ca cc nhp s l :
. Chiu di cc l L1, L2, Lk..., Ln
. Tit din l nhp ; b x hk
. n- s l nhp.
. b- chiu rng l nhp.
. hk- chiu dy l nhp th k.
- Chiu di ton b nhp Lt c th chn s b nh sau:
i vi xe ti:
Nhp trc : L t = (0,26 0,35)L; (L l chiu di c s ca xe).
L t =(0,26 0,35).4300 = 1118 1505 (mm).
Chn L t = 1450 (mm).
Khong cch gia bu lng ngm nhp = 90 mm.
- Da vo loi xe, ti trng, kt cu khung v ca xe v kch thc cc l nhp, ta c
b thng s sau:
24
. S l nhp n = 11.
. Chiu rng b =70 mm.
. Chiu dy h1 = h 2 = 8 mm; h 3 =h 4 =.h 11 =8,5 mm.
b 75
. Chiu rng b v chiu dy h k tha mn: 6 < = =9,3 <10.
hk 8
. Chiu di lk c tnh theo h phng trnh sau :
A2 + B2 + C2 = 0
A3+ B3 + C3 = 0
A 4 + B 4 + C 4 =0
A5+ B5+ C5 =0
A6+ B6+ C 6 =0
A7 + B7 + C 7 =0
A8+ B8+ C 8 =0
A9+ B9 + C9 = 0 l1
l2
A 10 + B 10 =0 l3
a2
Trong : a3
J k 3lk 1 J
Ak 1 ; Bk 1 k ;
2 J k 1 lk J k 1 ln
ln-1
3 an+1
1 lk 1 3lk
Ck 1 ;
2 lk lk 1
Vi : l 1 = l 2 = 680 mm ;
bh 3 k
Jk= ;J 3 =J 4 =J 5 =J 6 =J 7 =J 8 =J 9 =J 10 =J 11
12
- Vi b nhp c 2 l nhp (l 1 v l 2) c chiu di v chiu dy ging nhau, ta coi hai l
gp li thnh mt l vi:
2bh 3
J1 (Khi k =1 ng vi l 2, k = 2 ng vi l 3,...)
12
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c :

l 1 = 680 ; l 2 = 680 ; l 3 = 583 ; l 4 = 525 ; l 5 = 466 ; l 6 = 407; l 7 =348;
25
l 8 = 288; l 9 = 227 ; l 10 =165 ; l 11 = 99 (mm).

Vy : L 1 = 1450; L 2 = 1450; L 3 = 1256 ; L 4 = 1140; L 5 = 1022; L 6 = 904 ;
L 7 = 786; L 8 = 666; L 9 = 544 ;L 10 = 420; L 11 = 288 ; (mm).
2.3.3. Tnh cng, vng tnh v kim tra tn s dao ng ca nhp

+ cng ca nhp i vi trng hp nhp i xng:
6 E
C n
a Y
k 1
3
k 1 k Yk 1
Trong :
- Hng s thc nghim, = 0,85.
E- Mun n hi ca vt liu khi un, E= 2.105MN/m2.
ak = l1 lk (k = 2n).
lk Chiu di na l nhp th k.
1
Yk ; Yn 1 0
Ik
I1 = J1, I2 = J1+ J2 , ...
Ik = J1 + J2+...+Jk, ...
bh 3 k
J2,...,Jk,....,Jn: m men qun tnh ca tit din l nhp, Jk=
12
Ta c bng tnh ton sau:
A k 1 Jk lk Yk Y k -Y k 1
l b hk 1 (Y k -Y k 1 )
k (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm )
4
(mm )
4
(mm )
4
(mm )
4
(mm )
1
1 680 96 70 8 5973.33 5973.33 0.000167 0.000063 55.53

2 584 155 70 8.5 3582.40 9555.73 0.000105 0.000029 106.26
3 525 214 70 8.5 3582.40 13138.13 0.000076 0.000016 159.82
4 466 273 70 8.5 3582.40 16720.52 0.000060 0.000011 214.71
5 407 332 70 8.5 3582.40 20302.92 0.000049 0.000007 270.33
6 348 392 70 8.5 3582.40 23885.31 0.000042 0.000005 328.91
26
7 288 453 70 8.5 3582.40 27467.71 0.000036 0.000004 390.47

8 227 515 70 8.5 3582.40 31050.10 0.000032 0.000003 455.04
9 165 581 70 8.5 3582.40 34632.50 0.000029 0.000003 530.87
10 99 680 70 8.5 3582.40 38214.90 0.000026 0.000026 8228.00
- cng ca nhp l:
6.2.10 5.10 6.0,85.10 3

6 E
C n = = 94972 N/m
3
10740
k 1 k k 1
a Y
k 1
Y
+ Tn s dao ng thc t:
30 C 30 94972
n= = = 94 ln/pht tho mn yu cu.
M 984,5
- Nh vy cc thng s kch thc ca nhp kh ph hp v mt cng hay tn s dao
ng cho php.
+ vng tnh ca nhp i vi trng hp nhp i xng:
n
Zt 9845
ft =
6 E
a Y
k 1
3
k 1 k Yk 1 =
94972
= 0,104 m .
2.3.4. Tnh bn nhp v cc chi tit lin quan

- i vi nhp 1/2 elip, vi l lun nh trn ta coi rng nhp b ngm cht
gia. Nh vy khi tnh ton ta ch tnh cho mt na l nhp vi cc
gi thit sau:
- Coi nhp l loi 1/4 elip, mt u c ngm cht, mt u chu lc.
- Bn knh cong ca cc l nhp bng nhau,
cc l nhp ch tip xc vi nhau cc u
mt v lc ch truyn qua u mt.
- Bin dng v tr tip xc gia l1 P
2 l nhp cnh nhau th bng nhau.
- Vi cc gi thit trn th s l2
X2
tnh bn nhp nh sau:
- Ti im B bin dng ca l th nht v lk Xk
l th hai bng nhau, tng t ti im S
ln-1 Xn-1
27
ln Xn
bin dng ca l th k-1 v l th k bng nhau. Bng cch lp cc biu thc bin dng ti
cc im trn v cho chng bng nhau tng i mt ta s i n 1 h n-1phng trnh vi n-
1 n l cc gi tr X2,...Xn.
- H phng trnh nh sau:
A2 P + B2 X2 + C3 X3 = 0
A3 X2 + B3 X3 + C3 X4 = 0 (* *)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Xn-1 + Bn Xn = 0
Trong :
3
J 3l J 1l 3lk
Ak k k 1 1 ; Bk 1 k ; Ck k 1 1
2 J k 1 lk J k 1 2 lk lk 1
lk- Chiu di tnh ton t quang nhp n u mt l nhp.
bhk3
Jk- Mmen qun tnh ca cc tit din l nhp, J k
12
Lp bng kt qu tnh ton ta c:

4
k l(mm) J k (mm ) Ak Bk Ck
1 680 7676.56 0 0 0
2 548 3200.00 0.75 -1.6 0.85
3 494 3200.00 1.17 -2.00 0.83
4 438 3200.00 1.19 -2.00 0.81
5 382 3200.00 1.22 -2.00 0.78
6 326 3200.00 1.26 -2.00 0.74
7 270 3200.00 1.31 -2.00 0.69
8 212 3200.00 1.40 -2.00 0.60
9 154 3200.00 1.57 -2.00 0.43
10 92 3200.00 2.00 -2.00 0.00
- H phng trnh tr thnh :

0,75.4922,5 1,6.X2 + 0,85.X3 = 0
1,17.X2 2.X3 + 0,83.X4 =0
1,19.X3 2.X4 + 0,81.X5 =0
1,22.X4 2.X5 + 0,78.X6 =0
28
1,26.X5 2.X6 + 0,74.X 7 =0

1,31.X6 2.X7 + 0,69.X 8 =0
1,40.X7 2.X8 + 0,60.X 9 =0
1,57.X8 2.X9 + 0,43X 10 =0
2.X 9 -2.X 10 =0
GiI h phng trnh trn ta c :
X2 = X3 =X4 =X5 = X6= X7 = X8 = X9 = X 10 = 4922,5 N
- M men ti im A:
Xk
lk
MA = Xk(lk- lk+1).
- M men ti im B: lk+1
Xk+1
MB = Xklk- Xk+1lk+1
Xk.lk-Xk+1.lk+1
Xk (lk-lk+1)
- M men chng un ca tng l nhp:

b.h 2 70.8,5 2
W u 2 == W u11 = = = 842,92
6 6
mm 3
- T ta c bng kt qu tnh ton:
3 2 2
l(mm) W u (mm ) X k (N) M A (N.mm) A (N/mm ) M B (N.mm) B (N/mm )
680 1493.33 4922.5 477482.5 320 477482.5 320
583 842.92 4922.5 285505.0 339 285505.0 339
525 842.92 4922.5 290427.5 345 290427.5 345
466 842.92 4922.5 290427.5 345 290427.5 345
407 842.92 4922.5 290427.5 345 290427.5 345
348 842.92 4922.5 295350.0 350 295350.0 350
288 842.92 4922.5 300272.5 356 300272.5 356
227 842.92 4922.5 305195.0 362 305195.0 362
165 842.92 4922.5 324885.0 385 324885.0 385
29
99 842.92 4922.5 0.0 0.0 487327.5 578
KL : - Sau khi c cc gi tr m men ta tnh ra ng sut v so snh vi ng sut cho

php.Vi vt liu l nhp l 60C2. Th ng sut cho php thng c gi tr : []t =
2 2
600MN/m = 600N/mm . Ta thy cc l nhp m bo bn.
2.3.5. Tnh bn tai nhp

- S tnh bn tai nhp c biu
din trn hnh bn. Trong :
D- ng knh trong ca tai D
Pk
nhp, chn D = 50 mm. h0
h0- chiu dy l nhp chnh,
h0 = 8 mm.
b- chiu rng l nhp,
b = 70 mm
Z
- Tai nhp chu tc dng ca lc ko Pk
hay lc phanh Pp. Tr s ca lc ny c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Pkmax=Ppmax=. Zbx
Trong :
- H s bm ,ly = 0,7.
Zbx- Phn lc ca ng ln bnh xe, Zbx = 4922,5 N.
Pkmax= 0,7. 4922,5 = 3445,75 N.
- ng sut un tai nhp l:
Mu 2.bh 2 D 2.h
un ; Wu ; Mu P
Wu 6 2
6.P.( D 2.h) 6.3445,75.(50 2.8)
un 2
2
76,15 N/mm2
4.bh 4.70.8
- ng sut nn (hoc ko) tai nhp l:
Pk max 3445,75
nn 3,08 N/mm2
2.b.h0 2.70.8
- ng sut tng hp tai nhp:
th = un + nn = 76,15 + 3,08 = 79,23 N/mm2
- ng sut tng hp cho php:
30
[th] =350MN/m2 = 350 N/mm2 th [th]. Vy tai nhp bn.
2.3.6. Tnh kim tra cht nhp

- ng knh cht nhp c chn bng ng knh trong danh ngha ca tai nhp
Dcht= 50 mm.
- Chn vt liu ch to cht nhp l thp cc bon trung bnh c thnh phn
cc bon (40X), xianua ha th ng sut chn dp cho php.
[chn dp ] = 3 4 N/mm2.
- Kim nghim theo ng sut chn dp:
Z 2 P2 4922,5 2 3445,752
chendap 1,7 N / mm 2
Db 50.70
- Kim nghim theo ng sut ct:
Z 2 P2 4922,5 2 3445,75 2
cut 5,3N / mm 2
b.h 2.70.8
ng sut chn dp v ng sut ct sinh ra nh hn ng sut cho php ca
vt liu. Vy cht m bo bn.
2.4. Thit k nhp sau v nhp sau ph

* Ti trng t ln c nhp chnh v nhp ph mt bn h thng treo. Lc tc dng ln mt
bn nhp.
Zs = 25265 (N)
i vi xe ti:
Nhp sau : L t = ( 0,35 0,45 )L; (L l chiu di c s ca xe).

L t =(0,35 0,45).4300 = 1505 1935 mm.
Chn L t = 1850 mm.
2.4.1. Nhp sau chnh

b thng s sau:
. S l nhp n = 16.
31
. Chiu dy h1 = h 2 = 8,5 mm; h 3 =h 4 =.h 16 = 9 mm.

b 80
. Chiu rng b v chiu dy h k tha mn: 6 < = = 9,4 <10.
hk 8,5
A2 + B2 + C2 = 0
A3+ B3 + C3 = 0
A 4 + B 4 + C 4 =0
A5+ B5+ C5 =0
A6+ B6+ C 6 =0
A7 + B7 + C 7 =0
A8+ B8+ C 8 =0
A9+ B9 + C9 = 0 l1
l2
A 10 + B 10 + C 10 =0 l3
A 11 + B 11 + C 11 =0
a2
A 12 + B 12 + C 12 =0 a3
A 13 + B 13 + C 13 =0
ln
A 14 + B 14 + C 14 =0 ln-1
an+1
A 15 + B 15 = 0
Trong :
J k 3lk 1 J
Ak 1 ; Bk 1 k ;
2 J k 1 lk J k 1
3
1l 3lk
Ck k 1 1 ;
2 lk lk 1
Vi : l 1 = l 2 = 880 mm ;
bh 3 k
Jk= ;J 3 =J 4 =J 5 =J 6 =J 7 =J 8 =J 9 =J 10 =J 11 =J 12 =J 13 =J 14 =J 15 =J 16 .
12
gp li thnh mt l vi:
32
2bh 3
12
l 1 = 880 ; l 2 = 880 ; l 3 = 793 ; l 4 = 741 ; l 5 = 688 ; l 6 = 636;
l 7 =583; l 8 = 530; l 9 = 477 ; l 10 = 424 ; l 11 = 370 ; l 12 = 316;
l 13 = 262 ; l 14 = 206; l 15 = 150; l 16 = 90 ; (mm).
Vy : L 1 = 1850; L 2 = 1850; L 3 = 1676 ; L 4 = 1572 ; L 5 = 1466; L 6 = 1362
L 7 = 1256; L 8 = 1150; L 9 = 1044 ;L 10 = 938; L 11 = 830 ;L 12 =722
L 13 = 614 ; L 14 = 502 ; L 15 = 390 ; L 16 = 270 (mm).
2.4.2. Nhp sau ph

Chn L p = 1350 mm.

b thng s sau:
. S l nhp n = 9.
. Chiu dy h1 = h 2 = 8,5 mm; h 3 =h 4 =.h 11 = 9 mm.
b 80
. Chiu rng b v chiu dy h k tha mn: 6 < = = 9,4 <10.
hk 8,5
A2 + B2 + C2 = 0
A3+ B3 + C3 = 0
A 4 + B 4 + C 4 =0
A5+ B5+ C5 =0
A6+ B6+ C 6 =0
A7 + B7 + C 7 =0
A8+ B8 =0 l1
l2
l3
Trong :
a2
a3
33
ln
ln-1
an+1
J k 3lk 1 J
Ak 1 ; Bk 1 k ;
2 J k 1 lk J k 1
3
1l 3lk
Ck k 1 1 ;
2 lk lk 1
Vi : l 1 = l 2 = 630 mm ;
bh 3 k
Jk= ;J 3 =J 4 =J 5 =J 6 =J 7 =J 8 =J 9 .
12
gp li thnh mt l vi:
2bh 3
12

l 1 = 630 ; l 2 = 630 ; l 3 = 520 ; l 4 = 454 ; l 5 = 388 ; l 6 = 321;
l 7 =253; l 8 = 184; l 9 = 110 ; (mm).
Vy : L 1 = 1350; L 2 = 1350; L 3 = 1130 ; L 4 = 998 ; L 5 = 866; L 6 = 732
L 7 = 596; L 8 = 458; L 9 = 310 ; (mm).
2.4.3. Tnh vng tnh ca nhp chnh v nhp ph

Vi s phn b ny phi m bo sao cho khi y ti th nhp chnh vn bn.
Khng c cng thc tnh trc tip gi tr ny do ta phi dng phng php th ngha l
gi thit mt trng lng no t ln nhp chnh sau tnh bn cho nhp chnh nu
khng bn th phi gim trng lng i ngc li th tng ln. Trng lng ny c th
tnh t vic chn s % ti trng ca xe ti thi im nhp ph bt u lm vic.
Gi a l % ti trng ca xe ti thi im nhp ph bt u lm vic
Khi trng lng tc dng ln h thng treo khi nhp ph bt u lm vic.
a
G'c = G'0+ .G '
100
34
Trong :
G ' 0: l trng lng khng ti tc dng ln h thng treo
G ' : l trng lng ca xe tc dng ln h thng treo khi y ti.
G ' c: l trng lng do nhp chnh chu
Ngoi ra khi y ti nhp chnh v nhp ph cng chu thm ti trng
G ' f = Gt - G ' c
G 'f
Bin dng ca nhp ph c tnh ff =
Ct
* Ch :
Khi tr s a cng ln th xe cng "m". nhng nhp d b qu ti cn ngc li
nu a qu nh th u im ca nhp 2 tng s b gim i.
Chn h s a = 18%
Vy t cng thc:
a
G'c = G'0+ .G '
100
Trong :
G '0 = Z t' 2 = 7500 (N)
Thay s vo ta c:
G ' c = 7500 + 0,18.25265 = 12048(N)
==> G ' f = Gt - G ' c = 25265 - 12048 = 13217 (N)
y l trng lng m nhp chnh v ph cng chu .
Lp bng tnh ton vi nhp ph ta c:
35
a k 1 hk Jk Ik Yk Y k -Y k 1 1 (Y k -Y k 1 )
l b
k (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm 4 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 4 ) (mm 1 )
1 630 110 80 8.5 8188.33 8188.33 0.000122 0.000045 60.54
2 520 176 80 9 4860.00 13048.33 0.000077 0.000021 113.39
3 454 242 80 9 4860.00 17908.33 0.000056 0.000012 168.93
4 388 309 80 9 4860.00 22768.33 0.000044 0.000008 227.94
5 321 377 80 9 4860.00 27628.33 0.000036 0.000005 290.12
6 253 446 80 9 4860.00 32488.33 0.000031 0.000004 355.34
7 184 520 80 9 4860.00 37348.33 0.000027 0.000003 433.49
8 110 630 80 9 4860.00 42208.33 0.000024 0.000024 5924.11
Thay s vo ta c:
6.E. 6.2.1011.0,85.10 3
C= n
= = 138289 (N/m)
3 7573,86
a .(Y Y
k 1
k 1 k
)
k 1
Lp bng tnh ton nhp chnh ta c:
a k 1 hk Jk Ik Yk Y k -Y k 1 1 (Y k -Y k 1 )
l b
4 4 4 4
k (m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm 1 )
1 880 87 80 8.5 8188.33 8188.33 0.000122 0.000045 29.95
2 793 139 80 9 4860.00 13048.33 0.000077 0.000021 55.86
3 741 192 80 9 4860.00 17908.33 0.000056 0.000012 84.36
4 688 244 80 9 4860.00 22768.33 0.000044 0.000008 112.23
5 636 297 80 9 4860.00 27628.33 0.000036 0.000005 141.85
6 583 350 80 9 4860.00 32488.33 0.000031 0.000004 171.73
7 530 403 80 9 4860.00 37348.33 0.000027 0.000003 201.78
8 477 456 80 9 4860.00 42208.33 0.000024 0.000002 231.96
9 424 510 80 9 4860.00 47068.33 0.000021 0.000002 263.76
10 370 564 80 9 4860.00 51928.33 0.000019 0.000002 295.67
11 316 618 80 9 4860.00 56788.33 0.000018 0.000001 327.66
12 262 674 80 9 4860.00 61648.33 0.000016 0.000001 362.93
36
13 206 730 80 9 4860.00 66508.33 0.000015 0.000001 398.31

14 150 790 80 9 4860.00 71368.33 0.000014 0.000001 440.45
15 90 880 80 9 4860.00 76228.33 0.000013 0.000013 8939.88
Tnh cng nhp chnh theo cng thc:

6.E. 6.2.1011.0,85.10 3
C= n
= = 84589 (N/m)
3 12058,38
a .(Y Y
k 1
k 1 k
)
k 1
Sau khi tnh c cng ca nhp chnh v nhp ph ta c cng ca c h thng l:
Ct = C1 + C2
Trong :
C1 l cng ca nhp ph
C2 l cng ca nhp chnh
Do ta c:
Ct = 138289 + 84589 = 222878 (N/m)
Sau khi tnh c cng ca nhp ta tnh vng ca nhp chnh v nhp ph:
G 25265
ft = = = 0,113 m = 11,3 cm
C 222878
Vy ta c tn s dao ng ca nhp:
300 300
n= 91(l / ph)
f 11,3
* Kt lun:
Qua phn kim nghim trn ta thy h thng treo sau tho mn iu kin m du trong
khi lm vic khi tng ti. Tn s dao ng ca xe cho php vi xe ti n thuc 90-120
(l/ph)
Vy ta c bin dng ca nhp ph :
37
G 'f 13217
ff = = = 0,059 m = 5,9 cm.
Ct 222878
trng lng phn c treo tc dng ln nhp ph khi xe y ti.
Gf = C f .f f = 0,059.138289 = 8200 (N)
Trng lng phn c treo tc dng ln nhp chnh l:
Gc = Gt Gf = 25265 - 8200 = 17065 (N)
2.4.4. Tnh bn nhp chnh v nhp ph

i vi nhp 1/2 elp ta l lun nh trn ta coi rng nhp b ngm cht gia.Da vo
phng php ti trng tp trung tnh bn nhp, gi s c s nhp nh sau:
L1
P
X2
B
L2 X3
XK
S
XK+1
Xn
Ln
LK
Vi cc gi thit nh trn th s tnh bn nhp nh trn hnh v:

Ti im B bin dng ca l th nht v l th hai bng nhau , tng t ti cc im S bin
dng ca l th k-1 v l th k bng nhau.Bng cch lp cc biu thc bin dng ti cc
im trn v cho chng bng nhau tng i mt ta s i n 1 h n-1 phng trnh vi n-1
n l cc gi tr X2,.....,Xn .
H phng trnh nh sau:
38
A2.P + B2.X2 + C2.X3 = 0

A3.X2+ B3.X3 + C3.X4 = 0
.........................................
A2.Xn-1 + Bn.Xn + Cn.Xn+1 = 0
Trong : J k
(3. l k 1 1) ; J k
) ;
1 l k 1 3 l k
1) .
A k

2. J B k
(1 C k
( ) (3
k 1 l k J k 1
2 lk l k 1
a) Tnh ton vi nhp ph.
3
Ta c: Jk = bk
.h k
; J2 = ... J9
12
Lp bng kt qu tnh ton ta c:
k l(mm) J k (mm 4 ) Ak Bk Ck
1 630 8188.33 0 0 0
2 520 4860.00 0.78 -1.59 0.81
3 454 4860.00 1.22 -2.00 0.78
4 388 4860.00 1.26 -2.00 0.74
5 321 4860.00 1.31 -2.00 0.69
6 253 4860.00 1.40 -2.00 0.60
7 184 4860.00 1.57 -2.00 0.43
8 110 4860.00 2.00 -2.00 0.00

0,78.4100 1,59.X2 + 0,81.X3 =0
1,22.X2 2.X3 + 0,78.X4 =0
1,26.X3 2.X4 + 0,74.X5 =0
1,31.X4 2.X5 + 0,69.X6 =0
1,40.X5 2.X6 + 0,60.X 7 =0
1,57.X6 2.X7 + 0,43.X 8 =0
39
2.X7 2.X8 =0
Sau khi gii h phng trnh ta c bng kt qu:
X2 =X3 =X4 =X5 =X6 =X 7 = X 8 = 4100 (N).
Khi c cc gi tr Xk ta xc nh c cc gi tr mmen ti A v B ca tng l nhp nh
sau:
LK
XK
XK+1
L K+1
XK L K - L K+1
XK L K - XK+1 L K+1
* ng sut ca nhp c xc nh:

= MUAK/WAK
Mu: Mmen un
Wuc : Mmen chng un ca nhp
Lp bng tnh ng sut cho nhp ph ta c:
l(mm) W u (mm 3 ) X k (N) M A (N.mm) A (N/mm 2 ) M B (N.mm) B (N/mm 2 )
630 1926.67 4100 451000 234 451000 234
520 1080.00 4100 270600 251 270600 251
454 1080.00 4100 270600 251 270600 251
388 1080.00 4100 274700 254 274700 254
40
321 1080.00 4100 278800 258 278800 258
253 1080.00 4100 282900 262 282900 262
184 1080.00 4100 303400 281 303400 281
110 1080.00 4100 0 0.00 451000 418
So snh cc gi tr ng sut ca cc l nhp trn bng vi [t] = 600 (N/mm 2 ) ta thy cc l

nhp m bo bn .
b) Tnh ton vi nhp chnh
Tng t nh tnh vi nhp ph ta c :
- S l nhp :16 l .
17065
- Ti trng tc dng ln mt u nhp Pt = = 8532,5 (N)
2
Cc kt qu h s Ak, Bk, Ck c lp trong bng sau:
k l(mm) J k (mm 4 ) Ak Bk Ck
1 880 8188.33 0 0 0
2 793 4860.00 0.69 -1.59 0.91
3 741 4860.00 1.11 -2.00 0.89
4 688 4860.00 1.11 -2.00 0.89
5 636 4860.00 1.12 -2.00 0.88
6 583 4860.00 1.14 -2.00 0.86
7 530 4860.00 1.15 -2.00 0.85
8 477 4860.00 1.17 -2.00 0.83
9 424 4860.00 1.19 -2.00 0.81
10 370 4860.00 1.22 -2.00 0.78
11 316 4860.00 1.25 -2.00 0.75
12 262 4860.00 1.32 -2.00 0.68
13 206 4860.00 1.4 -2.00 0.60
14 150 4860.00 1.57 -2.00 0.43
15 90 4860.00 2.00 -2.00 0.00

0,69.8532,5 1,59.X2 + 0,91.X3 = 0
1,11.X2 2.X3 + 0,89.X4 =0
1,11.X3 2.X4 + 0,89.X5 =0
41
1,12.X4 2.X5 + 0,88.X6 =0

1,14.X5 2.X6 + 0,86.X 7 =0
1,15.X6 2.X7 + 0,85.X 8 =0
1,17.X7 2.X8 + 0,83.X 9 =0
1,19.X8 2.X9 + 0,81X 10 =0
1,22.X 9 -2.X 10 + 0,78.X 11 =0
1,25.X 10 - 2.X 11 + 0,75.X 12 =0
1,32.X11 2.X12 + 0,0,68X 13 =0
1,4.X 12 -2.X 13 + 0,0,6.X 14 =0
1,57.X 13 - 2.X 14 + 0,43.X 15 =0
2.X 14 - 2.X 15 =0
Sau khi gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
X 2 =X 3 =.=X 15 = 8532,5 (N)
Bng tnh ng sut cho nhp chnh :
l(mm) W u (mm 3 ) X k (N) M A (N.mm) A (N/mm 2 ) M B (N.mm) B (N/mm)

880 1926.67 8532.5 742328 385 742328 385
793 1080.00 8532.5 443690 411 443690 411
741 1080.00 8532.5 452223 419 452223 419
688 1080.00 8532.5 443690 411 443690 411
636 1080.00 8532.5 452223 419 452223 419
583 1080.00 8532.5 452223 419 452223 419
530 1080.00 8532.5 452223 419 452223 419
477 1080.00 8532.5 452223 419 452223 419
424 1080.00 8532.5 460755 427 460755 427
370 1080.00 8532.5 460755 427 460755 427
316 1080.00 8532.5 460755 427 460755 427
262 1080.00 8532.5 477820 442 477820 442
206 1080.00 8532.5 477820 442 477820 442
150 1080.00 8532.5 511950 474 511950 474
90 1080.00 8532.5 0 0.00 767925 711
42
Kt lun :
So snh cc gi tr ng sut ca cc l nhp trn vi ng sut cho php :
[t] = 600 (N/mm 2 ). Ta thy cc l nhp bn
2.4.5. Tnh bn tai nhp
Pk
D
- S tnh bn tai nhp c biu din trn hnh bn.

Trong :
D- ng knh trong ca tai nhp, chn D = 50 mm.
h0- chiu dy l nhp chnh, h0 = 8,5 mm.
b- chiu rng l nhp, b = 80 mm
- Tai nhp chu tc dng ca lc ko Pk hay lc phanh Pp. Tr s ca lc ny c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Pkmax=Ppmax=. Zbx
Trong :
- H s bm ,ly = 0,7.
Zbx- Phn lc ca ng ln bnh xe, Zbx = 8532,5 N.
Pkmax= 0,7. 8532,5 = 5972,75 N.
- ng sut un tai nhp l:
Mu 2.bh 2 D 2.h
un ; Wu ; Mu P
Wu 6 2
6.P.( D 2.h) 6.5972,75.(50 2.8,5)
un 2
2
104 N/mm2
4.bh 4.80.8,5
43
- ng sut nn (hoc ko) tai nhp l:

Pk max 5972,75
nn 4,4 N/mm2
2.b.h0 2.80.8,5
- ng sut tng hp tai nhp:
th = un + nn = 104 + 4,4 = 108,4 N/mm2
- ng sut tng hp cho php:
[th] =350MN/m2 = 350 N/mm2 th [th]. Vy tai nhp bn.
2.4.6. Tnh kim tra cht nhp

- ng knh cht nhp c chn bng ng knh trong danh ngha ca tai
nhp Dcht= 50 mm.
- Chn vt liu ch to cht nhp l thp cc bon trung bnh c thnh phn cc
bon (40X), xianua ha th ng sut chn dp cho php :
[chn dp ] = 3 4 N/mm2
- Kim nghim theo ng sut chn dp:
Z 2 P2 8532,5 2 5972,752
chendap 2,6 N / mm 2
Db 50.80
- Kim nghim theo ng sut ct:
Z 2 P2 8532,5 2 5972,75 2
cut 7,6 N / mm 2
b.h 2.80.8,5
ng sut chn dp v ng sut ct sinh ra nh hn ng sut cho php ca vt liu. Vy
cht m bo bn.
Chng 3. THIT K GIM CHN
3.1. Thit k gim chn trc
3.1.1. Xc nh h s cn ca gim chn KG

H s cn ca h thng treo K gp phn quan trng, n to ra m du ca xe. Tng t
b phn n hi, ty thuc cch lp gim chn trn xe. H s cn ca gim chn K g c th
bng hoc khng bng h s cn ca h thng treo.
44
3.1.1.a H s cn ca h thng treo

Trong l thuyt t nh gi s dp tt chn ng ngi ta s dng h s dp tt chn
ng tng i nh sau:
K tr

2 CM
Trong :
- H s dp tt chn ng, ( = 0, 150, 3). Ly = 0, 2.
C- cng ca h thng treo, C = 107853 N/m.
M- Khi lng c treo tnh trn mt bnh xe, M = 984,5 kg.
Ktr- H s cn ca h thng treo.
H s cn ca h thng treo c xc nh bng cng thc:
Ktreo = 2 CM
2.0,2. 107853.984,5
4122Ns / m
3.1.1.b Xc nh h s cn ca gim chn
- H s cn trung bnh ca gim chn :
K tr
Kg=
cos
Trong :
Ktreo- H s cn ca h thng treo.
- Gc nghing ca gim chn, = 200.
4122
Kg = 4668 Ns/m
cos 2 20 0
- Ta li c cc quan h:
K tr K
2,5 3 chn tr 2,75
Kn Kn
Kn+ Ktr = 2. Kgc
Trong :
Kn- H s cn ca gim chn lc nn.
Ktr- H s cn ca gim chn lc tr.
45
- Vi gim chn, lc cn hnh trnh tr thng ln hn hnh trnh nn vi mc ch, khi

bnh xe i qua ch g gh th gim chn b nn nhanh cho nn khng truyn ln khung xe
nhng xung lc ln nh hng n bn khung xe v sc kho ngi trong xe. Do
nng lng c hp th vo ch yu l hnh trnh tr.
- Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c:
Kn = 2490 Ns/m
Ktr = 6846 Ns/m
3.1.1.c Xc nh lc cn ca gim chn

- Lc cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh nn:
Pn = Kn. Vg
Trong :
Vg- Tc piston trong hnh trnh nn, Vg = 0,3 m/s.
Kn- H s cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh nn, Kn= 2490 Ns/m
Pn = 2490.0,3 = 747 N.
- Lc cn ca gim chn khi nn mnh:
Pnmax = Pn + Kn. (Vgmax-Vg)
Trong :
Vgmax- Tc piston khi nn mnh, Vgmax = 0,6 m/s.
Kn- H s cn ca gim chn khi nn mnh, Kn= 0,6Kn
Pnmax = 747 + 0,6.2490.(0,6-0,3) = 1195,2 N.
- Lc cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh tr:
Ptr = Ktr. Vg
Trong :
Vg- Tc piston trong hnh trnh tr, Vg = 0,3 m/s.
Ktr- H s cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh tr, Ktr= 6846 Ns/m
Ptr = 6846.0,3 = 2053,8 N.
- Lc cn ca gim chn khi tr mnh:
Ptrmax = Ptr + Ktr. (Vgmax-Vg)
Trong :
Vgmax- Tc piston khi tr mnh, Vgmax = 0,6 m/s.
Ktr- H s cn ca gim chn khi tr mnh, Ktr= 0,6Ktr
Ptrmax = 2053,8 + 0,6.6846.(0,6-0,3) = 3286 N.
46
3.1.2. Xc nh cc kch thc ca gim chn
3.1.2.a Xc nh ng knh, hnh trnh pistol

- Ch lm vic cng thng c xc nh l V = 0, 3 m/s.
- Cng sut tiu th ca gim chn c xc nh theo cng thc:
K tr K n
Ng = V g2 K g .Vg2 4668.0,3 2 420 W
2
- Cng sut ta nhit ca mt ca mt vt th kim loi c din tch ta nhit l F
c tnh nh sau:
Nt = 427. . F. (Tmax - Tmin)
Trong :
- H s truyn nhit,
chn = 0, 13 J/m2
Nhit cho php:
Tmax=1400
Tmin = 200
- Cn bng phng trnh nhit ta c:
420 = 427. 0,13. F. (140-20)
F = 0,063052 m-2 = 63052 mm2
m F = Dn.L = 63052 mm2
Ld
- Chn Dn = 50 mm
Lm
63052 dc
L 402 mm
.50
- Kch thc s b ca gim chn bao gm chiu di ca dn
cc b phn:
Ld l chiu di phn u gim chn; Lm l chiu di b
d Lg
D
phn lm kn; LP l chiu di piston gim chn; Lv l chiu
di phn van gim chn; LG l hnh trnh lm vic cc i Dn
Lp
ca gim chn, LG phi ln hn khong dch chuyn ca

bnh xe t im hn ch trn n im hn ch di.
Lv
- Nu ly ng knh pittng d lm thng s c bn, cc

thng s khc c xc nh:
Ld
D = 45 mm; d = 35 mm; dc = 10 mm;

dn = 38 mm
47
LP = 35 mm; Ld = 50 mm; Lm = 50 mm; Lv = 30 mm.

LG = 300mm.
- Do : L = L V + L P + L G + L m = 415 (mm) > 402 (mm).
Tha mn iu kin nhit.
3.1.2.b Xc nh kch thc l van gim chn

- Tng din tch lu thng ca cc l van gim chn (s l v kch thc l van) quyt
nh h s cn ca gim chn. Ta c cng thc:
2. g . p
Q FV .

Trong :
Q- Lu lng cht lng chy qua l tit lu, Q = FPVg.
FV- Tng din tch cc l van.
- H s tn tht , Chn = 0,6.
Pg
p- p sut cht lng trong gim chn, p
FP
- Trng lng ring ca cht lng, = 8600 N/m 3 .
g- Gia tc trng trng, g= 10 m/s 2 .
FP- Din tch piston gim chn :
.d 2 3,14.0,035 2
Fp= 9,62.10 4 m 2
4 4
Vg- Vn tc gim chn khi lm vic, Vg= 0, 3 m/s.
3.1.2.b.1 Xc nh kch thc l van nn

- Tng din tch l van nn c xc nh theo cng thc:
Fp .Vn1
Fvn
2 gPn1

Fp .
Do :
Fp .Vn1 9,62.10 4.0,3
Fvn 1,132.10 5 m 2 =11,32 mm 2
2 gPn1 2.10.747
0,6
F p . 9,62.10 4.8600
- ng knh tng l van nn:
48
n .d 2
Fvn 11,32 mm 2 .
4
.Chn s l van n = 4 d = 1,90 mm.
3.1.2.b.2 Xc nh kch thc l van tr

- Tng din tch l van tr c xc nh theo cng thc:
F p .Vt1
Fvt
2 gPtr1

Fp .
Do :
F p .Vt1 9,62.10 4.0,3
Fvt 0,683.10 5 m 2 =6,83 mm 2
2 gPtr1 2.10.2053,8
0,6
F p . 9,62.10 4.8600
- ng knh tng l van tr:

n .d 2
FVT 6,83 mm 2 .
4
.Chn s l van n = 4 d = 1,5 mm.
3.1.2.b.3 Xc nh kch thc l van gim ti hnh trnh nn

- Tng din tch tt c cc l van khi nn mnh c xc nh theo
cng thc:
Fp .Vn 2
Fvn'
2 gPn 2

Fp .
Do :
F p .Vn 2 9,62.10 4.0,6
Fvn' 1,79.10 5 m 2 =17,9 mm 2
2 gPn 2 2.10.1195,2
0,6
F p . 9,62.10 4.8600
- Tng din tch l van gim ti trong hnh trnh nn:

Fvm = Fvn Fvn =17,9 11,32 = 6,58 mm2
- ng knh tng l van gim ti hnh trnh nn:
n .d 2
Fnm 6,58 mm 2 .
4
49
3.1.2.b.4 Xc nh kch thc l van gim ti hnh trnh tr

- Tng din tch tt c cc l van khi tr mnh c xc nh theo
cng thc:
Fp .Vt 2
Fvt'
2 gPtr 2

Fp .
Do :
F p .Vt 2 9,62.10 4.0,6
Fvt' 1,08.10 5 m 2 =10,8 mm 2 .
2 gPtr 2 2.10.3286
0,6
Fp . 9,62.10 4.8600
- Tng din tch l van gim ti trong hnh trnh tr:

Fvm = Fvt Fvt = 10,8 6,83 = 3,97 mm2
- ng knh tng l van gim ti trong hnh trnh tr:
n .d 2
Fnm 3,97 mm 2 .
4
3.1.2.c Xc nh kch thc l xo cc van gim chn
- Lc tc dng ln l xo van khi van bt u

m:

P1 = ( D32 D42 ) p
4
Trong :
p - p sut cht lng cui thi k
nn nh,
K n. .Vn1 2490.0,3
p= = = 776507 N/m 2
Fp 9,62.10 4
D3, D4 Cc kch thc nh trn hnh v,
. D3 = 20 mm, D4 = 16mm.
2 2 6
P1 = (20 16 ).10 .776507 87 N
4
50
- Lc tc dng ln l xo van khi van m hon ton:

P2 = ( D32 D42 ) p '
4
Trong :
p - p sut cht lng cui thi k nn mnh vi V = 0,6 m/s
v K n = 0,6Kn
K nVn1 K ' n (Vn 2 Vn1 ) 2490.0,3 0,6.2490(0,6 0,3)
p= = 4
= 1242412N/m 2
Fp 9,62.10

P2 = ( 20 2 16 2 ).10 6 .1242412 140 N
4
- ng sut trong l xo c tnh theo cng thc:
8 DP2

d 3
Trong :
D- ng knh vng trung bnh ca vng l xo, D = 19 mm.
d- ng knh dy l xo.
P2 Lc tc dng ln l xo khi van m hon ton.
8 DP2
d3
[ ]
- ng sut cho php ca vt liu lm l xo, [] = 500 700 MN/m2.
Chn [] = 700 MN/m2.
8.19.10 3.140
d3 0,00213m 2,13mm Chn d = 3 mm.
.700.10 6
- Dch chuyn h ca van gim ti (khi m hon ton) c xc nh theo
cng thc:
P2 P1
h=
C
Trong :
G.d 4
C - cng ca l xo, C =
8D 3 n
G M un n hi ca vt liu khi xon, G = 8.104 MN/m2.
n S vng lm vic ca l xo.
h- Ta c th chn h = 2 mm.
51
- T ta c th xc nh c s vng lm vic ca l xo:

h.G.d 4 2.10 3.8.1010.3 4.10 12
n= 4,5 vng.
8 D 3 ( P2 P1 ) 8.19 3.10 9 (140 87)
8.1010.3 4.10 12
Ly : n = 5 vng. C = 23618,6 N / m
8.19 3.10 9 .5
- Chiu di ca l xo khi van m hon ton c xc nh nh sau:
Hm = n.d + .n0 = 5.3 + 0,8.6 = 19,8 mm
Trong :
- Khong cch gia cc vng dy, = 0,8 mm.
n0- S vng ton b ca l xo, n0 = n+1 = 5 +1 = 6 vng.
- Chiu di ca l xo khi van trng thi ng:
Hd = Hm + h = 19,8 + 2 = 21,8 mm.
- Chiu di ca l xo trng thi t do:
Htd = Hd + = 21,8 + 3,7= 25,5 mm.
Trong :
- Bin dng ca l xo trng thi van m,
P1 87
= 3,7.10 3 m 3,7mm
C 23618,6
- Bc ca l xo:
H td d (n n0 ) 25,5 3.(5 6)
t= 4,75mm.
n0 6
3.2. Thit k gim chn sau
3.2.1. Xc nh h s cn ca gim chn KG
3.2.1.a H s cn ca h thng treo

Trong l thuyt t nh gi s dp tt chn ng ngi ta s dng h s dp tt chn
ng tng i nh sau:
K tr

2 CM
Trong :
52
- H s dp tt chn ng, ( = 0, 150, 3). Ly = 0, 2.

C- cng ca h thng treo, C = 222878 N/m.
M- Khi lng c treo tnh trn mt bnh xe, M = 2526,5 kg.
Ktr- H s cn ca h thng treo.
H s cn ca h thng treo c xc nh bng cng thc:
Ktreo = 2 CM
2.0,2. 222878.2526,5
9492Ns / m
3.2.1.b Xc nh h s cn ca gim chn
- H s cn trung bnh ca gim chn :
K tr
Kg=
cos
Trong :
Ktreo- H s cn ca h thng treo.
- Gc nghing ca gim chn, = 200.
9492
Kg = 10750 Ns/m
cos 2 20 0
- Ta li c cc quan h:
K tr K
2,5 3 chn tr 2,75
Kn Kn
Kn+ Ktr = 2. Kgc
Trong :
Kn- H s cn ca gim chn lc nn.
Ktr- H s cn ca gim chn lc tr.
- Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c:
Kn = 5733 Ns/m
Ktr = 15767 Ns/m
3.2.1.c Xc nh lc cn ca gim chn

- Lc cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh nn:
Pn = Kn. Vg
53
Trong :
Vg- Tc piston trong hnh trnh nn, Vg = 0,3 m/s.
Kn- H s cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh nn, Kn= 5733 Ns/m
Pn = 5733.0,3 = 1720 N.
- Lc cn ca gim chn khi nn mnh:
Pnmax = Pn + Kn. (Vgmax-Vg)
Trong :
Vgmax- Tc piston khi nn mnh, Vgmax = 0,6 m/s.
Kn- H s cn ca gim chn khi nn mnh, Kn= 0,6Kn
Pnmax = 1720 + 0,6.5733.(0,6-0,3) = 2752 N.
- Lc cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh tr:
Ptr = Ktr. Vg
Trong :
Vg- Tc piston trong hnh trnh tr, Vg = 0,3 m/s.
Ktr- H s cn ca gim chn trong hnh trnh tr, Ktr= 15767 Ns/m
Ptr = 15767.0,3 = 4730 N.
- Lc cn ca gim chn khi tr mnh:
Ptrmax = Ptr + Ktr. (Vgmax-Vg)
Trong :
Vgmax- Tc piston khi tr mnh, Vgmax = 0,6 m/s.
Ktr- H s cn ca gim chn khi tr mnh, Ktr= 0,6Ktr
P tr max = 4730 + 0,6.15767.(0,6-0,3) = 7568 N
3.2.2. Xc nh cc kch thc ca gim chn
3.2.2.a Xc nh ng knh, hnh trnh Pistol

- Ch lm vic cng thng c xc nh l V = 0, 3 m/s.
- Cng sut tiu th ca gim chn c xc nh theo cng thc:
K tr K n
Ng = V g2 K g .V g2 10750.0,3 2 967,5 W
2
- Cng sut ta nhit ca mt ca mt vt th kim loi c din tch ta nhit l F
c tnh nh sau:
Nt = 427. . F. (Tmax - Tmin)
54
Trong :
- H s truyn nhit,
chn = 0, 13 J/m2
Nhit cho php:
Tmax=1400
Tmin = 200
- Cn bng phng trnh nhit ta c:
967,5 = 427. 0,13. F. (140-20)
F = 0,124495 m-2 = 124495 mm2
m F = Dn.L = 124495 mm2
Ld
- Chn Dn = 60 mm
Lm
124495 dc
L 660 mm
.66
- Kch thc s b ca gim chn bao gm chiu di ca dn
cc b phn:
Lg
d
Ld l chiu di phn u gim chn; Lm l chiu di b D
phn lm kn; LP l chiu di piston gim chn; Lv l chiu
di phn van gim chn; LG l hnh trnh lm vic cc i Dn
Lp
ca gim chn, LG phi ln hn khong dch chuyn ca
bnh xe t im hn ch trn n im hn ch di.
Lv
- Nu ly ng knh pittng d lm thng s c bn, cc
thng s khc c xc nh:
Ld
D = 55 mm; d =40 mm; dc = 10 mm;
dn = 44 mm
LP = 35 mm; Ld = 50 mm; Lm = 50 mm;
Lv = 30 mm.
LG = 555 mm.
- Do : L = L V + L P + L G + L m = 670 (mm) > 660 (mm).
Tha mn iu kin nhit.
3.2.2.b Xc nh kch thc l van gim chn

- Tng din tch lu thng ca cc l van gim chn (s l v kch thc l van) quyt
nh h s cn ca gim chn. Ta c cng thc:
2. g . p
Q FV .

55
Trong :
Q- Lu lng cht lng chy qua l tit lu, Q = FPVg.
FV- Tng din tch cc l van.
- H s tn tht , Chn = 0,6.
Pg
p- p sut cht lng trong gim chn, p
FP
- Trng lng ring ca cht lng, = 8600 N/m 3 .
g- Gia tc trng trng, g= 10 m/s 2 .
FP- Din tch piston gim chn :
.d 2 3,14.0,04 2
Fp= 12,56.10 4 m 2
4 4
Vg- Vn tc gim chn khi lm vic, Vg= 0, 3 m/s.
3.2.2.b.1 Xc nh kch thc l van nn

- Tng din tch l van nn c xc nh theo cng thc:
Fp .Vn1
Fvn
2 gPn1

Fp .
Do :
Fp .Vn1 12,56.10 4.0,3
Fvn 1,113.10 5 m 2 = 11,13 mm 2
2 gPn1 2.10.1720
0,6
F p . 12,56.10 4.8600
- ng knh tng l van nn:

n .d 2
Fvn 11,13 mm 2 .
4
3.2.2.b.2 Xc nh kch thc l van tr

- Tng din tch l van tr c xc nh theo cng thc:
F p .Vt1
Fvt
2 gPtr1

Fp .
Do :
56
F p .Vt1 12,56.10 4.0,3

Fvt 0,671.10 5 m 2 =6,71 mm 2
2 gPtr1 2.10.4730
0,6
F p . 12,56.10 4.8600
- ng knh tng l van tr:

n .d 2
FVT 6,71 mm 2 .
4
3.2.2.b.3 Xc nh kch thc l van gim ti hnh trnh nn

- Tng din tch tt c cc l van khi nn mnh c xc nh theo
cng thc:
Fp .Vn 2
Fvn'
2 gPn 2

Fp .
Do :
Fp .Vn 2 12,56.10 4.0,6
Fvn' 1,76.10 5 m 2 =17,6 mm 2
2 gPn 2 2.10.2752
0,6
F p . 12,56.10 4.8600
- Tng din tch l van gim ti trong hnh trnh nn:

Fvm = Fvn Fvn = 17,6 11,13 = 6,47 mm2
- ng knh tng l van gim ti hnh trnh nn:
n .d 2
Fnm 6,47 mm 2 .
4
3.2.2.b.4 Xc nh kch thc l van gim ti hnh trnh tr

- Tng din tch tt c cc l van khi tr mnh c xc nh theo
cng thc:
Fp .Vt 2
Fvt'
2 gPtr 2

Fp .
Do :
57
'
F p .Vt 2 12,56.10 4.0,6
F vt 1,061.10 5 m 2 =10,61 mm 2 .
2 gPtr 2 2.10.7568
0,6
Fp . 12,56.10 4.8600
- Tng din tch l van gim ti trong hnh trnh tr:

Fvm = Fvt Fvt = 10,61 6,71 = 3,9 mm2
- ng knh tng l van gim ti trong hnh trnh tr:
n .d 2
Fnm 3,9 mm 2 .
4
3.2.2.c Xc nh kch thc l xo cc van gim chn
- Lc tc dng ln l xo van khi van

bt u m:

P1 = ( D32 D42 ) p
4
Trong :
p - p sut cht lng cui thi k
nn nh,
K n. .Vn1 5733.0,3
p= = 4
= 1369347 N/m 2
Fp 12,56.10
D3, D4 Cc kch thc nh trn hnh v,
. D3 = 20 mm, D4 = 17mm.
2 2 6
P1 = (20 17 ).10 .1369347 119 N
4
- Lc tc dng ln l xo van khi van m hon ton:

P2 = ( D32 D42 ) p '
4
Trong :
p - p sut cht lng cui thi k nn mnh vi V = 0,6 m/s
v K n = 0,6Kn
K nVn1 K ' n (Vn 2 Vn1 ) 5733.0,3 0,6.5733(0,6 0,3)
p= = 4
= 2190955 N/m 2
Fp 12,56.10
58

P2 = ( 20 2 17 2 ).10 6.2190955 190 N
4
- ng sut trong l xo c tnh theo cng thc:
8 DP2

d 3
Trong :
D- ng knh vng trung bnh ca vng l xo, D = 17 mm.
d- ng knh dy l xo.
P2 Lc tc dng ln l xo khi van m hon ton.
8 DP2
d3
[ ]
- ng sut cho php ca vt liu lm l xo, [] = 500 700 MN/m2.
Chn [] = 700 MN/m2.
8.17.10 3.248
d3 0,00248m 2,48mm Chn d = 3 mm.
.700.10 6
- Dch chuyn h ca van gim ti (khi m hon ton) c xc nh theo
cng thc:
P2 P1
h=
C
Trong :
G.d 4
C - cng ca l xo, C =
8D 3 n
G M un n hi ca vt liu khi xon, G = 8.104 MN/m2.
n S vng lm vic ca l xo.
h- Ta c th chn h = 2 mm.
- T ta c th xc nh c s vng lm vic ca l xo:
h.G.d 4 2.10 3.8.1010 .3 4.10 12
n= 4,6 vng.
8 D 3 ( P2 P1 ) 8.17 3.10 9 (190 119)
8.1010.3 4.10 12
Ly : n = 5 vng. C = 32974 N / m
8.17 3.10 9.5
- Chiu di ca l xo khi van m hon ton c xc nh nh sau:
Hm = n.d + .n0 = 5.3 + 0,8.6 = 19,8 mm
59
Trong :
- Khong cch gia cc vng dy, = 0,8 mm.
n0- S vng ton b ca l xo, n0 = n+1 = 5 +1 = 6 vng.
- Chiu di ca l xo khi van trng thi ng:
Hd = Hm + h = 19,8 + 2 = 21,8 mm.
- Chiu di ca l xo trng thi t do:
Htd = Hd + = 21,8 + 3,6= 25,4 mm.
Trong :
- Bin dng ca l xo trng thi van m,
P1 119
= 3,6.10 3 m 3,6mm
C 32974
- Bc ca l xo:
H td d (n n0 ) 25,4 3.(5 6)
t= 4,7 mm.
n0 6
Chng 4. QUY TRNH GIA CNG PISTON PHN T N HI

4.1. Chc nng v iu kin lm vic ca chi tit
Gim chn l cm chi tit trong h thng treo ca t,n c tc dng h tr
cng vi h thng treo nhm m bo m du khi xe chuyn ng v ng thi dp tt
nhng dao ng.
Kt cu ca gim chn gm nhiu cc chi tit.Piston l mt chi tit in hnh v
l mt trong nhng chi tit quan trng ca phn t n hi.Trong qu trnh lm vic piston
chuyn ng ln xung dc theo thnh xi lanh do mt lm vic chnh l mt tr
ngoi.Trn thn piston c rnh lp xecmng to cho h thng c kn kht cn
thit.Thn piston cn c khoan l bt cn y vo.
60
iu kin lm vic ca piston l phi chu ma st v p sut ln.Piston c ch

to t thp A12,phi c ch to bng thp thanh ct t.Trong n ny em chn phng
n to phi l n chic lot nh.
4.2. Thit k cc nguyn cng gia cng chi tit Pistol

Vi dng sn sut l n chic v hng lot nh nn ng li cng ngh y
l nguyn cng. C ngha l tp trung nhiu bc cng ngh trong mt nhuyn cng.
Trong n nay em a ra 6 nguyn cng chnh trong quy trnh gia cng chi
tit.
4.2.1. Nguyn cng 1: Khoan doa l 8 lm chun th
S1 S2
n
Bc 1:Khoan l 6.
+ nh v v kp cht: Chi tit c nh v v kp cht trn mm kp 3 chu hn ch 5 bc
t do.
+ Chn my: Chn my khoan 2A125 vi cng sut ng c l 4 Kw.
+ Chn dao: Dng mi khoan rut g ,ng knh dao d = 6 mm.
+ Lng d gia cng; Khoan l c vi chiu su ct t = 5 mm.
+ Ch ct: Lng chy dao S = 0,16 mm/vng.
61
Tc quay ca my n=720 vng/pht.

Bc 2:Doa l 8.
+ Chn dao: Dng mi doa thp gi P9 vi ng knh dao d = 8 mm.
+ Lng d gia cng: Doa l vi chiu su ct t = 1mm.
+ Ch ct: Lng chy dao S= 0,2 mm/vng.
Tc quay ca my n= 450 vng/pht.
4.2.2. Nguyn cng 2: Tin kha mt y Pistol, vt mp mt y, tin kha mt

l, rnh trn mt l
S1
S2
Bc 1: Tin kha mt y piston, vt mp mt y.
+ nh v v kp cht: Chi tit c nh v v kp cht trn mm kp 3 chu, hn ch 5 bc
t do.
+ Chn my: Chn my tin ngang T616. Cng sut ng c l 4 Kw.
+ Chn dao: Dng dao tin thp gi P9
+ Lng d gia cng: Gia cng mt ln vi chiu su ct t = 1,5mm.
+ Ch ct:
Lng chy dao: S = 0,14mm/vng.
Tc quay ca my: n = 420 vng/pht .
Bc 2: Tin kha mt l, rnh trn mt l.
62
+ Chn dao: Dng dao tin thp gi P9.

+ Lng d gia cng: Gia cng mt ln vi chiu su ct t = 1,5mm.
+ Ch ct:
Lng chay dao:S = 0,14mm/vng.
Tc quay ca my: n = 420vng/pht.
4.2.3. Nguyn cng 3: Tin kha mt u Pistol, tin kha mt l, rnh trn mt l
v rnh xc mng
S1
S3 S2
Bc 1: Tin kha mt u.
+ nh v v kp cht: Chi tit c nh v v kp cht trn mm kp 3 chu hn ch 5 bc
t do.
+ Chn my: Chon my tin ngang T616. Cng sut ca ng c l 4 Kw.
+ Chn dao: Dng dao tin thp gi P9.
+Lng d gia cng: Gia cng mt ln vi chiu su ct t = 1,5mm.
+ Ch ct: Lng chy dao S = 0,14mm/vng.
Tc quay ca my n = 420 vng/pht.
Bc 2: Tin kha mt l.
+ Dng dao tin thp gi P9 nh hnh vi gc nghing 45o.
+ Chiu su ct: t=1,5(mm)
63
Bc 3: Tin rnh trn mt u.

+ Dng dao tin thp gi P9.
+ Chiu su ct: t =1,5(mm) bng c lng d gia cng
Bc 4: Tin rnh xc mng.
4.2.4. Nguyn cng 4: Khoan doa cc l tr mnh 1,2, l nn nh 1,90 v gia

cng tinh l 8 lm chun tinh
Bc 1:Khoan l 1,2.
+ nh v v kp cht: Chi tit c nh v v kp cht trn khi V ngn v phin t, hn
ch 5 bc t do.
+ Chn my: Chn my khoan 2A125. Cng sut ng c l 4 Kw.
+Chn dao: Dng mi khoan rut g ,ng knh dao d = 1,2mm
+Lng d gia cng: Khoan l c vi chiu su ct t = 0,8mm
+Ch ct: Lng chy dao S = 0,16 mm/vng
Tc quay ca my n=720 vng/pht
Bc 2:Khoan l 1,90.
64
+Chn dao: Dng mi khoan rut g ,ng knh dao d = 1,90 mm

+Lng d gia cng: Khoan l c vi chiu su ct t = 0,8 mm
+Ch ct: Lng chy dao S = 0,16 mm/vng
Tc quay ca my n =720 vng/pht
Bc 3: Gia cng tinh l 8 lm chun tinh.
4.2.5. Nguyn cng 5: Ly l 8 lm chun tinh gia cng tinh cc mt cn li
S3
S2
S1
Bc 1: Gia cng tinh mt ngoi.
+ nh v v kp cht: Chi tit c hn ch 5 bc t do, mt phng y ca piston hn ch

3 bc t do, mt tr ngn 8 hn ch 2 bc t do. Khi gia cng trn my tin ta ch cn hn
ch 5 bc t do l . Ta s dng g chuyn dng khi tin nh v v kp cht chi tit
.Chun gia cng trng vi chun chnh.
+ Chn my: Chn my mi.

Bc 2 : Gia cng tinh cc l 1,2 v 1,9.
+ Chn my: Chn my doa.
4.2.6. Nguyn cng 6: Kim tra
65
+ Kim tra vung gc gia mt phng nh piston v trc tm l 8.
+ Thng s kim tra: khng vung gc gia mt u v tm l trong khong 0,01 0,05
.
+ Ngoi ra ta c th kim tra trn ca mt tr ngoi piston bng cch g chi tit ln my
tin.
66
KT LUN
Sau hn 3 thng lm n n nay n ca em c hon thnh.
Vi ti c giao l : Thit k h thng treo cho xe ti 4 tn.
Vic thit k da vo cc kin thc hc, ti liu tham kho cng vi s tham kho ca
mt s xe c sn v c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio Lu Vn Tun do n
tt nghip ca em hon thnh tt p.
Phn thuyt minh trn bao gm nhng ni dung c bn nht ca cng vic tnh ton
thit k h thng treo.
H thng treo ph thuc vi b phn n hi l nhp l v gim chn tho mn nhng
yu cu c bn :
- m bo s m du chuyn ng ca xe hot ng trn ng tt cng nh ng
xu. Tn s dao ng cho php gip li xe cng nh hng ha t b nh hng.
- Hot ng ca gim chn c c tnh thch hp trn xe v ph hp vi lc kch
ng ca mt ng m bo dp tt dao ng tng i tt. To ra n nh cho v xe trong
mt phng dc khi phanh hoc khi tng tc.
- Cc l nhp c thit k sao cho ng sut trong mi l nhp l nh nhau mi
im do tng bn ca nhp cng nh kh nng lm vic.
- m bo an ton ti a cho xe khi chy mi tc .
- m bo bn cng nh bn lu ph hp vi chu k sa cha.
- Cc chi tit ca h thng treo c kim bn y t kh nng an ton cho
xe.
- Cc chi tit ca h thng treo c thit k c kch thc ph hp cho vic la
chn khi sa cha v thay th.
Sau khi hon thnh n ny em c thm nhiu hiu bit su sc hn v thit k
tnh ton t ni chung v v h thng treo ni ring. Qua em c th ng dng vo thc
t v to iu kin thun li trong qu trnh lm vic sau ny. Tuy vy v kh nng cn hn
ch nn n ca em cn nhiu thiu st. V vy em knh mong c s ch bo ca cc
thy trong b mn em c th hon thin thm kin thc ca mnh.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy gio trong b mn, c bit l thy gio
Lu Vn Tun nhit tnh hng dn, gip em hon thnh n tt nghip ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n
67
H ni, Thng 6 nm 2009.
68
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Tp bi ging thit k tnh ton h thng treo.

Tc gi: PGS.TS. Lu Vn Tun.
[2]. Tp bi ging thit k tnh ton t.
Tc gi: PGS.TS. Nguyn Trng Hoan.
[3]. Cu to Gm Xe Con.
Tc gi: PGS.TS. Nguyn Khc Trai.
Nh xut bn Giao Thng Vn Ti.
[4]. S tay linh kin ph tng xe t ti thng dng.
Tc gi: Nguyn Thanh Quang, L Hng Qun.
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut- 2008.
[5]. S tay cng ngh ch to my tp 1,2- Trn Vn ch.
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut- 2003
[6]. Sc bn vt liu - ng Vit Cng, L Th Hng
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut- 1998
[7]. Hng dn lm bi tp dung sai.
Tc gi: Ninh c Tn - Trng Hng.
69

Do An He Thong Treo Xe Tai 5282

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Do An He Thong Treo Xe Tai 5282

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Ging vin hng dn: PGS. TS: Lu Vn Tun

H v tn sinh vin: ....................................................................... S hiu sinh vin: ...........................

2. Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

Chng 1. LA CHN PHNG N THIT K .......................................................... 7

Chng 1. LA CHN PHNG N THIT K

1.1. Nhim v, yu cu, phn loi, iu kin lm vic

1.1.2. Phn loi

1.1.4. iu kin lm vic

1.2. CHN PHNG N THIT K H THNG TREO

1.2.1. H thng treo ph thuc

+ Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, vt bnh xe c c nh do vy khng xy ra mn lp

1.2.1.a H thng treo ph thuc loi nhp l

+ ng c tnh n hi i hi phi l ng cong nhng trong thc t cng ca

Hnh 1. H thng treo loi nhp l cu khng ch ng.

1.2.1.b H thng treo ph thuc phn t n hi l l xo tr

Hnh 2. H thng treo ph thuc kiu l xo tr.

1.2.2. H thng treo c lp

+ kh nng quay vng ca xe tt hn, v khi quay vng m bo c vn tc quay ca

1.2.2.a H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, n treo dc

Hnh 3 - H thng treo c lp vi phn t n hi l l xo vi n treo dc.

+ Gim nh c lc tc dng ln n ngang v cc khp quay, ng thi khng cn dng

1.2.2.b H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, hai n ngang

Hnh III.4 - a) H thng treo c lp hai n ngang hnh bnh hnh

1.2.2.c H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo loi Macpherson

Hnh III.5 - h thng treo kiu Macpherson

1.2.2.d H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, n cho

Hnh III.6 - h thng treo c lp, phn t n hi l xo, n cho

+ Tng cng vng nn tng kh nng chu lc ngang

1.2.2.e H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi thanh xon

Hnh III.7 - H thng treo c lp, phn t n hi thanh xon

1.2.2.f H thng treo loi thng bng

Hnh III.8 - H thng treo thng bng

1.2.2.g H thng treo loi kh

+ H thng treo ny c kt cu n gin, d s dng, sa cha v thay th nn gi thnh

1.4. THIT K K THUT H THNG TREO

1.4.1. Thit k nhp

Hnh III.9 - Kt cu ca nhp

L nhp chnh lm vic cng thng nht nn ngi ta ch to l nhp chnh dy hn

Hnh III.10 - Tit din ca cc l nhp

1.4.1.b Mt s nhc im ca nhp

1.4.2. Thit k gim chn

1.4.2.a Cng dng, yu cu, phn loi b gim chn

+ Gim chn trn t hin nay ch yu l gim chn thy lc nn ma st

1.4.2.b Chn phng n thit k b phn gim chn

1.4.2.b.1 Gim chn n

Hnh III. 12 - Gim chn n

1.4.2.b.2 Gim chn ng

Hnh III.13 - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca gim chn ng

1.4.2.b.3 Chn phng n thit k gim chn

Chng 2. TNH TON THIT K CC PHN T CA H THNG TREO

2.2. Xc nh lc tc dng ln nhp

2.2.2. Khi xe khng ti

2.3. Thit k nhp trc

2.3.1. cng ca h thng treo C

2.3.2. Chn s b kch thc nhp

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c :

l 8 = 288; l 9 = 227 ; l 10 =165 ; l 11 = 99 (mm).

2.3.3. Tnh cng, vng tnh v kim tra tn s dao ng ca nhp

1 680 96 70 8 5973.33 5973.33 0.000167 0.000063 55.53

7 288 453 70 8.5 3582.40 27467.71 0.000036 0.000004 390.47

6.2.10 5.10 6.0,85.10 3

2.3.4. Tnh bn nhp v cc chi tit lin quan