US - Uvod U Algoritme I Strukture Podataka PDF

UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM
Dejan ivkovi
U VOD U A LG O R I TM E I
S T RU K T U R E P ODATA K A
Tree izdanje
Beograd, 2013.
UVOD U ALGIORITME I STRUKTURE PODATAKA
Autor:
dr Dejan ivkovi
Recenzent:
dr Dragan Cvetkovi
Izdava:
UNIVERZITET SINGIDUNUM
Beograd, Danijelova 32
www.singidunum.ac.rs
Za izdavaa:
dr Milovan Stanii
Tehnika obrada:
Dejan ivkovi
Dizajn korica:
Aleksandar Mihajlovi
Godina izdanja:
2013.
Tira:
300 primeraka
tampa:
Mladost Grup
Loznica
ISBN: 9788679124661
Copyright:
2013. Univerzitet Singidunum
Izdava zadrava sva prava.
Reprodukcija pojedinih delova ili celine ove publikacije nije dozvoljeno.
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TLPH JOFOKFSTUWB WJFLSBUOV VQPUSFCMKJWPTU /BJNF QPUP JNQMFNFOUJ
SBNP BQTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB NPFNP HB LPSJTUJUJ V SB[MJJUJN QSPHSBNJ
NB
.PF TF EBLMF [BLMKVJUJ EB QPEBDJ V SBVOBSTUWV JNBKV EWB QPKBWOB
PCMJLB MPHJLJ J [JLJ /KJIPW MPHJLJ PCMJL TF PESFVKF EFOJDJKPN BQ
TUSBLUOPH UJQB QPEBUBLB EPL TF [JLJ PCMJL EPCJKB JNQMFNFOUBDJKPN PE
HPWBSBKVF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB 0WP [BQBBOKF KF JMVTUSPWBOP OB TMJDJ
"MHPSJUNJ
4QPNFOVUP KF EB TV BMHPSJUNJ V UFTOPK WF[J TB TUSVLUVSBNB QPEBUB
LB J EB TF LPSJTUF [B QSPHSBNTLV SFBMJ[BDJKV EP[WPMKFOJI PQFSBDJKB OFLPH
BQTUSBLUOPH UJQB QPEBUBLB 5P KF JQBL TBNP KFEOB TQFDJOB QSJNFOB BM
HPSJUBNB B EB CJTNP JI QPTNBUSBMJ PQUJKF NPSBNP QPJ PE SBVOBSTLJI
QSPCMFNB LPKF BMHPSJUNJ SFBWBKV
"MHPSJUNJ
5JQ QPEBUBLB
"QTUSBLUOJ UJQ QPEBUBLB

TLVQ QPEBUBLB MPHJLB GPSNB
TLVQ PQFSBDJKB
4USVLUVSB QPEBUBLB
NFNPSJKTLB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB [JLB GPSNB
BMHPSJUBNTLB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB
4MJLB -PHJLB J [JLB GPSNB QPEBUBLB
1PE SBVOBSTLJN
QSPCMFNPN TF QPESB[VNFWB [BEBUBL LPKJ USFCB J[
WSJUJ OB SBVOBSV 5BLBW [BEBUBL TF PQJTVKF QSFDJ[OPN TQFDJLBDJKPN
FMKFOPH VMB[OPJ[MB[OPH PEOPTB LPKJN TF J[SBBWB QSJSPEB QSPCMFNB /B
QSJNFS QSPCMFN TPSUJSBOKB OJ[B CSPKFWB NPF TF PQJTBUJ OB TMFEFJ OBJO
VMB[ KF OJ[ CSPKFWB V QSPJ[WPMKOPN SFEPTMFEV B J[MB[ KF OJ[ JTUJI CSPKFWB
LPKJ TV QSFVSFFOJ UBLP EB TF QPKBWMKVKV V SBTUVFN SFEPTMFEV PE OBKNB
OKFH EP OBKWFFH +P KFEBO QSJNFS KF QSPCMFN WSBBOKB LVTVSB VMB[ KF
OFLJ OPWBOJ J[OPT J BQPFOJ NFUBMOJI OPWJB B J[MB[ KF OBKNBOKJ CSPK UJI
OPWJB LPKJNB TF EBUJ J[OPT NPF QPUQVOP VTJUOJUJ
,PE NOPHJI QSPCMFNB OJKF EPWPMKOP OB PWBK OFGPSNBMBO OBJO EFOJ
TBUJ OKJIPW VMB[OPJ[MB[OJ PEOPT LPKJ TF USBJ /B QSJNFS LPE QSPCMFNB
TPSUJSBOKB LBLP TNP HB OBWFMJ OJKF KBTOP EB MJ OFLJ CSPKFWJ V VMB[OPN OJ[V
NPHV CJUJ KFEOBLJ J LBLP POEB KFEOBLJ CSPKFWJ USFCB EB CVEV QPSFBOJ V
J[MB[OPN OJ[V ;BUP TF V PQUFN TMVBKV LPSJTUJ GPSNBMOJKJ NBUFNBUJLJ
BQBSBU P LPNF HPWPSJNP V OBTUBWLV LBLP CJ TF PULMPOJMB TWBLB EWPTNJ
TMFOPTU *BLP UBK OBJO OFFNP QPTFCOP OBHMBBWBUJ V PWPK LOKJ[J KFS TF
LPSJTUJ PQJSBO QSJLB[ TWBLPH QSPCMFNB USFCB [OBUJ EB KF V QSBLTJ UP EPNJ
OBOUBO OBJO [CPH TWPKF LPODJ[OPTUJ J QSFDJ[OPTUJ
'PSNBMOP SBVOBSTLJ QSPCMFN TF [BEBKF VMB[OJN QBSBNFUSJNB J PEHP
6WPE
WBSBKVJN J[MB[OJN QBSBNFUSJNB QSJ FNV PCF WSTUF QBSBNFUBSB [BEPWP

MKBWBKV PESFFOF VTMPWF LPKJNB TF EFOJF TN QSPCMFN *OTUBODB QSPCMF
NB TF TBTUPKJ PE WBMKBOJI LPOLSFUOJI WSFEOPTUJ [B VMB[OF QBSBNFUSF QSP
CMFNB B SFFOKF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB TF TBTUPKJ PE PEHPWBSBKVJI WSFEOPTUJ
J[MB[OJI QBSBNFUBSB [B EBUF VMB[OF WSFEOPTUJ /B QSJNFS KFEOB JOTUBODB
QSPCMFNB TPSUJSBOKB KF OJ[ CSPKFWB B SFFOKF UF JOTUBODF
KF OJ[ CSPKFWB
4UBOEBSEOJ GPSNBU [B EFOJTBOKF QSPCMFNB TF TBTUPKJ PE EWB EFMB LPKJ
PESFVKV OKFHPWF VMB[OF J J[MB[OF QBSBNFUSF 0CB EFMB TF J[SBBWBKV QP
NPV QPHPEOJI NBUFNBUJLJI PCKFLBUB LBP UP TV CSPKFWJ TLVQPWJ GVOL
DJKF J UBLP EBMKF QSJ FNV VMB[OJ EFP QSFETUBWMKB HFOFSJLV JOTUBODV QSP
CMFNB J J[MB[OJ EFP QSFETUBWMKB HFOFSJLP SFFOKF PWF HFOFSJLF JOTUBODF
QSPCMFNB /B QSJNFS QSPCMFN WSBBOKB LVTVSB NPFNP GPSNBMOP EF
OJTBUJ V PCMJLV V LPKFN TF USBJ EB CVEF [BEPWPMKFO PWBK VMB[OPJ[MB[OJ
PEOPT
6MB[ 1P[JUJWBO DFP CSPK CSPK NFUBMOJI OPWJB
OJ[ PE QP[JUJWOJI
DFMJI CSPKFWB = ? QPKFEOJOBOJ BQPFOJ OPWJB
J QP[JUJWBO
DFP CSPK OPWBOJ J[OPT
*[MB[ /J[ PE OFOFHBUJWOJI DFMJI CSPKFWB = ? QPKFEOJOBOJ CSPKF

WJ OPWJB TJUOJOF
UBLP EB TV [BEPWPMKFOB EWB VTMPWB
TJUOJOB KF JTQSBWOB [B EBUJ OPWBOJ J[OPT
J
KF NJOJNBMOP [CJS OPWJB TJUOJOF KF OBKNBOKJ
+FEOB JOTUBODB QSPCMFNB WSBBOKB LVTVSB KF TQFDJLBDJKB LPOLSFUOJI

WSFEOPTUJ [B VMB[OF QBSBNFUSF PWPH QSPCMFNB PEOPTOP [B CSPK [ B OJ[ PE
FMFNFOBUB J [B CSPK /B QSJNFS OJ[ = ? PE FUJSJ FMFNFOUB
J QSFETUBWMKBKV KFEOV JOTUBODV QSPCMFNB WSBBOKB LVTVSB 3FFOKF
PWF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB WSBBOKB LVTVSB KF OJ[ = ? PE FUJSJ FMFNFOUB
KFS KF J [CJS PESFVKF OBKNBOKJ
NPHVJ CSPK OPWJB EBUJI BQPFOB [B VTJUOKBWBOKF J[OPTB PE OPWBOJI
KFEJOJDB
4BEB LBEB [OBNP UB TV SBVOBSTLJ QSPCMFNJ NPFNP QSFDJ[OJKF HP
WPSJUJ P BMHPSJUNJNB KFS POJ SFBWBKV UF QSPCMFNF 1SF TWFHB BMHPSJUBN KF
UBOP EFOJTBOB SBVOBSTLB QSPDFEVSB LPKB QSFUQPTUBWMKB OFLF QPEBULF
LBP VMB[ J QSPJ[WPEJ OFLF QPEBULF LBP J[MB[ 0WP QSWFOTUWFOP [OBJ EB TF
BMHPSJUBN TBTUPKJ PE KBTOF J OFEWPTNJTMFOF TQFDJLBDJKF OJ[B LPSBLB LPKJ
TF NPHV NFIBOJLJ J[WSJUJ OB SBVOBSV TMJLB

"MHPSJUNJ
VMB[ JOTUBODB QSPCMFNB
"MHPSJUBN
BMHPSJUBNTLJ
LPSBDJ
J[MB[ SFFOKF JOTUBODF
4MJLB 1PKFEOPTUBWMKFOB TMJLB BMHPSJUNB
;B EPCSV JOUVJUJWOV TMJLV BMHPSJUNB NPF QPTMVJUJ BOBMPHJKB TB LV

IJOKTLJN SFDFQUPN [B OFLP KFMP CB LBP UP TF LVIJOKTLJ SFDFQU TBTUPKJ
PE OJ[B QSPTUJKJI LPSBLB LPKF J[WSBWB LVWBS UBLP TF BMHPSJUBN TBTUPKJ PE
OJ[B SBVOBSTLJI LPSBLB LPKF J[WSBWB SBVOBS 6MB[OJ QPEBDJ [B SFDFQU TV
QPUSFCOJ TBTUPKDJ [B LVWBOKF B EPCJKFOJ J[MB[ QPTMF J[WSBWBOKB SFDFQUB
KF TQSFNMKFOP KFMP
"MHPSJUBN SFBWB OFLJ QSPCMFN VLPMJLP TF [B TWBLV JOTUBODV UPH QSP
CMFNB QPE QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB TF OB VMB[V BMHPSJUNB OBMB[J KFEOB JOTUBODB
QSPCMFNB OB J[MB[V BMHPSJUNB EPCJKB SFFOKF UF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB /B QSJ
NFS BMHPSJUBN LPKJ SFBWB QSPCMFN TPSUJSBOKB OB VMB[V EPCJKB OFVSFFO
OJ[ CSPKFWB J LBP SF[VMUBU OB J[MB[V QSPJ[WPEJ OJ[ JTUJI CSPKFWB V SBTUVFN
SFEPTMFEV
"MHPSJUBN [B OFLJ QSPCMFN KF EBLMF QSFDJ[OP OBWFEFO OJ[ JOTUSVLDJKB
LPKF SBVOBS USFCB EB J[WSJ SBEJ SFBWBOKB UPH QSPCMFNB PEOPTOP SBEJ
USBOTGPSNJTBOKB TWBLF JOTUBODF QSPCMFNB V OKFOP SFFOKF /BSBWOP KFEBO
QSPCMFN NPF JNBUJ WJF BMHPSJUBNB LPKJ HB SFBWBKV
/B PTOPWV TWFHB EP TBEB SFFOPH NPFNP TVNJSBUJ HMBWOF PEMJLF TWB
LPH BMHPSJUNB
"MHPSJUBN NPSB CJUJ QPTUVQBL LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE LPOBOP NOPHP LP
SBLB LPKJ TF NPHV J[WSJUJ OB SBVOBSV
"MHPSJUBN NPSB CJUJ QPTUVQBL QP LPKFN KF OFEWPTNJTMFOP PESFFO
TWBLJ TMFEFJ LPSBL [B J[WSBWBOKF
6WPE
"MHPSJUBN NPSB CJUJ JTQSBWBO LPSFLUBO

QPTUVQBL 5P QSWFOTUWFOP
[OBJ EB TF [B TWBLV JOTUBODV QSPCMFNB OB VMB[V BMHPSJUNB NPSB
EPCJUJ OKFOP PEHPWBSBKVF SFFOKF OB J[MB[V BMHPSJUNB "MJ UP PCV
IWBUB J VTMPW LPKJ FNP QPESB[VNFWBUJ EB KF JTQVOKFO EB [B VMB[
BMHPSJUNB LPKJ OJKF JOTUBODB QSPCMFNB J[MB[ BMHPSJUNB OJKF CJUBO BMJ
TF J[WSBWBOKF BMHPSJUNB NPSB [BWSJUJ V TWBLPN TMVBKV
,SFBUJWOJ QSPDFT QJTBOKB BMHPSJUBNB LPKJN TF EPMB[J EP OFEWPTNJTMF
OJI JOTUSVLDJKB PE LPKJI TF TBTUPKJ KFEBO BMHPSJUBN OB[JWB TF EJ[BKO BMHPSJU
NB ;B PWBK QSPDFT OF QPTUPKJ BSPCOB GPSNVMB LPKB TF NPF QSJNFOJUJ V
PQUFN TMVBKV WF TF PE EJ[BKOFSB TMPFOPH BMHPSJUNB [BIUFWB J EP[B MV
DJEOPTUJ *QBL QPTUPKF TUBOEBSEOJ NFUPEJ LPKF NPFNP LPSJTUJUJ EB CJTNP
BMHPSJUBNTLJ SFJMJ NOPHF UJQPWF QSPCMFNB 5V TQBEBKV BMHPSJUBNTLF QB
SBEJHNF LBP UP TV SFLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUNJ QPIMFQOJ BMHPSJUNJ BMHPSJUNJ
EJOBNJLPH QSPHSBNJSBOKB SBOEPNJ[JSBOJ BMHPSJUNJ J UBLP EBMKF
6 QPTUVQLV BOBMJ[F BMHPSJUNB TF LWBOUJUBUJWOP PESFVKF VQPUSFCB SB
VOBSTLJI SFTVSTB OFLPH BMHPSJUNB /BKTLVQMKJ SFTVSTJ LPKF PCJOP FMJNP
EB NJOJNJ[VKFNP TV WSFNF J[WSBWBOKB J NFNPSJKTLJ [BIUFWJ OFLPH BMHP
SJUNB J QSFNB UPNF HPWPSJNP P OKFHPWPK WSFNFOTLPK J NFNPSJKTLPK TMPF
OPTUJ 0WEF USFCB PCSBUJUJ QBOKV OB UP EB NFSB WFMJJOF SFTVSTB LPKF OFLJ
BMHPSJUBN LPSJTUJ VNOPHPNF [BWJTJ PE NPEFMB SBVOBSB OB LPKFN TF BMHP
SJUBN J[WSBWB 6 PWPK LOKJ[J TF LSFFNP JTLMKVJWP V HSBOJDBNB NPEFMB
TFLWFODJKBMOJI NBJOB NPEFMJ QBSBMFMOJI SBVOBSB J QBSBMFMOJ BMHPSJUNJ
[BTMVVKV QPTFCOV LOKJHV
3BVOBSTLJ NPEFM

0OP UP KF PTUBMP OFEPSFFOP J[ QSFUIPEOF EJTLVTJKF P BMHPSJUNJNB KF
TV SBVOBSTLF JOTUSVLDJKF JMJ LPSBDJ
LPKF JOF BMHPSJUBN *BLP KF UP OBEB
NP TF JOUVJUJWOP KBTOP JUBPDJNB LPKJ JNBKV QSPHSBNFSTLP JTLVTUWP SBEJ
WFF KBTOPF QPUSFCOP KF JQBL OFUP WJF SFJ P UPNF LPKF OBN JOTUSVLDJKF
UBOP TUPKF OB SBTQPMBHBOKV LBEB QJFNP OFLJ BMHPSJUBN %SVHJN SFJNB
QPUSFCOP KF NBMP EFUBMKOJKF PQJTBUJ NPEFM SBVOBSB OB LPKFN TF J[WSBWBKV
BMHPSJUNJ P LPKJNB TNP HPWPSJMJ V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV
6PQUFOP HPWPSFJ SBVOBSTLJ NPEFMJ TV QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOJ PQJTJ TUWBS
OJI SBVOBSB LPKJNB TF [BOFNBSVKF OKJIPWB QVOB TMPFOPTU PTJN OFLPMJLP
TWPKTUBWB [B LPKF TF TNBUSB EB OBKCPMKF PETMJLBWBKV GFOPNFO LPKJ TF J[VB
WB 1PUP KF NFSFOKF SBVOBSTLJI SFTVSTB WSFNF J QSPTUPS
LPKF BMHPSJUNJ
3BVOBSTLJ NPEFM
LPSJTUF KFEBO PE QSFENFUB OBFH J[VBWBOKB UP [OBJ EB OBKQSF USFCB QSFDJ

[OP GPSNVMJTBUJ NPEFM SBVOBSTLF NBJOF OB LPKPK TF BMHPSJUNJ J[WSBWBKV
J EFOJTBUJ QSJNJUJWOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF TF LPSJTUF QSJMJLPN J[WSBWBOKB .F
VUJN OFFNP JJ V UPMJLP EFUBMKB [B PQJT GPSNBMOPH SBVOBSTLPH NPEFMB
WF FNP V OBTUBWLV TBNP OFGPSNBMOP PQJTBUJ HMBWOF PEMJLF SBVOBSTLPH
NPEFMB TB LPKJN SBEJNP 5P KF EPWPMKOP [B OBV TWSIV KFS F OBT JOUFSF
TPWBUJ BTJNQUPUTLF QFSGPSNBOTF BMHPSJUBNB PEOPTOP OKJIPWB FLBTOPTU
[B WFMJLJ CSPK VMB[OJI QPEBUBLB 1PSFE UPHB UBOJ SBVOBSTLJ NPEFMJ TV
[BJTUB QPUSFCOJ [B EPLB[JWBOKF EPOKJI HSBOJDB TMPFOPTUJ BMHPSJUBNB 1P
UP TF UJNF OFFNP CBWJUJ V PWPK LOKJ[J OFNB QPUSFCF EB LPNQMJLVKFNP
J[MBHBOKF OFQPUSFCOJN EFUBMKJNB
0TOPWOB QSFUQPTUBWLB KF EB LPSJTUJNP SBVOBSTLJ NPEFM LPKJ QSFETUB
WMKB JEFBMJ[PWBO SFBMBO SBVOBS TB KFEOJN QSPDFTPSPN /F QPTUBWMKBNP
OJLBLWV HPSOKV HSBOJDV OB WFMJJOV NFNPSJKF UBLWPH SBVOBSB BMJ QSFUQP
TUBWMKBNP EB QSPHSBNJ LPKJ TF OB OKFNV J[WSBWBKV OF NPHV EB NPEJLVKV
TBNJ TFCF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF V PWPN NPEFMV OF QPTUPKJ NFNPSJKTLB IJKF
SBSIJKB OB QSJNFS LF JMJ WJSUVBMOB NFNPSJKB LBP LPE QSBWJI SBVOBSB
5BBO SFQFSUPBS JOTUSVLDJKB PWPH NPEFMB SBVOBSB OJKF QPTFCOP CJUBO
QPE VTMPWPN EB KF TLVQ UJI JOTUSVLDJKB TMJBO POPN LPKJ TF NPF OBJ LPE
QSBWJI SBVOBSB ;BUP QSFUQPTUBWMKBNP EB QPTUPKF BSJUNFUJLF PQFSBDJKF
[B TBCJSBOKF PEV[JNBOKF NOPFOKF EFMKFOKF EFMKFOKF TB PTUBULPN DF
MPCSPKOJ EFP CSPKB
MPHJLF PQFSBDJKF J JMJ OFHBDJKB
VMB[OPJ[MB[OF PQF
SBDJKF JUBOKF QJTBOKF
PQFSBDJKF [B QSFNFUBOKF QPEBUBLB LPQJSBOKF J[
NFNPSJKF V QSPDFTPS J PCSBUOP
PQFSBDJKF [B QPNFSBOKF CJUPWB QPEBUBLB
MFWP JMJ EFTOP [B NBMJ CSPK QP[JDJKB LBP J VQSBWMKBLF PQFSBDJKF [B VTMPWOP
J CF[VTMPWOP HSBOBOKF QP[JW J QPWSBUBL J[ QPUQSPDFEVSF
0WF PQFSBDJKF
SBEF OBE TWPKJN PQFSBOEJNB LPKJ TV TNFUFOJ V NFNPSJKTLJN SFJNB JKF
TF BESFTF PESFVKV LPSJFOKFN EJSFLUOJI JMJ JOEJSFLUOJI FNB BESFTJSBOKB
,SBULP SFFOP NPEFM SBVOBSB LPKJ TF LPSJTUJ KF HFOFSJLJ KFEOPQSP
DFTPSTLJ SBVOBS TB QSPJ[WPMKOJN QSJTUVQPN NFNPSJKJ 0WB NBJOB TF QP
QVMBSOP OB[JWB 3". TLSBFOJDB PE FOHM SBOEPNBDDFTT NBDIJOF
J SBE
TB OKPN KF WSMP TMJBO SBEV TB QSBWJN SBVOBSJNB OB NBJOTLPN KF[JLV
1PESB[VNFWB TF EBLMF EB TF OBJ BMHPSJUNJ NPHV SFBMJ[PWBUJ V PCMJLV NB
JOTLJI QSPHSBNB LPKJ TF J[WSBWBKV OB 3".V
0TOPWOJ QPEBDJ LPKJNB TF NBOJQVMJF V 3".V TV CSPKFWJ DFMPCSPK
OPH UJQB J POJ TB QPLSFUOJN [BSF[PN %PEBUOP QSFUQPTUBWMKBNP EB QPTUPKJ
HSBOJDB WFMJJOF NFNPSJKTLF SFJ UBLP EB CSPKFWJ LPKJ TF VWBKV V OKJNB OF
6WPE
NPHV EB SBTUV OFPHSBOJFOP /B QSJNFS BLP KF WFMJJOB NFNPSJKTLF SFJ

KFEOBLB CJUB UBEB V OBFN NPEFMV NPFNP QSFETUBWJUJ DFMF CSPKFWF LP
KJ TV NBOKJ JMJ KFEOBLJ QP BQTPMVUOPK WSFEOPTUJ #SPKFWJ TB QPLSFUOJN
[BSF[PN TV QSFETUBWMKFOJ V TUBOEBSEOPN *&&& GPSNBUV
6 TFLWFODJKBMOPN NPEFMV 3".B TF JOTUSVLDJKF J[WSBWBKV KFEOB [B
ESVHPN CF[ QBSBMFMJ[NB ;BUP QSF OFHP UP NPFNP BOBMJ[JSBUJ TMPFOPTU
OFLPH BMHPSJUNB NPSBNP [OBUJ J WSFNF LPKF KF QPUSFCOP [B J[WSBWBOKF
TWBLF JOTUSVLDJKF LBP J UP LPMJLJ NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS [BV[JNB TWBLJ PQF
SBOE 6 UV TWSIV FNP LPSJTUJUJ KFEJOJOJ NPEFM TMPFOPTUJ V LPKFN TF TWBLB
JOTUSVLDJKB J[WSBWB [B KFEOV KFEJOJDV WSFNFOB J TWBLJ PQFSBOE [BV[JNB
KFEOV KFEJOJDV NFNPSJKTLPH QSPTUPSB
0WBK NPEFM KF PEHPWBSBKVJ BLP TF NPF QSFUQPTUBWJUJ EB TF TWBLJ CSPK
LPKJ TF QPKBWMKVKF V QSPHSBNV NPF TNFTUJUJ V KFEOV NFNPSJKTLV SF "LP
QSPHSBN J[SBVOBWB WSMP WFMJLF CSPKFWF LPKJ TF OF NPHV SFBMJTUJOP V[FUJ
LBP PQFSBOEJ NBJOTLJI JOTUSVLDJKB B KFEJOJOJ NPEFM TMPFOPTUJ TF LPSJTUJ
TB OFQBOKPN JMJ [MPN OBNFSPN QP[OBUP KF EB NPFNP EPCJUJ MBOV TMJLV
P FLBTOPTUJ QSPHSBNB "MJ BLP TF KFEJOJOJ NPEFM TMPFOPTUJ QSJNFOKVKF
V TWPN EVIV OB QSJNFS SBE TB WFMJLJN CSPKFWJNB TF EFMJ V WJF KFEOPTUBW
OJKJI LPSBLB J OF LPSJTUF TF OFSFBMJTUJOP NPOF JOTUSVLDJKF
UBEB KF BOBMJ[B
TMPFOPTUJ V PWPN NPEFMV VNOPHPNF KFEOPTUBWOJKB J QSFDJ[OP PESBBWB
FLTQFSJNFOUBMOF SF[VMUBUF
6LSBULP V EJ[BKOV J BOBMJ[J BMHPSJUBNB J TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB WPEJNP
TF UJNF LBLP SBEF QSBWJ SBVOBSJ /BJNF OBFN JEFBMJ[PWBOPN SBVOBSV
OF FMJNP EB EBNP OFSFBMJTUJOP WFMJLF NPHVOPTUJ 4 ESVHF TUSBOF WPMFMJ
CJTNP EB OBN PO PNPHVVKF LPNGPSBO SBE CBS TB OJ[PWJNB QPEBUBLB TB
QSPJ[WPMKOJN QSJTUVQPN LBP J TB PTOPWOJN PQFSBDJKBNB JKJ TV PQFSBOEJ
TSFEOKF WFMJLJ CSPKFWJ
;BQJT BMHPSJUBNB

4MFEFF QJUBOKF LPKF TF QPTUBWMKB V WF[J TB BMHPSJUNJNB KF OPUBDJKB LPKB
TF LPSJTUJ [B PQJT QPTUVQLB LPKJ JOJ OFLJ BMHPSJUBN %B CJTNP QSFDJ[OP J[
SB[JMJ LPSBLF PE LPKJI TF TBTUPKJ OFLJ BMHPSJUBN NPFNP LPSJTUJUJ QP SFEP
TMFEV SBTUVF QSFDJ[OPTUJ QSJSPEBO KF[JL QTFVEPKF[JL J QSBWJ QSPHSBNTLJ
KF[JL /BBMPTU MBLPB J[SBBWBOKB JEF V PCSOVUPN SFEPTMFEV
"MHPSJUBNTLJ QPTUVQBL FTUP PCVIWBUB LPNQMJLPWBOF JEFKF QB CJTNP
[B PQJT BMHPSJUBNB FMFMJ EB LPSJTUJNP [BQJT LPKJ KF QSJSPEOJKJ J MBLJ [B SB
;BQJT BMHPSJUBNB
[VNFWBOKF OFHP UP KF UP PEHPWBSBKVJ NBJOTLJ QSPHSBN [B 3". JMJ BL J

SBVOBSTLJ QSPHSBN OB QSPHSBNTLPN KF[JLV WJTPLPH OJWPB ;CPH UPHB KF
EJOJ VTMPW [B [BQJT BMHPSJUBNB KF EB TQFDJLBDJKB PEHPWBSBKVFH QPTUVQLB
PCF[CFVKF QSFDJ[BO OJ[ JOTUSVLDJKB LPKF SBVOBS USFCB EB J[WSJ 5P [OBJ
EB V QSJODJQV NPFNP LPSJTUJUJ PCJBO KF[JL [B BMHPSJUBNTLF LPSBLF "MJ
V TMPFOJKJN TMVBKFWJNB EB CJTNP OFEWPTNJTMFOP J[SB[JMJ BMHPSJUBNTLF
LPSBLF QPUSFCOP KF JQBL LPSJTUJUJ J QSPHSBNTLF LPOTUSVLDJKF
0CSBUJUF QBOKV OB UP EB QPKBN BMHPSJUNB OJKF JTUP UP J LPOLSFUOJKJ QP
KBN SBVOBSTLPH QSPHSBNB 3BVOBSTLJ QSPHSBN TF J[WSBWB OB QSBWPN
SBVOBSV QB TF [BUP QJF OB OFLPN QSPHSBNTLPN KF[JLV QPUVKVJ OKFHP
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TF WSFNF J[WSBWBOKB TWBLPH BMHPSJUNB PCJOP NFSJ EFMJFN TFLVOEF QB
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B OB DSUFJNB MJOJKPN
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PE LPSFOB EP WPSB +FEJOTUWFOPTU UPH QVUB TF QPLB[VKF LPOUSBEJLDJKPN

BLP CJ QPTUPKBP KP KFEBO SB[MJJU QVU POEB CJ UB EWB QVUB PE LPSFOB NPSBMJ
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QSFEBL WPSB 1PESB[VNFWB TF EB KF TWBLJ WPS V TUBCMV TBN TFCJ QSF
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NB SFEPN
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KF [B KFEBO WFB PE EVCJOF OKFHPWPH SPEJUFMKB 7JTJOB WPSB TF UBLPF NP
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4UBCMP LBP TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB

4MJOP LBP V TMVBKV PTOPWOJI TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB OJ[PWB MJTUJ TUFLP
WB SFEPWB
EB CJTNP TUBCMB LPSJTUJMJ V QSPHSBNJNB [B PSHBOJ[BDJKV LPMFL
DJKF QPEBUBLB NPSBNP JNBUJ OBJO [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCBMB V SBVOBSV J
JNQMFNFOUJSBUJ TLVQ LPSJTOJI PQFSBDJKB OBE TUBCMJNB
6 SBEV TB TUBCMJNB TF NPF QPKBWJUJ QPUSFCB [B WSMP SB[OPMJLJN PQFSB
DJKBNB /B QSJNFS QPSFE PTOPWOJI PQFSBDJKB [B EPEBWBOKF VLMBOKBOKF JMJ
PESFJWBOKF EFUFUB EBUPH WPSB NPFNP JNBUJ J PQFSBDJKF LPKF LBP SF[VMUBU
EBKV SPEJUFMKB TBTWJN MFWPH EFUFUB JMJ EFTOPH CSBUB EBUPH WPSB 3BEJ MBL
FH QSPHSBNJSBOKB LPSJTOP CJ CJMP SFBMJ[PWBUJ J VQJUOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF PESF
VKV EB MJ KF EBUP TUBCMP QSB[OP JMJ EB MJ KF EBUJ WPS LPSFO JOUFSOJ FLTUFSOJ
,PSFOTLB TUBCMB
J TMJOP /BK[BE USFCB JNBUJ OB VNV J QPNPOF PQFSBDJKF LPKF PCVIWBUBKV

QPTUVQLF LPOTUSVJTBOKB OPWPH TUBCMB PESFJWBOKB CSPKB WPSPWB WFMJJOF
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PEHPWBSBKVB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB TUBCMB TWF PWF PQFSBDJKF TF NPHV SFMBUJWOP
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OF SFBMJ[BDJKF ;BUP FNP V PWPN PEFMKLV NBMP EFUBMKOJKF SB[NPUSJUJ TBNP
OBJOF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB
1SF TWFHB TUBCMP QSFETUBWMKB LPMFLDJKV QPEBUBLB UBLP UP TF QPKFEJ
OBOJ QPEBDJ V LPMFLDJKJ OBMB[F V WPSPWJNB TUBCMB /B QSJNFS TUBCMP OB
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OB QSJSPEBO OBJO LP
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QPETUBCMB LPKB QSFETUBWMKBKV QPEJ[SB[F J
4MJLB 4UBCMP J[SB[B

4MJOP LBP LPE PTOPWOJI TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB QPKFEJOBOJ QPEBDJ V

WPSPWJNB TUBCMB TF OB PQUFN OJWPV QPJTUPWFVKV TB KFEOP[OBOPN WSFE
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EPEBUOJ QPEBDJ LPKF WPSPWJ V TUWBSOPTUJ NPEB TBESF /BKQSJSPEOJKB SF
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SV CJMB CJ EB TF TWBLJ WPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKB PCKFLUPN LPKJ PCVIWBUB QPMKF
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FWFOUVBMOP QPMKF [B QPLB[JWB OB SPEJUFMKB WPSB .FVUJN QPUP KF PWEF
SF P PQUJN TUBCMJNB PEOPTOP CSPK EFDF QP WPSV NPF CJUJ WSMP SB[MJJU
J OJKF VOBQSFE PHSBOJFO PWBK QSJTUVQ OJKF OBKCPMKJ KFS QSPJ[WPEJ MPF JT
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QSFETUBWMKBOKF PQUJI TUBCBMB P LPNF TF LSBULP HPWPSJ V OBTUBWLV
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MBFOKF QSPCMFNB QSPJ[WPMKOPH CSPKB EFDF WPSPWB V PQUFN TUBCMV KF GPS
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4UBCMB
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HSBGPWJ 6 EFTOPN EFMV TMJLF QSJLB[BOP KF LBLP TF TUBCMP V MFWPN
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4MJLB 1SFETUBWMKBOKF TUBCMB MJTUBNB EFDF WPSPWB
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OJ[ QPLB[JWBB JKJ FMFNFOUJ QSFETUBWMKBKV WPSPWF J [BUP KF OKFHPWB WFMJ
JOB KFEOBLB VLVQOPN CSPKV WPSPWB V TUBCMV 1PSFE UPHB TWBLJ FMFNFOU
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NFOUJ MJTUF OB LPKV QPLB[VKF FMFNFOU OJ[B TV WPSPWJ LPKJ TV EFDB WPSB
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V TUBCMV /B QSJNFS OB TMJDJ FMFNFOU QPLB[VKF OB MJTUV QPUP
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HV MBLP LPOTUSVJTBUJ WFB TUBCMB PE NBOKJI 5P KF QPTMFEJDB JOKFOJDF UP
TWBLP TUBCMP JNB TWPK OJ[ QPLB[JWBB [B TWPKF WPSPWF 1SFNB UPNF EB
CJTNP OBQSBWJMJ OPWP TUBCMP SFDJNP PE EBUPH WPSB LBP LPSFOB J EWB EBUB
QPETUBCMB J NPSBMJ CJTNP EB LPQJSBNP J V USFF TUBCMP J EB
EPEBNP MJTUV [B OPWJ LPSFO JKB TV EFDB LPSFOJ [B J
#JOBSOB TUBCMB

#JOBSOP TUBCMP KF TUBCMP V LPKFN OJKFEBO WPS OFNB WJF PE EWPKF EFDF
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#JOBSOB TUBCMB
KFS TF OB DSUFJNB QSJLB[VKV MFWP J EFTOP PE WPSB LPKJ KF OKJIPW SPEJUFMK

'PSNBMOP CJOBSOP TUBCMP KF TUBCMP V LPKFN TWBLJ WPS JMJ OFNB EFDV JMJ
JNB TBNP MFWP EFUF JMJ JNB TBNP EFTOP EFUF JMJ JNB J MFWP J EFTOP EFUF
0CSBUJUF QBOKV OB UP EB QPKBN CJOBSOPH TUBCMB OJKF JTUJ LBP [B PCJOP
TUBCMP LPKF TNP EFOJTBMJ V QSFUIPEOPN PEFMKLV KFS TWBLP EFUF V CJOBS
OPN TUBCMV NPSB CJUJ MFWP EFUF JMJ EFTOP EFUF 0WB JOKFOJDB KF JMVTUSPWBOB
OB TMJDJ OB LPKPK TV QSJLB[BOB EWB SB[MJJUB CJOBSOB TUBCMB J KFEOP PCJ
OP TUBCMP LPKF J[HMFEB WSMP TMJOP PWJN CJOBSOJN TUBCMJNB

B
C
D
4MJLB 3B[MJLF J[NFV CJOBSOJI J PCJOJI TUBCBMB
1SJNFUJNP EB TUBCMB QPE B

J C
OB TMJDJ OJTV JTUB CJOBSOB TUBCMB
OJUJ KF OFLP PE OKJI VQPSFEJWP TB PCJOJN TUBCMPN QPE D
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CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QPE B
WPS KF MFWP EFUF WPSB B WPS OFNB EFTOP
EFUF EPL V CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QPE C
WPS OFNB MFWP EFUF BMJ JNB WPS
LBP EFTOP EFUF 4B ESVHF TUSBOF V PCJOPN TUBCMV QPE D
OJKF EFOJTBOP
MFWP JMJ EFTOP EFUF WPS KF TBNP EFUF WPSB OJUJ MFWP OJUJ EFTOP
6QSLPT PWJN NBMJN LPODFQUVBMOJN SB[MJLBNB PTOPWOB UFSNJOPMPHJKB
PQUJI TUBCBMB QSFOPTJ TF J OB CJOBSOB TUBCMB 4WJ PTOPWOJ QPKNPWJ LPKF
TNP EFOJTBMJ [B PCJOB TUBCMB JNBKV TNJTMB J [B CJOBSOB TUBCMB
1SFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KF VNOPHPNF QPKFEOPTUBWMKFOP [BIWB
MKVKVJ JOKFOJDJ EB TWBLJ WPS CJOBSOPH TUBCMB JNB OBKWJF EWPKF EFDF 6
QSBLTJ TF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOJI TUBCBMB TLPSP JTLMKVJWP LPSJTUF QPLB
[JWBJ KFS KF UBLWB OKJIPWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB QSJSPEOB J KFEOPTUBWOB 1SFDJ[OJ
KF CJOBSOP TUBCMP KF PSHBOJ[PWBOP V PCMJLV QPWF[BOF TUSVLUVSF QPEBUBLB
V LPKPK KF TWBLJ WPS TUBCMB QSFETUBWMKFO KFEOJN PCKFLUPN 5BK PCKFLBU
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J GHVQR LPKB QPLB[VKV OB PCKFLUF LPKJ QSFETUBWMKBKV MFWP J EFTOP EFUF WP
4UBCMB
SB "LP OFLP EFUF OJKF QSJTVUOP PEHPWBSBKVF QPLB[JWBLP QPMKF TBESJ
WSFEOPTU QXOO 4UBCMV TF LBP DFMJOJ QSJTUVQB QSFLP QPTFCOPH TQPMKBOKFH
QPLB[JWBB W LPKJ OJKF EFP TUBCMB J LPKJ QPLB[VKF OB LPSFO TUBCMB 0WBK OB
JO QSFETUBWMKBOKB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB KF JMVTUSPWBO V EFTOPN EFMV OB TMJDJ
[B TUBCMP LPKF KF QSJLB[BOP V MFWPN EFMV
NOMX
OHYR GHVQR

4MJLB 1SFETUBWMKBOKF CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QPNPV QPLB[JWBB
0CJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB

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TUBCMB PE WPSB EP WPSB SBEJ QPTFJWBOKB TWJI WPSPWB TUBCMB BMJ OB TJ
TUFNBUJBO OBJO LBLP TF OFLJ WPS OF CJ QPOPWJP ,POLSFUOB BLUJWOPTU
LPKB TF PCBWMKB OBE QPEBDJNB V OFLPN WPSV QSJMJLPN OKFHPWPH QPTF
JWBOKB [BWJTJ PE QSJNFOF PQFSBDJKF PCJMBTLB TUBCMB J NPF PCVIWBUBUJ TWF
PE TBNP QSJLB[JWBOKB QPEBUBLB WPSB EP OFLF NOPHP TMPFOJKF PCSBEF
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5SJ OBKFB TJTUFNBUJOB QPTUVQLB [B PCJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB PE OKF
HPWPH LPSFOB KFTV PCJMB[BL WPSPWB V QSFPSEFS JOPSEFS J QPTUPSEFS SFEP
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WPS J OKFHPWP MFWP J EFTOP QPETUBCMP /B TMJDJ TV JMVTUSPWBOB PWB USJ
OBJOB UBLP UP KF CSPKFWJNB J P[OBFO SFEPTMFE QP LPKFN TF QPTF
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'PSNBMOB SFLVS[JWOB EFOJDJKB QSFPSEFS JOPSEFS J QPTUPSEFS PCJMBTLB
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QSFPSEFS JOPSEFS QPTUPSEFS
4MJLB 5SJ OBJOB PCJMBTLB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB
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*OBF OFLB KF LPSFO TUBCMB TB NPHVF QSB[OJN
MFWJN J EFTOJN
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QSFPSEFS PCJMB[BL WPSPWB TUBCMB TBTUPKJ TF OBKQSF PE QPTFUF

LPSFOB [ BUJN PE SFLVS[JWOPH PCJMBTLB WPSPWB TUBCMB V
QSFPSEFS SFEPTMFEV J OB LSBKV PE SFLVS[JWOPH PCJMBTLB WPSPWB
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JOPSEFS PCJMB[BL WPSPWB TUBCMB TBTUPKJ TF OBKQSF PE SFLVS
[JWOPH PCJMBTLB WPSPWB TUBCMB V JOPSEFS SFEPTMFEV [BUJN
PE QPTFUF LPSFOB J OB LSBKV PE SFLVS[JWOPH PCJMBTLB WPSPWB
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QPTUPSEFS PCJMB[BL WPSPWB TUBCMB TBTUPKJ TF OBKQSF PE SFLVS
[JWOPH PCJMBTLB WPSPWB TUBCMB V QPTUPSEFS SFEPTMFEV [BUJN
PE SFLVS[JWOPH PCJMBTLB WPSPWB TUBCMB V QPTUPSEFS SFEPTMF
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OB LPOLSFUOPN QSJNFSV KFEOPH CJOBSOPH TUBCMB
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QPTUPSEFS PCJMBTLF WPSPWB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB 6 OBTUBWLV KF QSJLB[BO TBNP
BMHPSJUBN [B JOPSEFS PCJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB MJTUJOH
QSJ FNV TF [B
TWBLJ WPS QSJLB[VKF OKFHPW LMKV "MHPSJUNJ [B PTUBMB EWB OBJOB PCJMBTLB
CJOBSOPH TUBCMB PTUBWMKBKV TF JUBPDJNB [B WFCV
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QSFPSEFS

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4MJLB -JTUB WPSPWB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB EPCJKFOB OB QSFPSEFS JOPSEFS J

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PE QSPTUPH QSJLB[JWBOKB LMKVB WPSB
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0WP KF EPCSB QSJMJLB EB TF PTWSOFNP J OB OB TUJM QSPHSBNJSBOKB F

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WPSB JNBKV LMKVFWF LPKJ TV WFJ PE LMKVB WPSB WJEFUJ TMJLV

4MJLB #41 TWPKTUWP TWBLPH WPSB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF
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JO [B TWBLJ WPS TUBCMB BLP KF WPS V MFWPN QPETUBCMV WPSB POEB
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TV TWJ LMKVFWJ SB[MJJUJ
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VTPCOP VQPSFJWBUJ 5P [OBJ EB LMKVFWJ QSJQBEBKV OFLPN UPUBMOP VSFF
OPN TLVQV UK TLVQV OBE JKJN FMFNFOUJNB KF EFOJTBOB SFMBDJKB NBOKF
PE 1SJNFSJ PWJI TLVQPWB PCVIWBUBKV TLVQPWF DFMJI J SFBMOJI CSPKFWB TB
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CMV TQPMKB PNPHVFO KFEJOP QPLB[JWBFN OB OKFHPW LPSFO 5JQJOF PQFSB
DJKF OBE CJOBSOJN TUBCMPN QSFUSBHF TV USBFOKF WPSB V TUBCMV EPEBWBOKF
OPWPH WPSB V TUBCMP J VLMBOKBOKF EBUPH WPSB J[ TUBCMB 0 PWJN PQFSBDJKB
TF EFUBMKOP HPWPSJ V OBTUBWLV PWPH PEFMKLB

4MJLB %WB CJOBSOB TUBCMB QSFUSBHF TB JTUJN LMKVFWJNB
5SBFOKF WPSB /BKKFEOPTUBWOJKB PQFSBDJKB OBE CJOBSOJN TUBCMPN QSF

USBHF KF OBMBFOKF WPSB TB EBUJN LMKVFN V CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QSFUSBHF
%B CJ TF CS[P MPDJSBP WPS TB LMKVFN V TUBCMV JMJ TF VUWSEJMP EB TF WPS
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TF USJ TMVBKB
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POEB OBMJ USBFOJ WPS J NPFNP [BWSJUJ QSFUSBHV 6 ESVHPN TMVBKV BLP
KF LMKV LPSFOB TUBCMB WFJ PE QSFNB #41 TWPKTUWV NPFNP [BLMKVJUJ
EB TF WPS TB LMKVFN NPF OBJ TBNP V MFWPN QPETUBCMV LPSFOB TUBCMB
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;CPH UPHB QSFUSBHV SFLVS[JWOP OBTUBWMKBNP OB JTUJ OBJO PE LPSFOB MFWPH
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NPF OBJ TBNP V EFTOPN QPETUBCMV LPSFOB TUBCMB ;CPH UPHB QSFUSBHV
SFLVS[JWOP OBTUBWMKBNP OB JTUJ OBJO PE LPSFOB EFTOPH QPETUBCMB LPSFOB
TUBCMB
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TV EBUJ QPLB[JWB OB OFLJ WPS V CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QSFUSBHF J LMKV BM
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VLPMJLP TF UBLBW WPS OBMB[J V QPETUBCMV JKJ KF LPSFO V TVQSPUOPN TMV
BKV VLPMJLP UBLBW WPS OF QPTUPKJ PWBK BMHPSJUBN WSBB QPLB[JWB QXOO
4UBCMB
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8OD] YRU ELQDUQRJ VWDEOD SUHWUDJH NOMX
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KFEOPH CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF

4MJLB 5SBFOKF WPSB V EBUPN CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QSFUSBHF
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JOKF PE LPSFOB TUBCMB J QSFMB[J TF PESFFO QVU OBEPMF EV HSBOB J WPSPWB
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WPSB NPEJ
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V CJOBSOP TUBCMP QSFUSBHF NPF TF JQBL VSBEJUJ OB SFMBUJWOP KFEOPTUBWBO
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WMKFOPN QSFUQPTUBWLPN EB TV TWJ LMKVFWJ TUBCMB SB[MJJUJ 6 TVQSPUOPN
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6 JTQSBWOPTU PWPH QPTUVQLB JUBPDJ TF WFSPWBUOP NPHV MBLF VWFSJ
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WPSB UBEB TF WF OBMB[J V TUBCMV J [BUP OJUB EPEBUOP OF USFCB VSBEJUJ
4B ESVHF TUSBOF BLP TUBCMP OJKF QSB[OP J OKFHPW LPSFO OFNB JTUJ LMKV
LBP WPS WPS EPEBKFNP V MFWP QPETUBCMP LPSFOB BLP KF LMKV LPSFOB
WFJ PE LMKVB WPSB JMJ EPEBKFNP V EFTOP QPETUBCMP LPSFOB BLP KF
LMKV LPSFOB NBOKJ PE LMKVB WPSB
3FLVS[JWOJ BMHPSJUBN EVWLQVHUW V MJTUJOHV QSFETUBWMKB SFBMJ[BDJKV
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BMHPSJUNPN TF EPEBKF WPS V QPETUBCMP JKJ KF LPSFO 1SJ UPNF TF QSFUQP
TUBWMKB EB QPMKF SNOMX WF TBESJ FMKFOJ LMKV J EB QPMKB SOHYR J SGHVQR
TBESF WSFEOPTU QXOO
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8OD] YRU ELQDUQRJ VWDEOD SUHWUDJH QRYL YRU
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DOJRULWKP EVWLQVHUWW S
LI W QXOO WKHQ
4UBCMB
W S
HOVH LI SNOMX WNOMX WKHQ
WOHYR EVWLQVHUWWOHYR S
HOVH LI SNOMX ! WNOMX WKHQ
WGHVQR EVWLQVHUWWGHVQR S
HOVH
GXSOLNDWL VH QH GRGDMX
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KFEOPH CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF 4B UF TMJLF TF WJEJ EB SBE PWPH BMHPSJUNB
QPJOKF PE LPSFOB TUBCMB J EB TF QSFMB[J PESFFO QVU OBEPMF V TUBCMV CB
LBP V TMVBKV USBFOKB WPSB 5BK QVU TF [BWSBWB V WPSV JKF MFWP JMJ EFTOP
EFUF USFCB EB CVEF OPWJ WPS 4UPHB CB LBP V TMVBKV PQFSBDJKF USBFOKB
WPSB WSFNF J[WSBWBOKB BMHPSJUNB EVWLQVHUW KF
[B TUBCMP WJTJOF

4MJLB %PEBWBOKF WPSB EBUPN CJOBSOPN TUBCMV QSFUSBHF
6 BMHPSJUNV EVWLQVHUW TF TSFFNP TB KFEOPN UFIOJLPN QPUFLP

PN /BJNF LBEB OPWJ WPS USFCB [BNFOJUJ VNFTUP USFOVUOP QSB[OPH WP
SB QPUSFCOP KF WSBUJUJ TF J BVSJSBUJ KFEOP PE QPLB[JWBLJI QPMKB V WPSV
SPEJUFMKB OPWPH WPSB 5P KF SB[MPH [BUP TF QSFOPTJ QPWSBUOB JOGPSNBDJKB
P SF[VMUVKVFN QPETUBCMV QPTMF EPEBWBOKB WPSB %SVHJN SFJNB BMHP
SJUBN EVWLQVHUW WSBB QPLB[JWB OB LPSFO QPETUBCMB TB OPWPEPEBUJN
WPSPN .FVUJN UP KF JTUPWSFNFOP KFEBO PE V[SPLB SFMBUJWOF OFFLB
TOPTUJ SFLVS[JWOF JNQMFNFOUBDJKF CVEVJ EB TBNP QPTMFEOKJ WPS USFCB EB
TF BVSJSB ,PE TWJI PTUBMJI WPSPWB BMHPSJUBN WSBB JTUJ QPLB[JWB LPKJ KF
QSJNJP UBLP EB LPE UJI WPSPWB GBLUJLJ OFNB TUWBSOJI QSPNFOB
6LMBOKBOKF WPSB 6LMBOKBOKF WPSB J[ CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF KF NB

MP LPNQMJLPWBOJKF PE USBFOKB JMJ EPEBWBOKB WPSB 1SF TWFHB BLP KF TQP
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CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF

4MJLB 6LMBOKBOKF TQPMKBOKFH WPSB MJTUB

J[ EBUPH CJOBSOPH TUBCMB
QSFUSBHF
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TUBCMB KFS TF UJNF HVCJ TUSVLUVSB TUBCMB ;CPH UPHB TUBCMP TF NPSB SFTUSVL
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WPSPWF OF CVEF OBSVFOP %B CJ TF PWP QPTUJHMP SB[MJLVKV TF EWB NPHV
B TMVBKB 6 QSWPN TMVBKV LBEB WPS JNB TBNP KFEOP EFUF WPS
NPF TF [BNFOJUJ UJN EFUFUPN 1SFDJ[OJKF EFUF TF QPWF[VKF UBLP EB CV
EF OPWP EFUF SPEJUFMKB WPSB VNFTUP TUBSPH EFUFUB VLMPOKFOPH WPSB
0WB USBOTGPSNBDJKB CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF KF JMVTUSPWBOB OB TMJDJ
4MJLB 0QUJ TMVBK VLMBOKBOKB VOVUSBOKFH WPSB TB KFEOJN EFUFUPN

J[ CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF
4UBCMB
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SB TB KFEOJN EFUFUPN J[ CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QSFUSBHF

4MJLB 6LMBOKBOKF VOVUSBOKFH WPSB TB KFEOJN EFUFUPN J[ EBUPH

6 ESVHPN TMVBKV LBEB VOVUSBOKJ WPS JNB EWPKF EFDF KFEBO OB
JO [B OKFHPWP VLMBOKBOKF KF EB TF OBKQSF OBF OBKNBOKJ WPS V EFTOPN
QPETUBCMV WPSB %SVHB NPHVOPTU KF EB TF OBF OBKWFJ WPS V MFWPN
QPETUBCMV WPSB ;
BUJN TF [BNFOKVKF WPS WPSPN J VLMBOKB TF WPS
J[ EFTOPH QPETUBCMB 0WBK PQUJ QSJTUVQ KF JMVTUSPWBO OB TMJDJ

4MJLB 0QUJ TMVBK VLMBOKBOKB VOVUSBOKFH WPSB TB EWPKF EFDF J[

1SJNFUJNP EB #41 TWPKTUWP OJKF OBSVFOP V EPCJKFOPN TUBCMV KFS KF

WPS WFJ PE TWJI WPSPWB V OKFHPWPN MFWPN QPETUBCMV B WPS KF WFJ
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SFOJ HSBGPWJ /B EJKBHSBNJNB VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB TF HSBOF LPKF TQBKBKV
EWB WPSB QSJLB[VKV TUSFMJDBNB PE KFEOPH EP ESVHPH WPSB EB CJ TF VLB
[BMP OB OKJIPW BTJNFUSJBO PEOPT /B TMJDJ KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS KFEOPH
VTNFSFOPH HSBGB
4MJLB 6TNFSFO HSBG
'PSNBMOP VTNFSFO HSBG

TF TBTUPKJ PE TLVQB WPSPWB J
TLVQB VTNFSFOJI HSBOB 4WBLB VTNFSFOB HSBOB V KF VSFFO QBS EWB
WPSB J[ LPKF TQBKB PEOPTOP [
B OFLF WPSPWF J J[ %SVHJN
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[ PWF QPFUBL J WPS TF [PWF LSBK HSBOF * TUP UBLP V TMVBKV HSBOF

WPS KFTUF TVTFE WPSB BMJ OJKF TVTFE WPSB /B QSJNFS
HSBG OB TMJDJ TBTUPKJ TF PE TLVQB TB WPSB
] _
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LBP J TLVQB TB VTNFSFOJI HSBOB

0CSBUJUF QBOKV OB UP EB VTNFSFOB HSBOB V VTNFSFOPN HSBGV NPF
JNBUJ QPFUBL J LSBK V JTUPN WPSV 5BLWB KFEOB HSBOB LPKB TF OB[JWB
QFUMKB V HSBGV OB TMJDJ KF HSBOB LPE WPSB 4B ESVHF TUSBOF QFUMKF V
OFVTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB OJTV EP[WPMKFOF KFS HSBOB V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV
NPSB CJUJ QPETLVQ PE EWB SB[MJJUB WPSB
,PE VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB TF SB[MJLVKF J[MB[OJ TUFQFO J VMB[OJ TUFQFO OFLPH
WPSB J[MB[OJ TUFQFO KF CSPK VTNFSFOJI HSBOB LPKF J[MB[F J[ WPSB J
VMB[OJ TUFQFO KF CSPK VTNFSFOJI HSBOB LPKF VMB[F V WPS 4UFQFO WPSB
V VTNFSFOPN HSBGV KF [CJS OKFHPWPH J[MB[OPH J VMB[OPH TUFQFOB QSJ FNV
TF QFUMKB CSPKJ EWBQVU
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MFOUOJN KFEOPN VTNFSFOPN HSBGV LPKJ JNB JTUJ TLVQ WPSPWB J JKJ TF TLVQ
HSBOB EPCJKB UBLP UP TF TWBLB HSBOB ] _ V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV [BNF
OJ EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB
J
5FPSJKTLJ EBLMF OFVTNFSFOJ
HSBGPWJ TV TQFDJKBMBO TMVBK VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB QB KF EPWPMKOP QPTNBUSBUJ
TBNP PQUJKF VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF 6QSLPT UPNF V PWPK LOKJ[J SBEJ KFEOPTUBW
OPTUJ VHMBWOPN HPWPSJNP P OFVTNFSFOJN HSBGPWJNB J [BUP FNP QPE LSB
JN J[SB[PN HSB QPESB[VNFWBUJ OFVTNFSFO HSBG VLPMJLP OJKF ESVHBJKF
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LSP[ OJ[ WPSPWB QPWF[BOJI HSBOBNB 6[NJNP OB QSJNFS HSBG LPKJN TF
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OJN WFC TUSBOBNB J QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFV WPSB J BLP JNB IJQFSMJOL
OB 6 UBLWPN HSBGV KFEOB PQFSBDJKB QSPMBTLB LSP[ WPSPWF PEHPWBSB
OBJOV OB LPKJ OFLJ LPSJTOJL QSFHMFEB WFC TBKU QSBUFJ IJQFSMJOLPWF
1SFUIPEOB PQFSBDJKB TF GPSNBMJ[VKF QPKNPN QVUB V HSBGV 1VU V OFV
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KF OJ[ WPSPWB UBLWJI EB KF
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QVUB KF CSPK HSBOB OB UPN QVUV PEOPTOP ; B QVU TF FTUP LBF EB
KF UP QVU LPKJ JEF PE WPSB EP WPSB JMJ EB KF UP QVU /B TMJDJ
OJ[ WPSPWB #( " 7" #( /4 PCSB[VKF QVU EVJOF PE WPSB #( EP
WPSB /4
1VU V HSBGV KF QSPTU BLP TV TWJ WPSPWJ OB UPN QVUV NFVTPCOP SB[MJJUJ
$JLMVT KF QVU UBLBW EB KF QSWJI WPSPWB TV
NFVTPCOP SB[MJJUJ J %SVHJN SFJNB DJLMVT V HSBGV KF [BUWPSFO

QSPTU QVU OF SBVOBKVJ QSWJ J QPTMFEOKJ WPS (SBG LPKJ OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT
TF OB[JWB BDJLMJLJ HSBG
4WF PWF EFOJDJKF TF QSJSPEOP QSFOPTF OB VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF V[ KFEOV
J[NFOV V QVUV JMJ DJLMVTV TWJ QBSPWJ TVTFEOJI WPSPWB NPSBKV CJUJ QP
WF[BOJ VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB JKJ TF TNFS NPSB QPUPWBUJ J[NFV TVTFEOJI
WPSPWB V QVUV JMJ DJLMVTV /B QSJNFS OJ[ WPSPWB OB TMJDJ
PCSB[VKF QVU EVJOF PE WPSB EP WPSB
;B HSBG
LBFNP EB KF QPEHSBG HSBGB
VLPMJLP KF
J %SVHJN SFJNB HSBG KF QPEHSBG HSBGB BLP TV WPSPWJ

HSBGB QPETLVQ WPSPWB HSBGB B HSBOF HSBGB TV QPETLVQ HSBOB HSBGB

LPKF TV JODJEFOUOF WPSPWJNB V /B TMJDJ KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS HSBGB
J KFEBO PE OKFHPWJI QPEHSBGPWB

4MJLB (SBG J KFEBO PE OKFHPWJI QPEHSBGPWB
/FVTNFSFO HSBG KF QPWF[BO VLPMJLP JNB TBNP KFEBO WPS J OJKFE

OV HSBOV
JMJ [B TWBLJ QBS WPSPWB J V QPTUPKJ OFLJ QVU PE EP
1SJNFUJNP EB PWP OF [OBJ EB V QPWF[BOPN HSBGV QPTUPKJ HSBOB J[NFV
TWBLB EWB WPSB WF TBNP EB QPTUPKJ QVU NPHVF EVHBBL
J[NFV OKJI
1SJNFUJNP J EB BLP QPTUPKJ QVU V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV POEB QPTUPKJ
J QVU V UPN HSBGV LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE PCSOVUPH OJ[B WPSPWB QVUB
(SBG OB TMJDJ KF QSJNFS KFEOPH QPWF[BOPH HSBGB 4B ESVHF TUSBOF HSBG
OB TMJDJ OJKF QPWF[BO HSBG KFS OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO QVU SFDJNP J[NFV
WPSPWB J
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5J EFMPWJ TF OB[JWBKV QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF HSBGB JMJ LSBF TBNP LPNQP
OFOUF
LPKF QSFETUBWMKBKV NBLTJNBMOF QPWF[BOF QPEHSBGPWF 1SJNFUJNP
,PNQPOFOUB HSBGB KF NBLTJNBMOB V TNJTMV EB OJKF QSBWJ QPEHSBG OJKFEOPH ESVHPH

QPWF[BOPH QPEHSBGB EBUPH HSBGB
(SBGPWJ

4MJLB /FQPWF[BO HSBG
EB TF V OFVTNFSFOPN HSBGV TWBLJ WPS OBMB[J V UBOP KFEOPK PE OKFHPWJI

QPWF[BOJI LPNQPOFOUJ
%FOJDJKB QPWF[BOPTUJ VTNFSFOJI HSBGPWB OJKF UBLP QSPTUB LBP [B OF
VTNFSFOF HSBGPWF KFS KF NPHVF EB QPTUPKJ QVU PE WPSB EP WPSB BMJ
OF J PCSOVU QVU PE WPSB EP WPSB ; CPH UPHB LBFNP EB KF VTNFSFO
HSBG KBLP QPWF[BO VLPMJLP [B TWBLB EWB WPSB J QPTUPKJ QVU PE EP J
QVU PE EP /B QSJNFS VTNFSFO HSBG OB TMJDJ OJKF KBLP QPWF[BO KFS
OF QPTUPKJ OJKFEBO QVU SFDJNP PE WPSB EP WPSB
4MPCPEOB TUBCMB 1PWF[BO HSBG LPKJ OFNB OJKFEBO DJLMVT OB[JWB TF TMP
CPEOP TUBCMP 4MPCPEOB TUBCMB TF SB[MJLVKV PE LPSFOTLJI TUBCBMB P LPKJNB
TNP HPWPSJMJ V QPHMBWMKV KFEJOP QP UPNF UP TV LPE TMPCPEOJI TUBCBMB
TWJ WPSPWJ SBWOPQSBWOJ PEOPTOP TMPCPEOB TUBCMB OFNBKV KFEBO QPTFCBO
WPS LPKJ TF [PWF LPSFO
/FLP TMPCPEOP TUBCMP TF MBLP NPF USBOTGPSNJTBUJ V LPSFOTLP TUBCMP
VLPMJLP TF OBKQSF J[BCFSF QSPJ[WPMKOJ WPS [B LPSFO J [BUJN TF QPWFV TWJ
WPSPWJ OB ESVHPN LSBKV TWJI HSBOB LPKF JEV PE UPH LPSFOB [BUJN QPWFV
TWJ WPSPWJ TWJI HSBOB LPKF JEV PE QSFUIPEOJI WPSPWB EFDF LPSFOB
J UBLP
EBMKF 4MJLPWJUJKJ OBJO [B SB[VNFWBOKF PWPH QPTUVQLB KF EB [BNJTMJNP EB
HSBOF V TMPCPEOPN TUBCMV QSFETUBWMKBKV LPODF LPKJNB TV QPWF[BOJ WPSPWJ
J EB TF UP TUBCMP QPEJHOF EB WJTJ V WB[EVIV ESFJ HB [B J[BCSBOJ LPSFO
5BLP OB QSJNFS EWB HSBGB OB TMJDJ QSFETUBWMKBKV [BQSBWP JTUP TUBCMP UK
JNBKV JTUJ TLVQ WPSPWB J JTUJ QBSPWJ WPSPWB TV TQPKFOJ HSBOBNB .FVUJN
HSBG OB MFWPK TUSBOJ TMJLF KF TMPCPEOP TUBCMP EPL KF HSBG OB EFTOPK TUSBOJ
UP TUBCMP USBOTGPSNJTBOP V LPSFOTLP TUBCMP TB WPSPN LBP LPSFOPN

4MJLB 4MPCPEOP TUBCMP J LPSFOTLP TUBCMP
6 QSBWPN TNJTMV SFJ TUBCMB TV OBKQSPTUJKB WSTUB QPWF[BOJI HSBGPWB

KFS VLMBOKBOKFN CJMP LPKF HSBOF J[ TUBCMB POP QPTUBKF OFQPWF[BOP (SBG
LPKJ TF TBTUPKJ PE WJF TUBCBMB UBOJKF HSBG JKF TWF QPWF[BOF LPNQPOFOUF
QSFETUBWMKBKV TMPCPEOB TUBCMB TBNB [B TFCF OB[JWB TF VNB /B TMJDJ KF
QSJLB[BO QSJNFS HSBGB LPKJ KF VNB

4MJLB VNB

%B CJ TF HSBGPWJ NPHMJ FLBTOP LPSJTUJUJ V SBVOBSV NPSBKV TF QSFE
TUBWJUJ V QSPHSBNJNB OB OBJO LPKJ PCF[CFVKF MBLP NBOJQVMJTBOKF WPSP
WJNB J HSBOBNB HSBGPWB /BKQSPTUJKB TUSVLUVSB QPEBUBLB LPKB TF LPSJTUJ [B
QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB KF NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB .BUSJDB TVTFETUWB KF PCJBO
EWPEJNFO[JPOBMOJ OJ[ JKJ TV CSPKFWJ SFEPWB J LPMPOB KFEOBLJ CSPKV WPSP
WB HSBGB 0CSBUJUF QBOKV OB UP EB [B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB HSBGB OJTV CJUOF
(SBGPWJ
P[OBLF WPSPWB V HSBGV LPKJN TV POJ PCFMFFOJ WF KF CJUBO TBNP OKJIPW

VLVQBO CSPK
.BUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B VTNFSFO HSBG
PE WPSPWB LPKJ TV
OVNFSJTBOJ V QSPJ[WPMKOPN SFEPTMFEV UBLP EB KF ] _ KFTUF EBLMF
NBUSJDB UBLWB EB KF BLP QPTUPKJ VTNFSFOB HSBOB PE WPSB
EP WPSB B V TVQSPUOPN TMVBKV KF /B TMJDJ KF QSJLB[BO
QSJNFS VTNFSFOPH HSBGB J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

4MJLB 6TNFSFO HSBG J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB
.BUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B OFVTNFSFO HSBG TF PCSB[VKF OB TMJBO OBJO UB

LP UP TF KFEOB OFVTNFSFOB HSBOB J[NFV EWB WPSB QSFETUBWMKB [BQSBWP
EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB KFEOPN VTNFSFOPN HSBOPN PE QSWPH EP
ESVHPH WPSB J ESVHPN VTNFSFOPN HSBOPN PE ESVHPH EP QSWPH WPSB
5P [OBJ EB KF NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB TJNFUSJOB PEOPTOP
[ B TWBLP J 1PSFE UPHB [B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB
WBJ EB KF [ B TWBLP KFS OFVTNFSFO HSBG OF TBESJ HSBOFQFUMKF PE
OFLPH WPSB EP JTUPH WPSB /B TMJDJ KF QSJLB[BO QSJNFS OFVTNFSFOPH
HSBGB J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB

4MJLB /FVTNFSFO HSBG J OKFHPWB NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB
"LP TF LPSJTUJ SFQSF[FOUBDJKB HSBGB VTNFSFOPH JMJ OFVTNFSFOPH

QP
NPV NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB WSFNF QSJTUVQB CJMP LPN FMFNFOUV NBUSJDF KF
LPOTUBOUOP PEOPTOP UP WSFNF OF [BWJTJ PE CSPKB WPSPWB J HSBOB HSBGB
;CPH UPHB KF PWBLWB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB QPHPEOB V TMVBKFWJNB LBEB TF V BM

HPSJUNV FTUP QSPWFSBWB EB MJ OFLB HSBOB QPTUPKJ JMJ OF V HSBGV
(MBWOJ OFEPTUBUBL NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGPWB KF V UP
NF UP NBUSJDB TVTFETUWB [B HSBG PE WPSPWB [BIUFWB WFMJJOV NFNPSJK
TLPH QSPTUPSB
BL J [B HSBGPWF TB NBMJN CSPKFN HSBOB ;CPH UPHB
WSFNF QPUSFCOP TBNP [B GPSNJSBOKF DFMF NBUSJDF TVTFETUWB HSBGB J[OPTJ
JNF TF BVUPNBUTLJ OF NPHV EPCJUJ BMHPSJUNJ CSJ PE

[ B SBE
TB SFULJN HSBGPWJNB TB SFDJNP HSBOB (SBG KF SFEBL VLPMJLP KF OKFHPW
CSPK HSBOB NBMJ EFP PE OBKWFFH NPHVFH CSPKB HSBOB /JKF UFLP QSPWF
SJUJ EB OBKWFJ CSPK HSBOB [B VTNFSFO HSBG TB WPSPWB J[OPTJ EPL KF
UBK CSPK [B OFVTNFSFO HSBG KFEOBL
%B CJ TF SFJP PWBK QSPCMFN [B SFULF HSBGPWF LPSJTUJ TF BMUFSOBUJWOB

SFQSF[FOUBDJKB HSBGPWB QPNPV MJTUJ TVTFETUWB 0WB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB JNB OF
LPMJLP WBSJKBDJKB B V OBKQSPTUJKFN PCMJLV TF HSBG QSFETUBWMKB KFEOJN OJ[PN
QPWF[BOJI MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [B TWBLJ WPS HSBGB -JTUB TVTFETUWB [B WPS KF
MJTUB TWJI WPSPWB LPKJ TV TVTFEOJ WPSV V HSBGV V OFLPN SFEPTMFEV
6TNFSFO HSBG
TB TLVQPN WPSPWB ] _ NPF
TF UBLP QSFETUBWJUJ QPNPV KFEOPH OJ[B WFMJJOF QSJ FNV FMFNFOU
TBESJ QPLB[JWB OB MJTUV TVTFETUWB WPSB /B TMJDJ KF JMVTUSPWBOB
SFQSF[FOUBDJKB VTNFSFOPH HSBGB OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB

4MJLB 6TNFSFO HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB
/FVTNFSFO HSBG TF MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB QSFETUBWMKB OB TMJBO OBJO UBLP

UP TF KFEOB OFVTNFSFOB HSBOB QSFETUBWMKB EWFNB VTNFSFOJN HSBOBNB
/B TMJDJ KF JMVTUSPWBOB SFQSF[FOUBDJKB OFVTNFSFOPH HSBGB OJ[PN MJTUJ
TVTFETUWB
/JKF UFLP QSPWFSJUJ EB KF [B QSFETUBWMKBOKF HSBGB PE WPSPWB J HSB
OB OJ[PN MJTUJ TVTFETUWB QPUSFCBO NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS WFMJJOF

/BJNF OJ[ LPKJN TF QSFETUBWMKBKV WPSPWJ HSBGB PJHMFEOP [BV[JNB NF
(SBGPWJ

4MJLB /FVTNFSFO HSBG QSFETUBWMKFO MJTUBNB TVTFETUWB
NPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS WFMJJOF

%VJOF MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [BWJTF PE WPSB EP
WPSB J KFEOBLF TV CSPKV TVTFEB TUFQFOV
QPKFEJOJI WPSPWB "MJ QSJNF
UJNP EB BLP KF CSPK TVTFEB WPSB POEB KF /BJNF
TWBLB HSBOB _ ] TF SBVOB UBOP EWBQVU V PWPN [CJSV KFEOPN [B
J KFEOPN [B 1PUP KF PWBK [CJS KFEOBL VLVQOPN CSPKV QVUB LPMJLP TF
SBVOB TWBLB HSBOB UBK [CJS KF %SVHJN SFJNB VLVQOB EVJOB TWJI
MJTUJ TVTFETUWB KF PEOPTOP NFNPSJKTLJ QSPTUPS [B TWF MJTUF TVTFETUWB KF
WFMJJOF

7FMJJOB NFNPSJKTLPH QSPTUPSB
[ B OJ[ MJTUJ TVTFETUWB KF NOPHP
NBOKB PE
[ B NBUSJDV TVTFETUWB V TMVBKV SFULJI HSBGPWB 4B ESVHF
TUSBOF USFCB JNBUJ V WJEV EB QPUFODJKBMOJ OFEPTUBUBL SFQSF[FOUBDJKF OJ[PN
MJTUJ TVTFETUWB NPF CJUJ WSFNF PE
LPKF KF QPUSFCOP [B QSPWFSBWBOKF
EB MJ QPTUPKJ PESFFOB HSBOB J[NFV EWB WPSB KFS NPF CJUJ
WPSPWB
V MJTUJ TVTFETUWB [B CJMP LPKJ WPS
0CJMB[BL HSBGB

6 QPHMBWMKV TNP VQP[OBMJ USJ OBJOB [B PCJMB[BL CJOBSOPH TUBCMB QP
NPV LPKJI TF TWJ WPSPWJ OFLPH TUBCMB NPHV TJTUFNBUJOP QPTFUJUJ LSFUB
OKFN EV HSBOB TUBCMB PE WPSB EP WPSB ,PE HSBGPWB TF TMJBO QSPCMFN
USBEJDJPOBMOP OB[JWB QSFUSBHB HSBGPWB J SFBWB TF QSJNFOPN EWB NFUPEB
LPKJ TF OB[JWBKV QSFUSBHB V JSJOV J QSFUSBHB V EVCJOV ;OBBK PWJI QPTUV
QBLB QSFUSBHF HSBGPWB KF V UPNF UP TF OB OKJNB [BTOJWBKV NOPHJ BMHPSJUNJ
[B SFBWBOKF QSBLUJOJI QSPCMFNB LPKJ TF QSJSPEOP QSFETUBWMKBKV HSBGPWJ
NB
+FEBO PE UBLWJI PTOPWOJI BMHPSJUBNTLJI QSPCMFNB [B HSBG KF QJUBOKF
QPWF[BOPTUJ EWB WPSB ;B HSBG J EWB OKFHPWB LPOLSFUOB WPSB J
QSPCMFN QPWF[BOPTUJ TBTUPKJ TF V OBMBFOKV FLBTOPH BMHPSJUNB LPKJ
0CJMB[BL HSBGB
EBKF PEHPWPS OB TMFEFF QJUBOKF EB MJ QPTUPKJ QVU V HSBGV PE WPSB EP

WPSB 0WP QSPTUP QJUBOKF P UPNF EB MJ QPTUPKJ QVU J[NFV EWB WPSB
NPF TF QSPJSJUJ QJUBOKFN EB MJ QPTUPKJ LSBUBL QVU J[NFV OKJI /BJNF
V NOPHJN QSJNFOBNB HSBGPWB QPUSFCOP KF QSPOBJ QVU J[NFV EWB WPSB
LPKJ JNB OBKNBOKF TLPLPWB ,PE USBOTQPSUOJI JMJ LPNVOJLBDJPOJI NSFB
OB QSJNFS WSMP KF WBOP [OBUJ OBKLSBJ QVU J[NFV EWF UBLF
;CPH UPHB TF VWPEJ QPKBN SBTUPKBOKB J[NFV EWB WPSB V HSBGV LPKF
TF EFOJF EB CVEF EVJOB OBKLSBFH QVUB J[NFV OKJI "LP OF QPTUPKJ
OJKFEBO QVU J[NFV EWB WPSB [B OKJIPWP SBTUPKBOKF TF PCJOP V[JNB EB KF
CFTLPOBOP
1SJNFUJNP EB QPKBN SBTUPKBOKB V HSBGPWJNB OF NPSB PEHP
WBSBUJ HFPHSBGTLPN [OBFOKV UPH QPKNB EWB WPSB NPHV CJUJ OB LSBULPN
SBTUPKBOKV V HSBGV JBLP QSFETUBWMKBKV UBLF LPKF HFPHSBGTLJ NPHV CJUJ WSMP
VEBMKFOF
1SFUSBHB V JSJOV
.PEB OBKQSPTUJKJ BMHPSJUBN [B PESFJWBOKF QPWF[BOPTUJ V HSBGV KF
QSFUSBHB V JSJOV HSBGB FOHM CSFBEUISTU TFBSDI #'4
5BK QPTUVQBL KF
EPCJP TWPKF JNF QP UPNF UP TF QPMB[FJ PE WPSB JEF UP JSF V HSBGV
QPTFJWBOKFN WPSPWB V TWJN NPHVJN QSBWDJNB V JSJOV
1SFDJ[OJKF [B EBUJ HSBG
J OKFHPW WPS QPMB[J TF PE WPSB J
V TWBLPK GB[J QSFUSBHF V JSJOV WPSPWJ TF PULSJWBKV V UBMBTJNB 1SWJ UBMBT
TF TBTUPKJ PE TWJI WPSPWB LPKJ TV TQPKFOJ HSBOPN TB WPSPN %SVHJ UBMBT
TF TBTUPKJ PE TWJI OPWJI WPSPWB LPKJ TV TQPKFOJ HSBOPN TB OFLJN WPSPN
J[ QSWPH UBMBTB 5SFJ UBMBT TF TBTUPKJ PE TWJI OPWJI WPSPWB LPKJ TV TQPKFOJ
HSBOPN TB OFLJN WPSPN J[ ESVHPH UBMBTB 0WBK QPTUVQBL TF OBTUBWMKB
OB PJHMFEBO OBJO TWF EPL TF OF NPF PULSJUJ OJKFEBO OPWJ WPS /B QSJ
NFS OB TMJDJ TV QSJLB[BOJ UBMBTJ WPSPWB LPKJ TF PULSJWBKV QSFUSBHPN
V JSJOV EBUPH HSBGB VLPMJLP KF QPFUOJ WPS
5BMBTJ WPSPWB LPKJ TF SFEPN EPCJKBKV QSFUSBHPN V JSJ
OV NPHV TF QSFDJ[OJKF EFOJTBUJ OB TMFEFJ OBJO
5BMBT TF TBTUPKJ PE QPFUOPH WPSB
5BMBT [ B TBTUPKJ TF PE TWJI WPSBWB LPKJ OF QSJQBEBKV OF
LPN QSFUIPEOPN UBMBTV J LPKJ TV QPWF[BOJ HSBOPN TB OFLJN WPSPN
V UBMBTV
,BLP KF SBTUPKBOKF J[NFV EWB WPSB OBKNBOKJ CSPK HSBOB OB OFLPN
QVUV J[NFV OKJI QSJNFUJNP EB KF UBMBT TLVQ TWJI WPSPWB OB SBTUPKB
(SBGPWJ

5BMBT
5BMBT
5BMBT
5BMBT
5BMBT
4MJLB 5BMBTJ QSFUSBHF V JSJOV EBUPH HSBGB PE QPFUOPH WPSB
OKV PE QPFUOPH WPSB EB KF UBMBT TLVQ TWJI WPSPWB OB SBTUPKBOKV

PE WPSB J PQUJKF EB KF UBMBT TLVQ TWJI WPSPWB OB SBTUPKBOKV UBOP
PE WPSB 1PSFE UPHB OFLJ WPS TF OF OBMB[J OJ V KFEOPN UBMBTV QSFUSBHF
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NQI

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7PSBMPW BMHPSJUBN
Na osnovu lana 23. stav 2. taka 7. Zakona o porezu na dodatu vrednost (Slubeni
glasnik RS, br. 84/04... i 61/07), Odlukom Senata Univerziteta Singidunum, Beograd,
broj 260/07 od 8. juna 2007. godine, ova knjiga je odobrena kao osnovni udbenik na
Univerzitetu.
CIP -
,
004.421(075.8)
510.5(075.8)
004.6(075.8)
, , 1956-
Uvod u algoritme i strukture podataka /
Dejan ivkovi. - 3. izd. - Beograd :
Univerzitet Singidunum, 2013 (Loznica :
Mladost Grup). - VI, 275 str. : ilustr. ; 24
cm
Tira 300. - Bibliografija: str. 269. -

Registar.
ISBN 978-86-7912-466-1
a) b) ()
COBISS.SR-ID 195966732
2013.
Sva prava zadrana. Nijedan deo ove publikacije ne moe biti reprodukovan u bilo
kom vidu i putem bilo kog medija, u delovima ili celini bez prethodne pismene saglas-
nosti izdavaa.

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