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    11 views32 pages

    Computer Organization Unit 1 by Nkcoolnav03 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Akhil Sunita Jain

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 32
    Onit- £ =a Basic sTRucTeee OF CumpuTers BASIC STRUCTLLE OF Computeg Comp utes Types oe Digit Compulr '- Pt th a base eethonic Coteutatl ‘ hich ateeplt digitiant ( ilp inttvnalios » eS nGrnolly Athed ‘uridauctions and produce OK Aumting of : - “fre tise of chutes Th Cattect a Computes : PREgAann ond The Untirnet Alchage (4 Canieat Computihe roemulyy » | The Compulias okt ve tn Size, Cose Pow ; The mest Common Computer is * perkonod computa Uwhtich can be uted in horns , Schoots , fousines , obbice + sa kOe mest. Commen btn Berklop Cormprtns c 4 => Dukkep Compulics hove proaning & AlAage wag Vikuat display aarti ofp uxdt ang a Kasper Dhok en bed located cantly on a here - ; 4p nis, Che Sthoge reclie CD-ROM's and dibkeiles portabic " nete book corpus | "ge anethun vasien of pe, bie att Teac Component ahe preted ne we Big unit > Ube size Of a (Kin baich cote + inetudes hard diaks/ y “Pook Salons” Lotte high ~ Aurelution ghaphret {lo capabttty — ot hat the Capability, pedteinns mn Computational power than Perbonat Compubs » Thit can = (h evpnening applications , urpectaity be ‘Unteractine dese Won + A sarge § Very pewerbut Computer Syptliros extht | tot ode Catted ‘enterpatic Aystims’ ard Seyvot at the Lew enct > The fame and Super Computing at the Keg end - Exton prise byslurns the rroin thames ane ube tA butts data preety , Oro Aesgpiae muh mele Computing poury anst stchage Serverh Contain Sixable cata base , SChage tne and caparie of handling large Volum of Asgpeste be aerers thes vilntes - Cornplex “wy.buretions te ate Hodge trvetves a Lange Ateps Rise - Redrreed trsbulicn get Computer © whic invels a Aleph Unibathons bey Aequitas a minimum no- of Ateps te Cormptler ee A Comptlra transtatis a Aigh= targuege perform — + raachiine iDrretiont . fo, we Wo to Compitr wit provide geod Rete seen pubdemane Mastubement ' The {dea 4} reaming, Cormputey pedbornante using, benchmark phegisums - A non~ phetit orgenizelion Coled ~ Systire perbodmrance Fvaluation CeApthalirn C8pec) betrele & publishes representative Gpplicalion progharns be ditterent oppiicaliro domains: Basic oferabionnl Coreselt: fh eg, Consider the Fettowing, tntrriction Add Loch, Ro Sn this , Qi, tds the cferand at memady ‘Loch be Mx oprent in a Aegiutin Ro, Lehicil te Prekent in precettvand Pere the Sum th sted ip the Ro, wheeh 1 Oveurriller qe above naDudlon pabdurs Os bottwing, Maps 1) The tratauetions (6 eliched fom the rmemabay, Wi prt 2) The) eferand at LOCA th etched and adil) te Use"Corlent (@2e) PneDrretion eyeeey te Ge Retds the insDucction that te cubrentty, s being, exeeutid A L Preghar Countin + Gt, Contains the addi of the TADustion hat g ts te be fetched - Memiby, adatrue Rugitlun (MAR) \- ie Katehi Che ake CREERNAEL bearbe: ate Mundy, Data Registin CMDR) © 4t Contains the dale be be Maule in A Acad ent ef the adldrettec localion Excention Y te preghar Alade when tbe Pc ik ket to point be the inst instuclico Y the preghams ~ The Conania of the PC one Taanshrtred f [he MAR and © tential Algnal Seeomtent spe sensmou Prom a ‘Read that » the woord & Keo our off Cranes ort tended < ine he MOR» — c The Conints of the MDR aXe Trorsbexmed t Tr ~ BR. dr the tnetrurtien inves an optratien te be perbevoct by, the Atv, fA ths The opedarclt te be behead - hom remy, S hohen the @fudarnd fas bear Arad Fem the remy inte Ue MDe Ursa TRarubdhed | to The #1 Abts thet , Auttted oprstico be be pirbduned the Pate Ripruentalion URN ® oe it 5s Batn Types 5 F _ dala types bound i the eextigdies Kegislr Agito) Cornpa ins may be Chose OS i) Plumbers used fo arttametic Cormpula tions ed tH data prveesry (i) other Afscdete Ayre} Used bo Ape ethic purposes We ake hepreberting w binasy try because fog) + Gy Actas of He atphobet Us tales ~ ) Oke rade Up | Hip- Flop uid Flip- Hops arr ino - Sdote duvtad ‘Whe can Ate onty os & t's: Alar byt . Radix mesa cutee Dylp- tome * Les Sapte - Tat uses kor gate AE A ie neeemary te pranltiply each agit by an “inbiger powey 4 th? ark then bie be gum of ot boutghted agit 3 . Bedemat os The Aertmot syslim C w bpbrn. The lo pee ’ Bake pepreserted os nuuenber Uses UTE hodix 42 Bo 5 087 ols ake 0 The obigit guy . guide Bee + Xt + sxe! . binary t. “the binary puurnbes Systiro we te, Roadie d ThE Luor olegitt vata de Oe 4 “The pang gf O78 . lotto lespreld poe + oxo + eet tet On2!4 pratt soa octet & pexaclret Mal = the octal Chadte 8) and Kepasteeterat Chadix 6)’ 1,2)3) 418) O/T The Stxteen Aaprobes “The eight auyrnbels ane Or ae. Op 21 Bi Sebs Us br Ms Pn a rprovoots Ay BC Oo 6, cAMsporet te Ue derimat numbers oir febpectively * ix th! Can be Convited te Ue a A number i faci ty boveung the Sum of Te wetohteel sy bamition deumat &ysur , (el: pretire octat 1364 de dootmot 2 " cue ep searz 3e@! + by reat ~ Gaee)y = 14 £2 C495), = 16H + 3n@ + 6X she decimal numbr of fexaderirnal e3 (Fa) = Fyte a ave (se 1dP3 =(AB), - Conversion * - : The Conversion ef cleetmat 466875 inte bineny tga done by feat separating the ruumbey int Ue anger ose 41° and bhastion part -6815- “The Wnleged past Te comented by abivishing Ar by Ard t an integer oyrottent of a ark a i Aamaindss Y Vs The qpotient again dinteted Feby 2 yee @ new qretiont and Karmel hice ooTThts phecus ig Aupeatecl abel Untit the Wtiged quistint beeomes 0 . The hone 1. Convene! igies' a Lane will ye UL dow ~ Aan bit of th binary meermber Te $Aaction part i Converted by muttipliying te by en ft ye an iniigey and a bhackin © The naw bAnetion i agaio rrwuttiplied by > te give a Naw integer ard a neve baaction . This proces bh Kepeated until the Zero. Pthally the dtece posts ade Combined be give the Uelat fequtred Conversion 4 Proctum = O-66TS Fraction part becorns to o-6gt> ane = T3tse oS os + o1500 (06615 ot), [-So00 a aS trove (At 6e15))9 = (toreol- lou), Octo} & ant Heracletemaf mumbers he convession bAern and to Burry, 2 p hecadartrral fap. plays or Sumportant hole Wp digital Compatns: Since Kal 3 Ef E OOM iis sent te thes ont eae? P-§ & BT el6 cach atigit presen jrepedactmot digit Aepretnt Bg bihary digit «The Cone fiom binary & octal te Re digi Convention hem mot ib bhorn four digth - binosy te hexadecé 3 f oe eee ae 4 "EEO ‘enh ODOR aoa oe oa eee ots Octal Binary ~Coded Butmo) Noun eqprivalenr . 000 ° . 001 ' 3 Dolo te 0. ds s loo e 4a 6 uo. ce wt 4 ~ lo Col 900 g 12 Oo! 001 4 ¢ }42 001 [0 Olt ay Heyorclertrna? Binosy rede) Qeurmat TUT bw 0 ©000 ° ~ \ ooo! \ - 2: oto 2 a £ OoN 4 Lolo 10 cd 8 tour " 5 c 1100 we 5 _ uol B e LLL wy = pu - s (oe Ooo! 0100 2o z FS ttt 1000 248 . < Beetrro Acprebentalieo The binasy numbr MyGm tb Be mabe rabiiral - baptere bA a Cormpaten but peopl are aceestomned te oe decimal Aystire Ont yooy ty Sele’ Irth Gontltcr tats convert ol ‘lp eae Tagreess tte a birdy MUP 2 3 © 000 1 ooo) 3 old 3 eo to Opot 000° 14g opto 0100 OUR @ 2 Complerren@ oe tuted to digital Comptes $e Auinpliby'y ena 1) A'S Compare Tu ae tao PY Connplaro™ (20 (AT) Conn ptesent pebcrrcel Comm Lementi + the dice AYP p oe the o's © 1g commpuument beh Binaxy nero & we mat mere” gis complement bor | dee (Re1s cormplerment Chen a rumbr N Un bate ty debined as Eee N having’ digi 4 Ube (ane Complement | oN For 4: Reo) qte4 ba Complement uw Cw-1) putas of a Srgle | potoroea By OB ants wWoco, WO” hepresee So the A a number [hak Co & a meumnbdc® Keprese woe have she alg ternpument tb Ten ebicued by ArbtRacting each digit thom 9- AR 4.918. Cormplerert 4 systoo 112389 9482007 . BFElO rtd by nas. ded egs with Mt) Stoo and tot-t= 147- qaataa — S46 tor = 9299 — 12384 YS Complement PAL binasy murnbes AE? h Actel fo Use 1S Compl meat fm CPN FA gi neg pheq 2(t000%), Are (tty), “The u's & complement af a benaky numba fe beh rere by (4b changing 18 Units o'S and ols Wnto i's . > - ddveg, the 1's Complement q Lollool & oleono - Fhe CRA)‘ Comparent of cola! ol pleleo oY the deisel 2287 & Subtraction @f Unstgned numbers 2 + The ditect methed of hubiioetion uted tre bodtow ly Coneeft “The Subfiaclion of thor ne digit unttgned number” M-n (no) th base's’ Can be clone as bettous ly Add te mined Mm te the 41S Complement a the Subixabencl Ns Thic pertcimy m4 (AN) = M-NEA? a: 4b MEN, te hum wlll preduee an em Carag A dhieh is olftcarded , ancl what th bt ts (Re Retule Mon. ~« @ @ 3 db Men, the Sum Rode phediee an end Cadiuy ard t equat to AT (NM) yj eohioh & Ue f!g- Compleat | (N-™) HA €], 12538-JBa9D= 59282 The 19's comblurnent y laaso O 19191219 - 13250 = WthZ4l = $6150 M= 1a932 to's Complmatny = &PTSO Som = Wake Bircard end (G=-to000 © Gwe Feats 59 ase drs ™ x tA 4, MeN Ler) 13a50- 12532 phecerers negative 59282- i 4494 Me 13250 40414 s1agt WS Comput N= AF 6 © 1 —— 7 wees, Sage OF 18 Thre & no tnd Cady Answr th negative 51282 = lia Compliment yf 407!8 Bunory Numbads $- X= ttotoo & Y=* loool! = X c loleloo me = ovllt of a'8 Complement FY = Ol Som 2 looge 0 0! soe Bikcard rt casa” - {ooo 9 000° do! Oool Neos Ebocat point Acpretentation t- There ake Taso warp, we are 9cing ty hepresenl the posilion of the behasy point Wo a feptitn: S 1) Eteest position 2) Hoalting point fepeesentatior feved point, metred abburnis that Ue Brnaty poine & atwways bived Ww one pokitirn - The Mace pobiltery mnobt woitety Nye aae e. ) ow birosy point In the exBumetebt ef Te sagiaten te rake the Biched murnbe traction in the exticme Rigne ¢ te fag eotar ab an integers . Ne tig Representation 5 hen on integers Brary munrebeni pobre, = 1 th Represented by o and the magrittide by 0 the beg postive Binary nurnber - phen an tntiger binady numa th negative te Aigo hepreserstad by yt bate the fest Aepresented in ore Gf Tite port ble Consthii of the magnifirele anda negotive Hao Remaining 2) we are qoiry b forte eum 1'g Ralls Cormplermeat FR ep tip = COOLIO = & bit Leg Labt most Bui ase xo tm bE beg -le Can be Represent & 3 q The And whagnitiide MP A cig te, obtained Pheri by Comparrinting erty te HP PE 4b Tre. beyrad” UE Cerspleront spay oie mE , ong todd the Btte Compiernenting torah d the Ago He caning sre Bigne als Cornplennen® ts obtet nine al intulry als cornpurent bit ol \ atgo qe Lange 3 ee ouriyore tah e000 OL wo 43 soontie’, 413 e900 110! 4 000\ bl oe oe seg eee Spo} Oo!! +4 te So oe -C Ltttloto +6 ooooollo ~13 tritooll ae tht pet 3 eos pT ieee lq _Ittotere ° ee Gn cach f cudy Case , we are going lp perbdrn only addition - ete well bo ge thow fe any negalive Vole, the Tefal Aes ath Complement Vatue - ° w the Aasthmetic SubDaelion * TT gebdkaation Stee Signed Binaay rumbos when — negative muumberk ONE te alg Cormplernent beim fh vey — Airnple « . Take the vs Cormplument of Oe Serbthahind (remiding tb) ant add % to the mrirucerd (thetucting Ue ayo ptt). A casry Cut | te Algo bit positon & cliscascteds A Subtraction eperabion oe. addition epration th the Aigo “Thts Can be AurnonsBoted thro! he petation ship (zay-Cre) = (#4) + G8) (tay - (8) Ga) +08) Bat changing a pokitive nember ba negative neupbed ~ tk easily done by taking Ua a's Complement: The UME iu altro kus - the Sign be th 4, : (-H)-1) = +t Lip toro = tlitpol! The pubDolion te cnanged te Litton by aaning the als Cormplurnent A Pe gubtharend (1) te give (HB) - quote + ooo tol * jeoooel!l: By fernoving the ¢ aswWXr ooooolt (+4) tev are cose we ebtain the ComKeed Dverbtore * werk of Aegis ensh che addled and [hun tee0 nnn the Aur Oceeples Nel digits ) we fay that OChurred « An overbtero & parsttem to digitel corp’ tre ott of the Regisliss ie bent The dleetion Wf ar overbtow abte Fico bunany rmbt olrpensls 9r ohh consideuad te be unsigned fgned When Bor unsigned NRuunbers At added » Qn ovedttow tw detirled thom te end carryout of Me fae cdpneate peerage the Lebt most bus adusarps Represent Une iq ant negative nurpbess the ty 2's cornplement hin Seo band ers ade addled, te bign bit GG Luatid ab pom al an overttewd ueleas beearse 4 Te addition of tre nuubess ee bund tre nurobey and Be end carry clocsn't indicate an overblow Sh one ReLrMbeA & An ovedblovo doesnt CCeeh gebee Ve ancl ansths & -Vve -Fo 1 Ollleto tito © [o00llo oie m voresee ~%> J 11000 ~ . ade ae Y je, rman Tisv a joo bo!” eed — Lepr wu eos a aia hej gyyese” canit be queomectalid Lstth te Exedy ee Oe that an ovdow ocenked « Overbtovo Ratiation *- ° The. OverHowo CaP be Aekeeted by ebherving We 1 bE position The Codhuy 0H ef whe cay ints the By ee biG bir position - Sp Bute 20 caries a eae yo an overbtow Constition uh procured: S 4h thue te casrted ade apptted ts an ex OR Goes ;, an ovesbtow eoitt be gabeeted whan Ube olp of We eo & eqpot 4° hs ¢ nepresentalion e Deciroat Fexead- pone he representation ¢ deeimnal niunberb fin Repialie ty os bunetion of De Binoy Cocke Used. te Kepredent & decimal digit: A abe desimmot Code. Reapites hour bolip-bleps be coed auclmal digit: The feprserlation 4 Rats i BCP pespettes 16 bepbtept ter bout Hip bape bef a ee otoo ott teco otol By kepresenting neumbers Ep decirrad We Ohe wording © Conticlsdabte opmreunt oy 4% Phage Apace @ » "Pleading ~ point Axptetentnlin §- The Healing — point Repretertation ef o oe eee Rive posts CO) Fo gt Represents a aig mantiura ~ (2) The secorul pat Actiqnalis the pobition qf Fe decimal ceponent red , bred - point neunbr Cotte p (he binasy point) and “iu Caled the “The btredt - potnt mantiga may be an tnteg &: the aAetemop rember + 613a> 187 Proction exponent 0 613A 184 +0y fricates Oot tbe acto! pokiticn pobitiens te the feght The bhodlion A184 X wo bration of “The vote the exponent oY te dexirmap pone U four (pticatad aerial point ip the i a £07 615% Onty the qranfisa ra tGrdly ede spas ane prysicatty popresentad tn tie Angi (tretuding Signs) — point binasy uurnber Us Represented tin a & Reribar mann ape thot ib uber babed gp + tool It Proction exporente eos e00l 00 “The bAnekion hats xrto to Te M88 that it Undicatlir postion The Grperunt shad the cuévolent binary numba P 5 The Heating powne number i> mea < + (otootit), x2. Ni&drnalixotion t- A Wraling point rumba 6 fold te be n&rnalized © th the msB uf the mantima lk neonate . ie, the deetmap rumbrd 350 UW NA alidecl faxt 00357 net nodmatided te net” PA 9, Becarttel ty er o> she Ubating ~point riumbsts ate mae comptcald than the obtved — rr pumbrs and kel evecetion taku plase Longe g Aeapiians meu Complx hadele whe the binaky Mew Ovotloio ee . : Cant be costed but TV pasbuy bie t- ATi mebt Cornmen ese portly Bas A posi.ty be & an oO binary rocstoge te moke She dthy odd he vy probenee ts indicated . deletion code ileal i, Be” eed bir Undltded wet — Sota) number Us The cuen - parity Acherne hat the dikadvantage of ae ao bt Combination q alt os, while In Ue edol parity Ute cee bie Bey The Plead) to cormplene a Pern) During Danser y thdhmation thom one decalien POURMSOUNGRE [Ragu cia a et hn » Case songs ats Dept te) Hen tp ie dusdizalion )¥ — Getty gol ee es vohasal Ore Aespbad poncty i geal” , awe sasty vie a aonarcefled OM aun, OT Pr Tiberias Value t& binary | tht an ead no Aecdaing te this guhinition ) the Pleven) buadtien U the crO8 a ep Ue pee te Ue ihn Re Vortabtes Fron eine eis ti ip Codst) bunstion th the Cornpurrent of The pteven) bunction - : pre ar Lope etc f el ere os Mes x i Plodd) Pp (even? 000 t 0} Ole - ou t loo z \or ; {10 ' wt ; & A B-bie metdage de oe drantmnithd with an odd parity Biry Ab the Rendthg end, the oda - parity bi Te gunratid by a pardy qerdater ~oo-e-- 9 Cdenie which LW Aner below Soyo ___ pee Qolnctier yal Sf ae ee re

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