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chp01 PDF
Getting Started
1.1 Introduction
FLUENT is a state-of-the-art computer program for modeling fluid flow
and heat transfer in complex geometries. FLUENT provides complete
mesh flexibility, solving your flow problems with unstructured meshes
that can be generated about complex geometries with relative ease.
Supported mesh types include 2D triangular/quadrilateral, 3D tetrahe-
dral/hexahedral/pyramid/wedge, and mixed (hybrid) meshes. FLUENT
also allows you to refine or coarsen your grid based on the flow solution.
This solution-adaptive grid capability is particularly useful for accurately
predicting flow fields in regions with large gradients, such as free shear
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Getting Started
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1.2 Program Structure
Geometry
GAMBIT or Mesh Other CAD/CAE
geometry setup Packages
2D/3D mesh generation
prePDF
calculation of PDF
look-up tables
FLUENT
mesh import and TGrid
adaption
PDF files
physical models 2D triangular mesh
Mesh
boundary conditions 3D tetrahedral mesh
material properties 2D or 3D hybrid mesh
calculation
postprocessing
Mesh
You can create your geometry and grid using GAMBIT. See the GAMBIT
documentation for details. You can also use TGrid to generate a tri-
angular, tetrahedral, or hybrid volume mesh from an existing boundary
mesh (created by GAMBIT or a third-party CAD/CAE package). See the
TGrid Users Guide for details. It is also possible to create grids for FLU-
ENT using ANSYS (Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc.) or I-DEAS (SDRC);
or MSC/ARIES, MSC/PATRAN, or MSC/NASTRAN (all from MacNeal-
Schwendler Corporation). Interfaces to other CAD/CAE packages may
be made available in the future, based on customer requirements, but
most CAD/CAE packages can export grids in one of the above formats.
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Getting Started
Once a grid has been read into FLUENT, all remaining operations are
performed within the solver. These include setting boundary conditions,
defining fluid properties, executing the solution, refining the grid, and
viewing and postprocessing the results.
Note that preBFC and GeoMesh are the names of Fluent preprocessors
that were used before the introduction of GAMBIT. You may see some
references to preBFC and GeoMesh in this manual, for those users who
are still using grids created by these programs.
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1.3 Program Capabilities
phase-change models
Automobile applications
Electronics/HVAC/appliances
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Getting Started
When you are planning to solve a problem using FLUENT, you should
first give consideration to the following issues:
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1.4 Overview of Using FLUENT
Once you have determined the important features of the problem you
want to solve, you will follow the basic procedural steps shown below.
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Getting Started
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1.4 Overview of Using FLUENT
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Getting Started
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1.5 Starting FLUENT
Start the solver from the command line without specifying a ver-
sion, and then use the Select Solver panel to choose the appropriate
version.
Start the solver from the command line without specifying a ver-
sion, and then read in a case file (or a case file and data file) to
start the appropriate version.
When you start FLUENT from the command line, you can specify the
dimensionality of the problem (2D or 3D), as well as whether you want
a single- or double-precision calculation:
fluent 2d
runs the two-dimensional, single-precision solver,
fluent 3d
runs the three-dimensional, single-precision solver,
fluent 2ddp
runs the two-dimensional, double-precision solver, and
fluent 3ddp
runs the three-dimensional, double-precision solver.
See Section 28.2 for information about starting the parallel solvers.
If you type fluent on the command line with no arguments, the startup
console window (the text window and the main menu bar) will appear
as shown in Figure 1.5.1.
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Getting Started
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1.5 Starting FLUENT
Figure 1.5.2: The FLUENT version can be selected from the Select Solver
panel
If the program executable is not in your search path, you can specify
a complete pathname to the executable in the Program text entry box
before clicking on Run.
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Getting Started
Click on the Start button, select the Programs menu, select the
Fluent.Inc menu, and then select the FLUENT 6 program item.
(Note that if the default Fluent.Inc program group name was
changed when FLUENT was installed, you will find the FLUENT 6
menu item in the program group with the new name that was
assigned, rather than in the Fluent.Inc program group.)
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1.5 Starting FLUENT
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Getting Started
node,
-px specify parallel communicator x,
-pathx specify root path x to Fluent.Inc,
-tx specify number of processors x,
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1.5 Starting FLUENT
directory). To determine the CPU time for the project, add the USER
CPU and SYSTEM CPU values that appear in license.log. See the instal-
lation notes for more information about the license manager.
Typing fluent version -r, replacing version with the desired version,
will list all releases of the specified version. fluent -rx will run release
x of FLUENT. You may specify a version as well, or you can wait and
specify the version when prompted by the solver. fluent -v will list
the available versions. fluent -vx will run version x of FLUENT. You
can type fluent -n or use the -n option in conjunction with any of the
others to see where the (specified) executable is without actually running
it.
The remaining options are used in association with the parallel solver.
-hcl is used to pass an argument to the FLUENT host process and -ncl
is used to pass an argument to the FLUENT compute node process(es).
-loadx is used to start the parallel compute node processes on a dedi-
cated parallel machine from its remote front-end machine (x). -manspa
is used to disable the default automatic spawning of compute node pro-
cesses. -px specifies the use of parallel communicator x, where x can be
any of the communicators listed in Section 28.2.1. -pathx specifies the
root path (path) to the Fluent.Inc installation directory. -tx specifies
that x processors are to be used. For more information about starting
the parallel version of FLUENT, see Section 28.2.
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Getting Started
segregated
coupled implicit
coupled explicit
All three solver formulations will provide accurate results for a broad
range of flows, but in some cases one formulation may perform better
(i.e., yield a solution more quickly) than the others. The segregated
and coupled approaches differ in the way that the continuity, momen-
tum, and (where appropriate) energy and species equations are solved:
the segregated solver solves these equations sequentially (i.e., segregated
from one another), while the coupled solver solves them simultaneously
(i.e., coupled together). Both formulations solve the equations for addi-
tional scalars (e.g., turbulence or radiation quantities) sequentially. The
implicit and explicit coupled solvers differ in the way that they linearize
the coupled equations. See Section 22.1 for more details about the three
solver formulations.
Note that the segregated solver is the formulation previously used by
FLUENT 4 and FLUENT/UNS, and the coupled explicit solver is the
formulation previously used by RAMPANT.
The segregated solver traditionally has been used for incompressible and
mildly compressible flows. The coupled approach, on the other hand, was
originally designed for high-speed compressible flows. Both approaches
are now applicable to a broad range of flows (from incompressible to
highly compressible), but the origins of the coupled formulation may
give it a performance advantage over the segregated solver for high-speed
compressible flows.
By default, FLUENT uses the segregated solver, but for high-speed com-
pressible flows (as discussed above), highly coupled flows with strong
body forces (e.g., buoyancy or rotational forces), or flows being solved
on very fine meshes, you may want to consider the coupled implicit solver
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1.6 Choosing the Solver Formulation
instead. This solver couples the flow and energy equations, which often
results in faster solution convergence. A tradeoff involved in the use of
the coupled implicit solver is that it requires more memory (1.5 to 2
times) than the segregated solver.
For cases where the use of the coupled implicit solver is desirable, but
your machine does not have sufficient memory, you can use the segregated
solver or the coupled explicit solver instead. The coupled explicit solver
also couples the flow and energy equations, but it requires less memory
than the coupled implicit solver. It will, however, usually take longer to
reach a converged solution with the coupled explicit solver than with the
coupled implicit solver.
! Note that the segregated solver provides several physical models that are
not available with the coupled solvers:
Melting/solidification model
The following features are available with the coupled solvers, but not
with the segregated solver:
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Getting Started
To choose one of the three solver formulations, you will use the Solver
panel (Figure 1.6.1).
Define Models Solver...
To use the segregated solver, retain the default selection of Segregated
under Solver.
To use the coupled implicit solver, select Coupled under Solver and Im-
plicit (the default) under Formulation.
To use the coupled explicit solver, select Coupled under Solver and Explicit
under Formulation.
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1.6 Choosing the Solver Formulation
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Getting Started
To view the manuals, you will generally make use of the HTML files,
either in the installation area or on the documentation CD. You will also
need a web browser. If you do not have one, contact your Fluent support
engineer and ask for the Netscape Communicator CD-ROM.
If the files on the documentation CD have been installed, you can view
the HTML versions of the manuals by pointing your browser to
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1.7 Accessing the FLUENT Manuals
path/Fluent.Inc/fluent6.0/help/index.htm
The procedure for viewing the manuals directly on the CD differs slightly
for UNIX and Windows systems:
For UNIX systems, you can view the manuals by inserting the
CD into your CD-ROM drive and pointing your browser to the
following file:
/cdrom/fluent6.0/help/index.htm
For Windows systems, you can view the manuals by inserting the
CD into your CD-ROM drive and pointing your browser to the
following file:
cdrom:\fluent6.0\help\Index.htm
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Getting Started
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1.7 Accessing the FLUENT Manuals
This will bring up the FLUENT documentation home page (Figure 1.7.1),
from which you can select the HTML version of the particular FLUENT
manual you want to view.
Next will take you to the next page in the manual. Note that this is not
the same function as the Forward button of your browser.
Up will take you to the first page of the current manual division (chapter
or section).
Previous will take you to the page just before the current one in the
manual. Note that this is not the same function as the Back
button of your browser.
Contents will take you to the table of contents for the manual.
Return to Home will take you to the FLUENT documentation home page
(Figure 1.7.1).
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Getting Started
Note that these buttons will not necessarily appear on all pages, and in
some cases, they will appear, but be inactive; in such cases, they will be
grayed out, as the Previous and Up buttons are in Figure 1.7.2.
Three tools are available to help you find the information you are looking
for in a manual.
Index
Table of Contents
The table of contents gives a list of the titles of the chapters, sections,
and subsections of the manual in the order in which they appear. Each
title is linked to the corresponding chapter or section. You can access
the table of contents by clicking the Contents button that appears at
the top and bottom of the page. Note that the Contents button will not
appear if the manual does not have a table of contents.
Browser Search
You can use the search capability provided by your browser to find words
or expressions on a single page. For example, you can use the Edit/Find
in Page... menu item in Netscape Communicator to search for the word
turbulence on a page of the manual.
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1.7 Accessing the FLUENT Manuals
Typographical Conventions
Throughout the manuals, mini flow charts are used to indicate the menu
selections that lead you to a specific command or panel. Words in green
invoke menus (or submenus) and are connected by arrows that point
from a specific menu toward the item you should select from that menu.
! An exclamation point (!) at the beginning of a line marks an important
note or warning.
Although you can print pages of a manual from your browser, a much
higher-quality printout can be obtained by using the PostScript or PDF
files provided on your documentation CD. See Section 1.7.2 for details.
There are a few things that you might want to change about the way
your browser displays the manuals in order to increase their usefulness.
Font Size
The absolute size of the text that you will see when viewing your FLUENT
documentation is dependent on a number of factors, including the resolu-
tion of your monitor screen. You can adjust the text size by changing the
default font size in the preferences menu of your browser. In Netscape
Communicator, for example, select the Edit/Preferences... menu item
and then choose the Appearance category, where you will find the Fonts
controls. Try several sizes to see the effect on the appearance of the
manuals, and choose the one that is best for you.
Page Width
While reading a manual, you may find a figure that is wider than your
browsers window. As a result, some of the figure will be hidden from
view. To see all of the figure, you can use the horizontal scroll bar at
the bottom of your browsers window, or increase your browsers window
size.
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Getting Started
You might also want to adjust the window size to increase or decrease
the page width to a comfortable reading width.
Tool Tips
PostScript and Adobe Acrobat PDF files are provided for printing all or
part of the manuals. You can also print individual HTML pages from
your browser, but it is recommended that you use the PostScript or
PDF files instead if you are printing a long section, in order to obtain a
higher-quality printout.
The PDF files are appropriate for viewing and printing with Adobe Ac-
robat Reader, which is available for most UNIX and Windows systems.
These files are distinguished by a .pdf suffix in their file names.
Note that you can select the paper size to which you are printing in
Adobe Acrobat Reader by selecting the File/Print Setup... menu item
and choosing the desired Paper size. If the page is too large to fit on
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1.7 Accessing the FLUENT Manuals
your paper size, you can reduce it by selecting the File/Print... menu
item and enabling the Shrink to Fit option.
If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can download it (at no
cost) from www.adobe.com. If you are not able to download files from the
Internet, contact your Fluent support engineer and ask for the Adobe
Acrobat Reader CD-ROM.
path/Fluent.Inc/fluent6.0/help/index.htm
The procedure for accessing the PostScript and PDF files directly on the
CD differs slightly for UNIX and Windows systems:
For UNIX systems, you can access the files by inserting the CD into
your CD-ROM drive and pointing your browser to the following file:
/cdrom/fluent6.0/help/index.htm
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Getting Started
For Windows systems, you can access the files by inserting the
CD into your CD-ROM drive and pointing your browser to the
following file:
cdrom:\fluent6.0\help\Index.htm
This will bring up the FLUENT documentation home page (Figure 1.7.1),
from which you can select the PostScript or PDF file(s) for the particu-
lar FLUENT manual you want. For large manuals, PostScript and PDF
files are provided for the individual chapters, rather than for the entire
manual.
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1.8 Sample Session
o
60
= 60o
= 1.0 kg/m3
= 2.0 E-05 kg/m-s
D
D = 0.1 m
uwall D
Re 500
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Getting Started
The modeling steps you will follow in this sample FLUENT session are
reduced to the following:
Before beginning, you should copy the grid file from the documentation
CD to your working directory (i.e., the directory in which you are going
to start the solver). The grid file for this tutorial is (for UNIX systems)
/cdrom/fluent6.0/help/tutfiles/sample/cavity.msh
cdrom:\fluent6.0\help\tutfiles\sample\cavity.msh
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1.8 Sample Session
After you read in the grid, you should check its validity by selecting the
Grid/Check menu item.
Grid Check
You should see the domain extents, volume statistics, and connectivity
information in the console window, as shown below:
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Getting Started
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1.8 Sample Session
Grid Check
Domain Extents:
x-coordinate: min (m) = 0.000000e+00, max (m) = 1.500000e-01
y-coordinate: min (m) = 0.000000e+00, max (m) = 8.660000e-02
Volume statistics:
minimum volume (m3): 7.156040e-05
maximum volume (m3): 7.157349e-05
total volume (m3): 8.660000e-03
Face area statistics:
minimum face area (m2): 9.089851e-03
maximum face area (m2): 9.091221e-03
Checking number of nodes per cell.
Checking number of faces per cell.
Checking thread pointers.
Checking number of cells per face.
Checking face cells.
Checking bridge faces.
Checking right-handed cells.
Checking face handedness.
Checking element type consistency.
Checking boundary types:
Checking face pairs.
Checking periodic boundaries.
Checking node count.
Checking nosolve cell count.
Checking nosolve face count.
Checking face children.
Checking cell children.
Checking storage.
Done.
The most common error identified by the grid check is negative volumes
in the grid. If the minimum volume is negative, you will need to repair
the grid to remove this nonphysical discretization of the solution domain.
You may be able to use the Iso-Value... marking ability in the Adapt pull-
down menu to locate the problem by marking and displaying cells with
volumes less than zero (see Section 23.5). For additional information on
checking the grid, see Section 5.5.
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Getting Started
You can zoom in to enlarge the view using the mouse. Move the cursor
to a point on the screen that is slightly above and to the left of the
cavity. Then, while holding down the middle mouse button, move the
cursor down and to the right to a point that is slightly below and to
the right of the cavity. When you release the middle mouse button, the
portion of the display within the zoom box will be expanded to fill the
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1.8 Sample Session
entire window.
For this example, the velocities involved are low enough that you can
model the problem assuming incompressible flow. For such problems,
the segregated solver is appropriate. Since the segregated solver is the
default in FLUENT, no change is needed. If you wanted to select one of
the coupled solvers, you would visit the Solver panel in the Define/Models
submenu.
In FLUENT, the default physical model setup is for laminar flow. Since
the flow modeled in this example is laminar, you will not need to make
any changes to the model settings. If you did need to modify the physical
models, you would do so using the Viscous Model panel and other panels
in the Define/Models submenu.
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Getting Started
To set the fluid properties for your problem, select the Define/Materials...
menu item. This will open the Materials panel (Figure 1.8.5).
Define Materials...
If you wanted to use a material other than air you could select it from
the materials database (as described in Section 7.1.2), or create your own
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1.8 Sample Session
material (as described in Section 7.1.2). For this problem, you will just
make some modifications to the properties for air, the default material.
Change the density to 1.0 kg/m3 and the viscosity to 2 105 kg/m-s.
Click on Change/Create to save the new values, and then close the panel.
You can set values for boundary conditions and change boundary types
using the Boundary Conditions panel shown in Figure 1.8.6. To open this
panel, select the Define/Boundary Conditions... menu item.
Define Boundary Conditions...
To set the boundary conditions for a particular zone, select the desired
boundary in the Zone list. You can change the boundary type by select-
ing from the Type list. After you select the correct zone type, you can set
the actual boundary condition values by clicking on the Set... button.
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Getting Started
(If you prefer, you can double-click on the boundary zone name in the
Zone list instead of clicking on the Set... button.)
For this example, you need to change the conditions for the moving (top)
wall by setting the x velocity to 0.1 m/s to model the moving cavity
lid. If you are not sure which of the two wall boundaries represents the
moving (top) wall, you can click your right mouse button on the top wall
boundary in the graphics window (which is still showing the grid display
of Figure 1.8.4). The zone information will be printed in the FLUENT
console window, and wall-2 will be selected automatically in the Zone list
in the Boundary Conditions panel. Now click on the Set... button to open
the Wall panel shown in Figure 1.8.7.
To set the wall velocity, you will need to turn on the Moving Wall option.
When you do so, the Wall panel will expand to show the wall motion
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1.8 Sample Session
After you have entered this value, click on OK to save your settings and
close the panel.
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Getting Started
The only other boundary in this problem is the wall boundary on the
remaining three sides of the cavity (wall-5). For this example, the default
wall boundary conditions (no motion) will be used, so no further action
is needed. Click on the Close button in the Boundary Conditions panel to
close it.
You can change the default settings for the under-relaxation factors,
multigrid parameters, and other flow solver parameters in the panels
that are opened from the Solve/Controls submenu. These settings are
described in Chapter 22. Normally, you will not need to change these
parameters.
For this problem, the default settings are adequate.
The problem setup is almost complete. You will now turn on the graph-
ical residual monitoring so that you can easily watch the progress of the
solution. To do this, select the Solve/Monitors/Residual... menu item to
open the Residual Monitors panel shown in Figure 1.8.9.
Solve Monitors Residual...
Under Options, turn on the Plot option to activate the graphical display
of residuals during the calculation, and then click OK.
Your inputs that define the problem are stored in the case file. You
must save this file in order to continue your analysis in a future FLUENT
session. (The results that you compute will be stored in a separate file,
the data file.)
To save the case file, select the File/Write/Case... menu item. The Select
File dialog box will appear, as shown in Figure 1.8.10.
File Write Case...
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1.8 Sample Session
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Getting Started
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1.8 Sample Session
Keep the default name (cavity.cas) in the Case File text entry box.
Click OK to save the file cavity.cas.
Before iterating, you must initialize the flow field to provide a starting
point for the solution. You have a choice of computing the initial solution
from the settings of one (or all) of the boundary conditions or entering
flow-field values individually. Select the Solve/Initialize/Initialize... menu
item to open the Solution Initialization panel shown in Figure 1.8.11.
Solve Initialize Initialize...
Since a strongly recirculating flow is expected to develop, initialization
of all values to 0 is acceptable. Thus you can retain the default values
in the panel and initialize the flow by clicking on the Init button. Then
close the panel.
Calculating
Now you are ready to begin iterating. Select the Solve/Iterate... menu
item. This will open the Iterate panel shown in Figure 1.8.12.
Solve Iterate...
Enter 10 for the Number of Iterations and click on the Iterate button
to perform the 10 iterations. When the iterations start, you should
see the residual plot in the graphics window. After the 10 iterations are
complete, your graphics window should look something like Figure 1.8.13.
The residuals are headed downward, which is a good sign. (Note that the
actual values of the residuals may differ slightly on different machines,
so your plot may not look exactly the same as Figure 1.8.13.)
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Getting Started
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1.8 Sample Session
Residuals
continuity
x-velocity
y-velocity 1e+01
1e+00
1e-01
1e-02
1e-03
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Iterations
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Getting Started
You will also want to check the flow field to see how it is developing.
To view the velocity vectors in the flow field, select the Vectors... menu
item in the Display menu. This will open the Vectors panel shown in
Figure 1.8.14.
Display Vectors...
The default settings on this panel produce a vector plot colored by ve-
locity magnitude, which is what you want to see. Click on the Display
button, and you should see a plot similar to Figure 1.8.15.
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1.8 Sample Session
4.50e-02
4.05e-02
3.60e-02
3.15e-02
2.70e-02
2.25e-02
1.80e-02
1.35e-02
9.03e-03
4.54e-03
3.76e-05
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Getting Started
Residuals
continuity
x-velocity
y-velocity 1e+00
1e-01
1e-02
1e-03
1e-04
1e-05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Iterations
You are now ready to save the data and look at the converged results.
As discussed earlier, when the case file was saved, inputs that define the
problem and the results computed by FLUENT are stored in two separate
files: the case file and the data file. You must save both files in order to
resume your analysis in a future FLUENT session. Note that FLUENT
does not automatically save these files for you. Although you already
saved the case file before you began the calculation, it is a good idea to
save it again, along with the data file.
To save the case and data files, select the File/Write/Case & Data... menu
item. The Select File dialog box will appear, as shown in Figure 1.8.17.
File Write Case & Data...
Enter the name you would like for the case and data files in the Case/Data
File field. If you keep the default name, FLUENT will save a case file
called cavity.cas and a data file called cavity.dat. Click on the OK
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1.8 Sample Session
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Getting Started
Plotting Contours
You have already seen how to make a velocity vector plot. Now select the
Contours... menu item in the Display menu. This will open the Contours
panel shown in Figure 1.8.19.
Display Contours...
In the upper drop-down list under Contours Of, select Velocity..., and then
select Stream Function in the lower list. Decrease the number of contour
Levels to 10 and click on the Display button. The resulting display should
appear as shown in Figure 1.8.20. Close the panel when you are finished
displaying contours.
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1.8 Sample Session
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Getting Started
5.07e-04
4.06e-04
3.04e-04
2.03e-04
1.01e-04
0.00e+00
When you are finished examining the results, and you have saved your
case and data files, you can end the FLUENT session by selecting the
File/Exit menu item.
File Exit
1.8.13 Summary
This example has been designed to show you how to use FLUENT to solve
a very simple problem. Example problems of increasing difficulty are
solved in the FLUENT Tutorial Guide where the different physical models
and solution parameters that are available in FLUENT are illustrated in
greater detail.
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