Itermediate-Advanced Writing Ebook PDF

WRITERIGHT:TRANSITIONSTableofContents
UNIT1:FORMALWRITING page1
Chapter1:WritingaFormalParagraph:TheBasics page1
Chapter2:PunctuationandProperSentences page15
page23
UNIT2:TRANSITIONS
Chapter3:IntroductiontoCommonTransitions page23
Chapter4:ExpressingContrast page40
Chapter5:ExpressingCauseandEffect page53
Chapter6:MoreTransitions page62
page69
UNIT3:REVIEW
Chapter7:ReviewofTransitions page69
page76
ANSWERKEY
WRITERIGHT:TRANSITIONSIntroduction
WriteRight:Transitionsisamultiskillswritingbookdesignedforintermediateand
advancedESL/EFLstudents.Thebookconsistsofsevenchaptersandprovidesstudentswith
afoundationforwritingformalparagraphs.Thisbookisessentiallyabookofworksheets:
teacherscanprinttheentirebook,andgooverallofthecontentinorder;conversely,
teachersmayprefertoprintcertainpagesassupplementstoclasses.Eitherway,these
worksheetswillhelpstudentslearntowriteformalessaysandavoidmanyofthemistakes
commontoESL/EFLstudents.
Includedinthisbookareworksheetsfocusingonthefollowingpoints:
StructureofaFormalParagraph:
TopicSentences
BodyofaParagraph
ConcludingSentences
TransitionsandConnectors
inaddition,additionally,moreover,furthermore,plus,aswell,aswellas,not
onlybutalso
however,nevertheless,still,evenso,nonetheless,despitethat
therefore,consequently,asaresult,thus,forthisreason
although,eventhough,though,despite,inspiteof,despitethefactthat
because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,duetothefactthat
regardlessof,nomatter
WritingPractice:
OpinionEssays
Cause/EffectEssays
ProblemSolutionEssays
CollegeApplicationEssay
AdditionalPracticeEssayTopics
Aftercompletingthisbook,studentsshouldhaveabasicunderstandingofhowtowrite
properformalparagraphswithminimalmistakes.Thisbookisusefulforpreparingforformal
testssuchastheTOEICandIELTS.
Goodluck,andhappywriting!
Copyright2011BrianGilesandStickyball.net
1
UNIT1:FormalWriting
Chapter1
WritingaFormalParagraph:The
Basics
TopicSentences
Body
Conclusion
IntroductiontoTopicSentences
WhenyouwriteaformalessayinEnglish,youneedtofollowsomerules.Thisunitwill
introducetheserules.First,youneedtostartyouressaywithagoodtopicsentence.Atopic
sentenceintroducestheparagraph.Ittellsthereaderwhatyouressaywillbeabout.Most
importantly,yourtopicsentenceshouldbeinteresting.Ifyourtopicsentenceisnot
interesting,thereaderwillnotwanttoreadyouressay.
Herearesometopicsentenceswrittenforessaysaboutstudentsgrandfathers:
Mygrandfatherhadmorestoriesthanachildrenslibrary.
OfallthepeopleIhaveevermet,noonehasimpressedmeasmuchasmy
grandfather.
WhenIseeanoldmanwalkingdownthestreet,Ioftenthinktomyself,Ihopehislife
wasasinterestingasmygrandfatherslife.
WhenIwasachild,Ithoughtmygrandfatherwassuperman.
Ihavealwayslookedforwardtoseeingmygrandfather.
Thetopicsentencesaboveareallinteresting,andtheymakethereaderwanttokeep
reading.However,thetopicsentencesbelowaretooboring:
Mygrandfatherisaniceman.
Ilovemygrandfather.
Mygrandfathermakesmeveryhappy.
Belowaretopicsentenceswrittenbystudentsabouttheirpets.Readthesentences,and
writeIifthesentenceisinteresting,andBifitisboring.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1._____Mypetbirdbringswonderfulmusictomylife.
2._____Ilikecats,andmypetcatisaverygoodcat.
3._____Althoughmypetcatsleepsalldaylong,Imalwaysgladthatsheisinmyhouse.
4._____Mypetdoghaseatenmyhomework,destroyedmyshoes,andbittenmyfriend,
butstillIcannevergetangryather.
5._____Mydogissocute,andeveryonelikeshim.
6._____Afterhavingapetrabbitforoneyear,Icanunderstandwhymostpeopledont
wanttohavetheseanimalsaspets.
3
TopicSentences:Analogies(SimilesandMetaphors)

Whenyouwriteatopicsentence,youcanoftenuseanalogiestomakeitmoreinteresting.
Ananalogyiswhenyousayonethingissomethingelse.Forexample:
Myfatherisabearinthemorning.(Yourfatherisnotreallyabear,sothisisananalogy.)
Mysisterislikeanangelinmylife.(Yoursisterisnotreallyanangel,sothisisananalogy.)
Therearetwokindsofanalogiesthatweoftenuse:SimilesandMetaphors.

Similesusethewordslikeoras:

Mysisterislikeanangelinmylife.
Mybedroomislikeaboxofsilenceinanoisyworld.
Myfatherisangryasabearwhenhewakesup.

Metaphorsdonotuselikeoras:

Myfatherisabearinthemorning.
Thisfoodistrash.
Mygrandfatherissuperman.
Myteacheristhedevil!
Readtheseanalogies.WriteSifitisasimileorMifitisametaphor.(Seepage76for
answers.)
1._____Mylifeisadream.
2._____Mathislikeapuzzlethatneverends.
3._____Mymotherisanangel,alwayswatchingoverme.
4._____Loveisaflowerthatgrowsandbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.
5._____Mymotherisbeautiful,withhairthatissoftasacloud.
6._____Thiscityisaseaofsadness.
7._____Theoceanwaveshitthebeachlikeathousandhammers.
8._____Mywifeisthelightinmylife.
9._____WatchoutforJohn.Heisasneakysnake.
10._____Whenmybrotherfell,hehowledlikeawolf.
4
TopicSentences:Analogies(SimilesandMetaphors)

Whenyouwriteasimileormetaphor,trytothinkofadifferentandinterestingtosaywhat
youwanttosay.
Examples:
Thiscityisbeautiful.
(Whataresomethingsthatarebeautiful?)
Thiscityisparadise.
Thiscityislikeagardenofbeauty.
Thiscityisacolorfulpainting.
Myfatherisverysmart.
(Howcanyoudescribehimassmart?)
Myfatherislikeawiseoldwizard.
Myfatherisawalkingencyclopedia.
Myfatherisahumanuniversity.
Readthesesentences,andtrytorewritethemusingasimileormetaphor.
1.Johnsgirlfriendisverycute.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Mickeyrunssoslowly!
___________________________________________________________________________
3.WhenIgotoffwork,Iwasreallytired.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Angerisabadthingthatcantakeoveryourlife.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.MyhouseisaniceplacewhereIcanrelax.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Theinternetissomethingthatletsyoufindalotofinformation.
___________________________________________________________________________
5
TopicSentences:Practice

Readtheparagraphsbelow.Theyaremissingatopicsentence.Writeatopicsentencethat
introducesthemainideaofeachparagraph.
*Note:Youdonothavetouseasimileormetaphor,butsometimesthesearegoodwaysto
writeinterestingtopicsentences.
____________________________________________________________________.
Who takes care of you? Who supports you? Who sees you grow up? Family is very
important. My family has six people: my grandma, my parents, myself, and my two
brothers. My grandma loves me very much. When the weather is cold, she always
tells me to wear more clothes. Although I often argue with my brothers, they will
give me support when I need it. My parents have taken care of me since I was born.
My definition of family is an organization which is full of love.
____________________________________________________________________.
When you travel to Europe, you can visit many different countries, such as England,
Spain, Germany, and Greece. Many different languages are spoken in Europe, and
the cultures of the countries are all unique. Also, the weather in Europe varies a lot.
Countries in the north are very cold, and you can go skiing. In the south, there are
beautiful beaches, and these are popular places for vacations. As you can see,
Europe is a very interesting place with different kinds of people and many
possibilities.
____________________________________________________________________.
Her name is Mrs. Graham, and she not only teaches music in my school, but she is
also a friend to all of her students. In class, she teaches us to love music, and she
introduces us to different songs and styles of music. She taught me to play the piano
and violin, and I am sure that I will enjoy playing these instruments for the rest of
my life. Mrs. Graham often tells interesting stories in class, and she always helps us
or gives us advice when we have problems. Mrs. Graham is more than just a music
teacher, she is like a star in the sky.
6
TopicSentences:Practice

Readthefollowingessayassignments.Writeatopicsentenceforeachassignment.
Remember:Trytowriteinterestingsentencesthatmakethereaderwanttoreadmore.You
canuseanalogies(similesandmetaphors)tomakeyoursentencesmoreinteresting.
1. Assignment: Write a paragraph about an important person in your life.
Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite places.
Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Assignment: Write a paragraph about an important problem facing people your age.
Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite fictional characters.
Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7
IntroductiontotheBodyofaParagraph
Afteryouwriteatopicsentence,youneedtogiveinformationaboutthesubject.Thisis
calledthebodyoftheparagraph.Inthebody,yougiveexamplesaboutthetopic,and
youprovidedetails.Youmighttellastoryinthebody,youmightgiveyourreasonsfor
youropinion,oryoumightprovidenumbers,facts,andstatistics.
Lookagainatthesampletopicsentencesbelow.Thebodyshouldincludetheinformation
listedbeloweachsentence:

Mygrandfatherhadmorestoriesthanachildrenslibrary.
Giveanexampleofsomestories.
Describehowhetoldthestories.
Describehowthesestoriesmadeyoufeel.

WhenIwasachild,Ithoughtmygrandfatherwassuperman.
Givesomeexamplestoexplainthis.
Didotherpeoplefeelthiswayabouthim?
Explainifyoustillfeellikethis,orifyouropinionhaschanged.

Ihavealwayslookedforwardtoseeingmygrandfather.
Giveanexampleofwhyyoulookedforwardtoseeinghim.
Describeyourfeelingswhenyouwereyounger.
Describeyourfeelingsnow.
Asyoucansee,thebodygivesmoreinformationandanswersquestionsaboutthetopic
sentence.Readthetopicsentencesbelow,andwritesentencesorquestionstoexplain
whatinformationshouldbeinthebodyoftheparagraph.
Topicsentence:Althoughmypetcatsleepsalldaylong,Imalwaysgladthatsheisinmy
house.
Body: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Topicsentence:Mymotherisanangel,alwayswatchingoverme.
Body: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
8
BodyofaParagraph:Review
Inthebodyofaparagraph,youneedtomakesurethateverysentencerelatestothetopic
sentence.Thismeansthateverysentenceshouldbeaboutthetopicsentence.
Readtheparagraphsbelow.Ineachparagraph,therearetwosentencesthatdonotrelate
tothetopicsentence.Crossoutthesesentences.(Seepage76foranswers.)
PARAGRAPH1:MyFavoriteHobby:ReadingBooks
Booksarelikewindowstotheworld,andthatiswhyreadingismyfavoritehobby.I
firstfellinlovewithbooksattheageof5,whenIwasfirstlearningtoread.Mymothergave
methebookGreenEggsandHamandhelpedmereadit.Sheboughtthisbookatagrocery
store.AsIgrewolder,Idiscoveredfamousauthorsanddifferentkindsofstories.Recently,I
readalloftheHarryPotterbooks,andthesearenowmyfavoritebooks.TheHarryPotter
moviesareverygood,too.WhenIgotocollege,Ihopetomajorinliteratureandcontinue
exploringthewonderfulworldofbooks.
PARAGRAPH2:TheMostImportantModernInvention:TheComputer
Thecomputeristhemostimportantmoderninventionbecauseithaschangedhow
welive.Inthepast,studentsoftenwenttothelibrarytodoresearch,butnow,most
researchisdoneonacomputerusingtheinternet.Thereisalibrarynearmyhouse,butI
dontgothereveryoften.Also,computershavechangedhowpeoplecommunicate.People
writeemailsinsteadofletters,andwiththeinventionofserviceslikeSkype,telephonesmay
onedaybereplacedbycomputers.Icanusemytelephonetogoontheinternetandcheck
myemail.Finally,computershavemadetravellingmucheasier;wecanbuyairplanetickets
usingacomputer,andGPStechnologymakesiteasiertoreachourdestination.Insum,the
inventionofthecomputerhasgivenusnewpossibilitiesandconvenienceswhichnowseem
hardtolivewithout.
WritingAssignment:SchoolApplicationEssay

Forthisassignment,youwillwriteanapplicationessayforaschoolthatyoumightapplyto
(college,highschool,etc.).Inthisessay,youneedtotelltheschoolwhytheyshouldacceptyou.
Youwillneedtogivemanyreasonsinthebodyoftheparagraph.
First,makealistofyourbestpersonalqualities(forexample:hardworking,honest,
responsible,eagertolearn,goodleadership,enjoyworkingwithothers,etc.)
PersonalQualities
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Now,makealistofyourmostimportantachievementsorthingsyouhavedone(for
example:wonBestStudentaward,wonspellingbee,perfectattendance,electedstudent
president,chosenasteachersassistant,etc.)
Achievements
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
10
WritingAssignment:SchoolApplicationEssay
Usingthepersonalqualitiesandachievementsyoulistedonthepreviouspage,writean
applicationessayforaschoolyoumightapplyfor(college,highschool,etc.).Explainwhyyou
wouldbeagoodstudentinthiscollege.Dontforgettobeginwithaninterestingtopicsentence!

SchoolApplicationEssay

_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11
ConcludingSentences

Whenyouwriteaparagraph,youneedtostartwithatopicsentence,giveexamplesand
detailsinthebody,andendwithaproperconcludingsentence.

Theconclusionistheendoftheparagraph.Intheconcludingsentence,youwanttorepeat
themainpoint,andmakeitsoundliketheparagraphisending.Theconcludingsentenceis
oftensimilartothetopicsentence,butwithdifferentwords.
Youcanoftenusephraseslikethistobegintheconcludingsentence:
Asyoucansee, Inbrief, Insum,
Thatswhy Inconclusion, Inshort,
Onthewhole, Insummary,
Forexample:

Topicsentence:Mygrandfatherhadmorestoriesthanachildrenslibrary.
Conclusion:Asyoucansee,mygrandfatherhadanendlessimaginationthatbroughtsmiles
toeveryonearoundhim.
Topicsentence:WhenIwasachild,Ithoughtmygrandfatherwassuperman.
Conclusion:Inshort,althoughheisnotreallyasuperhero,mygrandfatherisveryspecialto
meformanyreasons.
Topicsentence:Mypetdoghaseatenmyhomework,destroyedmyshoes,andbittenmy
friend,butstillIcannevergetangryather.
Conclusion:Inconclusion,althoughshesometimesbehavesbadly,mypetdogwillalwaysbe
animportantpartofmylife.
Readthetopicsentencesbelow,thenwriteaconcludingsentencethatsaysalmostthe
samething.(Beginyourconcludingsentencewithoneofthetransitionsabove.)

1.TopicSentence:Ihavealwayslookedforwardtoseeingmygrandfather.

ConcludingSentence:__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.TopicSentence:Mypetbirdbringswonderfulmusictomylife.

___________________________________________________________________________
3.TopicSentence:ItisimportantforchildrentolearnEnglishbecauseitisspokenalmost
everywhereintheworld.

___________________________________________________________________________
12
ConcludingSentences

Liketopicsentences,concludingsentencesneedtobeinteresting!
Agoodconcludingsentencenotonlyendstheparagraphbutalsomakesthereaderfeellike
theparagraphwasinterestingandcreative.
Examples:
Inshort,summerisagoodtimeofyear.(boring!)
Inshort,summerisarelaxingandmagicaltimeofyear.(interesting!)
Inbrief,playingguitarisfun.(boring!)
Inbrief,playingguitarisafrustratingyetrewardinghobbythatanyonecanenjoy.
(interesting!)
Intheseexamples,theunderlinedwordsareadjectives.Relaxing,magical,frustrating,and
rewardingaremoreinterestingadjectivesthangoodandfun.Trytouseinteresting
adjectiveswhenyouwrite,andyourwritingwillbemuchmoreinteresting.(Ifyouneedhelp
findinginterestingadjectives,lookinathesaurus!)
Readtheconcludingsentencesbelow.Write(I)iftheyareinteresting,or(U)iftheyare
uninteresting.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1._____Inshort,mygrandfatherwasagoodman.
2._____Inbrief,playingtenniscanchangeyourlifeandmakeyouahappier,healthier
person.
3._____Insum,myhometownisawonderfulandpeacefulplacetogrowup.
4._____Inconclusion,mycatisafunnypet.
5._____Asyoucansee,Frenchisafunlanguagetolearn.
Now,rewritethesentencesthatyouthinkare(U)uninteresting.Usedifferentadjectives
tomakethesentencesmoreinteresting.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
13
ConcludingSentences:Practice

Readtheparagraphsbelow.Theyaremissingaconcludingsentence.Writeaconcluding
sentencethatissimilartothetopicsentenceandinteresting!
Writing is not only a way to communicate, it is a tool for expressing your

thoughts and exploring new ideas. Ever since I was young, I have kept a diary. I
wrote my thoughts in my diary every day. Now that I am older, I still enjoy writing,
and I often write short stories. Sometimes I still like to write down my thoughts at
the end of the day. It helps me understand myself better, and it helps me see my life
more clearly. __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
My nephews Jason and Levi are like a ray of sunshine in my cloudy life. Every time I
see them, they make me smile, even if Im in a bad mood. Although they are much
younger than me, I enjoy talking to them and sharing secrets with them. We like to
go swimming and hiking as well as playing basketball sometimes. My nephews look
up to me, so I try to behave well and give them a good example. I am glad my
nephews live near me, and I am excited to watch them grow up. ________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
For people around the world, the Red Cross is often the difference between
life and death. For several years, the Red Cross has been helping people who are sick,
victims of wars, and victims of natural disasters. The Red Cross does not take sides,
but rather helps anyone who needs help. After Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans,
the Red Cross worked hard and saved many lives. Also, after Japan was hit by a
tsunami in 2011, the Red Cross helped the people there get through this difficult
time. ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14
WritingPractice

Chooseoneofthetopicsbelow,andwriteaformalparagraph.Includethefollowing:
TopicSentence
Body(withmanydetails/examples)
ConcludingSentence
Topic1:MyIdealJob
9 Whatisyouridealjob?Why?
9 Whatwouldyoudointhisjob?
9 Givesomereasonsthatthisisyouridealjob.

Topic2:ALifeChangingExperience
9 Whatisoneexperiencethathaschangedyourlife?
9 Whathappened?
9 Whatdidyoulearnfromthisexperience?
9 Howdiditmakeyoufeel?
9 Howdiditchangeyourlife?
Topic3:ATriptoaFarm
9 Writeaboutatimethatyouvisitedafarm.
9 Whatdidyousee?Howdidyoufeel?
9 Howwasitdifferentfromwhereyoulive?
9 Whodidyoumeet?Whatdidyoudo?
Chooseoneofthesetopics,andthenwritethetopicsentence,notesaboutthebody,and
concludingsentencebelow.
Topicsentence:______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Body(3or4examples,details,orreasonstogivemoreinformationaboutyourtopicsentence):
Concludingsentence(Summarizeyouressay,andsayyourmainideaagain):________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Now,onaseparatepieceofpaper,writeacompleteparagraphusingtheinformationyou
wroteabove.
15
UNIT1:FormalWriting
Chapter2
PunctuationandProperSentences
SentenceFragments
RunonSentences
CommaSplices
Conjunctions
CommasandSemicolons

16
SentenceFragments:Introduction
Whenyouwrite,youneedtoavoidsentencefragments.Afragmentisapieceof
something,soasentencefragmentisjustapieceofasentencenotacompletesentence.

Acompletesentenceshouldhaveasubject(whatisthesentenceabout?)andapredicate
(whatdoesthesubjectdo?).Thesubjectisusuallyanoun,andthepredicatealwayshasa
verb.Intheexamplesbelow,thesubjectsareboldfaceandthepredicatesareunderlined.

Examples:
BecauseIwastired.(sentencefragment)
IwenttosleepbecauseIwastired.(completesentence)

Thetripthatwewentonlastsummer.(sentencefragment)
Thetripthatwewentonlastsummerwasfun.(completesentence)
Andboughtalotofvegetables.(sentencefragment)
Janwenttothegrocerystoreandboughtalotofvegetables.(completesentence)
Readthesentencesandfragmentsbelow.Ifitisacompletesentence,writeC.Ifitisa
sentencefragment,writeF.(Seepage76foranswers.)
1._____ButIdidnthavetime.
2._____EveryoneIknow.
3._____Ihaveacat.
4._____Themostbeautifulgirlintheworld.
5._____Mycaristooold.
6._____Weplayedtennisafterschoolyesterday.
7._____BeforewewokeuponSaturdaymorning.
8._____ThedogthatIfoundonthesideoftheroad.
9._____Maxfoundawallet.
10._____Sittingonthepurplechair.
17
SentenceFragments:Review
Eachexamplebelowincludesasentencefragment.Rewritethesentenceswithoutany
sentencefragments.(Youmighthavetoaddsomewords.)(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.Wewenttobedearly.Becauseweweretired.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.MysistergotintoHarvard.ButIdidnt.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.AfterIwokeupandgotdressed.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.NextyearwewillgotoUtah.AndhopefullyvisittheGrandCanyon.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Becauseitwasrainingalldayandtherewasnoelectricity.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Mycomputerwasntworkinglastnight.SoIhadtogotothelibrary.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Ifyoufinishallofyourhomework.
___________________________________________________________________________
8.EverytimeIgotothatrestaurant.Ileaveabigtipforthewaitress.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
18
RunonSentences:Introduction
Arunonsentenceiswhentwocompletesentencesareputtogetherwithoutcorrect
punctuation(acommaorperiod,forexample).Youshouldavoidrunonsentenceswhenyou
write!
Examples:
Wewenttothebeachitwasalotoffun.(runonsentence)
Thisisactuallytwosentences:Wewenttothebeach.andItwasalotoffun.Tocorrectthis,you
canaddaperiod:
Wewenttothebeach.Itwasalotoffun.(Right!)
Oryoucanaddaconjunction(and/but/so/because)betweenthesentences.(Note:With
and/but/soyouneedtouseacomma(,),butwithbecauseyouusuallydontneedacomma.)
Wewenttothebeach,anditwasalotoffun.(Right!)
Wewenttothebeachbecauseitisafunplacetogo.(Right!)
Johnissickhehasntgonetothedoctor.(runonsentence)
Johnissick.Hehasntgonetothedoctor.(Right!)
Johnissick,buthehasntgonetothedoctor.(Right!)

Ididntfinishmyhomeworktheteacherisnothappywithme.(runonsentence)
Ididntfinishmyhomework.Theteacherisnothappywithme.(Right!)
Ididntfinishmyhomework,sotheteacherisnothappywithme.(Right!)
Rewritetheserunonsentencesusingaperiod(.)oraconjunction(and/but/so/because).(See
page76forsampleanswers.)
1.Iwaslatetoschooltheteacherdidntnotice.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.IwanttoliveinCaliforniatheweatherisnicethere.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.MydadatealltheicecreamIcanthaveanyfordessert.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Doctorsareimportanttheyhelpsickpeople.
___________________________________________________________________________
19
Punctuation:CommaSplicesandConjunctions
WhenyouwriteinEnglish,youhavetobecarefulwithpunctuation.
Youcannotputtwosentencestogetherwithonlyacomma(,)thisiscalledacomma
splice.(Acommaspliceislikearunonsentenceyoushouldavoiditinyourwriting.)

Ifyouwanttoputtwosentencestogether,youneedaconjunction:and/but/so/because
**Note:Withand/but/soyouneedtouseacomma,butyouusuallydontneeda
commawithbecause.
Examples:
Iwenthomeearly,Ididmyhomework.(Wrong!)
Iwenthomeearly,andIdidmyhomework.(Right!)

Ididntfinishmyhomework,theteacherwasangry.(Wrong!)
Ididntfinishmyhomework,sotheteacherwasangry.(Right!)
TheteacherwasangrybecauseIdidntfinishmyhomework.(Right!)

Youcandrawpicturesinclass,youcanttalktootherstudents.(Wrong!)
Youcandrawpicturesinclass,butyoucanttalktootherstudents.(Right!)
Combinethesentencesbelow,usingaconjunction(and/but/so/because)andacomma(if
youuseand/but/so).(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.ChriswenttoEurope,hevisitedmanycountries.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Ifelldownthestairslastnight,Ididntgethurt.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Iwantedtoeatsushi,IwenttoaJapaneserestaurant.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.JohnandKatewentonadate,theydidnthaveaverygoodtime.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Willyenjoysplayingbadminton,healsolikestoplaysoccer.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Andyhitanotherstudentinclass,hegotintrouble.
___________________________________________________________________________
20
Punctuation:CommasandConjunctions(and)
Whenyouwriteandinasentence,youhavetobecareful:Doyouneedacomma?
Lookatthesesentences:
Iwenttothetheater.Iwatchedamovie.
Thesearebothcompletesentences,soyoucanconnectthemwithacomma(,)andand:
Iwenttothetheater,andIwatchedamovie.
Butyoucanalsowritethisadifferentway:
Iwenttothetheaterandwatchedamovie.
Youdonotneedacommainthissentence,becausewatchedamovieisnotacomplete
sentence(itdoesnthavethesubjectI).
Examples(allofthesesentencesarecorrect!):
Johnateasandwich,andhewatchedTV.
JohnateasandwichandwatchedTV.
Marthavisitedherdaughter,andshehadagoodtime.
Marthavisitedherdaughterandhadagoodtime.
Writetwosentencesforeachofthesituationsbelow.Writeonesentencewithacomma,
andonesentencewithoutacomma.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage76foranswers.)
1.Alexworkedinabank.Hemetmanyinterestingpeople.
Alexworkedinabank,andhemetmanyinterestingpeople.__________________________
Alexworkedinabankandmetmanyinterestingpeople._____________________________
2.Thecriminalstoleamotorcycle.Hehadtopaya$1,000fine.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.AnnatravelledtoSpain.Shecamebackwithmanyinterestinggiftsforus.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Mickeyliveswithhisparents.Hehelpsthemruntheirbusiness.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Mycousinlovessports.Hehopestobecomeagymcoach.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
21
Conjunctions:And
Whenyouuseandtoconnecttwoideaswithoutacomma,youhavetobecareful!Both
verbsmustbethesametense.
Examples:
Johnwenttothesupermarketandbuysomegroceries.(Wrong!)
Johnwenttothesupermarketandboughtsomegroceries.(Right!)

Janeisdancingandsingasong.(Wrong!)
Janeisdancingandsingingasong.(Right!)

WewillgotoNevadaandstayinginanicehotel.(Wrong!)
WewillgotoNevadaandstayinanicehotel.(Right!)*

*Note:Ifyouhaveahelpingverb(likewill,can,should,etc.)youonlyneedtouse
itwiththefirstverb:

Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkandcleanyourroom.(Right!)
Youcanlistentomusicanddoyourhomeworkatthesametime.(Right!)
Rewritethesesentencesandcorrectthemistakes.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.ThePresidentwillgotoEnglandandmeetswiththePrimeMinister.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.JanestudiesEnglishatcollegeandworkatabookstoreinherfreetime.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thechildrenareplayingandlaughinthebackyard.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Jessicametafamousactorandgetshisautograph.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Thedoctorexaminedthepatientandgivinghimsomemedicine.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Youmayputyourbooksawayandgoinghomewhenyouarefinished.
___________________________________________________________________________
22
Punctuation:Semicolons(;)
Semicolons(;)aresimilartocommas,butyoudontneedaconjunction(and/but/so)
withasemicolon.

Youcanusesemicolons(;)toconnecttwocompletesentencesthatarerelated.Youusea
semicolonwhenthesecondsentencegivesmoreinformationaboutthefirstsentence.
Examples:
Iwastiredyesterday;Iwasntabletofinishmywork.
Mybosswasawisewoman;shetaughtmealotofusefulskills.
Smokingisbadforyou;itcandamageyourlungs.
Intheseexamples,thesecondpartofthesentence(afterthesemicolon)helpsexplain,
clarify,andgivemoreinformationaboutthefirstpartofthesentence.
Useasemicolontoaddmoreinformationaboutthesentencesbelowandanswerthe
questionsinparentheses.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.Tropicalislandsaregreatplacestolive.(Why?Whatdoyoumean?)
Tropicalislandsaregreatplacestolive;theyhavebeautifulbeaches,andtheweatheris
greatallyear._____________________________________________________________
2.AustraliaisoneofthemostinterestingplacesonEarth.(Why?Give1or2examples.)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Mygrandmotherrarelygoestobedearly.(Why?Whatdoessheliketodoatnight?)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thecampersranoutoffood.(Sowhatdidtheydo?Whathappened?)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Iamgoingtomovebackhomewithmyparents.(Why?Whatareyougoingtodothere?)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
23
Punctuation:Review
Theparagraphbelowhasmanypunctuationandgrammarerrors(commasplices,sentence
fragments,etc.).Rewritetheparagraph,correctingtheerrors.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)

ChangingPriorities

Aspeoplegrowolder,theybegintoseetheworldinadifferentway.Theystopworrying
aboutsillythingsandtheystartpayingmoreattentiontofamily.Becausefamilyisthemost
importantthinginourlives.Mostofmyfriendsspendalloftheirtimeplayingvideogamesand
surfingtheinternetbutIknowthattherearemoreimportantthingsinlife.WhenIwasyoung,Iwas
likemyfriends.ButnowIamdifferent.BecauseIhavelearnedalotfrommygrandparents.Asmy
grandmothergrewold,shewatchedlessTVandvisithergrandchildrenoften.Mygrandfatheristhe
same,hehaschangedalotwithage.Now,itseemsliketheonlythinghecaresaboutishischildren
andgrandchildren.ThelasttimeIvisitedmygrandparents,wewenttoamovieandwatchamovie
theysaidthatwasoneofthebestdaysoftheirlives.Mygrandparentshaveinspiredmetochange
mypriorities,Ithinkthiswillmakemylifemuchmoreenjoyable.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
24
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter3
IntroductiontoCommonTransitions

Firstofall/Second/Then/Next/Finally

Inaddition/Additionally/Furthermore/Moreover/Plus
/aswell/aswellas/notonlybutalso

However/Nevertheless/Still/Despitethat/Nonetheless/Evenso

Therefore/Consequently/AsaResult/Thus/Forthisreason

25
Transitions:ListingThingsinOrder

Whenyouwriteanessay,youoftenneedtoputyourideasinorder.Youcanusethe
transitionwordsbelowtodothis:
First, Second,/Third,/Fourth,etc. Last,

Firstandforemost, Next, Finally,
Firstly, Afterthat, Lastbutnotleast,
Firstoff, Then,
Readtheparagraphbelow.Usethetransitionsabovetointroducethereasonsinthebody.
(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
HowtoMakeanEggSandwich

Ifyouaresittingathomeandyoucanhearyourstomachmakingfunnynoises,its
probablytimetomakeasnack.Aneggsandwichisoneoftheeasiestandhealthiestsnacks
youcanmake.Allyouwillneedisoneeggandtwopiecesofbread.__________,youneedto
cracktheeggintoabowlorcup,andthenstiritwithafork.__________,pourtheeggintoa
pan,andputthepanonthestove.Cooktheeggonlowheat,butbecarefulnottoburn
yourself!__________,putthebreadintothetoasterwhiletheeggiscooking(about2or3
minutes).Whentheeggstartstogethard,turnofftheheat.__________,puttheegg
betweenthetwopiecesoftoast,andenjoyyoursimple,healthysnack!
HowtoBecomeaBasketballPlayer!

Basketballisoneofthemostenjoyablesports,andallyouneedtobecomea
basketballplayerisalittlefreetimeandafewfriends.Ifyouwanttoplaybasketball,thefirst
thingyoushoulddoisbuyabasketball!__________,gotoabasketballcourtinyour
neighborhood,andpracticedribblingtheball.__________,practiceshootingfreethrows,
thenmovearoundthecourtandtrytoimprove.__________,findafewfriends,andstarta
gameofthreeonthree!Afterafewgames,youwillnoticethatyouarealreadyapretty
goodbasketballplayer!
26
Transitions:ListingThingsinOrder

Writeyourownhowtoparagraph,usingthesetransitionwords:

First, Second,/Third,/Fourth,etc. Last,

Firstandforemost, Next, Finally,
Firstly, Afterthat, Lastbutnotleast,
Firstoff, Then,

Herearesomesampletopics:
Howtotieyourshoes
Howtomakeapeanutbutterandjellysandwich
Howtogetalongwithyoursister
Howtogetinshape
HowtoimproveyourEnglish
orchooseyourown!
______________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
27
Transitions:
Inaddition/Additionally/Furthermore/Moreover/Plus/aswell
Transitionsarewordthathelpconnectideasinaparagraph.

Whenyouaregivingmanyexamplesorideasinthebodyofaparagraph,youshouldtrytointroduce
eachideawithatransitionword.(YoushouldnotstartasentencewithAnd.)Therearemany
transitionsthatmeanAlsoorAnd:
ThesetransitionsaresimilartoAlso.Theyareexplainedindetailbelow.

1.Inaddition/Additionally
InadditionandAdditionallyareusedtogivemoreinformationaboutsomething.Whenyou
writeaformalessay,youshouldnotstartasentencewiththewordAnd.Youcanoftenuse
InadditionorAdditionallyinsteadofAnd.

Istudiedjournalismincollege.Inaddition,Ihadaparttimejobatanewspaper.
Ijoinedtheguitarclubandthemathclubinschool.Additionally,Iwentona
campingtripwiththedebateteam.
2.Furthermore/Moreover
FurthermoreandMoreoverarealsoveryformal,andtheyarebasicallythesameasin
additionandadditionally.Weoftenusemoreoverandfurthermorewhenwetalk
aboutouropinions.

Smokingisabadhabitbecauseitsmellsbadanditcandamageyourhealth.
Furthermore,itisaveryexpensivehabit.
Thepoliticianistoooldtobeourpresident.Moreover,heisnottrustworthy.
Studentsaregiventoomanyteststhesedays.Moreover,theydonthaveenough
freetime.
Humanbeingsmusttakecareoftheirenvironment.Weshoulddrivemorefuel
efficientcars,andweshouldrecycle.Furthermore,weshouldstopbusinesses
frompollutingtheenvironment.
3.Plus/aswell

Plusandaswellcanbeformalorinformal.(aswellisusedattheendofasentence)

Thatcarhasnewbrakes,anairconditioner,andanewCDplayer.Plus,ithasan
alarm.
Thetyphoondestroyedmycousinshome,anditdestroyedhiscaraswell.
Mygrandfatherfoughtintwowars,andhetravelledaroundtheworld.Heranhis
ownbusinessaswell.
Thatcomputeriswaytooexpensive.Plus,itsnoteventhatgood.

*Note:ifthesentenceisnegative,useeitherinsteadofaswell.
Ilikemath,andIlikescienceaswell.
Idontlikemath,andIdontlikescienceeither.
28
TransitionsReview:
Readthesentencesbelow.Then,writeonemoresentence,usingthetransitionwords
abovetogivemoreinformation.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
**Note:Whenyoustartasentencewiththesewords,youneedtoputacommaafterthem.
1.Igetgreatscoresinmathclass.________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.ImapplyingtotheDepartmentofEnglishatOxfordUniversitybecauseImveryinterested
instudyingEnglish.___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Angelaistakingpianolessonsandviolinlessons.__________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Youresomean!Youalwaysmakefunofyoursistersweight!_______________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Twohundredhomesweredestroyedinthelandslide.______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Leostayedupsolatethathewaslateforclass.___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Gorillasaresimilartohumansinmanyways.Forexample,theirbodiesandfaceslook
similartoours,andtheireyesshowemotions.Also,theyareabletowalkontwolegs.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

29
Transitions:Aswellas

Aswellasmeansandalso.Youuseaswellasinthemiddleofasentence.
SentencePattern:
AaswellasB(+ing)
AandBaswellasC(+ing)
*Note:Ifthewordafteraswellasisaverb,youmustadding.
Examples:
Incollege,Ijoinedthesportsclubandthemusicclub,aswellasparticipatinginthe
studentgovernmentandservingasaclassleader.
IwenttoParisandLondon,aswellasBerlinandEdinburgh.
Istudiedpsychologyandmedicine,aswellasworkinginahospitaltogainfirsthand
experience.
Therearehurricanesandearthquakesaswellastornadoesinthatstate.
Thepetstoresellscatsanddogs,aswellaslizardsandbirds.
Thenewclinictreatssickpeopleaswellasprovidingyoungdoctorswithaplaceto
acquirepractice.
Hisbadattitudecauseshimtodopoorlyinschool,aswellasmakingitharderforhim
tomakefriends.
Rewritethesesentenceswithaswellas(thefirstoneisdoneforyou).
1.Inthetriathlon,Iran,rodemybicycle,andswam.
Inthetriathlon,Iranandrodemybicycleaswellasswimming.________________________
2.Inadditiontoreadingalloftheauthorsbooks,Ihavereadhismagazine
essaysandnewspaperarticles.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3.Ihavestudiedhard,workedinseveraljobs,andacquiredconsiderable
experienceinextracurricularactivities.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4.Warkillsinnocentpeople,injuressoldiers,andcostsalotofmoney.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
30
Transitions:Notonlybutalso

Thisissimilartoaswellasandisoftenusedinformalwriting
SentencePattern:
notonlyAbutalsoB.
Examples:
Inthisclasswenotonlysingsongsbutalsoplaygames.
MyunclenotonlyrodeamotorcycleacrossSouthAmericabutalsorodehisbike
acrossChina.
Thiscityisnotonlyexpensivebutalsodangerous.
WritingEnglishessaysisnotonlyfrustratingbutalsotimeconsuming.
Rewritethesesentenceswithnotonlybutalso(thefirstoneisdoneforyou).(Seepage77
forsampleanswers.)
1.Mr.Johnsonlikestodrinkalcohol.Inaddition,hesmokesalotofcigarettes.

Mr.Johnsonnotonlylikestodrinkalcoholbutalsosmokesalotofcigarettes.____________
2.Smokingcandamageyourhealth,anditcandamageotherpeopleshealthaswell.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Inthefuture,spacetravelwillbecomecheaperaswellasfaster.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Iwantyoutoattendthemeeting.Plus,Iwantyoutolistencarefullytothespeaker.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.IsawthePresidentyesterday.Moreover,Igottoshakehishand!
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
31
Transitions:
Whenyouwriteaformalessay,youshouldnotstartasentencewithAnd,But,orSo.
Inthissection,youwilllearnsometransitionwordsthatyoucanuseinsteadofAnd,But,
orSo.
ThesetransitionscanallbeusedinsteadofAnd(thesewereintroducedontheprevious
pages):
**Note:Youusuallystartanewsentencewiththesetransitions.Youcanalsoputthese
afterasemicolon(;).
Additionally,youcanusethefollowingtransitionsinsteadofBut:
Examples:
I'mavegetarian.However,Isometimeseatfish.

TomsaidhisEnglishisterrible.Nevertheless,hegotaperfectscoreonhisEnglishtest.

Pakistanisadangerouscountryfortravelers.Still,Iwanttogoexploreitsomeday.

Thewaterinthecityisnotsafetodrink.Despitethat,Kimgivesittoherdogtodrink.

Terryisafraidtospeakinfrontofpeople.Nonetheless,sheisgivingaspeechatthe
UnitedNationsnextweek.

BriangoestochurcheverySunday.Evenso,hecanbeveryrude.

Thetornadodestroyedtheentiretown.However,noonewaskilled.

ThedoctorsaidthatBenjaminneedstostopeatingmeat.Nevertheless,hestilleatsa
hamburgereverydayforlunch.

Josephsaidthathisfatherisrich.Still,heshouldgetajobandlearntoberesponsible
withmoney.

Theschoolsaidthatwecan'twearshorts.Despitethat,Julieworehernewshortsand
wastoldtogohome.

Ithasbeenrainingforaweek.Nonetheless,we'regoingtotrytogocampingthis
weekend.

Ourguitaristissick.Evenso,we'regoingtoperformwithouthimtonight.

32
Transitions:Review
Rewritethesesentencesusingthetransitionwordsabove.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
**Remember:Youshouldeitherstartanewsentencewiththesetransitionwords,orusea
semicolon(;).
1.Brianissick,buthecametoschooltoday.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Icanthelpyouwithyourhomework,butIknowsomeonewhocan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Jackatethreepizzas,buthesnotfull.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Ifinishedcleaningmyroom,butIhaventtakenoutthetrashyet.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Theyarebrothers,buttheyfightalmosteveryday.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Craigisinreallygoodshape,buthegetssickallthetime.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Theyarguedforhours,buttheyfinallycametoanagreement.
___________________________________________________________________________
33
Transitions:
YoucanusethefollowingtransitionsinsteadofSo:
Examples:
Ihavelongbeeninterestedinscienceandanimals.Therefore,Ihavedecidedtostudy
biologyincollege.

Theathletewascaughtusingdrugs.Consequently,hewaskickedofftheteam.

Someonecalledinabombthreat.Asaresult,schoolwascancelled.

Thegovernmentdidnotprepareforthehurricane.Thus,manypeoplesuffered.

RentistooexpensiveinBoston.Forthisreason,IhavedecidedtomovetoOhio.
IusedtowasteallofmytimewatchingTVshowsthatIdidn'tevenlike.Forthisreason,I
decidedtogiveawaymyTV,sothatImightstartgettingmoreworkdone.

Rewritethefollowingsentences.Replacesowithoneofthetransitionwordsabove.(See
page77forsampleanswers.)

1.Therewasaterroristattacklastyear,soyoucantbringaknifeoralighterontheplane.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Idroppedmycellphone,anditstoppedworking,soIneedtoeitherbuyanewphoneor
borrowyours.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thepitcherthrewtheballatthebattershead,sohewasthrownoutofthegame.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Theweatherisniceinthesummer,butitrainsalmosteveryday,sospringismyfavorite
season.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
34
Transitions:Review
Therefore/Consequently/Asaresult/Thus/Forthisreason

Readthesentencesbelow.Then,writeonemoresentence,usingthetransitionwords
above,toexplainwhathappens.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
1.Monicalosthertennismatchyesterday.________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.IfeelthatBostonUniversityisthemostsuitableuniversityforme.___________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thebaseballstarwascaughttakingsteroids._____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Jasondidnotprepareforhismathtest._________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Itrainedfortwoweeksstraight._______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Mycomputergotavirus._____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Thatmanwasfoundguiltyofmurder.__________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight.______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
35
Transitions:Punctuation
Whenyouusetransitions,youhavetobecarefulwithpunctuation.
Forexample,withthesetransitions,youneedtoknowthethreerulesbelow:

1. Youneedtoputacommaafterthemwhentheyareatthebeginningofasentence.
Myfatherisverystrict.However,Iknowthathelovesme.
Tennisisaveryfunsport.Therefore,Iplayeveryweekend.
2. Also,youcanuseasemicolon(;however,)oraperiod(.However,).
Westudiedveryhard;despitethat,webothfailedthetest.
Westudiedveryhard.Despitethat,webothfailedthetest.
3. Youcannotuseonlyacomma(,however,).
Jameslosthisjob,consequently,hehadtomoveinwithhisparents.(Wrong!)
Jameslosthisjob.Consequently,hehadtomoveinwithhisparents.(Right!)
Jameslosthisjob;consequently,hehadtomoveinwithhisparents.(Right!)
WriteCifthepunctuationiscorrectorIifthepunctuationisincorrect.
IfyouwriteI,fixthepunctuation.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
1._____Myuncleisapilot.Evenso,heissometimesafraidofheights.
2._____Chrisistheoldestboxerinthecity,nevertheless,hehasntlostanyfightsthisyear.
3._____Jackywascaughtusinghercellphonetocheatonthetest.Thereforecellphones
arenowbannedinclassrooms.
4._____Thepoliticianhasliedtothepeoplemanytimes.Still,manypeoplevoteforhim.
5._____Ourteamtrainedmuchharderthantheotherteams,asaresultwewonthe
championship.
6._____Thiscomputeristhemostexpensiveone;however,Idontthinkitsthebest.
7._____Jackdidnthavehealthinsurance,consequently,hecouldntgettreatmentwhenhe
gotsick.
8._____Rosesaidthatshedoesntlikecoldweathernonethelessshedecidedtomoveto
Canada.
36
Transitions:Punctuation
Theparagraphbelowdoesnthaveanypunctuation.Rewriteit,addingcorrectpunctuation
andcapitalletterswherenecessary.(Seepage78foranswers.)
AnInfluentialPersoninMyLife:MyOlderBrotherMichael

Manypeoplehaveinfluencedmeandtaughtmethingsinmylifebutmyolder
brotherMichaelhasinfluencedmethemosteversinceIwaslittleIhavelookedupto
MichaelhelovedtoplaybasketballsoIplayedbasketballtooinadditionMichaelhasalways
givenmegoodadviceabouthowtogetgoodgradesandstayoutoftroublewhenIstarted
datingMichaelhelpedmehavetheconfidencetoaskgirlsoutoccasionallyMichaelandIwill
getintoargumentshoweverwequicklymakeupandtheargumentsneverlastlongIknow
thathewillbethereformeforeverthereforeIamgladtohavesuchasupportiveandwise
olderbrother
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
37
Transitions:Review
Readtheparagraphbelow.Itismissingtransitionwords.Chooseoneofthetransition
wordsintheboxesandfillintheblanks.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
*Donotusethesametransitionwordtwice!
**Thesentencesshouldallmakesense!

MyBestFriend:MySisterBeth
MysisterBethhasalwaysbeenmybestfriend.EversinceIwaslittle,wehave
enjoyedplayingtogetherandsharingsecrets.Wereallyenjoysittinginourroomsand
talking._______________,weliketoplayoutside,forexample,ridingourbikestothepark
orplayinghideandseekintheforestbehindourhouse._______________,ourrelationship
isntalwaysperfect.Sometimeswegetintoargumentsandstoptalkingtoeachother.
_______________,wecantstaymadateachother,andwealwaysgetoveritquickly.I
knowthatmysisterreallycaresaboutme._______________,Ialwaystrytoforgiveherif
shedoessomethingwrongormakesamistake._______________,Ialwaystrytohelpher
whensheneedshelp,becauseIknowshewoulddothesamethingforme.Asyoucansee,
mysisterisaveryspecialpersoninmylife,andImsurewewillbebestfriendsforever.

38
Transitions:Review
Readtheparagraphbelow.Itismissingtransitionwords.Chooseoneofthetransition
wordsintheboxesandfillintheblanks.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
*Donotusethesametransitionwordtwice!
**Thesentencesshouldallmakesense!

IfIWontheLottery
IfIwononemilliondollarsinthelottery,itwouldbehardtodecidehowtospendthe
money.Iwouldwanttohelpothers,bydonatingtocharity,forexample._______________,
Iwouldalsowanttousesomeofthemoneytobuythingsformyself._______________,I
wouldprobablydecidetogive30%tocharityandspend20%onmyself.Iwouldbuyanew
computerandalargecollectionofvideogames._______________,Iwouldgetanew
bicycleandanmp3playerwithalotofmemory.
AfterIspent30%oncharityand20%onmyself,Iwouldstillhave50%ofonemillion
dollars,whichis$500,000.Thatisalotofmoney!_______________,Iwouldprobablysave
mostofthistohelppayforcollege._______________,Iwouldnotsaveallofit.Iwould
probablygivesomemoneytomyparentsandfriends,becauseitwouldmakethemhappyto
havealittleextramoney.Onemilliondollarsisalotofmoney;______________,asyoucan
see,Iwouldhavenoproblemusingitall!
39
WritingPractice
Whoisyourbestfriend?Inthespacebelow,writeanessayaboutyourbestfriend.Lookon
page37ifyouneedideas.Usesomeofthetransitionwordsbelowinyourparagraph!

MyBestFriend:______________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
40
WritingPractice
Whatwouldyoudoifyouwonthelottery?Inthespacebelow,writeanessayabouthow
youwouldspendthemoney.(Remembertousewouldnotwillbecauseyoudont
reallyhaveonemilliondollars!)Lookonpage38ifyouneedideas.Usesomeofthe
transitionwordsbelowinyourparagraph!

IfIWontheLottery
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
41
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter4
ExpressingContrast

Transitions:
Although
Eventhough
Though
Despite
Inspiteof
Despitethefactthat

42
Although/Eventhough
SentencePattern:
Although[sentence],[sentence]
Eventhough[sentence],[sentence]
Examples:
Itwasraining,butIstillwalkedtoschool.
Althoughitwasraining,Iwalkedtoschool.
Eventhoughitwasraining,Iwalkedtoschool.

Imavegetarian,butIsometimeseatfish.
AlthoughImavegetarian,Isometimeseatfish.
EventhoughImavegetarian,Isometimeseatfish.

Wemissedthebeginningofthemovie,butwestillenjoyeditalot.
Eventhoughwemissedthebeginningofthemovie,weenjoyeditalot.
Althoughwemissedthebeginningofthemovie,westillenjoyeditalot.
Rewritethesesentencesusingalthoughoreventhough.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
1.Ibelieveinghosts,butIdonthaveanyevidencethattheyexist.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.ImovedtotheUSA,butIstillkeepintouchwithmyfriendsinKorea.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Craigissicktoday,butheisstillworkingveryhard.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Ihurriedtothepostoffice,butitwasclosedwhenIgotthere.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
43
Eventhough
Youcanalsoputeventhoughinthemiddleofasentence.
SentencePattern:
Eventhough[sentenceA],[sentenceB]
[sentenceB]eventhough[sentenceA]
Examples:
EventhoughIfightwithmysisteralot,Istillloveher.
IlovemysistereventhoughIfightwithheralot.

Eventhoughhesonly16yearsold,Daveisalreadyapplyingtocolleges.
Daveisalreadyapplyingtocollegeseventhoughhesonly16yearsold.

Eventhoughshesnervousspeakinginfrontofpeople,Mandyenteredaspeech
competition.
Mandyenteredaspeechcompetitioneventhoughshesnervousspeakinginfront
ofpeople.
Rewritethesesentencestwicea)firstwitheventhoughatthebeginningofthe
sentence,andthenb)witheventhoughinthemiddleofthesentence.(Seepage78for
answers.)
1.Mygrandmotherisveryold,butshestilllikestoplaybasketball.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
2.Mr.Johnsonwonthelottery,buthestillgoestoworkeveryday.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
3.Istudiedveryhardforthetest,butIstillfailedit.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
4.Marthasdoctortoldhernottoeatredmeat,butshestilleatssteaksometimes.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
44
Though
Thoughhasthesamemeaningasalthoughoreventhough.
**Youcanputthoughatthebeginningofasentence,inthemiddleofasentence,and
alsoattheendofasentence.
SentencePattern:
Eventhough[sentenceA],[sentenceB]
[sentenceB]eventhough[sentenceA]
[SentenceA].[SentenceB]though.
Examples:
ThoughIvemetthatmantwice,Icantrememberhisname.
Ivemetthatmantwice,thoughIcantrememberhisname.
Ivemetthatmantwice.Icantrememberhisname,though.

ThoughIworkveryhard,Idontmakemuchmoney.
Idontmakemuchmoney,thoughIworkveryhard.
Idontmakemuchmoney.Iworkveryhard,though.
Rewritethesesentencesthreetimesa)firstwiththoughatthebeginningofthe
sentence,thenb)withthoughinthemiddleofthesentence,andfinallyc)withthough
attheendofthesentence.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
1.Marvinisveryrich,butheisnotanarrogantperson.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________________________
2.Wandaiscrying,butsheisnotsad.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________________________
45
Although/Eventhough/ThoughREVIEW
Readthefollowingstory,andcompletetheblanksentencestomakethestorymakesense.
Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
LuckyBrian

EveryonecallsmyfriendBrianLuckyBrianbecausehealwaysseemsto
havesuchgoodluck.Forexample,eventhoughherarelystudies,healways
getsgoodgradesontests.Althoughheoftenhandsinhishomeworklate,
________________________________________________________________.
Whenhetookthetesttogethisdriverslicense,hepassedthetesteven
though__________________________________________________________.
Also,heoften_____________________________________________________.
Henevergetsintrouble,though.Lastweek,wewerewalkingdownthestreet
andhefound$100ontheroad.Althoughhethoughtaboutkeepingit,
_________________________________________________________________.
ThatswhyBrianismyfriend.Thoughheisaveryluckyperson,heisstillnice
andhonest.
46
Despite/Inspiteof
Despiteissimilartoalthough,butyouonlywriteanounorphraseafterdespite:
SentencePattern:
Despite[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Inspiteof[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Despiteherstrongaccent,Iunderstoodeverythingthatshesaid.
Inspiteoftherain,weenjoyedcampingverymuch.
Despitehisgoodgrades,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
Inspiteofherillness,Janehasapositiveattitude.
Youcanalsoputdespite/inspiteofattheendofthesentences:
IunderstoodeverythingthatJanesaiddespiteherstrongaccent.
Weenjoyedcampingverymuchinspiteoftherain.
Johndidntgetintothebestuniversitydespitehisgoodgrades.
Janehasapositiveattitudeinspiteofherillness.
Remember:Afterdespite/inspiteof,youshouldonlywriteanounoraphrase,andnota
completesentence.(Youcanwriteacompletesentenceafteralthough/eventhough,but
notafterdespite/inspiteof)
Wrong:Despiteitwasraining,wewenttothebeach.
Right:Despitetherain,wewenttothebeach.

Right:Althoughitwasraining,wewenttothebeach.

Wrong:Despitehewasagoodstudent,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
Right:Despitebeing*agoodstudent,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
Right:Althoughhewasagoodstudent,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.

*Ifyouhaveaverbafterdespite,youneedtoadding
Despitehavingacold,Billwenttowork.(OR:Despitehiscold,Billwenttowork.)
Despitebeingtired,Billwenttowork.
47
Despite/Inspiteof
Rewritethesesentencesusingdespiteorinspiteof.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
1.Markhasabrokenleg,buthestilltriedtowalktoschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Althoughshewastired,Marydecidedtogorunning.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Jackwalkedtoschool,eventhoughtheweatherwascold.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thiscarhasahighprice,butIdecidedtobuyitanyways.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Althoughheeatsalot,Mickeyisntoverweight.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nowwritetwoofyourownsentences,usingdespiteorinspiteof:
1.__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
48
Despitevs.Although
SentencePatterns:
Despite[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Although[sentence],[sentence]
Afterdespiteyoushouldonlywriteanounoraphrase,butafteralthough
youcanwriteacompletesentence.
Example1:
Despiteherbadgrades,Juliegotintoagoodschool.
(herbadgradesisaphrase,notasentence)
Althoughshegotbadgrades,Juliegotintoagoodschool.
(shegotbadgradesisacompletesentence)
Example2:
Despitetheheat,Rickhasnotboughtanairconditioner.
(theheatisaphrase,notasentence)
Althoughitisveryhot,Rickhasnotboughtanairconditioner.
(itisveryhotisacompletesentence)
Example3:
Despiteeatingalotoffood,Lillianisstillhungry.
(eatingalotoffoodisaphrase,notasentence)
Althoughsheatealotoffood,Lillianisstillhungry.
(sheatealotoffoodisacompletesentence)
Remember: Youcanuseinspiteofinsteadofdespite.
Youcanuseeventhoughorthoughinsteadofalthough
49
Despitevs.Although
Fillintheblankswithdespiteoralthough.(Seepage78foranswers.)
1.__________Ididntsleepwelllastnight,Idontfeeltootiredtoday.
2.__________notfeelingwell,Johnwenttoworktoday.
3.Wedecidedtogotothebeach__________thecoldweather.
4.__________sheisaverysmartgirl,Janedoesntdowellontests.
5.__________thisbookisverylong,Iwasabletoreaditinjusttwodays.
6.__________beingverylong,Iwasabletoreadthatbookinjusttwodays.
7.Jerrypassedthetest___________makingseveralmistakes.
8.__________hewashungry,Mikeofferedhissandwichtohislittlebrother.
9.__________hishunger,Mikeofferedhissandwichtohislittlebrother.
10.Wehadtogotoschoolyesterday__________thetyphoon.
RewritethesesentencesIfthesentenceusesalthough/eventhoughrewriteitwithdespite/in
spiteof.Ifthesentenceusesdespite/inspiteof,rewriteitwithalthough/eventhough.
1.Inspiteofthesnow,wehadtogotoschoolyesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Thiscarrunsverywelleventhoughitsold.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Althoughheonlyhasonearm,Jeffisabletoplaybaseballaswellaseveryoneelse.
___________________________________________________________________________
50
Despite(inspiteof)/Although(eventhough/though)Review
Rewritethesesentencestwice:oncewithdespite(inspiteof),andoncewithalthough(even
though/though).(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
Example1:
Daviddoesnthaveajob,butheboughtanewcaryesterday
Althoughhedoesnthaveajob,Davidboughtanewcaryesterday._____________________
Despitenothavingajob,Davidboughtanewcaryesterday.___________________________
Example2:
Theweatherisverycold,butCindyhasntboughtacoat.
Althoughtheweatherisverycold,Cindyhasntboughtacoat._________________________
Despitethecoldweather,Cindyhasntboughtacoat.________________________________
1.Mygrandmotherisveryold,butshestilllikestoclimbmountains.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Iamtired,butIamgoingtostayuplateanddomyhomework.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thereisalotofviolenceinthatcountry,butIwanttotravelthereanyways.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Gaspricesareveryhigh,butJanestilldriveshercartoworkeveryday.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
51
Despite(inspiteof)/Although(eventhough/though)Review
Rewritethesesentencesandcorrectthemistakes.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Althoughtheheat,Markwentrunningatnoon.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Thoughtheweatherisnice,butIdontwanttoplayoutside.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.DespiteImnotfeelingwell,IthinkIshouldgotoschooltoday.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Despitethisclassisforcollegestudents,butItookitwhenIwasinhighschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Althoughherage,mygrandmothergoesrunningeveryday.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Despitesheworkedhardanddidallofherhomework,butMandysgradeswerenotvery
goodthissemester.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Thiscompanyisverysuccessfulinspiteoftheeconomyisbad.
___________________________________________________________________________
52
Despitethefactthat
Finally,youcanusedespitethefactthat.Youusethisthesamewayyouusealthoughoreven
though:
SentencePatterns:
Despitethefactthat[sentenceA],[sentenceB]
[sentenceB]despitethefactthat[sentenceA]
DespitethefactthatJaneneverstudies,hergradesarealwaysprettygood.
Despitethefactthathesonlyplayedguitarfortwomonths,Johnhasalready
startedaband!
Julieisoverweightdespitethefactthatsheexerciseseveryday.
DespitethefactthathelivesinHawaii,Michaelhasntlearnedhowtosurf.
Rewritethesesentencesusingdespitethefactthat.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Christinawonthelottery,thoughshedidntquitherjob.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Despitethehighpriceofgas,Davejustboughtanewcar.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.IjustsawChrisplayingbasketballeventhoughhesaidhewastoosicktogotoschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Billwearsahateveryday,butdespitethis,everyoneknowsthatheisbald.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
53
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter5
ExpressingCauseandEffect

Transitions:
Becauseof
Dueto
Owingto

Because
Duetothefactthat

54

Becauseof/Dueto/Owingto
SentencePattern:
Becauseof
{ Dueto
Owingto
} [noun/phrase],[sentence]

Becauseof
[sentence] { Dueto
Owingto
} [noun/phrase]
**Note:BecauseofandDuetocanbeformalorinformal,butOwingtoisusually
usedinformalwriting.
Examples:
Becauseoftherain,Ididn'tgooutside.
Duetomygrades,Ididn'tgetintothegoodschool.
Owingtomyinterestinthelaw,Iplantobecomealawyer.
Ihadtostopdrivingmycarduetothehighpriceofgas.
It'snotsafetotravelinthatcountrybecauseofthecivilwar.
AngelagotintoHarvardowingtoherhardworkandpersistence.
Rewritethesesentencesusingbecauseof,dueto,orowingto.(Seepage79forsample
answers.)
1.Markhasaninjury,sohecannotcompeteintheracetomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Jacobhastostayafterschoolbecausehegotabadgradeonthetest.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Ireallyrespectmyfather,soIalwayslistentowhathehastosay.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Inthisbadeconomy,manypeoplecannotfindjobs.
___________________________________________________________________________
55
Becausevs.Becauseof(Dueto/Owingto)
SentencePattern:
Because[sentence],[sentence]
Becauseof[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Youwriteacompletesentence(anindependentclause)afterbecause,butyouonlywritea
nounoraphrase(adependentclause)afterbecauseof(ordueto/owingto).
Examples:
Becauseitwasraining,schoolwascancelled.
Becauseoftherain,schoolwascancelled.

JohnmovedtoCaliforniabecausetheweatherisgoodthere.
JohnmovedtoCaliforniabecauseofthegoodweather.

Duetoherhardwork,LilianwaspromotedtoAssistantManager.
Becausesheworkssohard,LilianwaspromotedtoAssistantManager.
Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencestwiceoncewithbecause,andoncewithbecauseof.
1.Chrishasabadtemper,andthatswhyhegotintrouble.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.Manypeoplehavediedthissummer.Thereasonisthehotweather.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.Iamgreatlyinterestedinengineering;therefore,IwanttogotoMIT.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4.Therewasafloodyesterday;thatswhythisroadisclosed.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
56
Because/Duetothefactthat
SentencePattern:
Because[sentence],[sentence]
Duetothefactthat[sentence],[sentence]
BecauseandDuetothefactthatareaboutthesame.Theycanbeusedinbothformaland
informalsituations.However,youhavetobecarefulwiththegrammar!Afterbecauseor
duetothefactthat,youmustwriteacompletesentence(anindependentclause).
Examples:
Duetothefactthatitwasraining,Ididntgotoschool.
Duetothefactthattheeconomyisbad,manypeoplehavelosttheirjobs.
PollutionisterribleinLAduetothefactthatsomanypeopledrivecars
everyday.
Duetothefactthatgasissoexpensive,Istoppeddrivingtowork.
Rewritethesesentencesusingbecauseorduetothefactthat.Youmayneedtoadd/change
somewords.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Thebaseballteamheldaparadebecauseoftheirvictoryinthetournament.
Thebaseballteamheldaparadebecausetheywonthetournament.____________________
2.Plansforbuildinganewairportwerecancelledbecauseofcomplaintsfromresidents.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Theplaywascancelledduetopoorattendance.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thesingercancelledtwoconcertsowingtoexhaustion.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Fewerpeoplearetravellingbecauseoftheincreaseinairplaneticketprices.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Becauseofhergoodacademicrecord,thecompanydecidedtohireJulie.
___________________________________________________________________________
57
Becauseof(Dueto/Owingto)vs.Despite
BecauseofandDespitehavealmostoppositemeanings.
Examples:
Becauseoftherain,Ididntwalktowork.
Despitetherain,Iwalkedtowork.

Duetotheterriblepollution,Idontwanttoliveinthecity.
Despitetheterriblepollution,Iliketoliveinthecity.

Despitethehighprice,RexboughttheFerrari.
Becauseofthehighprice,RexdidntbuytheFerrari.
Readthesentencesbelow.WriteDespiteorBecauseofintheblanks.Readthewhole
sentenceanddecidewhichonemakesthemostsense.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.____________herpoorhealth,mygrandmotherisveryhappyperson.
2.____________hislearningdisability,Andrewhastotakespecialclasses.
3.____________theheat,manypeoplestayinsideintheairconditioningintheafternoon.
4.____________hislearningdisability,Andrewgetsverygoodgrades.
5.____________hispoorhealth,myunclecouldnotcometomybirthdayparty.
6.____________thetornado,manypeoplelosttheirhouses.
7.____________hiswealth,Marvinlivesaverynormallifeanddoesntbuyexpensivethings.
8.____________herhusbandssuccess,Marylivesaverycomfortablelife.
9.____________themedicineIamtaking,Ishouldnotdriveacarrightnow.
10.____________hisgoodscoresonEnglishtests,Ericcannotspeakveryfluently.
58
Becausevs.Although
BecauseandAlthoughhavealmostoppositemeanings.
Examples:
Becauseitwasraining,Idecidednottowalktowork.
Althoughitwasraining,Idecidedtowalktowork.

Becausehelikesanimals,Briansparentsgothimacatforhisbirthday.
Althoughhelikesanimals,Briansparentswontlethimhaveapet.

AlthoughtheFerrariisveryexpensive,IthinkImgoingtobuyit.
BecausetheFerrariissoexpensive,Idecidednottobuyit.
Readthesentencesbelow.WriteBecauseorAlthoughintheblanks.Readthewhole
sentenceanddecidewhichonemakesthemostsense.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.____________Iwaslate,Ididntmissanythingimportant.
2.____________Iwaslate,Imissedthebeginningofthemovie.
3.____________Markneverdoeshishomework,hedoespoorlyontests.
4.____________Christinaeatslotsoffruitsandvegetables,sheisveryhealthy.
5.____________mydogiskindofugly,Ilovehimverymuch.
6.____________mycarwouldntstart,Ihadtowalktowork.
7.____________Ijustmetyou,IfeellikeIhaveknownyouforalongtime.
8.____________Johnisafamousauthor,heoftenforgetshowtospellwords.
9.____________heisthePresidentsbrother,heoftenvisitstheWhiteHouse.
10.___________Andyworksoutalot,heisstillprettyskinny.
59
Because/Although/Becauseof/DespiteREVIEW
Readeachsentence,andfillintheblankwiththemostappropriatewordbelow.(Seepage79
foranswers.)
Because Becauseof Despite Although
1.____________havingacold,Darrinwenttoworkeverydaythisweek.
2.____________hehadacold,Darrinwenttoworkeverydaythisweek.
3.____________hehadacold,Darrindidntgotoworkthisweek.
4.____________histerriblecold,Darrindidntgotoworkthisweek.
5.____________ZackandMaryoftenargue,theyhavedecidedtogetadivorce.
6.____________theirdifferences,ZackandMaryhavedecidedtogetadivorce.
7.____________theyoftenargue,ZackandMarydonotwanttogetadivorce.
8.____________theirdifferences,ZackandMaryarehappilymarried.
9.____________sheisafamoussinger,Eileendoesnotearnmuchmoney.
10.___________sheisafamoussinger,Eileenearnsalotofmoney.
11.___________herfameasasinger,Eileenearnsalotofmoney.
12.___________herfameasasinger,Eileendoesnotearnmuchmoney.
13.___________theheat,mygrandmotherdoesnotgooutsideintheafternoon.
14.___________theheat,mygrandmotheroftengoesoutsideintheafternoon.
15.___________itisveryhot,mygrandmotheroftengoesoutsideintheafternoon.
16.___________itisveryhot,mygrandmotherdoesnotgooutsideintheafternoon.
60
Transitions:REVIEW
Readtheessaybelow,andfillintheblankswiththetransitionwordsbelow.Dontusethe
sametransitionwordtwice!(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)

Inaddition Despite Becauseof Moreover

Therefore Although Finally Inshort

EffectsofTelevision
____________watchingtelevisionisagreatwaytorelax,manystudentswatchtoo
muchtelevision,andthismayaffecttheminmanyways.Inmanyhouseholds,thetelevision
isalwayson.Thiscandistractstudentswhentheytrytodotheirhomework.____________
thesoundcomingfromtheTV,studentsmayfindithardertoreadbooksorwriteessays.
____________,thequickcamerashotsonmanytelevisionshowsmakeitharderforchildren
topayattentionforlongperiodsoftime.____________,televisionmaynegativelyaffect
studentsinmanyways.
____________thesenegativeeffectsoftelevision,thereisaplaceforatelevisionin
everyhome.Familiesoftenspendtimetogetherwatchingtelevisionshows,andthiscan
oftenleadtointerestingconversationsanddiscussions.____________,afteralongdayat
work,itcanbenicetositdownandwatchamovieorTVshow.____________,TVnews
showsanddocumentariescanbeinformativeandcanteachtelevisionviewersnewthings
abouttheworld.
____________,televisioncanbeeithergoodorbadifitisusedproperly.Children
shouldnotspendtoomuchtimewatchingTV,butitissometimesfinetowatchamovieor
TVshow.Also,adultsshouldsetagoodexampleforchildrenandoccasionallyturnofftheTV
andreadabookorexerciseoutside.
61
WritingPractice:Cause/EffectEssay
ThepreviousessayisconsideredaCause/Effectessay,becauseitexplainstheeffectsof
something.Thisistheformat:
Introduction:Whatisthefocusoftheessay?Whatisthecauseoreffectyouare
analyzing?
Body:(Givedetailsandseveralexamples.)
Conclusion:Wrapupyouressaywriteashortsummaryofwhatyouhavesaid.
Usingthissameformat,writeyourownCause/Effectessayonaseparatepieceofpaper.
Remembertousetransitionwordsthroughoutyouressay.
Youcanchoosefromthesetopics(orchooseyourowntopic):
TheEffectsofYearRoundSchool
TheEffectsoftheInternetonPeoplesBehavior
TheEffectsofaParentorFriendonYourLife
TheEffectsofAdvertising
TheEffectsofPeerPressure
TheCausesofBadBehavior(Whydosomestudentshavebadbehavior?)
TheCausesofCrime(Whydopeoplecommitcrimes?)
TheCausesofObesity(Whyaresomanypeopleoverweight?)
TheCausesofBoredom(Whydopeopleoftenfeelbored?)
TheCausesofViolence(Whydopeople/countriesneedtofight?)
62
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter6
MoreTransitions

Transitions:
Regardlessof
Nomatter

Grammar:
EmbeddedQuestions
63
Regardlessof
SentencePattern:
Regardlessof[noun/phrase],[sentence]
[sentence],regardlessof[noun/phrase]
**Note:WhenyousayRegardlessof[something]itmeansthatyoudontcareabout
[something],orthat[something]willnotaffectyourbehavior.
Examples:
Regardlessoftheheat,Jedwillruninthemarathontomorrow.
Jedwillruninthemarathontomorrowregardlessoftheheat.

Iwilltryanyfood,regardlessofthetaste.
Regardlessofthedangers,Jakeplanstoclimbthatmountainintherain.
Myboyfrienddoeswhateverhewantsregardlessofmyfeelings.
MybossneedstodecidewhohewillhirefortheVicePresidentposition.Regardless
ofhisdecision,Imsurethiscompanywillcontinuetobesuccessful.
Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesusingregardlessof.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.Thefinalresultofthistennismatchisnotimportant.Bothplayersplayedverywell.
Regardlessoftheresultofthistennismatch,bothplayersshouldbeproud.______________
2.MymomwillbuymeanybicyclethatIwant.Shesaidshedoesntcareabouttheprice.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Anyonecanattendthisclass.Agedoesntmatter.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Ilikealldogslittledogs,bigdogs,etc.Idontcareabouttheirsize.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Everyoneshouldbetreatedequally.Itshouldntmatterwhatraceorreligiontheyare.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Jacksparentswanthimtostudylaw.Theydontcarethathisdreamistostudyart.
___________________________________________________________________________
64
Regardlessof/Nomatter
SentencePattern:
Regardlessof[embeddedquestion],[sentence]
Nomatter[embeddedquestion],[sentence]
Anembeddedquestionislikeaquestionthatisinsideasentence.Embeddedquestions
beginwithquestionwords(who/what/when/where/why/how/which).
Examples:
Myfatherneverlikesmyboyfriends,regardlessofwhotheyare.
NomatterhowhardItry,myparentsneverseemsatisfiedwithmygrades.
Regardlessofwhyyouarelate,youareinbigtrouble.
NomatterwhyeveryonehatesJon,Istillfeelsorryforhim.
Youcanalwayscallme,nomatterhowlateitis.
Note:Withthissentencepattern,youneedtobecareful.Youarenotactuallyaskinga
questionwhenyouuse[what/when/where/why/how/which],soyouneedtobecareful
withtheorderofthewords:
Nomatterwhyareyoulate(Wrong!)
Nomatterwhyyouarelate(Right!)
NomatterhowharddoItry(Wrong!)
NomatterhowhardItry(Right!)
Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesusingregardlessof.

Rewritethesentencesbelowusingnomatterorregardlessof.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.
1.Icanworkveryhard,butmyfatherdoesntcarehowhardIwork.Hejustwantsmetoget
goodgrades.
RegardlessofhowhardIwork,myfatherjustwantsmetogetgoodgrades.______________
2.Itsnotimportanthowoldyouareitisstillimportanttoexercise.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Idontknowwhomyteacheris,butImsureitwillbeagoodclass.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.YoucancallmeanytimeIdontcarehowlateitis.
___________________________________________________________________________
65
Grammar:EmbeddedQuestions
Embeddedquestionsarequestionsthatareinsideanothersentenceoranotherquestion.
Herearethreequestions:
WhereisMark?
Whatareyoudoing?
Howmuchdoesthiscarcost?

Whenthesequestionsareinsideanothersentence,youchangethem:
IdontknowwhereMarkis.
Imnotsurewhatyouaredoing.
Nomatterhowmuchthiscarcosts,Iwanttobuyit.

(Becauseyouarenotaskingthequestion,youhavetochangetheorderofthewords.)
Lookatthequestionsbelow,andrewritethemasembeddedquestions.(Seepage79for
sampleanswers.)
1.Whoisthat?Idontknow_________________________________________________
2.Whatishedoing?Idontknow_____________________________________________
3.Whyaretheyhere?Idontknow_____________________________________________
4.WhenisBobsbirthday?Iforgot______________________________________________
5.Wherearetheymoving?Icantremember______________________________________
6.Howisyourfather?Imnotsure______________________________________________
7.Whattimeisthetrain?Idontknow__________________________________________
66
GrammarPractice:EmbeddedQuestions

Embeddedquestionsarequestionsthatareinsideothersentences.Withembedded
questions,youneedtoputthesubjectbeforetheverb.
Question EmbeddedQuestion
Whattimedoesthemoviestart? whattimethemoviestarts
WhenwillJohnbeback? whenJohnwillbeback.
Howmuchdoesthisbookcost? howmuchthisbookcosts.
Whereisthistraingoing? wherethistrainisgoing.
WhoisJennadating? whoJennaisdating.
Whyisschoolcancelled? whyschooliscancelled.
WhatdoesMomwantforherbirthday? whatMomwantsforherbirthday.
Fillintheblankstocompletethefollowingquestionsandanswers.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1. A.Where_______________________________________________________?
B.ImnotsurewhereJennawent.
2. A.Howwillyougettothebusstation?
B.Idontknow__________________________________________________.

3. A.WhoisBobbytalkingto?
B.Imnotsure__________________________________________________.

4. A.Whattime____________________________________________________?
B.IcantrememberwhattimeJamesgetsoffwork.

5. A.Why________________________________________________________?
B.IdontknowwhyhesgoingtoSouthAmericaforthesummer.
6. A:Howmuchdoesanewsportscarcost?
B:__________________________________________________________.
7. A:Wheredidyourneighbormoveto?
B:__________________________________________________________.
67
Regardlessof/NomatterReview
Theembeddedquestionsinthesesentenceshaveerrors.
Rewritethesentences,andcorrectthemistakes.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Nomatterhowtiredareyou,youneedtofinishyourhomework.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Regardlessofheishowold,mygrandfatherwantstotryskydiving.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Ialwaysfeeltired,regardlessofhowmuchdoIsleep.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Nomatterhowdangerousisit,Iwanttobeafirefighter.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Regardlessofhowseriousisthecrime,Iamagainstthedeathpenalty.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.NomatterhowmanytimesdoItellyou,youdontseemtounderstand.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.NomatterhowharddoItry.Inevermanagetopassthetest.
___________________________________________________________________________

68
Regardlessof/NomatterReview
Completethesentencesbelow.Theyshouldallmakesense!(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
1.Nomatterhowmuchyoupractice,_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Regardlessofhowfastyoudrive,______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.NomatterwhoiselectedPresident,____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.RegardlessofhowearlyIgotobed,____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5.NomatterwhatIcookfordinner,______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6.Mymomtoldmethatregardlessof____________________________________________
_________________________________________,shewillalwaysloveme.
7.Regardlessofthetemperature,________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8.NomatterhowmanytimesItellmysonnottocomehomelate,_____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
69
UNIT3:Review
Chapter7
ReviewofTransitions

/aswell/aswellas/notonlybutalso



Although/Eventhough/Though/Despite/Despitethefactthat
Because/Becauseof/Dueto/Owingto

Regardlessof/Nomatter

70
Transitions:Review
Fillintheblanks,usingeachofthesetransitionwordsonetime.(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
Forthisreason Despitethefactthat Nomatter
Dueto Consequently Asaresult
Inspiteof Regardlessof Owingto
1._______________________whowinstheelection,thepublicwillbedisappointed.
2._______________________thePresidentpromisednottoraisetaxes,Ithinkthathewill
probablyraisethemthisyear.
3._______________________myinterestinthelaw,Iwanttobealawyer.
4.TaiwansPresidentisproChina._______________________,therearenowdirectflights
toChina.
5.TherearenowdirectflightstoChina._______________________,itismuchmore
convenienttotravel.
6._______________________whereIam,Itrytoemailmymothereveryday.
7._______________________thepriceofgas,Iwillstilldrivemycartoworkeveryday.
8.Mycatatesomepoison._______________________,hegotsickanddied.
9._______________________thepoison,hegotsickanddied.
71
Transitions:Review
Completethesentencesbelow.Makesurethesentencesmakesense!(Seepage80forsample
answers.)
1.Regardlessofwhowinstheelection,___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________
Forthisreason,IhavedecidedtoapplytotheScienceDepartmentatHarvardUniversity
forthefall2012term.
3.Inspiteoftheweatherforecast,_______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4.__________________________________________________________________________
despitethefactthatheisshort.
5.__________________________________________________________________________
Hedidntgetintrouble,though.
6.__________________________________________________________________________
Nevertheless,shesgoingtoflytoJapanforabusinesstripnextweek.
7.NomatterhowmanytimesItellyou,___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.Becauseofherreligion,______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
72
Transitions:Review
Ineachsentencebelow,thetransitionwordsareincorrect.Rewriteeachsentence,usingan
appropriatetransitionwordinstead.(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
1.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight.However,Imverytired.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Despitethebadweather,Ididntwalkmydogthisevening.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Chrisisalwayslateforclass.Consequently,theteacherneverscoldshim.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thatcountryishavingacivilwar.Evenso,manypeoplehavedied.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Owingtomylackofmoney,Idecidedtogototheexpensiveprivateschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Briansaidheisconcernedaboutglobalwarming.Thus,heusestheairconditionerallday.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
73
Transitions:Review

Rewritethefollowingsentences,fixingthemistakes.(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
1.Regardlessofhowtiredareyou,Iwantyoutofinishyourhomeworkbeforeyougotobed.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Becauseofitwasraining,Ididntgototheparkyesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Englishisaveryusefullanguage,however,itisdifficulttolearn.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.EventhoughIvenevergonetoChina,butImnotreallyinterestedingoingthere.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Duetomyinterestinthelaw,soIplantobecomealawyer.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Nomatterwhereareyougoing,youneedtoweararaincoat.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Jackwaslatetoworkseveraltimes,consequently,hegotfiredtoday.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.Despitegotobedlate,Janewasnottiredinthemorning.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
74
Transitions:Review
Readtheessaybelow,andfillintheblankswithasuitabletransitionword.Dontusethe
sametransitionwordtwice!(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
PollutionSolution
Formanyyears,humanbeingsandbusinesseshavebeenpollutingtheairandwater
aroundus._______________,theworldhasbecomeaverypollutedplace,andglobal
warmingthreatensourabilitytosurviveonthisplanet._______________,wecanstill
changethisandprotectourfuture._______________wehavealreadypollutedtheearth
toomuch,thereareseveralthingsthatwecandotostopglobalwarming.
First,itisimportanttorecyclethethingsthatweuse._______________recycling
requiresourtimeandenergy,itisnecessarytosavetheearthsresources.Inaddition,we
shoulddrivemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyvehicles.Manylargercarsandtruckscausealot
ofpollution;_______________,drivingsmaller,moreefficientcarscanhelpreducepollution
andstopglobalwarming.Finally,weshouldaskourgovernmentrepresentativestopasslaws
thatforcebusinessestostoppolluting.Manybusinessesfinditcheapertopollutethanto
takecareoftheenvironment._______________,thebiggestkindofpollutioncanbecalled
industrialpollution.
Pollutioniscausedbybothpeopleandbusinesses._______________,itisimportant
thateveryoneworkstogethertomakeourenvironmentabetter,healthierplace.
_______________globalwarmingisaveryrealanddangerousthreattolifeonthisplanet,
wecanstillsavetheearthandprovideasafeandhappyfutureforourchildrenand
grandchildren.
75
WritingPractice:Problem/SolutionEssay
ThepreviousessayisconsideredaProblem/Solutionessaybecauseitpresentsaproblem,
thenprovidesvarioussolutions.Thisistheformat:
Introduction:Whatistheproblem?
Body:Whataresomesolutionstothisproblem?(Givedetailsandseveralexamples.)
Conclusion:Wrapupyouressaywriteashortsummaryofwhatyouhavesaid.
Usingthissameformat,writeyourownProblem/Solutionessayonaseparatepieceof
paper.Remembertousetransitionwordsthroughoutyouressay.
Youcanchoosefromthesetopics(orchooseyourowntopic):
Problem:Obesity
Problem:Poverty
Problem:WorldHunger
Problem:War
Problem:Boredom
Problem:TrafficAccidents
Problem:Depression
Problem:LowTestScores
Problem:AddictiontoVideoGames
76
ANSWERKEY
page2 1.Iwaslatetoschool,buttheteacherdidntnotice.
1.I 2.B 3.I 4.I 5.B 6.I 2.IwanttoliveinCaliforniabecausetheweatherisnice
page3 there.
1.M 2.S 3.M 4.M 5.M 6.M 3.Mydadatealltheicecream,soIcanthaveanyfor
7.S 8.M 9.M 10.S dessert.
page8 4.Doctorsareimportantbecausetheyhelpsickpeople.
PARAGRAPH1:MyFavoriteHobby:ReadingBooks page19
Booksarelikewindowstotheworld,andthatis 1.ChriswenttoEurope,andhevisitedmanycountries.
whyreadingismyfavoritehobby.Ifirstfellinlovewith 2.Ifelldownthestairslastnight,butIdidntgethurt.
booksattheageof5,whenIwasfirstlearningtoread.My 3.Iwantedtoeatsushi,soIwenttoaJapaneserestaurant.
mothergavemethebookGreenEggsandHamandhelped 4.JohnandKatewentonadate,buttheydidnthaveavery
mereadit.Sheboughtthisbookatagrocerystore.AsI goodtime.
grewolder,Idiscoveredfamousauthorsanddifferentkinds 5.Willyenjoysplayingbadminton,andhealsolikestoplay
ofstories.Recently,IreadalloftheHarryPotterbooks,and soccer.
thesearenowmyfavoritebooks.TheHarryPottermovies 6.Andyhitanotherstudentinclass,sohegotintrouble.
areverygood,too.WhenIgotocollege,Ihopetomajorin page20
literatureandcontinueexploringthewonderfulworldof 2.Thecriminalstoleamotorcycle,andhehadtopaya
books. $1,000fine.
PARAGRAPH2:TheMostImportantModernInvention:The Thecriminalstoleamotorcycleandhadtopaya$1,000
Computer fine.
Thecomputeristhemostimportantmodern 3.AnnatravelledtoSpain,andshecamebackwithmany
inventionbecauseithaschangedhowwelive.Inthepast, interestinggiftsforus.
studentsoftenwenttothelibrarytodoresearch,butnow, AnnatravelledtoSpainandcamebackwithmany
mostresearchisdoneonacomputerusingtheinternet. interestinggiftsforus.
Thereisalibrarynearmyhouse,butIdontgotherevery 4.Mickeyliveswithhisparents,andhehelpsthemruntheir
often.Also,computershavechangedhowpeople business.
communicate.Peoplewriteemailsinsteadofletters,and Mickeyliveswithhisparentsandhelpsthemruntheir
withtheinventionofserviceslikeSkype,telephonesmay business.
onedaybereplacedbycomputers.Icanusemytelephone 5.Mycousinlovessports,andhehopestobecomeagym
togoontheinternetandcheckmyemail.Finally,computers coach.
havemadetravellingmucheasier;wecanbuyairplane Mycousinlovessportsandhopestobecomeagymcoach.
ticketsusingacomputer,andGPStechnologymakesit page21
easiertoreachourdestination.Insum,theinventionofthe 1.ThePresidentwillgotoEnglandandmeetwiththePrime
computerhasgivenusnewpossibilitiesandconveniences Minister.
whichnowseemhardtolivewithout. 2.JanestudiesEnglishatcollegeandworksatabookstorein
page12 herfreetime.
1.U 2.I 3.I 4.U 5.U 3.Thechildrenareplayingandlaughinginthebackyard.
1.Inshort,mygrandfatherwasa 4.Jessicametafamousactorandgothisautograph.
whimsical/unpredictable/unique/oneofakindman. 5.Thedoctorexaminedthepatientandgavehimsome
4.Inconclusion,mycatisatroublesome/extraordinary medicine.
/uncommon/amusing/entertainingpet. 6.Youmayputyourbooksawayandgohomewhenyouare
5.Asyoucansee,Frenchisanintriguing/challenging/ finished.
enjoyablelanguagetolearn. page22
page16 2.AustraliaisoneofthemostinterestingplacesonEarth;
1.F 2.F 3.S 4.F 5.S 6.S animalssuchaskangaroosandkoalabearscanonlybe
7.F 8.F 9.S 10.F foundinAustralia.
page17 3.Mygrandmotherrarelygoestobedearly;shelikestostay
1.Wewenttobedearlybecauseweweretired. uplateandwatcholdmovies.
2.MysistergotintoHarvard,butIdidnt. 4.Thecampersranoutoffood;theyhadnochoicebuttogo
3.AfterIwokeupandgotdressed,Iatebreakfast. backhomeearly.
4.NextyearwewillgotoUtahandhopefullyvisittheGrand 5.Iamgoingtomovebackhomewithmyparents;asthey
Canyon. growolder,Iwillhelpthemruntheirbusiness.
5.Becauseitwasrainingalldayandtherewasnoelectricity, page23
wewereverybored. ChangingPriorities
6.Mycomputerwasntworkinglastnight,soIhadtogoto Aspeoplegrowolder,theybegintoseetheworld
thelibrary. inadifferentway.Theystopworryingaboutsillythings,and
7.Ifyoufinishallofyourhomework,youmayplayvideo theystartpayingmoreattentiontofamilybecausefamilyis
games. themostimportantthinginourlives.Mostofmyfriends
8.EverytimeIgotothatrestaurant,Ileaveabigtipforthe spendalloftheirtimeplayingvideogamesandsurfingthe
waitress. internet,butIknowthattherearemoreimportantthingsin
page18 life.WhenIwasyoung,Iwaslikemyfriends,butnowIam
77
differentbecauseIhavelearnedalotfrommygrandparents. 3.Inthefuture,spacetravelwillbecomenotonlycheaper
Asmygrandmothergrewold,shewatchedlessTVand butalsofaster.
visitedhergrandchildrenoften.Mygrandfatheristhesame; 4.Iwantyoutonotonlyattendthemeetingbutalsolisten
hehaschangedalotwithage.Now,itseemsliketheonly carefullytothespeaker.
thinghecaresaboutishischildrenandgrandchildren.The 5.InotonlysawthePresidentyesterdaybutalsogotto
lasttimeIvisitedmygrandparents,wewenttoamovieand shakehishand!
watchedamovie.Theysaidthatwasoneofthebestdaysof page32
theirlives.Mygrandparentshaveinspiredmetochangemy 1.Brianhissick;nevertheless,hecametoschooltoday.
priorities,andIthinkthiswillmakemylifemuchmore 2.Icanthelpyouwithyourhomework.However,Iknow
enjoyable. someonewhocan.
page26 3.Jackatethreepizzas;still,hesnotfull.
HowtoMakeanEggSandwich 4.Ifinishedcleaningmyroom.However,Ihaventtakenout
Ifyouaresittingathomeandyoucanhearyour thetrashyet.
stomachmakingfunnynoises,itsprobablytimetomakea 5.Theyarebrothers.Nonetheless,theyfightalmostevery
snack.Aneggsandwichisoneoftheeasiestandhealthiest day.
snacksyoucanmake.Allyouwillneedisoneeggandtwo 6.Craigisinreallygoodshape.Despitethat,hegetssickall
piecesofbread.Firstofall,youneedtocracktheeggintoa thetime.
bowlorcup,andthenstiritwithafork.Next,pourtheegg 7.Theyarguedforhours;nevertheless,theyfinallycameto
intoapan,andputthepanonthestove.Cooktheeggon anagreement.
lowheat,butbecarefulnottoburnyourself!Afterthat,put page33
thebreadintothetoasterwhiletheeggiscooking(about2 1.Therewasaterroristattacklastyear;consequently,you
or3minutes).Whentheeggstartstogethard,turnoffthe cantbringaknifeoralighterontheplane.
heat.Finally,puttheeggbetweenthetwopiecesoftoast, 2.Idroppedmycellphone,anditstoppedworking.
andenjoyyoursimple,healthysnack! Therefore,Ineedtoeitherbuyanewphoneorborrow
HowtoBecomeaBasketballPlayer! yours.
Basketballisoneofthemostenjoyablesports,and 3.Thepitcherthrewtheballatthebattershead.Asaresult,
allyouneedtobecomeabasketballplayerisalittlefree hewasthrownoutofthegame.
timeandafewfriends.Ifyouwanttoplaybasketball,the 4.Theweatherisniceinthesummer,butitrainsalmost
firstthingyoushoulddoisbuyabasketball!First,gotoa everyday.Forthisreason,springismyfavoriteseason.
basketballcourtinyourneighborhood,andpractice page34
dribblingtheball.Then,practiceshootingfreethrows,then 1.Monicalosthertennismatchyesterday.Thus,sheneeds
movearoundthecourtandtrytoimprove.Lastbutnotleast, topracticemorebeforethenexttournament.
findafewfriends,andstartagameofthreeonthree!After 2.IfeelthatBostonUniversityisthemostsuitableuniversity
afewgames,youwillnoticethatyouarealreadyapretty forme.Forthisreason,Iamapplyingtostudybusinessat
goodbasketballplayer! BU.
page28 3.Thebaseballstarwascaughttakingsteroids;
1.Igetgreatscoresinmathclass.Inaddition,IgotanAin consequently,hewaskickedofftheteam.
biologyandchemistry. 4.Jasondidnotprepareforhismathtest;therefore,he
2.ImapplyingtotheDepartmentofEnglishatOxford failed.
UniversitybecauseImveryinterestedinstudyingEnglish. 5.Itrainedfortwoweeksstraight.Thus,everyonewas
Furthermore,IameagertoliveandstudyintheUK. delightedwhenthesunfinallycameout.
3.Angelaistakingpianolessonsandviolinlessons. 6.Mycomputergotavirus.Asaresult,youshouldntopen
Additionally,sheislearningFrenchontheweekends. anyemailfromme.
4.Youresomean!Youalwaysmakefunofyoursisters 7.Thatmanwasfoundguiltyofmurder.Asaresult,hewill
weight!Plus,youcallherugly! spendtherestofhislifeinprison.
5.Twohundredhomeweredestroyedinthelandslide. 8.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight;therefore,Iamvery
Twelvepeoplelosttheirlivesaswell. tiredtoday.
6.Leostayedupsolatethathewaslateforclass.Moreover, page35
hekeptfallingasleepduringthelecture. 1.__C__Myuncleisapilot.Evenso,heissometimesafraid
7.Gorillasaresimilartohumansinmanyways.Forexample, ofheights.
theirbodiesandfaceslooksimilartoours,andtheireyes 2.__I__Chrisistheoldestboxerinthecity;nevertheless,he
showemotions.Also,theyareabletowalkontwolegs. hasntlostanyfightsthisyear.
Additionally,theytakecareoftheiryoungmuchlikehumans 3.__I__Jackywascaughtusinghercellphonetocheaton
do. thetest.Therefore,cellphonesarenowbannedin
page29 classrooms.
2.Ihavereadthisauthorsmagazineessaysandnewspaper 4.__C__Thepoliticianhasliedtothepeoplemanytimes.
articlesaswellasreadingallofhisbooks. Still,manypeoplevoteforhim.
3.Ihavestudiedhardandworkedinseveraljobsaswellas 5.__I__Ourteamtrainedmuchharderthantheother
acquiringconsiderableexperienceinextracurricular teams;asaresult,wewonthechampionship.
activities. 6.__C__Thiscomputeristhemostexpensiveone;however,
4.Warkillsinnocentpeopleandinjuressoldiersaswellas Idontthinkitsthebest.
costingalotofmoney. 7.__I__Jackdidnthavehealthinsurance;consequently,he
page30 couldntgettreatmentwhenhegotsick.
2.Smokingcandamagenotonlyyourhealthbutalsoother 8.__I__Rosesaidthatshedoesntlikecoldweather;
peopleshealth. nonetheless,shedecidedtomovetoCanada.
78
page36 2.EventhoughMr.Johnsonwonthelottery,hestillgoesto
AnInfluentialPersoninMyLife:MyOlderBrotherMichael workeveryday.
Manypeoplehaveinfluencedmeandtaughtme Mr.Johnsongoestoworkeverydayeventhoughhewon
thingsinmylife,butmyolderbrotherMichaelhas thelottery.
influencedmethemost.EversinceIwaslittle,Ihavelooked 3.EventhoughIstudiedveryhardforthetest,Ifailedit.
uptoMichael.Helovedtoplaybasketball,soIplayed IfailedthetesteventhoughIstudiedveryhardforit.
basketball,too.Inaddition,Michaelhasalwaysgivenme 4.EventhoughMarthasdoctortoldhernottoeatredmeat,
goodadviceabouthowtogetgoodgradesandstayoutof shestilleatssteaksometimes.
trouble.WhenIstarteddating,Michaelhelpedmehavethe Marthastilleatssteaksometimeseventhoughherdoctor
confidencetoaskgirlsout.Occasionally,MichaelandIwill toldhernottoeatredmeat.
getintoarguments;however,wequicklymakeup,andthe page44
argumentsneverlastlong.Iknowthathewillbetherefor 1a.ThoughMarvinisveryrich,heisnotanarrogantperson.
meforever.Therefore,Iamgladtohavesuchasupportive 1b.Marvinisnotanarrogantperson,thoughheisveryrich.
andwiseolderbrother 1c.Marvinisveryrich.Heisnotarrogant,though.
page37 2a.ThoughWandaiscrying,sheisnotsad.
MyBestFriend:MySisterBeth 2b.Wandaisnotsad,thoughsheiscrying.
MysisterBethhasalwaysbeenmybestfriend. 2c.Wandaisnotsad.Sheiscrying,though.(Youcouldalso
EversinceIwaslittle,wehaveenjoyedplayingtogetherand say:Wandaiscrying.Sheisnotsad,though.)
sharingsecrets.Wereallyenjoysittinginourroomsand page45
talking.Inaddition,weliketoplayoutside,forexample, LuckyBrian
ridingourbikestotheparkorplayinghideandseekinthe EveryonecallsmyfriendBrianLuckyBrian
forestbehindourhouse.However,ourrelationshipisnt becausehealwaysseemstohavesuchgoodluck.For
alwaysperfect.Sometimeswegetintoargumentsandstop example,eventhoughherarelystudies,healwaysgetsgood
talkingtoeachother.Despitethat,wecantstaymadat gradesontests.Althoughheoftenhandsinhishomework
eachother,andwealwaysgetoveritquickly.Iknowthat late,henevergetsintrouble.Whenhetookthetesttoget
mysisterreallycaresaboutme.Forthisreason,Ialwaystry hisdriverslicense,hepassedthetesteventhoughhedidnt
toforgiveherifshedoessomethingwrongormakesa practicedrivingmuchbeforethetest.Also,heoftengoes
mistake.Furthermore,Ialwaystrytohelpherwhenshe outwithfriendswithouttellinghisparents.Henevergetsin
needshelp,becauseIknowshewoulddothesamethingfor trouble,though.Lastweek,wewerewalkingdownthe
me.Asyoucansee,mysisterisaveryspecialpersoninmy streetandhefound$100ontheroad.Althoughhethought
life,andImsurewewillbebestfriendsforever. aboutkeepingit,hefinallydecidedtoturnitintothepolice.
page38 ThatswhyBrianismyfriend.Thoughheisaverylucky
IfIWontheLottery person,heisstillniceandhonest.
IfIwononemilliondollarsinthelottery,itwould page47
behardtodecidehowtospendthemoney.Iwouldwantto 1.Despitehisbrokenleg,Marktriedtowalktoschool.
helpothers,bydonatingtocharity,forexample.However/ 2.Despitebeingtired,Marydecidedtogorunning.
Moreover,Iwouldalsowanttousesomeofthemoneyto 3.Inspiteofthecoldweather,Jackwalkedtoschool.
buythingsformyself.Consequently,Iwouldprobably 4.Idecidedtobuythiscardespiteitshighprice.
decidetogive30%tocharityandspend20%onmyself.I 5.Mickeyisntoverweightdespitebeingoverweight.
wouldbuyanewcomputerandalargecollectionofvideo page49
games.Plus,Iwouldgetanewbicycleandanmp3player 1.Although 2.Despite 3.despite
withalotofmemory. 4.Although 5.Although 6.Despite
AfterIspent30%oncharityand20%onmyself,I 7.despite 8.Although 9.Despite
wouldstillhave50%ofonemilliondollars,whichis 10.despite
$500,000.Thatisalotofmoney!Therefore,Iwould 1.Eventhoughitwassnowing,wehadtogotoschool
probablysavemostofthistohelppayforcollege. yesterday.
Nonetheless,Iwouldnotsaveallofit.Iwouldprobablygive 2.Thiscarrunsverywelldespitebeingveryold.
somemoneytomyparentsandfriends,becauseitwould 3.Despiteonlyhavingonearm,Jeffisabletoplaybaseball
makethemhappytohavealittleextramoney.Onemillion aswellaseveryoneelse.
dollarsisalotofmoney;however,asyoucansee,Iwould page50
havenoproblemusingitall! 1.Althoughmygrandmotherisveryold,shestilllikesto
page42 climbmountains.
1.IbelieveinghostseventhoughIdonthaveanyevidence Despiteherage,mygrandmotherstilllikestoclimb
thattheyexist. mountains.
2.EventhoughImovedtotheUSA,Istillkeepintouchwith 2.EventhoughIamtired,Iamgoingtostayuplateanddo
myfriendsinKorea. myhomework.
3.AlthoughCraigissicktoday,heisstillworkingveryhard. Despitebeingtired,Iamgoingtostayuplateanddomy
4.AlthoughIhurriedtothepostoffice,itwasclosedwhenI homework.
gotthere. 3.Althoughthereisalotofviolenceinthatcountry,Iwant
page43 totravelthere.
1.Eventhoughmygrandmotherisveryold,shestilllikesto Despitetheviolenceinthatcountry,Iwanttotravelthere.
playbasketball. 4.Eventhoughgaspricesareveryhigh,Janedriveshercar
Mygrandmotherlikestoplaybasketballeventhoughshe toworkeveryday.
isveryold. Despitethehighgasprices,Janedriveshercartowork
everyday.
79
page51 10.Because 11.Becauseof 12.Despite

1.Despitetheheat,Markwentrunningatnoon. 13.Becauseof 14.Despite 15.Although
2.Thoughtheweatherisnice,Idontwanttoplayoutside. 16.Because
3.AlthoughImnotfeelingwell,IthinkIshouldgotoschool page60
today. EffectsofTelevision
4.Althoughthisclassisforcollegestudents,ItookitwhenI Althoughwatchingtelevisionisagreatwayto
wasinhighschool. relax,manystudentswatchtoomuchtelevision,andthis
5.Despiteherage,mygrandmothergoesrunningeveryday. mayaffecttheminmanyways.Inmanyhouseholds,the
6.Eventhoughsheworkedhardanddidallofher televisionisalwayson.Thiscandistractstudentswhenthey
homework,Mandysgradeswerenotverygoodthis trytodotheirhomework.Becauseofthesoundcoming
semester. fromtheTV,studentsmayfindithardertoreadbooksor
7.Thiscompanyisverybadinspiteofthebadeconomy. writeessays.Inaddition,thequickcamerashotsonmany
page52 televisionshowsmakeitharderforchildrentopayattention
1.DespitethefactthatChristinawonthelottery,shedidnt forlongperiodsoftime.Therefore,televisionmay
quitherjob. negativelyaffectstudentsinmanyways.
2.Despitethefactthatgaspricesarehigh,Davejustbought Despitethesenegativeeffectsoftelevision,there
anewcar. isaplaceforatelevisionineveryhome.Familiesoften
3.DespitethefactthatChrissaidhewastoosicktogoto spendtimetogetherwatchingtelevisionshows,andthiscan
school,Ijustsawhimplayingbasketball. oftenleadtointerestingconversationsanddiscussions.
4.DespitethefactthatBillwearsahateveryday,everyone Moreover,afteralongdayatwork,itcanbenicetosit
knowsthatheisbald. downandwatchamovieorTVshow.Finally,TVnewsshows
page54 anddocumentariescanbeinformativeandcanteach
1.Becauseofhisinjury,Markcannotcompeteintherace televisionviewersnewthingsabouttheworld.
tomorrow. Inshort,televisioncanbeeithergoodorbadifitis
2.Owingtohisbadgradeonthetest,Jacobhastostayafter usedproperly.Childrenshouldnotspendtoomuchtime
school. watchingTV,butitissometimesfinetowatchamovieorTV
3.Duetomyrespectformyfather,Ialwayslistentowhat show.Also,adultsshouldsetagoodexampleforchildren
hehastosay. andoccasionallyturnofftheTVandreadabookorexercise
4.Becauseofthebadeconomy,manypeoplecannotfind outside.
jobs. page63
page55 2.MymomwillbuymeanybicyclethatIwantregardlessof
1.Chrisgotintroublebecausehehasabadtemper. theprice.
Chrisgotintroublebecauseofhisbadtemper. 3.Anyonecanattendthisclassregardlessofage.
2.Manypeoplehavediedthissummerbecauseofthehot 4.Ilikealldogsregardlessofsize.
weather. 5.Everyoneshouldbetreatedequallyregardlessofraceor
Manypeoplehavediedthissummerbecauseitissohot. religion.
3.BecauseIamgreatlyinterestedinengineering,Iwantto 6.Jacksparentswanthimtostudylawregardlessofhis
gotoMIT. dreamofstudyingart.
Becauseofmyinterestinengineering,IwanttogotoMIT. page64
4.Thisroadisclosedbecausetherewasafloodyesterday. 2.Regardlessofhowoldyouare,itisstillimportantto
Thisroadisclosedbecauseofthefloodyesterday. exercise.
page56 3.Nomatterwhomyteacheris,Imsureitwillbeagood
2.Plansforbuildinganewairportwerecancelledduetothe class.
factthatresidentscomplained. 4.Youcancallmeanytime,regardlessofhowlateitis.
3.Theplaywascancelledbecauseattendancewaspoor. page65
4.Thissingercancelledtwoconcertsduetothefactthathe 1.Idontknowwhothatis.
wasexhausted. 2.Idontknowwhatheisdoing.
5.Fewerpeoplearetravellingbecausethepricesofairplane 3.Idontknowwhytheyarehere.
ticketshaveincreased. 4.IforgotwhenBobsbirthdayis.
6.DuetothefactthatJuliehasagoodacademicrecord,the 5.Icantrememberwheretheyaremoving.
companydecidedtohireher. 6.Imnotsurehowmyfatheris.
page57 7.Idontknowwhattimethetrainis.
1.Despite 2.Becauseof 3.Becauseof page66
4.Despite 5.Becauseof 6.Becauseof 1.WheredidJennago?
7.Despite 8.Becauseof 9.Becauseof 2.IdontknowhowIwillgettothebusstation.
10.Despite 3.Imnotsurewhoheistalkingto.
page58 4.WhattimedoesJamesgetoffwork?
1.Although 2.Because 3.Because 5.WhyishegoingtoSouthAmericaforthesummer?
4.Because 5.Although 6.Because 6.Idontknowhowmuchanewsportscarcosts.
7.Although 8.Although 9.Because 7.Icantrememberwhereshemovedto.
10.Although page67
page59 1.Nomatterhowtiredyouare,youneedtofinishyour
1.Despite 2.Although 3.Because homework.
4.Becauseof 5.Because 6.Becauseof 2.Regardlessofhowoldheis,mygrandfatherwantstotry
7.Although 8.Despite 9.Although skydiving.
80
3.Ialwaysfeeltired,regardlessofhowmuchIsleep. page73
4.Nomatterhowdangerousitis,Iwanttobeafirefighter. 1.Regardlessofhowtiredyouare,Iwantyoutofinishyour
5.Regardlessofhowseriousthecrimeis,Iamagainstthe homeworkbeforeyougotobed.
deathpenalty. 2.Becauseitwasraining,Ididntgototheparkyesterday.
6.NomatterhowmanytimesItellyou,youdontseemto 3.Englishisaveryusefullanguage;however,itisdifficultto
understand. learn.
7.NomatterhowhardItry,Inevermanagetopassthetest. 4.EventhoughIvenevergonetoChina,Imnotreally
page68 interestedingoingthere.
1.Nomatterhowmuchyoupractice,youwillneverbea 5.Duetomyinterestinthelaw,Iplantobecomealawyer.
betterbasketballplayerthanMichaelJordan. 6.Nomatterwhereyouaregoing,youneedtoweara
2.Regardlessofhowfastyoudrive,youaregoingtobelate raincoat.
towork. 7.Jackwaslatetoworkseveraltimes;consequently,hegot
3.NomatterwhoiselectedPresident,Ithinktheeconomy firedtoday.
willimprovenextyear. 9.Despitegoingtobedlate,Janewasnottiredinthe
4.RegardlessofhowearlyIgotobed,Ialwaysfeeltiredin morning.
themorning. page74
5.NomatterwhatIcookfordinner,mychildrencomplain PollutionSolution
thattheydontlikeit. Formanyyears,humanbeingsandbusinesses
6.MymomtoldmethatregardlessofhowIdoinschool, havebeenpollutingtheairandwateraroundus.Asaresult,
shewillalwaysloveme. theworldhasbecomeaverypollutedplace,andglobal
7.Regardlessofthetemperature,youneedtocutthegrass warmingthreatensourabilitytosurviveonthisplanet.
today. However,wecanstillchangethisandprotectourfuture.
8.NomatterhowmanytimesItellmysonnottocome Althoughwehavealreadypollutedtheearthtoomuch,
homelate,healwaysgetshomelateontheweekends. thereareseveralthingsthatwecandotostopglobal
page70 warming.
1.Nomatter(Regardlessof) First,itisimportanttorecyclethethingsthatwe
2.Despitethefactthat use.Thoughrecyclingrequiresourtimeandenergy,itis
3.Dueto(Owingto) necessarytosavetheearthsresources.Inaddition,we
4.Consequently(Asaresult/Forthisreason) shoulddrivemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyvehicles.Many
5.Consequently(Asaresult/Forthisreason) largercarsandtruckscausealotofpollution;thus,driving
6.Nomatter(Regardlessof) smaller,moreefficientcarscanhelpreducepollutionand
7.Inspiteof(Regardlessof) stopglobalwarming.Finally,weshouldaskourgovernment
8.Consequently(Asaresult/Forthisreason) representativestopasslawsthatforcebusinessestostop
9.Dueto(Owingto) polluting.Manybusinessesfinditcheapertopollutethanto
page71 takecareoftheenvironment.Therefore,thebiggestkindof
1.Regardlessofwhowinstheelection,Idoubttheeconomy pollutioncanbecalledindustrialpollution.
willimprovenextyear. Pollutioniscausedbybothpeopleandbusinesses.
2.Ihavelongbeeninterestedinbiology,andIhaveearned Forthisreason,itisimportantthateveryoneworkstogether
excellentgradesinhighschool.Forthisreason,Ihave tomakeourenvironmentabetter,healthierplace.Despite
decidedtoapplytotheScienceDepartmentatHarvard thefactthatglobalwarmingisaveryrealanddangerous
Universityforthefall2012term. threattolifeonthisplanet,wecanstillsavetheearthand
3.Inspiteoftheweatherforecast,WillyandhisDadwent provideasafeandhappyfutureforourchildrenand
fishingthismorning. grandchildren.
4.Billisoneofthebestbasketballplayersinthecountry,
despitethefactthatheisshort.
5.Maxwascaughtcheatingonthetest.Hedidntgetin
trouble,though.
6.Maryisafraidofheights,andshedoesntlikeairplanes.
Nevertheless,shesgoingtoflytoJapanforabusinesstrip
nextweek.
7.NomatterhowmanytimesItellyou,youneverseemto
listentome.
8.Becauseofherreligion,Sarahdoesnoteatpork.
page72
1.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight.Therefore,Imverytired.
2.Becauseofthebadweather,Ididntwalkmydogthis
evening.
3.Chrisisalwayslateforclass.Evenso,theteachernever
scoldshim.
4.Thatcountryishavingacivilwar.Consequently,many
peoplehavedied.
5.Despitemylackofmoney,Idecidedtogotothe
expensiveprivateschool.
6.Briansaidheisconcernedaboutglobalwarming.
However,heusestheairconditionerallday.

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WRITERIGHT:TRANSITIONSTableofContents

1. Assignment: Write a paragraph about an important person in your life.

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________

2. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite places.

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________

4. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite fictional characters.

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________

Writing is not only a way to communicate, it is a tool for expressing your

First, Second,/Third,/Fourth,etc. Last,

First, Second,/Third,/Fourth,etc. Last,

Because Becauseof Despite Although

Forthisreason Despitethefactthat Nomatter

Dueto Consequently Asaresult

Inspiteof Regardlessof Owingto

page51 10.Because 11.Becauseof 12.Despite

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